bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Niemann‐Pick type C Suspicion Index tool: analyses by age and association of manifestations
Authors: Wraith James E. , Sedel Frédéric , Pineda Mercèdes , Wijburg Frits A. , Hendriksz Christian J. , Fahey Michael , Walterfang Mark , Patterson Marc C. , Chadha‐Boreham Harbajan , Kolb Stefan A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe Suspicion Index (SI) screening tool was developed to identify patients suspected of having Niemann‐Pick disease type C (NP‐C). The SI provides a risk prediction score (RPS) based on NP‐C manifestations within and across domains (visceral, neurological, and psychiatric). The aim of these subanalyses was to further examine the discriminatory power of the SI by age and manifestation–associations by NP‐C suspicion‐level and leading manifestations.MethodsThe original retrospectively collected data were split into three patient age groups, where NP‐C‐positive cases were >16 years (n = 30), 4–16 years (n = 18), and <4 years (n = 23), and patients’ RPS were analyzed by logistic regression. Co‐occurrence of manifestations within groups of suspicion level (low, medium, high) and leading manifestations (presence/absence of ataxia, cognitive decline, psychosis, and splenomegaly) were analyzed descriptively.ResultsNP‐C‐positive cases versus controls showed strong discriminatory power of RPS. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.964 (>16 years) and 0.981 (4–16 years) but weaker 0.562 for infants (<4 years). Patients with RPS <70 were characterized by a lack of psychiatric manifestations and low levels of neurological involvement, suggestive of a preneurological phase of the disease. In patients >4 years, prominent leading manifestation–associations were ataxia with dystonia, dysarthria/dysphagia, and cognitive decline. Psychosis was associated with dysarthria/dysphagia but also with cognitive decline and treatment‐resistant psychiatric symptoms.ConclusionsThe SI tool maintains strong discriminatory power in patients >4 years but is not as useful for infants <4 years. The SI is also informative regarding the association and co‐occurrence of manifestations in patients with NP‐C.
Bio-friction
Authors: Jin Zhongmin , Dowson Duncan 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Friction studies in biological systems are reviewed, including synovial joints (cartilage, meniscus), eye, pleurae, fat pad, skin, and oral cavity as well as daily activities associated with shaving, brushing, slip, etc. Both natural systems and medical interventions in terms of diagnoses and artificial replacements are considered. Important relevant biomechanical, physiological, and anatomical factors are reviewed in conjunction with friction studies in terms of both methodologies and friction coefficients. Important underlying tribological mechanisms related to friction are briefly discussed. A unified view on the lubrication mechanism responsible for the low friction in most soft biological tissues is presented.
The impact of inventory dynamics on long‐term stock returns – An empirical investigation of U.S. manufacturing companies
Authors: Steinker Sebastian , Hoberg Kai 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis paper investigates the relationship between the inventory dynamics and long‐term stock returns of a large panel of U.S. manufacturing firms over the time period from 1991 to 2010. We propose two measures of inventory dynamics: one metric to assess the fluctuations of quarterly inventories within the year and a second metric to quantify relative year‐over‐year inventory growth. Our results indicate that within‐year inventory volatility (IV) and abnormal year‐over‐year inventory growth (ABI) are associated with abnormal stock returns. Both metrics cannot be entirely explained by common risk factors. We find that firms with high IV and low ABI have the best long‐term stock returns, and that stock performance decreases monotonically with higher ABI values. Our results are robust to various control variables including size, book‐to‐market value, industry and prior performance. We therefore conclude that changes in inventory levels provide valuable insights into the risks and opportunities faced by a company.
IMPROVED UPPER BOUNDS FOR ODD MULTIPERFECT NUMBERS
Authors: CHEN YONG-GAO , TANG CUI-E 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we prove that, if $N$ is a positive odd number with $r$ distinct prime factors such that $N\mid \sigma (N)$, then $N\lt {2}^{{4}^{r} - {2}^{r} } $ and $N{\mathop{\prod }\nolimits}_{p\mid N} p\lt {2}^{{4}^{r} } $, where $\sigma (N)$ is the sum of all positive divisors of $N$. In particular, these bounds hold if $N$ is an odd perfect number.
Long-chain SFA at thesn-1, 3 positions of TAG reduce body fat deposition in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Gouk Shiou Wah , Cheng Sit Foon , Mok Josephine Shiueh Lian , Ong Augustine Soon Hock , Chuah Cheng Hock 
Published: June 2013

The present study aimed to determine the effect of positional distribution of long-chain SFA in TAG, especially at thesn-1, 3 positions, on fat deposition using the C57BL/6 mouse model. Throughout the 15 weeks of the study, mice were fed with diets fortified with palm olein (POo), chemically interesterified POo (IPOo) and soyabean oil (SOY). Mice receiving the SOY-enriched diet gained significantly higher amounts of subcutaneous fat (P= 0·011) and total fat (P= 0·013) compared with the POo group, despite similar body mass gain being recorded. During normalisation with food consumption to obtain the fat:feed ratio, mice fed with the POo-enriched diet exhibited significantly lower visceral (P= 0·044), subcutaneous (P= 0·006) and total (P= 0·003) fat:feed than those fed with the SOY-enriched diet. It is noteworthy that mice fed with the IPOo-enriched diet gained 14·3 % more fat per food consumed when compared with the POo group (P= 0·013), despite their identical total fatty acid compositions. This was mainly attributed to the higher content of long-chain SFA at thesn-1, 3 positions of TAG in POo, which results in delayed absorption after deacylation as evidenced by the higher amounts of long-chain SFA excreted in the faeces of mice fed with the POo-enriched diet. Negative correlations were found between the subcutaneous, visceral as well as total fat accretion per food consumption and the total SFA content at thesn-1, 3 positions, while no relationships were found for MUFA and PUFA. The present results show that the positional distribution of long-chain SFA exerts a more profound effect on body fat accretion than the total SFA content.
AN IMPROVED SECOND-ORDER NUMERICAL METHOD FOR THE GENERALIZED BURGERS–FISHER EQUATION
Authors: BRATSOS A. G. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA second-order in time finite-difference scheme using a modified predictor–corrector method is proposed for the numerical solution of the generalized Burgers–Fisher equation. The method introduced, which, in contrast to the classical predictor–corrector method is direct and uses updated values for the evaluation of the components of the unknown vector, is also analysed for stability. Its efficiency is tested for a single-kink wave by comparing experimental results with others selected from the available literature. Moreover, comparisons with the classical method and relevant analogous modified methods are given. Finally, the behaviour and physical meaning of the two-kink wave arising from the collision of two single-kink waves are examined.
Quetiapine and flupentixol differentially improve anterior cingulate cortex function in schizophrenia patients: an event-related potential study
Authors: Schneider Sabrina , Bahmer Thomas Juergen , Metzger Florian Gerhard , Reif Andreas , Polak Thomas , Pfuhlmann Bruno , Walter Gudrun , Eberle Mark-Christian , Ernst Lena Helene , Fallgatter Andreas Jochen , Ehlis Ann-Christine 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAtypical antipsychotic agents are a frequently and effectively used treatment in schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. Other than conventional antipsychotics, which mainly exert their pharmacological effect in subcortical dopaminergic systems, atypical antipsychotics additionally affect partly serotonergically innervated structures within prefrontal areas, such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). However, only few controlled, randomized studies have so far investigated direct and indirect effects of atypical antipsychotics on the ACC and, up until now, no clinical investigation has exclusively addressed the specific effects of quetiapine on ACC function. The present study assessed ACC function in 18 quetiapine-medicated patients and 13 flupentixol-treated patients suffering from schizophrenia by means of the error-related negativity (ERN), a neurophysiological marker of ACC function, in a pre-post design. Between-group comparisons revealed different effects of quetiapine and flupentixol on ACC function despite similar improvement in psychopathology, cognitive performance and quality of life. Whereas atypical treatment was associated with an increase in amplitudes over time, there were prolonged ERN peak latencies in patients treated with the typical agent. Moreover, treatment effects depended on baseline prefrontal cortex function in both groups. We conclude that both flupentixol and quetiapine improve prefrontal function especially in patients with weak initial ACC function which might be due to their shared affinity for serotonin receptors in frontal brain regions. However, since this affinity is more pronounced for quetiapine, patients treated with quetiapine seemed to profit more evidently concerning their prefrontal cortex function compared to patients of the flupentixol group, who exhibited a compensatory prolongation of processes.
Unscheduled Telephone Calls to Measure Percent Syllables Stuttered During Clinical Trials
Authors: Karimi Hamid , O'Brian Sue , Onslow Mark , Jones Mark , Menzies Ross , Packman Ann 
Published: June 2013

Purpose
Researchers have used unscheduled telephone calls for many years during clinical trials to measure adult stuttering severity before and after treatment. Because variability is a hallmark of stuttering severity with adults, it is questionable whether an unscheduled telephone call is truly representative of their everyday speech.

Method
The authors studied the speech of 9 men and 1 woman for a 12-hr day during different speaking activities. On that day and 1 week prior to that day, participants received an unscheduled 10-min telephone call from a person unknown to them. The authors compared the percent syllables stuttered (%SS) for the unscheduled telephone call on the day to the %SS of the unscheduled telephone call 1 week prior to the day and to the %SS during the entire day.

Results

No significant differences were found, and all confidence intervals with
t
tests included 0. The concordance correlation test also showed a strong positive correlation between %SS scores for the entire day and for the unscheduled 10-min telephone call.

Conclusion
The authors conclude that there is no reason to doubt that 10-min unscheduled telephone calls are a representative speech sample for %SS during clinical trials of stuttering treatments.
Quantifying possible transmission network benefits from higher cable conductor temperatures
Authors: Pilgrim James , Lewin Paul , Gorwadia Ankit , Waite Francis , Payne David 
Published: June 2013

The maximum current rating of high‐voltage power cables is limited by the allowable conductor temperature, in order to prevent damage to the adjacent dielectric material. Cross‐linked polyethylene dielectrics are generally subject to a thermal limit of 90°C in the UK. The use of novel new dielectric materials may allow the temperature limit to be raised considerably. This study examines the possible thermal rating benefits available from 400 kV cable systems capable of conductor temperatures of up to 150°C in a number of common deployment scenarios, including direct burial and installation in ventilated tunnels. The results of the analysis show a divide between modest improvements in continuous rating and much more utilisable gains in short‐term emergency ratings, which could offer the possibilities of single‐cable circuits being able to match the current carrying capacity of overhead lines over 24‐h period.
Multiple Site Surveillance Cultures as a Predictor of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections
Authors: Sim Benedict Lim Heng , McBryde Emma , Street Alan C. , Marshall Caroline 
Published: June 2013

Objective.To determine the relationship between methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization density, colonization site, and probability of infection in a frequently screened cohort of intensive care unit (ICU) patients.Methods.Patients had swab samples tested for MRSA at admission to the ICU, discharge from the ICU, and twice weekly during their ICU stay, and they were followed up for development of MRSA infection. Swab test results were analyzed to determine the proportion of patients colonized and the proportion colonized at each screening site. Hazard of MRSA infection (rate of infection per day at risk) was calculated using a Cox proportional hazards analysis, and risk factors for MRSA infection, including presence of MRSA, degree of colonization, and pattern of colonization were determined.Results.Among the 4,194 patient episodes, 238 (5.7%) had screening results that were positive for MRSA, and there were 34 cases of MRSA infection. The hazard ratio (HR) for developing an infection increased as more sites were colonized (HR, 3.4 for being colonized at more than 1 site compared with colonization at 1 site [95% confidence interval, 1.2-9.9]). Colonization site was predictive of developing infection (HR for nose or throat colonization compared with no colonization, 168 [95% confidence interval, 69-407]).Conclusion.This study demonstrated that the hazard of developing an infection was higher when more sites were colonized and that certain sites were more predictive of infection than others. These results may be useful for predicting infection in ICU patients and may influence treatment.
Proclus
Authors: Siorvanes Lucas 
Published: June 2013

Proclus (b. 410/412–d. 485 ce) was head of the Athenian philosophy school in Late Antiquity, when Neoplatonism had incorporated the study of Aristotle, Pythagoreanism, Stoicism, and other philosophies. During his tenure he taught what was, in effect, the higher learning of the eastern Roman Empire, and his students included statesmen such as a Byzantine patrician who became emperor of Rome. Respected by his peers as the embodiment of philosophy, Proclus built on developments after Plotinus, with a special concern for the problems of unity and diversity. How do the many “levels” of thought and being relate to the ultimate One? Every plurality is defined in some way by unity. Valued as the good, unity is present in everything. Even matter is good, contra Plotinus. Proclus’s writings included commentaries on Plato, Euclid, Ptolemy, Plotinus, Homer, and Hesiod; his commentaries on Aristotle do not survive, but his monograph, the Elements of Physics, does. His most extensive treatises were on metaphysics and on the physical cosmos: their influence reached 19th-century philosophers and poets. About a third of Proclus’s works are extant, but they still give a total of more than one million, ninety-three thousand words.
Samaria/Samaritans
Authors: Pummer Reinhard 
Published: June 2013

Both in the Bible and in nonbiblical sources, the name “Samaria” occurs numerous times, either as the appellation of a city or as the designation of the region of which the city was the capital. Already at the end of the 19th century, the site of the city was associated with that of the Arab village of Sebastiya, located six miles northwest of Nablus and thirty-five miles north of Jerusalem. The city was built on a hill that rises 1,410 feet above sea level and was ideally situated to control the north–south and east–west routes, although it had no well of its own (only the Romans built an aqueduct to bring water from a source southeast of Samaria). The first excavations of the city were undertaken by Harvard University in 1908 and 1910; the latest were carried out from 1965 to 1967 and again in 1968. In the course of its history, the city was destroyed and rebuilt several times. In the Bible the district of Samaria is called Mount Ephraim. Geographically, it consists of the central region of the mountains of western Palestine, bordered in the east by the River Jordan, in the west by the Plain of Sharon, in the north by the Plain of Jezreel (Esdraelon), and in the south by the valley of Ayalon. Politically, the boundaries, particularly in the north and the south, varied at different times. The name “Samaria” was applied to the region when the city of Samaria became the capital of the northern Israelite kingdom under King Omri in the 9th century bce. In the biblical period, the majority of the population in the region were Yahweh worshipers (even after the Assyrian conquest in the late 8th century bce), just as the Judeans to the south of them. Those Yahweh worshipers of the region of Samaria who eventually rejected Jerusalem and its temple as sacred centers are the Samaritans. For them, Mount Gerizim in the vicinity of ancient Shechem (modern Tell Balatah, near Nablus) and the temple on it became the focus of religious life. They do not, however, consider their identity to be tied to that of the city or province of Samaria but see it based on the concept of guardians (Hebrew: shomrim); that is, they think of themselves as the guardians of the Torah.
Thomas S. Kuhn
Authors: Wray K. Brad 
Published: June 2013

Thomas Kuhn (b. 1922–d. 1996) was an American historian and philosopher of science. He completed a Ph.D. in physics at Harvard University. While a student at Harvard, Kuhn worked as a teaching assistant for James B. Conant, who was the president of Harvard University from 1933 to 1953 and who designed and taught the general education history of science courses at Harvard. This experience led Kuhn to become a historian of science. After Kuhn completed his Ph.D., he taught the history of science for a brief period at Harvard. Subsequently, he taught at the University of California, Berkeley, then at Princeton University, ending his teaching career at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (cited under Kuhn’s Work), was a very influential and widely read book, selling more than a million copies. It had a profound impact on philosophy of science. It was part of the new historical turn in philosophy of science that looked to the history of science to better understand how science works. The book took on a life of its own, which, at times, caused Kuhn much dismay. Much of Kuhn’s career was spent refining and clarifying the position he initially developed in Structure. He especially sought to defend his account of science from the charge of relativism and to distinguish his view from the view of the Strong Programme in the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK). Until the end of his life he was working on a book that would clarify his view, tentatively titled The Plurality of Worlds. Four years after his death, James Conant and John Haugeland edited a collection of papers by Kuhn that represent the direction his view was developing at the end of his life (see Kuhn 2000, cited under Kuhn’s Work). James Conant is the grandson of James B. Conant. Kuhn’s influence extended far beyond the philosophy of science, into the history of science, the sociology of science, and the broader culture. “Paradigm” and “paradigm shift,” two key concepts he popularized in Structure, are now used by the educated public and scientists as well.
G. E. Moore
Authors: Hutchinson Brian 
Published: June 2013

G. E. Moore (b. 1873–d. 1958) is credited, along with Bertrand Russell, for doing the most in the early 20th century to weaken the hold of idealism on English language philosophy and for advancing the method of analysis, which through its many permutations can be considered still to be the prevailing way of doing philosophy in English. He was also known for his tireless defense of “common sense” as a source of knowledge about the world against many different kinds of philosophical attacks against it. His making much of the fact that philosophers often make a point of criticizing our common understanding of the world without any good reason to do so makes him, along with Ludwig Wittgenstein (b. 1889–d. 1951), with whom he was in close personal and philosophical contact, a searching critic of philosophy. He did not, however, follow Wittgenstein in advocating a therapeutic philosophical approach, as he found that, despite their confusions, philosophers did raise genuine questions. Philosophers such as A. J. Ayer (b. 1919–d. 1989) found that the analytic method Moore did so much to foster revealed the genuine philosophical core of questions while eliminating their “metaphysical” dross. A much-discussed question of Moore scholarship concerns his strategy of pointing philosophers to, or even of “proving” to them, various things that, in his opinion, they know, and their denial of which he considers to send their philosophy off track. How is he proposing to proceed, given that the most salient feature of their theorizing is their resistance to the very things he would point out or prove to them? This question arises in one or another form in all the areas of his greatest contributions: ethics, where, except for a momentary wobble, he defended a robust objectivism; epistemology, where his defense of a sense data theory of perception sits uneasily with his view that we have certain knowledge of the existence of mind-independent material objects; metaphysics, where his defense of universals bolsters the act-object theory of consciousness he advocated against idealist theories; and metaphilosophy, whose issues he usually broached in discussions of more specific topics. His disarming philosophical approach to issues appears to have stemmed from his unassuming, even innocent, character, for which he was much admired. Despite being shocked by the peculiar things many philosophers said, he trusted that they would accept the truth about an issue if only it were sufficiently clarified. At times he risks tedium in the pursuit of clarity, but at other times, the clarity he achieves gives his writing an austere beauty.