bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dimensions of Citizenship: Associations among Adolescents’ Sociopolitical Values and Civic Judgments
Authors: Metzger Aaron , Oosterhoff Benjamin , Palmer Cara A. , Ferris Kaitlyn 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis study used a sample of 467 middle and high school students (Mage= 15.26) from a mid-Atlantic state. Structural equation models controlling for demographic variables (age, gender, and parents’ education) examined associations between three developing sociopolitical values (spiritualty, patriotism, and authoritarianism) and adolescents’ social and moral judgments (obligation and social praise) concerning four civic activities (community service, standard political involvement, social movement, and community gathering). Spirituality was associated with judgments for community service and community gathering involvement while authoritarian values were associated with the prioritization of all forms of civic activity. Multigroup analyses indicated that associations between authoritarianism and both community service and social movement judgments were stronger for younger adolescents while spirituality was more strongly associated with community service judgments for older adolescents. Patriotic beliefs were associated with civic judgments for children of college-educated parents, but not children of noncollege-educated parents.
Using a Gaming Site to Teach Campaign Strategies in the 2012 US Presidential Election
Authors: Abramson Paul R. , Kraitzman Alon P. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTDuring the six weeks before the 2012 elections, we conducted a contest for the 54 students enrolled in an upper-division political science course on campaigns and elections. We modified and improved on a similar contest conducted by the first-named author (Abramson 2010) during the 2008 election campaign. Using contract prices posted byIntrade.com, an electronic gaming market in Dublin, we asked students to choose among 10 political outcomes. The contest was designed to help students learn about campaign strategies, understand how electoral rules affect political outcomes, and encourage them to talk about the campaign. We discuss ways we improved on Abramson’s 2008 contest and show that student participation increased substantially.
Teaching Political Theory at a Prison in South Texas
Authors: Sokoloff William W. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTTaking students to a prison for a field trip creates an opportunity to engage students on issues central to democratic citizenship including democracy, power, and punishment. Although some students opt out of the prison visit, a field trip to a prison creates a vibrant learning environment where students can share their experience with other classmates as well as reflect on their experiences with authority figures. It also disrupts power relationships between students and instructors because all prison field trip participants are virtual inmates for a day.
Timescales for detecting a significant acceleration in sea level rise
Authors: Haigh Ivan D. , Wahl Thomas , Rohling Eelco J. , Price René M. , Pattiaratchi Charitha B. , Calafat Francisco M. , Dangendorf Sönke 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThere is observational evidence that global sea level is rising and there is concern that the rate of rise will increase, significantly threatening coastal communities. However, considerable debate remains as to whether the rate of sea level rise is currently increasing and, if so, by how much. Here we provide new insights into sea level accelerations by applying the main methods that have been used previously to search for accelerations in historical data, to identify the timings (with uncertainties) at which accelerations might first be recognized in a statistically significant manner (if not apparent already) in sea level records that we have artificially extended to 2100. We find that the most important approach to earliest possible detection of a significant sea level acceleration lies in improved understanding (and subsequent removal) of interannual to multidecadal variability in sea level records.
Comparison of bioavailability between β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene and tissue distribution in its intact form in rats
Authors: Sugiura Minoru , Ogawa Kazunori , Yano Masamichi 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The bioavailability of two intact carotenoids in several tissues of β-cryptoxanthin- and β-carotene-fed rats (20 mg/kg of diet) was investigated. Although metabolites of provitamin A are not included in our study, β-cryptoxanthin was found at higher concentrations in majority of the tissues. The results show that the bioavailability of intact β-cryptoxanthin seemed to be higher than that of β-carotene.
TomatoFRUITFULLhomologs regulate fruit ripening via ethylene biosynthesis
Authors: Shima Yoko , Fujisawa Masaki , Kitagawa Mamiko , Nakano Toshitsugu , Kimbara Junji , Nakamura Nobutaka , Shiina Takeo , Sugiyama Junichi , Nakamura Toshihide , Kasumi Takafumi , Ito Yasuhiro 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCertain MADS-box transcription factors play central roles in regulating fruit ripening. RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN), a tomato MADS-domain protein, acts as a global regulator of ripening, affecting the climacteric rise of ethylene, pigmentation changes, and fruit softening. Previously, we showed that two MADS-domain proteins, the FRUITFULL homologs FUL1 and FUL2, form complexes with RIN. Here, we characterized the FUL1/FUL2 loss-of-function phenotype in co-suppressed plants. The transgenic plants produced ripening-defective fruits accumulating little or no lycopene. Unlike a previous study on FUL1/FUL2 suppressed tomatoes, our transgenic fruits showed very low levels of ethylene production, and this was associated with suppression of the genes for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase, a rate-limiting enzyme in ethylene synthesis. FUL1/FUL2 suppression also caused the fruit to soften in a manner independent of ripening, possibly due to reduced cuticle thickness in the peel of the suppressed tomatoes.
Isolation of oleaginous yeast (Rhodosporidium toruloides) mutants tolerant of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate
Authors: Kitahara Yuki , Yin Tie , Zhao Xuebing , Wachi Masaaki , Du Wei , Liu Dehua 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Rhodosporidium toruloides is a lipid-producing yeast, the growth of which is severely suppressed when hydrolysates of lignocellulosic biomass are used as carbon source. This is probably due to the toxic substances, such as organic acids, furans, and phenolic compounds produced during the preparation of the hydrolysates. In order to solve this problem, R. toruloides cultures were subjected to atmospheric room-temperature plasma mutagenesis, resulting in the isolation of mutants showing tolerance to sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (SBH). Three mutant strains, M11, M13, and M18, were found to grow with producing lipids with SBH as carbon source. M11 in particular appeared to accumulate higher levels (up to 60% of dry cell weight) of intracellular lipids. Further, all three mutant strains showed tolerance of vanillin, furfural, and acetic acid, with different spectra, suggesting that different genetic determinants are involved in SBH tolerance.
Characterization of a thermophilic 4-O-β-d-mannosyl-d-glucose phosphorylase fromRhodothermus marinus
Authors: Jaito Nongluck , Saburi Wataru , Odaka Rei , Kido Yusuke , Hamura Ken , Nishimoto Mamoru , Kitaoka Motomitsu , Matsui Hirokazu , Mori Haruhide 
Published: April 2014

Abstract4-O-β-d-Mannosyl-d-glucose phosphorylase (MGP), found in anaerobes, converts 4-O-β-d-mannosyl-d-glucose (Man-Glc) to α-d-mannosyl phosphate and d-glucose. It participates in mannan metabolism with cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE), which converts β-1,4-mannobiose to Man-Glc. A putative MGP gene is present in the genome of the thermophilic aerobe Rhodothermus marinus (Rm) upstream of the gene encoding CE. Konjac glucomannan enhanced production by R. marinus of MGP, CE, and extracellular mannan endo-1,4-β-mannosidase. Recombinant RmMGP catalyzed the phosphorolysis of Man-Glc through a sequential bi–bi mechanism involving ternary complex formation. Its molecular masses were 45 and 222 kDa under denaturing and nondenaturing conditions, respectively. Its pH and temperature optima were 6.5 and 75 °C, and it was stable between pH 5.5–8.3 and below 80 °C. In the reverse reaction, RmMGP had higher acceptor preferences for 6-deoxy-d-glucose and d-xylose than R. albus NE1 MGP. In contrast to R. albus NE1 MGP, RmMGP utilized methyl β-d-glucoside and 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol as acceptor substrates.
Induction of apoptosis by 2,3-dehydrosilybinviaa caspase-dependent pathway in human HeLa cells
Authors: Cho Byoung Ok , So Yangkang , Jin Chang Hyun , Byun Myung Woo , Seo Kwon Il , Ko Kisung , Chun Myoung Sook , Jeong Il Yun 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms involved in the apoptosis of HeLa cells due to 2,3-dehydrosilybin (DHS) treatment. DHS treatment over 24 h significantly inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. It also triggered the cleavage of caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP, and significantly increased caspase-3 activity in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, it triggered the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, the cleavage of Bid, and the downregulation of Bcl-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, z-VAD-fmk (a pan-caspase inhibitor) and z-IETD-fmk (a specific caspase-8 inhibitor) abolished the DHS-induced activation of the caspase-8, -9, and -3, cleavage of PARP, the depolarization of Δψm, the release of cytochrome c, the cleavage of Bid, and the downregulation of Bcl-2. Taken together, these results suggest that DHS-induced apoptosis is mediated by a caspase-dependent pathway in human HeLa cells.
Factors Predictive of Improved Outcomes With Multimodality Local Therapy After Palliative Chemotherapy for Stage IV Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Wang Jingya , Suri Jaipreet S. , Allen Pamela K. , Liao Zhongxing , Komaki Ritsuko , Ho Linus , Hofstetter Wayne L. , Lin Steven H. 
Published: April 2014

Objectives:
We reviewed survival outcomes and factors associated with improved outcomes for patients with stage IVB esophageal cancer who received multimodality therapy with initial chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiation (CRT)±surgery.

Methods:
We retrospectively identified 96 patients with stage IVB esophageal carcinoma (with positive nonregional lymph nodes and/or distant organ metastasis) treated at a single institution with chemotherapy followed by concurrent CRT, with or without surgery. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to test associations between overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), locoregional relapse, distant metastasis–free survival, and potential predictive factors.

Results:
Median patient age at diagnosis was 59 years. The median OS time among all patients was 21.0 months, and 1-, 2-, and 5-year OS rates were 84.4%, 46.8%, and 17.9%, respectively; corresponding DFS time and rates were 8.1 months and 37%, 24.6%, and 24.6%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, factors that predicted improved OS with aggressive multimodal therapy included young age; lack of anorexia, fatigue at diagnosis; distant nodal metastasis without organ metastasis at diagnosis; and radiographic response to initial chemotherapy. A subset of 14 patients who had surgery after chemotherapy and concurrent CRT also had better median OS (not reached vs. 20 mo for 82 patients who did not receive surgery, P=0.001), DFS (14.6 vs. 5.9 mo, P=0.021), and distant metastasis–free survival (26.7 vs. 9.2 mo, P=0.042).

Conclusions:
Aggressive local therapy with radiation and potentially surgery after initial palliative chemotherapy can improve prognosis for a select group of patients with stage IVB esophageal cancer.
A Phase II Study of Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy With Paclitaxel and Cisplatin for Inoperable Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Tang Hua-Rong , Ma Hai-Feng , An Shi-Min , Badakhshi Harun , Deng Jia-Ying , Zhang Jun-Hua , Chen Yun , Zhang Zhen , Guo Xiao-Mao , Jiang Guo-Liang , Zhao Kuai-Le 
Published: April 2014

Objectives:
A phase II study was performed to investigate the efficacy and the safety of a 3-week schedule of paclitaxel (PTX) plus cisplatin (DDP) combined with concurrent radiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell cancer.

Patients and Methods:
Patients with newly diagnosed esophageal squamous cell cancer who had histologic proof of local-regional carcinoma of the esophagus, a Karnofsky performance status of 80 or greater, and normal liver, renal, and bone marrow functions were enrolled in the phase II trial. Chemotherapy consisted of DDP (25 mg/m2/d) for 3 days plus PTX (175 mg/m2) given for 3 hours, every 3 weeks for 4 cycles. The total dose of concurrent radiation with 68.4 Gy/44 Fx (late course–accelerated radiotherapy) or 61.2 Gy/34 Fx (conventional radiotherapy) was given at the first day of chemotherapy.

Results:
Between July 2008 and November 2011, 76 patients were enrolled in this trial. The median age was 58 years (range, 37 to 74 y). The stages were stage II (21 patients), stage III (27 patients), and stage IV (28 patients). A total of 89.5% (68/76) and 63.2% (48/76) patients completed ≥2 cycles and all 4 cycles of chemotherapy, respectively. With the median follow-up of 36 months, the overall median survival time was 28.5 months and the progression-free survival time was 14.7 months. One- and 3-year survival rates were 75% and 41%, respectively. Neutropenia grade 3 and 4 occurred in 30.3% and 31.6% of the patients, respectively.

Conclusions:
Radiotherapy concurrent with a 3-week schedule of PTX and DDP resulted in an encouraging overall survival rate, but a relatively higher hematological toxicity.
The Influence of Age and Comorbidity on the Benefit of Adding Androgen Deprivation to Dose-escalated Radiation in Men With Intermediate-risk Prostate Cancer
Authors: Bian Shelly X. , Kuban Deborah A. , Levy Lawrence B. , Oh Jeong , Choi Seungtaek , McGuire Sean E. , Frank Steven J. , Mahmood Usama , Nguyen Paul L. , Pugh Thomas J. , Lee Andrew K. , Hoffman Karen E. 
Published: April 2014

Objective:
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) can improve outcomes for men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer (IR-PrCa) receiving external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT). Older men and men with significant comorbidity may be more susceptible to the harms of ADT, therefore we aimed to determine whether these men benefit from ADT.

Methods:
The adult comorbidity evaluation-27 index categorized severity of comorbidity in 636 men treated for IR-PrCa with dose-escalated EBRT (>75 Gy). The cohort was dichotomized at median age of 70. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis evaluated the association of ADT with failure-free survival (FFS) for each age and comorbidity subgroup.

Results:
A total of 48% of men were 70 years and above. After adjustment for tumor characteristics, the addition of ADT to EBRT was associated with improved FFS for both men below 70 years of age (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.19-0.99; P=0.046) and men 70 years and above (AHR 0.23; 95% CI, 0.06-0.91; P=0.035). ADT improved FFS for men below 70 years who had no or mild comorbidity (AHR 0.25; 95% CI, 0.09-0.73; P=0.011) but not for men below 70 years who had moderate or severe comorbidity (AHR 1.62; 95% CI, 0.35-7.49; P=0.537). Similarly, in men 70 years and above, there was a trend for improved FFS with ADT in healthy men (AHR 0.10; 95% CI, 0.01-1.08; P=0.058) but not in men with moderate to severe comorbidity (AHR 0.38; 95% CI, 0.06-2.56; P=0.318).

Conclusions:
The addition of ADT to dose-escalated EBRT can improve outcomes for both younger and older men with IR-PrCa. This benefit was more pronounced in healthy men.
Efficacy of Low-dose and High-dose Radioactive Iodine Ablation With rhTSH in Korean Patients With Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Joung Ji Young , Choi Ji Hun , Cho Yoon Young , Kim Na Kyung , Sohn Seo Young , Kim Sun Wook , Chung Jae Hoon 
Published: April 2014

Objective:
The aim of this study was to confirm the equivalent efficacy of recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) and thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW) as used in the preparation for low-dose and high-dose radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation in Korean patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

Subjects and Methods:
This retrospective study was designed to compare the efficacy of rhTSH and THW when used before ablation with low-dose (30 mCi) and high-dose (100 mCi) RAI, respectively. The study group included 570 patients with DTC with tumors staged T1 to T3, N0 to N1, and M0. Before RAI ablation, 190 patients used rhTSH and 380 patients matched by age, sex, T-stage, and N-stage used THW. The success of ablation was evaluated in each group based on 4 criteria: (1) stimulated thyroglobulin (sTg) <2 ng/mL, (2) sTg<2 ng/mL and negative diagnostic whole-body scan (DxWBS), (3) sTg<1 ng/mL, and (4) sTg<1 ng/mL and negative DxWBS.

Results:
When both sTg<2 ng/mL and negative DxWBS were selected as criteria for success in patients treated with low-dose RAI, the success rates were 80.5% and 77.0% with rhTSH and THW, respectively (95% confidence interval, 5.9-12.8). Using both sTg<1 ng/mL and negative DxWBS as criteria, success rates were 78.2% and 71.8% with rhTSH and THW, respectively (95% confidence interval, 3.6-16.2). Using any criteria for success, low-dose RAI ablation with rhTSH was as effective as THW. Similar results were found for high-dose RAI ablation in patients using either rhTSH or THW.

Conclusions:
Low-dose and high-dose RAI ablation were equally effective using either rhTSH or THW before ablation in Korean patients with DTC, respectively.
Adherence Patterns to National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines for Referral of Women With Breast Cancer to Genetics Professionals
Authors: Stuckey Ashley , Febbraro Terri , Laprise Jessica , Wilbur Jennifer S. , Lopes Vrishali , Robison Katina 
Published: April 2014

Objective:
Genetic predisposition is responsible for 5% to 10% of breast cancer. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) established guidelines delineating appropriate candidates for genetic counseling. This study aims to determine referral patterns for genetic counseling in women who met such guidelines.

Materials and Methods:
Utilizing an institutional tumor registry, patients from an academic oncology program who met a subset of NCCN guidelines for genetic referrals between 2004 and 2010 were identified (breast cancer diagnosis ≤50 y without a known BRCA mutation). A retrospective chart review was conducted. Statistics were analyzed using SAS version 9.2.

Results:
A total of 314 patients were identified and 107 (34.1%) were referred for genetic counseling. Median age at diagnosis was younger for those referred versus not referred (43 and 46 y; P<0.0001). Women were more likely referred with a family history suspicious for an inherited cancer syndrome (67.3% vs. 36.2%; P<0.0001). There was no difference in stage at diagnosis, insurance, or race among women referred. Those patients who choose prophylactic contralateral mastectomy were likely to have been referred for genetic counseling (63.6% vs. 36.4%, P<0.0001). Among patients referred, 77.6% consulted with a genetics counselor, 95.2% underwent genetic testing, and 16.5% had a BRCA mutation.

Conclusions:
Genetic counseling and testing is being underutilized in women who meet NCCN referral guidelines. Age and family history were noted to be predictive of referral for genetic evaluation. Further research is needed to determine additional factors that may impact not only referral rates but subsequent care for women with possible genetic predispositions to cancer.
A novel species of ellipsoidal multicellular magnetotactic prokaryotes from Lake Yuehu in China
Authors: Chen Yi‐Ran , Zhang Rui , Du Hai‐Jian , Pan Hong‐Miao , Zhang Wen‐Yan , Zhou Ke , Li Jin‐Hua , Xiao Tian , Wu Long‐Fei 
Published: April 2014

SummaryTwo morphotypes of multicellular magnetotactic prokaryotes (MMPs) have been identified: spherical (several species) and ellipsoidal (previously one species). Here, we report novel ellipsoidal MMPs that are ∼ 10 × 8 μm in size, and composed of about 86 cells arranged in six to eight interlaced circles. Each MMP was composed of cells that synthesized either bullet‐shaped magnetite magnetosomes alone, or both bullet‐shaped magnetite and rectangular greigite magnetosomes. They showed north‐seeking magnetotaxis, ping‐pong motility and negative phototaxis at a velocity up to 300 μm s−1. During reproduction, they divided along either their long‐ or short‐body axes. For genetic analysis, we sorted the ellipsoidal MMPs with micromanipulation and amplified their genomes using multiple displacement amplification. We sequenced the 16S rRNA gene and found 6.9% sequence divergence from that of ellipsoidal MMPs, Candidatus Magnetananas tsingtaoensis and > 8.3% divergence from those of spherical MMPs. Therefore, the novel MMPs belong to different species and genus compared with the currently known ellipsoidal and spherical MMPs respectively. The novel MMPs display a morphological cell differentiation, implying a potential division of labour. These findings provide new insights into the diversity of MMPs in general, and contribute to our understanding of the evolution of multicellularity among prokaryotes.
Water addition regulates the metabolic activity of ammonia oxidizers responding to environmental perturbations in dry subhumid ecosystems
Authors: Hu Hang‐Wei , Macdonald Catriona A. , Trivedi Pankaj , Holmes Bronwyn , Bodrossy Levente , He Ji‐Zheng , Singh Brajesh K. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryTerrestrial arid and semi‐arid ecosystems (drylands) constitute about 41% of the Earth's land surface and are predicted to experience increasing fluctuations in water and nitrogen availability. Mounting evidence has confirmed the significant importance of ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) in nitrification, plant nitrogen availability and atmospheric N2O emissions, but their responses to environmental perturbations in drylands remain largely unknown. Here we evaluate how the factorial combinations of irrigation and fertilization in forests and land‐use change from grassland to forest affects the dynamics of AOA and AOB following a 6‐year dryland field study. Potential nitrification rates and AOA and AOB abundances were significantly higher in the irrigated plots, accompanied by considerable changes in community compositions, but their responses to fertilization alone were not significant. DNA‐stable isotope probing results showed increased 13CO2 incorporation into the amoA gene of AOA, but not of AOB, in plots receiving water addition, coupled with significantly higher net mineralization and nitrification rates. High‐throughput microarray analysis revealed that active AOA assemblages belonging to Nitrosopumilus and Nitrosotalea were increasingly labelled by 13CO2 following irrigation. However, no obvious effects of land‐use changes on nitrification rates or metabolic activity of AOA and AOB could be observed under dry conditions. We provide evidence that water addition had more important roles than nitrogen fertilization in influencing the autotrophic nitrification in dryland ecosystems, and AOA are increasingly involved in ammonia oxidation when dry soils become wetted.