bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monthly to interannual variability of microbial eukaryote assemblages at four depths in the eastern North Pacific
Authors: Kim Diane Y , Countway Peter D , Jones Adriane C , Schnetzer Astrid , Yamashita Warren , Tung Christine , Caron David A 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The monthly, seasonal and interannual variability of microbial eukaryote assemblages were examined at 5 m, the deep chlorophyll maximum, 150 m and 500 m at the San Pedro Ocean Time-series station (eastern North Pacific). The depths spanned transitions in temperature, light, nutrients and oxygen, and included a persistently hypoxic environment at 500 m. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism was used for the analysis of 237 samples that were collected between September 2000 and December 2010. Spatiotemporal variability patterns of microeukaryote assemblages indicated the presence of distinct shallow and deep communities at the SPOT station, presumably reflecting taxa that were specifically adapted for the conditions in those environments. Community similarity values between assemblages collected 1 month apart at each depth ranged between ∼20% and ∼84% (averages were ∼50–59%). The assemblage at 5 m was temporally more dynamic than deeper assemblages and also displayed substantial interannual variability during the first ∼3 years of the study. Evidence of seasonality was detected for the microbial eukaryote assemblage at 5 m between January 2008 and December 2010 and at 150 m between September 2000 and December 2003. Seasonality was not detected for assemblages at the deep chlorophyll a maximum, which varied in depth seasonally, or at 500 m. Microbial eukaryote assemblages exhibited cyclical patterns in at least 1 year at each depth, implying an annual resetting of communities. Substantial interannual variability was detected for assemblages at all depths and represented the largest source of temporal variability in this temperate coastal ecosystem.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi contribute to soil organic matter cycling in sub-boreal forests
Authors: Phillips Lori A , Ward Valerie , Jones Melanie D 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Soils of northern temperate and boreal forests represent a large terrestrial carbon (C) sink. The fate of this C under elevated atmospheric CO2 and climate change is still uncertain. A fundamental knowledge gap is the extent to which ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) and saprotrophic fungi contribute to C cycling in the systems by soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. In this study, we used a novel approach to generate and compare enzymatically active EMF hyphae-dominated and saprotrophic hyphae-enriched communities under field conditions. Fermentation-humus (FH)-filled mesh bags, surrounded by a sand barrier, effectively trapped EMF hyphae with a community structure comparable to that found in the surrounding FH layer, at both trophic and taxonomic levels. In contrast, over half the sequences from mesh bags with no sand barrier were identified as belonging to saprotrophic fungi. The EMF hyphae-dominated systems exhibited levels of hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme activities that were comparable to or higher than saprotroph-enriched systems. The enzymes assayed included those associated with both labile and recalcitrant SOM degradation. Our study shows that EMF hyphae are likely important contributors to current SOM turnover in sub-boreal systems. Our results also suggest that any increased EMF biomass that might result from higher below-ground C allocation by trees would not suppress C fluxes from sub-boreal soils.
Modelling and control of a DC–DC quadratic boost converter with R2P2
Authors: Morales‐Saldaña Jorge Alberto , Loera‐Palomo Rodrigo , Palacios‐Hernández Elvia , González‐Martínez Jorge Luis 
Published: October 2013

In the past years, the development of topologies with step‐up capacities has been important to satisfy the new requirement of renewable source energy. This study presents a quadratic boost converter based on the reduced redundant power processing (R2P2) principle, well as the controller design methodology using current‐programmed control to satisfy the specifications of output voltage regulation. Non‐linear and linear models are developed; the latter exhibits fourth‐order characteristic dynamics with complex right‐half plane zeros. In the proposed control scheme, the current of the switch is used for feedback purposes. When the current loop is implemented, the fourth‐order dynamics are changed to a dominant first order, which simplifies the controller design of outer loop. For this loop, a conventional controller is designed. At the end, experimental results are given for a 23 W quadratic boost converter, where open‐loop and closed‐loop responses are compared.
Fabrication of copper nanowires using overpotential electrodeposition and anodic aluminium oxide template
Authors: Chung C.‐K. , Yang C.Y. , Liao M.W. , Li S.L. 
Published: October 2013

Overpotential is widely used in electrodeposition of copper nanowires (Cu NWs). However, the value of >2 is harmful for nanowires formation. In this reported study, pulse technology is used to solve the problem. The authors have investigated the effects of potential and voltage mode on the formation of Cu NWs via a porous anodic aluminium oxide template using the electrochemical deposition method. Cu NWs were synthesised by electrochemical deposition in 0.2 M CuSO4‐based solution under different potential modes of direct current (DC) and pulse. Scanning electron microscopy and grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction were used to examine the nanostructure, morphology and phase of Cu NWs. The Cu NWs deposited by pulse mode exhibited a high aspect ratio despite a high potential of 2–3 V, whereas that at higher DC potential was rather short because of hydrogen generation in reduction reaction. The hydrogen byproduct during Cu NWs synthesis can be effectively released at the off period of pulse deposition for good nanowires formation.
Submillisecond second harmonic holographic imaging of biological specimens in three dimensions
Authors: Smith David R. , Winters David G. , Bartels Randy A. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Although nonlinear optical microscopy is a widely used technique, weak signal levels necessitate relatively slow 3D imaging rates. We demonstrate 3D second harmonic generation (SHG) with imaging speeds many orders of magnitude faster than previously described. A comparison of conventional laser scanning and holographic SHG imaging shows higher quality images are obtained with holography, and at higher speeds than in conventional experiments while using significantly reduced illumination intensity in the specimen. Rigorous new methods are introduced that allow robust quantification of image, noise, and thus signal-to-noise quality. This advance will open nonlinear optical imaging to the study of high-speed dynamics of biological specimens and tissues that display behavior current experimental methodologies fail to capture, such as neural circuit dynamics.
Structures of intermediate transport states of ZneA, a Zn(II)/proton antiporter
Authors: Pak John Edward , Ekendé Elisabeth Ngonlong , Kifle Efrem G. , O’Connell Joseph Daniel , De Angelis Fabien , Tessema Meseret B. , Derfoufi Kheiro-Mouna , Robles-Colmenares Yaneth , Robbins Rebecca A. , Goormaghtigh Erik , Vandenbussche Guy , Stroud Robert M. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Transmembrane efflux pumps belonging to the resistance–nodulation–cell division (RND) superfamily are found in all kingdoms of life, and transport substrates out of cells, powered by an electrochemical proton gradient. Here we report two X-ray crystal structures of a Zn(II) efflux pump, ZneA, that capture different intermediate states along the transport cycle. The structures show how passage of substrates through ZneA is regulated by a series of conformational changes in the efflux pump. By comparing the structures of ZneA with other RND efflux pumps, we present a coherent mechanistic model for RND-mediated substrate efflux, which ensures efficient transport of substrates out of the cell.
Can more than one incremental cycling test be performed within one day?
Authors: Scharhag‐Rosenberger Friederike , Carlsohn Anja , Lundby Carsten , Schüler Stefan , Mayer Frank , Scharhag Jürgen 
Published: October 2013

AbstractChanges in performance parameters over four consecutive maximal incremental cycling tests were investigated to determine how many tests can be performed within one single day without negatively affecting performance. Sixteen male and female subjects (eight trained (T): 25 ± 3 yr, BMI 22.6 ± 2.5 kg·m−2, maximal power output (Pmax) 4.6 ± 0.5 W·kg−1; eight untrained (UT): 27 ± 3 yr, BMI 22.3 ± 1.2 kg·m−2, Pmax 2.9 ± 0.3 W·kg−1) performed four successive maximal incremental cycling tests separated by 1.5 h of passive rest. Individual energy requirements were covered by standardised meals between trials. Maximal oxygen uptake (O2max) remained unchanged over the four tests in both groups (P = 0.20 and P = 0.33, respectively). Pmax did not change in the T group (P = 0.32), but decreased from the third test in the UT group (P < 0.01). Heart rate responses to submaximal exercise were elevated from the third test in the T group and from the second test in the UT group (P < 0.05). The increase in blood lactate shifted rightward over the four tests in both groups (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). Exercise‐induced net increases in epinephrine and norepinephrine were not different between the tests in either group (P ≥ 0.15). If O2max is the main parameter of interest, trained and untrained individuals can perform at least four maximal incremental cycling tests per day. However, because other parameters changed after the first and second test, respectively, no more than one test per day should be performed if parameters other than O2max are the prime focus.
Multiple Checkpoints for the Expression of the Chloroplast-Encoded Splicing Factor MatK
Authors: Hertel Stefanie , Zoschke Reimo , Neumann Laura , Qu Yujiao , Axmann Ilka M. , Schmitz-Linneweber Christian 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The chloroplast genome of land plants contains only a single gene for a splicing factor, Maturase K (MatK). To better understand the regulation of matK gene expression, we quantitatively investigated the expression of matK across tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) development at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and protein levels. We observed striking discrepancies of MatK protein and matK messenger RNA levels in young tissue, suggestive of translational regulation or altered protein stability. We furthermore found increased matK messenger RNA stability in mature tissue, while other chloroplast RNAs tested showed little changes. Finally, we quantitatively measured MatK-intron interactions and found selective changes in the interaction of MatK with specific introns during plant development. This is evidence for a direct role of MatK in the regulation of chloroplast gene expression via splicing. We furthermore modeled a simplified matK gene expression network mathematically. The model reflects our experimental data and suggests future experimental perturbations to pinpoint regulatory checkpoints.
How do we prevent another Winterbourne? A literature review
Authors: Wright Sally 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to focus on the precipitants of physical and psychological abuse of individuals with intellectual disabilities in order to understand why mistreatment continues to be prevalent. In particular, the importance of contributing factors were explored such as challenging behaviour and lack of staff training, in an attempt to prevent another “Winterbourne”.

Design/methodology/approach
– A literature search using the search terms “Intellectual disability”, “learning disability”, “abuse”, “challenging behaviour” and “residential” was conducted. Articles were included using the criteria: adults with intellectual disabilities, concentration on neglect and physical abuse, abuse by staff members and articles written within the last 15 years. Using these criteria, a total of 19 articles were isolated. Additional articles were located through reference to citation lists. In total, 31 relevant articles were identified.

Findings
– The majority of research agrees that a meaningful increase in risk of abuse does exist for individuals with intellectual disabilities. There is a lack of recent empirical evidence discussing the incidence of abuse, potential causes and the long-term impact of staff training in reducing the incidence of abuse. These gaps may be due to the subjective definition of abuse, the current “reactive” approach to abuse, the ability of perpetrators to hide mistreatment and difficulty in quantifying the difference that increased staff training has on performance. More research is required to adequately protect individuals with intellectual disabilities in the residential setting.

Originality/value
– The paper highlights gaps in the current literature and identifies potential areas that could be improved in order to reduce the prevalence of abuse in residential care.
Psychotropic medications and adults with intellectual disabilities: care staff perspectives
Authors: Lalor John , Poulson Liz 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– Adults with intellectual disabilities are the most psychotropically medicated population of all. Non-medically trained care staff with whom these individuals spend the majority of their time are generally poorly trained in issues surrounding psychotropic medication. Much of the research related to the experiences of staff working in intellectual disability services has focused on medically trained professionals, and clients, and has been of a quantitative nature. Very little attention has been paid to care staff, their experiences, and through a qualitative approach. The purpose of this paper is to address this issue.

Design/methodology/approach
– The current study employed a semi-structured interview methodology to explore the experiences of, and impact on, care staff in relation to psychotropic medication usage in adults with intellectual disabilities living in long-term residential care. Eight full-time, experienced care staff were interviewed and data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (Smith et al., 2009).

Findings
– The paper demonstrates an array of concerns for staff, such as the negative impact upon client quality-of-life, the ethical implications of the medications’ regime, and the relationship perceived by care staff with the organisation management; and a significant lack of training. The limited field of previous research demographically comparable to the present paper was analysed for findings.

Originality/value
– The paper helps expand the current literature on experiences of care staff for people with intellectual disabilities from their own perspective, explores the emotional impact of the organisation's treatment of clients, and offers a range of recommendations in terms of theory, clinical practice and research.
Seizing the opportunities to improve neuropsychological services in a High Secure hospital
Authors: Lowings Graham , Trout Sarah , Braham Louise 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– A significant number of people held within the secure forensic hospital estate in this country suffer from neuropsychological deficits (e.g. Lowings, 2010; Williams et al., 2010). These deficits, many of them cognitive, have a detrimental impact on patient's abilities to benefit from psycho-educational materials thereby slowing the progress of their rehabilitation. Understanding these difficulties enables interventions to be more effectively targeted and facilitated to the patients’ cognitive strengths. It was against the backdrop of the evidence that a review was commissioned into neuropsychological activity at Rampton Hospital.

Design/methodology/approach
– The review of the neuropsychological assessment activity was confined to the male patients residing within Mental Health Services (MHS) and the National High Secure Learning Disability Service (NHSLDS) of the hospital. With regards to the MHS, 129 patient files were examined in order to identify the volume of neuropsychological assessment previously undertaken and the make up of the neuropsychological test batteries administered with the current patient group. With regard to the NHSLDS 48 files were similarly examined. In addition, MHS psychologists were surveyed to assess their knowledge of patients within that service who to their knowledge had previously suffered an acquired brain injury (ABI) or had suffered a significant neurological illness likely to have resulted in cognitive impairment.

Findings
– A scoping exercise identified that a significant amount of neuropsychological assessment was being undertaken, albeit in an unstructured way. This led to a number of patients being subjected to a significant delay before the need for neuropsychological testing and rehabilitation possibilities became apparent. There was a huge variance on when a patient was tested ranging from one month to 14 years and the size of the test battery used, with the number of tests conducted per patient ranging between one single test to 16 tests during a patients stay at the hospital.

Practical implications
– Opportunities to more appropriately place patients based upon their abilities could be achieved if the hospital were to adopt a policy of conducting neuropsychological assessments, including cognitive functioning, for all patients upon admission to the hospital. A proportion of patients were known to have had a ABI or a significant illness likely to have resulted in cognitive impairment. This was considered to be an underrepresentation and the taking of a thorough history specifically covering ABI and specific illnesses known to have an impact on cognitive ability and behaviour was also recommended.

Originality/value
– In light of this review, services are to take a more systematic approach to assessing neuropsychological difficulties. Consideration is being given to neuropsychological screening becoming part of the admission process.
Grey relational analysis between energy consumption and economic growth
Authors: Kose Erkan , Burmaoglu Serhat , Kabak Mehmet 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– The relationship between energy consumption (EC) and economic growth is a well-known and more studied subject in literature. In this study, Turkey's EC and gross domestic product (GDP) relation is analyzed. The aim of this study is to find out the relative importance of energy components on GDP for Turkey. Hence, the authors can make some strategic implications up to the importance of energy components on GDP.

Design/methodology/approach
– In this study, two methods are used to find out the importance of energy types on economic growth for Turkey. First, grey relational analysis (GRA) is used to determine the most influential energy types on GDP. Then regression analysis is used to compare outcomes which are yielded by GRA.

Findings
– The analyses of the results show that the most important energy sources are oil and renewables for Turkey. Both energy sources have equal importance with economic growth. However, it is implied that this balance should be destabilized for the sake of renewable production and usage to have less carbon footprint.

Originality/value
– There are many econometric models used for defining EC and economic growth causality. But the authors could not come across any study which investigates relationship between economic growth and EC by GRA. The method that is newly used for this subject and applying analysis for a developing country is the importance of this study.
Multi-attribute decision-making methods with three-parameter interval grey number
Authors: Luo Dang , Wang Xia , Song Bo 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– The paper aims to research the multi-attribute decision-making in which the attribute values are interval grey numbers and the maximum probability of the value of grey number is known.

Design/methodology/approach
– First, the authors define deviation degree and dominance relation of three-parameter interval grey number and get the equivalence between the dominance relation of decision-making object and the sum of three values of three-parameter interval grey number. Then, considering the uncertainty of goal weight, the authors construct multi-index optimization model based on deviation degree and get the goal weight.

Findings
– The authors prove the rationality and effectiveness of decision-making methods by examples and give a new thought for grey multi-attribute decision-making methods.

Originality/value
– As a paper research on theory, it offered a new multi-attribute decision-making method with three-parameter interval grey number.
Assessment and classification of China's provincial regional innovation system based on grey fixed weight clustering
Authors: Yuan Chaoqing , Guo Benhai , Liu Hongqi 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– As the world's largest developing country, China is relying on innovation to transform the pattern of economic growth; more and more attention has been paid to the construction of China's regional innovation system (RIS). This paper aims to establish a provincial evaluation index system for RIS construction level and that of construction condition and evaluate the innovation system construction level and construction condition of China's provinces by using grey fixed weight clustering.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper makes a comprehensive assessment of RIS by using grey fixed weight clustering.

Findings
– The results show that the construction level of RIS is clearly associated with construction condition of RIS. In accordance with the results of the assessment, China's 31 provinces are classified into four typical types. Some relevant key measures to promote the RIS are suggested.

Originality/value
– This paper establishes a new frame to evaluate RIS.
Linking political and managerial leadership – a personal reflection
Authors: Goodwin Daniel 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– This paper provides researchers and practitioners with a personal reflection on the nature of the relationship between politicians and chief executives in UK local government.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper sets the political/managerial relationship in context. It analyses the different motivations at play and the nature, similarities and differences of political and managerial leadership. It reflects on how these are interrelated using three key examples: a managerial crisis, a large capital project and longer term partnership working.

Findings
– The paper concludes that if political/managerial relationships are to be successful two-way insight is required: for political leaders this is insight into the managerial and operational realities that the organisation addresses. For managerial leaders this is insight into the political realities that leading politicians face. This goes beyond what has been traditionally posed as an impermeable barrier between the political and managerial spheres in public service.

Research limitations/implications
– The paper presents a personal view which has been triangulated with relevant leading politicians. Its analysis and conclusions are not tested in the light of a wider literature review. Further research is required to explore whether the suggestions of the findings would have validity in other contexts and how that might challenge traditional thinking about the nature of political and managerial leadership.

Originality/value
– The paper is original because very little is written about the nature of the relationship between political and managerial leaders. It will have value for academics considering the nature of public leadership, politicians thinking about how they work with managerial leaders and vice versa.