bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical responsibility for climate change: science and the science–policy interface
Authors: Friman Mathias , Strandberg Gustav 
Published: January 2014

Since 1990, the academic literature on historical responsibility (HR) for climate change has grown considerably. Over these years, the approaches to defining this responsibility have varied considerably. This article demonstrates how this variation can be explained by combining various defining aspects of historical contribution and responsibility. Scientific knowledge that takes for granted choices among defining aspects will likely become a basis for distrust within science, among negotiators under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and elsewhere. On the other hand, for various reasons, not all choices can be explicated at all times. In this article, we examine the full breadth of complexities involved in scientifically defining HR and discuss how these complexities have consequences for the science–policy interface concerning HR. To this end, we review and classify the academic literature on historical contributions to and responsibility for climate change into categories of defining aspects. One immediately policy‐relevant conclusion emerges from this exercise: Coupled with negotiators' highly divergent understandings of historical responsibility, the sheer number of defining aspects makes it virtually impossible to offer scientific advice without creating distrust in certain parts of the policy circle. This conclusion suggests that scientific attempts to narrow the options for policymakers will have little chance of succeeding unless policymakers first negotiate a clearer framework for historical responsibility.This article is categorized under:

Policy and Governance > International Policy Framework
Acoustically active liposome‐nanobubble complexes for enhanced ultrasonic imaging and ultrasound‐triggered drug delivery
Authors: Nguyen An T. , Wrenn Steven P. 
Published: January 2014

Ultrasound is well known as a safe, reliable imaging modality. A historical limitation of ultrasound, however, was its inability to resolve structures at length scales less than nominally 20 µm, which meant that classical ultrasound could not be used in applications such as echocardiography and angiogenesis where one requires the ability to image small blood vessels. The advent of ultrasound contrast agents, or microbubbles, removed this limitation and ushered in a new wave of enhanced ultrasound applications. In recent years, the microbubbles have been designed to achieve yet another application, namely ultrasound‐triggered drug delivery. Ultrasound contrast agents are thus tantamount to ‘theranostic’ vehicles, meaning they can do both therapy (drug delivery) and imaging (diagnostics). The use of ultrasound contrast agents as drug delivery vehicles, however, is perhaps less than ideal when compared to traditional drug delivery vehicles (e.g., polymeric microcapsules and liposomes) which have greater drug carrying capacities. The drawback of the traditional drug delivery vehicles is that they are not naturally acoustically active and cannot be used for imaging. The notion of a theranostic vehicle is sufficiently intriguing that many attempts have been made in recent years to achieve a vehicle that combines the echogenicity of microbubbles with the drug carrying capacity of liposomes. The attempts can be classified into three categories, namely entrapping, tethering, and nesting. Of these, nesting is the newest—and perhaps the most promising.This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Disease
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of β‐KVOF3
Authors: Donakowski Martin D. , Lu Hongcheng , Gautier Romain , Saha Rana , Sundaresan A. , Poeppelmeier Kenneth R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe potassium vanadium oxide‐fluoride phase β‐KVOF3 was prepared by in‐situ reduction with hydrothermal methods and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The compound is orthorhombic [space group Pnma, a = 7.1596(2) Å, b = 7.5392(2) Å, c = 13.0506(4) Å, Z = 8]. The material is structurally similar and isoformulaic to d1 materials of formulae AVOF3 (A+ = alkali metal, ammonium, or organic cation). Magnetic susceptibility data were successfully fit with a Heisenberg chain model. In‐situ reduction of V5+ to V4+ during the hydrothermal reaction conditions was observed in the presence of Br– anions. The role of bromide ions in this reduction is explained and employed to reduce a d0 vanadium species to obtain a material with magnetic behavior.
High‐Pressure High‐Temperature Synthesis of ϵ‐Fe2IrN0.24
Authors: Guo Kai , Rau Dieter , Schnelle Walter , Burkhardt Ulrich , Niewa Rainer , Schwarz Ulrich 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA high‐pressure high‐temperature synthesis involving initial reaction, nitrogen depletion and annealing yields a new ϵ‐type iron iridium nitride. Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy of metallographic samples evidence a main phase having a molar metal ratio of Fe:Ir = 2:1 within experimental error. Chemical analyses and thermogravimetric measurements quantify the nitrogen content to 1.07 wt % (x = 0.24) and 1.2 wt % (x = 0.27), respectively. Above 750 K, the phase Fe2IrN0.24 decomposes into solid solutions ϵ‐Fe(Ir) and γ‐Fe(Ir) involving the release of N2 at ambient pressure. Magnetic susceptibility data suggest long‐range antiferromagnetic ordering at TN = 27 K.
The Impact of Inpatient Rehabilitation on Function and Survival of Newly Diagnosed Patients With Glioblastoma
Authors: Roberts Pamela S. , Nuño Miriam , Sherman Dale , Asher Arash , Wertheimer Jeffrey , Riggs Richard V. , Patil Chirag G. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo examine the impact of an inpatient rehabilitation program on functional improvement and survival among patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) who underwent surgical resection of the brain tumor.DesignA retrospective cohort study of newly diagnosed patients with GBM between 2003 and 2010, with survival data updated through January 23, 2013.SettingAn urban academic nonprofit medical center that included acute medical and inpatient rehabilitation.ParticipantsData for newly diagnosed patients with GBM were examined; of these patients, 100 underwent inpatient rehabilitation after resection, and 312 did not undergo inpatient rehabilitation.Main Outcome MeasurementsOverall functional improvement and survival time for patients who participated in the inpatient rehabilitation program.ResultsA total of 89 patients (93.7%) who underwent inpatient rehabilitation improved in functional status from admission to discharge, with the highest gain observed in mobility (96.8%), followed by self‐care (88.4%), communication/social cognition (75.8%), and sphincter control (50.5%). The median overall survival among inpatient rehabilitation patients was 14.3 versus 17.9 months for patients who did not undergo inpatient rehabilitation (P = .03). However, after we adjusted for age, extent of resection, and Karnofsky Performance Status Scale scores, we found no statistical difference in the survival rate between patients who did and did not undergo inpatient rehabilitation (hazard ratio [HR], 0.84; P = .16). Among the patients who underwent inpatient rehabilitation, older age (HR, 2.24; P = .0006), a low degree of resection (HR, 1.67; P = .02), and lack of a Stupp regimen (HR, 1.71; P = .05) were associated with greater hazard of mortality.ConclusionsPatients who undergo inpatient rehabilitation demonstrate significant functional improvements, primarily in the mobility domain. Confounder adjusted multivariate analysis showed no survival difference between patients who did and did not undergo inpatient rehabilitation; this finding suggests that a structured inpatient rehabilitation program may level the survival field in lower‐functioning patients who otherwise may be faced with a dismal prognosis.
Human isolates ofListeria monocytogenesin Sweden during half a century (1958–2010)
Authors: LOPEZ-VALLADARES G. , THAM W. , PARIHAR V. SINGH , HELMERSSON S. , ANDERSSON B. , IVARSSON S. , JOHANSSON C. , RINGBERG H. , TJERNBERG I. , HENRIQUES-NORMARK B. , DANIELSSON-THAM M.-L. 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYIsolates ofListeria monocytogenes(n = 932) isolated in Sweden during 1958–2010 from human patients with invasive listeriosis were characterized by serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) (AscI). Of the 932 isolates, 183 different PFGE types were identified, of which 83 were each represented by only one isolate. In all, 483 serovar 1/2a isolates were distributed over 114 PFGE types; 90 serovar 1/2b isolates gave 32 PFGE types; 21 serovar 1/2c isolates gave nine PFGE types; three serovar 3b isolates gave one PFGE type; and, 335 serovar 4b isolates gave 31 PFGE types. During the 1980s in Sweden, several serovar 4b cases were associated with the consumption of European raw soft cheese. However, as cheese-production hygiene has improved, the number of 4b cases has decreased. Since 1996, serovar 1/2a has been the dominantL. monocytogenesserovar in human listeriosis in Sweden. Therefore, based on current serovars and PFGE types, an association between human cases of listeriosis and the consumption of vacuum-packed gravad and cold-smoked salmon is suggested.
Emergency department and ‘Google flu trends’ data as syndromic surveillance indicators for seasonal influenza
Authors: THOMPSON L. H. , MALIK M. T. , GUMEL A. , STROME T. , MAHMUD S. M. 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYWe evaluated syndromic indicators of influenza disease activity developed using emergency department (ED) data – total ED visits attributed to influenza-like illness (ILI) (‘ED ILI volume’) and percentage of visits attributed to ILI (‘ED ILI percent’) – and Google flu trends (GFT) data (ILI cases/100 000 physician visits). Congruity and correlation among these indicators and between these indicators and weekly count of laboratory-confirmed influenza in Manitoba was assessed graphically using linear regression models. Both ED and GFT data performed well as syndromic indicators of influenza activity, and were highly correlated with each other in real time. The strongest correlations between virological data and ED ILI volume and ED ILI percent, respectively, were 0·77 and 0·71. The strongest correlation of GFT was 0·74. Seasonal influenza activity may be effectively monitored using ED and GFT data.
Metagenomics reveals sediment microbial community response to Deepwater Horizon oil spill
Authors: Mason Olivia U , Scott Nicole M , Gonzalez Antonio , Robbins-Pianka Adam , Bælum Jacob , Kimbrel Jeffrey , Bouskill Nicholas J , Prestat Emmanuel , Borglin Sharon , Joyner Dominique C , Fortney Julian L , Jurelevicius Diogo , Stringfellow William T , Alvarez-Cohen Lisa , Hazen Terry C , Knight Rob , Gilbert Jack A , Jansson Janet K 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill in the spring of 2010 resulted in an input of ∼4.1 million barrels of oil to the Gulf of Mexico; &gt;22% of this oil is unaccounted for, with unknown environmental consequences. Here we investigated the impact of oil deposition on microbial communities in surface sediments collected at 64 sites by targeted sequencing of 16S rRNA genes, shotgun metagenomic sequencing of 14 of these samples and mineralization experiments using 14C-labeled model substrates. The 16S rRNA gene data indicated that the most heavily oil-impacted sediments were enriched in an uncultured Gammaproteobacterium and a Colwellia species, both of which were highly similar to sequences in the DWH deep-sea hydrocarbon plume. The primary drivers in structuring the microbial community were nitrogen and hydrocarbons. Annotation of unassembled metagenomic data revealed the most abundant hydrocarbon degradation pathway encoded genes involved in degrading aliphatic and simple aromatics via butane monooxygenase. The activity of key hydrocarbon degradation pathways by sediment microbes was confirmed by determining the mineralization of 14C-labeled model substrates in the following order: propylene glycol, dodecane, toluene and phenanthrene. Further, analysis of metagenomic sequence data revealed an increase in abundance of genes involved in denitrification pathways in samples that exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)’s benchmarks for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) compared with those that did not. Importantly, these data demonstrate that the indigenous sediment microbiota contributed an important ecosystem service for remediation of oil in the Gulf. However, PAHs were more recalcitrant to degradation, and their persistence could have deleterious impacts on the sediment ecosystem.
Atractylenolide-I Sensitizes Human Ovarian Cancer Cells to Paclitaxel by Blocking Activation of TLR4/MyD88-dependent Pathway
Authors: Huang Jian-Ming , Zhang Guo-Nan , Shi Yu , Zha Xiao , Zhu Yi , Wang Miao-Miao , Lin Qing , Wang Wen , Lu Hai-Yan , Ma Shi-Qi , Cheng Jia , Deng Bi-Fang 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPaclitaxel, a known TLR4 ligand, leads to activation of TLR4/MyD88-dependent pathway that mediates chemoresistance and tumor progression in epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). Atractylenolide-I (AO-I), a novel TLR4-antagonizing agent, inhibits TLR4 signaling by interfering with the binding of LPS or paclitaxel to membrane TLR4 of human leukocytes. In this study, AO-I was found to attenuate paclitaxel-induced protein expression of IL-6, VEGF and survivin and to enhance early apoptosis and growth inhibition in MyD88+ EOC cells; AO-I was shown to fit into the hydrophobic pocket of human MD-2 and to partially overlap with the binding site of paclitaxel by docking simulations, suggesting that AO-I may block the MD-2-mediated TLR4/MyD88-dependent paclitaxel signaling in MyD88+ EOC cells. Therefore, AO-I could significantly sensitize the response of MyD88+ EOC cells to paclitaxel by blocking MD-2-mediated TLR4/MyD88 signaling and that AO-I-paclitaxel combination could be a promising strategy for the treatment of EOC with a functional TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway.
Tight junction regulation through vesicle trafficking: bringing cells together
Authors: Fletcher Sarah J. , Rappoport Joshua Z. 
Published: January 2014

Epithelial layers are integral for many physiological processes and are maintained by intercellular adhesive structures. During disease, these structures can disassemble, leading to breakdown of epithelia. TJs (tight junctions) are one type of intercellular adhesion. Loss of TJs has been linked to the pathogenesis of many diseases. The present review focuses on the role of vesicle trafficking in regulation of TJs, in particular trafficking of the TJ protein occludin. We examine how endocytosis and endosomal recycling modulate occludin localization under steady-state conditions and during stimulated TJ disassembly.
Rethinking the clockwork: redox cycles and non-transcriptional control of circadian rhythms
Authors: Wu Lisa , Reddy Akhilesh B. 
Published: January 2014

Circadian rhythms are a hallmark of living organisms, observable in all walks of life from primitive bacteria to highly complex humans. They are believed to have evolved to co-ordinate the timing of biological and behavioural processes to the changing environmental needs brought on by the progression of day and night through the 24-h cycle. Most of the modern study of circadian rhythms has centred on so-called TTFLs (transcription–translation feedback loops), wherein a core group of ‘clock’ genes, capable of negatively regulating themselves, produce oscillations with a period of approximately 24 h. Recently, however, the prevalence of the TTFL paradigm has been challenged by a series of findings wherein circadian rhythms, in the form of redox reactions, persist in the absence of transcriptional cycles. We have found that circadian cycles of oxidation and reduction are conserved across all domains of life, strongly suggesting that non-TTFL mechanisms work in parallel with the canonical genetic processes of timekeeping to generate the cyclical cellular and behavioural phenotypes that we commonly recognize as circadian rhythms.
Study on the effect of artificial radiation simulating terrestrial solar ultraviolet radiation on negative DC discharge performance of air gap
Authors: Lichun Shu , Zhangang Yang , Xingliang Jiang , Qin Hu , Zongkui Qiu 
Published: January 2014

It is important to reveal the effect of terrestrial solar ultraviolet radiation (TSUVR) on discharge performance of external insulation for the design and operation of a power system in regions with strong TSUVR, especially in Tibet. However, no research was carried out in this field until now. In this study, an artificial UV lamp was used to imitate TSUVR in the relevant experiments to research on the effect of negative DC discharge. It was found that artificial radiation simulating terrestrial solar UV radiation (STSUVR) does not affect appreciably the negative DC corona characteristics and breakdown voltage of short rod‐plane air gaps of several electrode materials. That is because the wavelength of the STSUVR is in the range of 290–400 nm, and its intensity is less than 200 W/m2. Thus, air, Cu and Fe cannot be photoionised by STSUVR. There is also no effect of the STSUVR on arc propagation because of energy. Although a part of the photons in the TSUVR has higher energy than the work function of Al, it is very easy for the Al to be oxidised, and the oxide film (Al2O3) can prevent Al from being ionised by TSUVR. Therefore the TSUVR does not have an obvious effect on negative DC discharge performance of air gap.
Dopamine prediction error responses integrate subjective value from different reward dimensions
Authors: Lak Armin , Stauffer William R. , Schultz Wolfram 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Most real-world rewards have multiple dimensions, such as amount, risk, and type. Here we show that within a bounded set of such multidimensional rewards monkeys’ choice behavior fulfilled several core tenets of rational choice theory; namely, their choices were stochastically complete and transitive. As such, in selecting between rewards, the monkeys behaved as if they maximized value on a common scale. Dopamine neurons encoded prediction errors that reflected that scale. A particular reward dimension influenced dopamine activity only to the extent that it influenced choice. Thus, vastly different reward types such as juice and food activated dopamine neurons in accordance with subjective value derived from the different rewards. This neuronal signal could serve to update value signals for economic choice.
Assessment and Support Consultation: Enhancing Social Support for Sexual Offenders
Authors: Hawkins Katherine , Eddie David 
Published: January 2014

Social support is a known predictor of both sexual offender recidivism (Andrews & Bonta, 2010) and client recovery from numerous clinical disorders (Drake, O’Neal, & Wallach, 2008; Schön, Denhov, & Topor, 2009). Interventions that engage social supports have demonstrated positive outcomes in many clinical treatments for a wide range of psychopathologies (Rea et al., 2003; Shimazu et al., 2011), but have not yet been broadly incorporated into forensic practice. Furthermore, some criminogenic risk assessment measures do not routinely seek collateral information from social supports, despite the benefits of doing so (Bonta, 2002; Doren, 2004). This article reviews extant work, and proposes a methodology—Assessment and Support Consultation (ASC)—aimed at bringing support systems into the sexual offender assessment and treatment milieu. Aims for this model and suggestions for its development and implementation are discussed.
Response of White Seabass to Practical Diets with Varying Levels of Protein
Authors: Jirsa Dave , Davis D Allen , Barrows Frederic T , Roy Luke A , Drawbridge Mark 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Interest in the commercial culture of White Seabass Atractoscion nobilis on the western coast of the United States has been increasing in recent years. Despite this interest, there is a scarcity of knowledge on the dietary requirements of this species, particularly as it relates to basic nutrient requirements and selection of feeds. Hence, we evaluated a wide range of protein levels (31, 34, 37, 40, 43, and 46%) with practical lipid levels (5.75, 7, 8.25, 9.5, 10.75, and 12%) to initiate the development of a species-specific commercial diet for White Seabass. A 56-d trial was conducted in a recirculating system at Hubbs–SeaWorld Research Institute's marine fish hatchery in Carlsbad, California. Diets were formulated to contain 20–30% fish meal and offered to juvenile White Seabass (3.6 g mean initial weight). At the conclusion of the growth trial final weights ranged from 13.9 to 15.9 g, and percent weight gain ranged from 278.2% to 345.6% and generally increased with protein level. Protein retention ranged from 25.2% to 33.7% and was significantly lower for fish offered the diets containing 43% and 46% protein. Based on growth and protein retention, the use of a diet incorporating 40% protein and 10% lipid is recommended for juvenile White Seabass.
Effects of Abrupt pH Changes on Survival of Goldfish Fry
Authors: Chen Yushun , Kelly Anita M , Kumaran Sathyanand 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Abrupt pH changes from hatchery to pond water may affect survival of Goldfish Carassius auratus fry after stocking. A total of 12 triplicate pH treatments ranging from 3.57 to 11.50 were used to assess a gradient of abrupt pH changes on survival of 3-d posthatch (dph) Goldfish fry in aquaria during a 24-h exposure experiment. The experiment indicated that the 24-h LC10, LC50, and LC90 pH values for 3 dph Goldfish fry was 9.99, 10.52, and 11.08, respectively, based on an initial pH = 8.38. When pH was decreased below 8.38, the 24-h LC10, LC50, and LC90 occurred at a pH of 4.68, 4.27, and 3.89, respectively. Baitfish farmers should avoid pond water with high pH to reduce fry mortality during the early fry stocking period when the upper lethal pH limit (i.e., LC10, for practical consideration) of 9.99 will become possible.