bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Satisfiability Allows No Nontrivial Sparsification unless the Polynomial-Time Hierarchy Collapses
Authors: Dell Holger , Van Melkebeek Dieter 
Published: August 2014

Consider the following two-player communication process to decide a language
L
: The first player holds the entire input
x
but is polynomially bounded; the second player is computationally unbounded but does not know any part of
x
; their goal is to decide cooperatively whether
x
belongs to
L
at small cost, where the cost measure is the number of bits of communication from the first player to the second player.

For any integer
d
≥ 3 and positive real
ε
, we show that, if satisfiability for
n
-variable
d
-CNF formulas has a protocol of cost
O
(
nd
−
ε
), then coNP is in NP/poly, which implies that the polynomial-time hierarchy collapses to its third level. The result even holds when the first player is conondeterministic, and is tight as there exists a trivial protocol for
ε
= 0. Under the hypothesis that coNP is not in NP/poly, our result implies tight lower bounds for parameters of interest in several areas, namely sparsification, kernelization in parameterized complexity, lossy compression, and probabilistically checkable proofs.

By reduction, similar results hold for other NP-complete problems. For the vertex cover problem on
n
-vertex
d
-uniform hypergraphs, this statement holds for any integer
d
≥ 2. The case
d
= 2 implies that no NP-hard vertex deletion problem based on a graph property that is inherited by subgraphs can have kernels consisting of
O
(
k
2 −
ε
) edges unless coNP is in NP/poly, where
k
denotes the size of the deletion set. Kernels consisting of
O
(
k
2) edges are known for several problems in the class, including vertex cover, feedback vertex set, and bounded-degree deletion.
Recent Recreational Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Women in the E3N Cohort
Authors: Fournier Agnès , Dos Santos Gaël , Guillas Gwenaëlle , Bertsch Jean , Duclos Martine , Boutron-Ruault Marie-Christine , Clavel-Chapelon Françoise , Mesrine Sylvie 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Background: Physical activity probably protects against the risk of breast cancer after menopause, but questions remain about how rapidly and for how long this protective effect exists.
Methods: We analyzed data from 59,308 postmenopausal women (2,155 incident invasive breast cancers) followed between 1993 and 2005 (8.5 years postmenopause on average) through biennial questionnaires. Multivariable Cox models included time-varying exposure data, using levels of recreational physical activity self-reported in 1993, 1997, and 2002.
Results: Women with recent (within the previous 4 years) recreational physical activity levels ≥12 metabolic equivalent task-hours (MET-h)/week had a lower risk of invasive breast cancer than women with lower levels [HR, 0.90; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.82–0.99], with no apparent dose–response relation beyond 12 MET-h/week. Associations did not vary significantly across ER/PR subtypes. Risk reductions were of the same magnitude order regardless of weight change, body mass index, waist circumference, or less recent (5–9 years earlier) physical activity levels. Among women with levels of physical activity ≥12 MET-h/week 5 to 9 years earlier, those who became less active (&lt;12 MET-h/week) had a significantly increased risk of breast cancer compared with those who did not (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.01–1.35). And, compared with the least active women at both time points, they had no significantly decreased risk of breast cancer (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.87–1.29).
Conclusions: Our results suggest a decrease in risk associated with recent recreational physical activity even of modest levels.
Impact: Starting or maintaining physical activity after menopause may be beneficial regarding breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(9); 1893–902. ©2014 AACR.
Electrogram-Gated Radiofrequency Ablations With Duty Cycle Power Delivery Negate Effects of Ablation Catheter Motion
Authors: Chik William W.B. , Barry Michael Anthony , Pouliopoulos Jim , Byth Karen , Midekin Christine , Bhaskaran Abhishek , Sivagangabalan Gopal , Thomas Stuart P. , Ross David L. , McEwan Alistair , Kovoor Pramesh , Thiagalingam Aravinda 
Published: August 2014

Background—
Cardiac and respiratory movements cause catheter instability. Lateral catheter sliding over target endocardial surface can lead to poor tissue contact and unpredictable lesion formation. We describe a novel method of overcoming the effects of lateral catheter sliding movements using an electrogram-gated pulsed power ablation.

Methods and Results—

All ablations were performed on a thermochromic gel myocardial phantom. Ablation settings were randomized to conventional (nongated) 30 W versus electrogram-gated at 20% duty cycle (30 W average power) at 0-, 3-, 6-, and 9-mm lateral sliding distances. Forty-eight radiofrequency ablations were performed. Deeper lesions were created in electrogram-gated versus conventional ablations at 3 mm (4.36±0.08 versus 4.05±0.17 mm;
P
=0.009), 6 mm (4.39±0.10 versus 3.44±0.15 mm;
P
<0.001), and 9 mm (4.41±0.06 versus 2.94±0.16 mm;
P
<<0.001) sliding distances. Electrogram-gated ablations created consistent lesions at a quicker rate of growth in depth when compared with conventional ablations (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—
(1) Lesion depth decreases and length increases in conventional ablations with greater degrees of lateral catheter movements; (2) electrogram-gated pulsed radiofrequency delivery negated the effects from lateral catheter movement by creating consistently deeper lesions irrespective of the degree of catheter movement; and (3) target lesion depths were reached significantly faster in electrogram-gated than in conventional ablations.
Temporal Trends in the Population Attributable Risk for Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Cheng Susan , Claggett Brian , Correia Andrew W. , Shah Amil M. , Gupta Deepak K. , Skali Hicham , Ni Hanyu , Rosamond Wayne D. , Heiss Gerardo , Folsom Aaron R. , Coresh Josef , Solomon Scott D. 
Published: August 2014

Background—
The extent to which the relative contributions of traditional cardiovascular risk factors to incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) may have changed over time remains unclear.

Methods and Results—

We studied 13 541 participants (56% women, 26% black) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, aged 52 to 66 years and free of CVD at exams in 1987 through 1989, 1990 through 1992, 1993 through 1995, or 1996 through 1998. At each examination, we estimated the population attributable risks (PAR) of traditional risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking) for the 10-year incidence of CVD. Overall, the PAR of all risk factors combined appeared to decrease from the late 1980s to the late 1990s (0.58 to 0.53). The combined PAR was higher in women than men in 1987 through 1989 (0.68 versus 0.51,
P
<0.001) but not by the late 1990s (0.58 versus 0.48,
P
=0.08). The combined PAR was higher in blacks than whites in the late 1980s (0.67 versus 0.57,
P
=0.049), and this difference was more pronounced by the late 1990s (0.67 versus 0.48,
P
=0.002). By the late 1990s, the PAR of hypertension had become higher in women than men (
P
=0.02) and also appeared higher in blacks than whites (
P
=0.08). By the late 1990s, the PAR of diabetes mellitus remained higher in women than men (
P
<0.0001) and in blacks than whites (
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions—
The contribution to CVD of all traditional risk factors combined is greater in blacks than whites, and this difference may be increasing. The contributions of hypertension and diabetes mellitus remain especially high, in women as well as blacks. These findings underscore the continued need for individual as well as population approaches to CVD risk factor modification.
Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) Classification and Vascular Territory of Ischemic Stroke Lesions Diagnosed by Diffusion‐Weighted Imaging
Authors: Chung Jong‐Won , Park Su Hyun , Kim Nayoung , Kim Wook‐Joo , Park Jung Hyun , Ko Youngchai , Yang Mi Hwa , Jang Myung Suk , Han Moon‐Ku , Jung Cheolkyu , Kim Jae Hyoung , Oh Chang Wan , Bae Hee‐Joon 
Published: August 2014

Background
The association between the location and the mechanism of a stroke lesion remains unclear. A diffusion‐weighted imaging study may help resolve this lack of clarity.

Methods and Results

We studied a consecutive series of 2702 acute ischemic stroke patients whose stroke lesions were confirmed by
diffusion‐weighted imaging
and who underwent a thorough etiological investigation. The vascular territory in which an ischemic lesion was situated was identified using standard anatomic maps of the dominant arterial territories. Stroke subtype was based on the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment, or TOAST, classification. Large‐artery atherosclerosis (37.3%) was the most common stroke subtype, and middle cerebral artery (49.6%) was the most frequently involved territory. Large‐artery atherosclerosis was the most common subtype for anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, vertebral, and anterior and posterior inferior cerebellar artery territory infarctions. Small vessel occlusion was the leading subtype in basilar and posterior cerebral artery territories. Cardioembolism was the leading cause in superior cerebellar artery territory. Compared with carotid territory stroke, vertebrobasilar territory stroke was more likely to be caused by small vessel occlusion (21.4% versus 30.1%,
P
<0.001) and less likely to be caused by cardioembolism (23.2% versus 13.8%,
P
<0.001). Multiple‐vascular‐territory infarction was frequently caused by cardioembolism (44.2%) in carotid territory and by large‐artery atherosclerosis (52.1%) in vertebrobasilar territory.

Conclusions
Information on vascular territory of a stroke lesion may be helpful in timely investigation and accurate diagnosis of stroke etiology.
Estimating Vertical Motion Profile Shape within Tropical Weather States over the Oceans
Authors: Handlos Zachary J. , Back Larissa E. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The vertical structure of tropical deep convection strongly influences interactions with larger-scale circulations and climate. This paper focuses on investigating this vertical structure and its relationship with mesoscale tropical weather states. The authors test the hypothesis that latent heating plus turbulent flux convergence varies (in space and time) in association with weather state type.
The authors estimate mean-state vertical motion profile shape and latent heating plus turbulent flux convergence for six weather states defined using cloud-top pressure and optical depth properties from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) dataset. Assuming two modes of vertical motion profile variability, these modes are statistically extracted from reanalysis data using a principal component analysis. Using these modes and the relationship between vertical motion, the dry static energy budget, and mass continuity, the authors estimate vertical motion profile shape. In these estimates, the authors use Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) [and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42] precipitation and Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) surface convergence data in the ITCZ region from 2001 to 2006. Finally, these profile shapes are categorized by weather state type and spatiotemporally averaged to generate mean-state vertical motion profiles and latent heating plus turbulent flux convergence.
The authors find that vertical motion profile shape varies by weather state. The isolated systems convective regime exhibits more “bottom heaviness” than the other convectively active regimes, with maximum upward vertical motion occurring in the lower troposphere rather than the middle to upper troposphere. The variability observed does not coincide with the conventional profile variability based on stratiform rain fraction.
Quasi-Decadal Variation in Intensity of the Western Part of the Winter Subarctic SST Front in the Western North Pacific: The Influence of Kuroshio Extension Path State
Authors: Sugimoto Shusaku , Kobayashi Nakaba , Hanawa Kimio 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Variations of the subarctic front (SAF), which is extracted as a strong sea surface temperature (SST) gradient in the longitudinal band of 146°–152°E, were investigated over 30 winters (January–March) from 1982 to 2011, using high-spatial-resolution satellite-derived SST dataset and hydrographic observations. The SAF had little meridional movement in this longitudinal band, lying between 40° and 41°N throughout the analysis period. The SAF intensity had a dominant quasi-decadal time scale (about 8 yr); its intensity in the strong phase was up to about 50% higher than in the weak phase. The SAF intensity strongly reflected upper-ocean conditions in the Kuroshio–Oyashio Confluence (KOC) region just south of the SAF. In the strong SAF phase, large positive anomalies in both temperature and salinity were found in the KOC region, not only at the sea surface but also below 300 m, and the water properties in the KOC region were those of the Kuroshio water. The warm, salty water in the KOC region was supplied by mesoscale eddies, which detached northward from the Kuroshio Extension during the unstable state of the Kuroshio Extension path.
Finescale Radar and Airmass Structure of the Comma Head of a Continental Winter Cyclone: The Role of Three Airstreams
Authors: Rauber Robert M. , Macomber Matthew K. , Plummer David M. , Rosenow Andrew A. , McFarquhar Greg M. , Jewett Brian F. , Leon David , Keeler Jason M. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Data from airborne W-band radar, thermodynamic fields from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, and air parcel back trajectories from the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model are used to investigate the finescale reflectivity, vertical motion, and airmass structure of the comma head of a winter cyclone that produced 15–25 cm of snow across the U.S. Midwest on 29–30 January 2010.
The comma head consisted of three vertically stacked air masses: from bottom to top, an arctic air mass of Canadian origin, a moist cloud-bearing air mass of Gulf of Mexico origin, and a drier air mass originating mostly at low altitudes over Baja California and the Mexican Plateau. The drier air mass capped the entire comma head and significantly influenced precipitation distribution and type across the storm, limiting cloud depth on the warm side, and creating instability with respect to ice-saturated ascent, cloud-top generating cells, and a seeder–feeder process on the cold side. Convective generating cells with depths of 1.5–3.0 km and vertical air velocities of 1–3 m s−1 were ubiquitous atop the cold side of the comma head.
The airmass boundaries within the comma head lacked the thermal contrast commonly observed along fronts in other sectors of extratropical cyclones. The boundary between the Gulf and Canadian air masses, although quite distinct in terms of precipitation distribution, wind, and moisture, was marked by almost no horizontal thermal contrast at the time of observation. The higher-altitude airmass boundary between the Gulf of Mexico and Baja air masses also lacked thermal contrast, with the less-stable Baja air mass overriding the stable Gulf of Mexico air.
Evaluation of the Storm Prediction Center’s Convective Outlooks from Day 3 through Day 1
Authors: Hitchens Nathan M. , Brooks Harold E. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The Storm Prediction Center issues four categorical convective outlooks with lead times as long as 48 h, the so-called day 3 outlook issued at 1200 UTC, and as short as 6 h, the day 1 outlook issued at 0600 UTC. Additionally, there are four outlooks issued during the 24-h target period (which begins at 1200 UTC on day 1) that serve as updates to the last outlook issued prior to the target period. These outlooks, issued daily, are evaluated over a relatively long period of record, 1999–2011, using standard verification measures to assess accuracy; practically perfect forecasts are used to assess skill. Results show a continual increase in the skill of all outlooks during the study period, and increases in the frequency at which these outlooks are skillful on an annual basis.
Posterior leaflet segment 2 plication in ischemic mitral regurgitation repair
Authors: Ay Yasin , Erkin Alper , Kara Ibrahim , Aydin Cemalettin , Ay Nuray Kahraman , Zeybek Rahmi 
Published: August 2014

Aim To evaluate the medium-term results of plication of posterior leaflet segment 2 in addition to ring annuloplasty in patients with functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. Methods The study included 136 patients who underwent mitral valve repair with plication of posterior leaflet segment 2 for ischemic mitral regurgitation between 2004 and 2012. The direction and correlation of left ventricle sphericity and tethering area were established by Pearson correlation analysis in patients with or without recurrent mitral regurgitation in the medium term. Results Medium-term survival was 91.9% and freedom from moderate or severe mitral regurgitation was 89.6%. In medium-term follow-up, transthoracic echocardiography found a significant decrease in tethering area, coaptation height, and distance between the commissures compared to the pre-surgery values ( p = 0.0001 in all). The distance between the papillary muscles was reduced compared to the pre-surgery period but it was not significant ( p = 0.204). Pearson correlation analysis found no significant correlation between the tethering area and left ventricle sphericity in patients without recurrent mitral regurgitation ( r = 0.15, p = 0.36), a highly positive correlation ( r = 0.44, p < 0.001) in patients with mild recurrent mitral regurgitation, and a moderately positive correlation ( r = 0.71, p < 0.01) in patients with moderate or severe recurrent mitral regurgitation. Conclusions The tethering area, coaptation height, and distance between the commissures decreased significantly, thus posterior leaflet segment 2 plication in addition to ring annuloplasty may be the optional procedure to ensure freedom from moderate or severe mitral regurgitation.
Effects of coronary artery bypass grafting surgery on retinal vascular caliber, ocular pulse amplitude and retinal thickness measurements
Authors: Pekel G , Kılıç ID , Alihanoğlu Yİ , Acer S , Yağcı R , Kaya H , Alur İ 
Published: August 2014

Aim: The retina and ocular vasculature are vulnerable to alterations in systemic hemodynamics, such as in open heart surgeries. Our aim was to investigate retinal vascular caliber (RVC), ocular pulse amplitude (OPA), peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular thickness in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery patients. Methods: Twenty-six patients who had a history of CABG surgery and 26 age-sex-matched healthy participants were recruited for this prospective, cross-sectional and comparative study. The RVC, peripapillary RNFL and macular thickness measurements were taken with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. The OPA, a surrogate of pulsatile ocular blood flow, was measured with the Pascal dynamic contour tonometer. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the CABG surgery patients and the controls with regard to RVC, OPA, peripapillary RNFL thickness and macular thickness measurements (p>0.05). Conclusions: CABG surgery does not affect retinal structures and pulsatile ocular blood flow in the long-term follow-up.
Solidarity and Human Insecurity: Rethinking Solidarity from the Point of View of Africa
Authors: Boni Tanella 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe practice of family solidarity is a fact in African societies even if the people are facing all kinds of risks from an early age, before they exert their activity to take charge. There is lack of civil protections as “social security” which covers individuals from illness and other risks thus transforming African societies into scenes where violence and social insecurity reigns. Under these conditions, the freedom of the individual is in question as well as the protection of citizens, taking into account the risks to life, work, education, health, other environment. The social role to be played by the rule of law is also in question. But the bond of solidarity is primarily ethical. It binds one human to another, beyond the laws and social institutions.
Foulkes and Intersubjectivity: A Pioneer in Uncharted Territories
Authors: Potthoff Peter 
Published: August 2014

Since the 1940s Foulkes developed his theory of group analysis. Originating from Freudian psychoanalysis, Foulkes—through his experiences with groups—developed new concepts about human motivation, pathogenesis of mental illness and therapeutic options. In contrast to drive theory, he postulated relationality, search for contact and exchange, and belongingness as central motivations. In a sometimes surprising congruence with Foulkes’ ideas, the intersubjective-relational paradigm came into being during the 1980s and has since, as ‘intersubjective turn’, substantially influenced contemporary psychoanalytic theorizing. It could serve as a bridge between different psychoanalytic schools as well as between contemporary psychoanalysis and group analysis. Basic tenets of group analysis and relational psychoanalysis are demonstrated, differences and similarities pointed out.
‘It feels like someone is hammering my feet’: Understanding pain and its management from the perspective of people with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Harrison Anthony M , Bogosian Angeliki , Silber Eli , McCracken Lance M , Moss-Morris Rona 
Published: August 2014

Background: Pain affects around 63% of people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Biomedical treatments demonstrate limited efficacy. More research is needed to understand pain from the individual’s perspective in order to better inform a patient-centred approach that improves engagement, self-management and outcome. Objective: The objective of this paper is to explore pwMS’ experience and responses to pain, and their perspectives on pain management. Methods: Twenty-five in-depth, semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and analysed using an inductive thematic analysis approach with elements of grounded theory. Results: Key themes included vivid descriptions of pain and beliefs that pain is unpredictable, a sign of damage and may worsen. Anger was a common emotional response. Two dominant pain management themes emerged: one related to pain reduction and another to acceptance. Those focusing on pain reduction appeared to engage in cycles in which they struggled with symptoms and experienced continued distress. Conclusion: Findings identify pain-related beliefs, emotional reactions and disparate pain-management attitudes. All may influence pwMS’ responses to pain and what they ask of their clinicians. Uncovering pwMS’ personal beliefs about pain, and introducing a broader biopsychosocial understanding of pain in the clinical context, may provide opportunities to rectify potentially unhelpful management choices and enhance pain acceptance.