bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A type 2 A/C2 plasmid carrying the aacC4 apramycin resistance gene and the erm(42) erythromycin resistance gene recovered from two Salmonella enterica serovars
Authors: Harmer Christopher J. , Holt Kathryn E. , Hall Ruth M. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the relationships between RepA/C2 plasmids carrying several antibiotic resistance genes found in isolates of Salmonella enterica serovars Ohio and Senftenberg from pigs.

Methods
Illumina HiSeq was used to sequence seven S. enterica isolates. BLAST searches identified relevant A/C2 plasmid contigs and contigs were assembled using PCR.

Results
Two serovar Ohio isolates were ST329 and the five Senftenberg isolates were ST210. The A/C2 plasmids recovered from the seven isolates belong to type 2 and contain two resistance islands. Their backbones are closely related, differing by five or fewer SNPs. The sul2-containing resistance island ARI-B is 19.9 kb and also contains the kanamycin and neomycin resistance gene aphA1, the tetracycline resistance gene tetA(D) and an erythromycin resistance gene, erm(42), not previously seen in A/C2 plasmids. A second 30.3 kb resistance island, RI-119, is in a unique location in the A/C2 backbone 8.2 kb downstream of rhs. RI-119 contained genes conferring resistance to apramycin, netilmicin and tobramycin (aacC4), hygromycin (hph), sulphonamides (sul1) and spectinomycin and streptomycin (aadA2). In one of the seven plasmids, this resistance region contained two IS26-mediated deletions. A discrete 5.7 kb segment containing the aacC4 and hph genes and bounded by IS26 on one side and the inverted repeat of Tn5393 on the other was identified.

Conclusions
The presence of almost identical A/C2 plasmids in two serovars indicates a common origin. Type 2 A/C2 plasmids continue to evolve via addition of new resistance regions such as RI-119 and evolution of existing ones.
Regression of Anterior Disk-Osteophyte Complex Following Cervical Laminectomy and Fusion for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy
Authors: Ashana Adedayo O. , Cohen Jeremiah R. , Evans Brandon , Holly Langston T. 
Published: December 2014

Study Design:
A retrospective case-control study.

Objective:
To investigate whether posterior cervical laminectomy and fusion modifies the natural course of anterior disk-osteophyte complex in patients with multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

Summary of Background Data:
Dorsal migration of the spinal cord is the main purported mechanism of spinal cord decompression following cervical laminectomy and fusion but other potential mechanisms have received scant attention in the literature. This study was conducted to investigate whether cervical laminectomy and fusion affects the size of anterior disk-osteophyte complex.

Methods:
The medical records and radiographic imaging of 44 patients who underwent cervical laminectomy and fusion for cervical spondylotic myelopathy between 2006 and 2013 were analyzed. The size of the anterior disk-osteophyte complex was measured preoperatively and postoperatively on MR images taken at an interval of >3 months apart. A control group consisted of 20 nonoperatively treated advanced cervical spondylosis patients. Patients in the control met the same inclusion and exclusion criteria and also had sequential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) taken at an interval of >3 months apart.

Results:
The nonoperative and operative groups were statistically similar in the pertinent patient demographics and characteristics including sex, age, time to second MRI, size of anterior disk-osteophyte complex on baseline MRI, mean number of levels affected, and percentage of patients with T2 signal change. As expected the mJOA scores were significantly lower in the operative versus nonoperative cohort (13.6 vs. 16.5, P<0.01). A significant decrease in the size of anterior disk osteophyte was observed in the operative group postoperatively (P<0.01). In comparison, there was no statistically significant change in the size of the anterior disk-osteophyte complex in the control group (P>0.05). The magnitude of the change in disk size between the 2 groups was statistically significant (P<0.01).

Conclusions:
The findings of this study suggest that regression of anterior disk-osteophyte complex occurs following cervical laminectomy and fusion, and likely provides another mechanism of spinal cord decompression.
The infant airway microbiome in health and disease impacts later asthma development
Authors: Teo Shu Mei , Mok Danny , Pham Kym , Kusel Merci , Serralha Michael , Troy Niamh , Holt Barbara J. , Hales Belinda J. , Walker Michael L. , Hollams Elysia , Bochkov Yury H , Grindle Kristine , Johnston Sebastian L. , Gern James E , Sly Peter D. , Holt Patrick G. , Holt Kathryn E. , Inouye Michael 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe nasopharynx (NP) is a reservoir for microbes associated with acute respiratory illnesses (ARI). The development of asthma is initiated during infancy, driven by airway inflammation associated with infections. Here, we report viral and bacterial community profiling of NP aspirates across a birth cohort, capturing all lower respiratory illnesses during their first year. Most infants were initially colonized withStaphylococcusorCorynebacteriumbefore stable colonization withAlloiococcusorMoraxella, with transient incursions ofStreptococcus, MoraxellaorHaemophilusmarking virus-associated ARIs. Our data identify the NP microbiome as a determinant for infection spread to the lower airways, severity of accompanying inflammatory symptoms, and risk for future asthma development. Early asymptomatic colonization withStreptococcuswas a strong asthma predictor, and antibiotic usage disrupted asymptomatic colonization patterns.
Defensive mixology: combining acquired chemicals towards defence
Authors: Mason Peri A. , Singer Michael S. 
Published: December 2014

Summary

The myriad chemicals produced by plants may act in combination to enhance chemical defence against herbivores. Many animals have evolved the ability to harness plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) and other chemical resources for their own defence, but few studies have addressed the compelling notion that non‐human animals combine exogenous chemicals from different sources to defend themselves against predators, parasites and pathogens.

We consider the use of ‘defensive cocktails’ from an evolutionary ecology perspective, introducing the term, ‘acquired combinatorial chemical defence’ (ACCD). We define ACCD as the adaptive use of multiple chemicals of discrete origin resulting in defence against natural enemies.

First, we discuss the defining characteristics of ACCD: the ability to harness interspecific chemical variation, to independently regulate it, and to obtain defensive benefits via synergy that exceed those associated with single sources.

Then, we describe three non‐mutually exclusive modes by which acquired chemicals may operate against natural enemies: different chemical resources may provide defence during different stages of development, may be effective against different enemies or may work additively or synergistically against a given enemy at a given developmental stage.

Next, we describe possible avenues by which chemical combinations may be acquired by herbivores and other taxa, including the mixing of exogenous chemicals from different items in the diet and mixing chemicals of dietary origin with those from non‐food resources. We discuss possible costs of ACCD, including detoxification costs and interactions with the immune system, and discuss methods of testing for ACCD and its costs.

Finally, we discuss the evolutionary prediction that herbivores may converge on the use of complementary combinations of chemical resources from the environment or chemical defence syndromes. Opportunities to combine chemical resources abound, suggesting that animal and human medication may be more closely aligned than previously recognized.
‘This wound has spoilt everything’: emotional capital and the experience of surgical site infections
Authors: Brown Brian , Tanner Judith , Padley Wendy 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this article we explore the experience of suffering from a surgical site infection, a common complication of surgery affecting around 5 per cent of surgical patients, via an interview study of 17 patients in the Midlands in the UK. Despite their prevalence, the experience of surgical site infections has received little attention so far. In spite of the impairment resulting from these iatrogenic problems, participants expressed considerable stoicism and we interpret this via the notion of emotional capital. This idea derives from the work of Pierre Bourdieu, Helga Nowotny and Diane Reay and helps us conceptualise the emotional resources accumulated and expended in managing illness and in gaining the most from healthcare services. Participants were frequently at pains not to blame healthcare personnel or hospitals, often discounting the infection's severity, and attributing it to chance, to ‘germs’ or to their own failure to buy and apply wound care products. The participants' stoicism was thus partly afforded by their refusal to blame healthcare institutions or personnel. Where anger was described, this was either defused or expressed on behalf of another person. Emotional capital is associated with deflecting the possibility of complaint and sustaining a deferential and grateful position in relation to the healthcare system.
Reconsidering inequalities in preventive health care: an application of cultural health capital theory and the life‐course perspective to the take‐up of mammography screening
Authors: Missinne Sarah , Neels Karel , Bracke Piet 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWhile there are abundant descriptions of socioeconomic inequalities in preventive health care, knowledge about the true mechanisms is still lacking. Recently, the role of cultural health capital in preventive health‐care inequalities has been discussed theoretically. Given substantial analogies, we explore how our understanding of cultural health capital and preventive health‐care inequalities can be advanced by applying the theoretical principles and methodology of the life–course perspective. By means of event history analysis and retrospective data from the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement, we examine the role of cultural capital and cultural health capital during childhood on the timely initiation of mammography screening in Belgium (N = 1348). In line with cumulative disadvantage theory, the results show that childhood cultural conditions are independently associated with mammography screening, even after childhood and adulthood socioeconomic position and health are controlled for. Lingering effects from childhood are suggested by the accumulation of cultural health capital that starts early in life. Inequalities in the take‐up of screening are manifested as a lower probability of ever having a mammogram, rather than in the late initiation of screening.
Can consumer choice replace trust in the National Health Service in England? Towards developing an affective psychosocial conception of trust in health care
Authors: Fotaki Marianna 
Published: December 2014

AbstractTrust has long been regarded as a vitally important aspect of the relationship between health service providers and patients. Recently, consumer choice has been increasingly advocated as a means of improving the quality and effectiveness of health service provision. However, it is uncertain how the increase of information necessary to allow users of health services to exercise choice, and the simultaneous introduction of markets in public health systems, will affect various dimensions of trust, and how changing relations of trust will impact upon patients and services. This article employs a theory‐driven approach to investigate conceptual and material links between choice, trust and markets in health care in the context of the National Health Service in England. It also examines the implications of patient choice on systemic, organisational and interpersonal trust. The article is divided into two parts. The first argues that the shift to marketisation in public health services might lead to an over‐reliance on rational‐calculative aspects of trust at the expense of embodied, relational and social attributes. The second develops an alternative psychosocial conception of trust: it focuses on the central role of affect and accounts for the material and symbolic links between choice, trust and markets in health care.
Enteric Coating Can Lead to Reduced Antiplatelet Effect of Low‐Dose Acetylsalicylic Acid
Authors: Haastrup Peter Fentz , Grønlykke Thor , Jarbøl Dorte Ejg 
Published: December 2014

AbstractLow‐dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is widely used as antithrombotic prophylaxis. Enteric‐coated ASA has been developed to decrease the risk of gastrointestinal side effects. The consequences of enteric coating on pharmacokinetics and antiplatelet effect of ASA have not systematically been assessed. This MiniReview demonstrates that data from clinical trials indicate that enteric coating can reduce the antiplatelet effect of ASA compared to plain ASA. This is possibly due to decreased bioavailability of ASA caused by prolonged solvation and absorption of the enteric‐coated formulations. Therefore, low‐dose enteric‐coated ASA might not be bioequivalent to plain ASA, entailing the risk of insufficient cardiovascular prophylaxis.
The Social Value Requirement Reconsidered
Authors: Wertheimer Alan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIt is widely assumed that it is ethical to conduct research with human subjects only if the research has social value. There are two standard arguments for this view. The allocation argument claims that public funds should not be devoted to research that lacks social value. The exploitation avoidance argument claims that subjects are exploited if research has no social value. The primary purpose of this article is to argue that these arguments do not succeed. The allocation argument has little relevance to commercial research. Social value is not necessary to avoid exploitation if subjects benefit from participation. Although the standard arguments for a social value requirement do not succeed, that view might be justified in a different way. It might be justified by appeal to the importance of social trust or the integrity of physician investigators. It is possible but doubtful that these arguments succeed.
Natural and disease-specific autoantibodies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Daffa N I , Tighe P J , Corne J M , Fairclough L C , Todd I 
Published: December 2014

SummaryAutoimmunity may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Studies have identified disease-specific autoantibodies (DSAAbs) in COPD patients, but natural autoantibodies (NAAbs) may also play a role. Previous studies have concentrated on circulating autoantibodies, but lung-associated autoantibodies may be most important. Our aim was to investigate NAAbs and DSAAbs in the circulation and lungs of COPD smoking (CS) patients compared to smokers (S) without airway obstruction and subjects who have never smoked (NS). Immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies that bind to lung tissue components were significantly lower in the circulation of CS patients than NS (with intermediate levels in S), as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of antibodies to collagen-1 (the major lung collagen) detected by ELISA were also reduced significantly in CS patients’ sera compared to NS. The detection of these antibodies in NS subjects indicates that they are NAAbs. The occurrence of DSAAbs in some CS patients and S subjects was indicated by high levels of serum IgG antibodies to cytokeratin-18 and collagen-5; furthermore, antibodies to collagen-5 eluted from homogenized lung tissue exposed to low pH (0·1 M glycine, pH 2·8) were raised significantly in CS compared to S and NS. Thus, this study supports a role in COPD for both NAAbs and DSAAbs.
Modelling the niche for a marine vertebrate: a case study incorporating behavioural plasticity, proximate threats and climate change
Authors: Pikesley Stephen K. , Broderick Annette C. , Cejudo Daniel , Coyne Michael S. , Godfrey Matthew H. , Godley Brendan J. , Lopez Pedro , López‐Jurado Luis Felipe , Elsy Merino Sonia , Varo‐Cruz Nuria , Witt Matthew J. , Hawkes Lucy A. 
Published: December 2014

The integration of satellite telemetry, remotely sensed environmental data, and habitat/environmental modelling has provided for a growing understanding of spatial and temporal ecology of species of conservation concern. The Republic of Cape Verde comprises the only substantial rookery for the loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta in the eastern Atlantic. A size related dichotomy in adult foraging patterns has previously been revealed for adult sea turtles from this population with a proportion of adults foraging neritically, whilst the majority forage oceanically. Here we describe observed habitat use and employ ecological niche modelling to identify suitable foraging habitats for animals utilising these two distinct behavioural strategies. We also investigate how these predicted habitat niches may alter under the influence of climate change induced oceanic temperature rises. We further contextualise our niche models with fisheries catch data and knowledge of fisheries ‘hotspots’ to infer threat from fisheries interaction to this population, for animals employing both strategies.Our analysis revealed repeated use of coincident oceanic habitat, over multiple seasons, by all smaller loggerhead turtles, whilst larger neritic foraging turtles occupied continental shelf waters. Modelled habitat niches were spatially distinct, and under the influence of predicted sea surface temperature rises, there was further spatial divergence of suitable habitats. Analysis of fisheries catch data highlighted that the observed and modelled habitats for oceanic and neritic loggerhead turtles could extensively interact with intensive fisheries activity within oceanic and continental shelf waters of northwest Africa. We suggest that the development and enforcement of sustainable management strategies, specifically multi‐national fisheries policy, may begin to address some of these issues; however, these must be flexible and adaptive to accommodate potential range shift for this species.
Transmission of Cultural Values among Mexican‐Origin Parents and Their Adolescent and Emerging Adult Offspring
Authors: Perez‐Brena Norma J. , Updegraff Kimberly A. , Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J. 
Published: December 2014

The integration of the U.S. and Mexican culture is an important process associated with Mexican‐origin youths' adjustment and family dynamics. The current study examined the reciprocal associations in parents' and two offspring's cultural values (i.e., familism and respect) in 246 Mexican‐origin families. Overall, mothers' values were associated with increases in youths' values 5 years later. In contrast, youths' familism values were associated with increases in fathers' familism values 5 years later. In addition, developmental differences emerged where parent‐to‐offspring effects were more consistent for youth transitioning from early to late adolescence than for youth transitioning from middle adolescence to emerging adulthood. Finally, moderation by immigrant status revealed a youth‐to‐parent effect for mother–youth immigrant dyads, but not for dyads where youth were U.S.‐raised. Our findings highlight the reciprocal nature of parent–youth value socialization and provide a nuanced understanding of these processes through the consideration of familism and respect values. As Mexican‐origin youth represent a large and rapidly growing segment of the U.S. population, research that advances our understanding of how these youth develop values that foster family cohesion and support is crucial.
Sacrifice Ratios and Inflation Targeting: The Role of Credibility
Authors: Roux Nicolás De , Hofstetter Marc 
Published: December 2014

AbstractProponents of inflation targeting (IT) claim that it increases the credibility of central banks, which in turn should result in smaller sacrifice ratios (SRs) – that is, the ratio of output losses to the change in trend inflation during disinflations. We show that IT does indeed reduce SRs, but only if the disinflation is long: in a four‐year‐long disinflation, our estimates suggest that IT reduces SRs by at least 60%. In fast disinflations, IT does not affect SRs. These results suggest that IT and fast disinflations are substitute alternatives in enhancing the credibility of disinflationary processes and reducing their costs.
Financial Conditions Index and Identification of Credit Supply Shocks for the Euro Area
Authors: Moccero Diego Nicolas , Pariès Matthieu Darracq , Maurin Laurent 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe international financial crisis and the euro‐area sovereign debt crisis brought to the fore the importance of financial conditions to the macro‐economy. The complexity of the financial sector means that a wide range of financial variables is needed to fully characterize its functioning in real time. In this paper we construct a financial conditions index (FCI) for the euro area following the studies by Hatzius et al. and Brave and Butters. Our FCI successfully tracks both worldwide and euro‐area‐specific financial events. We then incorporate the FCI into a VAR model comprising output, inflation, the monetary policy rate, bank loans and bank lending spreads to identify credit supply shocks with sign restrictions. These shocks are estimated to have caused around one‐fifth of the decline in euro‐area manufacturing production at the trough of the financial crisis and a rise in bank lending spreads of around 30 basis points.
FIVE LATIN INSCRIPTIONS FROM JULIAN'S PAGAN RESTORATION
Authors: GREENWOOD DAVID NEAL 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Scholars have often assumed that Julian's efforts to restore paganism were met with indifference at best. However, a study of Latin inscriptions praising the emperor and his religious actions can shed light on support for his revival of paganism. Although supplemented by other examples, five inscriptions from Casae, Thibilis, Panaeas, Mursa, and Cherchel are examined in detail and placed into proper context. This article argues that epigraphic evidence shows broader support for Julian's revival, both geographically and socially.
Using wikis and collaborative learning for science teachers' professional development
Authors: Chen Y‐H. , Jang S‐J. , Chen P‐J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWiki bears great potential to transform learning and instruction by scaffolding personal and social constructivism. Past studies have shown that proper application of wiki benefits both students and teachers; however, few studies have integrated wiki and collaborative learning to examine the growth of science teachers' Technological, Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK). This study introduced a wiki‐based TPACK growth model and examined nine elementary and middle science teachers' knowledge growth in a graduate‐level course. Data sources included reflective journals, wiki data and interviews. Results showed that with wiki, science teachers learned to design more understandable and lively science teaching content, and they collaboratively generated creative instructional strategies. Furthermore, wiki and collaborative learning helped in‐service teachers exchange and elaborate ideas related to the development of TPACK. Implications, suggestions and future research directions were put forward regarding wiki, TPACK and in‐service teachers' professional development.