bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of HCG-Based Combination Therapy for Recovery of Spermatogenesis after Testosterone Use
Authors: Wenker Evan P. , Dupree James M. , Langille Gavin M. , Kovac Jason , Ramasamy Ranjith , Lamb Dolores , Mills Jesse N. , Lipshultz Larry I. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Introduction and Aim
About 3 million men take testosterone in the United States with many reproductive-age men unaware of the negative impact of testosterone supplementation on fertility. Addressing this population, we provide an early report on the use of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)-based combination therapy in the treatment of a series of men with likely testosterone-related azoospermia or severe oligospermia.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed charts from two tertiary care infertility clinics to identify men presenting with azoospermia or severe oligospermia (&lt;1 million sperm/mL) while taking exogenous testosterone. All were noted to have been placed on combination therapy, which included 3,000 units HCG subcutaneously every other day supplemented with clomiphene citrate, tamoxifen, anastrozole, or recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (or combination) according to physician preference.

Main Outcome Measure
Clinical outcomes, including hormone values, semen analyses, and clinical pregnancies, were tracked.

Results
Forty-nine men were included in this case series. Return of spermatogenesis for azoospermic men or improved counts for men with severe oligospermia was documented in 47 men (95.9%), with one additional man (2.1%) having a documented pregnancy without follow-up semen analysis. The average time to return of spermatogenesis was 4.6 months with a mean first density of 22.6 million/mL. There was no significant difference in recovery by type of testosterone administered or supplemental therapy. No men stopped HCG or supplemental medications because of adverse events.

Conclusions
We here provide an early report of the feasibility of using combination therapy with HCG and supplemental medications in treating men with testosterone-related infertility. Future discussion and studies are needed to further characterize this therapeutic approach and document the presumed improved tolerability and speed of recovery compared with unaided withdrawal of exogenous testosterone.
Triple Counterpoint and Six‐Four Chords in Bach's Sinfonia in F Minor
Authors: Stoia Nicholas 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe Sinfonia (Three‐Part Invention) in F minor stands out among J. S. Bach's masterworks of triple counterpoint because of its bold departures from conventional practices of dissonance treatment and harmonic syntax with respect to six‐four chords, licence that Bach takes to accommodate thematic material in the bass. This essay explores several interrelated musical components central to the extraordinary nature of the piece: the polyphonic structure of the subject and the transferred resolution of its most prominent dissonance; the above‐mentioned departures from conventional treatment of six‐four chords; the altered linear and harmonic meanings of the subject, first countersubject and second countersubject in the context of modulation via auxiliary cadence; Bach's use of particular permutations to mark with perfect authentic cadences both keys and sections of form; and his use of certain permutations to create a prolongational structure on a deep middleground level. The essay also briefly explores the views of the eighteenth‐century theorists Johann Philipp Kirnberger and Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg regarding six‐four chords in the context of invertible counterpoint; Bach's employment of melodic and cadential formulas common in eighteenth‐century fugue andpartimento; and the descriptions of those cadential formulas by several seventeenth‐ and eighteenth‐century theorists.
Is donating a kidney to a friend bad for your marriage?
Authors: Serur David , Charlton Marian , Bretzlaff Gretchen , Sinacore Joseph , Christos Paul , Gordon‐Elliott Janna 
Published: April 2015

AbstractStudies have shown that kidney donation to a spouse has a positive impact on marriage. This study was done to evaluate the impact on marriage when donation occurs to someone other than the spouse. Two groups of donors from our centre who donated around the same period were studied: donation to a spouse (spouse donor (SD)) or to someone other than the spouse (non‐spouse donor (ND)). A survey, the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale, was used to evaluate the effect of donation on the marriage. This tool consists of 14 questions that measure how satisfying and stable the relationship is. The results showed equal or better marriage scores in the ND group compared with the SD group. The NDs scored higher on two questions, one regarding agreement or disagreement on career choices (P = 0.05) and the other regarding the frequency of having stimulating exchanges of ideas with one's spouse (P = 0.02). With the highest possible total score of 69, NDs scored 53.4 and SDs scored 47.7 (P = 0.16). Scores of 47 and below indicate marital distress. In one final additional question, 97% of NDs reported ‘no change or good effect’ on the marriage, similar to 91% for SDs (P = 0.46). This is the first study to evaluate the effect of kidney donation on the state of marriage when the spouse is not the recipient. It appears that marriage is not impacted negatively when kidney donation occurs to someone other than the spouse.
Molecular signals required for the establishment and maintenance of ectomycorrhizal symbioses
Authors: Garcia Kevin , Delaux Pierre‐Marc , Cope Kevin R. , Ané Jean‐Michel 
Published: April 2015

SummaryEctomycorrhizal (ECM) symbioses are among the most widespread associations between roots of woody plants and soil fungi in forest ecosystems. These associations contribute significantly to the sustainability and sustainagility of these ecosystems through nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms controlling the mutual recognition between both partners are still poorly understood. Elegant work has demonstrated that effector proteins from ECM and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi regulate host defenses by manipulating plant hormonal pathways. In parallel, genetic and evolutionary studies in legumes showed that a ‘common symbiosis pathway’ is required for the establishment of the ancient AM symbiosis and has been recruited for the rhizobia–legume association. Given that genes of this pathway are present in many angiosperm trees that develop ectomycorrhizas, we propose their potential involvement in some but not all ECM associations. The maintenance of a successful long‐term relationship seems strongly regulated by resource allocation between symbiotic partners, suggesting that nutrients themselves may serve as signals. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the early and late signal exchanges between woody plants and ECM fungi, and we suggest future directions for decoding the molecular basis of the underground dance between trees and their favorite fungal partners.
Mandibular canal, foramina of the mandible and their variations: part II: the clinical relevance of the preoperative radiographic evaluation and report of five cases
Authors: Eliades A.N. , Papadeli Ch. , Tsirlis A.T. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimsIn part I of the article, a detailed description of the anatomical variations of the mandibular canal and the foramina of the mandible was given. The aim of part II is to discuss the clinical relevance of the anatomical variations.Materials and methodsA literature review was carried out, and five cases of mandibular canal variations are reported.ResultsAnatomical variations of the mandibular canal and foramina of the mandible are reported in bibliography. Bifid and double mandibular canals have been firstly reported in 1973. Since then, the anatomical variations of the mandibular canal have been described by case reports, cadaveric and retrospective radiological studies. It has been proved that the inferior alveolar nerve gives communication fibers to other nerves and extraosseous branches, before entering the mandibular canal, whereas even if it enters the mandible, it branches during its course into the canal. Also, the supplementary innervation of mandibular teeth and periodontal tissues by the long buccal and mylohyoid nerves has been suggested. Several authors also reported the existence of retromolar foramen and supplementary buccal and lingual foramina and their important role either in vascularisation or innervation.ConclusionsThe neurovascular contents of the mandibular canals and foramina gain more importance in oral surgery and implantology because these components are vulnerable to damage during implant placement and sagittal split osteotomy surgery, and complications may occur during the surgery (i.e. unsuspected bleeding, nerve injury). Also, clinicians should be aware of accessory foramina or canals of the mandible in understanding failed inferior alveolar nerve block.
Onychopapilloma Presenting as Longitudinal Erythronychia in an Adolescent
Authors: Beggs Sarah , Butala Niraj , Heymann Warren R. , Rubin Adam I. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe report a case of pediatric onychopapilloma that presented with monodactylous longitudinal erythronychia. Pediatric dermatologists should be aware that this rare, benign nail unit tumor can occur in children. Clinicians should recognize its clinical and histologic presentation and be cognizant of management options.
Television viewing time and risk of eating disorders in Spanish adolescents: AVENA and AFINOS studies
Authors: Martínez‐Gómez David , Veses Ana M , Gómez‐Martínez Sonia , Pérez de Heredia Fátima , Castillo Ruth , Santaliestra‐Pasias Alba M , Calle Maria Elisa , Garcia‐Fuentes Miguel , Veiga Oscar Luis , Marcos Ascensión 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundEffective preventive interventions for both eating disorders and obesity in adolescence should be focused on shared risk factors. We analyzed the association between television (TV) viewing time and the risk of eating disorders, as well as the potential role of obesity in this association.MethodsThe sample consisted of a total of 3458 Spanish adolescents, aged 13–18.5 years, from the Food and Assessment of the Nutritional Status of Adolescents (AVENA) and Physical Activity as a Preventive Measure of the Development of Overweight, Obesity, Allergies, Infections, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents (AFINOS) studies. Adolescents’ TV time was assessed by self‐report. Body mass index was calculated and the adolescents were classified into non‐overweight and overweight–obesity. The risk of eating disorders was evaluated using the SCOFF questionnaire.ResultsAdolescents who watched TV >1 h/day had a higher risk for eating disorders, compared with those adolescents who watch TV <1 h/day. Also, overweight–obese adolescents had a higher risk for eating disorders than those who were non‐overweight. Analyses across groups of TV viewing time and weight status showed similar trends, so that the higher the time spent in TV viewing, the higher the risk of eating disorders, regardless of weight status.ConclusionsTV viewing time might be a focal point for prevention of both eating disorders and obesity in adolescence.
The Metaphysics of Social Groups
Authors: Ritchie Katherine 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSocial groups, including racial and gender groups and teams and committees, seem to play an important role in our world. This article examines key metaphysical questions regarding groups. I examine answers to the question ‘Do groups exist?’ I argue that worries about puzzles of composition, motivations to accept methodological individualism, and a rejection of Racialism support a negative answer to the question. An affirmative answer is supported by arguments that groups are efficacious, indispensible to our best theories, and accepted given common sense. Then, I turn to an examination of the features of social groups. I argue that social groups can be divided into (at least) two sorts. Groups of Type 1 are organized social groups like courts and clubs. Groups of Type 2 are groups like Blacks, women, and lesbians. While groups of both sorts have some features in common, they also have marked differences in features. Finally, I turn to views of the nature of social groups. I argue that the difference in features provides evidence that social groups do not have a uniform nature. Teams and committees are structured wholes, while race and gender groups are social kinds.
Framing civil life in elizabethan ireland: Bryskett, spenser and The Discourse of Civill Life
Authors: Wadoski Andrew 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis paper argues that Lodowick Bryskett's account of a conversation with Edmund Spenser in The Discourse of Civill Life (1606), in which a broadly Aristotelian ethical framework is coordinated with the social ends of the Protestant empire building, examines the collisions of humanist theory and governmental practice in the New English polity in Ireland. It interrogates both the possibility of a coherent philosophical foundation for political action and the transformative pressures exerted by the exercise of political power on those philosophical precepts. The Discourse thus shows the complex and contrasting ways in which two figures at the vanguard of Elizabethan moral philosophy, and on the fraught and violent front lines of Elizabethan imperial power, sought to mediate humanist ideals about the nature and practice of civil life with the daily exigencies of establishing and maintaining the early modern colonial state.
An Anatomy of Nationhood and the Question of Assimilation: Debates on Turkishness Revisited
Authors: Al Serhun 
Published: April 2015

AbstractScholars have primarily debated the anatomy ofTurkishness within the framework of an ethnic versus civic dichotomy. Arguing that such an approach would be inconclusive and less explanatory, this article approachesTurkishness from a singularity/plurality framework. First, the article emphasizes the singular nature ofTurkishness – defined as monolithic nationhood – in the early Republican years that rejected any alternative identity approaches other than the definition of the state elites. Second, the article argues that the homogenization of the nation by the new state targeted those who considered themselvesTurks as well, especially those who did not fit the ‘ideal’ or ‘imagined’Turk (i.e. Muslim but secular, urban, and Western). The final section analyses the persistence and change in the monolithic nationhood inTurkey throughout the twentieth century and considers the implications of the state's recent identity policies on the meaning ofTurkishness.
‘Facebook Helped Me Do It’: Understanding the EuroMaidan Protester ‘Tool‐Kit’
Authors: Onuch Olga 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article examines the role of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) and, specifically, social media in the EuroMaidan mobilization process. Based on extensive data collection (surveys, interviews, focus groups, and digital archival research), this article argues that, while social media was not the only mechanism behind the mobilization of millions of Ukrainians, it was an important part of the larger ‘tool‐kit’ drawn upon by protesters. Specifically, ICTs allowed activists to facilitate connectivity, coordinate the mobilization process, speed up the flow of information, and create opportunities for grassroots self‐organization by ‘ordinary’ citizens who participated in the protests. Furthermore, the virtual nature of these tools made it possible for a wide range of Ukrainians to cross socio‐economic, regional, and even linguistic boundaries to consolidate a ‘new’ collective civic identity. The article also highlights that these new protest ‘tools’ had a de‐mobilizing effect: while the protest claims were not centred around Ukrainian language or nationality in 2014, but rather on civic identity and the protection of human rights, social media provided radical voices with an efficient vehicle to shape the terms of public discourse. The speed at which social media was used made it possible to spread misinformation, confuse protesters and international observers alike, and even hinder the very aims of the protesters.
Vitamin D effect on umbilical cord blood characteristics: a comparison between African Americans and Caucasians
Authors: Eldjerou Lamis K. , Cogle Christopher R. , Rosenau Emma H. , Lu Xiaomin , Bennett Clay A. , Sugrue Michele W. , Hoyne Jonathan , Lambert Amy , Ashley Lindsay , Sazama Kathleen , Fields Gary , Wingard John R. , Zubair Abba C. 
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUNDUmbilical cord blood (UCB) units collected from African Americans (AAs) have lower total nucleated cell (TNC) and CD34+ cell counts and are more likely to disqualify for banking compared to other ethnic groups. Furthermore, AAs have higher prevalence of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency. Given the importance of 25(OH)D in hematopoiesis, we examined the racial differences in UCB unit 25(OH)D content and its correlation with UCB cellular characteristics.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA total of 119 UCB units that did not meet the TNC count banking criteria were analyzed. Fifty‐one UCB units were collected from AA mothers and 68 from Caucasian mothers. We analyzed UCB volume, hematocrit (Hct), TNCs, mononuclear cells (MNCs), CD34+ cells, plasma 25(OH)D concentration, and progenitor clonogenic capacity measured by colony‐forming cell (CFC) assay.RESULTSCompared to Caucasians, AAs had significantly lower UCB 25(OH)D levels (p < 0.0001), TNCs (p = 0.002), MNCs (p = 0.026), and CD34+ cells (p = 0.026). Severe deficiency (25(OH)D < 10 ng/mL) was only detected in AAs. No difference in median CFC count/10,000 MNCs was detected between AAs and Caucasians. Independent of race, a significant association was detected between 25(OH)D level and TNCs (r = 0.193 p = 0.035) and Hct (r = 0.196 p = 0.033).CONCLUSIONThese results indicate the importance of 25(OH)D level as a racially independent predictor of UCB cellular characteristics and support further investigation of bioactive vitamin D and other predictors of hematopoiesis on cord blood quality.
Livestock Keepers' Reasons for Doing and Not Doing Things Which Governments, Vets and Scientists Would Like Them to Do
Authors: Garforth C. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryFarmers are rational. They do what makes sense to them in the particular circumstances of their farm, family and business. The challenge for those who want to influence farmers' behaviour – policy makers, veterinarians, public health professionals – is to understand their rationality, to gain some insight into how they see the world and the various options it offers to them. This study explores some of the reasons that emerge from recent research on why their decisions are not always the ones that other people expect or want them to take. These include differences in values, motivations, social influences and behavioural types. Also relevant is how farmers view the sources from which advice and information are seen to come: some advice is rejected simply because a farmer does not see the person or organization as a trustworthy source. It is now widely accepted that farmers' motivations for continuing what they are doing, and for changing what they are doing, are not simply economic or financial. Their decisions cannot be predicted on the basis of simplistic notions of ‘economic rationality’. While costs and returns are clearly important in weighing up choices (and farm management economics has given us several useful tools and methodologies for analysing these), farmers operate within a social context that both constrains and facilitates their behavioural choices. They have complex sets of core values, just like anyone else, which will make some choices more attractive than others that are potentially more rewarding financially. It is therefore appropriate to look to the wider family of social sciences beyond economics, including sociology, psychology and social psychology, to help us understand more fully the factors that inform and influence farm‐level decisions. And this improved understanding should make us better at designing policy and advisory interventions that will benefit farmers and society.
Antimicrobials in Animal Agriculture: Parables and Policy
Authors: Scott H. M. , Midgley G. , Loneragan G. H. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryIn addition to the scientific, economic, regulatory and other policy factors that impact on antimicrobial decision‐making in different jurisdictions around the world, there exist ethical, social and cultural bases for the contemporary use of these products in animal agriculture. Thus, the use of the word ‘parable’ to describe the contemporary moral stories that help to guide ethical antimicrobial use practices and broader policy decisions in animal agriculture is appropriate. Several of these stories reflect difficult decisions that arise from conflicting moral imperatives (i.e. both towards animal welfare and towards human health). Understanding the factors that combine to define the past and present paradigms of antimicrobial usage is crucial to mapping a path forward. There exist barriers, as well as opportunities, for advancing scenarios for reducing antimicrobial usage under a variety of voluntary, regulatory and legal policy frameworks. Any new approaches will ideally be structured to extend the use of present‐day antimicrobials into the future, to provide novel alternatives for regulating any newly introduced antimicrobial products so as to maximize their useful life span and to ensure the optimal use of these products in animal agriculture to protect not only the health of animals and the interests of animal health/agriculture stakeholders, but also the human health and the interests of the public at large. A full range of policy approaches, which span the realm from strictly enforced regulations and laws to voluntary guidelines and compliance, should be explored with respect to their risks and benefits in a variety of worldwide settings and in full consideration of a range of stakeholder values.