bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Ageing Mechanisms in Thermoplastic Polyurethanes by Means of IR and Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Bruckmoser Katharina , Resch Katharina 
Published: May 2014

SummaryWithin the present study FTIR and Raman spectroscopy are evaluated as to specific strengths in terms of analysing deterioration in TPU induced by UV radiation or thermal load. A conventional ester based TPU grade formulated from 4,4‘‐methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, 1,4‐butanediol and polycaprolactone was investigated. Exposure to UV was done in a Suntest CPS+ at different exposure times. Thermal treatment was done in an air circulation oven at 180 °C and different exposure times. Exposed samples were characterized as to changes in molecular structure with complementary methods ATR and Raman spectroscopy. To establish interrelationships between structural changes and macroscopic material characteristics UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy and DSC were applied.UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy clearly indicated yellowing, and thus an increase in absorption in the visible wavelength range, of TPU after exposure to UV or to thermal load. Yellowing correlated well with formation of chromophoric groups detected by ATR and Raman spectroscopy. ATR spectroscopy turned out to be very sensitive in detection of changes in chemical structure induced by UV radiation. Raman spectroscopy was found to be very sensitive in detection of changes in chemical structure induced by thermal load. No distinct effect of UV exposure on morphology of TPU was ascertained. In contrast, a strong effect of thermal treatment on (para)crystalline morphology was observed.
Intensity–voltage low‐energy electron microscopy for functional materials characterization
Authors: Flege Jan Ingo , Krasovskii Eugene E. 
Published: May 2014

Abstractmagnified imageDynamic I (V)‐LEEM, i.e., the continuous recording of low‐energy electron microscopy (LEEM) images upon cycling the electron kinetic energy, enables time‐resolved characterization of surface structure on the nanometer scale. When combined with state‐of‐the‐art theoretical calculations, detailed information on geometric and electronic structure as well as chemical composition can be gained. Here, we present a contemporary review of the experimental and theoretical methodology and provide a survey of the application of I (V)‐LEEM to the study of functional materials, particularly focusing on structural phenomena in oxide heteroepitaxy and chemical redox reactions.magnified imageTime‐dependent intensity–voltage curves demonstrate the transformation from the (1 × 1)‐O adlayer phase to RuO2(110) during Ru(0001) oxidation on the nanometer scale.(© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Habitat relationships of great gray owl prey in meadows of the Sierra Nevada Mountains
Authors: Kalinowski Ryan S. , Johnson Matthew D. , Rich Adam C. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTAnnual productivity of great gray owls (Strix nebulosa) in California, USA, is thought to be largely dependent on vole (Microtus spp.) and pocket gopher (Thomomys spp.; hereafter, gopher) abundance, yet factors influencing these prey populations have not been thoroughly investigated. The abundance of voles and gophers has been influenced by vegetation and cattle grazing in other regions; and many meadows are grazed within the breeding range of great gray owls in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. We evaluated the influence of vegetation and cattle grazing on great gray owl foraging habitat by quantifying vole abundance, gopher abundance, and vegetation features in grazed and ungrazed meadows in 2010 and 2011. We found that vole presence was positively associated with sward height and corn lily (Veratrum californicum) dominance; vole abundance was weakly negatively associated with cattle grazing. Gopher abundance was negatively associated with site wetness, and weakly positively associated with stem density, the frequency of forb presence, cattle grazing, and the dominance of corn lily. To efficiently manage vegetation and cattle grazing to benefit great gray owl prey, we suggest prioritizing habitat for voles in wet meadows because gophers were not likely to be abundant in wet sites. Particularly in areas with moist soils, we recommend maintaining sward height commensurate with the habitat relationships of voles found in this study; >290 mm where corn lily is not dominant and 125 mm where it is. Sustaining sward height for voles should benefit great gray owls and other meadow or forest edge carnivores. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Genetic effects of living in a highly polluted environment: the case of the silversideBasilichthys microlepidotus(Jenyns) (Teleostei: atherinopsidae) in the Maipo River basin, central Chile
Authors: Vega‐Retter Caren , Muñoz‐Rojas Pablo , Vila Irma , Copaja Sylvia , Véliz David 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFreshwater systems are one of the environments most impacted by human activity, with pollution being a highly important factor. In Chile, several rivers exhibit varied levels of pollution, one of which is the Maipo River basin where the city of Santiago is located. The silversideBasilichthys microlepidotus(Jenyns) is an endemic fish species that inhabits this basin, thus we hypothesized that pollution has affected gene diversity and migration in populations ofB. microlepidotusfrom the Maipo River basin. The aim of this study was to identify the population structure ofB. microlepidotusin this basin and to determine if the populations of the silverside inhabiting polluted sites present differences in gene diversity and gene flow compared to populations inhabiting non‐polluted areas. Using the variability of eight microsatellites, five populations of silverside were detected; three inhabiting non‐polluted sites and two inhabiting polluted sites. From this, it was inferred thatB. microlepidotushas been able to tolerate pollution in the Maipo River basin. No differences in gene diversity or migration were detected between polluted and non‐polluted sites but comparison with historical estimation revealed an increase in the current migration rate when all the data from the basin were compared. A reduction in current effective population size was also observed when compared to historical values, and this is probably due to river degradation. Despite the disappearance of other fish species recorded at this basin, our results suggest thatB. microepidotusis tolerant to pollution, thus indicating that native species respond differently to this environmental factor.
An analysis and comparison of observed Pleistocene South Carolina (USA) shoreline elevations with predicted elevations derived from Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages
Authors: Doar William Richardson , Kendall Christopher George St. Clement 
Published: May 2014

AbstractGeological maps of South Carolina, covering >6800 km2, confirm the existence of eight preserved Pleistocene shorelines above current sea level: Marietta (+ 42.6 m), Wicomico (+ 27.4 m), Penholoway (+ 21.3 m), Ladson (+ 17.4 m), Ten Mile Hill (+ 10.7 m), Pamlico (+ 6.7 m), Princess Anne (+ 5.2 m), and Silver Bluff (+ 3 m). Current geochronologic data suggest that these eight shorelines correlate with Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages (MIS) as follows: Marietta—older than MIS 77; Wicomico—MIS 55–45; Penholoway—MIS 19 or 17; Ladson—MIS 11; Ten Mile Hill—MIS 7; Pamlico—MIS 5; Princess Anne—MIS 5; and Silver Bluff—MIS 5 or 3. Except for the MIS 5e Pamlico, and possibly the MIS 11 Ladson, the South Carolina elevations are higher than predicted by isotope proxy-based reconstructions. The <4 m of total relief from the Pamlico to the Silver Bluff shoreline in South Carolina, for which other reconstructions suggest an expected relief of ~ 80 m, illustrates the lack of match. Our results suggest that processes affecting either post-depositional changes in shoreline elevations or the creation of proxy sea-level estimates must be considered before using paleo sea-level position on continental margins.
MINIMALISM AND THE LIMITS OF WARRANTED ASSERTABILITY MANEUVERS
Authors: Roeber Blake 
Published: May 2014

AbstractContextualists and pragmatists agree that knowledge-denying sentences are contextually variable, in the sense that a knowledge-denying sentence might semantically express a false proposition in one context and a true proposition in another context, without any change in the properties traditionally viewed as necessary for knowledge. Minimalists deny both pragmatism and contextualism, and maintain that knowledge-denying sentences are not contextually variable. To defend their view from cases like DeRose and Stanley's high stakes bank case, minimalists like Patrick Rysiew, Jessica Brown, and Wayne Davis forward ‘warranted assertability maneuvers.’ The basic idea is that some knowledge-denying sentence seems contextually variable because we mistake what a speaker pragmatically conveys by uttering that sentence for what she literally says by uttering that sentence. In this paper, I raise problems for the warranted assertability maneuvers of Rysiew, Brown, and Davis, and then present a warranted assertability maneuver that should succeed if any warranted assertability maneuver will succeed. I then show how my warranted assertability maneuver fails, and how the problem with my warranted assertability maneuver generalizes to pragmatic responses in general. The upshot of my argument is that, in order to defend their view from cases like DeRose and Stanley's high stakes bank case, minimalists must prioritize the epistemological question whether the subjects in those cases know over linguistic questions about the pragmatics of various knowledge-denying sentences.
Scale analysis of miscible density-driven convection in porous media
Authors: Jenny Patrick , Lee Joohwa S. , Meyer Daniel W. , Tchelepi Hamdi A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractScale analysis of unstable density-driven miscible convection in porous media is performed. The main conclusions for instabilities in the developed (long time scales) regime are that (i) large-scale structures are responsible for the bulk of the production of concentration variance, (ii) variance dissipation is dominated by the small (diffusive) scales and that (iii) both the production and dissipation rates are independent of the Rayleigh number. These findings provide a strong basis for a new modelling approach, namely, large-mode simulation (LMS), for which closure is achieved by replacing the actual diffusivity with an effective one. For validation, LMS results for vertical flow in a homogeneous rectangular domain are compared with direct numerical simulations (DNS). Some of the analysis is based on the derivation and closure of the concentration mean and variance equations, whereby averaging over the ensemble of all possible initial perturbations is considered. While self-similar solutions are obtained for vertical, statistically one-dimensional fingering, triple correlation of concentration and scalar dissipation rate (rate at which the concentration variance decays due to diffusion) have to be modelled in the general case. For this purpose, an ensemble-averaged Darcy modelling (EADM) approach is proposed.
On calculating forces from the flow field with application to experimental volume data
Authors: DeVoria Adam C. , Carr Zakery R. , Ringuette Matthew J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe use of flow field information to compute the fluid dynamic force on a body is investigated with specific application to experimental volumetric measurements. The calculation method used avoids the explicit evaluation of the pressure on the boundaries. It is shown that errors in the data introduce an artificial dependence of the calculations on the position origin, and also that these errors are amplified by the position vector. A statistical description of the calculation variation associated with origin dependence is presented. A method is developed that objectively determines an origin which reduces the effect of the amplified error. The method utilises mathematical identities which relate the measurements to the main sources of error in a physically meaningful way, and is also found to be effective for changes of the external and internal boundaries of the fluid.
NATIONAL MOVEMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: RABBI SHLOMO GOREN'S UNDERSTANDING OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Fuchs Ilan , Hollander Aviad Yeḥiel 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRabbi Shlomo Goren was one of the leading rabbinic figures in religious Zionist circles. As the first chief Rabbi of the Israeli military, he had a unique opportunity to influence the development of the Israeli army and its policies. He needed to deal with questions that had no precedents in Jewish law. One of his challenges was the part international law played in the formation of a modern army. Rabbi Goren wished to give a halachic perspective to questions of international law, and to do that, he had to translate the language of international law, a field developed in the modern period, to halachic language. This process led him to evaluate moral positions that are part of international law and the ability of halacha to be part of the modern world.
Studies indhāraṇīliterature II: Pragmatics ofdhāraṇīs
Authors: Davidson Ronald M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis article is one of a series that reassesses thedhāraṇītexts of Mahāyāna Buddhism. The article seeks to examinedhāraṇītexts by using the linguistic tools of pragmatics, especially historical pragmatics, to assist the understanding of their statements. Rather than the meaning of the termdhāraṇīas a subject term, the domain of truth-conditional semantics, this paper examines statements in texts labelleddhāraṇī. Pragmatics examines meaning in context, and the categories of speech acts developed by Searle has been especially helpful in mapping out differences within such texts and the formalization of statements across texts. The grammaticalization of specific speech elements, especially interjections, in the context ofmantra-dhāraṇīs is also discussed.
Adhāraṇīfor each day of the week: Thesaptavāratradition of the Newar Buddhists
Authors: Bühnemann Gudrun 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe paper discusses a group ofdhāraṇīs associated with the seven days (saptavāra) of the week, with eachdhāraṇībeing recited on a specific day. The visual forms of thedhāraṇīs were represented in miniature paintings in manuscripts of thesaptavāratexts and in woodcarvings on the struts of two Newar Buddhist monasteries in Kathmandu. The paper shows that even though two members of thesaptavāragroup were originally male, eventually all members came to be conceived of as feminine in Nepal. It further provides evidence that the group is likely to have become known in Nepal by at least the late sixteenth century.
Twodhāraṇīprints in the Stein Collection at the British Museum
Authors: Hidas Gergely 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper examines two tenth-century woodblock prints from Dunhuang acquired by Sir Aurel Stein. They are registered under the numbers Ch.00151 and Ch.00152 at the British Museum. The first, Ch.00151, is dedicated to Avalokiteśvara and the second, Ch.00152, to Amitābha, both with magical formulas written in Siddham characters in square or circular fashion around the central image of the respective deity. Editions, translations and identifications of the texts are presented along with a study of the Chinese inscriptions on the side of the xylographs. It is shown that these two objects were apparently produced to serve as amulets.
Evolving the future: Toward a science of intentional change
Authors: Wilson David Sloan , Hayes Steven C. , Biglan Anthony , Embry Dennis D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHumans possess great capacity for behavioral and cultural change, but our ability to manage change is still limited. This article has two major objectives: first, to sketch a basic science of intentional change centered on evolution; second, to provide examples of intentional behavioral and cultural change from the applied behavioral sciences, which are largely unknown to the basic sciences community.All species have evolved mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity that enable them to respond adaptively to their environments. Some mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity count as evolutionary processes in their own right. The human capacity for symbolic thought provides an inheritance system having the same kind of combinatorial diversity as does genetic recombination and antibody formation. Taking these propositions seriously allows an integration of major traditions within the basic behavioral sciences, such as behaviorism, social constructivism, social psychology, cognitive psychology, and evolutionary psychology, which are often isolated and even conceptualized as opposed to one another.The applied behavioral sciences include well-validated examples of successfully managing behavioral and cultural change at scales ranging from individuals to small groups to large populations. However, these examples are largely unknown beyond their disciplinary boundaries, for lack of a unifying theoretical framework. Viewed from an evolutionary perspective, they are examples of managing evolved mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity, including open-ended processes of variation and selection.Once the many branches of the basic and applied behavioral sciences become conceptually unified, we are closer to a science of intentional change than one might think.
Communication patterns between parents and children: Comparing mothers and fathers in different learner contexts
Authors: PIERCE LARA , GENESEE FRED , GAUTHIER KARINE , DUBOIS MARIE-EVE 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTLanguage use and joint attention (JA) strategies were examined during interactions between francophone mothers and fathers and either their birth children (n = 10) or their internationally adopted children from China (n = 8), once when the children were 15 months old and again at 20 months, on average. Results showed that mothers engaged in more JA episodes and tended to talk more with their children than did fathers; however, this was influenced by the language-learning situation of the child. Specifically, the adoptive parents engaged more with their children than did the birth parents, and the behaviors of the internationally adopted mothers and fathers were more similar to each other than to those of the birth parents, arguably to support their children's unique language-learning situation. However, in contrast to a previous study that examined JA with adoptive mothers, the adoptive fathers’ interaction styles with their children at 15 months were not related to children's vocabularies at 20 months as has been observed for mothers.
A study of a robotic hand with tendon driven fingers
Authors: Rossi Cesare , Savino Sergio , Niola Vincenzo , Troncone Stefano 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYIn the present paper, a model of an underactuated robotic hand with tendon driven fingers is proposed. The aim of the project was to study the feasibility of building a mechanical hand with four or five fingers, the movement of which is achieved using a single linear actuator. The mechanism was first modelled in order to study the possible improvement in the ability of a “robotic hand” powered with a single actuator in regard to grasping objects with complex shapes and also in achieving a strong grip on objects. Next, a model of the finger was studied in order to optimize of its parameters. Finally, a five-fingered robotic hand was modelled for potential application as a human hand prosthesis. Our studies on the dynamic and kinematic behaviour of a single finger mechanism permitted us to make the first prototypes of the mechanism. In addition to modelling studies, we also present a prototype of the modelled robotic hand that was developed in order to optimize functionality and simplicity of construction.
Mechanix: A natural sketch interface tool for teaching truss analysis and free-body diagrams
Authors: Atilola Olufunmilola , Valentine Stephanie , Kim Hong-Hoe , Turner David , McTigue Erin , Hammond Tracy , Linsey Julie 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMassive open online courses, online tutoring systems, and other computer homework systems are rapidly changing engineering education by providing increased student feedback and capitalizing upon online systems' scalability. While online homework systems provide great benefits, a growing concern among engineering educators is that students are losing both the critical art of sketching and the ability to take a real system and reduce it to an accurate but simplified free-body diagram (FBD). For example, some online systems allow the drag and drop of forces onto FBDs, but they do not allow the user to sketch the FBDs, which is a vital part of the learning process. In this paper, we discuss Mechanix, a sketch recognition tool that provides an efficient means for engineering students to learn how to draw truss FBDs and solve truss problems. The system allows students to sketch FBDs into a tablet computer or by using a mouse and a standard computer monitor. Using artificial intelligence, Mechanix can determine not only the component shapes and features of the diagram but also the relationships between those shapes and features. Because Mechanix is domain specific, it can use those relationships to determine not only whether a student's work is correct but alsowhyit is incorrect. Mechanix is then able to provide immediate, constructive feedback to students without providing final answers. Within this manuscript, we document the inner workings of Mechanix, including the artificial intelligence behind the scenes, and present studies of the effects on student learning. The evaluations have shown that Mechanix is as effective as paper-and-pencil-based homework for teaching method of joints truss analysis; focus groups with students who used the program have revealed that they believe Mechanix enhances their learning and that they are highly engaged while using it.
External excitation of a short-wavelength fluctuation in the Alcator C-Mod edge plasma and its relationship to the quasi-coherent mode
Authors: Golfinopoulos T. , LaBombard B. , Parker R. R. , Burke W. , Davis E. , Granetz R. , Greenwald M. , Irby J. , Leccacorvi R. , Marmar E. , Parkin W. , Porkolab M. , Terry J. , Vieira R. , Wolfe S. ,   Alcator C-Mod team
Published: May 2014

A novel “Shoelace” antenna has been used to inductively excite a short-wavelength edge fluctuation in a tokamak boundary layer for the first time. The principal design parameters, k⊥=1.5±0.1 cm−1 and 45&lt;f&lt;300 kHz, match the Quasi-Coherent Mode (QCM, k⊥∼1.5 cm−1, f∼50−150 kHz) in Alcator C-Mod, responsible for exhausting impurities in the steady-state, ELM-free Enhanced Dα H-mode. In H-mode, whether or not there is a QCM, the antenna drives coherent, field-aligned perturbations in density, ñe, and field, B̃θ, which are guided by field lines, propagate in the electron diamagnetic drift direction, and exhibit a weakly damped (γ/ω0∼5%−10%) resonance near the natural QCM frequency. This result is significant, offering the possibility that externally driven modes may be used to enhance particle transport. In L-mode, the antenna drives only a non-resonant B̃θ response. The facts that the driven mode has the same wave number and propagation direction as the QCM, and is resonant at the QCM frequency, suggest the antenna may couple to this mode, which we have shown elsewhere to be predominantly drift-mode-like [B. LaBombard et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 056108 (2014)].