bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Comb‐Like Copolymers Based on Poly(ε‐caprolactone) and Poly(α‐olefin)
Authors: Kinder Sabina , Komber Hartmut , Jehnichen Dieter , Häussler Liane , Böhme Frank , Garaleh Mazen , Pospiech Doris , Voit Brigitte , Schulze Ulrich 
Published: March 2014

Comb‐like copolymers based on a polyolefin backbone of poly(10‐undecene‐1‐ol) (PUol) with poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) side chains are synthesized in two steps. After synthesis of PUol by metallocene‐catalyzed polymerization, the side‐chain hydroxyl functionalities of this polar polyolefin are used as an initiator for the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of ε‐caprolactone (CL). In this context, copolymers with different lengths of PCL grafts are prepared. The chemical structure and the composition of the synthesized copolymers are characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. It is shown that the hydroxyl end groups of PUol act effectively as initiating sites for the CL ROP. Size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) measurements confirm the absence of non‐attached PCL and the expected increase in molar mass after grafting. The thermal and decomposition behaviors are investigated by DSC and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of the length of the PCL grafts on the crystallization behavior of the comb‐like copolymers is investigated by DSC and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS).
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Polystyrene‐block‐Polyisoprene Diblock‐Copolymer Micelles: Coupled Pressure and Temperature Effects
Authors: Cheng Gang , Hammouda Boualem , Perahia Dvora 
Published: March 2014

The structural changes of diblock‐copolymer micelles under pressures from 200 to 16 000 psi are investigated using small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS). Asymmetric polystyrene‐block‐polyisoprene (PS–PI) diblock copolymers are dissolved in decane, a selective solvent for PI, to form spherical micelles with a core of PS and a corona of PI. The micellar solutions are put under pressure at temperatures of 25 to 60 °C. At room temperature, elevating the pressure from 200 to 16 000 psi has no effect on the size of the micelles. While the micellar solutions remain stable, instantaneous association of micelles is detected. In contrast to micelles at atmospheric pressure, increasing the temperature at elevated pressures does not lead to dissociation of micelles; instead, the micelles aggregate and evolve into sheet‐like structures, reminiscent of a macroscopic phase separation. Furthermore, higher pressures lead to a smaller temperature range in which shape transitions take place.image
Spectroscopic localization by simultaneous acquisition of the double‐spin and stimulated echoes
Authors: Tal Assaf , Gonen Oded 
Published: March 2014

PurposeTo design a proton MR spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) localization sequence that combines the signal‐to‐noise‐ratio (SNR) benefits of point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) with the high pulse bandwidths, low chemical shift displacements (CSD), low specific absorption rates (SAR), short echo times (TE), and superior radiofrequency transmit field (B1+) immunity of stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM), by simultaneously refocusing and acquiring both the double‐spin and stimulated echo coherence pathways from the volume of interest.Theory and MethodsWe propose a family of 1H‐MRS sequences comprising three orthogonal spatially selective pulses with flip angles 90° < α, β, γ < 128°. The stimulated and double‐spin echo are refocused in‐phase simultaneously by altering the pulses' phases, flip angles and timing, as well as the interpulse gradient spoiling moments. The ≈ 90° nutations of α, β, γ provide STEAM‐like advantages (lower SAR, in‐plane CSD and TE; greater B1+ immunity), but with SNRs comparable with PRESS.ResultsPhantom and in vivo brain experiments show that 83–100% of the PRESS SNR (metabolite‐dependent) is achieved at under 75% of the SAR and 66% lower in‐plane CSD.ConclusionThe advantages of STEAM can be augmented with the higher SNR of PRESS by combining the spin and stimulated echoes. Quantification, especially of J‐coupled resonances and intermediate and long TEs, must be carefully considered. Magn Reson Med 73:31–43, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exposure to Cadmium and Lead in an Agropastoral Iron Age Population
Authors: Pastorelli A. A. , Campanella L. , Coppa A. , Stacchini P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMetals present in the environment (soil, water and atmosphere) can affect food safety and human health through bio‐accumulation and bio‐magnification phenomena. Human exposure to the metals may take place through the environment and by ingesting contaminated food (including water), determining harmful effects usually detectable over the long term. Starting with the Industrial Revolution, local occurrence and concentration of metallic contaminants in the environment have been exponentially increasing: it has been assessed that, nowadays, daily absorption of lead, by North American people, is noticeably greater than that during prehistoric times.In this study, we measured concentrations of cadmium, lead and zinc in 153 bone samples (femurs) of Iron Age inhabitants of Central Italy (Abruzzo): the Samnites from the Alfedena Necropolis (2600–2400 bp). The data found are in agreement with the results of similar published studies. Heavy metal concentrations varied widely among samples with the exception of zinc. A significant difference (p same Mann–Whitney test <0.05) in cadmium bone levels was found between male (0.08–1.8 mg/kg, median 0.31 mg/kg) and female samples (0.05–1.3 mg/kg, median 0.53 mg/kg). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using fractional polynomials to model the effect of cumulative duration of exposure on outcomes: applications to cohort and nested case‐control designs
Authors: Austin Peter C. , Park‐Wyllie Laura Y. , Juurlink David N. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTPurposeDetermining the nature of the relationship between cumulative duration of exposure to an agent and the hazard of an adverse outcome is an important issue in environmental and occupational epidemiology, public health and clinical medicine. The Cox proportional hazards regression model can incorporate time‐dependent covariates. An important class of continuous time‐dependent covariates is that denoting cumulative duration of exposure.MethodsWe used fractional polynomial methods to describe the association between cumulative duration of exposure and adverse outcomes. We applied these methods in a cohort study to examine the relationship between cumulative duration of use of the antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone and the risk of thyroid dysfunction. We also used these methods with a conditional logistic regression model in a nested case‐control study to examine the relationship between cumulative duration of use of bisphosphonate medication and the risk of atypical femur fracture.ResultsUsing a cohort design and a Cox proportional hazards model, we found a non‐linear relationship between cumulative duration of use of the antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone and the risk of thyroid dysfunction. The risk initially increased rapidly with increasing cumulative use. However, as cumulative duration of use increased, the rate of increase in risk attenuated and eventually levelled off. Using a nested case‐control design and a conditional logistic regression model, we found evidence of a linear relationship between duration of use of bisphosphonate medication and risk of atypical femur fractures.ConclusionsFractional polynomials allow one to model the relationship between cumulative duration of medication use and adverse outcomes. © 2014 The Authors.Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safetypublished by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Healthcare databases in Europe for studying medicine use and safety during pregnancy
Authors: Charlton Rachel A. , Neville Amanda J. , Jordan Sue , Pierini Anna , Damase‐Michel Christine , Klungsøyr Kari , Andersen Anne‐Marie Nybo , Hansen Anne Vinkel , Gini Rosa , Bos Jens H. J. , Puccini Aurora , Hurault‐Delarue Caroline , Brooks Caroline J. , de Jong‐van den Berg Lolkje T. W. , de Vries Corinne S. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTPurposeThe aim of this study was to describe a number of electronic healthcare databases in Europe in terms of the population covered, the source of the data captured and the availability of data on key variables required for evaluating medicine use and medicine safety during pregnancy.MethodsA sample of electronic healthcare databases that captured pregnancies and prescription data was selected on the basis of contacts within the EUROCAT network. For each participating database, a database inventory was completed.ResultsEight databases were included, and the total population covered was 25 million. All databases recorded live births, seven captured stillbirths and five had full data available on spontaneous pregnancy losses and induced terminations. In six databases, data were usually available to determine the date of the woman's last menstrual period, whereas in the remainder, algorithms were needed to establish a best estimate for at least some pregnancies. In seven databases, it was possible to use data recorded in the databases to identify pregnancies where the offspring had a congenital anomaly. Information on confounding variables was more commonly available in databases capturing data recorded by primary‐care practitioners. All databases captured maternal co‐prescribing and a measure of socioeconomic status.ConclusionThis study suggests that within Europe, electronic healthcare databases may be valuable sources of data for evaluating medicine use and safety during pregnancy. The suitability of a particular database, however, will depend on the research question, the type of medicine to be evaluated, the prevalence of its use and any adverse outcomes of interest. © 2014 The Authors. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Evaluations of Simple Models for Small Area Population Forecasts
Authors: Wilson Tom 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAt the small area scale simple methods for forecasting total populations are often employed because of a lack of data for cohort‐component models, concerns about the reliability of these models for forecasting small population totals, and resource constraints. To date, a select number of authors have assessed the forecast accuracy of several individual, averaged, and composite models. This paper extends this stream of work by evaluating a large number of models on new datasets. The aims of the paper are to examine the performance of (a) 10 individual forecasting models (some of which are well known; others less so); (b) averages of every combination of 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the individual models (627 in total); and (c) composite models based on population size and growth rates (200,000 in total). Do averaged and composite models outperform individual models? Using new small area population datasets, forecasts from 2001 to 2031 were produced for three case study countries, Australia, New Zealand, and England & Wales. Both forecast accuracy and credibility (avoidance of negatives; degree of constraining to state populations) were assessed in 2011; for 2031, just credibility was evaluated. Of the individual models, constant share of growth (positive shares only) and constant share of population performed the best. A small proportion of averaged and composite models outperformed the best individual models in forecast accuracy. Several recommendations for the practice of small area population forecasting are made. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Nozoe Autograph Books: Why Sign Them? Why Publish Them? Why Read Them? Why Treasure Them? Personal and Professional Reflections
Authors: Wille Eva E. 
Published: March 2014

Note from the Editor:The Nozoe Autograph Books project involves the publication of the entire 1179 pages of Tetsuo Nozoe's autograph books in 15 consecutive issues of The Chemical Record. In the design of this project, three of us—Eva Wille, Brian Johnson and I—had a vision of bringing a wide range of experiences to our communities of readers. We also had an eye to the archival future. The final design included, with each of these issues of The Chemical Record, an essay that would provide context, novel content and especially enjoyable reading, to round out the project. In the 10 issues published to date, and in the others that will follow, the essays range from personal stories to perspectives in the areas of chemistry near and dear to the heart of Tetsuo Nozoe. Eva Wille's essay is particularly special. The daughter of a professor of chemistry of Nozoe's generation at the Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München (Franz Wille, 1909—1986), Wille is a Ph.D. chemist herself, and for many years, has been and is a major figure in the world of scientific publishing. Thus, she has a unique perspective to share. Indeed, all of the authors of these essays have shared their very personal and professional perspectives, and we are thankful for all of them—and for Tetsuo Nozoe and the thousands of our friends and colleagues who signed his books.—Jeffrey I. SeemanGuest EditorUniversity of RichmondRichmond, Virginia 23173, USAE‐mail: jseeman@richmond.edu
Tessellation
Authors: Phillips Daisy 
Published: March 2014

This article provides a brief introduction to the definition, properties, and use of Voronoi diagrams, including the special cases of the Poisson–Voronoi and centroidal Voronoi diagrams. It highlights applications to problems in spatial statistics, probability, and large‐scale simultaneous hypothesis testing. Generalizations of the Voronoi diagram and computational considerations are also discussed. These diagrams have been widely used in the fields of statistics, mathematics, computational geometry, and various applied sciences, making them an important topic of study.This article is categorized under:Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Statistical Graphics and VisualizationData: Types and Structure > Image and Spatial DataData: Types and Structure > Graph and Network DataStatistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Clustering and Classification
Synthesis, Characterization, and Photoluminescence of Lanthanide‐containing Coordination Polymers Constructed from 4,4′‐Biphenyldicarboxylate and 2,4,6‐Tris(2‐pyridyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine Ligands
Authors: Liao Ju‐Hsiou , Hwang Wen‐Shan , Chen Guan‐Yu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSix isomorphous metal‐organic frameworks: Ln2(bpdc)3(tptz)2(H2O)·3DMA·7H2O [Ln3+ = Nd3+ (1), Sm3+ (2), Eu3+ (3), Gd3+ (4), Tb3+ (5), Dy3+ (6)] [bpdc2– = 4,4′‐biphenyldicarboxylate, tptz = 2,4,6‐tris(2‐pyridyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine, DMA = N,N‐dimethylacetamide], were synthesized by the self‐assembly of lanthanide ions, bpdc2–, tptz, DMA, and H2O. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction reveals that all compounds are 1D coordination polymers with π–π interactions via tptz among adjacent chains, forming a 3D supramolecular network. Compounds 2, 5, and 6 exhibit mainly ligand luminescence, whereas 3 exhibits intense characteristic Eu3+ emissions at room temperature.
Vitamin E Deficiency Begins within 6 Months after Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer
Authors: Rino Yasushi , Yukawa Norio , Sato Tsutomu , Yamamoto Naoto , Tamagawa Hiroshi , Hasegawa Shinichi , Hayashi Tsutomu , Atsumi Yosuke , Oshima Takashi , Yoshikawa Takaki , Masuda Munetaka , Imada Toshio 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundTo clarify factors related to vitamin E malabsorption after gastric surgery, we evaluated serum vitamin E levels in patients who had undergone gastrectomy for gastric cancer.MethodsWe studied 39 patients (26 men, 13 women; mean age, 61.7 years) who underwent gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. Surgical procedures included 24 subtotal gastrectomies and 15 total gastrectomies. We measured serum levels of vitamin E before and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after gastrectomy. A level of less than 0.75 mg/dl was defined as a low vitamin E level.ResultsSerum vitamin E levels decreased to less than 0.75 mg/dl in 6 (15.4 %) of the 39 patients within 6 months after gastrectomy and in 7 (17.9 %) of the 39 patients within 1 year after gastrectomy. The proportion of patients with a low serum vitamin E level was significantly higher in the total gastrectomy group (p = 0.002). A low vitamin E level was significantly associated with a low total cholesterol level. Total cholesterol levels in low vitamin E levels patients were lower than normal vitamin E levels patients. None of the patients with a low vitamin E level had neuropathy.ConclusionsThe type of operation performed (total vs. subtotal gastrectomy) may be the major cause of vitamin E malabsorption after gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Vitamin E deficiency probably begins within 6 months after gastrectomy for gastric cancer.
Optimization of heterologous expression of the phytase (PPHY) of Pichia anomala in P. pastoris and its applicability in fractionating allergenic glycinin from soy protein
Authors: Joshi Swati , Satyanarayana T 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The phytase (PPHY) of Pichia anomala has the requisite properties of thermostability and acidstability, broad substrate spectrum, and protease insensitivity, which make it a suitable candidate as a feed and food additive. The 1,389-bp PPHY gene was amplified from P. anomala genomic DNA, cloned in pPICZαA, and expressed extracellularly in P. pastoris X33. Three copies of PPHY have been detected integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the recombinant P. pastoris. The size exclusion chromatography followed by electrophoresis of the pure rPPHY confirmed that this is a homohexameric glycoprotein of ~420 kDa with a 24.3 % portion as N-linked glycans. The temperature and pH optima of rPPHY are 60 °C and 4.0, similar to the endogenous enzyme. The kinetic characteristics K m, V max, K cat, and K cat/K m of rPPHY are 0.2 ± 0.03 mM, 78.2 ± 1.43 nmol mg−1 s−1, 65,655 ± 10.92 s−1, and 328.3 ± 3.12 μM−1 s−1, respectively. The optimization of medium components led to a 21.8-fold improvement in rPPHY production over the endogenous yeast. The rPPHY titer attained in shake flasks could also be sustained in the laboratory fermenter. The rPPHY accounts for 57.1 % of the total secreted protein into the medium. The enzyme has been found useful in fractionating allergenic protein glycinin from soya protein besides dephytinization.
Treating inborn errors of liver metabolism with stem cells: current clinical development
Authors: Sokal Etienne Marc 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAdvanced therapies including stem cells are currently a major biotechnological development. Adult liver stem cells can differentiate into hepatocyte like cells and be infused in the recipient's liver to bring a missing metabolic function. These cells can be produced in large quantities in vitro. Allogeneic stem cells are required to treat genetic diseases, and this approach allows to use one single source of tissue to treat different diseases and many recipients. Mesenchymal stem cells can in addition play an immunomodulatory and anti‐inflammatory role and possibly prevent the accumulation of fibrous tissue in the liver. From a regulatory point of view, stem cells are considered as medicinal products, and must undergo a pharmaceutical development that goes beyond the research and proof‐of‐concept phases. Here, we review the track followed from the first hepatocyte transplantation in 2000 to the next generation product issued from stem cell technology, and the start of EMA approved clinical trials to evaluate the safety and potency of liver stem cells for the treatment of inborn errors of the liver metabolism.
Clinical Issues‐April 2014
Authors: Burlingame Byron L. 
Published: March 2014

This MonthPerforming colonoscopies in the ORKey words: colonoscopy, room turnover.Transmission‐based precautions in the ORKey words: isolation, isolation gown, personal protective equipment, PPE, masks.Required location of and information in a hand‐over reportKey words: hand over, hand off, care transition.Surgical lounge attireKey words: surgical lounge, attire, semirestricted area, unrestricted area.Definition of turnover timeKey words: turnover, turnover time, definition of times.
Implementing AORN Recommended Practices for Selection and Use of Packaging Systems for Sterilization
Authors: Morton Paula J. , Conner Ramona 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe delivery of sterile products to the sterile field is essential to perioperative practice. The use of protective packaging for sterilized items is crucial to helping ensure that patients receive sterile items for surgical procedures. AORN's “Recommended practices for selection and use of packaging systems for sterilization” offers guidance to perioperative team members in evaluating, selecting, and using packaging systems that permit sterilization of the contents, prevent contamination of sterilized items until the package is opened for use, protect the items from damage during transport and storage, and permit aseptic delivery of the items to the sterile field.
Viscous film flow coating the interior of a vertical tube. Part 1. Gravity-driven flow
Authors: Camassa Roberto , Ogrosky H. Reed , Olander Jeffrey 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe gravity-driven flow of a viscous liquid film coating the inside of a tube is studied both theoretically and experimentally. As the film moves downward, small perturbations to the free surface grow due to surface tension effects and can form liquid plugs. A first-principles strongly nonlinear model based on long-wave asymptotics is developed to provide simplified governing equations for the motion of the film flow. Linear stability analysis on the basic solution of the model predicts the speed and wavelength of the most unstable mode, and whether the film is convectively or absolutely unstable. These results are found to be in remarkable agreement with the experiments. The model is also solved numerically to follow the time evolution of instabilities. For relatively thin films, these instabilities saturate as a series of small-amplitude travelling waves, while thicker films lead to solutions whose amplitude becomes large enough for the liquid surface to approach the centre of the tube in finite time, suggesting liquid plug formation. Next, the model’s periodic travelling wave solutions are determined by a continuation algorithm using the results from the time evolution code as initial seed. It is found that bifurcation branches for these solutions exist, and the critical turning points where branches merge determine film mean thicknesses beyond which no travelling wave solutions exist. These critical thickness values are in good agreement with those for liquid plug formations determined experimentally and numerically by the time-evolution code.