bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insulin Action in Rats Is Influenced by Amount and Composition of Dietary Fat
Authors: Yakubu Fatirna , Lin Ding , Peters John C. , Reed George W , Hill James O. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe chronic influence of dietary fat composition on obesity and insulin action is not well understood. We examined the effect of amount (20% vs 60% of total calories) and type (saturated vs polyunsaturated) of fat on insulin action and body composition in mature male rats. Six months of feeding a high fat (HF) diet led to obesity and impaired insulin action (determined by a euglycemic‐hyperinsulinemic clamp), neither of which were reversed by a subsequent 6 months of feeding a low fat (LF) diet. Within HF fed rats, type of fat did not affect body composition or insulin action. Six months of feeding a low fat diet led to only a slight decline in insulin action, with no difference due to type of dietary fat. From 6–9 months, insulin action became more impaired in LF rats fed the saturated diet than in LF rats fed the polyunsaturated diet. By 12 months, all groups were obese and had a similar impairment in insulin action. The amount and type of fat in the diet did not influence the overall degree of impairment in insulin action but did affect the time course. Both feeding a high fat diet and feeding a low fat saturated diet accelerated the impairment in insulin action relative to rats fed a low fat polyunsaturated fat diet.
Weight‐Loss Strategies of Young Adults: Exercise Versus Dieting
Authors: Drewnowski Adam , Kurth Candace L. , Krahn Dean D. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis cross‐sectional survey study examined weight control practices of 2,092 male and 1,748 female freshman students aged 18 years. For women, the desire for weight loss was observed at all levels of body weight. Most women (79%) wished to weigh less than their current weight, and 23% were following a restricted‐calorie diet. In contrast, more men wished to gain (46%) rather than lose weight (32%), and only 3% were dieting at the time of the study. A comparison of weight control practices of men and women who wished to lose weight showed that women restricted calories far more frequently than did men. In contrast, although men were more likely to use exercise for weight control than were women, the differences between the sexes were small. A combined analysis of dieting and exercise behaviors showed that while men relied almost exclusively on intensive exercise as opposed to dieting, women employed exercise as well as dieting for the purpose of weight control.
BODY BUILD AND LONGEVITY
Authors: Dublin Louis I. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe very expression “well built” has become a part of our language. It implies that persons of a particular build or structure are better coordinated or somehow can function better than other people and may, therefore, be expected to have a greater life span. Variations in the structure of individuals are marked and serve to distinguish fairly definite types. Insurance experience has crystallized into a number of fairly definite conclusions with regard to the relative longevity of certain of these types. Extremes of stature, for example, are decided handicaps. Extreme overweight and underweight carry with them increased mortality and correspondingly shorter life. Very heavy people are more likely to succumb prematurely to such conditions as diabetes, organic heart disease, renal impairment, hardening of the arteries, and very light persons, particularly at the younger ages, are more likely to develop tuberculosis. Insurance experience has confirmed the popular judgment that the individuals who approach the mean of these body measures are better able to withstand the hazards of life and to round out a fairly full expectation.
Biracial Differences in Physical Activity and Body Composition Among Women
Authors: Tuten Chris , Petosa Richard , Sargent Roger , Weston Anne 
Published: September 2012

AbstractOverweight among black females is almost two times as frequent as among white females. Genetics, caloric intake, and physical activity have been identified as possible explanatory factors. This study assessed the differences in physical activity and body composition in 76 white and 66 black adult females. Black women had significantly higher (p=.0001) percent body fat (32.2 ± 7.1) than white women (27.7 ± 6.5) with a similar difference in weight (4.4 kg) approaching significance (p=.055). Physical activity was assessed using a structured 24‐hour recall instrument. A purposive sampling design was implemented to control for age, education and occupation. A summary physical activity value unit for the 24‐hour period revealed a significantly greater mean value for white females (41.93 + 4.7) than for black females (40.01 ± 3.9) suggesting white females were more physically active (p=.02) although this was not a function of biracial differences in play/recreation and exercise/sport type of activities. Although both black and white females were found to be sedentary (MET value ± 2) over 90 percent of the time, black women were significantly more sedentary (p=.03). Biracial differences in discretionary non‐exercise oriented activities may contribute to different rates of overweight observed between black and white women.
The Influence of Change in Marital Status on Weight Change Over One Year
Authors: Rauschenbach Barbara , Sobal Jeffery , Frongillo Edward A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMarital status is an influence on body weight. Changes in marital status and body weight were examined in the National Survey of Personal Health Practices and Consequences, a telephone survey of 2,436 adults interviewed twice approximately 1 year apart. Two statistical methods for analyzing weight change were compared, and both produced similar results: regression analysis of weight change and regression analysis of weight at follow‐up controlling for baseline weight. The findings revealed that women who entered marriage had greater weight change than women who remained married. Analysis of weight gain and weight loss separately showed that women who became married lost less weight than those who remained married. For men, there were no statistically significant relationships between marital change and weight change over a 1‐year period. These findings support other literature showing that marital status plays a role in body weight changes. The results suggest gender differences may exist in the rate of body weight change after marriage, with more immediate changes in women than men.
Opinions of Obesity Experts on the Causes and Treatment of Obesity ‐ A New Survey
Authors: Bray George A. , DeLany James 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA survey of opinions on the causes of and effectiveness for treatment of obesity was carried out on data provided by questionnaires from 57 physicians and scientists involved in obesity research. Responses were grouped by region (Europe, North America, and South America), gender, age (30–50 and over 50 years), and professional training (MD or PhD). Metabolic factors were considered the most important cause of obesity overall with physical inactivity only slightly behind. There were no gender differences, but the older group thought physical inactivity was a more important cause than the younger group. Weight cycling overall was not considered very important, although it was significantly more important among the Ph.D. group. Low‐fat diets were considered the most effective treatment, with the older group of respondents rating low‐fat diet more highly than their younger colleagues. Exercise was viewed as a more important treatment among North Americans, and medications as less in the treatment of obesity. All groups viewed serotonergic and thermogenic drugs as the most effective treatments whose usefulness would increase during the next 10 years.
Chronic Food Deprivation Decreases Extracellular Dopamine in the Nucleus Accumbens: Implications for a Possible Neurochemical Link Between Weight Loss and Drug Abuse
Authors: Pothos Emmanuel N. , Hernandez Luis , Hoebel Bartley G. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn rats reduced to 80% of normal body weight (n=9), the basal levels of extracellular dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAC), as determined by microdialysis, decreased significantly to 33 % (mean ± SEM) of their normal baseline (p<.01). Basal extracellullar DA did not change significantly over a matching 3‐week period in controls (n=7). No changes were observed in NAC serotonin after weight reduction. These results indicate that parts of the mesolimbic DA system are depressed in underweight rats. The observed decrease in basal DA may be responsible for a variety of behavioral changes observed in undernourished humans and animals including the tendency to eat and gain weight when food becomes available. Given that DA can be released in the NAC when rats self‐inject drugs of abuse, the present findings may help explain why animals increase drug intake when they are underweight.
Insulin Normalization as an Approach to the Pharmacological Treatment of Obesity
Authors: Campfield L. Arthur , Smith Françoise J. , Mackie Garry , Tenenbaum Renata , Sassano Mary Lisa , Mullin John , Kaiser Ken , Kierstead Richard W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractHyperinsulinemia and exaggerated insulin response to glucose are among the hallmarks of obesity. However, the role of hyperinsulinemia in the etiology and maintenance of obesity has been controversial. If hyperinsulinemia plays a critical role as proposed, then its reversal may have therapeutic potential. To test this hypothesis, the activity of Ro 23–7637, {4‐(2,2‐diphenylethenyl)‐1‐[1‐oxo‐9‐(3‐pyridinyl) nonyl]piperidine}, which partially normalizes plasma insulin by an action on pancreatic islets from obese rats, was assessed. When islets were cultured for 2 days with 10 μM Ro 23–7637, a significant reduction in the exaggerated glucose‐induced insulin secretion was observed. When islets from lean rats were exposed to Ro 23–7637, no reduction in insulin secretion was observed. The effects of oral administration of Ro 23–7637 were assessed in Zucker and diet‐induced obese rats in doses ranging from 5 to 90 mg/kg/day. Dose‐related reductions were observed in: 1) glucose‐induced insulin secretion; 2) basal insulin concentration; 3) daily food intake; and 4) body weight gain. In diet‐induced obese rats, selective mobilization of fat, maintenance of body protein, and decreased energetic efficiency were also observed. An association between the partial normalization of glucose‐induced insulin responses and reductions of basal insulin, reduced rates of body weight gain or body weight loss and decreased food intake was observed in obese rats. Therefore, these studies indicate that Ro 23–7637 is an orally active, efficacious antiobesity agent.
AO‐128, α‐Glucosidase Inhibitor: Antiobesity and Antidiabetic Actions in Genetically Obese‐Diabetic Rats, Wistar Fatty
Authors: Ikeda Hitoshi , Odaka Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAntiobesity and antidiabetic actions of the α‐glucosidase inhibitor AO‐128 were examined using genetically obese‐diabetic rats, Wistar fatty. Ten‐week‐old, male fatty rats were kept on CE‐2 diet containing 10 or 25 ppm of AO‐128 for 4 weeks. The average drug intake was calculated to be 0.74 or 1.78 mg/kg/day from the average food intake, respectively. The intestinal maltase and sucrase activities were decreased by AO‐128 in a dose‐related fashion. Food intake of fatty rats treated with AO‐128 was decreased throughout the experiment. This decrease in food intake could hardly be explained only by diarrhea which occurred for the first 5 day s of the administration of AO‐128. AO‐128 normalized hyperglycemia and markedly reduced hypertriglyceridemia and hyperinsulinemia in fatty rats. In addition, AO‐128 decreased body weight gain, food efficiency, epididymal adipose tissue weight, carcass weight, and body fat deposition. These findings indicate that AO‐128 may be useful for treating human obesity and diabetes.
Measurement of Physical Activity Among Black and White Obese Women
Authors: Kushner Robert F. , Racette Susan B. , Neil Karen , Schoeller Dale A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSeveral recent self‐reported surveys have suggested that African‐American women may engage in less leisure‐time physical activity (PA) than whites. Objective measurements of PA have not been performed, however. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the components of energy expenditure, including PA, between black and white obese women. Using the doubly labeled water method, total dairy energy expenditure (TDEE), basalmetabolic rate (BMR), thermic effect of a meal (TEM), and PA were measured in 14 black and 15 white moderately obese women over 2 weeks. No statistically significant differences were seen between the 2 groups in BMR, TEM or TDEE. Mean PA was significantly (p=0.05) lower among black women compared to whites when expressed as MJ. d−1 (3.49 vs. 4.30) or kJ.kg−1.d−1 (37.6 vs. 47.7). Our study supports the survey differences seen in PA among black and white women.
Influence of Smoking on Hormone Secretion in Obese and Lean Female Smokers
Authors: Szostak‐Wegierek Dorota , Björntorp Per , Mårin Per , Lindstedt Göran , Andersson Björn 
Published: September 2012

Smoking exerts influences on the secretion of several hormones which are abnormal in obesity. Previous studies have mainly been performed in non‐obese men, and data from non‐obese and obese women are scarce. The aim of the present study was therefore to identify the effect of smoking on hormone secretions in obese and lean female smokers.The study was performed in 10 obese and 8 lean, premenopausal, healthy smokers. All subjects were tested once under experimental and once under control conditions (not smoking) in randomized order. The women smoked two non‐filtered cigarettes during 4 minutes each. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured 30 minutes before smoking, at the start of smoking (time 0) and then after 5, 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. Blood samples were taken for determination of serum concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Cortisol, prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) at the same time points except at 5 minutes.Heart rate rose in both groups during smoking. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was increased only in the obese subjects. Cortisol and ACTH increased in both groups, while TSH, PRL and GH were unchanged in both groups.We conclude that lean and obese smoking women seem to respond rather similarly to smoking in the hemodynamic and endocrine variables measured in this report with the possible exception of blood pressure where the obese women tended to show more pronounced increases.
Gender Differences in Body Satisfaction
Authors: Pingitore Regina , Spring Bonnie , Garfieldt David 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPINGITORE, REGINA, BONNIE SPRING, DAVID GARFIELD. Gender differences in body satisfaction.Although men and women show similar rates of obesity, women more frequently engage in weight loss efforts, with potentially adverse health consequences. We surveyed 320 college‐aged men and women to examine gender differences in the determinants of body dissatisfaction and the degree of importance assigned to body‐weight and shape. Results indicated that, for both genders, satisfaction with bodyweight and shape decreased as body mass index (BMI) increased. Women, however, showed significantly greater body and weight dissatisfaction than men at most weight categories. Only the underweight (BMI<20) women and men were similarly satisfied with their bodyweight and shape. As BMI increased, however, women became disproportionately more dissatisfied: both normal‐weight and overweight women expressed greater dissatisfaction than comparable men. College‐aged women also attributed progressively more importance to both weight and shape as BMI increased, unlike college‐aged men, who considered body weight equally important to (or slightly less important than) self‐esteem as BMI increased. We discuss implications for the self‐esteem of obese women and men.
Plasma Leptin and Acute Serotoninergic Stimulation of the Corticotropic Axis in Women Who Are Normal Weight or Obese
Authors: Oppert Jean‐Michel , Lahlou Najiba , Laferrère Blandine , Roger Marc , Basdevant Arnaud , Guy‐Grand Bernard 
Published: September 2012

AbstractOPPERT, JEAN‐MICHEL, NAJIBA LAHLOU, BLANDINE LAFERRÈRE, MARC ROGER, ARNAUD BASDEVANT, BERNARD GUY‐GRAND. Plasma leptin and acute serotoninergic stimulation of the corticotropic axis in women who are normal weight or obese.In some recent studies, glucocorticoid treatment was associated with rapid induction of obese (ob) gene expression in adipose tissue of normal rats and in isolated adipocytes. We studied the effect of acute stimulation of the corticotropic axis on plasma leptin, the ob gene product, in 7 women of normal weight and 12 women with obesity. Under double‐blind, placebo‐controlled conditions, a single 12.5‐mg dose of clomipramine, a serotonin uptake inhibitor, was administered intravenously in 15 minutes. Mean basal plasma leptin was increased more than 3‐fold in subjects with obesity compared with subjects of normal weight (35.1 ± 4.9 ng/mL vs. 8.9 ± 1.4 ng/mL, p=0.001). Whereas corticotropin (ACTH) and Cortisol responses were increased in women who were obese compared with women who were lean, no significant effect of clomipramine infusion was found on plasma leptin concentrations measured during the following 150 minutes in both groups. There was a strong positive correlation between basal plasma leptin concentrations and body mass index (r=0.92, p<0.0001). In six subjects with obesity studied after a moderate weight loss, mean basal plasma leptin was significantly decreased (43.7 ± 6.4 ng/mL before vs. 28.0 ± 8.1 ng/mL after, p=0.04), but the hormonal response pattern to clomipramine administration was unchanged. We conclude that, at least in the short term, an acute stimulation of the corticotropic axis does not seem to increase leptin secretion in humans, as shown by the response to the serotoninergic agent clomipramine.
Segregation Analysis of Abdominal Visceral Fat: The HERITAGE Family Study
Authors: Rice Treva , Després J.P. , Perusse Louis , Gagnon Jacques , Leon Arthur S. , Skinner James S. , Wilmore Jack H. , Rao D.C. , Bouchard Claude 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRICE, TREVA, JP DESPRÉS, LOUIS PÉRUSSE, JACQUES GAGNON, ARTHUR S LEON, JAMES S SKINNER, JACK H WILMORE, DC RAO, CLAUDE BOUCHARD. Segregation analysis of abdominal visceral fat: The HERITAGE Family Study.A major gene hypothesis for abdominal visceral fat (AVF) level, both before and after adjustment for total body fat mass, was investigated in 86 white families who participated in the HERITAGE Family Study. In this study, sedentary families were tested for a battery of measures (baseline), endurance exercise trained for 20 weeks, and then remeasured again. The baseline measures reported here are unique in that the variance due to a potentially important environmental factor (activity level) was limited. AVF area was assessed at L4 to L5 by the use of computerized tomography scan, and total body fat mass was assessed with underwater weighing. For fat mass, a putative locus accounted for 64% of the variance, but there was no evidence of a multifactorial component (i.e., no polygenic and/or common familial environmental effects). For AVF area, both a major gene effect accounting for 54% of the variance and a multifactorial component accounting for 17% of the variance were significant. However, after AVF area was adjusted for the effects of total level of body fat, the support for a major gene was reduced. In particular, there was a major effect for fat mass‐adjusted AVF area, but it was not transmitted from parents to offspring (i.e., the three transmission probabilities were equal). The importance of this study is twofold. First, these results confirm a previous study that suggested that there is a putative major locus for AVF and for total body fat mass. Second, the findings from the HERITAGE Family Study suggest that the factors underlying AVF area in sedentary families may be similar to those in the population at large, which includes both sedentary and active families. Whether the gene(s) responsible for the high levels of AVF area is the same as that which influences total body fat content remains to be further investigated.
The Relationship Between Fat Distribution and Coronary Risk Factors in Sedentary Postmenopausal Women On and Off Hormone Replacement Therapy
Authors: Perry Arlette C. , Allison Mark , Applegate E. Brooks , Jackson M. Loreto , Miller Paul C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between fat distribution and coronary risk factors (CRF) in sedentary overweight postmenopausal women both on and off hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Medical records and information were abstracted from nonsmoking women entering a weight loss program. A total of 33 women on HRT (mean age=50.12 ± 5.2) and 51 nonusers (mean age=52.52 ± 7.8) fulfilled subject eligibility requirements and were included in the data analysis. Results showed a significantly lower waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) (p=0.009) and waist (p=0.010) and greater levels of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) (p=0.035) in HRT users than in nonusers. After converting correlations to standard Z‐scores and performing z‐tests, the correlation between total cholesterol (T‐Chol) and WHR was significantly greater in nonusers than in HRT users (p=0.038). A multiple regression analysis showed differences between groups in the ability of age and anthropometric variables to predict CRF. Although T‐Chol could be predicted in nonusers(r2=0.24; p=0.011), very low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL‐C) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) could be significantly predicted in HRT users only (r2=0.28, P=0.055 and r2=0.40, p=0.005 for VLDL‐C and SBP, respectively). These data suggest that there are differences between HRT users and nonusers in predictors of CRF, central adiposity, HDL‐C, and the relationship between WHR and T‐Chol. It is concluded that the significantly lower levels of central adiposity observed in HRT users may have clinical benefits with regard to CRF.
Effects of Enterostatin on Consumption of Optional Foods in Non‐Food‐Deprived Rats
Authors: Rice Harry Benjamin , Corwin Rebecca L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEnterostatin, the activation peptide of procolipase, has been reported to reduce high‐fat food consumption in rats. This reduction has been reliably demonstrated using procedures in which the test diet was also the maintenance diet of the animals. Other reports, though, have shown that peripherally administered enterostatin had no effect on the consumption of oil provided as an option to the diet, and that centrally administered enterostatin had no effect on the consumption of an optional high‐fat mixed food. However, the effects of peripherally administered enterostatin on the consumption of an optional high‐fat mixed food have not been examined. This experiment, then, examined the effects of peripherally administered enterostatin on the consumption of optional, mixed foods (no‐fat and high‐fat cookies) provided in addition to a standard diet under choice and nonchoice conditions. Four experiments were conducted. In experiment I, the effect of enterostatin in a two‐choice feeding paradigm was assessed. In experiment II, the effect of enterostatin in a nonchoice feeding paradigm was assessed. In experiment III, the effect of enterostatin administered at five different pretreatment times in a non‐choice feeding paradigm was assessed. Enterostatin had no effect on cookie intake in any of these experiments. Finally, experiment IV was undertaken to verify the activity of the peptide. Enterostatin significantly reduced the consumption of a standard diet in overnight food‐deprived rats, thus confirming the activity of the peptide used in experiments I to III. Enterostatin may not play a major role in the regulation of food intake that is stimulated by optional foods that are periodically provided in addition to a standard well‐balanced diet.