bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Female Domestic Workers in Urban Informal Employment: The Case of Hossana City, Ethiopia
Authors: Lemma Tayech , Sharma Mala 
Published: August 2024

Domestic work is a significant sector within the informal economy, predominantly employing women globally, yet remains largely unrecognized. This study examines the driving factors and sociodemographic characteristics of female domestic workers in Hossana City, focusing on the challenges they face. A random sample of 167 female domestic workers from three kebeles was selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics and a one-way ANOVA to investigate wage disparities based on sociodemographic variables. A five-point Likert scale ranked the challenges faced by female domestic workers. The analysis revealed that the majority of domestic workers are young, single, illiterate, and migrants from rural areas due to economic hardships and limited job opportunities. Key motivations for entering domestic work included supporting their families financially, rural-urban migration, and saving money for potential migration abroad. Wage analysis indicated significant disparities influenced by age, marital status, education, the employer’s family size, and working hours. The study found that low wages, unpaid extra workload, and long working hours are significant challenges. The findings highlight the need for policy interventions to improve working conditions and ensure fair wages, addressing the socioeconomic challenges faced by female domestic workers in urban settings.
Carbon dioxide and energy fluxes over a small boreal lake in Southern Finland
Authors: Mammarella Ivan , Nordbo Annika , Rannik Üllar , Haapanala Sami , Levula Janne , Laakso Heikki , Ojala Anne , Peltola Olli , Heiskanen Jouni , Pumpanen Jukka , Vesala Timo 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDynamics of carbon dioxide and energy exchange over a small boreal lake were investigated. Flux measurements have been carried out by the eddy covariance technique during two open‐water periods (June–October) at Lake Kuivajärvi in Finland. Sensible heat (H) flux peaked in the early morning, and upward sensible heat flux at night results in unstable stratification over the lake. Minimum H was measured in the late afternoon, often resulting in adiabatic conditions or slightly stable stratification over the lake. The latent heat flux (LE) showed a different pattern, peaking in the afternoon and having a minimum at night. High correlation (r2 = 0.75) between H and water‐air temperature difference multiplied by wind speed (U) was found, while LE strongly correlated with the water vapor pressure deficit multiplied by U (r2 = 0.78). Monthly average values of energy balance closure ranged between 70 and 99%. The lake acted as net source of carbon dioxide, and the measured flux (FCO2) averaged over the two open‐water periods (0.7 µmol m−2 s−1) was up to 3 times higher than those reported in other studies. Furthermore, it was found that during period of high wind speed (>3 m s−1) shear‐induced water turbulence controls the water‐air gas transfer efficiency. However, under calm nighttime conditions, FCO2 was poorly correlated with the difference between the water and the equilibrium CO2 concentrations multiplied by U. Nighttime cooling of surface water enhances the gas transfer efficiency through buoyancy‐driven turbulent mixing, and simple wind speed‐based transfer velocity models strongly underestimate FCO2.
Parametric behaviors of CLUBB in simulations of low clouds in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM)
Authors: Guo Zhun , Wang Minghuai , Qian Yun , Larson Vincent E. , Ghan Steven , Ovchinnikov Mikhail , A. Bogenschutz Peter , Gettelman Andrew , Zhou Tianjun 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn this study, we investigate the sensitivity of simulated low clouds to 14 selected tunable parameters of Cloud Layers Unified By Binormals (CLUBB), a higher‐order closure (HOC) scheme, and four parameters of the Zhang‐McFarlane (ZM) deep convection scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5). A Quasi‐Monte Carlo (QMC) sampling approach is adopted to effectively explore the high‐dimensional parameter space and a generalized linear model is applied to study the responses of simulated cloud fields to tunable parameters. Our results show that the variance in simulated low‐cloud properties (cloud fraction and liquid water path) can be explained by the selected tunable parameters in two different ways: macrophysics itself and its interaction with microphysics. First, the parameters related to dynamic and thermodynamic turbulent structure and double Gaussian closure are found to be the most influential parameters for simulating low clouds. The spatial distributions of the parameter contributions show clear cloud‐regime dependence. Second, because of the coupling between cloud macrophysics and cloud microphysics, the coefficient of the dissipation term in the total water variance equation is influential. This parameter affects the variance of in‐cloud cloud water, which further influences microphysical process rates, such as autoconversion, and eventually low‐cloud fraction. This study improves understanding of HOC behavior associated with parameter uncertainties and provides valuable insights for the interaction of macrophysics and microphysics.
Applicability of bed load transport models for mixed‐size sediments in steep streams considering macro‐roughness
Authors: Schneider Johannes M. , Rickenmann Dieter , Turowski Jens M. , Bunte Kristin , Kirchner James W. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn steep mountain streams, macro‐roughness elements typically increase both flow energy dissipation and the threshold of motion compared to lower‐gradient channels, reducing the part of the flow energy available for bed load transport. Bed load transport models typically take account of these effects either by reducing the acting bed shear stress or by increasing the critical parameters for particle entrainment. Here we evaluate bed load transport models for mixed‐size sediments and models based on a median grain size using a large field data set of fractional bed load transport rates. We derive reference shear stresses and bed load transport relations based on both the total boundary shear stress and a reduced (or “effective”) shear stress that accounts for flow resistance due to macro‐roughness. When reference shear stresses are derived from the total boundary shear stress, they are closely related to channel slope, but when they are derived from the effective shear stress, they are almost invariant with channel slope. The performance of bed load transport models is generally comparable when using the total shear stress and a channel slope‐related reference shear stress, or when using the effective shear stress and a constant reference shear stress. However, dimensionless bed load transport relations are significantly steeper for the total stress approach, whereas they are similar to the commonly used fractional Wilcock and Crowe (WC) transport model for the effective stress approach. This similarity in the relations allows the WC model, developed for lower‐gradient streams, to be used in combination with an effective shear stress approach, in steep mountain streams.
A simple and efficient unstructured finite volume scheme for solving the shallow water equations in overland flow applications
Authors: Cea L. , Bladé E. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis paper presents the decoupled hydrological discretization (DHD) scheme for solving the shallow water equations in hydrological applications involving surface runoff in rural and urban basins. The name of the scheme is motivated by the fact that the three equations which form the two‐dimensional shallow water system are discretized independently from each other and thus, the numerical scheme is decoupled in a mathematical sense. Its main advantages compared to other classic finite volume schemes for the shallow water equations are its simplicity to code and the lower computational cost per time step. The validation of the scheme is presented in five test cases involving overland flow and rainfall‐runoff transformation over topographies of different complexity. The scheme is compared to the finite volume scheme of Roe (1986), to the simple inertia formulation, and to the diffusive wave model. The test cases show that the DHD scheme is able to compute subcritical and supercritical flows in rural and urban environments, and that in overland flow applications it gives similar results to the second‐order scheme of Roe with a lower computational cost. The results obtained with the simple inertia and diffusive wave models are very similar to those obtained with the DHD scheme in rural basins in which the bed friction and topography dominate the flow hydrodynamics but they deteriorate in typical urban configurations in which the presence of supercritical flow conditions and small‐scale patterns boost the relevance of the inertial terms in the momentum equations.
Evaluating the potential for quantitative monitoring of in situ chemical oxidation of aqueous‐phase TCE using in‐phase and quadrature electrical conductivity
Authors: Hort R. D. , Revil A. , Munakata‐Marr J. , Mao D. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractElectrical resistivity measurements can potentially be used to remotely monitor fate and transport of ionic oxidants such as permanganate (
) during in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) of contaminants like trichloroethene (TCE). Time‐lapse two‐dimensional bulk conductivity and induced polarization surveys conducted during a sand tank ISCO simulation demonstrated that
plume movement could be monitored in a qualitative manner using bulk conductivity tomograms, although chargeability was below sensitivity limits. We also examined changes to in‐phase and quadrature electrical conductivity resulting from ion injection, MnO2 and Cl− production, and pH change during TCE and humate oxidation by
in homogeneous aqueous solutions and saturated porous media samples. Data from the homogeneous samples demonstrated that inversion of the sand tank resistivity data using a common Tikhonov regularization approach was insufficient to recover an accurate conductivity distribution within the tank. While changes to in‐phase conductivity could be successfully modeled, quadrature conductivity values could not be directly related to TCE oxidation product or
concentrations at frequencies consistent with field induced polarization surveys, limiting the utility of quadrature conductivity for monitoring ISCO.
The 4 June 2011 neutron event at Mercury: A defense of the solar origin hypothesis
Authors: Lawrence David J. , Feldman William C. , Peplowski Patrick N. , Solomon Sean C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe address the claim that an increase in the flux of neutrons detected by the Neutron Spectrometer (NS) on the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft in orbit about Mercury at 15:45 UTC on 4 June 2011 was generated by the impact of energetic ions onto spacecraft. We find this claim to be unwarranted. The claim is grounded on the erroneous assumption that the NS singles count rate is triggered only by energetic ions. Rather, because any mix of energetic ions, electrons, photons, and neutrons can trigger NS singles, these data do not provide a reliable constraint on the presence of energetic ions. The absence of an enhancement in the count rate of 1635‐keV gamma rays, as monitored by the MESSENGER Gamma‐Ray Spectrometer, provides independent evidence that a fluence of energetic protons sufficiently high to generate the neutron enhancement was not present during the neutron event. The interpretation that currently best matches the available data is that the neutron enhancement on 4 June 2011 was the result of solar neutrons.
The enhancement of cosmic radio noise absorption due to hiss‐driven energetic electron precipitation during substorms
Authors: Li Haimeng , Yuan Zhigang , Yu Xiongdong , Huang Shiyong , Wang Dedong , Wang Zhenzhen , Qiao Zheng , Wygant John R. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe Van Allen probes, low‐altitude NOAA satellite, MetOp satellite, and riometer are used to analyze variations of precipitating energetic electron fluxes and cosmic radio noise absorption (CNA) driven by plasmaspheric hiss with respect to geomagnetic activities. The hiss‐driven energetic electron precipitations (at L ~ 4.7–5.3, magnetic local time (MLT) ~ 8–9) are observed during geomagnetic quiet condition and substorms, respectively. We find that the CNA detected by riometers increased very little in the hiss‐driven event during quiet condition on 6 September 2012. The hiss‐driven enhancement of riometer was still little during the first substorm on 30 September 2012. However, the absorption detected by the riometer largely increased, while the energies of the injected electrons became higher during the second substorm on 30 September 2012. The enhancement of CNA (ΔCNA) observed by the riometer and calculated with precipitating energetic electrons is in agreement during the second substorm, implying that the precipitating energetic electrons increase CNA to an obviously detectable level of the riometer during the second substorm on 30 September 2012. The conclusion is consistent with Rodger et al. (2012), which suggest that the higher level of ΔCNA prefers to occur in the substorms, because substorms may produce more intense energetic electron precipitation associated with electron injection. Furthermore, the combination of the observations and theory calculations also suggests that higher‐energy electron (>55 keV) precipitation contributes more to the ΔCNA than the lower energy electron precipitation. In this paper, the higher‐energy electron precipitation is related to lower frequency hiss.
Statistical characterization of the foremoon particle and wave morphology: ARTEMIS observations
Authors: Harada Y. , Halekas J. S. , Poppe A. R. , Tsugawa Y. , Kurita S. , McFadden J. P. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAlthough the zeroth‐order picture of the Moon‐solar wind interaction involves no upstream perturbation, the presence of the Moon does affect the upstream plasma in a variety of ways. In this paper, a large volume of data obtained by the dual‐probe Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) mission are used to characterize the large‐scale morphology of the “foremoon,” which is defined as the region upstream of the Moon and its wake that contains Moon‐related particles and waves. Solar wind ions reflected from the unshielded surface and by crustal magnetic fields, together with heavy ions of lunar surface/exospheric origin, are picked up by the solar wind magnetic and electric fields. Partially coinciding with populations of these Moon‐related ions, ∼0.01 Hz and ∼1 Hz magnetic field fluctuations are observed. The morphology of the Moon‐related ion and wave distributions is well organized by the upstream magnetic field direction. In addition, the low‐frequency wave distributions depend on the upstream Alfvén Mach numbers, suggesting that propagation effects also play a role in determining the wave foremoon morphology. Occurrence of modified electron velocity distributions and higher‐frequency, electromagnetic, and electrostatic waves is primarily controlled by magnetic connection to the Moon and its wake. These statistical results observationally demonstrate the large‐scale properties of the foremoon and upstream‐parameter control thereof.
Propagation and deposition of stony debris flows at channel confluences
Authors: Stancanelli L. M. , Lanzoni S. , Foti E. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe fluid dynamics of stony debris flows generated in two small tributaries adjacent to each other and flowing into a main receiving channel was analyzed experimentally at a laboratory scale. The analysis on the propagation along the tributaries and deposition in the main channel provide information about sediment‐water mobility, dangerous damming, and potential hazard. Debris flows were generated by releasing a preset water discharge over an erodible layer of saturated gravels material. As a consequence, the debris flow sediment concentration varied accordingly to the entrainment rate which, in turn, was strongly controlled by the tributary slope. The data collected by acoustic level sensors, pore fluid pressure transducers, and a load cell were used to characterize the evolution of bulk density and solid concentration of the sediment‐water mixture. These two parameters were relevant to assess the stony debris flow mobility which contributes to determine the shape of sediment deposits in the main channel. The detailed bed topography surveys carried out in the main channel at the end of each experiment provided information on the morphology of these deposits and on the interplay of adjacent confluences. The influences of confluence angle, tributary slopes, and triggering conditions have been investigated, for a total of 18 different configurations. Within the investigated range of parameters, the slope angle was the parameter that mainly influences the stony debris flow mobility while, for adjacent confluences, the degree of obstruction within the receiving channel was strongly influenced by the triggering scenario.
Segmented polyurethane elastomers by nonisocyanate route
Authors: Nanclares Juliana , Petrović Zoran S. , Javni Ivan , Ionescu Mihail , Jaramillo Franklin 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTNovel segmented polyurethane elastomers were successfully synthesized by a nonisocyanate route using dicyclic carbonates as precursors for both soft and hard segments. The hard segment was prepared from the dicyclic carbonate of bisphenol A and m‐xylylenediamine as chain extender. The soft segment was poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol of molecular weight 1000. Three polyurethanes with different morphologies were made with soft segment concentration of 70, 50, and 30%. Method of synthesis consisted in preparation of dicyclic carbonate of bisphenol A from a commercial epoxy resin and carbon dioxide, while dicyclic carbonate of poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMEG) was made from previously prepared diglycidyl ether of PTMEG and carbon dioxide. Polymers were prepared by reacting dicyclic carbonates with m‐xylylenediamine by one‐pot process. The monomers and polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical measurements. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42492.
The chain extender content and NCO/OH ratio flexibly tune the properties of natural rubber‐based waterborne polyurethanes
Authors: Saetung Anuwat , Tsupphayakorn‐ake Phathanyaphon , Tulyapituk Tulyapong , Saetung Nitinart , Phinyocheep Pranee , Pilard Jean‐François 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThe effects of chain extender content (ethylene diamine, EDA) and NCO/OH ratio on the properties of natural rubber‐based waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) were investigated experimentally. The particle size of WPU increased significantly with the NCO/OH ratio, in the presence of the EDA chain extender, while it was unaffected by the EDA content. The water uptake of WPU film increased with the EDA content, while the swelling in various solvents decreased. In a thermal analysis, the second decomposition stage of a WPU film increased with the EDA content and with the NCO/OH ratio that also positively affected the dynamic mechanical and mechanical properties. These factors in WPU films had no the effect on the Tg. The stress–strain curves clearly showed the change in WPU films from soft elastomeric materials to ductile and hard plastics. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42505.
Novel Surfactant Delivery System for Controlling Surfactant Adsorption onto Solid Surfaces. Part III: Oil Displacement Tests
Authors: Alhassawi Hassan , Romero‐Zerón Laura 
Published: June 2015

Surfactant adsorption onto porous media is a significant problem during surfactant flooding in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). As the surfactant solution flows through the oil formation, surfactant concentration in the solution decreases due to adsorption onto the rock surface before the solution reaches the target residual oil saturation zones, rendering the process uneconomical.This paper validates an innovative technological solution to reduce surfactant adsorption onto the reservoir rock by using a surfactant delivery system based on surfactant complexations with β‐cyclodextrin, which releases the surfactant at the target areas within the formation. This study evaluates the performance of this surfactant carrier system in recovering oil through sandpack surfactant flooding displacement tests conducted at simulated reservoir conditions.The experimental results demonstrate that the use of the surfactant delivery system consistently renders higher incremental oil recoveries (up to 73 %) when compared with the oil recovery obtained by conventional surfactant flooding. Therefore, this novel surfactant carrier system is highly effective at reducing surfactant adsorption onto rock formations, which facilitates the propagation and release of the surfactant at the oil saturation zones. This technology has great potential for EOR chemical flooding applications.
A secure biometric authentication based on PEKS
Authors: Zhang Yue , Qin Jing , Du Lihua 
Published: June 2015

SummaryBiometrics refers to metrics related to human characteristics and traits such as finger prints. How to use biometric to replace an encryption key or an identity certificate efficiently and securely is a hot topic in this big data era. In this field, secure biometric authentication is an important application, which refers to automated authentication based on their encrypted biological and behavioral traits. Searchable encryption is a powerful technology supporting retrieval for encrypted data with specific encrypted keyword index. It also has a profound meaning in the big data field. In this paper, we propose a generic transformation from searchable encryption to secure biometric authentication and construct a specific secure biometric authentication scheme based on public key encryption with keyword search (PEKS). The security of this authentication relies on the distinguishability of trapdoors and indexes in PEKS. In our scheme, the user does not need to claim the target user to authenticate in authentication message, and we change the pattern of authenticating by one bit. Compared with some existing authentication scheme, the proposed scheme is more efficient in the practical application. Furthermore, searchable encryption is an earlier cryptographic system that has relatively mature methods. Our transformation from searchable encryption to secure biometric authentication presents a new direction of constructing authentication scheme. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.