bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Post‐Cervical Insemination does not Impair the Reproductive Performance of Primiparous Sows
Authors: Sbardella PE , Ulguim RR , Fontana DL , Ferrari CV , Bernardi ML , Wentz I , Bortolozzo FP 
Published: July 2013

ContentsThe study evaluated the reproductive performance of primiparous sows submitted to post‐cervical insemination (PCAI) compared with cervical artificial insemination (CAI). Difficulty with catheter introduction, the occurrence of bleeding or semen backflow during insemination, and volume and sperm cell backflow up to 60 min after insemination were also evaluated. Sows were homogenously distributed, according to body weight loss in lactation, lactation length, weaned piglets, weaning‐to‐oestrus interval and total born in previous farrowing, in two treatments: PCAI (n = 165) with 1.5 × 109 sperm cells in 45 ml (2.4 ± 0.04 doses per sow) and CAI (n = 165) with 3 × 109 sperm cells in 90 ml (2.5 ± 0.04 doses per sow). During PCAI, sows were inseminated in the absence of boars. Transabdominal real‐time ultrasonography was performed at oestrus onset, immediately before the first insemination and at 24 h after last insemination. There was no difference (P > 0.05) between treatments in farrowing rate (91.5% × 89.1%) and litter size (12.5 × 11.9 piglets born, respectively for PCAI and CAI sows). Successful passage of the intrauterine catheter in all the inseminations was possible in 86.8% (165/190) of sows initially allocated to PCAI treatment. Difficulty of introducing the catheter in at least one insemination did not affect the reproductive performance of PCAI sows (P > 0.05). Bleeding during insemination did not affect (P > 0.05) the farrowing rate in both treatments, but litter size was reduced in CAI and PCAI sows (P ≤ 0.06). Percentage of spermatozoa present in backflow within 1 h after insemination was greater in CAI than PCAI sows (P < 0.01). More than 85% of primiparous sows can be successfully post‐cervical inseminated with doses containing 1.5 × 109 sperm cells in the absence of the boar during insemination without impairing the reproductive performance.
Canine serum C‐reactive protein as a quantitative marker of the inflammatory stimulus of aseptic elective soft tissue surgery
Authors: Kjelgaard‐Hansen Mads , Strom Henriette , Mikkelsen Lars F. , Eriksen Thomas , Jensen Asger L. , Luntang‐Jensen Michael 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundC‐reactive protein (CRP) is an established serum marker for the presence of systemic inflammation in dogs. Results from previous experimental and clinical studies suggest that CRP concentrations also quantitatively reflect the degree and progress of an inflammatory process, suggesting its use for inflammation monitoring.ObjectivesThe objective was to investigate whether the canine CRP response in serum correlates with the amount of trauma and the consequent inflammatory response after 3 standard aseptic soft‐tissue surgical procedures in 3 groups of dogs.MethodsA total of 24 client‐owned intact female dogs of various breeds were enrolled in a clinical study with random allocation into 2 surgical groups, for either conventional, open‐approach ovariohysterectomy (OVH; n = 14) or laparoscopic assisted OVH (n = 10). In addition, a group of 8 male Beagles from a laboratory animal facility underwent vasectomy, serving as the third and mildest surgical trauma group. Serum CRP was measured pre‐ and at 4, 8, 12, 23, and 27 hours postsurgery. Cumulative concentration over time and point concentrations of CRP were correlated with the surgical trauma impact level.ResultsThere was a significant surgery trauma‐related difference in cumulative CRP concentrations among the 3 groups, and also in the 12 hours postsurgery concentration.ConclusionThe CRP response varied according to the degree of surgical trauma on 3 standardized levels, thus supporting the use of canine serum concentrations of CRP as an inflammatory activity indicator and monitoring marker.
The role of Ca2+ in the pathophysiology of pancreatitis
Authors: Gerasimenko Julia V. , Gerasimenko Oleg V. , Petersen Ole H. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAcute pancreatitis is a human disease in which the pancreatic pro‐enzymes, packaged into the zymogen granules of acinar cells, become activated and cause autodigestion. The main causes of pancreatitis are alcohol abuse and biliary disease. A considerable body of evidence indicates that the primary event initiating the disease process is the excessive release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, followed by excessive entry of Ca2+ from the interstitial fluid. However, Ca2+ release and subsequent entry are also precisely the processes that control the physiological secretion of digestive enzymes in response to stimulation via the vagal nerve or the hormone cholecystokinin. The spatial and temporal Ca2+ signal patterns in physiology and pathology, as well as the contributions from different organelles in the different situations, are therefore critical issues. There has recently been significant progress in our understanding of both physiological stimulus–secretion coupling and the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis. Very recently, a promising potential therapeutic development has occurred with the demonstration that the blockade of Ca2+ release‐activated Ca2+ currents in pancreatic acinar cells offers remarkable protection against Ca2+ overload, intracellular protease activation and necrosis evoked by a combination of alcohol and fatty acids, which is a major trigger of acute pancreatitis.
Bacterial Resistance Studies Using
In Vitro
Dynamic Models: the Predictive Power of the Mutant Prevention and Minimum Inhibitory Antibiotic Concentrations
Authors: Firsov Alexander A. , Strukova Elena N. , Shlykova Darya S. , Portnoy Yury A. , Kozyreva Varvara K. , Edelstein Mikhail V. , Dovzhenko Svetlana A. , Kobrin Mikhail B. , Zinner Stephen H. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

In light of the concept of the mutant selection window, i.e., the range between the MIC and the mutant prevention concentration (MPC), MPC-related pharmacokinetic indices should be more predictive of bacterial resistance than the respective MIC-related indices. However, experimental evidence of this hypothesis remains limited and contradictory. To examine the predictive power of the ratios of the area under the curve (AUC
24
) to the MPC and the MIC, the selection of ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants of four
Escherichia coli
strains with different MPC/MIC ratios was studied. Each organism was exposed to twice-daily ciprofloxacin for 3 days at AUC
24
/MIC ratios that provide peak antibiotic concentrations close to the MIC, between the MIC and the MPC, and above the MPC. Resistant
E. coli
was intensively enriched at AUC
24
/MPCs from 1 to 10 h (AUC
24
/MIC from 60 to 360 h) but not at the lower or higher AUC
24
/MPC and AUC
24
/MIC ratios. AUC
24
/MPC and AUC
24
/MIC relationships of the areas under the time courses of ciprofloxacin-resistant
E. coli
(AUBC
M
) were bell-shaped. A Gaussian-like function fits the AUBC
M
-AUC
24
/MPC and AUBC
M
-AUC
24
/MIC data combined for all organisms (
r
2
= 0.69 and 0.86, respectively). The predicted anti-mutant AUC
24
/MPC ratio was 58 ± 35 h, and the respective AUC
24
/MIC ratio was 1,080 ± 416 h. Although AUC
24
/MPC was less predictive of strain-independent
E. coli
resistance than AUC
24
/MIC, the established anti-mutant AUC
24
/MPC ratio was closer to values reported for
Staphylococcus aureus
(60 to 69 h) than the respective AUC
24
/MIC ratio (1,080 versus 200 to 240 h). This implies that AUC
24
/MPC might be a better interspecies predictor of bacterial resistance than AUC
24
/MIC.
Evaluation of the Effect of Cobicistat on theIn VitroRenal Transport and Cytotoxicity Potential of Tenofovir
Authors: Stray Kirsten M. , Bam Rujuta A. , Birkus Gabriel , Hao Jia , Lepist Eve-Irene , Yant Stephen R. , Ray Adrian S. , Cihlar Tomas 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTA once-daily single-tablet antiretroviral regimen containing tenofovir (TFV) disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine (FTC), elvitegravir (EVG), and cobicistat (COBI) is an approved combination for the treatment of patients infected with HIV. COBI and TFV have been reported to interact with distinct transporters in renal proximal tubules; while TFV is renally eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and tubular secretion via anion transporters OAT1, OAT3, and MRP4, COBI inhibits renal cation transporters, particularly MATE1, resulting in a measurable decrease in the tubular secretion of creatinine. To investigate the potential for a renal drug-drug interaction between TFV and COBIin vitro, the uptake of TFV in the presence and absence of COBI was determined in fresh human renal cortex tissue and in cells expressing the relevant renal transporters. At concentrations exceeding clinical protein-unbound plasma levels, COBI did not significantly inhibit the transport of TFV by the anion transporters OAT1, OAT3, and MRP4 (50% inhibitory concentrations [IC50s] of >15, 6.6, and 8.5 μM, respectively). Conversely, TFV had little or no effect on the cation transporters OCT2 and MATE1 (IC50> 100 μM). Consistent with studies using individual transporters, no increase in the accumulation of TFV in freshly isolated human renal cortex tissue or renal proximal tubule cells (RPTECs) was observed in the presence of COBI. Finally, COBI alone or in combination with FTC and EVG did not affect the sensitivity to TFV of cultured primary RPTECs or cells coexpressing OAT1 and MRP4. These results illustrate that COBI and TFV interact primarily with distinct renal transporters and indicate a low potential for pharmacokinetic renal drug-drug interaction.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Linezolid and Daptomycin for Treatment of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcal Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Whang Donald W. , Miller Loren G. , Partain Neil M. , McKinnell James A. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTBloodstream infections due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE-BSI) result in substantial patient mortality and cost. Daptomycin and linezolid are commonly prescribed for VRE-BSI, but there are no clinical trials to determine optimal antibiotic selection. We conducted a systematic review for investigations that compared daptomycin and linezolid for VRE-BSI. We searched Medline from 1966 through 2012 for comparisons of linezolid and daptomycin for VRE-BSI. We included searches of EMBASE, clinicaltrials.gov, and national meetings. Data were extracted using a standardized instrument. Pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using a fixed-effects model. Our search yielded 4,243 publications, of which 482 contained data on VRE treatment. Most studies (452/482) did not present data on BSI or did not provide information on linezolid or daptomycin. Among the remaining 30 studies, 9 offered comparative data between the two agents. None were randomized clinical trials. There was no difference in microbiologic (n= 5 studies, 517 patients; OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.4 to 1.7;P= 0.95) and clinical (n= 3 studies, 357 patients; OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.7 to 2.0;P= 0.7) cures between the two antibiotics. There was a trend toward increased survival with linezolid compared to daptomycin treatment (n= 9 studies, 1,074 patients; OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.8;I2= 0 [whereI2is a measure of inconsistency]), but this did not reach statistical significance (P= 0.054). There are limited data to inform clinicians on optimal antibiotic selection for VRE-BSI. Available studies are limited by small sample size, lack of patient-level data, and inconsistent outcome definitions. Additional research, including randomized clinical trials, is needed before conclusions can be drawn about treatment options for VRE therapy.
Inducing Humoral and Cellular Responses to Multiple Sporozoite and Liver-Stage Malaria Antigens Using Exogenous Plasmid DNA
Authors: Ferraro B. , Talbott K. T. , Balakrishnan A. , Cisper N. , Morrow M. P. , Hutnick N. A. , Myles D. J. , Shedlock D. J. , Obeng-Adjei N. , Yan J. , Kayatani A. K. K. , Richie N. , Cabrera W. , Shiver R. , Khan A. S. , Brown A. S. , Yang M. , Wille-Reece U. , Birkett A. J. , Sardesai N. Y. , Weiner D. B. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTA vaccine candidate that elicits humoral and cellular responses to multiple sporozoite and liver-stage antigens may be able to confer protection againstPlasmodium falciparummalaria; however, a technology for formulating and delivering such a vaccine has remained elusive. Here, we report the preclinical assessment of an optimized DNA vaccine approach that targets fourP. falciparumantigens: circumsporozoite protein (CSP), liver stage antigen 1 (LSA1), thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP), and cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (CelTOS). Synthetic DNA sequences were designed for each antigen with modifications to improve expression and were delivered usingin vivoelectroporation (EP). Immunogenicity was evaluated in mice and nonhuman primates (NHPs) and assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), gamma interferon (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assay, and flow cytometry. In mice, DNA with EP delivery induced antigen-specific IFN-γ production, as measured by ELISpot assay and IgG seroconversion against all antigens. Sustained production of IFN-γ, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha was elicited in both the CD4+and CD8+T cell compartments. Furthermore, hepatic CD8+lymphocytes produced LSA1-specific IFN-γ. The immune responses conferred to mice by this approach translated to the NHP model, which showed cellular responses by ELISpot assay and intracellular cytokine staining. Notably, antigen-specific CD8+granzyme B+T cells were observed in NHPs. Collectively, the data demonstrate that delivery of gene sequences by DNA/EP encoding malaria parasite antigens is immunogenic in animal models and can harness both the humoral and cellular arms of the immune system.
Low Induction of Proinflammatory Cytokines Parallels Evolutionary Success of Modern Strains within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing Genotype
Authors: van Laarhoven Arjan , Mandemakers Jornt J. , Kleinnijenhuis Johanneke , Enaimi Mimount , Lachmandas Ekta , Joosten Leo A. B. , Ottenhoff Tom H. M. , Netea Mihai G. , van Soolingen Dick , van Crevel Reinout 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

One of the most widespread clades of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
worldwide, the Beijing genotype family, consists of ancient (atypical) and modern (typical) strains. Modern Beijing strains outcompete ancient strains in terms of prevalence, while reserving a higher degree of genetic conservation. We hypothesize that their selective advantage lies in eliciting a different host immune response. Bead-disrupted lysates of a collection of different
M. tuberculosis
strains of the modern (
n
= 7) or ancient (
n
= 7) Beijing genotype, as well as the Euro-American lineage (
n
= 6), were used for induction of
ex vivo
cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 10 healthy individuals. Hierarchical clustering and multivariate regression analyses were used to study possible differences in production of nine cytokines. Modern and ancient
M. tuberculosis
Beijing genotypes induced different cytokine signatures. Overall induction of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and IL-22 was 38 to 40% lower after stimulation with modern Beijing strains (corrected
P
values of <0.0001, 0.0288, and 0.0002, respectively). Euro-American reactivation strains induced 2-fold more TNF-α production than both types of Beijing strains. The observed differences in cytokine induction point to a reduction in proinflammatory cytokine response as a possible contributing factor to the evolutionary success of modern Beijing strains.
CD4 T Cell Memory and Antibody Responses Directed against the Pneumococcal Histidine Triad Proteins PhtD and PhtE following Nasopharyngeal Colonization and Immunization and Their Role in Protection against Pneumococcal Colonization in Mice
Authors: Khan M. N. , Pichichero M. E. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT
The present study was undertaken to understand the role of vaccine candidates PhtD and PhtE in pneumococcal nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization, their ability to induce CD4 T cell memory and antibody responses following primary NP colonization, and their contribution to protection against secondary pneumococcal colonization in mice. The study was also aimed at understanding the potential of immunization with PhtD and PhtE in eliciting qualitative CD4 T cell memory responses and protection against pneumococcal NP colonization in mice. PhtD and PhtE isogenic mutants in a TIGR4 background (TIGR4 ΔPhtD and TIGR4 ΔPhtE) were constructed and found to have a significantly reduced colonization density over time in the nasopharynges of mice compared to those of mice colonized with wild-type TIGR4. Mice with primary colonization by wild-type TIGR4, TIGR4 ΔPhtD, or TIGR4 ΔPhtE were protected against secondary colonization by wild-type TIGR4; nonetheless, the clearance of secondary colonization was slower in mice with primary colonization by either TIGR4 ΔPhtD or TIGR4 ΔPhtE than in mice with primary colonization by wild-type TIGR4. Colonization was found to be an immunizing event for PhtD and PhtE antigens (antibody response); however, we failed to detect any antigen (PhtD or PhtE)-specific CD4 T cell responses in any of the colonized groups of mice. Intranasal immunization with either PhtD or PhtE protein generated robust serum antibody and CD4 Th1-biased immune memory and conferred protection against pneumococcal colonization in mice. We conclude that PhtD and PhtE show promise as components in next-generation pneumococcal vaccine formulations.
Adaptive Strategies and Pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile fromIn VivoTranscriptomics
Authors: Janoir Claire , Denève Cécile , Bouttier Sylvie , Barbut Frédéric , Hoys Sandra , Caleechum Laxmee , Chapetón-Montes Diana , Pereira Fátima C. , Henriques Adriano O. , Collignon Anne , Monot Marc , Dupuy Bruno 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTClostridium difficileis currently the major cause of nosocomial intestinal diseases associated with antibiotic therapy in adults. In order to improve our knowledge ofC. difficile-host interactions, we analyzed the genome-wide temporal expression ofC. difficile630 genes during the first 38 h of mouse colonization to identify genes whose expression is modulatedin vivo, suggesting that they may play a role in facilitating the colonization process. In the ceca of theC. difficile-monoassociated mice, 549 genes of theC. difficilegenome were differentially expressed compared to their expression duringin vitrogrowth, and they were distributed in several functional categories. Overall, our results emphasize the roles of genes involved in host adaptation. Colonization results in a metabolic shift, with genes responsible for the fermentation as well as several other metabolic pathways being regulated inversely to those involved in carbon metabolism. In addition, several genes involved in stress responses, such as ferrous iron uptake or the response to oxidative stress, were regulatedin vivo. Interestingly, many genes encoding conserved hypothetical proteins (CHP) were highly and specifically upregulatedin vivo. Moreover, genes for all stages of sporulation were quickly inducedin vivo, highlighting the observation that sporulation is central to the persistence ofC. difficilein the gut and to its ability to spread in the environment. Finally, we inactivated two genes that were differentially expressedin vivoand evaluated the relative colonization fitness of the wild-type and mutant strains in coinfection experiments. We identified a CHP as a putative colonization factor, supporting the suggestion that thein vivotranscriptomic approach can unravel newC. difficilevirulence genes.
Interleukin-25 (IL-25) Promotes Efficient Protective Immunity against Trichinella spiralis Infection by Enhancing the Antigen-Specific IL-9 Response
Authors: Angkasekwinai Pornpimon , Srimanote Potjanee , Wang Yui-Hsi , Pootong Anek , Sakolvaree Yuwaporn , Pattanapanyasat Kovit , Chaicumpa Wanpen , Chaiyaroj Sansanee , Dong Chen 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Mammalian hosts often develop distinct immune response against the diverse parasitic helminths that have evolved for immune evasion. Interleukin-25 (IL-25), an IL-17 cytokine family member, plays a key role in initiating the protective immunity against several parasitic helminths; however, the involvement and underlying mechanisms by which IL-25 mediates immune response against
Trichinella spiralis
infection have not been investigated. Here we showed that IL-25 functions in promoting protective immunity against
T. spiralis
infection. Mice treated with IL-25 exhibited a lower worm burden and fewer muscle larvae in the later stage of
T. spiralis
infection. In contrast, mice treated with neutralizing antibody against IL-25 failed to expel
T. spiralis
effectively. During
T. spiralis
infection, intestinal IL-25 expression was rapidly elevated before the onset of IL-4 and IL-9 induction. While antigen-specific Th2 and Th9 immune responses were both developed during
T. spiralis
infection, an antigen-specific Th9 response appeared to be transiently induced in the early stage of infection. Mice into which antigen-specific T cells deficient in IL-9 were transferred were less effective in worm clearance than those given wild-type T cells. The strength of the antigen-specific Th9 immune response against
T. spiralis
could be enhanced or attenuated after treatment with IL-25 or neutralizing antibody against IL-25, respectively, correlating positively with the levels of intestinal mastocytosis and the expression of IL-9-regulated genes, including mast cell- and Paneth cell-specific genes. Thus, our study demonstrates that intestinal IL-25 promotes protective immunity against
T. spiralis
infection by inducing antigen-specific Th9 immune response.
Randomised trial comparing the recording ability of a novel, electronic emergency documentation system with the AHA paper cardiac arrest record
Authors: Grigg Eliot , Palmer Andrew , Grigg Jeffrey , Oppenheimer Peter , Wu Tim , Roesler Axel , Nair Bala , Ross Brian 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveTo evaluate the ability of an electronic system created at the University of Washington to accurately document prerecorded VF and pulseless electrical activity (PEA) cardiac arrest scenarios compared with the American Heart Association paper cardiac arrest record.Methods16 anaesthesiology residents were randomly assigned to view one of two prerecorded, simulated VF and PEA scenarios and asked to document the event with either the paper or electronic system. Each subject then repeated the process with the other video and documentation method. Five types of documentation errors were defined: (1) omission, (2) specification, (3) timing, (4) commission and (5) noise. The mean difference in errors between the paper and electronic methods was analysed using a single factor repeated measures ANOVA model.ResultsCompared with paper records, the electronic system omitted 6.3 fewer events (95% CI −10.1 to −2.5, p=0.003), which represents a 28% reduction in omission errors. Users recorded 2.9 fewer noise items (95% CI −5.3 to −0.6, p=0.003) when compared with paper, representing a 36% decrease in redundant or irrelevant information. The rate of timing (Δ=−3.2, 95% CI −9.3 to 3.0, p=0.286) and commission (Δ=−4.4, 95% CI −9.4 to 0.5, p=0.075) errors were similar between the electronic system and paper, while the rate of specification errors were about a third lower for the electronic system when compared with the paper record (Δ=−3.2, 95% CI −6.3 to −0.2, p=0.037).ConclusionsCompared with paper documentation, documentation with the electronic system captured 24% more critical information during a simulated medical emergency without loss in data quality.