bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing a nutrition intervention in children's centres: exploring views of parents in rural/urban settings in the UK
Authors: Ohly Heather R , Hayter Arabella , Pettinger Clare , Pikhart Hynek , Watt Richard G , Rees Gail A 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe present study explored parents’ requirements for healthy eating support prior to the development of a tailored intervention.DesignA cross-sectional study of parents attending children's centres.SettingChildren's centres in Cornwall (rural south-west England) and Islington (urban London borough).SubjectsA total of 261 parents (94·2 % female) of pre-school children (aged 2–5 years) completed a questionnaire on factors influencing food choice, and preferences for and views on healthy eating support.ResultsParents reported that health, taste, freshness and quality were the most important factors influencing their food choices for their pre-school children. The importance of individual factors varied according to level of educational attainment. Over a third (38 %) of parents said they wanted more advice on healthy eating for children. Less educated parents showed the greatest interest in learning more about several aspects: what a ‘healthy diet’ means, how to prepare and cook healthy food, how to understand food labels, budgeting for food, examples of healthy food and snacks for children, appropriate portion sizes for children and ways to encourage children to eat well.ConclusionsThere was demand for healthy eating support among parents of pre-school children, especially those who are less educated, in one rural and one urban area of England.
ASP modulo CSP: The clingcon system
Authors: OSTROWSKI MAX , SCHAUB TORSTEN 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe present the hybrid ASP solver clingcon, combining the simple modeling language and the high performance Boolean solving capacities of Answer Set Programming (ASP) with techniques for using non-Boolean constraints from the area of Constraint Programming (CP). The new clingcon system features an extended syntax supporting global constraints and optimize statements for constraint variables. The major technical innovation improves the interaction between ASP and CP solver through elaborated learning techniques based on irreducible inconsistent sets. A broad empirical evaluation shows that these techniques yield a performance improvement of an order of magnitude.
Inference in probabilistic logic programs with continuous random variables
Authors: ISLAM MUHAMMAD ASIFUL , RAMAKRISHNAN C. R. , RAMAKRISHNAN I. V. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractProbabilistic Logic Programming (PLP), exemplified by Sato and Kameya's PRISM, Poole's ICL, Raedt et al.'s ProbLog and Vennekens et al.'s LPAD, is aimed at combining statistical and logical knowledge representation and inference. However, the inference techniques used in these works rely on enumerating sets of explanations for a query answer. Consequently, these languages permit very limited use of random variables with continuous distributions. In this paper, we present a symbolic inference procedure that uses constraints and represents sets of explanations without enumeration. This permits us to reason over PLPs with Gaussian or Gamma-distributed random variables (in addition to discrete-valued random variables) and linear equality constraints over reals. We develop the inference procedure in the context of PRISM; however the procedure's core ideas can be easily applied to other PLP languages as well. An interesting aspect of our inference procedure is that PRISM's query evaluation process becomes a special case in the absence of any continuous random variables in the program. The symbolic inference procedure enables us to reason over complex probabilistic models such as Kalman filters and a large subclass of Hybrid Bayesian networks that were hitherto not possible in PLP frameworks.
Multi-threaded ASP solving with clasp
Authors: GEBSER MARTIN , KAUFMANN BENJAMIN , SCHAUB TORSTEN 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe present the new multi-threaded version of the state-of-the-art answer set solverclasp. We detail its component and communication architecture and illustrate how they support the principal functionalities ofclasp. Also, we provide some insights into the data representation used for different constraint types handled byclasp. All this is accompanied by an extensive experimental analysis of the major features related to multi-threading inclasp.
Free Access to Law in Canada
Authors: Poulin Daniel 
Published: September 2012

AbstractToday, the level of access to legal information in Canada equals or surpasses that of any country. Not only do several commercial publishers compete to sell their publications but, in recent years, legislatures, many courts and tribunals have built significant repositories on the web. However, the most spectacular advance has come through the creation of CanLII. In this paper, the Daniel Poulin looks at why and how the Free Access to Law (FAL) approach came about in Canada. He sketches the principles supporting free access, but he tries also to make the business case for establishing it.
SN1987A: the X-ray remnant at age 25 years
Authors: Burrows David N. , Park Sangwook , Helder Eveline A. , Dewey Daniel , McCray Richard , Zhekov Svetozar A. , Racusin Judith L. , Dwek Eli 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSN1987A is the best-studied core-collapse supernova in the sky. We know what the progenitor was, what the circumstellar environment was, and what the explosion looked like over a broad electromagnetic bandpass and in neutrinos. For over a decade, the Chandra X-ray Observatory has been monitoring SN1987A on a regular basis, obtaining resolved images of the developing interaction with the circumstellar material, as well as high resolution grating spectroscopy of the X-ray emission. We highlight the latest results from this campaign and discuss the overall picture of the remnant's structure that emerges from these observations.
The Local Environments of Core-Collapse SNe within Host Galaxies
Authors: Anderson Joseph P , Habergham Stacey M , James Phil A , Hamuy M 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe present constraints on core-collapse supernova progenitors through observations of their environments within host galaxies. This is achieved through 2 routes. Firstly, we investigate the spatial correlation of supernovae with host galaxy star formation using pixel statistics. We find that the main supernova types form a sequence of increasing association to star formation. The most logical interpretation is that this implies an increasing progenitor mass sequence going from the supernova type Ia arising from the lowest mass, through the type II, type Ib, and the supernova type Ic arising from the highest mass progenitors. We find the surprising result that the supernova type IIn show a lower association to star formation than type IIPs, implying lower mass progenitors. Secondly, we use host HII region spectroscopy to investigate differences in environment metallicity between different core-collapse types. We find that supernovae of types Ibc arise in slightly higher metallicity environments than type II events. However, this difference is not significant, implying that progenitor metallicity does not play a dominant role in deciding supernova type.
Dust and metal column densities in GRB host galaxies
Authors: Schady P. , Dwelly T. , Page M. J. , Greiner J. , Krühler T. , Savaglio S. , Oates S. , Rau A. ,   the GROND and UVOT teams
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe immensely bright and intrinsically simple afterglow spectra of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have proven to be highly effective probes of the interstellar dust and gas in distant, star-forming galaxies. Despite significant progress, many aspects of the host galaxy attenuating material are still poorly understood. There is considerable discrepancy between the amount of X-ray and optical afterglow absorption, with the former typically an order of magnitude higher than what would be expected from the optical line absorption of neutral element species. Similar inconsistencies exist between the abundance of interstellar dust derived from spectroscopic and photometric data, and the relation between the line-of-sight and integrated host galaxy interstellar medium (ISM) remains unclear. In these proceedings we present our analysis on both spectroscopic and photometric multi-wavelength GRB afterglow data, and summarise some of the more recent results on the attenuation properties of the ISM within GRB host galaxies.
X-rays, γ-rays and neutrinos from collisionless shocks in supernova wind breakouts
Authors: Katz Boaz , Sapir Nir , Waxman Eli 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSome of the observed bursts of X-rays/Gamma-rays associated with supernovae (SNe) as well as very luminous SNe may result from the breakout of the SN shock from an optically thick wind surrounding the progenitor. We show that in such scenarios a collisionless shock necessarily forms during the shock breakout. An intense non-thermal flash of ≲1 MeV gamma rays, hard X-rays and multi-TeV neutrinos is produced simultaneously with and following the typical soft X-ray breakout emission, carrying similar or larger energy than the soft emission. The non-thermal flash is detectable by current X-ray telescopes and may be detectable out to 10's of Mpc by km-scale neutrino telescopes.
Searching for X-ray counterparts of Fermi Gamma-ray pulsars in Suzaku observations
Authors: Aoki Yu , Enomoto Takahiro , Yatsu Yoichi , Kawai Nobuyuki , Nakamori Takeshi , Kataoka Jun , Parkinson P. Saz 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe report the Suzaku follow-up observations of the Gamma-ray pulsars, 1FGL J0614,13328, J1044.55737, J1741.82101, and J1813.31246, which were discovered by the Fermi Gamma-ray observatory. Analysing Suzaku/XIS data, we detected X-ray counterparts of these pulsars in the Fermi error circle and interpreted their spectra with absorbed power-law functions. These results indicate that the origin of these X-ray sources is non-thermal emission from the pulsars or from Pulsar Wind Nebulae (PWNe) surrounding them. Moreover we found that J1741.82101 exhibits a peculiar profile: spin-down luminosity vs flux ratio between X- and gamma-rays is unusually large compared to usual radio pulsars.
Neutrinos from GRBs and their detection with ANTARES
Authors: Astraatmadja Tri L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe detection principle of ANTARES and its sensitivity to GRB neutrinos will be discussed. Latest analysis of ANTARES data in coincidence with GRB direction and time of occurence will also be presented, as well as the prospects of neutrino detection with KM3NeT, the km3 neutrino telescope that will succeed ANTARES.
A new equation of state Based on Nuclear Statistical Equilibrium for Core-Collapse Simulations
Authors: Furusawa Shun , Yamada Shoichi , Sumiyoshi Kohsuke , Suzuki Hideyuki 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe calculate a new equation of state for baryons at sub-nuclear densities for the use in core-collapse simulations of massive stars. The formulation is the nuclear statistical equilibrium description and the liquid drop approximation of nuclei. The model free energy to minimize is calculated by relativistic mean field theory for nucleons and the mass formula for nuclei with atomic number up to ~ 1000. We have also taken into account the pasta phase. We find that the free energy and other thermodynamical quantities are not very different from those given in the standard EOSs that adopt the single nucleus approximation. On the other hand, the average mass is systematically different, which may have an important effect on the rates of electron captures and coherent neutrino scatterings on nuclei in supernova cores.
An X-ray study of mass-loss rate and wind acceleration of massive stars
Authors: Maeda Yoshitomo , Sugawara Yasuharu ,   the WR140 collaborations
Published: September 2012

AbstractBy monitoring WC7 and the O5.5 binary WR 140 with the Suzaku telescope, we demonstrate a new method to measure the mass loss rates of both stars. By using the absorption column density, we found a mass-loss rate for the WC7 component: ṀWC7 ≈ 1.2 × 10−5 M⊙ yr−1. We also measured the mass-loss rate of the companion O component using a luminosity variation in phases: ṀO5.5 ≈ 5 × 10−7 M⊙ yr−1.
Stellar Core Collapse and Exotic Matter
Authors: Nakazato Ken'ichiro , Sumiyoshi Kohsuke 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSome supernovae and gamma-ray bursts are thought to accompany a black hole formation. In the process of a black hole formation, a central core becomes hot and dense enough for hyperons and quarks to appear. In this study, we perform neutrino-radiation hydrodynamical simulations of a stellar core collapse and black hole formation taking into account such exotic components. In our computation, general relativity is fully considered under spherical symmetry. As a result, we find that the additional degrees of freedom soften the equation of state of matter and promote the black hole formation. Furthermore, their effects are detectable as a neutrino signal. We believe that the properties of hot and dense matter at extreme conditions are essential for the studies on the astrophysical black hole formation. This study will be hopefully a first step toward a physics of the central engine of gamma-ray bursts.
Early Time Bolometric Light Curves of Type-II Supernovae Observed by Swift
Authors: Pritchard T. A. , Roming P. W. A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe present early time (~0-50 days) bolometric light curves of UV-bright Core Collapse Supernovae observed with the Swift UV/Optical Telescope. We also generate pseudo-bolometric light curves from Swift UV and optical data and examine these by subtype as well as the observed and interpolated UV and IR flux contributions by epoch and bolometric corrections at early times from UV data.
Study of emission mechanism of GRBs probed by the gamma-ray polarization with IKAROS-GAP
Authors: Yonetoku Daisuke , Murakami Toshio , Sakashita Tomonori , Morihara Yoshiyuki , Gunji Shuichi , Mihara Tatehiro , Toma Kenji ,   GAP team
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe report a polarization measurement in prompt γ-ray emission of GRB 100826A with the Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter (GAP) aboard the small solar power sail demonstrator IKAROS. We detected a firm change of polarization angle (PA) during the prompt emission with 99.9% (3.5 σ) confidence level, and an average polarization degree (Π) of 27 ± 11% with 99.4% (2.9 σ) confidence level. Here the quoted errors are given at 1 σ confidence level for two parameters of interest. Non-axisymmetric (e.g., patchy) structures of the magnetic fields and/or brightness inside the relativistic jet are therefore required within the observable angular scale of ~ Γ−1. Our observation strongly indicates that the polarization measurement is a powerful tool to constrain the GRB production mechanism, and more theoretical works are needed to discuss the data in more details.
Equatorial ionospheric electrodynamics associated with high‐speed solar wind streams during January–April 2007
Authors: Huang Chao‐Song 
Published: September 2012

High‐speed solar wind streams cause recurrent geomagnetic activity and ionospheric disturbances. In this study, we analyze the equatorial ionospheric ion drift measured by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites near dusk when high‐speed solar wind streams with a period of 13.5 days occurred during January–April 2007. A well‐defined quantitative correlation between the solar wind velocity and the equatorial ionospheric ion drift is identified for the first time. The plasma drift in the dusk equatorial ionosphere induced by high‐speed solar wind streams is eastward in the zonal direction and downward in the vertical direction at the altitude of DMSP orbit (∼840 km) during this low solar activity period (January–April 2007). The zonal component of the equatorial ionospheric ion drift is inversely correlated with the vertical component. The ionospheric ion zonal drift varies, on average, from −40 to 40 m s−1 when the solar wind velocity varies from 300 to 700 km s−1 over a 13.5 day period, and the ion vertical drift varies from 10 to −10 m s−1. The quantitative correlations between the solar wind velocity and ionospheric ion drift and between the vertical and zonal components of the ion drift velocity are important for understanding the equatorial ionospheric electrodynamics associated with high‐speed solar wind streams and for space weather prediction.
Esophageal telocytes and hybrid morphologies
Authors: Rusu Mugurel Constantin , Nicolescu Mihnea Ioan , Jianu Adelina Maria , Lighezan Rodica , Mănoiu Vasile Sorin , Păduraru Dumitru 
Published: August 2012

AbstractTCs (telocytes) are actually defined as stromal cells with specific long and thin prolongations, called Tp (telopodes). They have been positively identified in various tissues and we now report their presence in the esophagus. These cells were identified by TEM (transmission electron microscopy) in esophageal samples of Wistar rats (n = 5) occurring beneath the basal epithelial layer, in submucosa, closely related to smooth and striated muscular fibres, as also in the adventitia. They are closely related to mast cells, macrophages and microvessels. Hybrid morphologies of stromal cells processes were found: cytoplasmic processes continued distally in a telopodial fashion. Telopodes alone may not be sufficient, however, for a safe diagnosis of TCs in TEM. A larger set of specific standards (such as the telopodial emergence, and the size of the cell body and telopodes) should be considered to differentiate TCs from various species of fibroblasts. The morphological and ultrastructural features should distinguish between TCs and interstitial cells of Cajal in the digestive tract.
Recurrent slow slip event likely hastened by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake
Authors: Hirose Hitoshi , Kimura Hisanori , Enescu Bogdan , Aoi Shin 
Published: September 2012

Slow slip events (SSEs) are another mode of fault deformation than the fast faulting of regular earthquakes. Such transient episodes have been observed at plate boundaries in a number of subduction zones around the globe. The SSEs near the Boso Peninsula, central Japan, are among the most documented SSEs, with the longest repeating history, of almost 30 y, and have a recurrence interval of 5 to 7 y. A remarkable characteristic of the slow slip episodes is the accompanying earthquake swarm activity. Our stable, long-term seismic observations enable us to detect SSEs using the recorded earthquake catalog, by considering an earthquake swarm as a proxy for a slow slip episode. Six recurrent episodes are identified in this way since 1982. The average duration of the SSE interoccurrence interval is 68 mo; however, there are significant fluctuations from this mean. While a regular cycle can be explained using a simple physical model, the mechanisms that are responsible for the observed fluctuations are poorly known. Here we show that the latest SSE in the Boso Peninsula was likely hastened by the stress transfer from the March 11, 2011 great Tohoku earthquake. Moreover, a similar mechanism accounts for the delay of an SSE in 1990 by a nearby earthquake. The low stress buildups and drops during the SSE cycle can explain the strong sensitivity of these SSEs to stress transfer from external sources.
Tension induces a base-paired overstretched DNA conformation
Authors: Bosaeus Niklas , El-Sagheer Afaf H. , Brown Tom , Smith Steven B. , Åkerman Björn , Bustamante Carlos , Nordén Bengt 
Published: September 2012

Mixed-sequence DNA molecules undergo mechanical overstretching by approximately 70% at 60–70 pN. Since its initial discovery 15 y ago, a debate has arisen as to whether the molecule adopts a new form [Cluzel P, et al. (1996)
Science
271:792–794; Smith SB, Cui Y, Bustamante C (1996)
Science
271:795–799], or simply denatures under tension [van Mameren J, et al. (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:18231–18236]. Here, we resolve this controversy by using optical tweezers to extend small 60–64 bp single DNA duplex molecules whose base content can be designed at will. We show that when AT content is high (70%), a force-induced denaturation of the DNA helix ensues at 62 pN that is accompanied by an extension of the molecule of approximately 70%. By contrast, GC-rich sequences (60% GC) are found to undergo a reversible overstretching transition into a distinct form that is characterized by a 51% extension and that remains base-paired. For the first time, results proving the existence of a stretched basepaired form of DNA can be presented. The extension observed in the reversible transition coincides with that produced on DNA by binding of bacterial RecA and human Rad51, pointing to its possible relevance in homologous recombination.
Post-translational modifications induce significant yet not extreme changes to protein structure
Authors: Xin Fuxiao , Radivojac Predrag 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Motivation: A number of studies of individual proteins have shown that post-translational modifications (PTMs) are associated with structural rearrangements of their target proteins. Although such studies provide critical insights into the mechanics behind the dynamic regulation of protein function, they usually feature examples with relatively large conformational changes. However, with the steady growth of Protein Data Bank (PDB) and available PTM sites, it is now possible to more systematically characterize the role of PTMs as conformational switches. In this study, we ask (1) what is the expected extent of structural change upon PTM, (2) how often are those changes in fact substantial, (3) whether the structural impact is spatially localized or global and (4) whether different PTMs have different signatures.
Results: We exploit redundancy in PDB and, using root-mean-square deviation, study the conformational heterogeneity of groups of protein structures corresponding to identical sequences in their unmodified and modified forms. We primarily focus on the two most abundant PTMs in PDB, glycosylation and phosphorylation, but show that acetylation and methylation have similar tendencies. Our results provide evidence that PTMs induce conformational changes at both local and global level. However, the proportion of large changes is unexpectedly small; only 7% of glycosylated and 13% of phosphorylated proteins undergo global changes &gt;2 Å. Further analysis suggests that phosphorylation stabilizes protein structure by reducing global conformational heterogeneity by 25%. Overall, these results suggest a subtle but common role of allostery in the mechanisms through which PTMs affect regulatory and signaling pathways.
Contact: predrag@indiana.edu
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Hatred and Profits: Under the Hood of the Ku Klux Klan*
Authors: Fryer Roland G. , Levitt Steven D. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn this article, we analyze the 1920s Ku Klux Klan, those who joined it, and its social and political impact by combining a wide range of archival data sources with data from the 1920 and 1930 U.S censuses. We find that individuals who joined the Klan in some cities were more educated and more likely to hold professional jobs than the typical American. Surprisingly, we find little evidence that the Klan had an effect on black or foreign-born residential mobility or vote totals. Rather than a terrorist organization, the 1920s Klan is best described as social organization with a very successful multilevel marketing structure fueled by an army of highly incentivized sales agents selling hatred, religious intolerance, and fraternity in a time and place where there was tremendous demand.