bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lack of effect of acute ethanol consumption on active cation fluxes of leucocytes and erythrocytes in healthy humans
Authors: Green Rachel J. , Baron D. N. 
Published: August 2015

1. Acute ethanol consumption in human volunteers did not appear to alter active cation fluxes by Na+,K+-ATPase, or intracellular electrolyte concentrations, in peripheral leucocytes or erythrocytes.
2. Urinary electrolyte excretion was decreased after ethanol consumption, compared with controls.
3. Neither plasma glucose nor serum insulin was altered by ethanol.
4. After ethanol consumption there was an elevation of endogenous plasma adrenaline levels. This was accompanied by a leucocytosis, which could be attributed to a raised neutrophil count.
5. The raised adrenaline levels were not associated with hypokalaemia.
6. It is possible that in vivo ethanol may prevent adrenaline-induced hypokalaemia by fluidizing the membrane and/or decreasing the affinity of β-receptors for adrenaline.
Effects of a single moderate dose of alcohol on blood pressure, heart rate and associated metabolic and endocrine changes
Authors: Stott D. J. , Ball S. G. , Inglis G. C. , Davies D. L. , Fraser R. , Murray G. D. , McInnes G. T. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of a single moderate dose of alcohol on blood pressure, heart rate and associated metabolic and endocrine changes were studied in 10 healthy subjects and compared with those of an isocaloric glucose control drink.
2. Systolic blood pressure rose at 1 h after both alcohol and the control drink. Therefore this early change was not specifically due to alcohol ingestion. Subsequently, there was a tendency (not statistically significant) for supine and erect systolic blood pressure to be reduced up to 8 h after alcohol ingestion. There were no consistent late changes in blood pressure observed over 7 days after alcohol.
3. Alcohol caused a marked tachycardia in both supine and erect postures which persisted beyond the time of detectable blood alcohol levels.
4. Blood sugar rose by a similar amount after alcohol and the isocaloric glucose control drink, but peak plasma insulin levels were higher after the control drink.
5. Plasma sodium rose in keeping with alcohol induced water diuresis. No significant changes in plasma potassium or magnesium were seen after alcohol.
6. Compared with the control drink there was no evidence from measurements of circulating adrenaline, noradrenaline, Cortisol, aldosterone or renin of activation of the sympathoadrenal axis, adrenal cortex or renin–angiotensin systems after alcohol.
Paradoxical inhibition of atrial natriuretic peptide release during pacing-induced hypotension
Authors: Erne P. , Raine A. E. G. , Burgisser E. , Gradel E. , Burkart F. , Buhler F. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. To determine the influence of loss of atrioventricular synchrony on release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), plasma ANP concentrations were measured by radioreceptor assay in 16 patients during sequential and ventricular cardiac pacing at normal heart rates.
2. Ventricular pacing induced an increase in plasma ANP concentrations (means ± SEM) from 44 ± 3 to 104 ± 4 pmol/l (P &lt; 0.01) in 11 patients in whom systemic blood pressure was maintained.
3. In contrast, when ventricular pacing was associated with a fall in blood pressure (five patients), ANP levels (means ± SEM) fell from 68 ± 6 to 14 ± 4 pmol/l (n = 5, P &lt; 0.05) within 5 min, despite an increase in atrial pressure. Plasma catecholamines also rose significantly in these latter patients.
4. We conclude that when loss of atrioventricular synchrony is well tolerated haemodynamically, cardiac release of ANP is increased in keeping with elevation in atrial pressure. However, the fall in plasma ANP concentration observed when ventricular pacing produces a fall in blood pressure suggests that in addition to atrial pressure, ANP release may be influenced by negative feedback mechanisms, possibly involving the baroreflex and autonomic nervous system.
Studies to assess the biological relevance of anti-Tamm–Horsfall protein antibodies detected by direct-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Hunt J. S. , Groufsky Anne , Lynn K. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. A role has been suggested for anti-Tamm–Horsfall protein (THP) antibodies in renal disease based on the results of immunoassays of pathological sera. The putative autoantibodies have not been isolated from such sera nor have definitive inhibition studies of their binding been carried out. We have carried out such studies using rabbit anti-THP antibodies as control reagents.
2. Urinary THP prepared by salt precipitation was used to prepare four immunoabsorbent columns by covalent coupling to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. After washing with a variety of dissociating agents to remove any non-covalently bound subunit THP, each column was incubated with normal and immune rabbit serum. Fractions washed and eluted from columns were tested for anti-THP antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and THP antigen by radioimmunoassay, and showed NH4SCN (3 mol/l) and guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) (6 mol/l) equivalent and sodium dodecyl sulphate (20 g/l) to be inferior in their capacity to produce immunoabsorbent THP capable of isolating specific antibodies from immune rabbit serum.
3. The column treated with GuHCl (6 mol/l) was used further in attempts to isolate putative anti-THP antibodies from five patients, who had a history of urinary tract infections and whose sera showed strong binding by ELISA.
4. Results from direct and inhibition ELISA experiments on fractions collected after washing and elution with all sera suggested that the putative human anti-THP antibodies were of very low affinity and/or directed against non-subunit THP.
5. The pathological relevance of human anti-THP antibodies measured by ELISA remains to be established.
Altered platelet lipoxygenase activity in patients with low selenium
Authors: Van Rij A. M. , Wade C. , Kirk I. , Thomson C. , Robinson M. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Arachidonic acid metabolism through the lipoxygenase pathway in platelets was investigated in 11 patients with low selenium (Se) nutritional status and compared with 14 patients with a normal Se status.
2. Plasma and whole blood Se levels, as well as plasma, whole blood and platelet glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity, were measured in both groups and found to be significantly lower in the group with low Se status.
3. Studies on [14C]arachidonic acid stimulated platelets demonstrated that reduced conversion of the active metabolite 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid to 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid occurred in patients with low Se nutrition.
4. Changes in [14C]arachidonic acid metabolism are attributed to reduced activity of the seleno-enzyme GSHPx. The effects of other factors cannot be entirely excluded.
Haemodynamic changes in man during immersion in water at different temperatures
Authors: Weston C. F. M. , O'Hare J. P. , Evans J. M. , Corrall R. J. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Stroke volume and cardiac output were measured using the Doppler ultrasound technique in 16 normal subjects immersed to the neck in water at 33°C, 35°C, 37°C and 39°C. A standard aortic diameter was assumed and results were expressed as percentage changes from pre-immersion resting values.
2. Cardiac output rose progressively at higher temperatures, increasing by 30% at 33°C and by 121% at 39°C. At thermoneutral temperatures (33°C and 35°C) this was achieved by an increase in stroke volume of 50% despite a significant decrease in heart rate. There was a further rise in stroke volume and pulse rate at higher temperatures and a mean tachycardia of 109 ± 4 beats/min was noted at 39°C. Calculated peripheral resistance reduced progressively with increasing temperature of immersion.
3. This non-invasive and simple technique may provide a non-exercise-related cardiovascular stress test to study cardiovascular responses in a variety of pathophysiological states.
Is hypercapnia necessary for the ventilatory response to exercise in man?
Authors: Murphy K. , Stidwill R. P. , Cross Brenda A. , Leaver Kathryn D. , Anastassiades E. , Phillips M. , Guz A. , Semple S. J. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. Continuous recordings of arterial pH, ventilation, airway CO2 and heart rate were made during rest and during 3–4 min periods of rhythmic leg exercise in four renal patients with arteriovenous shunts.
2. The patients were anaemic (haemoglobin 6.5–9.0 g/dl) but had a normal ventilatory response to exercise as judged by the ratio of the change in ventilation to the change in CO2 production.
3. Breath-by-breath oscillations in arterial pH disappeared for the majority of the exercise period in each patient.
4. Changes in mean arterial pH and end-tidal CO2 tension with exercise were inconsistent between subjects but consistent within a given subject. On average, mean arterial pH rose by 0.011 pH unit. Changes in end-tidal CO2 tension reflected changes in mean pHa by falling on average by 1 mmHg (0.13 kPa).
5. Hypercapnia and acidaemia were not found to be necessary for the ventilatory response to moderate exercise.
Effects of sodium loading on the renal synthesis of prostanoids in the rat
Authors: Rathaus M. , Podjarny E. , Shapira J. , Kariv N. , Bernheim J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The production of prostaglandin (PG) E2, F2α and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) by isolated glomeruli, cortical tubular suspensions and medullary and papillary slices was measured in normal Long–Evans rats 4, 8 and 14 days after starting on oral Na+ load and the results were compared with those of rats on a normal Na+ intake.
2. In glomeruli, PGE2 decreased at days 4 and 8, and returned to normal at 14 days. PGF2α decreased only at day 4 and TXB2 decreased in all Na+-loaded animals. In cortical suspensions, a transient decrease of PGE2 was observed at day 4. In medullary slices, PGE2 and TXB2 decreased in all experimental periods. In contrast, in papillae, a significant increase of PGE2 was observed with Na+ loading at day 8, but PGF2α and TXB2 did not change consistently.
3. Similar changes were observed in rats with hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI rats) Na+ loaded for 4 days, as compared with DI rats on a normal Na+ intake.
4. The results suggest that prostanoids participate in the renal adaptation to an increased Na+ intake, and that this response is relatively independent of the presence of antidiuretic hormone.
The ratio between ankle and brachial systolic pressure in patients with sustained uncomplicated essential hypertension
Authors: Hugue Ch. J. , Safar M. E. , Aliefierakis M. Ch. , Asmar R. G. , London G. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The ratio between ankle (ASP) and brachial (BSP) systolic pressures was studied using Doppler ultrasound in 66 male subjects, 33 with sustained uncomplicated essential hypertension and 33 age-matched normal controls.
2. Based on covariance analysis, the ASP–BSP relationship was significantly different in the two populations, the ASP/BSP ratio (mean ± sem) being significantly lower in hypertensive subjects (106 ± 1 vs 132 ± 2; P &lt; 0.001).
3. While the ASP/BSP ratio was negatively correlated with age in normal subjects, no significant correlation was observed in hypertensive subjects.
4. The diameter of the terminal abdominal aorta measured by echography was significantly greater in hypertensive subjects, while full examination with Doppler ultrasound excluded any significant arterial stenosis of the lower limbs.
5. The study suggested that, in patients with sustained uncomplicated essential hypertension, the lower ASP/BSP ratio is related to changes in arterial wave transmission.
Direct effect of α-human atrial natriuretic peptide on human vasculature in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Hughes A. , Thom S. , Goldberg P. , Martin G. , Sever P. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of a α-human atrial natriuretic peptide (1–28) (ANP) on human vasculature was investigated in vivo and in vitro. Possible involvement of vascular dopamine receptors and the renin-angiotensin system in the response to ANP was also studied in vivo.
2. Forearm blood blow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography. Isolated human blood vessels were studied using conventional organ bath techniques.
3. ANP (0.1–1 μg/min, intra-arterially) produced a dose-dependent increase in forearm blood flow, corresponding to a 163% increase in net forearm blood flow in the study arm. This action of ANP was not antagonized by (R)-sulpiride (100 μg/min, intra-arterially), a selective vascular dopamine receptor antagonist, or 50 mg of oral captopril, an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme.
4. ANP (1 nmol/l–1 μmol/l) produced concentration-dependent relaxation of isolated human arteries, including brachial artery, but was without effect on isolated human saphenous vein.
5. ANP produces vasodilatation in vivo and relaxes isolated human arterial smooth muscle. This action of ANP may contribute to its reported hypotensive effects in vivo.
Rate of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of normal man and patients with muscular dystrophy: A reassessment
Authors: Halliday D. , Pacy P. J. , Cheng K. N. , Dworzak F. , Gibson J. N. A. , Rennie M. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Quadriceps muscle protein synthetic rate has been determined in healthy subjects in the post-absorptive (n = 18) and fed (n = 10) states and in patients with a variety of myopathies, by analysis of the enrichment of serial muscle biopsies taken during primed continuous infusion of l[1-13C]leucine.
2. Quadriceps protein synthetic rates in normal subjects were (mean ± sd) 0.046 ± 0.012 and 0.075 ± 0.014%/h in the post-absorptive and fed states respectively. These results are significantly lower than we previously reported (M. J. Rennie et al., Clinical Science, 1982, 63, 519–523 [1]) but show the same relative differences of direction and magnitude, confirming the effects of feeding previously reported. In patients with muscular dystrophy, muscle protein synthetic rate was, as previously reported [1], much lower in the fed state than in normal subjects. A new finding is that for patients with myotonic dystrophy the rate is also depressed in the postabortive state.
3. We suggest that the present estimates in post-absorptive and fed normal subjects be used as reference values for quadriceps mixed muscle protein synthetic rate.
Endocrine effects of examination stress
Authors: Semple C. G. , Gray C. E. , Borland W. , Espie C. A. , Beastall G. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. We have studied endocrine function in nine healthy young men 16 weeks before and immediately after Final degree examinations. Factors other than psychological stress which might have affected hormone levels were excluded.
2. The presence of psychological stress at the time of examinations was confirmed by finding increased values for two self-rating anxiety scales.
3. Urine metadrenaline excretion was increased in all subjects at the time of examination. Serum and early morning urine Cortisol as well as pituitary–testicular and pituitary–thyroid function and prolactin levels were unaffected by examination stress.
4. This study questions the popular belief that psychological stress stimulates prolactin secretion and suppresses pituitary–testicular function.
Unilateral renal ischaemia in the rat: Effect of contralateral nephrectomy and intrarenal flush with phosphate-buffered sucrose
Authors: Ferwana O. S. , Pirie S. C. , Potts D. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. This study examined whether the severity of acute renal failure seen within 4 h of a 45 min period of unilateral occlusion of the renal pedicle could be reduced by removal of the contralateral healthy kidney and/or intrarenal flush with a phosphate-buffered sucrose (PBS50) solution.
2. After ischaemia, unflushed kidneys became oliguric and isosthenuric, with a fall in inulin clearance (Cin) to 0.1% of the pre-ischaemic value. Removal of the healthy contralateral kidney upon release of the occlusion caused no improvement in immediate post-ischaemic function.
3. Intrarenal flush with 1.5 ml of PBS50 resulted in a significantly improved post-ischaemic Cin, with increased urine flow rate and solute excretion; urine was also concentrated.
4. Protection of renal function against ischaemic damage was seen only when kidney tissue remained blood-free and exposed to PBS50 throughout the period of ischaemia, and when the speed of flush was similar to the expected renal blood flow (6 ml/min). Protection did not depend upon the presence or absence of the contralateral kidney.
5. The study also showed that functional removal of one kidney, either by pedicle occlusion or nephrectomy, caused an immediate rise in solution excretion from the contralateral kidney, but Cin remained unchanged. Unflushed severely damaged kidneys showed no compensatory response to unilateral nephrectomy, whereas kidneys flushed with PBS50 exhibited increases in solute excretion similar to those seen in healthy non-ischaemic kidneys.
Epithelial cell proliferation and intestinal absorptive function during starvation and refeeding in the rat
Authors: Goodlad R. A. , Plumb J. A. , Wright N. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Intestinal epithelial cell production and intestinal absorption were measured in fed, starved and refed rats.
2. Four days' starvation significantly decreased the crypt cell production rate (CCPR), absorption, small intestinal length and crypt cell population.
3. There was an immediate increase in absorption 1 day after refeeding, which preceded a slower increase in CCPR. The absorption rate then decreased progressively after refeeding, and was significantly lower than control levels 1 week after refeeding. The CCPR, however, increased more gradually, reaching control levels after 2 days and then ‘overshooting’ control values.
4. There was no significant change in the crypt cell population immediately after refeeding; thus we propose that the initial increase in absorption on refeeding is either due to an accelerated maturation rate of the enterocytes or to the migration of enterocytes from the base of the villus to the functional zone.
5. The rapid recruitment of absorptive function appeared to be a ‘one-off’ event, the villus compartment then having to wait for increased cell production in the crypts to repopulate the villi.
Haemodynamic effects of intravenous human calcitonin-gene-related peptide in man
Authors: Howden C. W. , Logue Catherine , Gavin Karen , Collie Lizbeth , Rubin P. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of intravenous bolus doses of human calcitonin-gene-related peptide (hCGRP) were studied in ten healthy male volunteers. 2.5, 10 and 25 μg of hCGRP and placebo were administered to each subject in a randomized double-blind study.
2. hCGRP had no effect on systolic or diastolic blood pressure in the supine or standing position.
3. hCGRP increased supine and standing heart rate. Both the extent and duration of the tachycardia were dose related.
4. Plasma noradrenaline levels were transiently increased after 10 and 25 μg of hCGRP.
5. All subjects displayed marked facial flushing after the two higher doses of hCGRP.
6. We conclude that systemic administration of hCGRP produces tachycardia and stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system in the absence of any change in blood pressure.
Effects of nitroglycerin on forearm haemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Jiron M. Isabel , Lee Samuel S. , Cerini Raimondo , Pugliese Domenico , Hadengue Antoine , Lebrec Didier 
Published: August 2015

1. Basal forearm haemodynamics were studied by venous occlusion plethysmography in three groups of subjects: group I, healthy controls, group II, patients with cirrhosis age- and sex-matched with group I, and group III, an older group of patients with cirrhosis. Subsequently, responses to sublingual nitroglycerin were measured in group I and II subjects.
2. Controls responded to nitroglycerin with an increase in venous distensibility; group II patients had higher initial venous distensibility but did not respond to nitroglycerin. No other variables in either group were affected by nitroglycerin.
3. Group II and III patients differed in forearm blood flow and vascular resistance and venous distensibility. A significant inverse correlation was found between age and forearm blood flow (r = −0.57, P &lt; 0.001) in all patients with cirrhosis.
4. We conclude that (a) venous tone is reduced in cirrhosis, possibly as a result of chronic venodilatation; (b) this venodilatation impedes further dilatory response to a small dose of nitroglycerin; (c) cirrhosis is also associated with age-related decreases in peripheral haemodynamics.
Characterization of leukotriene B3: comparison of its biological activities with leukotriene B4 and leukotriene B5 in complement receptor enhancement, lysozyme release and chemotaxis of human neutrophils
Authors: Lee Tak H. , Sethi Tariq , Crea Attilio E. G. , Peters Wilfried , Arm Jonathan P. , Horton Claire E. , Walport Mark J. , Spur Bernd W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Leukotriene (LT) B3 was prepared by total chemical synthesis and its identity was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and proton homonuclear plot of connectivities and chemical shift assignments. The effects of LTB3 on complement receptor enhancement, chemotaxis and lysozyme release in human neutrophils (PMN) were compared with those of LTB4 and LTB5.
2. LTB3 and LTB4 elicited a virtually identical dose- and time-dependent enhancement in complement receptors type 1 (CR1) and type 3 (CR3) and release of lysozyme. LTB5 was approximately 100 times less potent than LTB4 in enhancing CR1 and CR3, whereas it was 10000 times less potent than LTB4 in releasing lysozyme from human PMN.
3. LTB3 and LTB5 were respectively 5- and 100-fold less potent than LTB4 in eliciting chemotaxis.
4. These findings indicate that the pro-inflammatory potential of LTB3 and LTB4 are similar, whereas LTB5 is substantially less potent as an inflammatory mediator.
5. The finding that LTB5 is a weak and partial agonist relative to LTB3 and LTB4 could be due to the rigidity of the C-17–C-18 double bond in LTB5. This may interfere with the active site specificity of LTB5 to a substantial extent.
6. One approach to the development of antagonists to the LTB4 receptor may be to establish a rigid structure in the C-17–C-18 region of the LTB4 molecule.