bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time Course of Islet Cell Antibodies and β-Cell Function in Non-Insulin-Dependent Stage of Type I Diabetes
Authors: Kobayashi Tetsuro , Itoh Tokuji , Kosaka Kinori , Sato Kaoru , Tsuji Kimiyoshi 
Published: September 2013

The time course of islet cell antibodies (ICA) and serum C-peptides responses (CPRs) to oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were studied prospectively up to 60 (mean 35) mo in 32 ICA-positive subjects [28 with non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) and 4 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT); mean age 45 yr], 96 matched subjects [56 with NIDDM, 8 with IGT, and 32 normal first-degree relatives of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM); mean age 45 yr] who were negative for ICA at the beginning of the study. In addition, the effects of human leukocyte antigens(HLA) on the time course of ICA and (β-cell function were evaluated.
In 10 subjects (8 with NIDDM and 2 with IGT) who were ICA positive, ICA became undetectable, even by sensitive ICA assay, 15 ± 2 mo (mean ± SE) after initiation of this study. In these subjects, integrated serum CPR values (σCPR) and 2-h blood glucose values in response to OGTTs improved significantly (P &lt; .05-.01). In contrast, the remaining 22 subjects who were ICA positive were persistently positive for ICA. CPR and blood glucose responses deteriorated progressively in these 22 subjects, and 7 subjects in this group progressed to the insulin-dependent state. Serum CPR and blood glucose responses to OGTTs showed no remarkable changes in 64 patients (56 with NIDDM and 8 with IGT) and 32 normal first-degree relatives of patients with IDDM who remained negative for ICA throughout the study. The frequencies of HLABW54 and HLA-DR4 in 10 subjects who became ICA negative during the follow-up period were lower than those in 22 subjects with ICA throughout the study (uncorrected P &lt; .02). The frequencies of these two antigens were higher in the 22 subjects with persistently positive ICA than in normal controls (uncorrected P &lt; .02), whereas these differences were not observed in 10 subjects who became ICA negative during the study.
The reversed β-cell function after negative conversion of ICA observed in our study yields a new insight into the natural history of type I diabetes, especially in late-onset cases. It suggests that HLA-related genetic predisposition is a prerequisite to the slowly progressive β-cell destruction through pancreatic autoimmunity.
Immunological and Metabolic Concomitants of Cyclosporin Prevention of Diabetes in BB Rats
Authors: Yale J-F , Grose M , Seemayer T A , Marliss E B 
Published: September 2013

The metabolic and immunological effects of cyclosporin given to prevent diabetes in BB rats were examined. Diabetes-prone (BBdp) and normal (BBn) BB rats received either oral cyclosporin (10 mg · kg−1 · day−1 or its vehicle from age 30-150 days. Six of 21 (29%) vehicle-treated rats became glycosuric, with hyperglycemia, weight loss, and unremitting insulin requirements, and showed destruction of islet β-cells. Five of 24 (21%) cyclosporin-treated rats became glycosuric, but none demonstrated weight loss, all required insulin only intermittently after onset, and all showed persistence of islet β-cells. Cyclosporin induced hypoinsulinemic glucose intolerance in BBn rats.
Cyclosporin inhibited the normal rise with age of peripheral blood lymphocyte cell numbers, identified with monoclonal antibodies. OX19+ (pan-T) and W3/25+ helper T-lymphocytes were affected, and there was an increase in the large W3/13+ OX19− population characteristic of BBdp rats; in addition, this subset appeared in BBn rats. Cyclosporin also caused the appearance and/or increase in both BBdp and BBn rats of W3/25+OX19− and OX8+ OX19− subsets. Suppressor/cytotoxic (OX8+) T-lymphocytes and la+ cells were less affected.
The incidence of hyperglycemia and glycosuria was therefore unaltered by cyclosporin, although the diabetic syndrome was milder. BBn rats receiving cyclosporin showed glucose intolerance, suggesting that in BBdp rats, the net effects of immunosuppression on β-cell destruction may have been counterbalanced by the direct effect on the same cells. The attenuation of diabetes in BBdp rats occurred through further immunosuppression rather than by correction of its preexisting immunodeficiency.
Glomerulopathy in Spontaneously Diabetic Rat: Impact of Glycemic Control
Authors: Cohen Andrew J , McGill Paul D , Rossetti Ronald G , Guberski Dennis L , Like Arthur A 
Published: September 2013

The spontaneously diabetic BioBreeding/Worcester (BB/W) rat was used to examine the role of glycemie control in the pathogenesis of diabetic glomerulopathy and proteinuria. Nondiabetic BB/W rats (group 1) were compared with moderately (group 2) and severely (group 3) hyperglycemie diabetic animals of similar age. Urinary protein excretion and morphometric measurements of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) width and mesangial area were performed after 4, 8, and 12 mo of study.
At 4 mo, urinary protein excretion both in group 2 (9.3 ± 0.7 mg/24 h) and group 3 (24.8 ± 1.98 mg/24 h) exceeded that in group 1 (5.4 ± 0.6 mg/24 h; P &lt; .05). Moreover, proteinuria in group 3 was significantly greater than in group 2 (P &lt; .05). In addition, proteinuria increased in group 3 animals between 4 and 12 mo of study but did not advance in groups 1 or 2.
GBM width in both diabetic groups (168.8 ± 2.4 and 165.7 ± 2.2 nm, groups 2 and 3, respectively) exceeded that in group 1 (148.3 ± 3.8 nm; P &lt; .01) by 4 mo. At 12 mo, severely hyperglycemie group 3 animals had significantly greater GBM thickening than group 2. GBM width increased in all three groups over the course of study, but the rate of growth did not differ between groups 1 and 2. However, the rate of growth in group 3 was greater than in either group 1 or group 2. Urinary protein excretion correlated significantly with GBM width in diabetic rats. No differences in proportional mesangial area or the proportional area made up of mesangial matrix or cytoplasm could be found among the three groups.
In the spontaneously diabetic BB/W rat, poor glycemie control contributes to both proteinuria and GBM widening but apparently does not cause mesangial expansion. Proteinuria and GBM widening may either be interdependent or related to a common third factor in the diabetic milieu.
Influence of Glycemic Control on Interaction of Very-Low- and Low-Density Lipoproteins Isolated From Type I Diabetic Patients With Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages
Authors: Klein Richard L , Wohltmann Hulda J , Lopes-Virella Maria F 
Published: September 2013

The VLDL and LDL fractions were isolated from 29 patients with type 1 diabetes at the time of admission to the hospital to restore glycemic control and again at discharge. These lipoprotein fractions were incubated with human monocyte-derived macrophages, and the rates of macrophage CE synthesis were determined. The rates of CE synthesis in human macrophages were significantly greater (P &lt; 0.005) when incubated with VLDL isolated from type I diabetic patients before compared with after glycemic control was attained and averaged 1.84 ± 0.52 and 1.09 ± 0.27 nmol (1.20 ± 0.34 and 0.71 ± 0.18 μg) [14C]cholesteryl oleate synthesized mg cell protein−1 · 20 h−1 respectively. In contrast, when LDL isolated from the same patient during the same period was incubated with human macrophages, the rates of cellular cholesteryl ester synthesis did not differ significantly and averaged 4.23 ± 1.26 and 3.91 ± 0.96 nmol (2.75 ± 0.82 and 2.55 ± 0.63 μg) [14C]cholesteryl oleate synthesized · mg−1 cell protein · 20 h−1, respectively. There was a significant increase in the total cholesterol content of VLDL isolated before glycemic control compared with that isolated after glycemic control was attained (P &lt; 0.05) resulting from a significant increase in the FC and CE (P &lt; 0.05) contents of these VLDL particles. There was a significant decrease in the ratio of FC to PL in VLDL, but not LDL, isolated after glycemic control (P &lt; 0.05).
The percentage of apoE in VLDL was significantly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) after glycemic control was attained. In LDL isolated after glycemic control was achieved, a significant decrease (P &lt; 0.005) in the percentage of triglycerides was observed. In addition, there was a significant decrease (P &lt; 0.0001) in the extent of glycation of LDL isolated after glycemic control. These studies suggest that during periods of poor glycemic control, the composition of VLDL isolated from type 1 diabetic patients is altered. These modified VLDLs stimulate CE synthesis rates in human macrophages and, thus, may contribute to the increased prevalence of atherosclerosis in diabetic patients.
A Capillary Pressure Disturbance in Young Diabetics
Authors: Tooke John E 
Published: September 2013

Finger nailfold capillary pressure (CP) was determined by direct microinjection technique in nine insulin-dependent male diabetic and nine matched control subjects. Mean CP, recorded under resting conditions after acclimatization in a constant temperature room at 24°C, was similar in all parts of the capillary loop in the two groups. Control subjects demonstrated a positive correlation between skin temperature and CP (r = + 0.74 and P &lt; 0.01, arterial limb values; r = +0.61 and P &lt; 0.01, summit and venous limb values). No such relationship was found for diabetics under the initial warm conditions of study (r = −0.15, arterial limb values; r = −0.44, summit and venous limb values).
Mean arterial limb CP, recorded during postocclusive reactive hyperemia, was significantly higher in control subjects than in diabetics (P &lt; 0.001). The diabetic group exhibited no clinical evidence of neuropathy, and their digital vasoconstrictor capacity appeared to be intact.
These findings are interpreted as evidence for an intrinsic microvascular lesion at the precapillary sphincter level in insulin-dependent diabetic patients, which may result in the failure of vasodilatation to respond to physiologic Stress.
Islet Glutathione and Insulin Release
Authors: Ammon Hermann P T , Grimm Andreas , Lutz Susanne , Wagner-Teschner Doris , Handel Monika , Hagenloh Ingrid 
Published: September 2013

In isolated rat pancreatic islets, glucose (5.6,11.1, and 16.7 mM) significantly increased reduced glutathione (GSH) and decreased oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels in a dose-related manner. This was paralleled by a concomitant increase of NADPH and a decrease of NADP. The change of the GSH level occurred as quickly as one minute after addition of glucose.
Exogenous insulin (200, 400, and 800 μU/ml) significantly decreased islet GSH levels in the presence of 5.6 and 16.7 mM glucose and significantly inhibited the insulin-releasing effect of the thiol reagent parachloromercuribenzoate (p-CMB) and tolbutamide.
These data, together with earlier observations, suggest that GSH levels in pancreatic islets are increased by glucose and decreased by exogenous insulin via their effects on the pentose phosphate shunt and NADPH. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that glucose and exogenous insulin, by modifying the redox state of the NADPH/NADP and GSH/GSSG systems, modulate the sensitivity of the β-cell to the insulin-triggering actions of glucose, p-CMB, and tolbutamide.
Elevated Factor VIII Activity and Factor Vlll-related Antigen in Diabetic Children Without Vascular Disease
Authors: Borkenstein Martin H , Muntean Wolfgang E 
Published: September 2013

Factor VIII coagulant activity (VIM C) and factor Vlllrelated antigen (VIII R:Ag) were studied in 86 insulindependent diabetic children. All children were without signs of vascular disease based on a negative funduscopy, negative fluorescein angiography, normal serum creatinine levels, and absence of proteinuria. Age ranged from 4 to 17 yr; duration of clinical diabetes ranged from 1 to 12 yr. The children were grouped according to their urinary sugar excretion, the HbA1 levels, and the duration of clinical diabetes. The group with high urinary sugar excretion and the group withhigh HbA1 levels had a significantly higher VIII C than the group with low urinary sugar excretion and the group with low HbA1 levels. VIII C levels did not differ significantly in the groups with a different duration of clinical diabetes, but VIII R:Ag was significantly higher in the group with the longest duration of diabetes as compared with the group with the shortest duration. VIII R:Ag levels did not differ significantly in the groups with different degrees of urinary sugar excretion or different HbA1 levels.
The results show that in children without vascular disease, and even in children with a short duration of diabetes, alterations of the factor VIII complex can be demonstrated.
The Relative Importance of First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion in Countering the Action of Glucagon on Glucose Turnover in the Conscious Dog
Authors: Steiner Kurt E , Mouton Stephanie M , Bowles Charles R , Williams Phillip E , Cherrington Alan D 
Published: September 2013

While it is known that glucagon induces a biphasic release of insulin when infused into a normal animal, it is not known whether the resultant pattern of insulin secretion has important metabolic consequences. To ascertain whether such is the case, glucagon was elevated fourfold in the presence of first-, second-, or combined first- and second-phase insulin release to determine ability of the latter hormone to antagonize the effect of glucagon on glucose turnover in the conscious dog. To separate the effects of the different phases of insulin release the “pancreatic clamp” technique, in which somatostatin is given to inhibit the endocrine pancreas and replacement amounts of insulin and glucagon are given intraportally, was used. In this way, a rise in glucagon (∼220 pg/ml) was brought about in the presence of simulated first-phase (peak IRI 25 μU/ml at 5 min; basal by 30 min), secondphase (peak IRI 19 μU/ml at 30 min and sustained elevation thereafter), or first- plus second-phase (peak IRI 33 μU/ml at 5 min; 17 μU/ml at 30 min and sustained elevation thereafter) insulin release.
Optimal glycemic control required both first- and second-phase insulin release. A selective deficiency of first-phase release resulted in a transient (2 h) worsening of the glucagon-induced hyperglycemia (twofold the normal increment). This defect was attributable to a larger initial rise in glucose production (3.6 ± 0.6 mg/kg · min) than that observed when both phases of insulin release were present (0.9 ± 0.4 mg/kg · min). First-phase insulin release had no significant effect on glucose clearance. A selective deficiency of second-phase release resulted in marked (sixfold) and prolonged worsening of the glucagon-induced hyperglycemia. In this case, however, the hyperglycemia was primarily the result of a defect in glucose clearance. Glucose clearance fell by 29 ± 7% instead of rising by 30 ± 4% as it did when both firstand second-phase release were present. Glucose production was mildly elevated between 15 and 75 min when second-phase insulin release was deficient relative to that apparent when both the first- and secondphases of release were present; this also contributed to the abnormal hyperglycemia.
We conclude that both phases of insulin release are vital to full counterregulation of the action of glucagon on glucose metabolism. First-phase insulin release is important to counter the quick effect of glucagon on glucose production, while second-phase insulin release is important to sustain that inhibition and to augment glucose utilization. Absence of first-phase release results in a transient (2 h) and moderate (20–30 mg/dl) glycemic defect while an absence of second-phase release results in a prolonged and dramatic (70–100 mg/dl) defect.
Photoreactive Insulin Derivatives: Comparison of Biologic Activity and Labeling Properties of Three Analogues in Isolated Rat Adipocytes
Authors: Wang Chih-Chen , Hedo Jose A , Ronald Kahn C , Saunders Derek T , Thamm Peter , Brandenburg Dietrich 
Published: September 2013

The biologic and chemical properties of three photoreactive insulin derivatives, NαA1-(2-nitro-4-azido-phenyl) insulin (A1-Nap-Ins), NαB1-(2-nitro-4-azidophenyl acetyl) insulin (B1-Napa-Ins), and NεB29-(2-nitro-4-azidophenyl acetyl) insulin (B29-Napa-Ins), were characterized in isolated rat adipocytes. In the absence of photolysis, the relative affinities of these three analogues for the insulin receptor were 0.07, 1.0, and 0.55 when compared with native beef insulin, and these correlated well with the ability of these analogues to stimulate glucose oxidation in a fat cell bioassay. After photolysis and extensive washing to remove noncovalently bound insulin, the Bland B29-photoreactive insulins produced a persistent biologic effect in the isolated adipocytes, with up to 90% of the maximal stimulatory level of insulin. By contrast, photolysis did not produce a persistent biologic effect of the A1-Nap-Ins, even when its concentration was increased 10-fold to account for the difference in receptor affinity.
All three analogues were iodinated and used, for affinity labeling of the insulin receptor in isolated adipocytes. The structure of the insulin receptor was analyzed by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. When gels were run under reducing conditions, all three analogues labeled predominantly a protein with an apparent mol wt (Mr) of 138,000, corresponding to the a subunit of the insulin receptor. Minor components with apparent Mr = 90-120K were also identified using both the B1 and B29 analogues, and a minor band was observed at 45K with the B29-Napa-Ins only. The A1-Nap-Ins also strongly labeled a component of Mr = 85,000; this was, however, only partially inhibited by insulin.
Under honreducing conditions, the photoinsulins were linked to receptor oligomers of Mr = 330-350K, 220K, and 185K, as well as to a small amount of free a subunits. With increasing reductant concentrations, these oligomers decreased and the intensity of the a subunit band increased.
These data suggest that although all three photoinsulins bind predominantly to the a subunit, only those linked via the B-chain produce a persistent biologic effect. These studies also suggest that the insulin receptor of isolated fat cells in the native state exists in various oligomeric forms, as well as free subunits, in the plasma membrane.
Chronic dermatitis caused by Lactobacillus jensenii infection in a blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna)
Authors: Brandão João , Wong Carolyn , Kurotaki Tetsuro , Johnson James , Mitchell Maria , Roy Alma , Pucheu-Haston Cherie , Del Piero Fabio , Tully Thomas 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Case Description—A 5-year-old sexually intact female blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna) was evaluated because of a swelling on the right side of the face and irritated area on the ventral aspect of the keel.
Clinical Findings—Clinical findings were consistent with dermatitis (right facial lesion) and a coalescing subdermal granuloma (ventral keel lesion). Hematologic analysis revealed monocytosis and mild anemia. Histologic evaluation of the ventral keel lesion revealed evidence of chronic heterophilic dermatitis with multinucleated giant cells and bacterial rods and cocci. An unspeciated gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium was isolated via aerobic bacterial culture. Results of bacterial biochemical tests suggested the organism was a type of Actinomyces. A 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis was performed; results indicated the organism was Lactobacillus jensenii.
Treatment and Outcome—Extensive surgical debridement of the branching granuloma, which extended throughout the length of the keel, followed by long-term treatment with ciprofloxacin and clindamycin provided full resolution of clinical signs. No recrudescence of clinical signs was evident for up to 18 months after the initial evaluation.
Clinical Relevance—To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of Lactobacillus-associated dermatitis or subdermal granuloma in the scientific literature and the second report of L jensenii in avian species. Use of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis was instrumental in the identification of this fastidious organism, indicating the method's usefulness as a diagnostic tool.
The Morphological Features and Canopy Parameters as Factors Affecting the Competition Between Winter Wheat Varieties and Weeds
Authors: Feledyn-Szewczyk Beata , Jończyk Krzysztof , Berbeć Adam 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between morphological features and canopy parameters of winter wheat varieties and weed infestation. The 2-year-long field experiments were conducted at 3 locations, on 13 varieties of winter wheat cultivated on organic farms. The response of the tested cultivars to weed infestation was similar regardless of the location. The number of weeds did not differ significantly between the wheat varieties and was similar in all locations and years of the study (109-122 plants/m2). The weed dry matter was significantly lower in Chomentowo (38 g/m2) compared to Osiny and Chwałowice (66 and 85 g/ m2). Nateja and Legenda wheat varieties showed the biggest competitiveness against weeds in both years and locations, whereas Alcazar, Boomer and Jenga were characterized as having the least competitive ability. Natula, Kohelia, Batuta and Ostroga wheat varieties showed a different response to weed infestation over the years. The analysis of correlation and cluster analysis showed that wheat dry matter, plant density, and wheat height had the greatest impact on the number and dry matter of weeds. There was no significant correlation between number of tillers per plant and weed infestation parameters measured in the dough stage
Effect of Cabbage (Brassica Oleracea) Leaf Residue as a Biofumigant, on Root Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne Incognita Infecting Tomato
Authors: Youssef Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed , Lashein Asmahan Mohamed Shawky 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Under greenhouse conditions, crushed cabbage leaves (Brassica oleracea) were incorporated into the soil at different rates (2.5, 5 and 10g per pot), 10 days before transplanting tomato cv. Super Strain B. The crushed leaves were mixed in with the soil at different interval times (5 g at transplanting, and 5 and 10 days before transplanting) for managing root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Results indicated that adding different rates of crushed cabbage leaves significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected nematode criteria. The higher the rate of residue, the higher the percentage of nematode reduction. Adding a moderate rate (5 g) of crushed cabbage leaves reduced nematode criteria according to the time the leaves were added before transplanting. There was a negative correlation between the time of the addition and the percentage of nematode reduction. Also plant growth criteria improved according to the tested rates and the time the leaves were added