bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“When should we pull the plug?”
Authors: Klitzman Robert L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how end-of-life decisions frequently strain doctors, patients, and families, and how chaplains assist. Recently, the use of palliative and hospice care (so-called comfort care) has spread, enhancing the quality rather than the quantity of a patient’s remaining life, and emphasizing holistic, spiritual, existential, and religious, not just medical, issues. Yet, countless patients and families reject such an approach, seeing it as “giving up” or feeling that their religion forbids it, since only God gives and should therefore be able to end life. Many patients end up receiving futile care because they incorrectly assume their faith dictates it. However, their religion may also in fact advocate alleviation of suffering, which can mean withholding or withdrawing painful unnecessary interventions. Chaplains frequently work to shift such views among families, playing critical roles, grasping “where patients are coming from,” and aiding medical staff in understanding.
Apostrophes
Authors: Barton Jill 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Apostrophes, invented in 1509 to create an absence or a pause, are much abused and stir so much debate and anguish that grammarians founded the “Apostrophe Protection Society” in 2001. The Supreme Court justices disagree on how—or even whether—to use apostrophes. The majority rules on how to use apostrophes for possessives and contractions just might shock traditionalists. Apostrophes can turn a regular word into a possessive or a contraction, and many legal writers avoid the latter because of its informality. Justice Antonin Scalia was vehemently opposed to contractions. But writers who steer clear of these two-word combos nowadays are failing to follow the majority rule among current Supreme Court justices. And for possessives, the justices split on whether to write Congress’ or Congress’s.
Commas
Authors: Barton Jill 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Comma disagreements and errors have led to several legal cases that have cost parties millions of dollars. Back in 1872, a misplaced comma in a tariff law between two simple words—“fruit” and “plants”—cost the government the equivalent of $40 million. The justices stick with a handful of tried-and-true rules. All use the serial comma. All use commas before a short conjunction combining two independent clauses. All use commas to separate elements in locations and complete dates. And finally, all use commas around parenthetical phrases and nonrestrictive clauses. But from there, the justices use commas in what might seem a haphazard fashion. In short, the justices use a comma when they need to pause. The justices take care with the cadence of their writing, and their nonconformity to some traditional comma rules shows this.
Parentheses
Authors: Barton Jill 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Parentheses can surround a word, phrase, or clause at the middle or end of the sentence. Commas call on the reader to take note, em-dashes shout, but parentheses whisper. All the justices occasionally use parentheses to inject some detail as an aside. They also, like all lawyers, regularly include parentheticals within citations. This chapter details how and why the legal writer uses parentheses. Justice Ginsburg credited her European literature professor, Vladimir Nabokov, for changing “the way I read and the way I write. Words could paint pictures, I learned from him. Choosing the right word, and the right word order, he illustrated, could make an enormous difference in conveying an image or an idea.” Ginsburg took cues from her professor on how punctuation influences the cadence of writing, like how Nabokov used parentheses to slip in some digressions in the opening of Lolita.
Alliteration and Repetition
Authors: Barton Jill 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Poetic devices—alliteration, assonance, consonance, and repetition—have a place in legal writing. Good writing has a rhythm, just like good music. Readers, in a sense, hear the words they see as their eyes move down the page, so repeated sounds make the lines stand out because they are more lyrical. All the justices use a touch of alliteration, assonance, and consonance in their writing to infuse a beat into their sentences. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the start of words, as with the d sounds in “Disruptive dinnertime calls, downright deceit . . . .” Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds, as with the short i sounds in disruptive and dinnertime. Consonance is the repetition of consonants. The trick is keeping it subtle, not jumping off the page but nearly imperceptibly compelling the reader onward.
Because vs. Since
Authors: Barton Jill 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
“Because” and “since” are words that many people use interchangeably in casual conversation. But in legal writing, the precise meaning of each word can be significant. Grammarians have insisted that since, which technically means “from the time that,” should be used to show only a temporal relation. Meanwhile, because, defined as “for the reason that,” should show only cause. Eight of the justices use since to mean because during oral arguments, but only a very slim majority has done so in their written opinions—and rarely at that. They also unanimously ignore the common misconception that writers should not start sentences with because or since. In practice, the distinction between since and because typically matters only when confusion would result. It also can matter when the legal writer needs to pinpoint causation.
Modifiers
Authors: Barton Jill 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Modifiers, more than any other grammar topic, stand accused of sentence gymnastics. A modifier is any word, phrase, or clause that alters a sentence’s meaning. The Supreme Court justices do not aimlessly leave modifiers dangling, out-of-place, or unclear. On rare occasions, though, some justices push the limits of old-school modifier rules to follow conversational conventions over timeworn grammar guidelines. Trouble can arise when readers need to interpret what a modifying phrase in a sentence actually modifies. And three recent cases have turned on that precise question. Only one resulted in a unanimous judgment, and even then, Justice Alito concurred to warn that “rigid” and “arcane” grammar rules “can lead us astray.” In another case, Justice Gorsuch argued that a “clause that leaps over its nearest referent to modify every other term would defy grammatical gravity and common sense alike.”
Transitions
Authors: Barton Jill 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Transitions, in legal writing, seamlessly link facts to precedent, ideas to arguments, and rationales to conclusions. These shifts help show the reader exactly how each statement helps shape our system of laws. All the justices use a variety of transitions to tie together what can amount to dozens of points on a 50-page opinion. The common features: each transition has meaning, orients readers, and impels readers forward. With these connecting words, the justices avoid choppy writing. Many transitions signal that there is an additional point on the same issue. Other purposes for transitions are introducing, comparing, contrasting, preempting, emphasizing, showing time or place, and concluding. The examples in this chapter show how the justices transition between points with these various purposes—with a single word, a phrase, or statement.
Expanding Literary Domains
Authors: Loewy Shacham Ilanit 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Analyzing the poetics of the Āmuktamālyada through its narrative structure, descriptive sections, and figuration, this chapter questions the classification of the Āmuktamālyada as a court poem that narrates the story of the poet-saint (Āḻvār) Āṇṭāḷ—a classification that ignores more than three-quarters of the text. The chapter demonstrates that the text uses different hagiographies to tell the story of the Śrīvaiṣṇava community, and it is the community that binds the seemingly disjointed parts of text. The chapter argues that the poem ignores the Sanskritic principle of a dominant mood (rasa), clearing the way for an aesthetic experience derived from eclectic mundane and personal experiences. Additionally, while most court poems emphasize the power of ornamented speech as the means to transcend everyday reality, the Āmuktamālyada celebrates a different worldview, in which devoted service to god subordinates everything else, allowing for everyday life to play a greater role in the poetic experience.
Political Parties and Democracy
Authors: Shapira Assaf 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Israel has a competitive multi-party system that is an expression of not only the proportional electoral system but also the ideological, ethnic, and religious cleavages in Israel’s highly fragmented society. Once described as a ‘parties state’, Israel has experienced a (comparatively) radical decline of political parties in recent decades. In terms of electoral achievements, political participation, public trust, and economic conduct, the parties—especially veteran, large, aggregative, democratic parties such as the right-wing Likud and left-wing Labour—are much weaker today, although Likud is still the most successful party in Israel, and even Labour has managed to survive as a small party. This is part of a universal phenomenon, but it is also affected by specific factors such as demographic changes, extreme political personalization, internal splits within Likud and Labour, and the pathologies of the primaries (which were adopted by these parties in the 1990s). The process of decline has been accompanied by the strengthening of smaller, sectoral parties, as well as the success (albeit often temporary) of new, personal parties such as the centrist Yesh Atid. In addition to offering a general analysis of the state of parties in Israel today and their decline in recent decades, together with a more in-depth review of Likud, Labour, and Yesh Atid, this chapter also suggests that the crisis that the large parties are undergoing might accelerate recent political developments jeopardizing liberal democracy in Israel.
The airway mycobiome and interactions with immunity in health and chronic lung disease
Authors: Katsoulis Orestis , Pitts Oliver R , Singanayagam Aran 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The existence of commensal fungi that reside within the respiratory tract, termed the airway mycobiome, has only recently been discovered. Studies are beginning to characterize the spectrum of fungi that inhabit the human upper and lower respiratory tract but heterogeneous sampling and analysis techniques have limited the generalizability of findings to date. In this review, we discuss existing studies that have examined the respiratory mycobiota in healthy individuals and in those with inflammatory lung conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. Associations between specific fungi and features of disease pathogenesis are emerging but the precise functional consequences imparted by mycobiota upon the immune system remain poorly understood. It is imperative that further research is conducted in this important area as a more detailed understanding could facilitate the development of novel approaches to manipulating the mycobiome for therapeutic benefit.
Engineering Services
Authors: Castro Rafael , Álvaro-Moya Adoración 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the evolution and impact of the engineering services industry, shedding light on its often overlooked yet pivotal role in driving industrial and infrastructure development. After summarizing the characteristics of engineering as a profession and of engineering services as an industry, the chapter traces the rise of engineering as a profession in the 19th century and its evolution into a service industry thereafter. It discusses the industry’s role in state and empire building in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and then explores emergence of modern engineering consulting in the post-World War II era within the context of American hegemony, before providing a snapshot of its contemporary landscape, where shifts in global markets for engineering services are linked to geopolitical changes, especially the rise of China—confirming once again the importance of geopolitics in understanding the dynamics of this particular industry.
Free, Prior and Informed Consent and Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Lenzerini Federico 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) constitutes an essential prerequisite for guaranteeing effective enjoyment by Indigenous peoples and their members of their internationally recognized human rights. It is a multifaceted, complex, concept that is, simultaneously a procedural condition for the realization of Indigenous peoples’ rights, a legal principle—as it informs the conduct of state authorities vis-à-vis Indigenous peoples—and an autonomous substantive right of collective character. In fact, even though FPIC is embedded in the right to self-determination, and is strictly interconnected with other Indigenous peoples’ rights, its status of ‘right’ is beyond any doubt. While it cannot be held that FPIC entitles Indigenous peoples to exercise a right to veto with respect to every kind of measures or activities potentially affecting their interests, it may be convincingly asserted that such a right to veto actually exists when it comes to activities that are likely to seriously impact their fundamental rights, cultural integrity and/or physical existence.
Raising Temple Family Members
Authors: Starling Jessica 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
All the Buddhist sects in Japan now permit clerical marriage, and the position of resident priest of parish temples is normally passed down from father to son. In one sect, the Jōdo Shinshū, this practice of married clergy and family inheritance has been the norm for centuries. While seminaries and administrative temples offer official training and ordination for priests in preparation for this role, in fact much religious learning also takes place at home, within the temple family. This chapter focuses on the unofficial, affective, and often gendered ways in which various forms of religious expertise are transmitted within Jōdo Shinshū temple families—and between temple families and parishioners—thus ensuring intergenerational continuity of Buddhist practices, institutions, and doctrine in contemporary Japan. The research includes a case study drawn from the author’s interview with a woman cleric in Kanazawa.
Charity in a Working-Class Taiwanese Buddhist Community
Authors: Ritzinger Justin R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The contemporary Taiwanese Buddhist scene is dominated by a handful of large organizations founded on Human Realm Buddhism: Tzu Chi, Foguang shan, and Dharma Drum Mountain. One of their most impressive features is extensive and sophisticated charitable work that has been characterized as “industrialized philanthropy.” While these organizations are undeniably important, Buddhist charity in Taiwan is not limited to their efforts. This chapter considers the opposite end of the spectrum by examining a small working-class group and its grassroots engagement with its immediate community, a poor neighborhood of Taoyuan. At first glance, the Lodge’s signature program, distributing homemade vegetarian snacks to schoolchildren, might appear idiosyncratic or even irrational. However, it is well-adapted to the community’s capacities and opportunities, and it facilitates the formation of connections practical and karmic that allow it to contribute in its small way to the goal of creating a pure land on earth.
Assemblies and Technologies of Surveillance
Authors: Aston Val 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Surveillance systems designed to monitor public space are frequently used for the monitoring of public assemblies. While the privacy impact of public space surveillance is often dismissed as nothing more than what any individual might expect when they go out in public, a growing body of research suggests that surveillance—including the visible monitoring of the public domain—may result in complex harms not just to individual privacy, but also to the very act of assembly and the process of mobilization. Unfortunately, there has been limited recognition of these harms by courts and other oversight bodies: privacy is conceptualized narrowly in ways that prevent its application to protect collective acts carried out in public spaces, and courts have been slow to accept that surveillance can constitute a constraint on the right of peaceful assembly. As a result, states have enjoyed considerable discretion in their use of (so-called) ‘overt’ surveillance systems. The potential for such discretion to have a ‘chilling effect’ on the exercise of freedom of assembly has been inadequately acknowledged by judges and legislators alike.
Social Cognition of Moral Judgment
Authors: Conway Paul 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Moral judgment often examines sacrificial dilemmas where causing limited harm will prevent greater harm. Such dilemmas entail a trade-off between moral concerns about avoiding harming others and concerns about maximizing overall well-being. Such dilemmas originated in philosophy, but research examines the psychological mechanisms that drive judgments. Yet, theorists often conflate philosophical theory with dilemma decisions and decisions with underlying mechanisms. This chapter discusses the origins of dilemma research and distinguishes between philosophical, judgment, and process levels of analysis. It considers the original “hard” dual-process model and a “softer” version that better meshes with evidence, as well as single-process models and social perception models. The chapter tours evidence obtained by examining judgments and via the process dissociation and consequences norms inaction modeling approaches. Finally, it considers the dangers of mixing levels of analysis and the utility of clarity for the goals of dilemma research.
Sexuality, gender, and the law
Authors: Holzleithner Elisabeth 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the complex relation of sexuality, gender, and the law from the perspectives of legal philosophy, legal gender studies, and queer legal theory. Its point of departure is modern law’s promise of equal freedom, which is enshrined in human rights and in the constitutions of liberal democracies. The chapter starts out by introducing two approaches to sexuality, gender, and the law: the paradigm of conventional morality and that of equal freedom (autonomy). Having established autonomy as the central reference point, that principle is illuminated by spelling out the conditions necessary for its realization. Autonomy provides the basis for developing a concept of emancipatory law, including an outline of three paths to achieving it: legislation, popular referenda, and litigation. The chapter continues by delineating the specifics of the LGBTIQ+ equal rights approach, followed by the critiques brought forth in queer legal theory. Both approaches are analysed in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. In concluding the chapter provides suggestions for furthering autonomy in the realm of gender and sexuality as part of an encompassing conception of social justice.
Subnational Authoritarianism in Comparative Politics
Authors: Gibson Edward L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Regime dynamics are multitiered territorial affairs, and our fixations on national politics have until recently blinded us to their territorial complexities. After a national government is democratized, subnational authoritarian or “hybrid” regimes often continue to deny rights guaranteed by national laws and constitutions. In these situations of “regime juxtaposition,” subnational authoritarianism is maintained by cross-tier institutional arrangements and strategic coordination between local autocrats and leaders of national democratic regimes. Subnational democratization struggles are also multilevel affairs, with local oppositions and autocrats employing distinctive local and national strategies to promote or prevent national involvement in the local conflict. These “boundary control” struggles are the basic conflict pattern in situations of subnational authoritarianism in national democratic regimes. New research agendas are advancing our understanding of the causes and consequences of subnational regime variations and on the subnational dimensions of national democratic “backsliding.”
From Mere Life to a Good Life: Shifting Refugee Integration Policy from Outcomes to Capabilities
Authors: Phillimore Jenny 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Despite extensive criticism, integration policy has seen increasing resonance in many Western countries. Refugees are particularly susceptible to the effects of integration policy as, unlike other migrants, they do not have the option to return. Further, the nature of integration experiences has been shown to impact health and well-being, with positive experiences capable of moderating prior trauma. The primary focus of integration policy has been on self-sufficiency, with little attention paid to the ways in which refugees could be supported to live a good life. This article outlines a new framework, consisting of nine integration capabilities, which expand the focus on integration policy beyond the functional to cover a wide range of factors that enable or prevent refugees from flourishing in refuge. Applying the framework to two vignettes outlining the experiences of refugee survivors of sexual and gender-based violence, this article demonstrates how different forms of policy, both pre- and post-migration, shape individuals’ potential to flourish in refuge. This article ends by arguing that a capabilities approach has the potential to reframe integration policy, as the provision of freedoms and resources to develop capabilities and enable refugees’ functioning to flourish.
Mitigation of supply chain challenges in cell therapy manufacturing: perspectives from the cord blood alliance
Authors: Killela Patrick , Herrity Kieran , Frontier Ludwig , Horton Roger , Kurtzberg Joanne , Van’t Hof Wouter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Cellular therapies rely on highly specialized supply chains that often depend on single source providers. Public cord blood banks (CBB) manufacturing the first cell therapy to be highly regulated by the FDA and related international agencies are a prime example of being subject to this phenomenon. In addition to banking unrelated donor cord blood units for transplantation, CBBs also source and characterize starting materials for supply to allogeneic cell therapy developers that often employ customized technologies offered by just a small number of manufacturers. As such, these supply chains are especially sensitive to even minor changes which often result in potential major impacts. Regulations can shape supply chain efficiencies, both directly via the definition of restricted technology and process requirements and indirectly by steering strategic business decisions of critical supply or service providers.
We present 3 current supply chain issues with different root causes that are swaying efficiencies in cord blood banking and beyond. Specifically, the shortage of Hespan, a common supplement used in cord blood processing, the decision by the provider to stop supporting medical device marking of the Sepax system broadly used in cord blood banking, and a new European ruling on phasing out plasticizers that are critical for providing flexibility to cord blood collection bags, are all threatening downstream supply chain issues for the biologics field. We discuss overcoming these hurdles through the prism of unified mitigation strategies, defined, and implemented by multi-factorial teams and stakeholders, to negotiate resolutions with providers and regulators alike.