bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specifying intent at the Museum of Childhood
Authors: McVicar Mhairi 
Published: June 2013

In a 2009 interview, architect Peter St John of Caruso St John Architects defined a good architect as one who makes few compromises, highlighting precise instructions as imperative in achieving this. An architectural project, St John stated, 'is far more likely to work well if you put an enormous effort into defining what you want, to achieve quality’. At Caruso St John Architects' 2006 entrance addition to the Victoria and Albert Museum of Childhood in Bethnal Green, London [1], the precise specification of mortar and mastic joints throughout a cut-stone facade was employed to define expectations of quality in the constructed facade. These specifications, written in accordance with the recommendations of professional practice, set out stringent expectations of dimensional perfection. When dimensional variations during design development and construction threatened to disrupt these expectations, the precise definition of quality shifted, becoming less defined by dimensional perfection and more reliant upon the ‘architectural intentions’ underpinning the project. In referencing conceptual, ideological, historical and technological intentions which were difficult definitively to express, this critical phrase – ‘architectural intentions’ – is examined here in terms of its ambiguity in the context of the written specification [2].Ambiguity in the written specification is emphatically rejected by regulatory and advisory bodies in the architectural profession, which frequently advise that the written specification must provide, above all else, certainty. In The Architects' Journal in 1989, author Francis Hall went as far as describing the properly drafted specification as the ‘one certain opportunity’ for an architect to set down a ‘definitive and enforceable expression of standard and quality’. ‘Properly drafted’ is typically translated as a prosaic language, specifically devoid of poetic content. The ability of the unambiguous written specification to convey adequately the poetic content of architectural intentions has, however, been under critique since its inception.
‘Of their several kinds’: forms of clause in the architectural specification
Authors: Thomas Katie Lloyd 
Published: June 2013

In this article I set out some of the distinct ways materials and components are described in architectural specifications. In many cases, as we might expect, materials are simply named, albeit in a great variety of ways from brand name to botanical species. In others, materials are specified via a reference to something else – to be built ‘like is the timbers of the Rente of Robert’, or to match a sample of stock bricks ‘marked No 1 to be seen with the Architect at No 1 Westminster Chambers’. We find many examples of what Bertrand Gille has called the ‘recipe’ – details about the ingredients and processes of making up a material or fixing it in site (Gille locates one in Vitruvius). And recently, and ever more pervasively, materials are prescribed in terms of their performance – how they are to behave in the finished building, whether acoustically or structurally or thermally and so on, with no mention at all of how the result is to be achieved. Indeed, the point may be precisely to avoid naming a particular material so that the responsibility for a compliant selection no longer rests with the architect. These descriptions, with their language of properties and materials science, could not be more different from the instructive prose-like sentences of the process-based specification. With one describing how to make up a given material, and the other how it is to behave, we might also suggest that they depend on very different, even incompatible, conceptualisations of the material – as artefact on the one hand and as actor on the other.Differences between types of clause are recognised in contemporary technical literature and guides to specification practice, although the distinctions considered significant vary greatly. The typologies set out here, however, are drawn from my own survey of documents from the eighteenth century to the present day. In some cases, such as the performance clause, the type I identify maps directly onto a widely used industry category but in others, such as the process-based clause not so much in use today, it may only share some similarities with existing technical definitions.
SUB-PLAN: A Guide to Permitted Development
Authors: Knight David , Williams Finn 
Published: June 2013

Permitted Development (PD) is the set of laws that determine what can be built in the UK without needing planning permission. These laws, which have existed since 1947, typically cover smallscale developments that have a minor impact on their surroundings. In 2008 the laws covering household developments were radically revised in an effort to free up planning departments to focus on larger applications. But the rewritten laws, while inherently more ‘liberal’ than their predecessors, are also confusing, impractical, and obscured by legalese.Since 2009, we have produced a series of projects with a number of collaborators that explore PD. These projects all involve engaging with the laws in order to make public their potential for development. We see this work as a form of spatial practice.This article presents an edited selection of spreads from our 2009 book-pamphlet SUB-PLAN: A Guide to Permitted Development, which was produced with the graphic design studio Europa and a group of students at the Architectural Association Summer School.
Multifocus Optical Microscopy Applied to the Study of Archaeological Metals
Authors: Figueiredo Elin , Silva Rui J.C. , Araújo M. Fátima , Fernandes Francisco M. Braz 
Published: June 2013

AbstractStudies on cultural metal artifacts can benefit greatly from microscopy techniques. The examination of microstructural features can provide relevant information about ancient manufacturing techniques, as well as about corrosion/degradation processes. In the present work, advantages of the use of multifocus imaging techniques in optical microscopy for the study of archaeological metals are presented. An archaeometallurgical study of a large collection of bronzes demonstrates the possibility of a microstructural study with no need for sample removal, which is a great advantage in the study of cultural objects. In addition, the study of mounted samples illustrates the advantages of the multifocus technique in the examination of particular corrosion features, with the possibility of three-dimensional reconstructions.
Alternative FIB TEM Sample Preparation Method for Cross-Sections of Thin Metal Films Deposited on Polymer Substrates
Authors: Rivera Felipe , Davis Robert , Vanfleet Richard 
Published: June 2013

AbstractTransmission electron microscopy (TEM) and focused ion beam (FIB) are proven tools to produce site-specific samples in which to study devices from initial processing to causes for failure, as well as investigating the quality, defects, interface layers, etc. However, the use of polymer substrates presents new challenges, in the preparation of suitable site-specific TEM samples, which include sample warping, heating, charging, and melting. In addition to current options that address some of these problems such as cryo FIB, we add an alternative method and FIB sample geometry that address these challenges and produce viable samples suitable for TEM elemental analysis. The key feature to this approach is a larger than usual lift-out block into which small viewing windows are thinned. Significant largely unthinned regions of the block are left between and at the base of the thinned windows. These large unthinned regions supply structural support and thermal reservoirs during the thinning process. As proof-of-concept of this sample preparation method, we also present TEM elemental analysis of various thin metallic films deposited on patterned polycarbonate, lacquer, and poly-di-methyl-siloxane substrates where the pattern (from low- to high-aspect ratio) is preserved.
Phase Classification by Mean Shift Clustering of Multispectral Materials Images
Authors: Martins Diego Schmaedech , Josa Victor M. Galván , Castellano Gustavo , da Costa José A.T. Borges 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA mean-shift clustering (MSC) algorithm is introduced as a valuable alternative to perform materials phase classification from multispectral images. As opposed to other multivariate statistical techniques, such as factor analysis or principal component analysis (PCA), clustering techniques directly assign a class label to each pixel, so that their outputs are phase segmented images, i.e., there is no need for an additional segmentation algorithm. On the other hand, as compared to other clustering procedures and classification methods, such as segmentation by thresholding of multiple spectral components, MSC has the advantages of not requiring previous knowledge of the number of data clusters and not assuming any shape for these clusters, i.e., neither the number nor the composition of the phases must be previously known. This makes MSC a particularly useful tool for exploratory research, assisting phase identification of unknown samples. Visualization and interpretation of the results are also simplified, since the information content of the output image does not depend on the particular choice of the content of the color channels. We applied MSC to the analysis of two sets of X-ray maps acquired in scanning electron microscopes equipped with energy-dispersive detection systems. Our results indicate that MSC is capable of detecting additional phases, not clearly identified through PCA or multiple thresholding, with a very low empirical reject rate.
Beyond weight loss: a review of the therapeutic uses of very-low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets
Authors: Paoli A , Rubini A , Volek J S , Grimaldi K A 
Published: June 2013

AbstractVery-low-carbohydrate diets or ketogenic diets have been in use since the 1920s as a therapy for epilepsy and can, in some cases, completely remove the need for medication. From the 1960s onwards they have become widely known as one of the most common methods for obesity treatment. Recent work over the last decade or so has provided evidence of the therapeutic potential of ketogenic diets in many pathological conditions, such as diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, acne, neurological diseases, cancer and the amelioration of respiratory and cardiovascular disease risk factors. The possibility that modifying food intake can be useful for reducing or eliminating pharmaceutical methods of treatment, which are often lifelong with significant side effects, calls for serious investigation. This review revisits the meaning of physiological ketosis in the light of this evidence and considers possible mechanisms for the therapeutic actions of the ketogenic diet on different diseases. The present review also questions whether there are still some preconceived ideas about ketogenic diets, which may be presenting unnecessary barriers to their use as therapeutic tools in the physician’s hand.
Modeling and Simulation Workbench for NONMEM: Tutorial on Pirana, PsN, and Xpose
Authors: Keizer RJ , Karlsson MO , Hooker A 
Published: June 2013

Several software tools are available that facilitate the use of the NONMEM software and extend its functionality. This tutorial shows how three commonly used and freely available tools, Pirana, PsN, and Xpose, form a tightly integrated workbench for modeling and simulation with NONMEM. During the tutorial, we provide some guidance on what diagnostics we consider most useful in pharmacokinetic model development and how to construct them using these tools.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e50; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.24; advance online publication 26 June 2013
An aromatic amino acid in the coiled-coil 1 domain plays a crucial role in the auto-inhibitory mechanism of STIM1
Authors: Yu Junwei , Zhang Haining , Zhang Mingshu , Deng Yongqiang , Wang Huiyu , Lu Jingze , Xu Tao , Xu Pingyong 
Published: June 2013

STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1) is one of the key elements that mediate store-operated Ca2+ entry via CRAC (Ca2+- release-activated Ca2+) channels in immune and non-excitable cells. Under physiological conditions, the intramolecular auto-inhibitions in STIM1 C- and STIM1 N-termini play essential roles in keeping STIM1 in an inactive state. However, the auto-inhibitory mechanism of the STIM1 C-terminus is still unclear. In the present study, we first predicted a short inhibitory domain (residues 310–317) in human STIM1 that might determine the different localizations of human STIM1 from Caenorhabditis elegans STIM1 in resting cells. Next, we confirmed the prediction and further identified an aromatic amino acid residue, Tyr316, that played a crucial role in maintaining STIM1 in a closed conformation in quiescent cells. Full-length STIM1-Y316A formed constitutive clusters near the plasma membrane and activated the CRAC channel in the resting state when co-expressed with Orai1. The introduction of a Y316A mutation caused the higher-order oligomerization of the in vitro purified STIM1 fragment containing both the auto-inhibitory domain and CAD (CRAC-activating domain). We propose that the Tyr316 residue may be involved in the auto-inhibitory mechanism of the STIM1 C-terminus in the quiescent state. This inhibition could be achieved either by interacting with the CAD using hydrogen and/or hydrophobic bonds, or by an intermolecular interaction using repulsive forces, which maintained a dimeric STIM1.
Prey Selectivity of Fraser River Sockeye Salmon during Early Marine Migration in British Columbia
Authors: Price Michael H. H. , Glickman Barry W. , Reynolds John D. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMortality of salmon during early marine life has long been thought to be a critical factor in limiting overall abundance. One of the key hypotheses proposed to explain the long‐term productivity decline of Canada's iconic Fraser River Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka, is deficient habitat conditions experienced during early marine life. Our study is a first step towards testing this hypothesis, with an aim of understanding food availability and prey choice of juvenile salmon early in their coastal migration. We investigated zooplankton density, diet composition, and foraging selectivity of juvenile Fraser Sockeye Salmon during the 2009 and 2010 migrations and determined whether the timing of their migration was related to feeding success. Sockeye Salmon diets showed high prey diversity and a preference for euphausiid, amphipod, decapod, terrestrial insect, fish, egg, and cumacean prey. Calanoid copepods, the most abundant available prey, were not strongly selected in either year. Zooplankton densities were highest in the tidally mixed Discovery Passage–Johnstone Strait area. The fish appeared to have an adequate prey resource pool during their early marine migration, and in the 2 years of our study we observed similar feeding success throughout the migration period. Importantly, we found no evidence of food limitations that might indicate that juveniles suffered food deprivation. Further research is needed to test the generality of these findings, including the potential impacts of warming ocean temperatures on the timing and availability of prey during migration.
First Report of Geranium Rust (Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis) in the State of Michoacán, México
Authors: Gregorio-Cipriano M. R. , Fernández-Pavía S. P. , Rodríguez-Alvarado G. , Gómez-Dorantes N. 
Published: June 2013

Geranium is one of the most popular ornamental plants in México. In December 2012, rust symptoms were observed on leaves of common geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum L. H. Bailey) growing in pots in garden landscapes in Morelia, Michoacán. Dark brown pustules with chlorotic halos appeared on the lower leaf surface. A center pustule surrounded by one or more partial-to-complete concentric circles of smaller pustules was observed in each lesion. Urediniospores were globose or subglobose to ovoid, light brown, echinulated, thin-walled with two more or less conspicuous subequatorial pores, and 21 to 29 × 18 to 24 μm (25.5 × 22.8 μm average). Teliospores were not observed. Based on these characters, the rust was identified as Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis Doidge (1,2). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on three healthy P. × hortorum plants that were sprayed with water droplets containing urediniospores. The inoculated plants were covered with a plastic bag and placed in a screened house. The bags were removed after 24 h. Afterwards, the plants were maintained outside the screened house in full sun at ambient temperature (24 to 30°C in the day and 5 to 10°C at night). Initial symptoms were observed 15 to 17 days post inoculation. Symptoms appeared as small light yellow spots on the upper surface of mature leaves. Urediniospores production on the lower surface of the leaves was evident 22 to 25 days post inoculation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. pelargonii-zonalis in the state of Michoacán, México. Geranium rust has been previously reported only in the state of Guanajuato (2). References: (1) E. M. Doidge. Bothalia 2:1, 1926. (2) H. L. Gallegos and G. B. Cummings. Uredinales (royas) de México. Vol. 1. Culiacán, Sinaloa, México, SARH, 1981.
Identification of Genes Involved in the Response of Arabidopsis to Simultaneous Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
Authors: Atkinson Nicky J. , Lilley Catherine J. , Urwin Peter E. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn field conditions, plants may experience numerous environmental stresses at any one time. Research suggests that the plant response to multiple stresses is different from that for individual stresses, producing nonadditive effects. In particular, the molecular signaling pathways controlling biotic and abiotic stress responses may interact and antagonize one another. The transcriptome response of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to concurrent water deficit (abiotic stress) and infection with the plant-parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii (biotic stress) was analyzed by microarray. A unique program of gene expression was activated in response to a combination of water deficit and nematode stress, with 50 specifically multiple-stress-regulated genes. Candidate genes with potential roles in controlling the response to multiple stresses were selected and functionally characterized. RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR-LIKE8 (AtRALFL8) was induced in roots by joint stresses but conferred susceptibility to drought stress and nematode infection when overexpressed. Constitutively expressing plants had stunted root systems and extended root hairs. Plants may produce signal peptides such as AtRALFL8 to induce cell wall remodeling in response to multiple stresses. The methionine homeostasis gene METHIONINE GAMMA LYASE (AtMGL) was up-regulated by dual stress in leaves, conferring resistance to nematodes when overexpressed. It may regulate methionine metabolism under conditions of multiple stresses. AZELAIC ACID INDUCED1 (AZI1), involved in defense priming in systemic plant immunity, was down-regulated in leaves by joint stress and conferred drought susceptibility when overexpressed, potentially as part of abscisic acid-induced repression of pathogen response genes. The results highlight the complex nature of multiple stress responses and confirm the importance of studying plant stress factors in combination.
Mainstreaming biodiversity accounting: potential implications for a developing economy
Authors: Siddiqui Javed 
Published: June 2013

PurposeThe paper seeks to respond to calls by Jones for more studies exploring the possibility of operationalising accounting for biodiversity.Design/methodology/approachArchival data are used to produce a natural inventory report for the Sundarbans, the world's largest mangrove forest declared as a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 2007.FindingsThe study extends prior research on biodiversity accounting by exploring the applicability of Jones' natural inventory model in the context of Bangladesh. The results indicate that application of Jones' natural inventory model is feasible in the context of developing countries such as Bangladesh. It is also recognised that the socio‐economic and political environment prevailing in developing economies may lead to the emergence of important stakeholder groups including local civil society bodies, international donor agencies and foreign governments. Biodiversity accounting may provide a legitimate basis for the government in allaying concerns regarding environmental stewardship and assist in negotiations with powerful stakeholder groups on important issues such as financial assistance after natural disasters and claims to the global climate change fund.Originality/valueThis is one of the early attempts to operationalise biodiversity accounting in the context of a developing economy.
Developing critical thinking skills and effective co‐operative international accounting degree programs in China
Authors: He Hong , Craig Russell , Wen Jing 
Published: June 2013

PurposeThe authors aim to critically review the co‐operative education program conducted between 20 Chinese universities and the Certified General Accountants’ Association of Canada.Design/methodology/approachThe assessments made are influenced by the results of a questionnaire survey of the opinions of students in the co‐operative education program; and by the experiences of the authors variously as a current teacher, former student, and independent observer of this program.FindingsThe authors offer suggestions to improve accounting education in China in areas of curriculum and teaching. In doing so, they emphasize the need to develop critical thinking skills.Originality/valueThis paper provides good insights to how many Chinese universities co‐operate with foreign universities and/or foreign professional accounting associations to educate accountants. This is particularly important in an era in which China's rapidly expanding international trade and overseas investment has prompted a growing need for it to develop more internationally‐proficient accountants.
Communication apprehension and communication self‐efficacy in accounting students
Authors: Hassall Trevor , Arquero Jose L. , Joyce John , Gonzalez Jose M. 
Published: June 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to establish a link between communication apprehension and communication self‐efficacy in accounting students.Design/methodology/approachThis is achieved by the use of two questionnaires jointly distributed to the students involved. The Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA‐24) developed by McCroskey to measure oral communication apprehension[1] (OCA) and the instrument for written communication apprehension (WCA) developed by Daly and Miller and a questionnaire to measure communication self‐efficacy. This had been developed using the guidelines set out by Bandura and was designed to measure two constructs: oral communication self‐efficacy, and written communication self‐efficacy.FindingsThe two separate statistical tests to identify the connection between the two concepts both indicated the existence of a strong relationship between the two. This was shown not only in the overall relationship between communication apprehension and self‐efficacy but also equally strongly in their constituent components.Practical implicationsThe existence of this relationship is important because it provides a possible development in terms of understanding the barrier to the development of communication skills and also indicates a possible redirection to alleviate and remove the barrier. In order for accountants to meet future challenges, there is substantial evidence that the development of communication skills will be vital.Originality/valueThis paper draws the conclusion that in the future consideration needs to be given to incorporating into the pedagogy of accounting education, especially in those areas involving the development of communication skills, approaches that increase self‐efficacy.