bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ghost of Ronnie Spector
Authors: Rogovoy Seth 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 25 of Within You Without You, “The Ghost of Ronnie Spector,” closely examines George Harrison’s interactions with Ronnie Spector, the one-time queen of girl-group pop music and wife of producer Phil Spector. Harrison and the rest of the Beatles first met Ronnie Spector when her group, the Ronettes, toured the United Kingdom in early 1964. Ronnie Spector re-entered Harrison’s world when he had Phil Spector produce his debut album, All Things Must Pass. Harrison began a collaboration with Phil Spector to produce what was intended to be a comeback album for Ronnie Spector, who had been out of the public eye since the Ronettes broke up in 1967. Harrison provided several songs for Spector, including “Try Some, Buy Some” and “You,” both of which Harrison himself would adapt for his own use a few years hence.
In the Eyes of the Lonely One
Authors: Rogovoy Seth 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 29 of Within You Without You, “In the Eyes of the Lonely One,” closely examines George Harrison’s early-1980s solo albums, Somewhere in England and Gone Troppo. Particular attention is paid to the episode in which 1981’s Somewhere in England was initially rejected by Warner Brothers, which insisted that Harrison rework the album. Harrison abided by the request. Somehow, Warner was OK with the new lead-off track, “Blood from a Clone,” a vicious indictment of the music industry. Harrison also rewrote a song originally intended for Ringo Starr, and “All Those Years Ago,” a tribute to the recently slain John Lennon, featured participation by Starr and Paul McCartney—the closest the Beatles had come to a reunion since they split in 1970. Harrison delivered a half-hearted follow-up, 1982’s Gone Troppo. The album was something of a temporary farewell; Harrison wouldn’t release another album of original songs for five years.
Brothers in Arms
Authors: Rogovoy Seth 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 32 of Within You Without You, “Brothers in Arms,” examines George Harrison’s penchant for writing songs about the Beatles, during his years with the band and then in his subsequent solo career. While he was still in the group, songs that included “Savoy Truffle,” “I Me Mine,” and “Only a Northern Song” alluded to the internal dynamics among the band members. Harrison’s debut solo album, All Things Must Pass, included several songs that seemed to be addressed to his former bandmates, including “Run of the Mill,” “Isn’t It a Pity,” and “Apple Scruffs.” Sometimes the songs did little to hide his unhappiness with the Fab Four, especially “Sue Me, Sue You Blues”. Later on, Harrison wrote several loving and nostalgic tunes about the Beatles, including “All Those Years Ago” and “When We Was Fab.”
The Art of Dying
Authors: Rogovoy Seth 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 34 of Within You Without You, “The Art of Dying,” explores George Harrison’s seeming obsession with death and dying. In his life and in his songs, Harrison was constantly assessing the nature of death and the afterlife, partly as a result of his studies in Hinduism, but also because he was somewhat death-obsessed. The violence that surfaced out of the madness of Beatlemania put the fear of death in Harrison, and the premature and unnatural deaths of Brian Epstein and John Lennon only fed his obsessions that he gave expression to in songs that included “Art of Dying.” After several bouts of cancer in the 1990s, Harrison was nearly killed in December 1999 when a crazed intruder broke into his home in England and stabbed him multiple times. Harrison survived the brutal attack, but cancer soon returned to his body, only to claim his life in November 2001.
Introduction
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces Fernando Pessoa as a philosophical outsider, and provides an overview of the main themes in the book. There are two ways to imagine oneself from the inside: as differently embodied, and as having a different cognitive and affective bearing. The distinction between immersively imagining being differently embodied and immersively imagining having a new bearing crops up often in Indian stories about reincarnation. Pessoa wants to pluralize himself, and does so in both of two ways, pluralization by self-estrangement and pluralization by living a life in parallel.
A Life Lived in Serial, and in Parallel
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Being plural like the universe means, for Fernando Pessoa, two very different things at the same time. One is to live one’s life as a series of heteronyms, a sequence of virtual selves or “individuated points of view,” each with its own style of being in the world, a style that is associated with those affective modes of poetic attention Pessoa identifies as astonishment and admiration. The other, even more radical idea, which seems to predate the invention of heteronymy, consists in the thought that one might lead multiple lives in parallel, meaning specifically that one occupies simultaneously a plurality of first-person positions. This chapter discusses the first idea in connection with the famous play The Makropulos Case, as well as the Indian philosophical storybook the Mokṣōpāya. I will discuss the second idea by mentioning a similar idea in the Indian epic the Mahābhārata. I will also describe Pessoa’s philosophy of death.
Small Cities
Authors: Talen Emily 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter evaluates small cities, which can be read in several ways. In antiquity, smallness was a natural outgrowth of the limits of what the polis could do administratively, as well as how many people it was possible to interact with and how close people needed to be to the surrounding fields. In the 17th century, French Huguenots, fleeing annihilation in France, founded towns in Germany of limited size with no expansion or growth in mind. This was because they equated stasis with lasting peace. In American colonial settlement, small size was a conscious act of town planning rooted in communal ways of thinking, and these small villages are still a dominant feature of New England. Small size also makes the integration of the urban and the rural realms seem less problematic. There is a social aspect to small city size, at times involving a prescribed kind of social life. The chapter then looks at round patterns of small cities. Although small cities might have the ability to be flexible and adaptable, and therefore resilient, this falls apart if their cores are singularly owned rather than composed of multiple owners and uses.
Industrial Villages and Company Towns
Authors: Talen Emily 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes industrial villages and company towns, the defining element of which is that they are human settlements that do not exclude the industry they depend on. Industry is not covered up or shunned, it is an integral part of human habitation. The difference between the two terms is subtle. “Industrial village” is a slightly more modern and less quaint term than “company town.” Both are based on the idea that the employer should provide homes and daily life services for workers, in the same locale as industry. Because of manufacturing requirements, industrial villages were often planned and built along waterways. The industrial village that emerged in the late 19th/early 20th century was often planned in the “organic” tradition. Two early examples from the 19th century are Port Sunlight and Bournville. Industrial towns in the early 20th century were also often modeled after garden cities. However, industrial villages and company towns have a major flaw: they suffer from having a singularity of purpose, rising and falling based entirely on the strength of one industry.
Planned Suburbs
Authors: Talen Emily 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights planned suburbs, which typically consist of single-family homes carefully arranged in a picturesque design that integrates collective space, shared amenities, and green space. Geographic and cultural context play a significant role in how the planned suburb is interpreted. In the United States, planned suburbs have historically been affluent or middle-class, often signaling a rejection of the urban core in favor of family-oriented suburban life. But in other places, such as France, the suburbs are less likely to be affluent enclaves. To David Harvey, any planned community is suspect because it is seeking a “fixed” spatial form that excludes “the temporality of the social process” and avoids “the dialectics of social change.” The classic counter response to this criticism is that the fixed form of the planned community offers stability as well as the ability to withstand pressure to disintegrate into sprawl. It is built to last and operates under a restraint that respects community above unfettered individualism. The physical form of the planned suburb is supposed to create social unity. However, a suburb is usually composed of single-family detached housing, a form that is the manifestation of separation from one’s neighbors.
Garden Suburbs
Authors: Talen Emily 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses garden suburbs, which are a distinct subset of the planned suburb. Like the garden city, the garden suburb was trying to merge the best of two worlds: town and garden. They were to be places where people could have access to rural tranquility without having to give up access to the amenities needed for a high quality of life. The garden suburb is laid out with great attention to detail and a focus on holistic design, made possible by building on unfettered land. Planning, architecture, and gardening are united in a “real concern with art in shaping the human environment.” In addition to maintaining social elitism, the garden suburb reflected a desire for green, leafy realms. The desire to be close to all things “nature” implies that it is possible, by living in a garden suburb, to withdraw from the social, economic, and environmental problems of the city to which it is connected. Nevertheless, garden suburbs do attempt to cultivate a sense of the collective by way of green space. Park settings, nature, rural life, the picturesque—applied to the garden suburb, these descriptive qualities signal an infusion of nature, but not necessarily a more sustainable, “green” approach to human settlement.
The Baroque
Authors: Talen Emily 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the baroque, which employs symmetry in its expression of order, control, and majesty, although symmetry is not necessary for expressions of grandeur. The baroque strategy of a strong central axis focuses attention on a singular idea, ranging from collective social life to a singular dominant authority. In baroque pattern and form, space is vast but controlled. In the 17th century, this coincided with new monarchical authority. Meanwhile, American civic improvements of the 1890s employed the baroque to reflect the sense of superiority and economic militarism that was taking place in American conquests around the globe at the time: American imperialism in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. In the American case, the baroque insistence on Beaux Arts classicism had a way of intensifying the opinion that the City Beautiful was more interested in facades than in underlying causes, in form without content, in satisfying business interests rather than social needs. Yet the baroque, although suited to a grand scale, is not scale-dependent, and can be implemented in small communities.
Grids
Authors: Talen Emily 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on grids, also known as orthological street patterns. According to the urban planner Hans Blumenfeld, the original function of the grid was to divide land for plowing, but becoming a common basis for planning cities proved the compliance of grids. Where grids are laid down in such a way that there is no responsiveness to the landscape or topography, that is a clue that the grid was meant to adhere to some sort of higher truth or order. The chapter explores the religious symbolism of the grid in ancient times. It clarifies that the dominant purpose of gridded platting was order, which ensures regularized, uniform, controllable growth.
Curved and Irregular Streets
Authors: Talen Emily 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the implications of curved and irregular streets. It highlights that curvilinear and circular patterns have been historically considered to be godlike, the forms most associated with nature and the divine. Street curvilinearity was a matter of safety following the notion that the absence of system and orientation was prized as a means of defense. Moreover, curvilinearity and complexity in the street patterns of residential areas comprised another kind of planned disorientation. The chapter explains that suburban curvilinearity plays a role in maintaining fantasies about living in nature. Meanwhile, integrating curves into an existing urban street network helped calm traffic down and limit the ability of a road as a through-street.
Boulevards and Avenues
Authors: Talen Emily 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter tackles the differences between boulevards and avenues. Initially, the term boulevard was used in France as a military term for a city wall in the 14th century, but the definition changed to a promenade at the edge of European cities atop the old defensive 17th-century earthen ramparts. Meanwhile, avenues started differently, as they were straight roads that cut through the countryside, contrasting sharply with nature’s irregularity. However, the differences between boulevards and avenues became negligible in the 19th century. The chapter explains that boulevards and avenues are associated with destruction while also providing a new kind of space for social contact.
Centers
Authors: Talen Emily 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains that a city’s center, its nucleus or core, says a lot about what is valued and who holds power. Centrality gradually usurped elevation as the primary means of expressing dominance. In accordance with the Laws of the Indies, the civic prominence of the central plaza was evident in the requirement that the most important buildings had to front the plaza, with more noxious uses relegated to the edge of the city. Moreover, the symbolic importance of a center is emphasized by forcing roads to lead to it. In sharp contrast to a neighborhood center, the nucleus of the modern city evolved into a cluster of downtown skyscrapers that overpower any centralized experience in the form of a cathedral, plaza, or square.
The “Sublimest Thing” Ever Exhibited in America
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
On March 4, 1797, John Adams took the oath of office and became the second President of the United States. While this transition is often overshadowed by the election of 1800, it was a historic moment rarely seen on the global stage. Observers noted that tears streamed down the faces of those in the audience and reflected on the sublime nature of seeing one sun set, while another rose. This transition marked the first in a long line of peaceful transfers of power in the United States and began to lay the groundwork for a series of norms and precedents that are integral to our political system.
Not a Sixpence!
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The American envoys, John Marshall, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and Elbridge Gerry, gathered in Paris on October 4, 1797. They delivered notice of their arrival to Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, the French foreign minister, and were eager to get to work. Almost immediately, their mission was derailed when the French Directory refused to receive them. Instead, Talleyrand sent private agents, known as the WXYZ agents, demanding bribes, loans for the French war, and apologies for passages in the president’s speech the previous May. While all three envoys refused to pay bribes, the commission fractured over the issue of loans. Gerry allowed himself to be drawn into private communications with Talleyrand, which he refused to share with the other two envoys. On March 4, 1798, the envoys’ first dispatches arrived in Philadelphia revealing the insults inflicted on the commission and the dire status of the Franco-American relationship.
The Seat of Government
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the summer of 1800, the federal government moved to its new home in Washington, DC. John Adams visited briefly, before returning to Quincy for his annual visit. Over the next several months, Adams and Marshall exchanged letters, speculating on the progress of the peace commission in Paris. Initially, the envoys got off to a rocky start because they could not agree with their French counterparts whether to address grievances or the status of existing treaties first. Finally, in September, the Americans suggested starting from scratch, which broke the logjam. On the night of October 3, the envoys signed the Treaty of Mortefontaine, ending the Quasi-War and establishing peace between France and the United States, which lasts today.
Storms of a New Character
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The US Constitution gives each state the right to determine how to select its electors for the Electoral College. In 1800, some states held direct elections for electors, while other states’ legislatures appointed them. Accordingly, the presidential election was actually a series of three elections that took place over two months: state legislature elections, direct elections, and elections within the legislatures to pick electors. New York, Virginia, Georgia, Kentucky, and Tennessee voted Republican as expected, while Delaware, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Connecticut voted Federalist. The election came down to Pennsylvania, Maryland, and the Carolinas. Maryland, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania split its votes, putting the race at a near tie. South Carolina electors proposed a compromise ticket with Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Thomas Jefferson, but Pinckney refused to accept office without Adams. The South Carolina electors voted unanimously for Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, securing a Republican victory.
Nothing but a Forest and Woods Along the Way
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Shortly after the election was decided, John Adams received the text of the Treaty of Mortefontaine. The treaty validated his foreign policy instincts and might have changed the outcome of the election if it had reached the U.S. sooner. Around the same time, news reached Washington, DC, that Jefferson and Burr had tied. The election would be decided by the House of Representatives, still controlled by the Federalists. The Arch Federalists immediately developed strategies to overthrow the results of the election. Albert Gallatin, a Republican leader in the House, developed his own plans to counter Federalist schemes. Meanwhile, the Senate ratified the Treaty of Mortefontaine, Congress passed a bill reforming the judiciary, and Adams appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice of the United States. On February 11, Congress convened to count the votes. Whether the Constitution would survive this crisis remained to be seen.
Awakening
Authors: Bond Jennifer 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 reveals how missionary schoolgirls experienced the Second World War in Japanese occupied East China. Alumnae’s memories of the war blur traditional boundaries between “heroism” and “victimhood,” “resistance” and “collaboration,” which have dominated depictions of women’s wartime roles. Although girls were initially sheltered within their foreign-owned campuses, after they were forced to move campuses the realities of warfare hit home, and they were no longer in an “ivory tower.” Girls’ multifaceted experience of warfare, from excitement at new sights they were exposed to via their daily commute, to the sexual threat of passing Japanese soldiers, to helplessly watching refugees flood into Shanghai, to bullying and pitying their Japanese teacher, provide a more nuanced insight into the lived experiences of upper class female students in wartime. It was also during this period, when they were exposed to the mass-scale human suffering the war wrought, that some socially minded Christian schoolgirls started to turn toward Communism rather than Christianity as the most effective solution to the inequalities they witnessed in Chinese society.
Introduction
Authors: Grundy David 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The introduction explains the book’s focus on Boston and the San Francisco Bay Area, outlining ties between groups of queer writers in their respective locations. The chapter outlines the book’s focus on publishing from the small press to the little magazine and clarifies the use of terminology around the terms ‘gay’, ‘lesbian’, and ‘queer’, suggesting that poetry examined in this book can be read as ‘queer’ before it could be named as such. Outlining the book’s structure, the chapter summarizes the content of the individual chapters to follow. The introduction ends by drawing on Adrian Stanford’s poem ‘Sacrifice’ to explore questions of poetry and the queer past.
‘The first everything’
Authors: Grundy David 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Alongside Judy Grahn and Adrienne Rich, the Black lesbian feminist poet Pat Parker was part of a holy trinity of lesbian poets in the early 1970s. Forging a new space for working-class lesbian writers of colour, Parker constantly faced the pressures of earning money to survive: her work has been subject to sparse and erratic publication, and renewed critical attention is long overdue. Building on the recent publication of Parker’s Collected Poems and her correspondence with Audre Lorde, as well as her friendship with Judy Grahn, this examination of Parker’s unflinching poetry extends and deepens the conceptualizations of queer poetry, community, and identity addressed in earlier chapters, from the advent of lesbian feminism to the onset of AIDS.
A Not So Typical Journey
Authors: Brinkmann Tobias 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The repeated moves of art historian Rachel Wischnitzer and her husband, historian and aid worker Mark Wischnitzer, show how closely the story of Jewish migrations was interwoven with the personal journeys of the men and women who tried to make sense of this subject. Rachel, a pioneering architect and art historian, became a crucial figure in the literary art scene of Berlin during the 1920s. Mark served as executive director of the main German Jewish aid association and helped a large number of Eastern European and, after 1933, German Jews to emigrate. Both were displaced repeatedly, in the aftermath of the First World War and again in 1939–1940 when they fled France. In the 1940s Mark Wischnitzer turned to the subject of Jewish migration history, publishing an extensive survey of Jewish migrations that reflected his experience as an aid worker and refugee from Nazi persecution.
Critiques of Transatlantic Slavery in Seventeenth-Century Europe and America
Authors: Jorati Julia 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines seventeenth-century authors from Spain, England, colonial America, and France who make transatlantic slavery their central focus and who criticize it directly. Their arguments are philosophically rich and, in some cases, astonishingly radical. They are also important for understanding the ways in which slavery and race became linked in the early modern period. One theory that links these two notions is racial natural slavery, the theory that the members of some racial groups are naturally destined for slavery. The chapter examines seventeenth-century attitudes toward this theory in depth. It starts with Alonso de Sandoval, then turns to several Quaker authors from England and North America, before discussing Richard Baxter, Morgan Godwyn, Epifanio de Moirans, Thomas Tryon, Aphra Behn, and Samuel Sewall.