bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Spatially Explicit Investigation of Phosphorus Sorption and Related Soil Properties in Two Riparian Wetlands
Authors: Bruland Gregory L. , Richardson Curtis J. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTSoils of riparian wetlands are highly effective at phosphorus (P) sorption. However, these soils exhibit extreme spatial variability across riparian zones. We used a spatially explicit sampling design in two riparian wetlands in North Carolina to better understand the relationships among P sorption, soil properties, and spatial variability. Our objectives were to quantify patterns of spatial variability of P sorption and related soil properties, and to determine which soil properties best explained the variability in P sorption after accounting for the effects of spatial autocorrelation. We measured bulk density, moisture, pH, soil organic matter (SOM), texture (percent clay, silt, and sand), oxalate‐extractable aluminum (Alox), iron (Feox), and the phosphorus sorption index (PSI). Due to differences in texture, Alox, and Feox, the two sites had substantially different mean PSIs. At each site, we found considerable differences in the spatial variability of soil properties. For example, semivariance analysis and kriging illustrated that soil properties at Site 1 varied at smaller scales than those at Site 2. At both sites, after accounting for the effects of spatial autocorrelation and all other soil properties, we determined that Alox had the highest Mantel correlation with PSI. We believe this geostatistic and Mantel approach is robust and could serve as a model for research on other biogeochemical processes such as denitrification.
Soil Variables for Predicting Potential Phosphorus Release in Swedish Noncalcareous Soils
Authors: Börling Katarina , Otabbong Erasmus , Barberis Elisabetta 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe accumulation of P in agricultural soils due to fertilization has increased the risk of P losses from agricultural fields to surface waters. In risk assessment systems for P losses, both P release from soil to solution and transport mechanisms need to be considered. In this study, the overall objective was to identify soil variables for prediction of potential P release from soil to solution. Soils from nine sites of the Swedish long‐term fertility experiment were used, each with four soil P levels. Phosphorus extractable with CaCl2was used as an estimate of potential P release from soil to solution. Ammonium lactate–extractable phosphorus (P‐AL) or NaHCO3–extractable phosphorus (Olsen P) could not be used alone for prediction of potential P release since soils with high phosphorus sorption capacity (PSC) released less P than soils with low PSC at the same soil test phosphorus (STP) level. Degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) was calculated as Olsen P or P‐AL as a percentage of PSC derived from P sorption isotherms or from Fe and Al extractable in ammonium oxalate. The CaCl2–extractable total phosphorus (CaCl2–TP) was exponentially related to these DPS values (r2≥ 0.79). The CaCl2–TP was also linearly related to ratios between Olsen P or P‐AL and a single‐point phosphorus sorption index (PSI;r2≥ 0.86). These ratios, which are easily determined and gave good correlations with CaCl2–TP, seemed to be the most useful estimates of potential P release for risk assessment systems.
Turnaround Initiatives and Auditors' Going-Concern Judgment: Memory for Audit Evidence
Authors: Bruynseels Liesbeth , Knechel W. Robert , Willekens Marleen 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARY:
This study uses an experiment to investigate how management turnaround initiatives influence auditors' going-concern decisions for financially distressed firms. Using mediation analysis, we are able to distinguish between a direct effect of strategic and operating turnaround initiatives on going-concern judgment and a mediated effect through auditors' evaluation of subsequent financial evidence. Results from the experiment indicate that operating turnaround initiatives (e.g., cost cutting) are associated with lower relative recall of positive financial evidence and a higher likelihood of receiving a going-concern opinion. Further, we find no evidence of a direct link between client operating or strategic initiatives and an auditor's going-concern judgment.
Data Availability: Data are available from the authors upon request.
Bone tissue amount related to upper incisors inclination
Authors: Nahás-Scocate Ana Carla Raphaelli , de Siqueira Brandão Aluana , Patel Mayara Paim , Lipiec-Ximenez Michel Eli , Chilvarquer Israel , do Valle-Corotti Karyna Martins 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To evaluate the amount of buccal and lingual supporting bone tissue of 60 upper central incisors and the relationship with their inclination.

Materials and Methods:
Thirty healthy adult patients with no previous orthodontic treatment were evaluated using cone-beam computed tomography. Cross-sectional views were analyzed to check the amount of the bone tissue on the cervical (cervical buccal thickness/CBT; lingual/CLT), middle (middle buccal thickness/MBT; lingual/MLT), and apical regions (apical buccal thickness/ABT; lingual/ALT). The Pearson correlation, linear regression, and analysis of variance tests were used (P &lt; .05).

Results:
The values of ABT of both teeth (11, right upper central incisor; 21, left upper central incisor) were significantly increased with the increase in the angle between the axis of the upper central incisor and the palatal plane (1/PP) (tooth 11 P  =  .034; tooth 21 P  =  .009), yet without a strong linear correlation. At the buccal and lingual surfaces, the mean apical supporting bone tissue was significantly greater than the other areas, and the middle region significantly greater than the cervical (P &lt; .001).

Conclusions:
For both surfaces (buccal and lingual), the amount of bone tissue in the apical region was significantly higher than the middle and cervical regions, and the middle region was significantly higher than the cervical region. In relation to the upper central incisor's inclination, the higher the 1/PP the higher was ABT. However, the coefficient values for both teeth were low.
Efficacy of Targeted Middle Meatal Antibiotics and Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Wijewickrama Rohan C. , Catalano Peter J. , Gupta Rahul , Willen Seth N. , More Yogesh , Jonnalagadda Sashikanth , Warman Meir 
Published: July 2013

Background Postoperative infection remains a significant comorbidity of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) delayed healing, synechia formation, etc. The objective of this study was to compare the incidence of postoperative infection after ESS in patients receiving conventional postoperative oral antibiotic prophylaxis versus a synthetic bioabsorbable antibiotic–soaked nasal sponge used in the middle meatus (MM) in lieu of oral antibiotics. Methods A prospective randomized multicenter trial included 321 chronic rhinosinusitis patients undergoing minimally invasive ESS who received either 1 week of oral antibiotics and a saline-soaked bioabsorbable MM sponge (control group) or no oral antibiotics and the placement of a bacitracin-soaked bioabsorbable sponge in the MM (study group). Evaluations performed at baseline, 3-weeks, and 3-months postoperatively included the 20-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test and nasal endoscopic examination. Results The 3-week postoperative infection rate was not significantly different between the study (n = 165) and control groups (n = 156): 5.4% versus 3.8%; p > 0.05. In addition, there was no significant difference between the two patient groups on evaluation of MM granulations, synechia, middle turbinate lateralization, or sponge retention. Conclusion Antibiotic-soaked synthetic bioabsorbable MM sponges show equivalent efficacy in controlling post ESS infections compared with conventional postoperative oral antibiotics. Topical antibiotic delivery to the MM via bioabsorbable sponges may reduce the need for postoperative systemic antibiotics and provide a cost-effective alternative that eliminates the issues of antibiotic side effects, drug–drug interactions, and medication compliance in the postoperative setting.
The utilisation of a career conversation framework based on Schein’s career anchors model
Authors: Bezuidenhout Magda , Grobler Anton , Rudolph Elizabeth C. 
Published: July 2013

Orientation: This study constituted and reported on the outcomes of a structured career conversation framework based on Schein’s eight career anchors in an open distance and e-learning (ODeL) university in South Africa.Research purpose: The purpose of the research was to report on the utilisation of a structured career conversation framework based on Schein’s career anchors model.Motivation for the study: The rationale for the study was the paucity of studies investigating career anchors in South Africa’s multicultural organisational context.Research design, approach and method: A quantitative approach was adopted in the study. The population consisted of 4200 employees at a university in South Africa. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) as well as a Scheffe post hoc test.Main findings: The findings of this study suggest that career conversation has a dynamic nature (i.e. it changes) over a period of time. Consequently, career development interventions in the workplace need to approach the workforce holistically.Practical/managerial implications: The findings and results will assist managers, practitioners and career development specialists in the practical implementation of the career anchor concept.Contribution/value-add: The career conversation framework based on Schein’s career anchors has expanded the existing theory to find the right balance between career conversations and career anchors to keep people motivated to perform optimally in an organisation.
A New Method for Creating the Bladder Flap
Authors: Hill Alexandria J. , Strong Thomas H. 
Published: July 2013

Background Bladder flaps are commonly created during routine cesarean deliveries and often require multiple steps that increase operating time and expose the surgeon to inadvertent injury. Objective We report a simple method of creating a bladder flap that eliminates the need for multiple instrument handoffs and repositioning. Conclusion The simplicity of this method allows the surgeon decreased operative entry time while decreasing exposure to injuries from multiple instrument handoffs during bladder flap development.
EFFECT OF DECELERATED FERMENTATION ON MORPHOLOGY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL RUBBER LATEX
Authors: Chaikumpollert Oraphin , Wakisaka Osamu , Mase Akio , Yamamoto Yoshimasa , Suchiva Krisda , Kawahara Seiichi 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTDecelerated fermentation of natural rubber latex was performed to investigate the relationship between the morphology and mechanical properties of natural rubber. Natural rubber latex was preserved with sodium hydroxymethylglycinate, as a bactericide, to decelerate the fermentation of nonrubber components such as proteins, phospholipids, carbohydrate, and so forth. Gradual increases in the viscosity of the latex and gel content of the resulting rubber took place as the preservation period was prolonged, which were distinguished from less change in the viscosity of high-ammonia natural rubber (HANR) and high gel content of its rubber. The particle size distribution was dramatically changed during decelerated fermentation, although that of the HANR latex did not change. The pH and nitrogen content of the rubbers were independent of the preservation time. Morphology of the fermented natural rubber and the HANR was observed with scanning probe microscopy. Fewer mechanical properties of the fermented natural rubber were related to the destruction of the nanomatrix structure of the nonrubber components, which resulted from the decrease in the fatty acid ester groups with bacteria as compared with the good mechanical properties of the HANR.
A social ecology of rectal microbicide acceptability among young men who have sex with men and transgender women in Thailand
Authors: Newman Peter A , Roungprakhon Surachet , Tepjan Suchon 
Published: July 2013

IntroductionWith HIV‐incidence among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Bangkok among the highest in the world, a topical rectal microbicide would be a tremendous asset to prevention. Nevertheless, ubiquitous gaps between clinical trial efficacy and real‐world effectiveness of existing HIV preventive interventions highlight the need to address multi‐level factors that may impact on rectal microbicide implementation. We explored the social ecology of rectal microbicide acceptability among MSM and transgender women in Chiang Mai and Pattaya, Thailand.MethodsWe used a qualitative approach guided by a social ecological model. Five focus groups were conducted in Thai using a semi‐structured interview guide. All interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim in Thai and translated into English. We conducted thematic analysis using line‐by‐line and axial coding and a constant comparative method. Transcripts and codes were uploaded into a customized database programmed in Microsoft Access. We then used content analysis to calculate theme frequencies by group, and Chi‐square tests and Fisher's exact test to compare themes by sexual orientation/gender expression and age.ResultsParticipant's (n=37) mean age was 24.8 years (SD=4.2). The majority (70.3%) self‐identified as gay, 24.3% transgender women. Product‐level themes (side effects, formulation, efficacy, scent, etc.) accounted for 42%, individual (increased sexual risk, packaging/portability, timing/duration of protection) 29%, interpersonal (trust/communication, power/negotiation, stealth) 8% and social–structural (cost, access, community influence, stigma) 21% of total codes, with significant differences by sexual orientation/gender identity. The intersections of multi‐level influences included product formulation and timing of use preferences contingent on interpersonal communication and partner type, in the context of constraints posed by stigma, venues for access and cost.DiscussionThe intersecting influence of multi‐level factors on rectal microbicide acceptability suggests that social–structural interventions to ensure widespread access, low cost and to mitigate stigma and discrimination against gay and other MSM and transgender women in the Thai health care system and broader society will support the effectiveness of rectal microbicides, in combination with other prevention technologies, in reducing HIV transmission. Education, outreach and small‐group interventions that acknowledge differences between MSM and transgender women may support rectal microbicide implementation among most‐at‐risk populations in Thailand.
The Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction: 40 Years of Continuous Development
Authors: Matsuo Jun‐ichi , Murakami Masahiro 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA directed cross‐aldol reaction of silyl enol ethers with carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes and ketones, promoted by a Lewis acid, a reaction which is now widely known as the Mukaiyama aldol reaction. It was first reported in 1973, and this year marks the 40th anniversary. The directed cross‐aldol reactions mediated by boron enolates and tin(II) enolates also emerged from the Mukaiyama laboratory. These directed cross‐aldol reactions have become invaluable tools for the construction of stereochemically complex molecules from two carbonyl compounds. This Minireview provides a succinct historical overview of their discoveries and the early stages of their development.
Structure and property changes of polyamide 6 during the gel‐spinning process
Authors: Zhang Huimin , Shi Chaoming , He Miaomiao , Jia Qingxiu , Zhang Liqun 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTPolyamide 6 (PA6) gels were prepared by the dissolution of PA6 powder in formic acid with CaCl2 as a complexing agent. The concentration of the polymer was 16% w/v. PA6 fibers were obtained through gel‐spinning, drawing, decomplexation, and heat‐setting processes. The structure and properties of the fibers at different stages were characterized with differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The experiment results indicate that the melting transition of the as‐spun fibers obtained by the extrusion of the PA6/CaCl2/HCOOH solution into a coagulation bath through a die disappeared. A porous structure existed in the as‐spun fibers, which led to poor mechanical properties. Compared with the as‐spun fibers, the melting and glass‐transition temperatures of the decomplexed and drawn fibers retained their original values from PA6, the degree of crystallinity increased, the porous structure disappeared, and the mechanical properties were improved. The maximum modulus and tensile strength obtained from the drawn fibers in this study were 32.3 GPa and 530.5 MPa, respectively, at the maximum draw ratio of 10. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4449–4456, 2013
A simple route to functionalize siloxane polymers for DMMP sensing
Authors: Wang Yang , Du Xiaosong , Li Yi , Long Yin , Qiu Dong , Tai Huiling , Tang Xianzhong , Jiang Yadong 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTHexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) was the most widely used functional group for nerve agents detection. However, to incorporate HFIP group into a polymer backbone, highly toxic hexafluoroacetone gas was needed in a conventional synthetic route. In this article, a new route with low toxicity was proposed to synthesize a strong hydrogen‐bond acidic (HBA) siloxane polymer by using 2‐vinylhexfluoroisopropanol as the raw material in the hydrosilylation reaction. The synthesized fluoroalcoholic linear polysiloxane (LSFA) was characterized by FT‐IR, confirming its molecular structure was much similar to SXFA, a well‐established HBA polymer synthesized by the conventional route. TGA data verified the adduct's thermal stability. The dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) sensing properties of LSFA and SXFA, along with PLF, were compared basing on the surface acoustic wave (SAW) platform. The results demonstrated that the conventional synthetic route was somewhat difficult to handle and control, while the new route was simpler, easier and was an effective and promising alternative. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4516–4520, 2013
Expansion of core–shell PS/PMMA particles
Authors: Gonçalves Odinei Hess , Leimann Fernanda Vitória , de Araújo Pedro Henrique Hermes , Machado Ricardo Antonio Francisco 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTStructured micrometric polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) particles were obtained by suspension polymerization and their expansion behavior was investigated using n‐pentane as blowing agent. The expanded particles presented two distinct microstructures with an outer region (PMMA‐rich shell) composed by cells of about 10 µm while the center of the particle (PS‐rich core) had much larger cells (50–100 μm). The core–shell particles did not expand at 100°C meaning that the PMMA shell hindered the expansion of the particles. Maximum expansion was dependent on the PMMA concentration and also on the heating temperature and the increase in the PMMA molar mass led to a delay in the onset of the process. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4521–4527, 2013
Chemical Mechanisms of the Toxicological Properties of Nanomaterials: Generation of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Yan Liang , Gu Zhanjun , Zhao Yuliang 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAs more and more nanomaterials with novel physicochemical properties or new functions are created and used in different research fields and industrial sectors, the scientific and public concerns about their toxic effects on human health and the environment are also growing quickly. In the past decade, the study of the toxicological properties of nanomaterials/nanoparticles has formed a new research field: nanotoxicology. However, most of the data published relate to toxicological phenomena and there is less understanding of the underlying mechanism for nanomaterial‐induced toxicity. Nanomaterial‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in cellular and tissue toxicity. Herein, we classify the pathways for intracellular ROS production by nanomaterials into 1) the direct generation of ROS through nanomaterial‐catalyzed free‐radical reactions in cells, and 2) the indirect generation of ROS through disturbing the inherent biochemical equilibria in cells. We also discuss the chemical mechanisms associated with above pathways of intracellular ROS generation, from the viewpoint of the high reactivity of atoms on the nanosurface. We hope to aid in the understanding of the chemical origin of nanotoxicity to provide new insights for chemical and material scientists for the rational design and creation of safer and greener nanomaterials.
Facile Synthesis of Hydroxy‐Modified MOF‐5 for Improving the Adsorption Capacity of Hydrogen by Lithium Doping
Authors: Kubo Masaru , Hagi Hayato , Shimojima Atsushi , Okubo Tatsuya 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA facile synthesis of partially hydroxy‐modified MOF‐5 and its improved H2‐adsorption capacity by lithium doping are reported. The reaction of Zn(NO3)2⋅6 H2O with a mixture of terephthalic acid (H2BDC) and 2‐hydroxyterephthalic acid (H2BDC‐OH) in DMF gave hydroxy‐modified MOF‐5 (MOF‐5‐OH‐x), in which the molar fraction (x) of BDC‐OH2− was up to 0.54 of the whole ligand. The MOF‐5‐OH‐x frameworks had high BET surface areas (about 3300 m2 g−1), which were comparable to that of MOF‐5. We suggest that the MOF‐5‐OH‐x frameworks are formed by the secondary growth of BDC2−‐rich MOF‐5 seed crystals, which are nucleated during the early stage of the reaction. Subsequent Li doping into MOF‐5‐OH‐x results in increased H2 uptake at 77 K and 0.1 MPa from 1.23 to 1.39 wt. % and an increased isosteric heat of H2 adsorption from 5.1–4.2 kJ mol−1 to 5.5–4.4 kJ mol−1.
The watershed‐scale optimized and rearranged landscape design (WORLD) model and local biomass processing depots for sustainable biofuel production: Integrated life cycle assessments
Authors: Eranki Pragnya L. , Manowitz David H. , Bals Bryan D. , Izaurralde R. César , Kim Seungdo , Dale Bruce E. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAn array of feedstock is being evaluated as potential raw material for cellulosic biofuel production. Thorough assessments are required in regional landscape settings before these feedstocks can be cultivated and sustainable management practices can be implemented. On the processing side, a potential solution to the logistical challenges of large biorefineries is provided by a network of distributed processing facilities called local biomass processing depots. A large‐scale cellulosic ethanol industry is likely to emerge soon in the United States. We have the opportunity to influence the sustainability of this emerging industry. The watershed‐scale optimized and rearranged landscape design (WORLD) model estimates land allocations for different cellulosic feedstocks at biorefinery scale without displacing current animal nutrition requirements. This model also incorporates a network of the aforementioned depots. An integrated life cycle assessment is then conducted over the unified system of optimized feedstock production, processing, and associated transport operations to evaluate net energy yields (NEYs) and environmental impacts.A sustainability assessment was conducted in a nine‐county region of Michigan for the categories of cellulosic ethanol production, soil characteristics, water quality, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Making significant changes such as introducing perennial grasses, riparian buffers and double crops in current landscapes provides the largest absolute NEYs of about 53 GJ/ha while also attaining 120% gains in soil organic carbon, 103% lower nitrogen leaching, and 68% reductions in net GHG emissions (compared to a baseline of current conventional landscapes). Interestingly, minimizing certain environmental impacts also provides greater NEYs. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd