bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactions between climate change and land use change on biodiversity: attribution problems, risks, and opportunities
Authors: Oliver Tom H. , Morecroft Mike D. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractGlobal change drivers are known to interact in their effects on biodiversity, but much research to date ignores this complexity. As a consequence, there are problems in the attribution of biodiversity change to different drivers and, therefore, our ability to manage habitats and landscapes appropriately. Few studies explicitly acknowledge and account for interactive (i.e., nonadditive) effects of land use and climate change on biodiversity. One reason is that the mechanisms by which drivers interact are poorly understood. We evaluate such mechanisms, including interactions between demographic parameters, evolutionary trade‐offs and synergies and threshold effects of population size and patch occupancy on population persistence. Other reasons for the lack of appropriate research are limited data availability and analytical issues in addressing interaction effects. We highlight the influence that attribution errors can have on biodiversity projections and discuss experimental designs and analytical tools suited to this challenge. Finally, we summarize the risks and opportunities provided by the existence of interaction effects. Risks include ineffective conservation management; but opportunities also arise, whereby the negative impacts of climate change on biodiversity can be reduced through appropriate land management as an adaptation measure. We hope that increasing the understanding of key mechanisms underlying interaction effects and discussing appropriate experimental and analytical designs for attribution will help researchers, policy makers, and conservation practitioners to better minimize risks and exploit opportunities provided by land use‐climate change interactions.This article is categorized under:Climate, Ecology, and Conservation > Observed Ecological Changes
Quantum and molecular mechanical Monte Carlo techniques for modeling condensed‐phase reactions
Authors: Acevedo Orlando , Jorgensen Wiliiam L. 
Published: February 2014

A recent review (Acevedo O, Jorgensen WL. Advances in quantum and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) simulations for organic and enzymatic reactions. Acc Chem Res 2010, 43:142–151) examined our use and development of a combined quantum and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) technique for modeling organic and enzymatic reactions. Advances included the pairwise‐distance‐directed Gaussian (PDDG)/PM3 semiempirical QM (SQM) method, computation of multidimensional potentials of mean force (PMF), incorporation of on‐the‐fly QM in Monte Carlo simulations, and a polynomial quadrature method for rapidly treating proton‐transfer reactions. This article serves as a follow‐up on our progress. Highlights include new reactions, alternative SQM methods, a polarizable OPLS force field, and novel solvent environments, e.g., ‘on water’ and room temperature ionic liquids. The methodology is strikingly accurate across a wide range of condensed‐phase and antibody‐catalyzed reactions including substitution, decarboxylation, elimination, isomerization, and pericyclic classes. Comparisons are made to systems treated with continuum‐based solvents and ab initio or density functional theory (DFT) methods. Overall, the QM/MM methodology provides detailed characterization of reaction paths, proper configurational sampling, several advantages over implicit solvent models, and a reasonable computational cost. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2014, 4:422–435.This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Combined QM/MM Methods
Phantom limbs: pain, embodiment, and scientific advances in integrative therapies
Authors: Lenggenhager Bigna , Arnold Carolyn A. , Giummarra Melita J. 
Published: February 2014

Research over the past two decades has begun to identify some of the key mechanisms underlying phantom limb pain and sensations; however, this continues to be a clinically challenging condition to manage. Treatment of phantom pain, like all chronic pain conditions, demands a holistic approach that takes into consideration peripheral, spinal, and central neuroplastic mechanisms. In this review, we focus on nonpharmacological treatments tailored to reverse the maladaptive neuroplasticity associated with phantom pain. Recent scientific advances emerging from interdisciplinary research between neuroscience, virtual reality, robotics, and prosthetics show the greatest promise for alternative embodiment and maintaining the integrity of the multifaceted representation of the body in the brain. Importantly, these advances have been found to prevent and reduce phantom limb pain. In particular, therapies that involve sensory and/or motor retraining, most naturally through the use of integrative prosthetic devices, as well as peripheral (e.g., transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) or central (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation or deep brain stimulation) stimulation techniques, have been found to both restore the neural representation of the missing limb and to reduce the intensity of phantom pain. While the evidence for the efficacy of these therapies is mounting, but well‐controlled and large‐scale studies are still needed. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:221–231. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1277This article is categorized under:

Philosophy > Consciousness
Neuroscience > Clinical Neuroscience
Neuroscience > Plasticity
Evaluating reduced models of aggregated different doubly fed induction generator wind turbines for transient stabilities studies
Authors: García Carlos Andrés , Fernández Luis M. , Jurado Francisco 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTFor the representation of wind farms in transient stability studies of electrical power systems, reduced models based on aggregating identical wind turbines are commonly used. In the case of a wind farm with different wind turbines coupled to the same grid connection point, it is usual to aggregate identical wind turbines operating in similar conditions into an equivalent one. However, in the existing literature, there are not any references to the aggregation of different wind turbines (same wind turbine technology but different rated power or components) into a single one. This paper presents a comparative study of four reduced models for aggregating different DFIG wind turbines, experiencing different incoming winds, into an equivalent model. The first of them is the classical clustering model, in which each equivalent model experiences an equivalent wind. The other reduced models have the same equivalent generation system but different equivalent mechanical systems. Thus, the second and third ones are compound models with a clustering aggregated mechanical system and individual simplified models, respectively, to approximate the individual mechanical power according to the incoming wind speeds. The fourth is a mixed model that uses an equivalent wind speed, which is applied to an equivalent mechanical system (equivalent rotor and drive train) in order to approximate the mechanical power of the aggregated wind turbines. The equivalent models are validated by means of comparison with the complete model of the wind farm when simulated under wind fluctuations and grid disturbances. Finally, recommendations with regard to the applicability of models are established. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coordination Networks Based on Nitrile‐Functionalized Borate Anions
Authors: Harloff Jörg , Karsch Markus , Lund Henrik , Schulz Axel , Villinger Alexander 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSalts of cyano borates bear potential of forming coordination polymers with solvent‐filled voids as a source for porous materials. Herein we describe the synthesis and properties of novel cyano borates Na[H–B(O–C12H8–CN)3], Na[B(O–C12H8–CN)4] (C12H8 = biphenyl) and Na[B{O–C6H3–(CN)2}4], as well as a new modification of Na[B(O–C6H4–CN)4]. Crystal structures of the sodium borates and the starting materials HO–C6H3–(CN)2 and HO–C12H8–CN (new modification) are discussed as well. Data of nitrogen sorption experiments revealed a notable surface area in solvent‐free Na[H–B(O–C12H8–CN)3].
Single Crystal X‐ray Structure of Cu3TaSe4 and a Comparative Study of Cu3MX4 (M = V, Nb, Ta; X = S, Se, Te)
Authors: Ali Sk Imran , van Smaalen Sander 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSingle crystals of Cu3TaSe4 were obtained by chemical vapor transport with iodine as transport agent. Cu3TaSe4 crystallizes in the sulvanite structure type with space group P$\bar{4}$3m and a = 5.6613(3) Å at room temperature. Structure refinements against single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data result in a Cu–Se distance slightly longer than the Ta–Se distance, whereas previous Rietveld refinements obtained a Cu–Se distance shorter than the Ta–Se distance [G. E. Delgado et al., J. Alloys Comp. 2007, 439, 346]. The structural variations of sulvanite type compounds Cu3MX4 (M = V, Nb, Ta; X = S, Se, Te) are discussed in view of small distortions of CuX4 and MX4 tetrahedra and the atomic valences.
Insights into Avicenna’s Contributions to the Science of Surgery
Authors: Dalfardi Behnam , Mahmoudi Nezhad Golnoush Sadat 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAn influential Persian scholar of the Islamic Golden Age of Medicine (from the ninth to the twelfth centuries ad), Ibn‐e Sina (ad 980–1037), also known by the Latinized name Avicenna, is best remembered for his contributions to various aspects of medicine, particularly surgery. In fact, the art of surgery was a major focus of his attention and practice, and one to which he devoted several chapters of his main medical encyclopedia, Al‐Qanun fi al‐Tibb (The Canon of Medicine). This article presents a brief review of Avicenna’s life, introduce his textbook of medicine, and present his significant contributions to the science of surgery.
Bioconversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol in thin stillage-based media by engineered Lactobacillus panis PM1
Authors: Kang Tae Sun , Korber Darren R , Tanaka Takuji 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Thin stillage (TS) is a waste residue that remains after bioethanol production, and its disposal reflects the high costs of bioethanol production. Thus, the development of cost-effective ways to process TS is a pending issue in bioethanol plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utilization of TS for the production of the valuable chemical, 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), by Lactobacillus panis PM1. Different fermentation parameters, including temperature, pH and strains [wild-type and a recombinant strain expressing a NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase (YqhD) gene] were tested in batch and fed-batch cultivations. The highest 1,3-PDO concentration (12.85 g/L) and yield (0.84 g/g) were achieved by batch fermentation at pH-4.5/30 °C by the YqhD recombinant strain. Furthermore, pH-controlled batch fermentation reduced the total fermentation period, resulting in the maximal 1,3-PDO concentration of 16.23 g/L and yield of 0.72 g/g in TS without an expensive nutrient or nitrogen (e.g., yeast extract, beef extract, and peptone) supplementation. The addition of two trace elements, Mg2+ and Mn2+, in TS increased 1,3-PDO yield (0.74 g/g) without 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde production, the only intermediate of 1,3-PDO biosynthetic pathway in L. panis PM1. Our results suggest that L. panis PM1 can offer a cost-effective process that utilizes the TS to produce a value-added chemical, 1,3-PDO.
Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Neutral Acylglycerols in Euonymus Fruits
Authors: Sidorov Roman A. , Zhukov Anatoly V. , Pchelkin Vasily P. , Vereshchagin Andrei G. , Tsydendambaev Vladimir D. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe content and fatty acid (FA) composition of FA neutral acylglycerols (NAG), a mixture of 1,2,3‐triacyl‐sn‐glycerols (TAG) and 3‐acetyl‐1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycerols (acDAG), were determined in the seeds and arils of fruits of 14 Euonymus L. species. On the average, the seeds exceeded the arils in the absolute and relative dry matter content 2.9‐ and 1.9‐fold, respectively, and separate plant species greatly differed in NAG composition. The proportions of TAG in the NAG of seeds and arils were 4–5 and ~98 %, respectively. The degree of FA unsaturation in aril NAG was higher than in the seed NAG, and in acDAG—higher, than in TAG. In the NAG, 14 major FA molecular species (excluding minor FA) were found, and linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and linolenic acids were predominant. NAG of separate taxonomic units of the genus Euonymus L. differed from each other in the concentration of major FA as well as other FA. So, by using statistical analysis, it was definitely established that the species from the subgenus Euonymus were characterized by an increased content of linoleic acid, while those from the subgenus Kalonymus, by the predominance of oleic acid. Meanwhile, the species of the section Euonymus were marked by an enhanced concentration of a number of hexa‐ and octadecenoic FA positional isomers.
Frequency analysis of surface electrocardiograms (ECGs) in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: Correlation with the intracardiac ECGs and implications for radiofrequency catheter ablation
Authors: Uetake Shunsuke , Miyauchi Yasushi , Osaka Motohisa , Hayashi Meiso , Iwasaki Yu‐ki , Yodogawa Kenji , Horie Tsutomu , Tsuboi Ippei , Hayashi Hiroshi , Takahashi Kenta , Shimizu Wataru 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe nature and significance of the frequency characteristics of the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing radiofrequency ablation are unclear.MethodsPreablation surface and intracardiac ECGs were obtained using offline fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis in 40 patients with persistent AF. For the FFT analysis of the surface f‐wave, the QRS‐T complex was canceled utilizing a template subtraction algorithm. The ablation procedure included isolation of the pulmonary veins (PV) and posterior left atrium and linear ablation of the mitral isthmus and additional lesions using a stepwise approach.ResultsThe dominant frequency (DF) of all the intracardiac signals, except for the left inferior PV, had a significant correlation with the DFs from the surface electrocardiogram. The strongest correlation was observed between the DFs of the left atrial appendage (LAA) and those on the limb leads (correlation coefficient, 0.802–0.882, P<0.001) and between the DFs on the right atrial appendage and those on lead V1 (correlation coefficient, 0.86, P<0.0001). After radiofrequency ablation, AF was terminated in 23 patients and persisted in the remaining 17. The best electrographic predictor of AF termination was the DFs in the LAA (DF<6.5 Hz, sensitivity 75%, specificity 86%) and lead II (DF<5.9 Hz, sensitivity 82%, specificity 78%), respectively.ConclusionsThe frequency characteristics of the surface ECG correlated with those of the intracardiac signals, and the DF predicted termination of AF during radiofrequency ablation in patients with persistent AF.
The role of surfactants on the mechanism of the long-wave instability in liquid film flows
Authors: Karapetsas George , Bontozoglou Vasilis 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe analysis for the physical mechanism of the long-wave instability in liquid film flow is extended to take into account the presence of a surfactant of arbitrary solubility. The Navier–Stokes equations are supplemented by mass balances for the concentrations at the interface and in the bulk, by a Langmuir model for adsorption kinetics at the interface, and are expanded in the limit of long-wave disturbances. The longitudinal flow perturbation, known to result from the perturbation shear stress which develops along the deformed interface, is shown to contribute a convective flux that triggers an interfacial concentration gradient. This gradient is, at leading order, in phase with the interfacial deformation, and as a result produces Marangoni stresses that stabilize the flow. The strength of the interfacial concentration gradient is shown to be maximum for an insoluble surfactant and to decrease with increasing surfactant solubility. The decrease is explained in terms of the spatial phase of mass transfer between interface and bulk, which mitigates the interfacial flux by the flow perturbation and leads to the attenuation of Marangoni stresses. Higher-order terms are derived, which provide corrections for disturbances of finite wavelength.
Smoking cessation is associated with lower rates of mood/anxiety and alcohol use disorders
Authors: Cavazos-Rehg P. A. , Breslau N. , Hatsukami D. , Krauss M. J. , Spitznagel E. L. , Grucza R. A. , Salyer P. , Hartz S. M. , Bierut L. J. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundThe psychological outcomes that accompany smoking cessation are not yet conclusive but positive outcomes could help to persuade quitting.MethodWe used data from the longitudinal National Epidemiological Study of Alcohol and Related Conditions. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between cigarette smoking reduction and Wave 2 status of addiction/mental health disorder among daily smokers at Wave 1, stratified by status of the diagnosis of interest at Wave 1. We adjusted for differences in baseline covariates between smokers with different levels of smoking reduction between Wave 1 and Wave 2 using propensity score regression adjustment.ResultsAfter adjusting for propensity scores and other mental health/addiction co-morbidities at Wave 2, among daily smokers who had current or lifetime history diagnosis of the outcome of interest at Wave 1, quitting by Wave 2 predicted a decreased risk of mood/anxiety disorder [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4–0.9] and alcohol disorder (aOR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5–0.99) at Wave 2. Among daily smokers with no lifetime history diagnosis of the outcome of interest at Wave 1, quitting smoking by Wave 2 predicted a decreased risk of drug use disorder at Wave 2 (aOR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1–0.9).ConclusionsThere is no support in our data for the concern that smoking cessation would result in smokers' increased risk of some mental disorders. To the contrary, our data suggest that smoking cessation is associated with risk reduction for mood/anxiety or alcohol use disorder, even among smokers who have had a pre-existing disorder.
CONTRACTUALISM, PERSONAL VALUES, AND WELL-BEING
Authors: de Marneffe Peter 
Published: February 2014

AbstractScanlon's distinction between well-being and other personal values cannot be made out clearly if well-being is understood, as it commonly is, to consist in whatever is intrinsically good for a person. Two other accounts of well-being, however, might be able to explain this distinction. One is a version of the rational care view proposed by Stephen Darwall; another is a rational sympathy view suggested by some of Brad Hooker's work.
AN ONTOLOGICAL PROOF OF MORAL REALISM
Authors: Huemer Michael 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe essay argues that while there is no general agreement on whether moral realism is true, there is general agreement on at least some of the moral obligations that we have if moral realism is true. Given that moral realism might be true, and given that we know some of the things we ought to do if it is true, we have a reason to do those things. Furthermore, this reason is itself an objective moral reason. Thus, if moral realism might be true, then it is true.
FEASIBILITY IN OPTIMIZING ETHICS
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDoing the best we can in the world as it is requires that appropriate account be taken of “feasibility considerations.” The object of this essay is to examine what “appropriate account” amounts to — and specifically how “feasibility” should be conceptualized so as to operate most congenially with “desirability considerations.” One element in this exercise is to recognize “feasibility” not so much as a category as “coming in degrees” (just as desirability must be recognized). A second element is to specify evaluands as actions — objects that the advisee controls — rather than as objects that lie somewhere intermediate along the path from actions to final desirability principles. This move serves to collapse all feasibility issues to ones relating to the consequences of genuine actions rather than “feasibility of” other kinds of objects of evaluation. A particular problem in the proper treatment of feasibility considerations is the tendency to begin from the “ought-implies-can” principle, a point of departure that frames feasibility considerations in a dismissive or otherwise inadequate way.
PROPERTY IN THE MORAL LIFE OF HUMAN BEINGS
Authors: Bertram Christopher 
Published: February 2014

AbstractLiberal egalitarian political philosophers have often argued that private property is a legal convention dependent on the state and that complaints about taxation from entitlement theorists are therefore based on a conceptual mistake. But our capacity to grasp and use property concepts seems too embedded in human nature for this to be correct. This essay argues that many standard arguments that property is constitutively a legal convention fail, but that the opposition between conventionalists and natural rights theorists is outmoded. In doing this, the essay draws on recent literature in evolutionary biology and psychology. Even though modern property in a complex society involves legal conventions, those conventions should be sensitive to our natural dispositions concerning ownership.
The plantation paradigm: colonial agronomy, African farmers, and the global cocoa boom, 1870s–1940s
Authors: Ross Corey 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article investigates the powerful normative role of plantation-oriented agricultural practices in what was arguably the premier indigenous crop revolution of the colonial era: the West African cocoa boom. It traces the links between the extraordinary growth of cocoa production in the region – above all in the Gold Coast – and the longer experience of cocoa estates in other parts of the world, in particular the Caribbean, which served as a key reference point for the expanding global cocoa frontier in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In spite of the manifest competitive success of African farmers’ extensive agricultural practices during this period, most outside observers retained a strong partiality towards intensive production techniques under centralized European management. This article emphasizes the role played by the transcontinental exchange of ideas in sustaining the cultural authority of such cultivation techniques long after their commercial viability came into question.
A medium hyperglycosylated podocalyxin enables noninvasive and quantitative detection of tumorigenic human pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Tateno Hiroaki , Onuma Yasuko , Ito Yuzuru , Hiemori Keiko , Aiki Yasuhiko , Shimizu Madoka , Higuchi Kumiko , Fukuda Masakazu , Warashina Masaki , Honda Susumu , Asashima Makoto , Hirabayashi Jun 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWhile human pluripotent stem cells are attractive sources for cell-replacement therapies, a major concern remains regarding their tumorigenic potential. Thus, safety assessment of human pluripotent stem cell-based products in terms of tumorigenicity is critical. Previously we have identified a pluripotent stem cell-specific lectin probe rBC2LCN recognizing hyperglycosylated podocalyxin as a cell surface ligand. Here we demonstrate that hyperglycosylated podocalyxin is secreted from human pluripotent stem cells into cell culture supernatants. We establish a sandwich assay system, named the GlycoStem test, targeting the soluble hyperglycosylated podocalyxin using rBC2LCN. The GlycoStem test is sufficiently sensitive and quantitative to detect residual human pluripotent stem cells. This work provides a proof of concept for the noninvasive and quantitative detection of tumorigenic human pluripotent stem cells using cell culture supernatants. The developed method should increase the safety of human pluripotent stem cell-based cell therapies.