bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep insight of inter-channel coupling in AlGaN/GaN double channel HEMT and its application in C-ERB2 sensing
Authors: Kanrar Sharmistha Shee , Sarkar Subir Kumar 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
AlGaN/GaN Double Channel High Electron Mobility Transistors (DCHEMTs) have emerged as promising biosensors, leveraging the unique properties of inter-channel coupling. This paper investigates the influence of mole fraction variations in the AlGaN layer on inter-channel coupling and explores its implications for C-ERB2 biosensing. The study reveals the potential of inter-channel coupling to enhance sensitivity in biosensing applications, particularly for detecting C-ERB2, a crucial protein associated with various cancers. The device architecture, simulation models, electrostatics, and sensitivity analysis are comprehensively examined. The findings underscore the significance of inter-channel coupling in optimizing biosensor performance, offering valuable insights for the advancement of biosensing technologies.
Point and interval estimation based on joint progressive censoring data from two Rayleigh-Weibull distribution with applications
Authors: M Hasaballah Mustafa , Samson Balogun Oluwafemi , Bakr M E 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The exploration of progressively censored data has garnered considerable attention in recent years. This research delves into the joint progressive censoring scheme applied to two populations. It presupposes that the lifespan distribution of items from these populations follows Rayleigh-Weibull distributions, characterized by varying shape and scale parameters. Within the framework of the joint progressive censoring scheme, we investigate maximum likelihood estimators for unknown parameters wherever applicable. Bayesian inferences for these parameters are presented using a Gamma prior. It’s worth noting that deriving Bayes estimators and their associated credible intervals is not feasible, hence we suggest employing the importance sampling technique for computation. To illustrate the methodologies, we analyze real-life data for demonstrative purposes, and Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to compare the performances of all the proposed methods.
Solution of state transfer matrix based on DNA strand displacement circuits
Authors: Ling Dan , Su Hao , Sun Ce , Sun Junwei , Wang Yanfeng 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In recent years, DNA strand displacement (DSD) circuits have been developed in leaps and bounds. The high storage and parallelism of DNA give it an inherent advantage in the field of DNA computations. DSD is widely used in analog computations and neural network computations. However, there are few studies on solving state transfer matrix using DSD circuits. Aiming at the above problems, a scheme for solution of state transfer matrix based on DSD circuits is proposed. In this paper, the summation, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponential reaction modules are built by the DSD reactions. Based on the reaction modules, DNA chemical reaction networks of state transfer matrix are constructed. DSD circuits are built by cascading the DNA chemical reaction networks. The solution of the state transfer matrix is implemented through the DSD circuits. The Visual DSD is used to verify the practicality of DSD circuits. This scheme may provide a reference to analog computations based on DSD circuits.
Tunable terahertz filter based on graphene photonic crystals with defective layers
Authors: Shen Songchao , Hameed Ahmed M F , Qin Feifei , Ibrar  , Bian Ang , Dai Jun 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we design a high-precision tunable terahertz filter by using transfer matrix method. The filter structure mainly consists of graphene embedded photonic crystals (GPCs). The front part of the GPCs contains artificial synthetic material and air layer, the back part of the GPCs is composed by and periodic stack of isotropic dielectric slabs (MgF2) embedded with graphene sheets, where air defect layer is located in the middle of the GPC as a central layer. Our simulation reveals that graphene layer and air defective layer strongly affect the filter performance. And we can get a relatively pure transmission peak in a wide frequency region. Additionally, the influence of incidence angle of terahertz wave, thickness of air layer, the unit number of front periodic structure and chemical potential of the graphene sheets can also modulate the function of the filter. And the filter has strong stability when the temperature changes from 150 K to 350 K.The results indicate that single channel, dual and multiple channels filter in a narrow frequency can be obtained by optimizing the structure parameter.
Fabrication, structural, morphological, and mechanical behaviour of fly ash doped clay ceramics based CO2 gas sensor
Authors: Kumari Savita , Rakhi  , Hussain Ajaz , Avinashi Sarvesh Kumar , Mishra Rajat Kumar , Shweta  , Singh Ajeet , Yadav Bal Chandra , Gautam Chandkiram 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Various attempts have been made to fabricate fly ash-doped clay composites via solid state reaction method. Additionally, to investigate the structural, mechanical, surface morphology, and CO2 gas sensing behavior, the fabricated clay composites were sintered at three different temperatures 1000, 1100, and 1200 °C (COF1, COF2, COF3) for 4 h. The green and sintered densities of the fabricated composites were found to be in the range of 2.17–2.13 g cm−3 and 1.38 to 1.30 g cm−3. Further, various characterization techniques such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, universal testing machine (UTM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) were carried out. Moreover, to determine the compressive strength and Young’s modulus values, a universal testing machine (UTM) was used. The fracture toughness of the fabricated composites, COF2 and COF3 were found to be 7.84 MPa-m1/2 and 2.22 MPa-m1/2. The COF3 composite exhibited a sensing response, response time, recovery time of 3.39 at 1200 ppm CO2, 16.95 s and 18.05 s respectively. Consequently, this porous clay composite can be fabricated in a cost-effective and eco-friendly manner, hence beneficial for CO2 gas sensing applications.
Complex partition function of 1-dimensional Dirac particle confined in Woods-Saxon interaction
Authors: Ibrahim T T , Oladimeji E O , Koffa D J , Edogbanya H O , Gwani M M , Omonile J F 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We present the bound state solutions of one-dimensional Schrödinger and Dirac equations for a particle confined in Woods-Saxon potential. In each case the wavefunctions and the energy eigenvalues have been obtained in terms of the Jacobi polynomials by using the Nikiforov-Uvarov method. The complex eigenenergy obtained from the Dirac equation is explicitly shown to contain the nonrelativistic energies plus complex relativistic correction terms The quantum partition functions obtained using the relativistic and the nonrelativistic energies have been used to generate important thermodynamic properties of the system in the high temperature limit. In particular, the complex partition function obtained in the relativistic regime is taken to indicate some important physical effects in the system.
DLS homemade setup: reviewing first and second-order coherence and autocorrelation concepts of a light source in the context of nanoparticle sizes synthesized by PLAL
Authors: Meza-Arroyo J , Valdés-Hernández J , Domínguez-Juárez J L , Quintero-Torres R 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The size of the nanoparticles (NP) is one of the most important and essential characteristics to know the properties of the synthesized nanostructures. The most common characterization procedures are related to Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Unfortunately, from a practical point of view, they represent a time-consuming procedure and require expensive equipment, which limits its application to specialized research groups. Significant attention has been paid to Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) as a simple, fast, and reproducible method for sizing nanoparticles. However, inadequate representation of the fundamental principles of DLS and data interpretation represents two of the most important challenges related to this technique. In this work we try to provide the fundamental principles of the DLS technique, the fundamental mathematical treatment of data obtained during the optical scattering studies and provide the MATLAB code to configure non-commercial DLS equipment. Additionally, analyzes of nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation of Ag, Au, Si and W and commercial Au nanoparticles were carried out. The particle size results are compared with SEM images to calculate the percentage error of the DLS measurements. The results show an error of 5%, 3.8%, 2.1% for the Ag, Au and Si nanoparticles respectively, which proves to be an excellent approximation to the real values of nanoparticle diameter. Meanwhile, the error in size for W nanoparticles by the same technique and commercial Au nanoparticle is 29% and 12%, which shows the effect of the hydrodynamic diameter of the nanoparticles. This work ends with the analysis of the concentration of nanoparticles and its importance in reliable results of DLS measurements.
A Digital Backend with Pulse Detection for Radar Astronomy
Authors: Li Gaojing , Meng Qiao , Ping Jingsong , Sun Jing , Yang Song , Zhou Chenye , Guo Shaocong , Wu Jie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In radar astronomy, the digital backend and data recording system process and store echo signals in real-time, facilitating the monitoring of near-earth objects such as space debris, satellites, and asteroids. In this paper, a radar astronomy digital backend (RADB), designed for radar astronomy observation and data recording, is proposed. With a sampling rate of 1.12 GSps, the RADB accommodates various analog intermediate frequency (IF) front-ends. In addition to continuously recording echo signals, the RADB has three pulse storage modes and employs an architecture that combines a two-stage decimation (TSD) unit and a decimated pulse detection (DPD) unit. The TSD unit reduces the sampling frequency based on the bandwidth of the signal, after shifting the IF signal to the baseband. Compared to a single-stage decimation, the proposed TSD structure effectively reduces FIR resource consumption without compromising performance. Meanwhile, the DPD unit identifies pulse echo signals and selectively enables the backend to store data only when pulses are detected. This process further reduces the burden on data transmission and storage. Furthermore, the matched filtering pulse detection method in the DPD unit enhances triggering performance, particularly under weak signal conditions. Preliminary performance evaluations in a laboratory demonstrate that the TSD unit reduces data volume by 56 times, while the DPD unit achieves a further reduction of 20 times. Concurrently, a Moon reflection experiment is also conducted at the Yunnan Kunming Electromagnetic Environment Observation and Research Station by using a 29 m antenna. Analysis and processing of stored data validate the effectiveness of the proposed design.
Machine learning assisted reconstruction of positron-on-target annihilation events in the PADME experiment
Authors: Dimitrova Kalina ,   PADME Collaboration
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The PADME Experiment at the Laboratori Nationali di Frascati, INFN is used in the search for a Dark photon, produced with an ordinary photon in electron-positron annihilation events. The energy of the photons, emitted in the annihilation is measured using a segmented electromagnetic calorimeter. Machine learning methods consisting of various convolutional neural networks are used for the reconstruction of close-in-time signals with high resolution. These algorithms were used on two-photon annihilation events e
+
e
− → γγ to calibrate the photon energy values. In order to calibrate the neural network output from signal amplitude to energy, the machine learning based results were compared to the conventional methods used for reconstructing the signals. The use of machine learning models for reconstructing real data and the process of calibrating the machine learning method output are presented and discussed.
Solar physics and space weather research at the Institute of Astronomy and NAO - BAS: Solar cycle trends of space weather drivers
Authors: Miteva Rositsa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This report summarizes the available space weather catalogs hosted at https://catalogs.astro.bas.bg/, supported by the Institute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Namely solar flares, solar energetic protons, electron associated radio bursts and geomagnetic storms are considered. All these comprehensive records of analysed events are provided with an open access with the aim to be supported in the future. The lists cover solar cycles 23 and 24 (1996–2019) and contain the relevant parameters and their associated solar and/or interplanetary origin. The focus of this report is the solar cycle trend of solar and geomagnetic phenomena, indicating reduced productivity of either type of events in the last solar cycle and offsets with respect to the sunspot numbers.
Comparing assumptions and applications of dynamic vegetation models used in the Arctic-Boreal zone of Alaska and Canada
Authors: Heffernan Elise , Epstein Howard , Declan McQuinn T , Rogers Brendan M , Virkkala Anna-Maria , Lutz David , Armstrong Amanda 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Modeling Arctic-Boreal vegetation is a challenging but important task, since this highly dynamic ecosystem is undergoing rapid and substantial environmental change. In this work, we synthesized information on 18 dynamic vegetation models (DVMs) that can be used to project vegetation structure, composition, and function in North American Arctic-Boreal ecosystems. We reviewed the ecosystem properties and scaling assumptions these models make, reviewed their applications from the scholarly literature, and conducted a survey of expert opinion to determine which processes are important but lacking in DVMs. We then grouped the models into four categories (specific intention models, forest species models, cohort models, and carbon tracking models) using cluster analysis to highlight similarities among the models. Our application review identified 48 papers that addressed vegetation dynamics either directly (22) or indirectly (26). The expert survey results indicated a large desire for increased representation of active layer depth and permafrost in future model development. Ultimately, this paper serves as a summary of DVM development and application in Arctic-Boreal environments and can be used as a guide for potential model users, thereby prioritizing options for model development.
Legal Personhood, Migrant Groups, and Stateless Peoples
Authors: Arstein-Kerslake Anna 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter applies the right to legal personhood to the situation of migrant groups and stateless peoples. This is one of the first of such analyses for these groups in academic literature. It begins by highlighting the limitations of enforcing the right due to state sovereignty claims regarding regulating national borders and decisions regarding citizenship. Drawing on the arguments in Chapter 2, it is claimed that state sovereignty should not be allowed to supersede the right to legal personhood—even in regard to citizenship and national borders. The key barriers to legal personhood for undocumented immigrants, documented immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers, as well as stateless peoples, are described. Finally, the challenges in realising the right to legal personhood for these groups is acknowledged, but a robust re-examination of social justice goals and legal systems in order to achieve such realisation of the right is encouraged.
Identifying Implications and Creating Solutions Breaking Down the Barriers to Legal Personhood
Authors: Arstein-Kerslake Anna 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This final chapter provides a summary of the book and discusses the implications of realising the right to legal personhood for all. It discusses the implications in the context of human rights law—how the realisation of the right would necessitate a transformation of human rights law towards the de-prioritisation of state sovereignty for certain rights, such as the right to legal personhood. It also discusses them in the context of the global legal order, including the challenge to national borders that will be faced if the right to legal personhood for migrant groups is realised, for example. The ultimate goal with this book is the exploration of the right to legal personhood as a means to achieve social justice goals and mitigate marginalisation.
The Edge of Sentience
Authors: Birch Jonathan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Can octopuses feel pain and pleasure? What about crabs, shrimps, insects, or spiders? How do we tell whether a person unresponsive after severe brain injury might be suffering? When does a fetus in the womb start to have conscious experiences? Could there even be rudimentary feelings in miniature models of the human brain, grown from human stem cells? And what about AI? These are questions about the edge of sentience, and they are subject to enormous, disorienting uncertainty. The stakes are immense, and neglecting the risks can have terrible costs. We need to err on the side of caution, yet it’s often far from clear what ‘erring on the side of caution’ should mean in practice. When are we going too far? When are we not doing enough? The Edge of Sentience presents a comprehensive precautionary framework designed to help us reach ethically sound, evidence-based decisions despite our uncertainty.
A Walk along the Edge
Authors: Birch Jonathan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
There is a family of cases at the edge of sentience. In these cases, grave decisions hinge on whether we regard sentience (initially introduced informally as ‘ethically significant experience’) to be present or absent in a person, animal, or other cognitive system. The family includes people with disorders of consciousness, embryos and fetuses, neural organoids, other animals (especially invertebrates), and AI technologies that reproduce brain functions and/or mimic human behaviour. It is worth studying these cases together not because there is a moral equivalence between them but because they present us with similar types of uncertainty. We need frameworks for helping us to manage that uncertainty and reach decisions. This book aims to develop a consistent precautionary framework that enshrines (but also goes beyond) the insight that we must err on the side of caution in these cases, take proportionate steps to manage risk, and avoid reckless or negligent behaviour.
The Mind-Body Problem
Authors: Birch Jonathan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Reasonable disagreement about sentience requires responsiveness to evidence and argument. It excludes baseless recommendations, dogmatic adherence to refuted theories, and morally abhorrent (e.g. sadistic) positions. However, the uncertainty in this area is such that many very different positions can be held by reasonable people. This chapter examines sources of disagreement that have their origins in the philosophy of mind. Major metaphysical pictures including materialism, epiphenomenalism, interactionism, Russellian monism, biopsychism, and the ‘integrated information theory’ are introduced and their major strengths and weaknesses are considered. The chapter then turns to other axes of disagreement. One concerns the importance of agency and embodiment, real or virtual. Another concerns the scale of functional organization that matters. A third concerns whether the edge of sentience is sharp or blurred.
Converging on Precautions
Authors: Birch Jonathan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks for points of consensus across the zone of reasonable disagreement. To do this, it introduces two bridging concepts: sentience candidates and investigation priorities. Crucially, the relatively inclusive theories of Panksepp, Damasio, and Merker, which link sentience to evolutionarily ancient mechanisms in the midbrain, describe realistic possibilities, so a system with these mechanisms is a sentience candidate. When the evidence falls short of showing that a system is a sentience candidate, but there are still welfare risks that may call for a precautionary response, the system should be classed as an investigation priority. There is an ethical consensus around a duty to avoid causing gratuitous suffering to sentient beings. Suffering is not gratuitous if it occurs in the course of a defensible activity. Suffering is gratuitous if the activity is indefensible or the precautions taken fall short of what is proportionate. These ideas lead to the principle that precautions may be proportionate whenever a being is a sentience candidate.
Debating Proportionality
Authors: Birch Jonathan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
How could a citizens’ panel reach an informed judgement about proportionality? This chapter describes a possible procedure (intended as a realistic, feasible ideal) based on a pragmatic analysis of proportionality. The panel is presented with a shortlist of feasible options on which stakeholders have been openly consulted. To each policy option, the panel applies four tests in sequence: permissibility-in-principle, adequacy, reasonable necessity, and consistency. Proposals that fail a test are set aside. Proposals that pass all four of the ‘PARC tests’ are judged proportionate. The PARC tests induce a division of labour between the panel and its expert advisers. At each stage, the expert advisers provide on-demand input regarding the likely consequences of different policy options, but it falls to ordinary citizens to debate the central evaluative questions. These questions can be easily understood and do not require arbitrating scientific disagreements. Although a government is the ideal implementing agent for such a process, other organizations can conduct similar exercises.
Neural Organoids
Authors: Birch Jonathan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Human neural organoids are showing great promise as models of the human brain. It would be hasty to dismiss the possibility they could develop sentience. However, scepticism about this idea is appropriate when considering current organoids (at the time of writing). This is not because of their size, but because of their organization: current organoids lack a functioning brainstem or anything equivalent to one. There are nonetheless troubling early warning signs suggesting that organoid research may create forms of sentient being in the future. Researchers with very different views about the neural basis of sentience can unite behind the ‘brainstem rule’: if a neural organoid develops or innervates a functioning brainstem that registers and prioritizes its needs, regulates arousal, and leads to sleep-wake cycles, then it is a sentience candidate. Artificial brainstem substitutes may also be enough. If organoid research leads to the creation of sentience candidates, a moratorium (time-limited ban) or indefinite ban on the creation of this particular type of organoid may be appropriate. An alternative approach, consistent with existing approaches to animal research, is to require ethical review and harm-benefit analysis whenever a neural organoid is a sentience candidate.