bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Construction of a Virtual Washing Machine
Authors: Lasic Emir , Stamminger Rainer , Nitsch Christian , Kessler Arnd 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In the past years some researches were conducted to model laundry washing in the automatic washing machine. The most studies, however, were focused to some aspects of the automatic laundry washing (e. g. spinning cycle) and not on the washing process as whole. In this paper a model of a washing machine is presented that is based on measured data of 9 different washing machines with rated capacity between 5 kg and 11 kg, which are produced by six different manufacturers. The proposed approach is based on multiple linear regression analysis to extract the systematic, model independent behavior of washing machines and is used to calculate the consumption of the water, energy and detergent in dependence of the rated capacity, washing temperature, duration of the main wash, load size and washing performance.
A new Iodobismuthate Method with a Low Volume Filtration Device as a New Tool for the Determination of Microgram Oxyethylate Amounts
Authors: Wyrwas Bogdan , Zgoła-Grześkowiak Agnieszka 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The standard procedure of non-ionic surfactant detection by using the Bismuth Active Substances method offers low sensitivity, precision and a high consumption of the reagents. A new spectrophotometric (λmax = 460 nm of the visible spectrum) iodobismuthate method was developed, which may be successfully used to determine the presence of non-ionic surfactants at microgram levels. The oxyethylates were precipitated with the modified Dragendorff reagent, filtered, dissolved and afterwards the spectrophotometric determination of the equivalent bismuth amount was carried out. Several key factors, which influence the results of the proposed oxyethylate determination method, were optimized. The consumption of chemical reagents was notably decreased and the sensitivity of the method increased significantly in comparison to the standard method of non-ionic surfactant determination.
Hybrid Biosurfactant: Syntheses of Hybrid Corynomycolic Acid and its Monolayer Formation
Authors: Kawase Tokuzo , Sumida Sho , Oida Tatsuo 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Corynomycolic acids have two hydrophilic heads (OH and COOH) and two hydrophobic tails on adjacent carbon atoms. In this work, hybrid type corynomycolic acids (syn- and anti-isomers) were synthesized via the following three steps: 1) crossed Claisen condensation of t-butyl tridecanoate with ethyl per fluorooctanoate, 2) reduction of C = O to OH, and 3) conversion of COO-t-Bu to COOH using CF3COOH. Both hydrophilic groups (OH and COOH) of hybrid corynomycolic acid would dissociate to –O– and –COO– at alkaline condition (pH = 12) while they remain unchanged at acidic condition (pH < 3). The effect of hybrid structure on the surfactant properties was investigated by the surface tension and surface pressure-area (π-A) measurements. Hybrid type corynomycolic acid gave smaller cmc and γcmc than dialkyl type one due to fluoroalkyl chain. With respect to the stereochemistry, the anti-isomer attained a smaller γcmc value than the syn-isomer. In π-A measurements, the monolayer of the syn-isomer showed a lower collapsing pressure (∼15 mN m–
1) than that of the anti-isomer.
Initialization of an ice-sheet model for present-day Greenland
Authors: Lee Victoria , Cornford Stephen L. , Payne Antony J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe construct initial conditions for an ice flow model of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS). GrIS has been losing mass at an increasing rate over the past two decades, and a significant proportion of this loss is due to dynamic thinning of narrow outlet glaciers. We solve an inverse problem to estimate poorly known basal and englacial parameters given observed geometry and surface velocities. A weighted cost function, resolved to 4 km in the interior of the ice sheet and 1 km in regions of fast-flowing ice at the margin, is minimized to find two-dimensional fields for a stiffness factor, which is a coefficient of the effective viscosity, and basal traction coefficient. Using these fields, we run the model under present-day climate to damp large-amplitude, short-wavelength fluctuations in the flux divergence. The time-dependent model uses an adaptive mesh with resolution ranging from 8 km of the base grid to 500 m in areas of fast-flowing ice to capture the behaviour of the main outlet glaciers. The ice discharge calculated from the initial conditions for GrIS and individual glaciers compares well with values calculated from observations.
Association of Common Variations on Chromosome 4q25 and Left Atrial Volume in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Mints Yuliya , Yarmohammadi Hirad , Khurram Irfan M. , Hoyt Hana , Hansford Rozann , Zimmerman Stefan L. , Steinberg Steven J. , Judge Daniel P. , Tomaselli Gordon F. , Calkins Hugh , Zipunnikov Vadim , Nazarian Saman 
Published: May 2015

AimsRecent studies have shown that several genetic variants near the PITX2 locus on chromosome 4q25 are associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the mechanism that mediates this association remains unclear. Basic murine studies suggest that reduced PITX2 expression is associated with left atrial dilatation. We sought to examine the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near PITX2 and left atrial size in patients with AF.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 96 consecutive patients (mean age 60 ± 10 years, 72% male) with drug-resistant AF (57% paroxysmal, 38% persistent, and 5% long-standing persistent) who underwent catheter ablation. Following DNA extraction from blood obtained pre-operatively, SNPs rs10033464 and rs2200733 were genotyped using the Sequenom MassARRAY. Left atrial volume (LAV) was determined using three-dimensional imaging (CT or MRI prior to first ablation) and by investigators blinded to genotype results.ResultsThe minor allele frequencies at SNPs rs10033464 and rs2200733 were 0.14 and 0.25, respectively. Using multivariable linear regression, homozygosity for the minor allele at rs10033464 (recessive model) was independently associated with larger LAV ( P = 0.002) after adjustment for age, gender, BMI, height, type, and duration of AF, left ventricular ejection fraction, history of hypertension, valve disease, and antiarrhythmic drug use. The strength of the association was reconfirmed in a bootstrap study with 1000 resamplings. In contrast, no association was found between rs2200733 variant alleles and LAV.ConclusionSNP rs10033464 near the PITX2 locus on 4q25 is associated with LAV. Left atrial dilatation may mediate the association of common variants at 4q25 with AF.
The accuracy of an electronic Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index auto-populated from the electronic health record
Authors: Morley J.E. , Huang J. , Liu V. , Anderson M.L. , Drenten C. E. , Radecki R.P. , Nishijima D.K. , Reed M.E. , Vinson D.R. ,   the Kaisers Permanente CREST Network
Published: May 2015

SummaryBackground: The Pulmonary Embolism (PE) Severity Index identifies emergency department (ED) patients with acute PE that can be safely managed without hospitalization. However, the Index comprises 11 weighted variables, complexity that can impede its integration into contextual work-flow.Objective: We designed a computerized version of the PE Severity Index (e-Index) to automatically extract the required variables from discrete fields in the electronic health record (EHR). We tested the e-Index on the study population to determine its accuracy compared with a gold standard generated by physician abstraction of the EHR on manual chart review.Methods: This retrospective cohort study included adults with objectively-confirmed acute PE in four community EDs from 2010–2012. Outcomes included performance characteristics of the e-Index for individual values, the number of cases requiring physician editing, and the accuracy of the e-Index risk category (low vs. higher).Results: For the 593 eligible patients, there were 6,523 values automatically extracted. Fifty one of these needed physician editing, yielding an accuracy at the value-level of 99.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 99.0%-99.4%). Sensitivity was 96.9% (95% CI, 96.0%-97.9%) and specificity was 99.8% (95% CI, 99.7%-99.9%). The 51 corrected values were distributed among 47 cases: 43 cases required the correction of one variable and four cases required the correction of two. At the risk-category level, the e-Index had an accuracy of 96.8% (95% CI, 95.0%-98.0%), under-classifying 16 higher-risk cases (2.7%) and over-classifying 3 low-risk cases (0.5%).Conclusion: Our automated extraction of variables from the EHR for the e-Index demonstrates substantial accuracy, requiring a minimum of physician editing. This should increase user acceptability and implementation success of a computerized clinical decision support system built around the e-Index, and may serve as a model to automate other complex risk stratification instruments.Citation: Vinson DR, Morley JE, Huang J, Liu V, Anderson ML, Drenten CE, Radecki RP, Nishijima DK, Reed ME. The accuracy of an electronic pulmonary embolism severity index auto-populated from the electronic health record. Appl Clin Inf 2015; 6: 318–333http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-12-RA-0116
INFLUENCE OF FILLERS ON SEMI-EFFICIENT VULCANIZED NATURAL RUBBER: DYNAMIC PROPERTIES AND HEAT BUILDUP
Authors: Zhang Huan , Zhang Zhiyi , Zhao Guizhe , Liu Yaqing , Li Ye , Shou Jinquan , Bai Lizhong 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
Carbon black and silica have long been recognized as reinforcing fillers, but their effect on the dynamic properties and heat buildup of vulcanizates is rarely reported. Therefore, natural rubber composites filled by carbon black with different particle size and silica were prepared. The Payne effect and heat buildup progressively decrease with an increase of carbon black particle size because of weaker filler network structure and better dispersion, the N754 filled sample in particular shows the lowest value, only 4.7 °C. The tensile strength and tear strength of composites all increase with the reducing carbon black particle size. SiO2-filled composites exhibit obvious Payne effects and inferior mechanical properties; at high strains (&gt;10%), tan δ of SiO2-filled composites surpasses all that of carbon black–filled composites, due to the surface silanol groups on the silica surface and due to the decreased cross-link density.
Westernizing Reform and Indigenous Precedent in Traditional Music: Insights from Turkmenistan
Authors: Fossum David 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Ethnomusicologists have often shown how traditional musics at prestigious institutions have taken their current form only recently, under Western influence. The post-Soviet state of Turkmenistan at first appears to offer yet another case: contemporary musicians have used modern technology and Western notation to studiously reproduce masters’ classic versions of traditional pieces, all the while using terms that recall canonizing discourse from European art music. But this article argues that the Turkmen practice is well grounded in indigenous precedent that predates Soviet modernization efforts. This finding therefore complicates the usual story about the rise of canonization processes in Western-influenced musics.
Ecology of the Global Tabla Industry
Authors: Roda P. Allen 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBuilding on colloquial understandings of improvisation, jugāḍ karnā, which roughly translates "to make do," and Sunil and Chitra Sahasrabudhey’s concept of lokavidya, or "people’s knowledge," this article introduces readers to the rich life-world of musical artisans in India, the challenges they face, and the creativity with which they meet those challenges. Growing global demand for sets of drums, called tabla, has transformed business practices among instrument makers in Banaras, also known as Varanasi, India. It has inspired innovation, increased competition, and opened new opportunities for makers on the global marketplace. Changes in instrument manufacture ultimately impact the sound musicians can create from them. By thinking about the tabla industry as an ecosystem in which artisans, instruments, musicians, workshops, and retailers all interact and contribute, this article uses actor-network theory to demonstrate the contributions of a wide variety of actors to musical production.
Life Writing and Political Memoir
Authors: Ribberink Anneke 
Published: May 2015

This review aims to analyse Magnus Brechtken (Eds.), Life Writing and Political. Memoir- Lebenszeugnisse und Politische Memoiren.For anyone interested in political memoirs the question of their value and influence is intriguing. Of course, few will now believe that politicians’ memoirs and autobiographies should be taken as objective stories people can rely on. But how far can we go in indeed believing them? In other words, do politicians in general write the truth about themselves or is any political memoir whatsoever by definition an unreliable piece?
Probabilistic human health risk assessment of degradation‐related chemical mixtures in heterogeneous aquifers: Risk statistics, hot spots, and preferential channels
Authors: Henri Christopher V. , Fernàndez‐Garcia Daniel , de Barros Felipe P. J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe increasing presence of toxic chemicals released in the subsurface has led to a rapid growth of social concerns and the need to develop and employ models that can predict the impact of groundwater contamination on human health risk under uncertainty. Monitored natural attenuation is a common remediation action in many contamination cases. However, natural attenuation can lead to the production of daughter species of distinct toxicity that may pose challenges in pollution management strategies. The actual threat that these contaminants pose to human health depends on the interplay between the complex structure of the geological media and the toxicity of each pollutant byproduct. This work addresses human health risk for chemical mixtures resulting from the sequential degradation of a contaminant (such as a chlorinated solvent) under uncertainty through high‐resolution three‐dimensional numerical simulations. We systematically investigate the interaction between aquifer heterogeneity, flow connectivity, contaminant injection model, and chemical toxicity in the probabilistic characterization of health risk. We illustrate how chemical‐specific travel times control the regime of the expected risk and its corresponding uncertainties. Results indicate conditions where preferential flow paths can favor the reduction of the overall risk of the chemical mixture. The overall human risk response to aquifer connectivity is shown to be nontrivial for multispecies transport. This nontriviality is a result of the interaction between aquifer heterogeneity and chemical toxicity. To quantify the joint effect of connectivity and toxicity in health risk, we propose a toxicity‐based Damköhler number. Furthermore, we provide a statistical characterization in terms of low‐order moments and the probability density function of the individual and total risks.
Geomechanics of subsurface water withdrawal and injection
Authors: Gambolati Giuseppe , Teatini Pietro 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLand subsidence and uplift, ground ruptures, and induced seismicity are the principal geomechanic effects of groundwater withdrawal and injection. The major environmental consequence of groundwater pumping is anthropogenic land subsidence. The first observation concerning land settlement linked to subsurface processes was made in 1926 by the American geologists Pratt and Johnson, who wrote that “the cause of subsidence is to be found in the extensive extraction of fluid from beneath the affected area.” Since then, impressive progress has been made in terms of: (a) recognizing the basic hydrologic and geomechanic principles underlying the occurrence; (b) measuring aquifer compaction and ground displacements, both vertical and horizontal; (c) modeling and predicting the past and future event; and (d) mitigating environmental impact through aquifer recharge and/or surface water injection. The first milestone in the theory of pumped aquifer consolidation was reached in 1923 by Terzaghi, who introduced the principle of “effective intergranular stress.” In the early 1970s, the emerging computer technology facilitated development of the first mathematical model of the subsidence of Venice, made by Gambolati and Freeze. Since then, the comprehension, measuring, and simulation of the occurrence have improved dramatically. More challenging today are the issues of ground ruptures and induced/triggered seismicity, which call for a shift from the classical continuum approach to discontinuous mechanics. Although well known for decades, anthropogenic land subsidence is still threatening large urban centers and deltaic areas worldwide, such as Bangkok, Jakarta, and Mexico City, at rates in the order of 10 cm/yr.
Impact of stratospheric major warmings and the quasi‐biennial oscillation on the variability of stratospheric water vapor
Authors: Tao Mengchu , Konopka Paul , Ploeger Felix , Riese Martin , Müller Rolf , Volk C. Michael 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBased on simulations with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere for the 1979–2013 period, driven by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts ERA‐Interim reanalysis, we analyze the impact of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) and of Major Stratospheric Warmings (MWs) on the amount of water vapor entering the stratosphere during boreal winter. The amplitude of H2O variation related to the QBO amounts to 0.5 ppmv. The additional effect of MWs reaches its maximum about 2–4 weeks after the central date of the MW and strongly depends on the QBO phase. Whereas during the easterly QBO phase there is a pronounced drying of about 0.3 ppmv about 3 weeks after the MW, the impact of the MW during the westerly QBO phase is smaller (about 0.2 ppmv) and more diffusely spread over time. We suggest that the MW‐associated enhanced dehydration combined with a higher frequency of MWs after the year 2000 may have contributed to the lower stratospheric water vapor after 2000.
Electron density enhancements in the polar cap during periods of dayside reconnection
Authors: Clausen L. B. N. , Moen J. I. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractUsing field‐aligned current data, we monitor the location of the region 1 current oval which is related to the location of the polar cap boundary (PCB). We identify intervals when the current oval and hence the PCB moved equatorward for extended periods lasting at least 75 min, and we term these intervals sustained dayside reconnection events (SDRE). We find 1059 SDREs between 2010 and 2012 and go on to study the dynamics of the total electron content (TEC) in the high‐latitude region in a superposed epoch sense. Immediately after the beginning of a SDRE, a plasma density increase forms at the poleward edge of the PCB and its edge moves from the location of the dayside PCB antisunward at speeds of about 500 m/s, consistent with ionospheric convection measurements. Our results show that the TEC inside the polar cap locally increases by up to 20%. Averaged over the entire polar region poleward of 55∘ magnetic latitude, however, we find no significant increase in the TEC, indicating that local increases and decreases are formed by transport and rearrangement of existing plasma rather than by impact ionization due to particle precipitation. We also observe a latitudinally narrow region between the TEC increases equatorward and poleward of the dayside PCB in which the TEC stagnates. This stagnation trough may be due to local flow channels associated with bursty dayside reconnection.
Validation of hydraulic tomography in an unconfined aquifer: A controlled sandbox study
Authors: Zhao Zhanfeng , Illman Walter A. , Yeh Tian‐Chyi J. , Berg Steven J. , Mao Deqiang 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn this study, we demonstrate the effectiveness of hydraulic tomography (HT) that considers variably saturated flow processes in mapping the heterogeneity of both the saturated and unsaturated zones in a laboratory unconfined aquifer. The successive linear estimator (SLE) developed by Mao et al. (2013c) for interpreting HT in unconfined aquifers is utilized to obtain tomograms of hydraulic conductivity (K), specific storage (Ss), and the unsaturated zone parameters (pore size parameter (α) and saturated water content (θs)) for the Gardner‐Russo's model. The estimated tomograms are first evaluated by visually comparing them with stratigraphy visible in the sandbox. Results reveal that the HT analysis is able to accurately capture the location and extent of heterogeneity including high and low K layers within the saturated and unsaturated zones, as well as reasonable distribution patterns of α and θs for the Gardner‐Russo's model. We then validate the estimated tomograms through predictions of drawdown responses of pumping tests not used during the inverse modeling effort. The strong agreement between simulated and observed drawdown curves obtained by pressure transducers and tensiometers demonstrates the robust performance of HT that considers variably saturated flow processes in unconfined aquifers and the unsaturated zone above it. In addition, compared to the case using the homogeneous assumption, HT results, as expected, yield significantly better predictions of drawdowns in both the saturated and unsaturated zones. This comparison further substantiates the unbiased and minimal variance of HT analysis with the SLE algorithm.
The emergence of hydrogeophysics for improved understanding of subsurface processes over multiple scales
Authors: Binley Andrew , Hubbard Susan S. , Huisman Johan A. , Revil André , Robinson David A. , Singha Kamini , Slater Lee D. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractGeophysics provides a multidimensional suite of investigative methods that are transforming our ability to see into the very fabric of the subsurface environment, and monitor the dynamics of its fluids and the biogeochemical reactions that occur within it. Here we document how geophysical methods have emerged as valuable tools for investigating shallow subsurface processes over the past two decades and offer a vision for future developments relevant to hydrology and also ecosystem science. The field of “hydrogeophysics” arose in the late 1990s, prompted, in part, by the wealth of studies on stochastic subsurface hydrology that argued for better field‐based investigative techniques. These new hydrogeophysical approaches benefited from the emergence of practical and robust data inversion techniques, in many cases with a view to quantify shallow subsurface heterogeneity and the associated dynamics of subsurface fluids. Furthermore, the need for quantitative characterization stimulated a wealth of new investigations into petrophysical relationships that link hydrologically relevant properties to measurable geophysical parameters. Development of time‐lapse approaches provided a new suite of tools for hydrological investigation, enhanced further with the realization that some geophysical properties may be sensitive to biogeochemical transformations in the subsurface environment, thus opening up the new field of “biogeophysics.” Early hydrogeophysical studies often concentrated on relatively small “plot‐scale” experiments. More recently, however, the translation to larger‐scale characterization has been the focus of a number of studies. Geophysical technologies continue to develop, driven, in part, by the increasing need to understand and quantify key processes controlling sustainable water resources and ecosystem services.