bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Female Tendons are from Venus and Male Tendons are from Mars, But Does it Matter for Tendon Health?
Authors: McMahon Gerard , Cook Jill 
Published: July 2024

AbstractTendons play fundamental roles in the execution of human movement and therefore understanding tendon function, health and disease is important for everyday living and sports performance. The acute mechanical behavioural and physiological responses to short-term loading of tendons, as well as more chronic morphological and mechanical adaptations to longer term loading, differ between sexes. This has led some researchers to speculate that there may be a sex-specific injury risk in tendons. However, the link between anatomical, physiological and biomechanical sex-specific differences in tendons and their contributory role in the development of tendon disease injuries has not been critically evaluated. This review outlines the evidence surrounding the sex-specific physiological and biomechanical responses and adaptations to loading and discusses how this evidence compares to clinical evidence on tendon injuries and rehabilitation in the Achilles and patellar tendons in humans. Using the evidence available in both sports science and medicine, this may provide a more holistic understanding to improve our ability to enhance human tendon health and performance in both sexes.
Semi-analytical calculation model for friction of polymers on the example of POM ∣ PE-UHMW and steel ∣ PE-UHMW
Authors: Bergmann André , Sumpf Jens , Dallinger Niels , Moneke Martin , Golder Markus 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn this paper, a semi-analytical calculation model for the coefficient of friction (COF) of single spherical protrusions is presented. It allows the prediction of the deformative friction part (μdef) and adhesive friction part (μadh) of the friction pairings steel ∣ polyethylene with ultra-high molecular weight (PE-UHMW) and polyoxymethylene (POM) ∣ PE-UHMW. The experimental studies included unlubricated friction tests, which served to determine the total COF (μtot), as well as tests being lubricated with silicone oil, from which μdef is obtained. Based on the verification tests, it could be shown that both states of lubrication result in the same deformation and that the relationship between the rear angle (ω) and μdef postulated in the calculation model is valid. Therefore, friction tests with segmented spheres were carried out, which allow a specific variation of the ω.It can be concluded that for both pairings the μdef is generally of minor significance (approx. 1/3 μtot) and the influence of the μadh predominates (approx. 2/3 μtot) the friction process. Furthermore the μtot decreases with increasing contact pressure especially in the low pressure range and depends on the form of motion (continuous and discontinuous).
An analytical approach for an AI-based teacher performance evaluation system in Saudi Arabia’s schools
Authors: Almubarak Arwa , Alhalabi Wadee , Albidewi Ibrahim , Alharbi Eaman 
Published: July 2024

AbstractTeacher performance evaluation is essential to a teacher’s primary responsibilities. This study investigates the process of evaluating teachers’ performance to provide a basis for planning an ongoing professional development program. AI-based systems present an opportunity for objective and reliable evaluations, facilitating the identification of areas requiring improvement and contributing to the overall enhancement of educational quality. Consequently, incorporating AI into evaluating teachers has become a research hotspot. This research proposes an analytical comprehensive AI-based system for teacher evaluation. Moreover, we introduce a novel analytical index system derived from the current adopted Key Performance Indicators (KPI) in the Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia and an overall algorithm. This study is part of an integrated project to evaluate teachers’ performance using AI. To build our model, we are accurately determining the evaluative weights through 13 workshops held with 283 field experts. The main hypothesis is that the weights were evenly distributed. After studying them, we found they were relatively different by 0.1 to 0.3%. By analyzing T-KPI, we believe that our proposed index system could overcome the limitations of human-based assessments as it assigned appropriate AI techniques for each, thus ensuring accurate, reliable, and objective evaluation. This innovation would also economically impact rationalizing spending and reducing costs.
Chitosan and its Nanoform Regulates Physiological Processes and Antioxidant Mechanisms to Improve Drought Stress Tolerance of Vicia faba Plant
Authors: Dawood Mona Gergis , El-Awadi Mohamed El-sayed , Sadak Mervat Shamoon 
Published: July 2024

AbstractPurpose: Drought stress is an important challenge to global food security and agricultural output. Dramatic and quick climate change has made the problem worse. It caused unexpected impacts on the growth, development, and yield of different plants. Hence, the ultimate yield does not fulfill the required demand. Understanding the biochemical, ecological, and physiological reactions to these pressures is essential for improved management. Chitosan applications have a wide prospect of addressing abiotic issues. Moreover, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles have a positive impact on increasing plant tolerance to abiotic stress, like drought stress. The current research investigated the consequences of drought stress on the morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters of Vicia faba plants, a comparison of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles, and their ameliorating capacity towards drought stress. Methods: A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the beneficial role of either chitosan (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 gL− 1) or chitosan NPs (10, 20, and 30 mgL− 1) in inducing the Vicia faba tolerance to drought stress (60% water field capacity). Results: Drought stress significantly affected vegetative growth parameters of the shoot system, photosynthetic pigments, and indole acetic acid, accompanied by significant increases in vegetative growth parameters of the root system, some chemical composition of dry leaf tissues (total soluble sugar, soluble protein, proline, phenolic compound, glutathione, α tocopherol), hydrogen peroxide, malonialdehyde, lipoxygenase, and antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase). All applied treatments. chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles, at all concentrations, improved plant tolerance to drought stress via increasing vegetative growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, indole acetic acid, total soluble sugar, soluble protein, proline, phenolic compound, glutathione, α tocopherol, and antioxidant enzyme activities, accompanied by decreases in hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and lipoxygenase enzyme. It is worthy to mention that 20 mgL− 1 chitosan nanoparticles was the most optimal treatment either under well water conditions (90% water field capacity) or drought stress conditions (60% water field capacity). Moreover, it is obvious from these results that the response of bean plants grown under well watered conditions was more pronounced than that of those plants grown under drought stress conditions to 20 mgL− 1 chitosan nanoparticles. Conclusions: Hence, it can be concluded that chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles can mitigate the negative impacts of drought stress by improving the photosybthetic pigments, endogenous indole acetic acid, and osmolyte contents, as well as the non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant compounds of the Vicia faba plant.
The effect of tethered bi-naphthyls on visible-light promoted alkene-alkene [2 + 2] cycloadditions
Authors: Hoch Matteo , Sparascio Sara , Cerveri Alessandro , Bigi Franca , Maggi Raimondo , Viscardi Rosanna , Maestri Giovanni 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDispersion interactions are ubiquitous weak interactions that can play a role in many chemical events. Tailor-made catalysts and additives can lead to more selective reactions by properly exploiting dispersion interactions. Although radical-π dispersion interactions are known to have an important stabilizing role, this concept has been so far overlooked in synthetic photochemistry. We recently proved that similar dispersion interactions can play a profound impact on several reactions involving an energy transfer step. We present herein a study on the co-catalytic effect of tethered bi-naphthyl derivatives on the visible-light-promoted alkene-alkene [2 + 2] cycloaddition. A library of tethered bi-naphthyl derivatives was prepared in order to evaluate the impact of the tether on the efficiency of the prototypical [2 + 2] cycloaddition. The best performing additives showed a dramatic effect on the efficiency of the cyclization, and a rationalization of their relative efficiency was carried out through DFT modeling. The best co-catalyst allowed one to isolate desired products in good to excellent yields even employing several challenging substrates. These results offer new tools to devise optimized [2 + 2] photocycloaddition methods and provide valuable information for the design of organic co-catalyst that can boost photochemical reactions by exploiting dispersion interactions.
Graphical abstract
Characteristics of composite briquettes produced from carbonized banana peels and waste glass
Authors: Nyakoojo Emmanuel Karakwita , Wakatuntu Joel , Jasper Eseru , Yiga Vianney Andrew , Kasedde Hillary , Lubwama Michael 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBriquettes made from carbonized agricultural residues present sustainable material alternatives to wood charcoal and firewood for commercial and industrial applications. However, these briquettes are plagued by property weaknesses including low drop strength and thermal efficiency. Therefore, this study focuses on enhancing the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of composite briquettes produced from carbonized banana peels and waste glass. Composite briquettes comprised of banana peels biochar and waste glass powder (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) were developed, characterized, and evaluated using thermo-gravimetric analysis and bomb calorimetry to determine thermo-physical properties and higher heating values, respectively. The thermal efficiency and emissions (CO, CO2, and PM2.5) were assessed using the water boiling test and an emissions monitoring system. Proximate analysis revealed that moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content of the developed briquettes ranged from 2.5 to 9.7%, 19.2 to 37.2%, 28.7 to 55.6%, and 7.2 to 44.9%, respectively. Drop strength for the briquettes was 84% without waste glass in the composite, increasing to 94–98% with waste glass included in the composite matrix. Higher heating values ranged from 20.1 to 35.8 MJ/kg. Thermal efficiency rose from 22% with no waste glass powder to 40% with 50% waste glass powder addition, while CO and CO2 emissions decreased from 41 to 11 ppm; and 50 to 15 ppm, respectively. PM2.5 remained constant across all banana peel biochar waste glass composites. Notably, even a modest 10% waste glass composition significantly improved drop strength and thermal efficiency, but higher waste glass percentages correlated with elevated ash values and reduced higher heating values. Therefore, the developed composite briquettes can be used in commercial and industrial applications including in some industrial boilers.
Optimized Forest Framework with A Binary Multineighborhood Artificial Bee Colony for Enhanced Diabetes Mellitus Detection
Authors: Pradhan Gaurav , Thapa Gopal , Pradhan Ratika , Khandelwal Bidita , Panigrahi Ranjit , Bhoi Akash Kumar , Barsocchi Paolo 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a common chronic condition that mainly affects older adults. It's important to identify it early to prevent complications. Machine learning is essential for early detection of DM. This article introduces a new method for detecting DM using a random forest ensemble within an optimized framework. The optimized forest framework depends on finding the best DM features, which are identified using the binary multineighborhood artificial bee colony (BMNABC) technique. During preprocessing, the BMNABC algorithm efficiently identifies important features and then inputs them into the random forest within the optimized forest framework for accurate classification. Five modern DM datasets were used to validate the suggested model. The comparison of the proposed model with other leading models revealed significant insights. The BMNABC + ODF(RFE) model demonstrated exceptional proficiency in detecting diabetes mellitus (DM) across various datasets. It achieved an accuracy of 96.36% and a sensitivity of 99.95% on the merged dataset (130 US and PIMA images). The Iranian Ministry of Health dataset showed an accuracy of 97.28% and a sensitivity of 97.12%. In the Sylhet Diabetes Hospital dataset, the accuracy and sensitivity were 96.81% and 98.07% respectively. However, on the PIMA dataset, the model displayed a nuanced performance, with an accuracy of 77.21% and a sensitivity of 68.83%. Lastly, on the questionnaire dataset, the BMNABC + ODF(RFE) model achieved an accuracy of 96.43% and a sensitivity of 97.15%. These findings emphasize the model's ability to adapt and perform effectively in different clinical environments, outperforming other models in terms of accuracy and sensitivity in detecting DM.
Nexus between digital trade and security: geopolitical implications for global economy in the digital age
Authors: Zhang Chi , Chen Xuechen , Yang Jilong , Gao Xinchuchu 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis special issue explores the relationship between digital trade and security, emphasizing the geopolitical implications for the global economy in the digital age. The rapid growth of digital trade has introduced significant challenges and opportunities, necessitating robust data governance to balance national security interests with the free flow of goods, services, and data across borders. The papers explore the different models of data governance championed by the US, China, and the EU, highlighting the complexities of cross-border data flows and their impact on international relations. Through detailed analyses of various international agreements and frameworks, this special issue provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of digital trade and its security implications, with a particular focus on China's evolving approach to data governance and its global influence.
Stability of triple-diffusive convection in a vertical porous layer
Authors: Shankar B.M. , Shivakumara I.S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The classical Gill's problem, focusing on the stability of thermal buoyancy-driven convection in a vertical porous slab with impermeable isothermal boundaries, is studied from a different perspective by considering a triple-diffusive fluid system having different molecular diffusivities. The assessment of stability/instability of the basic flow entails a numerical solution of the governing equations for the disturbances as Gill's proof of linear stability falls short. The updated problem formulation is found to introduce instability in contrast to Gill's original set-up. A systematic examination of neutral stability curves is undertaken for KCl–NaCl–sucrose and heat–KCl–sucrose aqueous systems which are found to exhibit an anomalous behaviour on the stability of base flow. It is found that, in some cases, the KCl–NaCl–sucrose system necessitates the requirement of four critical values of the Darcy–Rayleigh number to specify the linear stability criteria ascribed to the existence of two isolated neutral curves positioned one below the other. Conversely, the heat–KCl–sucrose system demands only two critical values of the Darcy–Rayleigh number to decide the stability of the system. The stability boundaries are presented and the emergence of a travelling-wave mode supported back and forth with stationary modes is observed due to the introduction of a third diffusing component. In addition, some intriguing outcomes not recognized hitherto for double-diffusive fluid systems are manifested.
Reconstructing the Tropical Thermocline From Oxygen‐Isotopes in Planktonic and Benthic Foraminifera
Authors: Lakhani K. Q. , Lynch‐Stieglitz J. , Findley B. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractReconstructing the spatial patterns in thermocline depth is critical for understanding ocean‐atmosphere interactions. Previous foraminiferal proxies of thermocline depth focus on gradients between planktonic foraminifera living in the surface and subsurface ocean. However, both thermocline depth changes and stratification changes will impact this measure. In this study, we outline a method for reconstructing the tropical upper ocean vertical water column profile, enabling the separate assessment of thermocline depth and stratification changes. This method uses oxygen isotope data from surface and sub‐surface calcifying planktonic foraminifera (Globigerinoides ruber albus, Globorotalia tumida, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata) as well as data from benthic foraminifera from a core site below the thermocline. Using newly generated and compiled oxygen isotope data from Holocene‐aged marine sediments, we construct vertical profiles at 20 core sites in the Tropical Pacific Ocean. Quantitative estimates of thermocline depth along with error ranges from Monte Carlo simulations are extracted from the reconstructed profiles. There is a strong correlation between reconstructed Holocene and climatological thermocline depth, but the East‐West contrast in the depth of the thermocline is underestimated by 30%. Incorporating benthic information in thermocline estimates results in a dramatic improvement in the reconstruction of spatial gradients in thermocline depth compared to a simpler proxy, the difference in oxygen isotope ratio between a deeper calcifying planktonic species and the surface species, G. ruber.
Sustained Co‐Eruptive Increase in Seismic Velocity Below Great Sitkin Volcano Due To Magma Extrusion
Authors: Kupres Cody A. , Yang Xiaotao , Haney Matthew , Roman Diana C. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractVolcanic eruptions carry essential information on the dynamics of volcanic systems. Studies have documented variable eruption styles and eruptive surface deformation. However, co‐eruptive subsurface structural changes remain poorly understood. Here we characterize the seismic velocity changes from July 2019 to July 2023 at Great Sitkin Volcano in the central Aleutian volcanic arc, using single‐station ambient noise interferometry at five three‐component seismic stations. Coincident with the lava effusion since late July 2021, about two months after the explosive eruption on 26 May 2021, we observe a sustained velocity increase, most prominently to the northwest of the caldera. We attribute this velocity increase to the structural changes with magma extrusion, with the spatial variation controlled by the geometry of the magma system or the property of shallow volcaniclastics. Our findings offer insights into understanding co‐eruptive structural modifications at active volcanoes.
Sub6 GHz Non‐Line‐of‐Sight Effects in Mobile Communications: A New Perspective for Rainfall Monitoring?
Authors: Pu Kang , Liu Xichuan , Sun Xuejin , Liu Lei , Zhang Peng 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSub6 GHz non‐line‐of‐sight signals are a potential opportunistic source of rainfall information that promises to improve the current urgent need regarding near‐surface rainfall detection, but the complex mechanisms in which these signals are impacted by rainfall have hindered further development in this area. In this study, we focus on four types of microwave propagation processes to explore the theoretical basis for Sub6 GHz signal sensitivity to rainfall. We also investigate how these signals change during rainy conditions using a cellphone signal recording experiment. The results demonstrate that the indirect effect of rainfall‐induced changes in the interfacial water film may significantly affect the Sub6 GHz signal, making it an opportunity to reflect rainfall information. Finally, we offer a comprehensive overview of the potential challenges, benefits, and drawbacks of low‐frequency non‐line‐of‐sight links in the context of rainfall inversion.
Modeling Planktonic Food Web Interannual Variability of the Northern Gulf of Alaska Shelf
Authors: Conte Ludivine , Fiechter Jerome , Strom Suzanne , Hopcroft Russell R. , Danielson Seth L. , Aguilar‐Islas Ana 
Published: July 2024

AbstractA 25‐year (1996–2020) hindcast from a coupled physical‐biogeochemical model is evaluated with nutrients, phytoplankton and zooplankton field data and is analyzed to identify mechanisms controlling seasonal and interannual variability of the northern Gulf of Alaska (NGA) planktonic food web. Characterized by a mosaic of processes, the NGA is a biologically complex and productive marine ecosystem. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis combining abiotic and biotic variables averaged over the continental shelf reveals that light intensity is a main driver for nanophytoplankton variability during spring, and that nitrate availability is a main driver for diatoms during spring and for both phytoplankton during summer. Zooplankton variability is a combination of carry‐over effects from the previous year and bottom‐up controls from the current year, with copepods and euphausiids responding to diatoms and microzooplankton responding to nanophytoplankton. The results also demonstrate the effect of nitrate availability and phytoplankton community structure on changes in biomass and energy transfers across the planktonic food web over the entire growing season. In particular, the biomass of large copepods and euphausiids increases more significantly during years of higher relative diatom abundance, as opposed to years with higher nitrate availability. Large microzooplankton was identified as the planktonic group most sensitive to perturbations, presumably due to its central position in the food web. By quantifying the combined variability of several key planktonic functional groups over a 25‐year period, this work lays the foundation for an improved understanding of the long‐term impacts of climate change on the NGA shelf.