bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orthodoxie, ketterij en consensus, 1670-1850. Drie historische vertogen over religie en openbaarheid
Authors: Eijnatten J. van 
Published: September 2015

Orthodoxy, heresy and consensus, 1670-1850. Three historical discourses on religion and the public sphereThe idea of a ‘religious consensus’ hardly seems applicable to the religious history of the Netherlands during the ‘long’ eighteenth century (1670-1850). It appears to contradict such religious phenomena as ‘tolerance’ and ‘pillarization’, which are considered to be typical features of Dutch history. Consequently, church historical accounts tend to project a form of confessional apartheid on the Dutch religious past. Religious history is rarely interpreted in terms or concepts that are not derived from the Christian church or from Christianity. Moreover, Dutch church history has a strong tendency to focus on biographical, archival or philological research. This article contains a sketch of three interconnected intellectual discourses on orthodoxy, heresy and consensus. Together, they provide a conceptual framework which allows us to interpret religious ideas in a light not informed by religious ideology. During the long eighteenth century, a period that marks the transition from the ancien regime to the nation state, each of the three discourses contributed to the formation of a religious public sphere. Focusing respectively on politics, history and culture, the three discourses fit into the more general development of the religious public sphere from ‘confessional’ to ‘pedagogical’. This article is part of the special issue 'Godsdienst in Nederland'.
Het protestantisme en de Tweede Wereldoorlog. De casus Nederland en de casus Frankrijk
Authors: Bank J. 
Published: September 2015

Protestantism and World War II. The Dutch case and the French caseThis paper on the Protestant churches of France and the Netherlands during the Second World War is the preliminary result of a research project on religion in Europe in the 1940s. The project is part of a larger European Science Foundation programme on The Impact of National Socialist and Fascist Occupations in Europe (INSFO). Three main themes are discussed. The first looks at the institutional relations between the Churches and the new regimes in 1940: the Nazi regime in occupied Holland and the government of Vichy France. The second covers the confrontation between theology and the National Socialist ideology, looking at the influence of the radical theology of Karl Barth on the younger generation of ministers in both countries in particular. The third theme explores the types of resistance that resulted from Protestant ideologies, such as the duty to help refugees based on historical arguments. In this respect, special attention is given to Lutheranism in the Alsace under the German Reich, and to the effect of a particularly pious brand of Dutch Calvinism on its followers’ attitudes to resistance and suffering. This article is part of the special issue 'Godsdienst in Nederland'.
Oral history en het vreemde sterven van het Nederlandse christendom
Authors: Rooden P. van 
Published: September 2015

Oral history and the strange demise of Dutch ChristianityDuring the last forty years, Dutch society has gone through a sudden and far-reaching dechristianisation process. Sociologists specialising in religion have monitored this development and explained it using the secularist theory. However, an exploratory oral history approach, based on 43 interviews, and using the modern social history of West European religion, propels us in another direction. The vibrant Dutch Christianity of the 1950s was based on collective rituals and discursive practices that were taken for granted. Although it was possible for individuals to become well-versed in this religion, they did not use the religious rites and rituals in order to think about their own situation. This peculiar nature of Dutch Christianity made it very vulnerable to the cultural revolution of the 1960s, interpreted here as the rise within mass-culture of the practices and ideals of the expressive and reflexive self. People did not choose to leave the churches, but instead drifted away, almost without realising it, as the religious practices from their youth gradually became less important within their lives. The churches were unable to create a form of Christianity that could adapt itself to the new ideal and practices of the self and effectively compete in the cultural marketplace. This article is part of the special issue 'Godsdienst in Nederland'.
De mislukte missie van mr. Maarten van Naarden als luitenant-stadhouder van Stad en Lande 1541-1557
Authors: Postma F. 
Published: September 2015

Maarten van Naarden’s failed mission as lieutenant-stadholder of the province of Groningen, 1541-1557In November 1557, Maarten van Naarden resigned from his post as lieutenant-stadholder of the province of Groningen and left the province after staying there for sixteen years. Van Naarden’s resignation was preceded by a number of conflicts with the Groningen town council and the States of the province. However, these conflicts were neither confined to Van Naarden nor the province of Groningen. They had also taken place in other provinces in the Northeast of the Netherlands. What makes Van Naarden’s clash with the Groningen provincial authorities in the 1550s so important is that it clarifies the principles that were at stake. These principles were less apparent in the conflicts between the representatives of the central government in Friesland, Overijssel and Gelderland. It was a struggle in which Van Naarden tried, as his opponents rightly saw it, to introduce the ‘constitution’ of Utrecht in the town and county of Groningen. In Utrecht, which had been annexed by Charles V in 1528, the autonomy of the province had been reduced to next to nothing. The only authority still resting with the States was the surveillance of the provincial dikes and waterways. All their other areas of authority had been taken over by the provincial court of which Van Naarden had been president between 1537 and 1541. To avoid the same thing happening to them, Van Naarden was ordered to appear before the Groningen States assembly in January 1556. At this meeting, the weakness of his position became crystal clear. None of the members took his side. Because the government lacked the means to keep Van Naarden in office, his withdrawal from Groningen was inevitable. What we see behind the story of Van Naarden more clearly than in the conflicts in the neighbouring provinces is the outline of the absolute state that Van Naarden’s superiors had in mind for the Netherlands.
De taal van het anti-parlementarisme. Poëzie en politiek in Nederland 1870-1940
Authors: Broek I. van den 
Published: September 2015

The language of anti-parliamentarianism. Poetry and politics in the Netherlands 1870-1940‘The language of anti-parliamentarianism’ discusses the intertwinement between Dutch political history during the late nineteenth century and the interwar period and experiments in poetry that were going on at the same time. Doubts were expressed both inside and outside parliament about the power and possibilities of language. Politics was often criticized as a futile activity consisting of endless rounds of debates and meetings. This criticism was levelled at Parliament in particular; the symbol of political rhetoric and the bastion of (liberal) civilisation. Indeed, it was in the realm of poetry that the boundaries of language were explored: What if the accepted rules and forms were abandoned? And what if language itself was abandoned? Rhetorically, there was a solution: the act. ‘Acting’, however, had been discredited as it had descended into violence during the Second World War and the Holocaust. Thereafter, language once again became the only legitimate weapon in politics. This article is part of the special issue 'Parlementen in de Nederlanden'.
'Een schadelijke instelling'. Kritiek op het parlement in België in het interbellum
Authors: Gerard E. 
Published: September 2015

A harmful institution. Critique of the Belgian parliament during the interwar periodTwo key features that characterise the interwar period are the crisis within the parliamentary system and the rise of fascism. The wave of criticism directed at the Belgian parliament can be attributed to this overall climate, although it also has its own peculiarities that originate from Belgian’s political culture, particularly its strong parliamentary tradition. The First World War acted as a catalyst for this strong antiparliamentary critique through the outburst of nationalism and the cult of violence it unleashed along with the temporary suspension of parliamentary activity and the concomitant process of democratisation. The criticism that had been confined to extremist groups from both the left and the right during the 1920s reached a crescendo and became endemic after 1933, particularly among the younger generations. Abuse of power, acting as a front for shady practices, unable to deal with economic issues, disrupting national unity, unrepresentative, and mediocre MPs; these were just some of the recurring themes in the anti-parliamentary debate, which was not so much the result of carefully balanced arguments as the reflection of a popular trend. The Belgian parliament acknowledged its shortcomings, but was unable to turn back the tide. The scope of the anti-parliamentary criticism can be measured by the power shift at the end of the 1930s which favoured the monarchy at the expense of parliament. This article is part of the special issue 'Parlementen in de Nederlanden'.
De Nederlandse natievorming en de verhouding tot België
Authors: Wils L. 
Published: September 2015

Lode Wils, The creation of the Dutch state and relations with BelgiumParadoxically, the unification of the Netherlands and Belgium in 1815- 1830 did not bring the countries closer together but instead alienated them from each other until the Second World War at least. Holland’s dominance within the United Kingdom of the Netherlands stimulated the spread of liberalism among both the Belgians and the clericalists. Conversely, because they were afraid of being outnumbered by the Belgians (62%) and the Catholics (75%), the protestant elite looked for self-assurance in the authoritarian monarch of William I. Popular sovereignty was persistently rejected for a full quarter of a century until peace was concluded in 1839. The polarizing experience of 1815-1839 had a lasting influence on the national identity of both Belgium and the Netherlands. Indeed it can be said that the major transformation of 1780-1850 continued to leave residual echoes in the same way that the impact of the major transformation of the sixteenth century continued to be felt through the ages (in both Reformational Europe as well as Counter-Reformational Europe). This review is part of the discussion forum 'De metamorfose van Nederland' (N.C.F. van Sas).
Canons in dialoog
Authors: Beyen M. 
Published: September 2015

Marnix Beyen, Canons in dialogueAfter pointing out that the idea of a national canon is completely absent when history is taught in Belgium, the author goes on to reject the whole idea of a national canon, describing it as a paternalist attempt to streamline the past according to the wishes of a well-meaning elite. Aside from viewing this idea as an unscientific over simplification of complex issues, heal so deems it to be counter productive from a social point of view. In his opinion, it threatens to alienate youngsters in the Netherlands even more from their past. An alternative approach, he argues, would be to provide more scope for an active dialogue between different, sub-culturally determined historical canons when teaching history. This article is part of the forum 'Debat over de zin of onzin van een nationale canon'.
De historisering van de moraal. De Groningse universiteit tussen universiteitsgeschiedenis en bezettingsgeschiedenis
Authors: Caljé P.A.J. 
Published: September 2015

Pieter Caljé, Historicizing morality. The University of Groningen poised between the history of the university and the history of the occupation.By consistently describing the history of Groningen University during the war years as a history of the university from the perspective of the main historical players, Van Berkel was able to write an important and progressive book that historicizes the moral judgements that were made about the behaviour of the students and their professors. A key moment in the history of Dutch universities during the war – and in the book – is the so-called ‘declaration of loyalty’ to the German occupying forces in 1943. The student resistance boycotted the declaration and university life eventually ground to a halt. Van Berkel convincingly demonstrates that this action by the student resistance was part of an earlier power struggle between the traditional student fraternities and more recently formed unions that emerged as a result of the universities opening up to a broader public. The choice to use this moral weapon, or not, had far-reaching and extremely unfair consequences for those involved after the war. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Academische illusies' (K. van Berkel).
Emoties in het kwadraat
Authors: Frijhoff W. 
Published: September 2015

Willem Frijhoff, Emotions squaredOne can only approve of Catrien Santing’s and Marjan Schwegman’s plea to pay more attention to emotions in the public sphere as a political factor. Their argument concurs with the growing international trend for research into emotionology, emotional culture and emotional regimes. Although I support their argument, I wish to contend that it should involve two more steps. Firstly, emotions cannot properly be understood as agents of change without an analysis of the interference between the agent’s psyche and their public expression. Secondly, as psyche-bound phenomena, emotions in history easily interfere with the historian’s own emotions. In fact, most historical research involves an emotional commitment from the historian. He/she must discern how far his own emotions may be intertwined with his analysis of historical emotions, and use his historical metier to achieve a conscious and always critical mixture of involvement and distance. This article is part of the forum 'Debat over emoties'.
Gewetenloze kapitalisten, handige fiscalisten, strategische huisvaders of gedisciplineerde calvinisten? De Nederlandse Republiek als casestudy
Authors: Hart M. 't 
Published: September 2015

J. Glete, War and the state in early modern Europe. Spain, the Dutch Republic and Sweden as fiscal-military states, 1500-1660 L. Greenfeld, The spirit of capitalism. Nationalism and economic growth Ph.S. Gorski, The disciplinary revolution. Calvinism and the rise of the state in early modern Europe J. Adams, The familial state. Ruling families and merchant capitalism in early modern Europe. Marjolein ’t Hart, Ruthless capitalists, skilful fiscalists, strategic fathers or disciplinedCalvinists? The Dutch Republic as a case studyThis article discusses four recent works by historical sociologists that use the Dutch Republic as a case-study in their comparative work. In studying large-scale processes such as state formation, economic growth and military development they highlight the importance of the interaction between central and local levels of government. The ‘bottom-up’ approach adopted by Adams (familial networks), Gorski (church disciplining), Greenfeld (orientation of entrepreneurs) and Glete (interests of local elites and organizations) is once again placed high of the research agenda. The Dutch Republic serves quite well as an interesting case from a comparative perspective.
De politiek van de goede verstaander
Authors: Velde H. te 
Published: September 2015

Henk te Velde, The politics of the good listenerJensma’s thesis is an outstanding example of a well-written, assiduously researched, and clearly defined study. In the conclusion, the author has great difficulty characterizing the book. This may have something to do with the rather introspective nature of the book, as a result of which the author also missed some opportunities to demonstrate the broad cultural relevance of his research. The research concerns a joke that got out of hand, but which in actual fact was much more than just a practical joke. It deals with a left-wing liberal notion of culture in which humour, satire, play and debate are weapons that make culture and politics worthwhile. There is a clear parallel between the world of those involved in the Oera Linda book and the simultaneous short-lived boom of left-wing liberalism in politics. This form of politics was directed towards the civilised, rational, non-denominational ‘good listener’, for whom a well-placed word was sufficient to drive home a message. Jensma would have rendered this beautiful book even more powerful had he further elaborated upon the politico-cultural aspects of the humour and irony of his main characters. This review is part of the discussion forum 'De gemaskerde God' (G.T. Jensma).
Lage landen, verre horizonten. De verbinding van natuur, landschap en 'Nederlandse' identiteit in internationaal perspectief
Authors: Davids K. 
Published: September 2015

Karel Davids, Low countries, faraway horizons. The relation between nature, landscape and ‘Dutch’ identity in a comparative perspectiveHow did nature, landscape and identity in the Netherlands become intertwined during the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries? And more particularly, how was this development linked up with changes in the relationship between the Netherlands and other parts of the globe? These are the key questions addressed in this essay. The article argues that the growing interconnection between nature, landscape and identity can only partly be explained by home-grown traditions, such as the increased cooperation between science and capital or the presence of a highly developed art of landscape painting. In many respects, developments in the Netherlands showed in fact striking parallels and connections with developments in other areas of the world. Numerous elements in the newly-emerged view of nature and landscape were adopted from abroad and Dutchmen ardently projected their own national ambitions and pretensions in confrontations with wild nature and foreign rivals outside their territory along the North Sea. Thus, the `Dutch’ identity was also constructed in the jungle of the East-Indies and the thin air of the Alps. This article is part of the special issue 'Landschap, natuur en nationale identiteit'.
Het betwiste landschap van de Haarlemmermeer
Authors: Taverne E. 
Published: September 2015

Ed Taverne, The controversial landscape of the HaarlemmermeerIn the context of this article, ‘controversial landscape’ refers to the rather bad reputation of the reclamation of the Haarlemmermeer (1851): one of the greatest technical projects in the Netherlands during the nineteenth century. From the very moment this new polder had fallen dry, the project was severely criticized for its lack of social order and its unsatisfactory landscape. A succession of different groups beginning with the artists of the so-called ‘Hague School’, followed by the activists of the nature conservation movement around 1900 and eventually the town and country planning advocates in the 1920s, considered the creation of this rational agricultural landscape to be a regrettable break with the rich tradition of Dutch landscape architecture. Indirectly, these criticisms influenced the spatial and social layout of the new IJsselmeerpolders from the early 1920s and paved the way after the Second World War for the model of the future development of the Dutch national territory: Randstad Holland. This article is part of the special issue 'Landschap, natuur en nationale identiteit'.
De natuurlijke natie. Monumentalisering en nationalisering van natuur en landschap in de vroege twintigste eeuw
Authors: Roenhorst W. 
Published: September 2015

Willemien Roenhorst, The ‘natural’ nation.The monumentalisation and nationalisationof nature and landscape in the Netherlands in the early 20th century The first part of this article traces the origins and development of the idea of ‘natural heritage’ - the attribution of a monumental status to nature and the landscape - in the Netherlands in the late 19th and early 20th century. Nature and the landscape were not only second part of this article examines the characteristics and the use of the connection between the natural heritage and the nation in the Dutch nature conservation and landscape preservation movement in the early 20th century. This article is part of the special issue 'Landschap, natuur en nationale identiteit'.
'Kattendyke', een goed verpakte surprise
Authors: Ebels-Hoving B. 
Published: September 2015

Janse, A. e.a. (eds.), Johan Huyssen van Kattendijke-kroniek. Die historie of die cronicke van Hollant, van Zeelant ende van Vrieslant ende van den Stichte van Utrecht (Den Haag 2005).In search of the author of the 'Kattendyke Chronicle'Dutch medieval history has always remained very much in the background and so have its chronicles. The latter are few and far between and rarely of high quality. The only really important ones are Melis Stoke’s Rijmkroniek (ca. 1300) written in Middle Dutch and Johannes de Beke’s Chronographia (ca. 1350) in Latin with its Middle Dutch anonymous sequels (the first one of which went as far as 1393). Works of comparable originality are absent for the 15th century, when chroniclers mostly confined themselves to repeating both Stoke and Beke, their trusted authorities, and expanding on them, mostly succinctly, to reflect upon their own times. The majority of these manuscripts still have to be edited. What a surprise it was then when the newly-discovered ‘Cronicke van Hollant, van Zeelant ende van Vrieslant ende van den Stichte van Utrecht’ suddenly appeared after lying undisturbed for centuries in the possession of a Dutch aristocratic family who have now given permission for this beautifully illustrated manuscript to be edited by an interdisciplinary team of scholars. In some major respects the Kattendyke chronicle is disappointing: although written in 1492 it fails to add any substantial new information of either a factual or ‘cultural’ nature. But given the scarcity of well-edited medieval Dutch chronicles we should appreciate the Kattendyke chronicle as a product of intellectual history and as a serious undertaking of a so far unidentified Dutchman during the crucial years of expanding Burgundian rule. The editors have done a remarkable job but may have given up too readily on solving the mystery of the chronicler’s identity, for which the present reviewer offers a suggestion.
History and public opinion: the historical profession and the French-Dutch rejection of the EU Constitutional Treaty. De Arena. Debat over Europa
Authors: Wintle M. 
Published: September 2015

‘History and public opinion: the historical profession and the French-Dutch rejection of the EU Constitutional Treaty’In May-June 2005, the French and then the Dutch rejected the EU Constitutional Treaty. Were those events significant for the Dutch historical profession? Not very much: student demand for courses on Europe is booming and trade books on European history continue to sell well. However, the referenda do remind us of some opportunities for historians. This article argues that they should, more than ever, continue to lay bare the ‘historical’ nonsense that many politicians spout. In due course, historians will provide clear evidence about the reasons for the negative votes. They can also assist clarity of thinking by pointing out the anomaly of comparing the modern EU with nation states formed in the nineteenth century, and by insisting that there are many Europes, not just one. Historians should be sparing with declarations of what European identity is: Europe is, and always has been, in the eye of the beholder. This article is part of the forum 'Debat over Europa'.