bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Content Themes of Alcohol Advertising in U.S. Television—Latent Class Analysis
Authors: Morgenstern Matthis , Schoeppe Franziska , Campbell Julie , Braam Marloes W. G. , Stoolmiller Michael , Sargent James D. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundThere is little alcohol research that reports on the thematic contents of contemporary alcohol advertisements in U.S. television. Studies of alcohol ads from 2 decades ago did not identify “Partying” as a social theme. Aim of this study was to describe and classify alcohol advertisements aired in national television in terms of contents, airing times, and channel placements and to identify different marketing strategies of alcohol brands.MethodsContent analysis of all ads from the top 20 U.S. beer and spirit brands aired between July 2009 and June 2011. These were 581 unique alcohol ads accounting for 272,828 (78%) national television airings. Ads were coded according to predefined definitions of 13 content areas. A latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to define content cluster themes and determine alcoholic brands that were more likely to exploit these themes.ResultsAbout half of the advertisements (46%) were aired between 3 am and 8 pm, and the majority were placed either in Entertainment (40%) and Sports (38%) channels. Beer ads comprised 64% of the sample, with significant variation in airing times and channels between types of products and brands. LCA revealed 5 content classes that exploited the “Partying,” “Quality,” “Sports,” “Manly,” and “Relax” themes. The partying class, indicative of ad messages surrounding partying, love, and sex, was the dominant theme comprising 42% of all advertisements. Ads for alcopops, flavored spirits, and liqueur were more likely to belong to the party class, but there were also some beer brands (Corona, Heineken) where more than 67% of ads exploited this theme.ConclusionsThis is the first analysis to identify a partying theme to contemporary alcohol advertising. Future analyses can now determine whether exposure to that or other themes predicts alcohol misuse among youth audiences.
Incorporating habitat distribution in wildlife disease models: conservation implications for the threat of squirrelpox on the Isle of Arran
Authors: Macpherson M. F. , Davidson R. S. , Duncan D. B. , Lurz P. W. , Jarrott A. , White A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractEmerging infectious diseases are a substantial threat to native populations. The spread of disease through naive native populations will depend on both demographic and disease parameters, as well as on habitat suitability and connectivity. Using the potential spread of squirrelpox virus (SQPV) on the Isle of Arran as a case study, we develop mathematical models to examine the impact of an emerging disease on a population in a complex landscape of different habitat types. Furthermore, by considering a range of disease parameters, we infer more generally how complex landscapes interact with disease characteristics to determine the spread and persistence of disease. Specific findings indicate that a SQPV outbreak on Arran is likely to be short lived and localized to the point of introduction allowing recovery of red squirrels to pre‐infection densities; this has important consequences for the conservation of red squirrels. More generally, we find that the extent of disease spread is dependent on the rare passage of infection through poor quality corridors connecting good quality habitats. Acute, highly transmissible infectious diseases are predicted to spread rapidly causing high mortality. Nonetheless, the disease typically fades out following local epidemics and is not supported in the long term. A chronic infectious disease is predicted to spread more slowly but can remain endemic in the population. This allows the disease to spread more extensively in the long term as it increases the chance of spread between poorly connected populations. Our results highlight how a detailed understanding of landscape connectivity is crucial when considering conservation strategies to protect native species from disease threats.
A case of upper gingiva carcinoma with chronic graft‐versus‐host disease after allogenic bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Tsushima F , Sakurai J , Harada H 
Published: July 2015

AbstractOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common solid tumours occurring after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), especially in patients with chronic graft‐versus‐host‐disease (cGVHD). We describe a case of OSCC that developed in a 51‐year‐old male 22 years after he had received allogeneic HSCT from his human leukocyte antigen‐identical sister as a treatment for acute myelocytic leukaemia. The patient had presented with multiple white patchy lesions on the palatal gingiva and mucosa 16 years after HSCT; these lesions were consistent with the clinical features of cGVHD. Six years later, oral examination and biopsy revealed upper gingival squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in areas of cGVHD, and he underwent tumour excision. Follow‐up examination at 2 years and 4 months after the operation revealed no evidence of recurrence of local SCC or metastasis of the cervical lymph node. The current case highlights the susceptibility of patients with cGVHD to the development of OSCC even two decades after HSCT. Therefore, we recommend careful long‐term follow‐up of the oral cavity for patients with cGVHD.
A retrospective review of stillbirths at the national hospital in Timor‐Leste
Authors: Wilkins Alexa , Earnest Jaya , Mccarthy Elizabeth Anne , Shub Alexis 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundTimor‐Leste has high maternal and infant mortality rates. Estimates of stillbirths are unreliable and limited by poor collection of vital health statistics. Lack of accurate data impedes the development of interventions to address local determinants of stillbirth.AimsThis study aimed to identify the rate, timing and causes of stillbirths at National Hospital Guido Valadares in Dili, Timor‐Leste, between November 2009 and December 2010, during which data were available.MethodsHospital birth registry and maternal records were retrospectively reviewed to identify stillbirths during the study period. The simplified Cause of Death and Associated Conditions system was utilised to classify stillbirths.ResultsOne hundred and fifty‐three stillbirths were identified, producing a stillbirth rate of 29 per 1000 births. Of stillbirths with known timing, 70 (66.7%) occurred antepartum and 35 (33.3%) intrapartum. Cause of death could not be ascertained in 62.7% of cases due to poor or missing records. Where identified, the three most commonly classified causes of death were intrapartum fetal asphyxia, maternal infection and maternal hypertensive disorder.ConclusionThis study highlights the need for standardised recording and coding of perinatal deaths at HNGV. The high proportion of antenatal death transfers from community health centres demonstrates the need for community and hospital staff training to improve the quality of antenatal and intrapartum obstetric care. A prospective study of stillbirths is recommended to obtain reliable data on the determinants of stillbirths in Timor‐Leste. These data would inform evidence‐based interventions for the improvement of maternity and obstetric care in community and hospital settings.
Does laparoscopic shaving for deep infiltrating endometriosis alter intestinal function? A prospective study
Authors: Seracchioli Renato , Ferrini Giulia , Montanari Giulia , Raimondo Diego , Spagnolo Emanuela , Di Donato Nadine 
Published: July 2015

Background5–12% of deep infiltrating endometriosis involves the digestive tract, especially the distal sigmoid colon and rectum. Bowel endometriosis surgery may be associated with neurological complications.AimThe aim of this study was to objectively evaluate whether excision of rectosigmoid deep infiltrating endometriosis by shaving technique alters intestinal and defecatory function at 6‐months post‐surgery.Materials and MethodsNineteen women were enrolled in our tertiary care university hospital. They were affected by rectosigmoid endometriosis and underwent laparoscopic shaving excision of the nodule. Anorectal manometry was performed prior to and after surgery. The parameters studied were resting pressure, maximum squeezing pressure, pushing, rectoanal inhibitory reflex and rectal sensibility. The women completed a defecatory function questionnaire and ranked pain symptoms using a visual analogue scale.ResultsAfter surgery, no alteration of rectoanal inhibitory reflex was found. The tone of the internal anal sphincter was not significantly different before and after surgery. The defecatory function questionnaire revealed a significant improvement in constipation, urgency, bowel movements and anal eczema. No cases of incontinence were described.ConclusionsThis report of the objective assessment of neurological intestinal alterations after rectal shaving of endometriotic nodules suggests the laparoscopic shaving technique preserves intestinal neurological activity.
Breastfeeding and the risk of dental caries: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Tham R , Bowatte G , Dharmage SC , Tan DJ , Lau MXZ , Dai X , Allen KJ , Lodge CJ 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimTo synthesise the current evidence for the associations between breastfeeding and dental caries, with respect to specific windows of early childhood caries risk.MethodsSystematic review, meta‐analyses and narrative synthesis following searches of PubMed, CINAHL and EMBASE databases.ResultsSixty‐three papers included. Children exposed to longer versus shorter duration of breastfeeding up to age 12 months (more versus less breastfeeding), had a reduced risk of caries (OR 0.50; 95%CI 0.25, 0.99, I2 86.8%). Children breastfed >12 months had an increased risk of caries when compared with children breastfed <12 months (seven studies (OR 1.99; 1.35, 2.95, I2 69.3%). Amongst children breastfed >12 months, those fed nocturnally or more frequently had a further increased caries risk (five studies, OR 7.14; 3.14, 16.23, I2 77.1%). There was a lack of studies on children aged >12 months simultaneously assessing caries risk in breastfed, bottle‐fed and children not bottle or breastfed, alongside specific breastfeeding practices, consuming sweet drinks and foods, and oral hygiene practices limiting our ability to tease out the risks attributable to each.ConclusionBreastfeeding in infancy may protect against dental caries. Further research needed to understand the increased risk of caries in children breastfed after 12 months.
Factors governing long‐term adherence to a gluten‐free diet in adult patients with coeliac disease
Authors: Villafuerte‐Galvez J. , Vanga R. R. , Dennis M. , Hansen J. , Leffler D. A. , Kelly C. P. , Mukherjee R. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryBackgroundA strict gluten‐free diet is the cornerstone of treatment for coeliac disease. Studies of gluten‐free diet adherence have rarely used validated instruments. There is a paucity of data on long‐term adherence to the gluten‐free diet in the adult population.AimsTo determine the long‐term adherence to the gluten‐free diet and potential associated factors in a large coeliac disease referral centre population.MethodsWe performed a mailed survey of adults with clinically, serologically and histologically confirmed coeliac disease diagnosed ≥5 years prior to survey. The previously validated Celiac Disease Adherence Test was used to determine adherence. Demographic, socio‐economic and potentially associated factors were analysed with adherence as the outcome.ResultsThe response rate was 50.1% of 709 surveyed, the mean time on a gluten‐free diet 9.9 ± 6.4 years. Adequate adherence (celiac disease adherence test score <13) was found in 75.5% of respondents. A higher level of education was associated with adequate adherence (P = 0.002) even after controlling for household income (P = 0.0220). Perceptions of cost, effectiveness of the gluten‐free diet, knowledge of the gluten‐free diet and self‐effectiveness at following the gluten‐free diet correlated with adherence scores (P < 0.001).ConclusionsLong‐term adherence to a gluten‐free diet was adequate in >75% of respondents. Perceived cost remains a barrier to adherence. Perceptions of effectiveness of gluten‐free diet as well as its knowledge, are potential areas for intervention.
Bacterial endotoxin and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in the general population: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Wong V. W.‐S. , Wong G. L.‐H. , Chan H.‐Y. , Yeung D. K.‐W. , Chan R. S.‐M. , Chim A. M.‐L. , Chan C. K.‐M. , Tse Y.‐K. , Woo J. , Chu W. C.‐W. , Chan H. L.‐Y. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryBackgroundPatients with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have increased intestinal permeability and small intestine bacterial overgrowth.AimsTo test the hypothesis that endotoxemia is associated with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the general population, and to study dietary factors associated with endotoxemia.MethodsNine hundred and twenty adults were randomly selected from the government's census database and underwent proton‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess hepatic steatosis. Endotoxemia was assessed using the limulus amebocyte lysate, lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein (LBP) and EndoCab immunoglobulin G (IgG) assays.ResultsTwo hundred and sixty‐three (29%) subjects had NAFLD. Subjects with NAFLD had slightly higher LBP (P < 0.001) and EndoCab IgG (P = 0.013) levels. EndoCab IgG remained an independent factor associated with intrahepatic triglycerides after adjusting for other metabolic factors. Among 565 subjects without NAFLD at baseline who had repeated assessment at a median interval of 47 months, 78 (13.8%) developed incident NAFLD and they also had higher LBP (P = 0.016). Moreover, LBP was associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia, and modestly increased with the cytokeratin‐18 fragment level but not liver stiffness measurement by transient elastography. Although total energy consumption and individual macronutrients were not associated with endotoxemia, current drinkers (mostly <140 g/week) had lower endotoxin, EndoCab IgG and fetuin‐A levels than nondrinkers.ConclusionsEndotoxin markers are associated with NAFLD in the general population, but do not have a major effect on NASH and fibrosis. People with modest alcohol consumption have lower serum endotoxin. This may partly explain the lower risk of NAFLD and NASH in modest drinkers in previous observational studies.
Induction of ovine trophoblast cell fusion by fematrin‐1 in vitro
Authors: Koshi Katsuo , Nakaya Yuki , Kizaki Keiichiro , Ishiguro‐Oonuma Toshina , Miyazawa Takayuki , Spencer Thomas E. , Hashizume Kazuyoshi 
Published: July 2015

AbstractEndogenous retroviruses present in the genomes take a specific role in placental formation in various vertebrates, including bovine and sheep. Fematrin‐1, which is the envelope (Env) protein of bovine endogenous retrovirus found in bovine placenta, is involved in the formation of fetomaternal hybrid cells in cattle placenta. This study was conducted to clarify whether fematrin‐1 possesses fusogenic activity in trophoblast cells. Another question is whether Env proteins only have species‐specific activity or not. For this, fematrin‐1 gene was transfected in ovine trophoblast cells, and we examined fusogenic activity with Cos‐7 cells. Although fematrin‐1 fusogenic activity was detected in both neutral and acidic pH conditions, acidic condition significantly enhanced it. These activities were rather weaker than those of vesicular stomatitis virus G protein as a positive control. However, the ratio of fematrin‐1 and vesicular stomatitis virus G protein fusion index was confirmed similar to those in the previous reports. Some fusion cells showed multinucleate cells. These results imply that fematrin‐1 is involved in the formation of trophoblast hybrid cells even in different species trophoblastic cells.
On the origin of spontaneous activity in the bladder
Authors: Kushida Nobuhiro , Fry Christopher H. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesTo characterise separately the pharmacological profiles of spontaneous contractions from the mucosa and detrusor layers of the bladder wall and to describe the relationship in mucosa between adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release and spontaneous contractions.Materials and MethodsSpontaneous contractions were measured (36 °C) from isolated mucosa or detrusor preparations, and intact (mucosa + detrusor) preparations from guinea‐pig bladders. Potential modulators were added to the superfusate. The percentage of smooth muscle was measured in haematoxylin and eosin stained sections. ATP release was measured in superfusate samples from a fixed point above the preparation using a luciferin–luciferase assay.ResultsThe magnitude of spontaneous contractions was in the order intact >mucosa >detrusor. The percentage of smooth muscle was least in mucosa and greatest in detrusor preparations. The pharmacological profiles of spontaneous contractions were different in mucosa and detrusor in response to P2X or P2Y receptor agonists, adenosine and capsaicin. The intact preparations showed responses intermediate to those from mucosa and detrusor preparations. Low extracellular pH generated large changes in detrusor, but not mucosa preparations. The mucosa preparations released ATP in a cyclical manner, followed by variations in spontaneous contractions. ATP release was greater in mucosa compared with detrusor, augmented by carbachol and reversed by the M2‐selective antagonist, methoctramine.ConclusionsThe different pharmacological profiles of bladder mucosa and detrusor, implies different pathways for contractile activation. Also, the intermediate responses from intact preparations implies functional interaction. The temporal relationship between cyclical variation of ATP release and amplitude of spontaneous contractions is consistent with ATP release controlling spontaneous activity. Carbachol‐mediated ATP release was independent of active contractile force.
β‐Blockers have differential effects on the murine asthma phenotype
Authors: Thanawala V J , Valdez D J , Joshi R , Forkuo G S , Parra S , Knoll B J , Bouvier M , Leff P , Bond R A 
Published: July 2015

Background and PurposeOur previous studies have shown the β2‐adrenoceptor and its endogenous ligand, adrenaline, are required for development of the asthma phenotype in murine asthma models. Chronic administration of some, but not other, β‐blockers attenuated the asthma phenotype and led us to hypothesize that biased signalling was the basis of their differential effects, experimentally and clinically.Experimental ApproachWe used mice with no detectable systemic adrenaline (PNMT‐/‐) and wild‐type (WT) mice to study the effects of four β‐blockers, alprenolol, carvedilol, propranolol and nadolol, in an ovalbumin sensitization and challenge (Ova S/C) murine model of asthma. The parameters measured were inflammatory cell infiltration, mucous metaplasia and airway hyperresponsiveness. To interpret the pharmacological action of these ligands quantitatively, we conducted computer simulations of three‐state models of receptor activation.Key ResultsOva S/C PNMT‐/‐ mice do not develop an asthma phenotype. Here, we showed that administration of alprenolol, carvedilol or propranolol in the absence of interference from adrenaline using Ova S/C PNMT‐/‐ mice resulted in the development of an asthma phenotype, whereas nadolol had no effect. Ova S/C WT mice did develop an asthma phenotype, and administration of alprenolol, propranolol and carvedilol had no effect on the asthma phenotype. However, nadolol prevented development of the asthma phenotype in Ova S/C WT mice. Computer simulations of these four ligands were consistent with the isolated three‐state receptor model.Conclusion and Implicationsβ‐Blockers have different effects on the murine asthma phenotype that correlate with reported differences in activation or inhibition of downstream β2‐adrenoceptor signalling pathways.
Follicular and endocrine dose responses according to anti‐Müllerian hormone levels in IVF patients treated with a novel human recombinant FSH (FE 999049)
Authors: Bosch Ernesto , Nyboe Andersen Anders , Barri Pedro , García‐Velasco Juan Antonio , de Sutter Petra , Fernández‐Sánchez Manuel , Visnova Hana , Klein Bjarke M. , Mannaerts Bernadette , Arce Joan‐Carles 
Published: July 2015

SummaryObjectiveTo study the association between serum anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels and follicular development and endocrine responses induced by increasing doses (5·2–12·1μg/day) of a novel recombinant human FSH (rhFSH, FE 999049) in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in a GnRH antagonist protocol.DesignSecondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial with stratified randomization according to AMH (lower stratum: 5·0–14·9 pmol/l; higher stratum: 15·0–44·9 pmol/l).PatientsInfertile women of good prognosis (n = 265).MeasurementsFollicular development and endocrine parameters during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) with rhFSH.ResultsSerum FSH levels increased with increasing rhFSH doses and steady‐state levels for each dose were similar in both AMH strata. In the whole study population, significant (P < 0·001) positive dose responses were observed for the number of follicles ≥12 mm, and serum levels of oestradiol, inhibin B, inhibin A and progesterone at end of stimulation. In comparison with the higher AMH stratum, patients in the lower AMH stratum had significantly different slopes of the dose–response curves for these hormones, and no clear dose‐related increase was observed for the number of follicles in these patients.ConclusionsDose–response relationships between rhFSH and follicular development and endocrine parameters are significantly different for IVF/ICSI patients with lower and higher serum AMH levels at start of COS.
Adult children of parents with mental illness: navigating stigma
Authors: Murphy Gillian , Peters Kath , Wilkes Lesley , Jackson Debra 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe experiences of children who live with parental mental illness are becoming increasingly recognized. However, there remains a limited body of knowledge in relation to an individual's longer term experiences. This study sought adult children's experiences of childhood parental mental illness. It generated reflections of 13 adult children who had lived with parents with mental illness during their childhood. The narrative design of the study facilitated a voice for participants. The paper presents one main theme of the findings. The findings offer a unique insight into childhood awareness of social stigmas and children's behavioural changes to avoid disclosure of parental mental illness. Participants noted that they were aware of social stigmas associated with mental illness during their childhood. This contributed to their fear of disclosure to others that fuelled a culture of familial secrecy, reinforcing the children's own sense of difference. Further work is required to enhance community understanding about the familial journeys of parental mental illness and the impact of negative‐natured stigmas.