bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Armed Forces
Authors: Parrott David 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn early 1645 Field Marshal Lennard Torstensson led a Swedish army of 9,000 cavalry, 6,000 infantry, and sixty cannon against a Habsburg-Imperial army of 10,000 cavalry, 5,000 infantry, and twenty-six cannon commanded by Melchior von Hatzfeld. Both armies were composed of regiments commanded by international colonel-proprietors, who had used their funds or credit to raise and maintain military units. Many of the soldiers in both armies had been in service for ten years or more. The colonel-proprietors and generals in both armies regarded the recruitment of their experienced veterans as a long-term investment, and both were supported in their enterprises by an international network of private credit facilities, munitions manufacturers, food suppliers, and transport contractors. In both cases this elaborate structure was funded through control of the financial resources of entire territories, largely extracted and administered by the military high command. The armies clashed at Jankow in Bohemia, and the Imperial forces, though superior in cavalry, were held and eventually defeated by the Swedes, in part thanks to their artillery.
Nobility
Authors: Shovlin John 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Historians of the Ancien Régime long viewed the nobility as a holdover from a feudal age, an antiquated breed condemned to a slow, and ultimately terminal, decline. Nobles were regarded as the casualties of secular political and social transformations: the rise of the absolutist state, which stripped them of political power; and economic transformations, which increased the relative wealth of non-nobles, and empowered them to challenge the nobility's supremacy. Since the 1960s, however, revisionist scholarship has almost entirely jettisoned this view. The nobility is now widely seen as a social group that participated massively in the processes of modernization that transformed seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe. Through its economic role and values, its service to the monarchical state, its openness to new recruits, and its engagement in the public sphere, the nobility moved with the times.
Estates, Orders and Corps
Authors: Bossenga Gail 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEstates, orders, and corps provided one of the most important means of conceptualizing and organizing society in the old regime. According to a long-standing, and not infrequently contested ideal, European society was composed of a series of hierarchically arranged social groups (estates, orders, and corps), each with a prescribed function and corresponding degree of honour and privileges. In its simplest form, society consisted of three basic groups: the First Estate, the clergy, who prayed; the Second Estate, the nobility, who fought; and the Third Estate, the common people, who worked. This hierarchy of superiority and inferiority was, according to some theorists of the period, inscribed in the order of the universe, so that the terrestrial human hierarchy participated in a greater, divinely sanctioned celestial hierarchy.
Gender
Authors: Hardwick Julie 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The historiography of gender in the Ancien Régime has explored two sets of interrelated issues. One is the question of the changing nature of men's and women's experiences and the ways in which they related to each other. Another is the way in which gender had an integral role in shifting cultural, political, and—explored to a much lesser extent this far—economic patterns. In both cases, historians have debated whether gender hierarchy intensified and women's opportunities became more constrained, whether changing patterns reformulated gendered expectations but not in a way that a “better or worse” paradigm is appropriate, or whether new forms of gender relations created new opportunities. In the Ancien Régime, gender made a difference: for all social ranks whether peasants, artisans, or nobles, for economic matters as market practices intensified and a consumer revolution ushered in new fashions for Parisians and peasants alike, for cultural processes as traditional categories were problematized and new possibilities were debated, and for political debates as novel forms of politics as well as innovative ideas about sovereignty and authority emerged.
Slavery and Serfdom
Authors: Doyle William 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Slavery and serfdom, together underpinning so much of the economic Ancien Régime, survived the challenges of revolution. Only serfdom in France (already a dwindling relic) and slavery in Haiti disappeared for good. Elsewhere, both systems of servitude reached their zenith. And although both had begun by then to come under attack, the initial impact of the French Revolution was to arrest or retard chances of emancipation as terrified governments and propertied elites witnessed what mayhem freedom could unleash. But for all the comparisons often made, then and since, between the two systems of subjection, they cannot be pressed too far. Despite the spectacular prosperity built on the backs of colonial slaves, revolts among them were relatively rare and did not threaten social structures in Europe.
Education
Authors: Outram Dorinda 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The history of education is enmeshed with the growth and final crisis of the Ancien Régime. The rapid expansion of the state, and the vigour of international competition in the eighteenth century, interlocked with educational change. Struggles between church and state for the control of schools and pupils were vital for the making of well-trained armies and docile peasants. The vast and complex international intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment is incomprehensible without a history of education. It is from sectarian conflicts under the French Third Republic that the history of education has evolved many of its traditional themes: institutions, literacy, ideologies, religion, curriculum, personnel, and young and not so young learners.
Sociability
Authors: Beaurepaire Pierre‐Yves 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The last century of the Ancien Régime brought new departures in sociability, akin to those in the circulation of free, direct, and useful information. Contemporaries sought to create frameworks for association less subject to the obligations required by the authorized sociability of rulers or the church. They still sought protection, for it vouchsafed autonomy in exchange for tribute paid in published form to the glory and generosity of the protector through dedications or other marks of honour, but the emphasis was on the principle of voluntary belonging. This meant that statutes and rules did not come from outside, as in a charter, but rather were planned, elaborated, and adopted from within. The members accepted them voluntarily: nobody had imposed them. This principle of individuals voluntarily joining a group marked a fundamental break from traditional sociability, but it kept within continuity in observing the rules and distinctions of the Ancien Régime, as was shown in the artificial equality of interpersonal relations found in the salons, and the respect given to outside titles and qualities within masonic lodges.
Patronage
Authors: Ledbury Mark 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article focuses on the last century and a half of the Ancien Régime. However, for art historians, one of the first and most important events in the history of the attempt to transfer the cultural sophistication of the Italian Renaissance courts to France, and in doing so to create a powerful sense of France as culture-state, occurred at an earlier moment with the policy of Francis I, first in the Loire valley and then, most intensely, at the hunting lodge/palace of Fontainebleau (1528 and after). At Fontainebleau, Francis enticed significant artists away from Italy and created the kind of complex architectural, decorative, and iconographic ensembles that he and his entourage knew from the grand courts of Renaissance Florence, thus setting a pattern for complex cultural–political intervention.
The Public Sphere
Authors: Kaiser Thomas E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
According to Habermas, there were two incarnations of the “public,” or as the English translation renders it “public sphere,” under the Ancien Régime. The first arose during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when the royal state gradually absorbed powers and rights previously exercised by semi-public corporations, localities, and individuals. This institutional reshuffling, in Habermas's view, entailed a fresh division between the “public” and “private” realms. “Public,” according to Habermas, came to mean state-related and denoted the sphere occupied by a “bureaucratic apparatus with regulated spheres of jurisdiction” that exerted “a monopoly over the legitimate use of coercion.” “Private,” by contrast, denoted the sphere occupied by those who held no office and were for that reason “excluded from any share in public authority.” Beginning in the late seventeenth century, Habermas argued, a second “public sphere” took shape “within the tension-charged field between state and society” According to Habermas, the social nature of this new “bourgeois public sphere” allowed for the public articulation of previously private bourgeois family values in public settings.
Enlightenment
Authors: Munck Thomas 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The Enlightenment, as a historical term, is intimately linked to the Ancien Régime: both describe historical constructs that once seemed more French than European, at least in origin, and although the term “Ancien Régime” acquired its meaning only in retrospect (from the perspective of 1790), both were originally used by historians to denote something which had come to an end by 1789. The Enlightenment was the intellectually innovative and emancipatory process which, depending on the definition of the Ancien Régime itself, either modernized the political and social structures of the early modern state, or helped to undermine it and to precipitate the upheaval of the French Revolution.
Technological Change
Authors: MacLeod Christine , Nuvolari Allesandro 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
During the eighteenth century Europeans embarked on a revolutionary phase of economic growth and social change, the full environmental costs of which are only just beginning to be recognized. Breaking free from an essentially subsistence economy to embrace the market and long-distance trade, they led the world into sustained economic growth. This has allowed the unprecedented phenomenon of long-term population increase in tandem with a rising standard of living; previously one type of gain had always been at the other's expense, as never before had it been possible to expand an economy fast enough to accommodate both. The causes of this shift into sustained (if ultimately unsustainable) economic growth are still debated, but there can be no doubt that the fundamental driver has been technological change. This article explores the nature of those new technologies and reasons why Europeans began to invest (literally and metaphorically) in technical innovation.
Reformed and Unreformed Britain, 1689–180
Authors: Hoppit Julian 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Political society in Britain changed subtly yet profoundly from 1689 to 1801. But there was not much method to this. This gave Britain's regime a somewhat unsettled and uncertain disposition. Power could also be exercised very capriciously, while the high level of inequality made many feel oppressed and excluded. But a revolutionary moment akin to France in 1789 was avoided, despite the tremendous stresses and strains experienced in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, caused by dramatic population growth, mushrooming towns and cities, an infant industrial revolution, class formation, challenging new ideas, and two bloody, long, and expensive wars against revolutionary and Napoleonic France. As has been seen, British political society was far from poorly prepared to deal with those new challenges. And so the story of change continued.
Conclusion
Authors: Doyle William 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In cultural terms the Ancien Régime began with the Renaissance and the Reformation. The monolithic authority of the medieval Catholic Church had gone, and the next three centuries were a time when extensive energies were devoted by anxious established churches to maintaining some authority by monopolizing education and persecuting dissent. By the eighteenth century, irreligion and “free thought” were coming to be seen as even more dangerous than the latter. Partly this was because the spread of literacy, and the growing desire of moneyed elites to invest in expensive education, gave increasing numbers access to media that might subvert faith or obedience if uncontrolled. The revolutionaries of 1789 condemned censorship and religious intolerance as cardinal vices of the Ancien Régime. They looked back on the growth of free thought or “philosophy” as the source of their reforming agenda.
Introduction Reaching this stage in studying the psychology of the Chinese people
Authors: Bond Michael Harris 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article brings out a study on Chinese psychology and its significance that makes it different from the other usual studies. The objective is to make an attempt to understand the culture and its impact of human socialization in Europe and, especially, America. It reveals that there are relatively few American-trained psychologists who practice cross-cultural psychology. It is the unique dissimilarities of China from the west that rooted the efforts of a study on Chinese psychology. There is a considerable demand for intellectual material on the psychology of the Chinese people. This curiosity was fueled by the fact that China is different from the west in all ways. This study aims to help with self-understanding, as individuals become more aware of their culture when they encounter another person of a different culture.
Language and literacy development in Chinese children
Authors: McBride-Chang Catherine , Lin Dan , Fong Yui-Chi , Shu Hua 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Studies of Chinese children's reading have focused both on the development and impairment of literacy skills. This article surveys the basics of Chinese literacy development, considering the environments in which reading and writing are taught across Chinese societies, as these may differ in languages and scripts used. It reviews the macro-level variables in reading and writing and highlights the cognitive and linguistic skills that appear to be important for early Chinese reading acquisition and implicated in Chinese developmental dyslexia, including phonological processing, morphological awareness, and visual-orthographic skills. It further takes on parents and home literacy practices in relation to reading and writing achievement in Chinese children in light of a few relatively new studies on Chinese home environments. Although the focus of this article is literacy development in Chinese children, the vast majority of its coverage is on character and word recognition, rather than on text processing.
Beliefs in Chinese culture
Authors: Leung Kwok 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The study of beliefs is important because in addition to values, norms, and personality, beliefs are a major antecedent of social behaviours. This article provides an update of the study of beliefs in Chinese culture by integrating research that has emerged later on. The two major objectives of this article are to consolidate what has been known about beliefs in Chinese culture, and to identify fruitful directions for future research on this important topic. Chinese culture is rich in the variety and quantity of traditional beliefs because of its long history, but, as this article states, only a few of these rich belief constellations have been explored by psychologists. The article then reviews a few major traditional beliefs deemed important for future psychological research. However it states that there are still many gaps in the knowledge about beliefs among Chinese and how they function to influence social behaviours.
Chinese well-being
Authors: Lu Luo 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Although the definition of happiness varies from person to person, people do not just want to feel happy for a short while, they want to feel positive about living a good life, and accomplishing things they believe are valuable and worthwhile. Over the centuries, philosophers and ordinary people have pondered what kind of life is worth living. This article explains the different aspects of Chinese well-being and the contexts of it turning to be a study subject. Great breakthroughs have been achieved in the last few decades as science has begun to unravel the prevailing myth of happiness as a mysterious, ephemeral state of mind, revealing it as an ordinary, albeit positive, state of mind that can be studied and understood. This article adopts the customary terminologies used by most current scholars and researchers and use happiness interchangeably with subjective well-being.
Psychiatric disorders in the Chinese
Authors: Stewart Sunita Mahtani , Lee Peter W. H. , Tao Rongrong 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article summarizes the recent advances in Chinese psychiatry. There has been an explosion of increasingly sophisticated studies in Chinese psychiatry in the last fifteen years. This article begins with a discussion of the diagnostic frameworks developed and employed in China with a focus on the conceptual similarities to and differences from both the DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) and the ICD-10 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems). It reviews the mental disorders in China with specific discussions on several disorders with culture-specific manifestations, including depression, eating disorders, and suicide. Apart from explaining the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CMCD), a nosological system to capture locally recognized psychiatric disorders, it also discusses the stigma of mental illness and help-seeking in China and presents a review of treatment and outcomes.
Psychotherapy with the Chinese: an update of the work in the last decade
Authors: Liu Wai-Sum , Leung Patrick W.-L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Culture matters in psychotherapy as it infuses itself into different human experiences and into the experience of distress and the coping processes it initiates. It has long been recognized that every therapeutic encounter is embedded in a cultural context and that effective coping, to some extent, serves a sociocultural purpose. In fact, culture-centered intervention is now regarded as a fourth force in psychotherapy, on par with psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive behavioural schools of thought and practice. This article starts with a review of indigenous therapies and Western psychotherapy methods in the Chinese cultural context. Both practitioners and researchers are interested in how Western therapy is being applied and can best be applied to the Chinese. It also examines the psychopathological Western theories and looks into how Eastern philosophy has recently been integrated into some variants of Western therapy to form new treatment methods.
A gender perspective on Chinese social relationships and behavior
Authors: Tang Catherine So-Kum , Chua Zhiren , O Jiaqing 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In recent decades, Chinese societies have undergone rapid social, economic, and political changes. Those changes have significant impacts on the way Chinese conduct their daily lives as well as the way they view themselves and the world around them. This article reviews the empirical literature on contemporary Chinese social relationships and behaviour as accessed through the gender lens. It initially presents basic approaches that explain social behaviour of men and women then examines traditional and contemporary economic and social influences on Chinese social relationships. Besides, it reviews Chinese attitudes toward men and women in traditional and non-traditional social roles within the family and in society. It later explores whether Chinese men and women behave similarly as they assume similar social roles or show divergent behavioural tendencies in light of modernization. Furthermore, this article focuses on the implications of prevailing gender attitudes and changing social roles on Chinese social relationships.
Chinese consumer behavior: the effects of content, process, and language
Authors: Wyer Jr. Robert S. , Hong Jiewen 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article focuses on the psychology of Chinese consumer behaviour. It reviews the ‘content’ of Chinese culture and its implications for consumer behaviour, focusing on the norms, beliefs, and values that Chinese cultural representatives are likely to hold and the conditions in which they are likely to be applied. Although some of the discussion in this article necessarily duplicates material presented in more detail elsewhere, it provides a framework for conceptualizing much of the current research on consumer behaviour. It further examines a factor that influences both the content and processing of information that consumers are likely to encounter, namely, the language in which information is received and communicated. Although the work reviewed here was largely conducted on Chinese individuals, the study also draws upon data obtained from other East Asian societies that are likely to be similar in terms of the characteristics being considered.
Sport psychology research and its application in China
Authors: Si Gang-Yan , Lee Hing-chu , Lonsdale Chris 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
From the early 1980s to the mid-1990s, the focus of research in sport psychology was primarily on talent identification. The movement behind talent identification was based on the belief that sporting abilities and potentials are innate, but the environment in which individuals are raised can also shape their future sporting success. However, from the beginning, the purpose of sport psychology in China was to enhance performance in high-level competitive sport, a direction that was determined by both political and social considerations. This article reviews the development of sport psychology in China over the last thirty years, using Chinese sources primarily from mainland China and to a lesser extent Hong Kong. In order to reflect this development, it presents, in chronological order, the developments in the four important areas of talent identification, sport cognition, mental training models, and on-field psychological support.
Inter-cultural interactions: the Chinese context
Authors: Thomas David C. , Liao Yuan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Much of the written work on Chinese psychology identifies and describes culture-specific aspects of psychology as it relates to the Chinese people. This identification of cultural specifics (emics) is important, but it is only a first step towards understanding the interactions of Chinese people across cultures. This article discusses a number of intermediate mechanisms or conduits through which Chinese culture influences inter-cultural interactions. These mechanisms involve how Chinese people think about, evaluate, and respond to people who are culturally different. The article describes a behavioural sequence between culturally different actors that involves a number of conduits that are influenced by specific aspects of Chinese culture, such as the salience of situational cues, culturally based scripts and expectations, selective perceptions, out-group identification and attitudes toward out-groups, and the motivational influence of the self-concept. It concludes with a discussion of the implications of the review and discussion for research on Chinese psychology.