bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescent girls’ neural response to reward mediates the relation between childhood financial disadvantage and depression
Authors: Romens Sarah E. , Casement Melynda D. , McAloon Rose , Keenan Kate , Hipwell Alison E. , Guyer Amanda E. , Forbes Erika E. 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundChildren who experience socioeconomic disadvantage are at heightened risk for developing depression; however, little is known about neurobiological mechanisms underlying this association. Low socioeconomic status (SES) during childhood may confer risk for depression through its stress‐related effects on the neural circuitry associated with processing monetary rewards.MethodsIn a prospective study, we examined the relationships among the number of years of household receipt of public assistance from age 5–16 years, neural activation during monetary reward anticipation and receipt at age 16, and depression symptoms at age 16 in 123 girls.ResultsNumber of years of household receipt of public assistance was positively associated with heightened response in the medial prefrontal cortex during reward anticipation, and this heightened neural response mediated the relationship between socioeconomic disadvantage and current depression symptoms, controlling for past depression.ConclusionsChronic exposure to socioeconomic disadvantage in childhood may alter neural circuitry involved in reward anticipation in adolescence, which in turn may confer risk for depression.
1064 nm Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser for the treatment of Argyria: a systematic review
Authors: Griffith R.D. , Simmons B.J. , Bray F.N. , Falto‐Aizpurua L.A. , Yazdani Abyaneh M.‐A. , Nouri K. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractArgyria is a benign skin disease characterized by blue to slate‐grey discoloration that is caused by deposition of silver granules in the skin and/or mucus membranes as a result of long‐term ingestion of ionized silver solutions or exposure to airborne silver particles. The skin discoloration can be generalized or localized and is exacerbated by sunlight. The skin discoloration is usually permanent, and until recently, there has been no effective treatment for argyria. Over the past 6 years, a number of case reports and one case series have described cases of argyria that were successfully treated with a 1064 nm Q‐switched (QS) neodymium‐doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser; however, a review of these studies has never been reported in the dermatologic literature. To review the use of the 1064 nm QS Nd:YAG laser for the treatment of argyria. A search of the National Library of Medicine's PubMed Database and the SCOPUS Database was performed to find articles that detailed the treatment of argyria with 1064 nm QS Nd:YAG laser. Six articles were selected for inclusion in this review. Each article was reviewed and summarized in a table. A 1064 nm QS Nd:YAG laser offers a novel and effective treatment for argyria. A systematic review of the dermatologic literature revealed a limited number of case reports and case series using this treatment. However, the results gleaned by the authors from the literature review provide important information to the clinician. For patients with argyria, a single pass of the 1064 nm QS Nd:YAG laser offers immediate, effective and sustained pigment clearing without any long‐term adverse effects.
Effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the Biofilm Formation of Cronobacter Sakazakii Strains from Powdered Infant Formula
Authors: Ye Yingwang , Ling Na , Jiao Rui , Wu Qingping , Han Yongjia , Gao Jina 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBiofilm of Cronobacter sakazakii on food contact surfaces is the important source of persistent contamination in powdered infant formula. This study aimed to assess the effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on biofilm formation. Results indicated that the biofilm‐forming ability was strain specific and divalent cation concentrations dependent. Most of C. sakazakii formed the highest amount of biomass at 1.50% MgCl2 (17 strains, 74%) and 0.25% CaCl2 (10 strains, 43.4%). Finally, confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) further indicated that effects of divalent cation were attributable to changing properties of extracellular matrix. The findings presented here provide new insights for control of biofilm formation in dairy products.Practical ApplicationsC. sakazakii is an important foodborne pathogen involved in infections of infant. Control of C. sakazakii contamination in powdered infant formula is an intractable problem in production of powdered infant formula. In this study, effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the biofilm formation were performed. Furthermore, the changes of extracellular matrix in biofilm were revealed by CLSM. The results contribute to useful information for development of essential measures for precaution and control of biofilm of C. sakazakii.
Managing Older Adults with Ground‐Level Falls Admitted to a Trauma Service: The Effect of Frailty
Authors: Joseph Bellal , Pandit Viraj , Khalil Mazhar , Kulvatunyou Narong , Zangbar Bardiya , Friese Randall S. , Mohler M. Jane , Fain Mindy J. , Rhee Peter 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesTo determine whether frail elderly adults are at greater risk of fracture after a ground‐level fall (GLF) than those who are not frail.DesignProspective observational study.SettingLevel 1 trauma center.ParticipantsAll elderly (≥65) adults presenting after a GLF over 1 year (N = 110; mean age ± SD 79.5 ± 8.3, 54% male).MeasurementA Frailty Index (FI) was calculated using 50 preadmission frailty variables. Participants with a FI of 0.25 or greater were considered to be frail. The primary outcome measure was a new fracture; 40.1% (n = 45) of participants presented with a new fracture. The secondary outcome was discharge to an institutional facility (rehabilitation center or skilled nursing facility). Multivariate logistic regression was performed.ResultsForty‐three (38.2%) participants were frail. The median Injury Severity Score was 14 (range 9–17), and the mean FI was 0.20 ± 0.12. Frail participants were more likely than those who were not frail to have fractures (odds ratio (OR) = 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2–2.3, P = .01). Thirty‐six (32.7%) participants were discharged to an institutional facility. Frail participants were more likely to be discharged to an institutional facility (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.08–3.09, P = .03) after a GLF.ConclusionFrail individuals have a higher likelihood of fractures and discharge to an institutional facility after a GLF than those who are not frail. The FI may be used as an adjunct for decision‐making when developing a discharge plan for an elderly adult after a GLF.
Sustainability of Rooftop Technologies in Cold Climates: Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of White Roofs, Green Roofs, and Photovoltaic Panels
Authors: Cubi Eduard , Zibin Nicholas F. , Thompson Sarah J. , Bergerson Joule 
Published: April 2015

SummarySustainable building rooftop technologies, such as white roofs, green roofs, and photovoltaic(s) (PV) panels, are becoming increasingly implemented as a result of their associated environmental benefits. Studies of these rooftop technologies are often located in hot climates and do not assess their full environmental consequences. Further, current studies tend to focus on one technology and often do not evaluate the full range of technology options using a systematic framework with common assumptions and boundaries. This article evaluates the environmental performance on a life cycle basis of white roofs, green roofs, and roof‐mounted PV in the cold Canadian climate. Solar PV demonstrates the highest environmental performance in all impact categories considered (see complete list in Results section) and is the preferred option from an environmental perspective. Green roofs result in beneficial environmental impacts, although much less significant than those obtained with PV, and are the only rooftop technology that reduces both heating and cooling energy use. The environmental performance of white roofs in cold climates is strongly affected by the heating penalty (i.e., the increase in heating energy use resulting from the high solar reflectance). Although white roofs have been proven an outstanding option in warmer climates, in cold climates, net negative environmental impacts lead to white roof technology not being recommended for general applications in cold climates. A sensitivity analysis shows that the conclusions in this study provide robust insights across Canada and cold climates in general.
Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of combinations of hydroquinone, glycolic acid, and hyaluronic acid in the treatment of melasma
Authors: Ibrahim Zeinab A , Gheida Shereen F , El Maghraby Gamal M , Farag Zeinab E 
Published: April 2015

SummaryBackgroundVarious treatments are currently available for melasma. However, results are often disappointing.Objectives1 To assess the efficacy and safety of combinations of hydroquinone, glycolic acid, and hyaluronic acid in the treatment of melasma after topical application. 2 To evaluate the dermoscopy as a tool in diagnosis and follow‐up of melasma treatment.Patients and MethodsOne hundred patients with mild, moderate‐to‐severe melasma were divided into five groups. Group I (twenty patients were treated with cream formula containing 4% hydroquinone), group II (twenty patients were treated with cream formula containing 4% hydroquinone + 10% glycolic acid), group III (twenty patients were treated with cream formula containing 4% hydroquinone + 0.01% hyaluronic acid), group IV (twenty patients were treated with cream formula containing 4% hydroquinone + 10% glycolic acid + 0.01% hyaluronic acid), and group V (twenty patients were treated with placebo cream). All patients were subjected to dermoscopic examination and digital photographs before and after treatment. The response and side effects were evaluated.ResultsGroups I, III, and IV showed highly significant changes in modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (mMASI) score after using the treatment. Group II showed significant change in mMASI score after using the treatment. The side effects were more reported in group II, followed by group IV, followed by group I, followed by group III. There was highly significant difference between the dermoscopic color findings before and after treatment. Vascularization was another dermoscopic finding.ConclusionA cream formula containing 4% hydroquinone + 10% glycolic acid + 0.01% hyaluronic acid was very effective in treatment of melasma with tolerable side effects. Dermoscope is a valuable noninvasive tool in the diagnosis and follow‐up of melasma treatment.
Microtensile Bond Strength of Lithium Disilicate to Zirconia with the CAD‐on Technique
Authors: Renda James J. , Harding Aaron B. , Bailey Clifton W. , Guillory Villa L. , Vandewalle Kraig S. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPurposeRecently, a novel technique was introduced to combine lithium disilicate and zirconia into one restoration. The purpose of this study was to compare the microtensile bond strength of veneering ceramic to a zirconia core in two techniques: the e.max® CAD‐on technique and the Press‐on technique.Materials and MethodsGroup A was prepared by veneering sintered zirconia blocks (e.max® ZirCAD) with lithium disilicate blocks (e.max® CAD) using the CAD‐on technique according to manufacturer's instructions. Group B was prepared by taking sintered e.max® ZirCAD blocks and veneering them with fluorapatite glass‐ceramic (e.max® ZirPress) using the Press‐on technique according to manufacturer's instructions. Each block was loaded in a dynamic cyclic loading machine. The blocks were then sectioned into 1 × 1 mm2 beams (n = 43) using a precision saw, thermocycled, and loaded in tension until failure on a universal testing machine. A mean and standard deviation were determined per group. Data were analyzed using an unpaired t‐test (α = 0.05).ResultsThe mean microtensile bond strengths were 44.0 ± 13.8 MPa for the CAD‐on technique and 14.9 ± 8.8 MPa for the Press‐on technique. Significant differences were found between the two groups (p = 2.7E−19).ConclusionsThe CAD‐on technique (lithium disilicate/zirconia) resulted in greater microtensile bond strength than the Press‐on technique (fluorapatite glass‐ceramic/zirconia).
Coping and Survival Skills: The Role School Personnel Play Regarding Support for Bullied Sexual Minority‐Oriented Youth
Authors: Marshall Alexandra , Yarber William L. , Sherwood‐Laughlin Catherine M. , Gray Mary L. , Estell David B. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDResearch has shown that bullying has serious health consequences, and sexual minority‐oriented youth are disproportionately affected. Sexual minority‐oriented youth include lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning (LGBTQ) individuals. This study examined the bullying experiences of sexual minority‐oriented youth in a predominantly rural area of a Midwestern state. The purpose of this study was to have bullied youth describe their experiences and to present their perspectives.METHODSUsing critical qualitative inquiry, 16 in‐depth interviews were conducted in‐person or online with youth, ages 15‐20, who self‐identified as having been bullied based on their perceived minority sexual orientation status.RESULTSThe role of supportive school personnel was found to be meaningful, and supportive school personnel were mentioned as assisting with the coping and survival among this group of bullied sexual minority youth.CONCLUSIONSSupportive school personnel are crucial to the coping and survival of these youth. All school personnel need to be aware of the anti‐bullying policies in their school corporations. They may then work to strengthen and enforce their policies for the protection of bullied youth.
Out‐of‐School Time Activity Participation Among US‐Immigrant Youth
Authors: Yu Stella M. , Newport‐Berra McHale , Liu Jihong 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDStructured out‐of‐school time (OST) activities are associated with positive academic and psychosocial outcomes.METHODSData came from the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health, restricted to 36,132 youth aged 12‐17 years. Logistic regression models were used to examine the joint effects of race/ethnicity and immigrant family type on the participation in OST activities.RESULTSCompared with US‐born (USB) non‐Hispanic White youth with USB parents, USB Hispanic youth with USB parents were less likely to participate in sports, whereas non‐Hispanic Black youth with immigrant parents were more likely to participate in sports. White youth with at least 1 immigrant parent had higher odds of participating in after‐school clubs. All Hispanic youth were less likely to participate in after‐school clubs. USB Hispanic youth, USB Black youth, and White youth and “other” youth with at least 1 immigrant parent had higher odds of engaging in community services. Youth from immigrant families had lower odds of doing paid work.CONCLUSIONSHispanic youth were less likely to participate in OST activities. Non‐Hispanic youth with immigrant parents did not engage in fewer OST activities compared with USB White youth with USB parents. Intervention and recruitment strategies for OST activities may need to be customized for immigrant groups.
Comparison of Height, Weight, and Body Mass Index Data From State‐Mandated School Physical Fitness Testing and a Districtwide Surveillance Project
Authors: Khaokham Christina B. , Hillidge Sharon , Serpas Shaila , McDonald Eric , Nader Philip R. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDApproximately one third of California school‐age children are overweight or obese. Legislative approaches to assessing obesity have focused on school‐based data collection. During 2010‐2011, the Chula Vista Elementary School District conducted districtwide surveillance and state‐mandated physical fitness testing (PFT) among fifth grade students. We compared height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) to examine measurement differences between the projects.METHODSWe assessed demographic characteristics and BMI category frequencies. We used paired t‐tests to test continuous variables. κ statistics were used to assess categorical agreement.RESULTSOf 3549 children assessed, 69% were Hispanic. Fifty‐one percent were boys. Mean heights, weights, and BMIs were significantly different for each project (p < .0001). Surveillance height (106.7‐165.1 cm) and weight (21.6‐90.8 kg) ranges were lesser than PFT ranges (109.2‐180.3 cm and 22.7‐98.4 kg). The overall BMI category agreement was good (weighted κ = 0.77). Categorical percentage agreement was highest among normal weight children (94.9%) and lowest among underweight children (56.6%).CONCLUSIONSMethodological differences might have resulted in the observed height, weight, and BMI differences. As school‐based interventions become common, districts should carefully consider measurement reliability, training, and data‐handling protocols to have confidence in their findings.
From the School Health Education Study to the National Health Education Standards: Concepts Endure
Authors: Nobiling Brandye D. , Lyde Adrian R. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe landmark School Health Education Study (SHES) project influenced by the conceptual approach to teaching and learning provides perspective on modern school health instruction. Conceptual education, the cornerstone of the SHES curriculum framework (CF), Health Education: A Conceptual Approach to Curriculum Design, fosters a student's understanding of information that develops with experience.METHODSData were collected through content analysis of the SHES CF and the National Health Education Standards: Achieving Excellence (NHES), 2nd edition. Similarity of essential framework elements was established. Inter‐rater reliability was established.RESULTSAlignment of the SHES components with the NHES reveals parallel conceptual structures around which to develop curriculum.CONCLUSIONSThe conceptual approach to curriculum planning has enduring value. It provides a foundation for teaching and learning that is adaptable, flexible, and can maintain permanence in conjunction with emerging scientific evidence and cultural and political influences on health behavior.
Believe, But Verify? The Effect of Market Structure on Corruption in Religious Organizations
Authors: Gutmann Jerg 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThis first cross‐country analysis of the causes of corruption in religious organizations provides evidence in support of policy recommendations by Adam Smith. He argued that clergy are best constrained by competition among religious groups. Their appointment and promotion should, however, be regulated by the state. Both factors are shown to confine corruption. In contrast, David Hume's approach of supporting state religion and limiting entry into the religious market is not a promising strategy for mitigating religious corruption. More generally, these results suggest that the private sector may indeed be shielded from sprawling corruption as long as markets are sufficiently competitive.
Does Fairness Matter for the Success of Fiscal Consolidation?
Authors: Kaplanoglou Georgia , Rapanos Vassilis T. , Bardakas Ioanna C. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryDoes it matter for fiscal consolidation programs to be fair in order to be successful? This question has never been empirically addressed despite its profound importance especially since many developed countries have embarked on fiscal consolidation programs, which in many cases have led to sizeable increases in unemployment and poverty, and are met with public dissatisfaction. Using a data set for 29OECDcountries over the period 1971–2009, we argue that fairness matters, namely that improving the targeting of social transfers and their effectiveness in terms of poverty alleviation, higher public expenditure on training and active labor market programs and programs like social housing directed to the poor, even decreasing theVATrate on necessities, improve the success probabilities of consolidation attempts. Introducing such concerns sheds new light on the prevailing view that the successful fiscal adjustments are those that rely on spending‐cuts rather than on tax increases. The results of this paper provide empirical evidence that ameliorating the effects of adjustment, by supporting the weaker parts of society, is crucial for the success of fiscal consolidations and argues that “fair fiscal adjustments” may provide the double dividend of enhancing the probability of success of the adjustment and of promoting social cohesion.
Does Economics Make Politicians Corrupt? Empirical Evidence from the United States Congress
Authors: Ruske René 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThe present article analyzes the differences between economists and non‐economists with respect to observed corruption behavior used as a proxy for selfishness. For this purpose, I analyzed real world data of relating to the 109th–111th US Congress between 2005 and 2009, including 695 representatives and senators. I show that those who hold a degree in economics are significantly more prone to corruption than ‘non‐economists’. These findings hence support the widespread, but controversial hypothesis in the ‘economist vs. non‐economist literature’ that economists lack what Frey and Meier (2004) call ‘social behavior’. Moreover, by using real world data, these findings overcome the lack of external validity, which impact on the (low cost) experiments and surveys to date.
Ownership, Visibility and Effort: Golf Handicaps as Proxies for Managers' Extra Effort
Authors: Schön Constantin , Ehrmann Thomas , Rost Katja 
Published: April 2015

SummaryEconomics suggests that owners, CEOs and chairmen have different claims in a company's output, and thus that these groups exert different efforts. However, the effort an agent invests in his/her firm is difficult to measure. Golf handicaps enable us to look into the relationship between different degrees of ownership and their implications for the effort that agents exert. Handicaps have the advantage that they can be directly observed and can be viewed as a mirror image of a manager's effort. We expect that times of crisis and changes in management positions influence golf handicaps, mostly for owners and, to a lesser extent, for CEOs and chairmen. Data of 440 Swiss top managers and their handicaps during eight years, from 2003 to 2010, strongly support this assumption.