bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the contrasting North Atlantic Oscillation anomalies of the winters of 2010 and 2014
Authors: Rivière Gwendal , Drouard Marie 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe present study investigates the two contrasting winters of 2010 and 2014 during which the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) was mainly negative and positive, respectively. In the North Pacific, contrasting anomalies were also present, with a straight zonal Pacific jet in 2010 and a strong poleward deviation of the Pacific jet in its exit region in 2014. Using reanalysis data sets and adopting a nonlinear initial‐value approach with a quasi‐geostrophic model, we show that the Pacific‐North American anomalies are responsible for shaping synoptic wave trains propagating across North America. This in turn largely determines the nature of wave breaking and the synoptic eddy feedback onto the mean flow in the North Atlantic and finally the NAO phase. In such a proposed mechanism, synoptic wave activity forms the cornerstone of the dynamical relationship between the North Pacific and North Atlantic large‐scale anomalies during the contrasting winters of 2010 and 2014.
Self‐adjustment of stream bed roughness and flow velocity in a steep mountain channel
Authors: Schneider Johannes M. , Rickenmann Dieter , Turowski Jens M. , Kirchner James W. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractUnderstanding how channel bed morphology affects flow conditions (and vice versa) is important for a wide range of fluvial processes and practical applications. We investigated interactions between bed roughness and flow velocity in a steep, glacier‐fed mountain stream (Riedbach, Ct. Valais, Switzerland) with almost flume‐like boundary conditions. Bed gradient increases along the 1 km study reach by roughly 1 order of magnitude (S = 3–41%), with a corresponding increase in streambed roughness, while flow discharge and width remain approximately constant due to the glacial runoff regime. Streambed roughness was characterized by semivariograms and standard deviations of point clouds derived from terrestrial laser scanning. Reach‐averaged flow velocity was derived from dye tracer breakthrough curves measured by 10 fluorometers installed along the channel. Commonly used flow resistance approaches (Darcy‐Weisbach equation and dimensionless hydraulic geometry) were used to relate the measured bulk velocity to bed characteristics. As a roughness measure, D84 yielded comparable results to more laborious measures derived from point clouds. Flow resistance behavior across this large range of steep slopes agreed with patterns established in previous studies for both lower‐gradient and steep reaches, regardless of which roughness measures were used. We linked empirical critical shear stress approaches to the variable power equation for flow resistance to investigate the change of bed roughness with channel slope. The predicted increase in D84 with increasing channel slope was in good agreement with field observations.
Mobiluncus
Authors: Hoyles Lesley , McCartney Anne L. 
Published: August 2015

Mo.bi.lun'cus. L. adj.mobiliscapable of movement, active; L. masc. n.uncushook; N.L. masc. n.Mobiluncusa motile curved rod.Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Actinomycetales / Actinomycetaceae / MobiluncusCurved rodswith tapered ends, 1–5 × 0.4–0.6 µm. Depending on the growth medium, cells occur singly or in pairs with a gullwing appearance.Gram‐stain‐negative or Gram‐stain‐variable. Cells aremotileby means ofmultiple subpolar flagella(exact numbers are yet to be determined, but are thought to be between one and eight), and possess a multi‐layered Gram‐stain‐positive cell‐wall type.Endospores are not formed.Anaerobic, growing best in an enriched CO2atmosphere. Some strains become aerotolerant after several passages, being able to grow in a partially reduced atmosphere containing 5% O2. Optimum growth at 35–37°C, with no or poor growth at 20, 43, or 45°C. Growth is stimulated by horse or rabbit serum and by whole blood. Growth is not stimulated by formate/fumarate. Slow growth on solid media. After 3 d incubation at 37°C, colonies on peptone/yeast extract/glucose/sheep blood or Columbia agar supplemented with human blood are pin‐point to 1 mm in diameter. After 5 d, the colonies are larger, 1–2.5 mm in diameter, and gray‐white or slightly yellowish. Cells are killed by heating at 55°C for 15 minutes.Oxidase‐ and catalase‐negative.Weakly (terminal pH 5.5–6.5) or strongly (terminal pH <5.5) saccharolytic. Fermentation products include acetic and succinic acids, with or without lactic acid, when grown in peptone/yeast extract/glucose medium. Propionic acid is not produced. Do not produce acid fromL‐arabinose,D‐arabitol, lactose, mannitol, methyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside, or sorbitol. Negative for alkaline phosphatase, α‐arabinosidase, chymotrypsin, β‐galactosidase‐6‐phosphate, β‐glucosidase, trypsin, and urease (RapID 32Strep), cysteine arylamidase, lipase (C14), α‐mannosidase, β‐mannosidase,N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase, glutamyl glutamic acid arylamidase, pyroglutamic acid, and valine arylamidase activity. Variable activity for phenylalanine arylamidase (weak‐ to strong‐positive reaction).Acid phosphatase‐ and pyrollydonyl arylamidase‐negative. Acetoin is not produced. Gelatin is not hydrolyzed.Nitrate may be reduced. Sensitive to ampicillin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, cephalothin, clindamycin, gentamicin, imipenem, moxalactam, penicillin G, rifampin, streptomycin, tobramycin, vancomycin, and virginiamycin. Resistant to colistin, cycloserine, nalidixic acid, neomycin, and mezlocillin. Associated with the human vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis (BV).DNA G+C content (mol%): 49–52 (Tm; Spiegel and Roberts, 1984a); 50–54 (Tm; Hammann et al., 1984).Type species:Mobiluncus curtisiiSpiegel and Roberts 1984a, 181VP.
Actinospica
Authors: Donadio Stefano , Cavaletti Linda , Monciardini Paolo 
Published: August 2015

Ac.ti.no.spi'ca. Gr. n.
aktis ‐inos
a ray; L. fem. n.
spica
tuft; N.L. fem. n.
Actinospica
an actinomycete with tufts of aerial hyphae.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Catenulisporales / Actinospicaceae / Actinospica
Strains produce nonfragmenting vegetative mycelium and aerial mycelium appearing as tufts of straight to slightly flexuous hyphae, at maturity carrying chains of cylindrical spores with a slightly rugose surface. Chains contain up to 30 (or more) spores. Tufts originate from very short sporophorous hyphae branching in few sporogenous hyphae (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Spores are not motile.

DNA G+C content (mol%)
: 69–71 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Actinospica robiniae
Cavaletti, Monciardini, Schumann, Rohde, Bamonte, Busti, Sosio and Donadio 2006, 1752
VP
.
Frankia
Authors: Normand Philippe , Benson David R. 
Published: August 2015

Fran'ki.a. N.L. fem. n.Frankianamed after Albert Bernhard Frank (1839–1900), a Swiss plant biologist, who studied extensively nitrogen nutrition in legumes and the micro‐organisms causing root nodulation from 1877 to 1892 and who coined the term “symbiosis”.Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Frankiales / Frankiaceae / FrankiaVegetative hyphae with limited to extensive branching, 0.5–2.0 µm in diameter and occasionally wider in older cultures.No aerial mycelium is formedon solid media. Intra‐ and extracellular pigments may be formed.Gram‐stain‐positivein healthy cultures; Gram‐stain‐variable in older cultures.Aerobic to microaerophilicwith a respiratory type of metabolism. No growth factors are required. Does not grow under anaerobic conditions. Catalase‐positive. Mesophilic. Chemoorganotrophic. Usually veryslow‐growingwith doubling times of 20 h to several days. Most strains are capable of fixing N2bothin vitroandin planta. Nonpathogenic to humans and animals (Gordon et al., 1983).DNA G+C content (mol%): 66–73 (Tm).Type species:Frankia alni(Woronin 1866) Von Tubeuf 1895, 118 (Schinzia alniWoronin 1866, 6).
Xanthomonas
Authors: Saddler Gerard S. , Bradbury John F. 
Published: August 2015

Xan.tho' mo.nas or Xan.tho.mo' nas.*Gr. adj.xanthusyellow; Gr. fem. n.monasunit, monad; M.L. fem. n.Xanthomonasyellow monad.Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Xanthomonadales / Xanthomonadaceae / XanthomonasStraight rods, 0.4–0.6 × 0.8–2.0 μm, mostly single or in pairs, occasionally short chains, filaments rarely seen. Gram negative. Do not produce poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate inclusions, nor have sheaths, prosthecae, or resting stages.Motile by a single polar flagellum. Obligately aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolismwith oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.No denitrification or nitrate reduction occurs. Colonies are usually yellow, smooth and butyrous, mucoid or viscid. The pigments are highly characteristic brominated aryl polyenes or “xanthomonadins”. A characteristic extracellular acidic heteropolysaccharide called xanthan is produced by most strains giving the viscous consistency. Growth is inhibited by 6% NaCl, 30% glucose, 0.01% lead acetate, methyl green, or thionin, and by 0.1% (and usually by 0.02%) triphenyl tetrazolium chloride.Catalase positive; oxidase negative or weak; urease not produced. H2S is usually produced, but not indole or acetoin. Acid is not produced in litmus milk or purple milk. Chemoorganotrophic; able to use various carbohydrates and salts of organic acids as sole carbon sources. Small amounts of acid are produced from many carbohydrates, but not from l‐rhamnose, adonitol, sorbose, d‐sorbitol,meso‐inositol, ormeso‐erythritol. Metabolic activity is shown in Biolog GN microplate tests with d‐fructose, d‐glucose, d‐mannose and methylpyruvate, but not with α‐cyclodextrin, adonitol,D‐arabitol,meso‐erythritol,meso‐inositol, xylitol,D‐glucosaminate, γ‐hydroxybutyrate, itaconate, sebacate,L‐ornithine,L‐pyroglutamate,D‐serine,D,L‐carnitine, γ‐aminobutyrate, phenylethylamine, putrescine, 2‐aminoethanol, or 2,3‐butanediol.L‐asparagine,L‐glutamine, and glycine cannot be used as sole sources of both carbon and nitrogen. Among the nine fatty acids that predominate in whole cell preparations are 9‐methyl decanoic acid (C11:0 iso), 3‐hydroxy‐9‐methyl decanoic acid (C11:0 iso 3OH), and 3‐hydroxy‐11‐methyl dodecanoic acid (C13:0 iso 3OH), which are highly characteristic of this genus. The ubiquinone that is present has eight isoprene units. Spermidine is the main polyamine; spermine is usually detectable, but not 2‐hydroxyputrescine or 1,3‐diaminopropane. Species so far described are plant pathogens or are plant associated.The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 63.3–69.7 (Tm).Type species:Xanthomonas campestris(Pammel 1895) Dowson 1939, 190, emend. Vauterin Hoste, Kersters and Swings 1995, 484 (“Bacillus campestris” Pammel 1895, 130.)
Brachyspira
Authors: Stanton Thaddeus B. 
Published: August 2015

Bra.chy.spi'ra. Gr. adj.brachysshort; L. fem. n.spiraa coil, spiral; N.L. fem. n.Brachyspiraa short spiral, describing a bacterium that resembles a short spiral.Spirochaetes / Spirochaetia / Spirochaetales / Brachyspiraceae / BrachyspiraBrachyspiraspirochetes are helical shaped bacteria withregular coiling patterns. Cells measure 2–11 µm by 0.2–0.4 µm. Unicellular, but dividing pairs and occasional chains of three or more cells can be observed in growing cultures. Under unfavorable growth conditions, spherical or round bodies are formed. Gram‐stain negative.Obligately anaerobic, aerotolerant. Cell ends may be blunt or pointed. Cells have a typical spirochete cell ultrastructure, consisting of an outer sheath, helical protoplasmic cylinder, and internal flagella in the space between the protoplasmic cylinder and outer sheath. Brachyspire cells have 8–30 flagella per cell depending on the species (flagellar number usually correlates with cell size and species of smaller cells have fewer flagella). Flagella attach subterminally in equal numbers at each cell end, wrap around the protoplasmic cylinder, and their free ends overlap in the middle of the cells. Flexing and creeping motility at 22°C; translational movement in liquids at 37–42°C. Cultured anaerobically on commercially available media (trypticase soy or brain heart infusion broths) containing a carbohydrate growth substrate and supplemented with defibrinated blood or animal (calf) serum. Grows at 36–42°C, optimally at 37–39°C. Population doubling times on glucose in broth cultures are 1–5 h (not reported forBrachyspira aalborgi). Chemoorganotrophic, using various carbohydrates for growth.Possess NADH oxidase for reducing molecular oxygen. Consume oxygen during growth in culture broth beneath a 1%oxygen atmosphere. Acetate, butyrate, H2, and CO2are major endproducts of glucose metabolism. Higher amounts of H2than CO2are produced. Weakly hemolytic except forBrachyspira hyodysenteriaewhich exhibits β‐hemolysis (strongly hemolytic). Associated with animal and human hosts. Some species are pathogenic.The genusBrachyspirais distinguished from other spirochete genera based on 16S rRNA gene sequences.Brachyspiraspecies share high 16S rRNA sequence similarity with each other. Species can be differentiated by DNA–DNA relative reassociation and MLEE (multilocus enzyme electrophoresis) analyses. Similar to other spirochete genera,Brachyspirais insensitive to the antibiotic rifampin.DNA G+C content(mol%): 24.5–27.1 (Tm).Type species:Brachyspira aalborgiHovind‐Hougen, Birch‐Andersen, Henrik‐Nielsen, Orholm, Pedersen, Teglbjaerg and Thaysen 1 9 8 3, 896VP(Effective publication: Hovind‐Hougen, Birch‐Andersen, Henrik‐Nielsen, Orholm, Pedersen, Teglbjaerg and Thaysen 1982, 1135VP.).
Treponema
Authors: Norris Steven J. , Paster Bruce J. , Smibert Robert M. 
Published: August 2015

Trep.o.ne'ma. Gr. v.trepôto turn; Gr. neut. n.nemaa thread; N.L. neut. n.treponemaa turning thread.Spirochaetes / Spirochaetia / Spirochaetales / Spirochaetaceae / TreponemaHost‐associated, helical cells 0.1–0.7 μm in diameter and 1–20 μm in length. Cells have tight regular or irregular spirals and one or moreperiplasmic flagella(axial fibrils or axial filaments) inserted at each end of the protoplasmic cylinder.Cytoplasmic filamentsare seen in the protoplasmic cylinder just under the cytoplasmic membrane and running parallel with the periplasmic flagella. Under unfavorable cultural or environmental conditions, spherical cells are formed. These can also be seen in old cultures. Gram‐stain‐negative. Cells stain well with silver impregnation methods. Most species stain poorly, if at all, with Gram or Giemsa stain. Best observed with darkfield or phase‐contrast microscopy.Motile. Cells have rotational movement in liquid media, and translational motion in media with high viscosity[e.g.,those containing 1% (w/v) methyl cellulose]. In a semisolid or solid medium, cells exhibit a serpentine type movement, sometimes referred to as creeping motility.Strictly anaerobic or microaerophilic. Frank pathogens (Treponema pallidumsubspecies,Treponema carateum, and the rabbit pathogenTreponema paraluiscuniculi) represent a closely related subset within this genus and are considered microaerophiles. Limited multiplication ofTreponema pallidumsubsp.pallidumstrains has been obtained in a tissue culture system, but none of the pathogenicTreponemahave been cultivated continuously in artificial media or in tissue culture.Chemo‐organotrophs, using a variety ofcarbohydrates or amino acids for carbon and energy sources. Cultivated anaerobic species are catalase‐ and oxidase‐negative. Some require long‐chain fatty acids found in serum for growth, while other cultivated species require short‐chain volatile fatty acids for growth.Host‐associated. PathogenicTreponema pallidumsubspecies cause skin lesions, andTreponema pallidum(particularly subspeciespallidum) can cause systemic infections that, if untreated, can last for years to decades. Other species are found in the oral cavity, intestinal tract, and genital areas of humans or other mammals, and in the gut contents of wood‐feeding insects.DNA G+C content(mol%): 37–54.Type species:Treponema pallidumsubsp. pallidum (Schaudinn and Hoffman 1905) Schaudinn 1905, 1728AL.
“Candidatus Phytoplasma”
Authors: Harrison Nigel A. , Gundersen‐Rindal Dawn , Davis Robert E. 
Published: August 2015

Phy.to.plas'ma. Gr. masc. n.phytosa plant; Gr. neut. n.plasmasomething formed or molded, a form.Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Acholeplasmatales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family II / “Candidatus Phytoplasma”Phytoplasmas (Sears and Kirkpatrick, 1994) are wall‐less, nutritionally fastidious, phytopathogenic prokaryotes 0.2–0.8 µm in diameter that morphologically resemble members of theMollicutes. Sequencing of nearly full‐length PCR‐amplified 16S rRNA genes (Gundersen et al., 1994; Namba et al., 1993; Seemüller et al., 1994), combined with earlier studies (Kuske and Kirkpatrick, 1992b; Lim and Sears, 1989), provided the first comprehensive phylogeny of the organisms and showed that they constitute a unique, monophyletic clade within theMollicutes. These organisms are most closely related to members of the genusAcholeplasmawithin theAnaeroplasmaclade as defined by Weisburg et al. (1989). Sustained culture in cell‐free media has not yet been demonstrated for any phytoplasma. Their genome sizes have been estimated to range from 530 to 1350 kb, and the G+C content of phytoplasma DNA is about 23–30 mol%. The presence of a characteristic oligonucleotide sequence in the 16S rRNA gene, CAA GAY BAT KAT GTK TAG CYG GDC T, and standard codon usage indicate that phytoplasmas represent a distinct taxon for which the name “CandidatusPhytoplasma” has been adopted by specialists in the molecular biology and pathogenicity of these and similar phytopathogenic organisms (IRPCM Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team – Phytoplasma Taxonomy Group, 2004). At present, the designation “Candidatus” must still be used for new types.
Ureaplasma
Authors: Robertson Janet A. , Taylor‐Robinson David 
Published: August 2015

U.re.a.plas'ma. N.L. fem. n.ureaurea; Gr. neut. n.plasmaanything formed or moulded, image, figure; N.L. neut. n.Ureaplasmaurea form.Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Mycoplasmatales / Mycoplasmataceae / UreaplasmaCoccoid cells about 500 nm in diameter; may appear as coccobacillary forms in exponential growth phase; filaments are rare. Nonmotile. Facultative anaerobes. Formexceptionally small colonieson solid media that are described either astiny(T) “fried‐egg”coloniesor as “cauliflower head”colonieshaving a lobed periphery.Unusual pH required for growth(about 6.0–6.5). Optimal incubation temperature for examined species is 35–37°C. Chemo‐organotrophic. LikeMycoplasma, species ofUreaplasmalack oxygen‐dependent, NADH oxidase activity. UnlikeMycoplasma, species ofUreaplasmalack hexokinase or arginine deiminaseactivities but have aunique and obligate requirement for ureaand producepotent ureasesthat hydrolyze urea to CO2and NH3for energy generation and growth. Genome sizesrange from 760 to 1170 kbp (PFGE).Commensals or opportunistic pathogensin vertebrate hosts, primarily birds and mammals (mainly primates, ungulates, and carnivores).DNA G+C content(mol%): 25–32 (Bd,Tm).Type species:Ureaplasma urealyticumShepard, Lunceford, Ford, Purcell, Taylor‐Robinson, Razin and Black 1974, 167 emend. Robertson, Stemke, Davis, Harasawa, Thirkell, Kong, Shepard and Ford 2002, 593.
Eperythrozoon
Authors: Brown Daniel R. , Tasker Séverine , Messick Joanne B. , Neimark Harold 
Published: August 2015

E.pe.ry.thro.zo'on. Gr. pref.epion; Gr. adj.erythrosred; Gr. neut. n.zoonliving being, animal; N.L. neut. n.Eperythrozoon(presumably intended to mean) animals on red (blood cells).Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Mycoplasmatales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family II / EperythrozoonCells adherent to host erythrocyte surfaces are coccoid and about 350 nm in diameter, but may arrange to appear as chains or deform to appear rod‐ or ring‐shaped in stained blood smears.Type species:Eperythrozoon coccoidesSchilling 1928, 1854.Number of validated species: 5
Improvement in Mechanical Performance of Anionic Hydrogels Using Full‐Interpenetrating Polymer Network Reinforced with Graphene Oxide Nanosheets
Authors: KHEIRABADI MALIHE , BAGHERI REZA , KABIRI KOUROSH , OSSIPOV DMITRI A. , JOKAR EFFAT , ASADIAN ELHAM 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTWeak mechanical possession is one of the limiting factors in application of hydrogels. To modify this inherent disadvantage, different approaches have been studied including synthesizing interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) and nanocomposite hydrogels. So, this study has focused on preparation of a novel full‐IPN structure based on anionic monomers of 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid/acrylic acid–sodium acrylate via facile solution polymerization technique in an aqueous media with incorporation of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. Mechanical performance of materials in the “as‐prepared condition” and “swollen state” was characterized via tensile, compression, and rheology tests, respectively. Significant improvement of both elastic and storage modulus (ca. four times higher than pure hydrogel) is observed in this approach. Also dynamic mechanical thermal analysis results revealed that incorporation of high GO content (0.5 wt%) can suppress formation of full‐IPN structure, whereas low GO content has not such an effect, interestingly. Moreover, these novel hydrogels could easily be stretched or compressed followed by full recovery after unloading.
Ultraviolet photopolymerization and performances of fast‐water absorbing sodium polyacrylate
Authors: Dolat Banugul , Sawut Amatjan , Yimit Mamatjan , Nurulla Ismayil 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTA kind of fast‐water absorbing sodium polyacrylate was prepared by UV polymerization under no crosslinker or initiator condition. Influence of factors, such as exposure time, neutralization degree, polymerization temperature, and monomer concentration on the absorption rate of the resin, were investigated. Its pH sensitivity, average absorption rate in distilled water and saline under load were also studied, respectively. The obtained resin reached to considerably high absorption rate: 4.6 g/g min and 2.6 g/g min even under 8000 Pa load in distilled water and 0.9% NaCl solution, respectively. Simultaneously, the resin displayed excellent water absorbency and water retention capacity. The impact of pH value on absorption rate reflected that the absorption rate was greatly influenced by pH. Synthesized polymer was characterized by FTIR, 1H‐NMR, and SEM. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42787.
Morphology, thermal, and electrical properties of polypropylene hybrid composites co‐filled with multi‐walled carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
Authors: Wegrzyn Marcin , Galindo Begoña , Benedito Adolfo , Gimenez Enrique 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, nanocomposites of polypropylene (PP) with various loadings of multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) were formed by masterbatch dilution/mixing approach from individual masterbatches PP‐MWCNT and PP‐GnP. Melt mixing on a twin‐screw extruder at two different processing temperatures was followed by characterization of morphology by transmitted‐light microscopy including the statistical analysis of agglomeration behavior. The influence of processing temperature and weight fractions of both nanofillers on the dispersion quality is reported. Thermal properties of the nanocomposites investigated by DSC and TGA show sensitivity to the nanofillers weight fraction ratio and to processing conditions. Electrical conductivity is observed to increase up to an order of magnitude with the concentration of each nanofiller increasing from 0.5 wt % to 1.0 wt %. This is related with a decrease of electrical conductivity observed for unequal concentration of both nanofillers. This particular behavior shows the increase of electrical properties for higher MWCNT loadings and the increase of thermo‐mechanical properties for higher GnP loadings. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42793.