bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
miR-182 Is Largely Dispensable for Adaptive Immunity: Lack of Correlation between Expression and Function
Authors: Pucella Joseph N. , Yen Wei-Feng , Kim Myoungjoo V. , van der Veeken Joris , Socci Nicholas D. , Naito Yukiko , Li Ming O. , Iwai Naoharu , Chaudhuri Jayanta 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
MicroRNA (miR)-mediated regulation of protein abundance is a pervasive mechanism of directing cellular processes. The well-studied and abundant miR-182 has previously been implicated in many aspects of T cell function, DNA repair, and cancer. In this study, we show that miR-182 is the most highly induced miR in B cells undergoing class-switch recombination. To elucidate the requirement of miR-182 in lymphocyte function, we extensively characterized mice with a targeted deletion of Mir182. We show that despite its dramatic induction, loss of miR-182 has minimal impact on B cell development, the ability of B cells to undergo class-switch recombination ex vivo and to undergo Ag-driven affinity maturation in vivo. Furthermore, in striking contrast to knockdown studies that demonstrated the requirement of miR-182 in T cell function, miR-182–deficient mice display no defect in T cell development and activation. Finally, we show that T cell–dependent immune response to experimental Listeria monocytogenes infection is intact in miR-182–deficient mice. We conclude that, contrary to previous studies, miR-182 does not play a significant role in all measured aspects of mouse adaptive immunity. This striking absence of a phenotype highlights the lack of correlation between expression pattern and functional requirement, underscores the limitations of using knockdown approaches to assess miR requirements, and suggests that miR networks may compensate for the chronic loss of specific miRs.
Requirement for Autophagy in the Long-Term Persistence but not Initial Formation of Memory B cells
Authors: Chen Min , Kodali Srikanth , Jang Albert , Kuai Le , Wang Jin 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Autophagy is required for the long-term maintenance of Ag-specific memory B cells. However, whether autophagy is also important for the initial formation of memory B cells remains unclear. In this study, we show that newly generated memory B cells do not display active autophagy but are capable of forming Ab-secreting cells after rechallenge with Ags. Increases in autophagy took place over time after the initial formation of memory B cells. The expression of transcription factors involved in autophagy, but not changes in epigenetic regulation by DNA methylation, was required for autophagy gene expression and the development of active autophagy in memory B cells. This indicates that autophagy is not critical for the initial generation of memory B cells but is required for their long-term persistence. Our results suggest that promoting autophagy to improve Ab-dependent immunological memory is more effective during memory B cell maintenance stage.
Relationship between students’ motivation and their socio-demographic characteristics
Authors: Cigan Vesna 
Published: February 2015

This article presents the results of research on the relationship between indicators of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in students attending higher education institutions, and their socio-demographic characteristics: the type of upper secondary education completed, secondary education grade point average, year of study, gender, and parents’ education. The research was conducted in March 2012, through a survey questionnaire administered to a sample of 604 respondents. The questionnaire examined, among other things, students’ motivation for learning, self-assessment of motivation for learning English and further professional development, and self-assessment of overall satisfaction with the study programme. According to the self-determination theory developed by Deci and Ryan (2000), intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are essential for undertaking any activity, including learning. As a social agent, each individual interacts with different social groups in an action-oriented set of circumstances, and develops his/her personality (CEFR). Social contexts that catalyse intrapersonal and interpersonal differences also have a significant influence on motivation. Gardner’s theory of motivation emphasizes the importance of social components and the extrinsic nature of instrumental and integrative ­orientation. Instrumental-integrative dichotomy was further developed by Dörnyei (1994: 279), who introduced a motivational framework consisting of three levels: the language level, the learner level and the learning situation level. Survey results show that the respondents are generally highly-motivated to learn, and that intrinsic motivation is predominant. Statistically significant differences were found between gender, secondary education grade point average, and year of study and the type and intensity of motivation, whereas the type of upper secondary education completed, and parents’ education, were not found to be statistically significantly correlated with the examined concepts.
The Value of Clinical Teachers for EMR Implementations and Conversions
Authors: Pantaleoni J.L. , Longhurst C.A. , Stevens L.A. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryEffective physician training is an essential aspect of EMR implementation. However, it can be challenging to find instructors who can present the material in a clinically relevant manner. The authors describe a unique physician-training program, utilizing medical students as course instructors. This approach resulted in high learner satisfaction rates and provided significant cost-savings compared to alternative options.Citation: Stevens LA, Pantaleoni JL, Longhurst CA. The value of clinical teachers for EMR implementations and conversions. Appl Clin Inf 2015; 6: 75–79http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-09-IE-0075
Technique to fabricate a Hollow Facial Prosthesis for Lateral Midfacial Defect
Authors: Shambharkar Vaibhao Ishwar 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
Midfacial defects developed due to partial or total maxillectomy surgeries performed to remove tumors in the oral or nasal cavity. Large midfacial defects usually restored with a facial prosthesis to restore esthetics, form and function. Retention of a large facial prosthesis is a major concern to the prosthodontist because of its size and weight. This clinical report describes magnet retained intraoral-extraoral combination prosthesis for a large midfacial defect. This article also describes a technique to fabricate a hollow light-weight acrylic resin framework supporting an overlying silicone layer for the facial prosthesis.

How to cite this article
Shambharkar VI. Technique to fabricate a Hollow facial Prosthesis for Lateral Midfacial Defect. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2014;4(3):90-95.
A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Ephesians
Authors: Best Ernest 
Published: February 2015

For over one hundred years, the International Critical Commentary series has held a special place among works on the Bible. It has sought to bring together all the relevant aids to exegesis – linguistic and textual no less than archaeological, historical, literary and theological–with a level of comprehension and quality of scholarship unmatched by any other series.
No attempt has been made to secure a uniform theological or critical approach to the biblical text: contributors have been invited for their scholarly distinction, not for their adherence to any one school of thought. The first paperback editions to be published cover the heart of the New Testament, providing a wealth of information and research in accessible and attractive format.
Accounting for Giraffes at a For-Profit Zoo - A Case Study
Authors: Penner James , Saini Jagjit Singh 
Published: February 2015

This case is based on the accounting at a for-profit zoo. It provides students with an opportunity to explore and apply the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) using a real-life example. This case challenges the students to use critical thinking skills to identify the relevant standards, as there is no direct reference in the ASC for accounting at a for-profit zoo. An assessment of the students indicates that the case provides a useful learning experience in interpreting and applying the authoritative Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in a real-life situation. Additionally, the assessment results indicate that the case helps students to enhance their critical thinking, teamwork and problem-solving skills. This case could be used in any intermediate or advanced financial accounting class in which students are expected to use the ASC and learn the application of GAAP.
I Will Regret Later
Authors: Dolgopolski Sergey 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis article explores the rhetoric of regret as a way to rethink the aesthetic dimension of two hitherto artificially separated late ancient corpora of thought—rabbinic and “pagan.” Moving away from the thinking in terms of historicist “influences” I arrive at a point of mutual illumination of the corpora, thereby advancing a new model of philosophical and rhetorical analysis that both justifies the importance of the modern discussion of relationships between philosophy, rhetoric, and aesthetics for understanding the Talmud as a late ancient body of text and thought and shows how the Talmud, thus understood, complicates and raises the stakes in that discussion. I first draw on the framework of this bidirectional analysis for probing the rhetoric of the rabbis and of the “pagan” philosophers. I consequently work against the grain of a modern interpretation of late ancient aesthetics to arrive to a comparative study of the aesthetics of rabbinic discourse.
Use of Hyaluronic Acid Gel Filler versus Sterile Water in the Treatment of Intractable Plantar Keratomas
Authors: Brousseau-Foley Magali , Cantin Vincent 
Published: February 2015

Background
Intractable plantar keratoma is a common concern in the podiatric medical office. Different treatment options are available, ranging from trimming and padding to surgery. We sought to investigate the use of hyaluronic acid gel injections as a possible minimally invasive alternative in the treatment of intractable plantar keratomas.

Methods
Seventeen patients with intractable plantar keratomas were randomly assigned to receive a hyaluronic acid gel injection or a sterile water injection at the site of a previously trimmed plantar lesion.

Results
There was no significant difference between the two groups in the evaluation of pain and function at 12 weeks, but both groups showed a clinically relevant improvement. No significant change was observed in plantar tissue thickness in both groups. A minor adverse reaction was seen in the hyaluronic acid group.

Conclusions
The use of a hyaluronic acid gel injection at the site of a trimmed intractable plantar keratoma did not seem more effective than the use of a sterile water injection. Sterile water injections seemed safe and efficient in reducing pain associated with plantar keratomas. Further investigations should concentrate on whether these results are reproducible in a larger sample and on the most effective sequence of treatment.
Blogging
Authors: Scheidt Lois Ann 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBlogs are a form of social media. They have a rich developmental history and since the early 2000s have developed into staples of internet communication. Blog creators utilize text, still images, sound, and video to create diaries of their activities, commentary on current events and politics, or share knowledge of their profession. Blogs may enable one‐way communication when readers view the blog entries or they may be interactive, enabling readers to become co‐creators of information. Blogs began as standalone websites, later becoming central features in large websites such as Facebook.
Online Games Development and Production
Authors: O'Donnell Casey 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis entry explores research surrounding the work or craft of game development and the set of practices that falls under the broader term “production.” The entry explores the variety of research projects occurring in this space. It considers work from a range of game production spaces, from hobbyist to independent to established “AAA” (“Triple A”) game developers. Also considered is the rising role that users play in shaping game development practice. Game development is a complex and widely ranging set of practices through which large and small teams work together to produce what users experience as a video game.
Multi‐User Dungeons (
MUD
s)
Authors: Bartle Richard A. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Multi‐User Dungeons are the venerable progenitors of modern virtual worlds such as
World of Warcraft and Second Life
. They are important in the same way that silent movies are important: They established the defining conventions that shaped today's blockbusters, but technological advances have largely left them behind. This entry explains what MUDs are, their history and influence, how they differ from their descendants and how they evolved into them. To understand why things are the way they are today, it is necessary to understand why they were the way they were originally.
Mobile Games
Authors: Mäyrä Frans 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Mobile games have multiple historical origins reaching back to antique card and board game sets made for travelers, and various mechanical toys. Nintendo's Game & Watch series was an early precursor for handheld video game consoles which represent a different evolutionary path from that of mobile phone games. The mobile phone ecosystem was fragmented for a long time, both as a result of the differences in the hardware and software of mobile phones and differences between mobile network operators, all of which represented challenges for game developers. iPhone and other touch screen‐enabled smartphones have significantly changed the user experience of mobile phone games, and the online App Store distribution channels have stimulated expansive growth of inexpensive, primarily casual mobile game applications. Some mobile games make use of the unique design opportunities provided by smartphones, such as the user's location, movements, or communications. The boundaries between mobile games and games released to multiple other platforms have started to erode, consequently further complicating what constitutes a “mobile game.” Mobile and contextual gaming remains a dynamic area of research and development, as discussed in this entry.
ICT
, the Environment, and Climate Change
Authors: Houghton John W. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This entry looks at the impacts of information and communication technology (ICT) on the environment, including the direct impacts of ICT equipment production and use, the indirect or enabling impacts of the application and use of ICTs throughout the economy, and systemic impacts on consumer behavior. It includes brief explanations of issues relating to electronic waste (e‐waste) and the impacts of possible rebound effects on environmental outcomes. The entry concludes with a brief review of the potential for ICTs to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, and notes the possibility that ICTs might enable the emergence of alternative development pathways that are more environmentally sustainable than those characterizing industrialization to date.
ICT4Dand Local Access
Authors: Tucker William D. , Westerveld Rudi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis entry provides definitions and an overview of technologies used to enable voice and data communication in what is called the “last” or “first” mile of telecommunication networks. It considers the variety and suitability of these technologies particularly for countries and regions in the global South, offering examples of the approaches that are mobilized from the “bottom up” by local community groups of telecommunication service users.
Children, Protection of
Authors: Lievens Eva 
Published: February 2015

AbstractProtecting children in the digital environment is an important policy goal across the world. Various regulatory approaches have been adopted to minimize risks (such as exposure to pornography or cyberbullying) and maximize opportunities (such as enhancing creativity or access to information) for youth. These approaches often combine legislative measures, self‐and co‐regulation, media literacy, education, and awareness initiatives and the use of technical tools to empower parents and children. Most policies are based on a multi‐stakeholder approach, engaging governments, international organizations, industry, civil society, schools, and encouraging parents and young users themselves to assume responsibility.
Virtual World Governance
Authors: Humphreys Sal 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Governance and control in online virtual worlds, including massively multiplayer online games, are contentious and emergent issues. They involve the deployment of rules and norms that occur in overlapping layers – software code, game rules, social norms within games, cultural and social norms from outside games, legal contracts, and government regulations. These rules and norms are deployed by publishers, government regulators, and community managers, but also by players and users of the environments as each seeks to advance a variety of interests. As discussed in this entry, the cross‐jurisdictional global environment and the indeterminate nature of virtual worlds – as products and services and/or games – raise a variety of issues for governance, many of which are yet to be resolved.
Web 2.0 – and Beyond
Authors: Arora Payal 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWeb 2.0 is a term coined to mark a new era of internet usage driven by user interactivity and collaboration in generating content, moving away from the static information dissemination model associated with Web 1.0. It became common in the early 2000s with the growth of social network sites that made participatory architectures of digital space the norm. Underlining this phenomenon is the fact that users can now be seen as both consumers and producers of content, significantly transforming all fields from health care to entertainment. This entry discusses the new challenges created in the domain of data privacy and digital labor rights.
Digitization of the Book Industry
Authors: Hess Thomas , Wagner Thomas M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDigital technologies have changed the way in which books are distributed or consumed. Books can now be bought via retail platforms like Amazon, or can be downloaded digitally as e‐books to be consumed on modern e‐readers. Additionally, the ongoing digitization of books forces the book industry to restructure its business models due to changes in the traditional value chain. This entry provides an overview of changes in the traditional book publishing industry in the wake of digitization, which is an important factor in this industry. It discusses the roles of intermediaries and gatekeepers as new competitors for traditional publishing houses and challenges resulting from digitization, such as the protection of content.
Microblogs
Authors: Kaplan Andreas M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMicroblogs are a specific type of social media that allow users to exchange small elements of content such as short sentences, individual images, or video links. A definition and history of microblogging are given and various characteristics (ambient awareness, push‐push‐pull communication, virtual exhibitionism and voyeurism) and applications (communications preparation, communications, communications control) of microblogs are discussed in the context of marketing applications together with a review of several trends in microblogging.
Online Business Collaboration
Authors: Van Osch Wietske 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Online business collaboration concerns the study of cooperative interactions and communication between people for achieving shared goals as well as the exploration of the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in supporting these goal‐oriented behaviors. Online business collaboration research draws on three foundational areas of theory, namely computer‐mediated communication (CMC), computer‐supported cooperative work (CSCW), and virtual team collaboration in order to understand antecedents to and processes of effective online business collaboration. Whereas traditionally online business collaboration research has focused largely on cooperative interactions between individuals and groups of people within the same organization, a proliferating area of research focuses on cross‐organizational collaboration, thus further complicating this area of communication inquiry.
Citizen Media and Journalism
Authors: Bélair‐Gagnon Valérie , Anderson C. W. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCitizen media is defined as a form of journalism that provides an alternative to traditional journalism. It is now an integral part of journalism input, production, dissemination, and consumption. The citizen media that emerged at the end of the twenty‐first century is associated with the rapid rise of the Internet and Web 2.0. as a source of broadcasting and public information.
ICT4Dand Ethics
Authors: Oosterlaken Ilse 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMuch work done within ICT for Development (ICT4D) – such as on technology choice, gender, empowerment, cultural differences, participation – raises ethical dilemmas and/or contains ethical assumptions. Even the very concept of development invites ethical reflection. Yet so far ethics has not received much explicit attention in the ICT4D literature. Over recent decades, however, both “development ethics” and “ethics of technology” – including “computer ethics” – have matured as separate branches of applied ethics. This has paved the way for more –and more systematic – ethical reflection on ICT4D. This entry gives a short introduction to ethics and to these two ethical subdisciplines. It ends with a short overview of recent work on the ethics of ICT4D.
e
‐Commerce and Online Trust
Authors: Pure Rebekah , Metzger Miriam 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This entry provides an overview of research findings and theories regarding trust and privacy in electronic commerce. Trust and privacy are particularly important in the area of e‐commerce given the considerable risk associated with the commercialization of products and services via the internet and mobile technology. The entry reviews key concepts from the trust and privacy literature, including the antecedents and outcomes of e‐commerce trust, the impact of privacy concern on consumer behaviors, and privacy policies and regulations.
One Laptop Per Child (
OLPC
) Strategy
Authors: Villanueva‐Mansilla Eduardo 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) was launched in 2005 in an attempt to transform education in poor countries through governments' acquisition of small, rugged, custom made computers, to be delivered to all schoolchildren and teachers in a given educational system. It was intended to act as a disrupting implementation of individual centered education theories, replacing the traditional educational model with one based on using one computer for each student, or one‐on‐one computing. The initiative has not reached its purported goals, with a small number of countries actually implementing one‐on‐one computing. This entry reviews this initiative, considers a number of criticisms that have been levied against it, and offers some comments on its future.