bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anal cancer
Authors: Goh Vicky , Glynne-Jones Rob 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Chapter 12 covers anal cancer, and covers squamous cell carcinomas, which are the commonest type, and the remainder, which consist of adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine tumours, undifferentiated carcinomas, melanomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumours, and lymphomas.
Recovery, narrative theory, and generative madness
Authors: Lewis Bradley 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines conceptual and related aspects of a narrative approach to recovery of people with mental illness. A narrative model of psychiatry provides an ideal philosophical touchstone for work in recovery. The recovery movement calls for clinicians who are comfortable with and who encourage empowered clients. It calls for clinicians who can empathically connect with clients’ desires and preferences, and who are willing to let the clients take the lead in making decisions. This does not mean that professionals have no role in recovery. Even with empowered consumers there still remains a place for professionals with the skills necessary to help people to find their path to recovery. What is important is to see that these professional skills, at their heart, are narrative skills. Narrative psychiatry creates clinicians who put the client's experience at the forefront. And narrative psychiatry creates clinicians who understand the many languages of psychic life. They are as comfortable talking about religion, creativity, and politics as they are discussing neurotransmitters, cognitive distortions, and psychodynamics. The recovery movement makes it clear that many consumers wish for just this kind of clinician.
Some social science antinomies and their implications for the recovery-oriented approach to mental illness and psychiatric rehabilitation
Authors: Kravetz Shlomo , Hasson-Ohayon Ilanit 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the problematic nature of paradox and antinomy. It will show how certain selected paradoxes and antinomies (i.e. free will vs. determinism, value vs. fact, and idiographic vs. nomothetic description) have a particular relevance for theoretical, empirical, and applied issues central to the social sciences in general and to psychiatric rehabilitation in particular. Thus controversy about the assessment of the effectiveness of psychiatric rehabilitation within a recovery framework may be especially difficult to resolve due to the value vs. fact antimony. This antimony implies that such questions as whether elimination of symptoms or the enhancement of autonomy should be a major recovery goal cannot be decided on the basis of empirical research alone. Possible ways of integrating a dialogical approach with empirical research will be explored as an essential step toward resolving such theoretical, empirical, and applied issues.
Being ill and getting better: recovery and accounts of disorder
Authors: Cooper Rachel 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe aim of psychiatric treatment is to help patients to get better, but working out what getting better should be taken to mean can be problematic. This chapter explores how one's view of what counts as recovery will depend on the account of disorder that one adopts. Accounts of disorder can be split into two main categories. Biologically based accounts (paradigmatically those of Christopher Boorse) claim that disorder is purely a matter of biological dysfunctioning. According to such accounts the aim of treatment will be to restore functioning such that ultimately the patient's psychological subsystems will function in the same way as those of other humans of the same age and gender. Accordingly, whether a patient is getting better will be seen as the sort of thing that can be fairly assessed by standardized rating scales. In contrast, accounts which hold that disorder is a value-laden concept will lead one to view recovery differently. According to such accounts, for a condition to count as a disorder it must be bad. It will be argued that whether a condition is bad or not will vary with factors such as the social environment, and also with the aims, desires, and self-understanding of the individual patient. One consequence of this is that a condition that was once bad for the patient can be rendered neutral or good for them not only by altering the functioning of their psychological subsystems, but also by altering the patient's social environment or their own assessment of the situation. This means that measuring “recovery” will not be a straightforward matter. The chapter ends by considering how treatment efficacy might best be assessed according to such a view of recovery.
Recovery and stigma: issues of social justice
Authors: Flanagan Elizabeth , Zeev Dror Ben , Corrigan Patrick 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter draws upon the findings of qualitative and quantitative research to address stigma and social justice as they relate to recovery from mental illness. Stigma towards people with mental illness has been identified as a primary impediment to people's recovery from mental illness and inclusion as full members of a community. Recovery has long been understood as an issue of social justice. However, stigma research has often been dominated by a medical approach, according to which stigma will disappear when serious mental illness is cured, because symptoms that elicit stigma are no longer evident. In reality, essential to moving forward is an understanding of stigma as a matter of social injustice. As such, it is framed in the same light as other forms of prejudice and discrimination that have hounded the modern world, such as racism, sexism, and ageism, to name just a few. As social injustice, mental illness stigma is largely the responsibility of the societies that created it. Framing mental illness stigma in terms of an ethics reminds us that people with mental illness are just that—people. As such they are entitled to the same human rights that are enjoyed by everyone in their community and culture—a primary tenet of the recovery movement. A combination of social science research and background in the recovery movement can strengthen this case, as illustrated here.
Recovery and advocacy: contextualizing justice in relation to recovery from mental illness in East Asia
Authors: Chiu Marcus Yu-Lung 
Published: May 2013

AbstractGiven the backdrop of generally under-funded psychiatric care, overwhelming medical dominance, and a lack of vigorous advocacy for adequate mental healthcare, this chapter sets out to discuss the concepts of recovery and advocacy both in relation to each other and in relation to their particular socio-economic-cultural context in the Asian setting, as applied to mental health issues. The chapter has several aims. The first aim is to spell out why recovery and advocacy are two complicated and perhaps problematic concepts in the Asian context. The second aim is to deconstruct the forces that shape the concept and expectation of recovery and an individual's own power position in advocacy in cultures where the individuals and their families are held responsible for the care and recovery of the ill person. The third aim is to discuss the conflicting situation of mental health professionals (particularly psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, social workers, and occupational therapists) in Asia, as many of these professionals endorse the universal values of respect, love, and care for patients on the one hand, while on the other hand they do not consider themselves appropriate for advocacy on behalf of patients. The fourth aim is to discuss why knowledge-based psychoeducation can help as well as subjugate caregivers at one and the same time. The fifth aim is to explore the dilemma of working within the cultural constraints of harmony and submission versus “going radical”, and to discuss how cultures of modesty or the “middle way” guide the development of alternatives to professional/paternalistic dominance. In relation to these ethical and other issues, the chapter draws on the author's experience of working with caregivers in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea, Thailand, and Malaysia.
Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels
Authors: Mantegazza Massimo , Catterall William A. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Voltage-gated Na+ channels initiate action potentials in neurons and other excitable cells, and they are responsible for propagation of action potentials along nerves, muscle fibers, and the neuronal somatodendritic compartment.1 They are complexes of a large pore-forming α subunit and smaller auxiliary β subunits.2,3 Multiple genes encode Na+ channel subunits, and the distinct Na+ channel subtypes have subtle differences in functional properties, differential expression in excitable cells, and differential distribution in subcellular compartments.2,4 These differences in function and localization contribute to the specialized functional roles of Na+ channels in neuronal physiology and pharmacology.
Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels in Epilepsy
Authors: Cain Stuart M. , Snutch Terrance P. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Voltage-gated calcium channels are integral membrane proteins that form calcium-selective pores in the plasma membrane (Fig. 6–1). Calcium ions flowing into the cell are driven by an electrochemical gradient generated by a high concentration of calcium outside the cell to a low calcium concentration inside. In neurons the rapid influx of calcium depolarizes the cell membrane potential due to its divalent positive charge and mediates biophysical processes such as action potential firing and membrane potential oscillations. A second effect of calcium ion influx is to regulate the intracellular signaling pathways and biochemical machinery required for physiological functions such as neurotransmitter release. Cells contain numerous calcium-sensitive proteins, such as enzymes and DNA transcription factors that can be up- or downregulated by the binding of calcium ions. Due to the highly complex and widespread effects of calcium channels, even small alterations in their expression or biophysical properties can induce pathophysiological changes in the brain with the potential to induce epileptic seizures.
Cell Death and Survival Mechanisms after Single and Repeated Brief Seizures
Authors: Henshall David C. , Meldrum Brian S. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Brief seizures can cause neuronal death in animal models. There is emerging evidence that apoptosis-associated signaling pathways are activated by these seizures, but so far we only have proof that these contribute to cell death in models of status epilepticus. There is little evidence that spontaneous seizures in epileptic animals cause acute cell death, but these animals nevertheless display alterations in apoptosis-associated pathways. In humans, there is evidence that recurrent seizures cause subtle or diffuse neuron loss in affected structures. Histopathological analyses have found a molecular signature of apoptosis-associated signaling in resected neocortical and hippocampal material from pharmocoresistant TLE patients.
Potassium Channelopathies of Epilepsy
Authors: Brenner Robert , Wilcox Karen S. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
An exceedingly large number of familial and de novo channelopathies in several different types of potassium channels have already been found to underlie, or be associated with, many types of epilepsy. Given that the role of most potassium channels is to contribute to the maintenance of membrane hyperpolarization and repolarization, it is not surprising that loss-of-function mutations contribute to epilepsy. However, recently described potassium channelopathies resulting in gain of function can also, paradoxically, result in epilepsy. Furthermore, as many LQTS mutations arise in potassium channels, a link between epilepsy, SUDEP, and LQTS, as has now been observed for KCNQ1, may begin to inform prevention strategies for patients at risk for SUDEP. Finally, animal models harboring human mutations found in potassium channels have contributed greatly to our understanding of the mechanisms whereby specific channelopathies contribute to epilepsy, and it is anticipated that as this field continues to develop, advances in treatment strategies for patients will also be elucidated from such animal models.
Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy of Lafora
Authors: Serratosa José M. , Minassian Berge A. , Ganesh Subramaniam 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Lafora disease is an autosomal recessive form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy characterized by a severe course that leads to death in 5–10 years in most patients. Patients present with myoclonic, absence, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures at onset, typically at around age 14–15 years. As the disease progresses, difficulties in speech generation and gait as well as cognitive decline appear. Seizures soon become intractable and, due to a rapidly progressing dementia, patients become severely incapacitated and die. Lafora bodies are the characteristic hallmark and consist of an abnormal, poorly branched, intracellular glucose polymer accumulating in many tissues, including heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and brain. They can be observed on optic microscopy as periodic acid–Schiff-positive (PAS) cytoplasmic inclusions. Lafora bodies thus resemble glycogen with reduced branching, suggesting an alteration in glycogen metabolism as the cause of their accumulation. Since the localization of the first gene for Lafora disease in 1995, major advances have led to a better understanding of the basic mechanisms involved in this adolescent-onset and deadly disease.
Animal Models for Evaluating Antiepileptogenesis
Authors: White H. Steve 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The need to find a therapy that will prevent or delay the development of epilepsy in the susceptible individual is evident, and many of the required tools have already been developed. Nonetheless, there are many practical challenges and hurdles at both the preclinical and clinical levels that must be overcome before a cure can be developed. Prior to embarking on a clinical trial, there should be some evidence that a hypothetical therapy is effective in one or more animal models of epileptogenesis. However, unlike the animal models routinely employed in the search for novel anticonvulsant compounds, the animal models of epileptogenesis that are currently available have not been validated clinically. Unfortunately, clinical validation will not be provided until the first truly antiepileptic or disease-modifying therapy has been found to be effective in an appropriately designed clinical trial. With this in mind, it is still unknown what preclinical evidence of efficacy would be required before one would be willing to embark on an expensive clinical trial that involves a path not yet paved by past experience. Nevertheless, the scientific community should not be discouraged from pursing this approach but should clearly be aware of the limitations of the existing models and employ caution when designing preclinical studies and interpreting the results obtained.
Drug Resistance
Authors: Gorter Jan A. , Potschka Heidrun 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Despite the ongoing development of novel AEDs, drug resistance remains a major problem in the clinical management of epilepsy patients. Thus, strategies to break new grounds in the development of novel AEDs or alternative therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Based on epidemiological data as well as experimental studies, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of drug resistance. These hypotheses suggest specific implications for future drug development and clinical therapeutic management. However, clinical evidence for the drug resistance mechanisms is still limited. Therefore, novel tools to study putative resistance mechanisms in individual patients are needed. New techniques might also guide individualized therapeutic decisions in the future.
Reversing Disorders of Neuronal Migration and Differentiation in Animal Models
Authors: Manent Jean-Bernard , LoTurco Joseph J. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
In this chapter, we review results from animal models that begin to provide evidence that genetically based developmental abnormalities leading to epilepsy can be reversed by reactivating developmental programs. The abnormalities reversed include disruptions in neuronal migration and differentiation. Moreover, molecular genetic and pharmacological interventions in animal models have been shown to reduce morphological disruptions, seizures, and associated behavioral impairments. Significant challenges remain, particularly with respect to translating the approaches used in animal models into viable human therapies. However, the diversity of both the methods used and the disruptions successfully targeted to date should encourage future research and therapy development in this area.
A National Institute of Mental Health Perspective on Geriatric Mood Disorder Research
Authors: Evans Jovier D. , Niederehe George 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The mission of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is to transform the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses through basic and clinical research, paving the way for prevention, recovery and cure. The Geriatrics Research Branch approaches this mission by supporting research on the etiology and pathophysiology of mental disorders of late life, the treatment of persons with these disorders, and the prevention of these disorders and their consequences. This chapter reviews new opportunities for research in geriatric mood and anxiety disorders across the translational research continuum from basic mechanisms of aging and disease to the development and implementation of community based services and interventions. New directions for the field of geriatric mental health research are also discussed.
Public Health Burden of Late-Life Mood Disorders
Authors: Park Mijung , Unützer Jürgen 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews the public health burden associated with late-life mood disorders. Mood disorders cause substantial distress for affected individuals, their families and larger society directly and indirectly. We review the associations between mood disorders, disability, and quality of life. Mood disorders also increase morbidity and mortality directly and through their interactions with other chronic medical conditions. We present several mechanisms for increased medical burden related to late-life mood disorders. We examine the burden of mood disorders on formal care, and on broader informal care systems such as family and loved ones. Finally, we present strategies for addressing public health burden of late-life mood disorders through prevention, early detection, and effective treatment programs.
Non-Major Depression
Authors: Vahia Ipsit V. , Kulkarni Ganesh , Meeks Thomas W. , Jeste Dilip V. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Non-major depression is an increasingly recognized clinical issue in older adults, as a growing body of evidence points to deleterious effects of this condition on emotional, cognitive and physical health. Yet, research in this area has been limited. This chapter aims to identify the primary clinical and research issues relevant to non-major depression, including a clarification of the nosology, epidemiology, clinical outcomes and comorbidity and treatment modalities.
Bereavement and Complicated Grief in Older Adults
Authors: Shear M. Katherine , Ghesquiere Angela , Katzke Michael 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Bereavement is one of the most common experiences of aging. Losing a loved one at any age is widely understood as one of life’s most painful and disruptive experiences. About 75% of the 2.5 million people who die every year in the United States, occur among people 65 years of age or older. Their close friends and relatives are most affected by bereavement, many of these are also older adults. This chapter outlines a framework for understanding bereavement and grief in general and in older people specifically, describes the healing process and points to some possible pitfalls in its course. A significant minority of bereaved people experience grief complications that prolong and intensify acute grief. This chapter describes the syndrome of complicated grief and identifies treatments that have been helpful.
Substance Abuse Comorbidity
Authors: Oslin David W. , Helstrom Amy 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
While rates of alcohol and illicit drug use begin to decline with age, individuals who abuse alcohol and other substances in late life may be at increased risk of a number of negative physical and mental health outcomes that are often exacerbated with advancing age. Demographic changes in the population suggest that the prevalence of substance misuse in later life may be increasing. Depression is frequently comorbid with substance use and the presence of each disorder can negatively impact the course and recovery of the other. This chapter will focus on the intersection between the use and abuse of addictive substances and the presence and course of depressive disorders. Considerations for assessment and treatment for these comorbid presentations among older adults, such as integrated models of care, are discussed.
Comorbid Pain Disorders
Authors: Karp Jordan F. , McGovern Jonathan 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Painful conditions in late-life are frequent and often comorbid with affective disorders, anxiety, and insomnia. Psychiatrists and geriatric mental health clinicians must be familiar with common pain disorders, the pathophysiology of chronic pain, and the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of common pain conditions when comorbid with psychiatric syndromes. This is particularly important for older adults with dementing disorders and other conditions which impair communication about internal states. In addition to pharmacologic treatments, psychosocial interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy play a significant role in the treatment of chronic pain, especially when the pain is comorbid with depression and anxiety. Geriatric mental health clinicians should engage rehabilitation specialists like physical and occupational therapy in planning treatment for these complex patients.
Electroconvulsive Therapy and Neuromodulation in the Treatment of Late-Life Mood Disorders
Authors: McDonald William M. , Vahabzadeh Arshya 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) isrecognized as one of the most effectivetreatments for severe mood disorders. Increasingly ECT has been used in the treatment of elderly mood disorders and research in ECT over the last 70 years has informed the field as to the optimal techniques, parameters and indications for the use of ECT in elders. In this chapter the use of ECT in late-life depression, bipolar disorder, and neuropsychiatric disorders will be outlined as well as the essential elements of the medical assessment prior to ECT and the side effects of ECT. The increasing use of continuation and maintenance ECT will also be discussed in relationship to the use of these therapies in the elderly. Finally,the newersubconvulsiveneuromodulatory interventions including transcranial magnetic stimulation and deep brain stimulation will be discussed as these treatments relate to the treatment of late-life mood disorders.
Prevention of Depression in Later Life
Authors: Beekman Aartjan T. F. , Cuijpers Pim , Smit Filip 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the prevention of depression among older people. During the past decades the ground work has been done to facilitate effective prevention of prevention at all ages. Much of this work has been done in older people. Different strategies for preventing depression are described and their feasibility and effectiveness are systematically assessed. Ethical and economical issues are then discussed with the aim to show that, although we are drawing nearer to the point where large scale implementation of prevention is possible, improving the reach and implementation of preventative interventions in mental health remains necessary.