bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of channel mobility and oxide properties of MOSFET devices on Si-face (0001) and A-face (11-20) 4H-SiC
Authors: Lichtenwalner Daniel J. , Cheng Lin , Allen Scott , Palmour John W. , Lelis Aivars , Scozzie Charles 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTIn this report we present results comparing lateral MOSFET properties of devices fabricated on Si-face (0001) and A-face (11-20) 4H-SiC, with nitric oxide passivation anneals. We observe a field-effect mobility of 33 cm2/V.s on p-type 5×1015 doped Si-face. These devices have a peak field-effect mobility which increases with temperature, indicative of a channel mobility limited by coulomb scattering. On 1×1016 p-type A-face SiC, the peak channel mobility is observed to be 80 cm2/V.s, with a negative temperature dependence, indicating that phonon-scattering effects dominate, with a much lower density of shallow acceptor traps. This > 2x higher channel mobility would result in a substantial decrease in on-resistance, hence lower power losses, for 4H-SiC power MOSFETs with voltage ratings below 2 kV. However, MOS C-V and gate leakage measurements indicate very different oxide and interface quality on each SiC face. For example, the Fowler-Nordheim (FN) conduction-band (CB) barrier height for electron tunneling at the SiO2/SiC interface is 2.8 eV on Si-face SiC, while it is 2.5 eV or less on A-face SiC. For the valence-band side, the effective FN barrier height at the valence-band (VB) side of only 1.6 eV on A-face SiC, while the VB barrier height is about 3.1 eV on Si-face SiC. Moreover, C-V of the MOS gate on A-face indicates the presence of a high-density of deep hole traps. It is apparent that oxides on alternative crystal faces, very promising in terms of channel mobility, require further study for complete understanding and control of the interface properties.
Effect of M1a and M1b Category in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Kennecke Hagen , Yu Jason , Gill Sharlene , Cheung Winson Y. , Blanke Charles D. , Speers Caroline , Woods Ryan 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background.
In 2009, the American Joint Committee on Cancer version 7 staging system introduced the M1 subclassifications M1a (single metastatic site) and M1b (peritoneal or multiple metastatic sites). The study objectives were to evaluate the prognostic effect of site of metastasis and M1a/b category among patients with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer and synchronous metastasis.

Patients and Methods.
Patients with newly diagnosed pathologic or clinical category M1 colorectal cancer referred to the British Columbia Cancer Agency between 1999 and 2007 were included. Demographic, tumor, treatment, and outcome data were prospectively collected, and prognostic factors were identified. Univariate Cox models were used to assess the prognostic impact of individual sites of metastasis and to determine the effect of M1a/b category on overall survival (OS).

Results.
Among 2,049 eligible patients, 70% had M1a and 30% M1b category disease. The most common sites of common single sites of metastasis included liver (56%), lung (5.3%), and peritoneum (3.6%). Metastasis to a single organ or site, including peritoneum, was associated with improved OS compared with multiple sites of metastasis. In multivariate analysis, M1b category conferred inferior survival and hazard ratio (HR) 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22, 1.55), along with age &gt;70 and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 3–4. Resection of primary tumor was associated with improved survival, HR 0.46 (95% CI: 0.41, 0.52). Results were similar in subgroup analysis of patients undergoing resection of their primary tumor when histology, tumor, and node category were included.

Conclusion.
The results lend support to the introduction of M1a/b colorectal cancer categories. Consideration may be given to classifying patients with solitary peritoneal metastasis only as M1a rather than M1b category. Further refinement of category M1a to reflect resectability of metastasis at initial diagnosis may improve prognostication.
Fluid Production Studies Using NMR and High-Frequency Dielectric Permittivity
Authors: Taherian R. , Valori A , AlZoukani A. , Ali F. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Fully water saturated plugs were centrifuged in air using small capillary pressure steps. At each pressure step the low frequency (2 MHz) NMR and high frequency dielectric permittivity were measured. The centrifugal pressure steps were incremented at 1 psi so as to determine the water saturation at fine scale.
These experiments are designed to replace water by air, which has no NMR signal. As a result NMR signal decreases as the centrifugal pressure increases. The NMR T2 distribution data show gradual depletion of free water from the pore space as the centrifugal pressure increases from zero to five psi. Above this pressure the rate of fluid production per pressure decreases suggesting the produced water is bound to the pore wall. A plot of water filled porosity vs centrifugal pressure shows at least two regimes. An initial fast production at low pressures has a larger slope compared with later slow production at higher pressures. Both smaller produced volume and higher pressures are consistent with the water being bound to the pore surface. The dielectric permittivity also shows a decrease in permittivity as the centrifugal pressure increases. This is because the dielectric permittivity is most sensitive to the water content as compared to air or solid matrix. The permittivity data plotted vs the centrifugal pressure also show at least two different slopes. The initial fast slope is attributed to the production of free water while the higher pressure slow slope is due to bound fluid.
Smart Completion Design for Managing Steam Injection in CSS Process
Authors: Suranto A. M. , Bae W. , Permadi A. K. , Dang Son T. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In conventional cyclic steam stimulation (CSS), steam is periodically injected at high pressure to the reservoir. After the steam injection period, the well is soaked for several days then it will be produced. Generally, for the first to the fifth cycle, the steam can effectively transfer the heat to the reservoir. After that, the CSOR will rise up indicating that the process is currently ineffective.
This paper aims to improve the CSS performance using modified well completion. The perforation is modified to become two parts, one part is on the top side (as injection) and the other part is on the bottom side (as production). In this process, after being injected, the steam will condense, resulting from heat loss, and it will move to lower part because of gravity drainage. Simultaneously, crude oil was produced through the production perforation. The opening-closing of the injection-production cycle is managed by interval control valve (ICV). To provide an overview of this phenomenon, a synthetic reservoir model was built based on Pertama-kedua formation, located in Sumatra Indonesia. Sensitive variables are length of the injection-production perforation and soaking time. Finally, the heat efficiency was evaluated during 8 years of project life.
Simulation results show that dividing the perforation into injection and production intervals will reduce CSOR 30% and this requires shorter soaking time compared to that of conventional processes. Furthermore, if the distance between injection and production interval is longer the production will be better. However, this gap is limited by reservoir thickness.
A Novel Non-damaging Approach to Isolate Open hole Lateral that Allowed Performing Mechanical Descaling in the Non-Monobore Cased Completion: A Case Study in Saudi Arabian Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Mukhliss A. E. , Ogundare T. M. , Dashash A. A. , Malik A. R. , Rivadeneira E. V. , Molero N. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Mechanical descaling of iron sulfide scales in high angle non-monobore or horizontal open hole completion offer multifaceted challenges, especially when the reservoir is depleted. The history of the descaling program in carbonate gas wells in Saudi Arabia dates back to 2007. The program suffered several setbacks with operational complexities like stuck pipe, H2S generation (souring) during chemical dissolution and severe induced damage during reservoir isolation process. The depleted reservoir needs to be isolated to ensure full circulation during mechanical descaling process. The mechanical means of isolation with a bridge plug is not feasible due to the presence of FeS scale in the wellbore. The only isolation option available at the moment is CaCO3 chips bullheaded from the surface. Often the post-descaling and stimulation operation does not restore the original production, due to the heavy damage induced in the reservoir during isolation.
This paper shares a successful descaling experience and best practices in a single lateral open hole well that was completed with 4-1/2-in tubing and 7-in liner, and had severe pressure depletion. A novel non-damaging visco-elastic surfactant based fluid was used to fill the open hole lateral and as base to support CaCO3 chips above it that prevented additional damage and allowed reservoir isolation for mechanical descaling, using high pressure coiled tubing and a jetting tool. A clean wellbore with no further induced damage made subsequent post-stimulation results very attractive. The paper also presents the production results of stimulation treatment performed after the descaling treatment.
Nanotechnology Applications To Minimize Geo-Mechanical Related Challenges While Drilling Intercalated Sediments, Western Desert, Egypt
Authors: El Sherbeny Wael , Al-Baddaly Hesham , Rahal Ayman , Said Mohamed , Hardman Douglas , Henry Todd 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Nanotechnology has become the buzz word of the decade! The precise manipulation and control a matter at dimensions of (1 – 100) nanometers have revolutionized many industries including the oil and gas industry. Nanotechnology applications have pierced through different petroleum disciplines from exploration, reservoir, drilling, completion, production, processing and finally to refining.
Nanoparticles are the simplest form of the structures with sizes in the nm range. In principle, any collection of atoms bonded together with a structural radius of less than 100 nm can be considered a nanoparticle.
The Tiny nature of nanoparticles results in some useful characteristics, such as an increased surface area to which other materials can bond in ways that make for stronger or more lightweight materials. At the nanoscale; size does matter when it comes to how molecules react to and bond with each other.
The filter cake developed during nanoparticles-based drilling fluid filtration is very thin, which implies high potential for reducing the differential pressure sticking problem and formation damage while drilling.
While drilling shales formations with nanodarcy (nD) permeability, Nanoparticles can be added to the drilling fluids to minimize shale permeability through physically plugging the nanosized pores and suppress the pressure transmission, hence Nanotechnology can provide a potential solution for environmentally sensitive areas where oil-based mud (OBM) historically used as a solution to stabilize shales.
Geotechnical challenges normally increase with increasing well inclination due to the highly faulted nature of many of the formations. Pressures and temperatures are typically not excessive but the complex interlayering of shales, sandstones siltstones and limestones results in multiple problems associated with borehole instability.
The Paper will reveal all lab work and field procedures for new Nanotechnology additive for wells that have an intercalated lithologies and tight reservoirs. Also paper will reveal the effectiveness of the nanotechnology additives to stabilize hole geometry that is demonstrated by comparison pre-nanotechnology wells and post-nanotechnology wells
Characterization of Next-Generation Heavy Oil of Tar Mats in Carbonate Reservoirs and Understanding Its Role in Reserve Estimation and Oil Recovery Economics
Authors: Almansour Abdullah , Al-Bazzaz Waleed , Saraswathy Geetha , Almohsin Ayman , Bai Baojun 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The study presented here examined a Kuwaiti reservoir that is classified as a next-generation extreme heavy oil tar-mat reservoir. Successful pyrolysis experiments were performed on carbonate rock containing 33.51% total organic content (TOC). Comparable toluene solvent, water extraction, and surfactant solution extraction had successful but different hydrocarbon recovery yields under different temperature settings. The tar-mat flow was extremely viscous, with a measured "API density close to 1.34 and calculated flow mobility close to zero.
Depending on the type of extracting agent applied, increasing the temperature cracked the extreme heavy oil tar-mat available in the carbonate rock, hence improving the extremely viscous nature of the solid residue and causing it to be mobile so that it could flow and be recovered. Four carbon-density flow regimes were identified in this extreme heavy oil tar-mat composition mix, including the free hydrocarbon type I composition (C1–C15), the light hydrocarbon type II composition (C15–C40), the heavy hydrocarbon type III composition (&gt;C40), and the insoluble carbon-residue type IV material (NSO). Each flow regime exhibited a unique recovery potential within the extremely viscous composition mix.
A detailed characterization of this tar-mat sample confirmed that the release of trapped type I, type II, and type III compositions from the carbonate pore space was possible, while type IV residue remained resistant to flow, and hydrocarbon retention on the rock was difficult to overcome with the suggested recovery treatments.
Mental Accounting and Disaggregation Based on the Sign and Relative Magnitude of Income Statement Items
Authors: Bonner Sarah E. , Clor-Proell Shana M. , Koonce Lisa 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
Current financial reporting guidance allows managers flexibility as to whether to disaggregate income statement items. Such flexibility is problematic if managers prefer to aggregate in some situations and disaggregate in others because we conjecture that investors' evaluations of firms will predictably differ depending on whether performance information is shown in an aggregated or disaggregated fashion. We conduct a series of related experiments within the context of compound financial instruments to investigate whether managers' preferences follow the predictions of mental accounting theory; specifically, that presentation preferences vary as a function of the sign and relative magnitude of the income statement items. Results reveal that managers' disaggregation preferences reflect mental accounting. Further, the effects of mental accounting are moderated only when managers feel high pressure to report transparently. Finally, and most importantly, the preferred presentations of managers result in the highest firm valuations from investors, indicating that investors also rely on mental accounting. Our study has implications for standard setters, regulators, and researchers.
Does Income Statement Placement Matter to Investors? The Case of Gains/Losses from Early Debt Extinguishment
Authors: Bartov Eli , Mohanram Partha S. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
Does the placement of a line item in the income statement matter to investors? The passage of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 145 (Financial Accounting Standards Board [FASB] 2002) affords a quasi-experimental setting to answer this question, because pre-SFAS No. 145, gains/losses from early debt extinguishments were reported below the line, while post-SFAS No. 145, they were reported above the line. After controlling for other identified changes that occur during our sample period, we find that, pre-SFAS No. 145, the market does not respond to these gains/losses, whereas post-SFAS No. 145, it does. This suggests that the market response to gains/losses is associated with their placement in the income statement. Our findings contribute to the literature on the importance of income statement presentation by demonstrating that a line-item position in the income statement has important valuation implications.
JEL Classifications: G12; G14; M41.
The Effect of Governance on Specialist Auditor Choice and Audit Fees in U.S. Family Firms
Authors: Srinidhi Bin N. , He Shaohua , Firth Michael 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
Family firms are characterized by less separation between ownership and control (Type 1 agency problem), but greater conflict of interest between controlling insiders and non-controlling outside investors (Type 2 agency problem). Although strong board governance is known to decrease the Type 1 agency problem, its effectiveness in mitigating the adverse consequences of the Type 2 agency problem has not been well documented in the literature. We show that strongly governed family firms are more likely to choose specialist auditors and exhibit higher earnings quality than nonfamily firms. Weakly governed family firms demand lower audit effort and exhibit earnings quality that is no different from that of nonfamily firms. Within family firms, we show that strongly governed family firms choose higher quality audits in the form of a greater use of specialist auditors and higher audit efforts, and exhibit higher earnings quality than other family firms. These findings provide consistent evidence that strong board governance can effectively mitigate the adverse consequences of the Type 2 agency problem on financial reporting and transparency in family firms.
Data Availability: The data used are available from the public sources identified in the study.
Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity Predicts All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Diabetes: The Kyushu Prevention Study of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Maeda Yasutaka , Inoguchi Toyoshi , Etoh Erina , Kodama Yoshimi , Sasaki Shuji , Sonoda Noriyuki , Nawata Hajime , Shimabukuro Michio , Takayanagi Ryoichi 
Published: June 2014

OBJECTIVE
Whether brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), a noninvasive marker for arterial stiffness, is a useful predictive maker for cardiovascular events in subjects with diabetes is not established. In the present cohort study, we evaluated the benefit of baPWV for the prediction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in subjects with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 4,272 outpatients with diabetes were enrolled in the Kyushu Prevention Study of Atherosclerosis. Of these, 3,628 subjects, excluding those with an ankle-brachial index of &lt;0.9, were prospectively followed for 3.2 ± 2.2 years. The baPWV at baseline was classified by recursive partitioning (RP) for each end point. We plotted the Kaplan-Meier curves for high- and low-baPWV groups, which were designated based on the cutoff points, and calculated Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS
The elevation of baPWV quartiles was significantly correlated to the incidence of coronary artery events, cerebrovascular events, and all-cause mortality. RP revealed baPWVs of 14 and 24 m/s as statistically adequate cutoff points for cardiovascular events and mortality, respectively. High-baPWV classes showed significantly low event-free ratios in Kaplan-Meier curves for all end points and remained independent risks for all-cause mortality and cerebrovascular events, but not for coronary artery events after adjustments for age, sex, BMI, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and hemoglobin A1c by Cox proportional hazards models.

CONCLUSIONS
This large-scale cohort study provided evidence that high baPWV is a useful independent predictor of mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in subjects with diabetes.
Advancing Basal Insulin Replacement in Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled With Insulin Glargine Plus Oral Agents: A Comparison of Adding Albiglutide, a Weekly GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, Versus Thrice-Daily Prandial Insulin Lispro
Authors: Rosenstock Julio , Fonseca Vivian A. , Gross Jorge L. , Ratner Robert E. , Ahrén Bo , Chow Francis C.C. , Yang Fred , Miller Diane , Johnson Susan L. , Stewart Murray W. , Leiter Lawrence A. 
Published: June 2014

OBJECTIVE
GLP-1 receptor agonists may provide an alternative to prandial insulin for advancing basal insulin therapy. Harmony 6 was a randomized, open-label, active-controlled trial testing once-weekly albiglutide vs. thrice-daily prandial insulin lispro as an add-on to titrated once-daily insulin glargine.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Patients taking basal insulin (with or without oral agents) with HbA1c 7–10.5% (53–91 mmol/mol) entered a glargine standardization period, followed by randomization to albiglutide, 30 mg weekly (n = 282), subsequently uptitrated to 50 mg, if necessary, or thrice-daily prandial lispro (n = 281) while continuing metformin and/or pioglitazone. Glargine was titrated to fasting plasma glucose of &lt;5.6 mmol/L, and lispro was adjusted based on glucose monitoring. The primary end point was the difference in the HbA1c change from baseline at week 26.

RESULTS
At week 26, HbA1c decreased from baseline by −0.82 ± SE 0.06% (9.0 mmol/mol) with albiglutide and −0.66 ± 0.06% (7.2 mmol/mol) with lispro; treatment difference, −0.16% (95% CI −0.32 to 0.00; 1.8 mmol/mol; P &lt; 0.0001), meeting the noninferiority end point (margin, 0.4%). Weight decreased with albiglutide but increased with lispro (−0.73 ± 0.19 kg vs. +0.81 ± 0.19 kg). The mean glargine dose increased from 47 to 53 IU (albiglutide) and from 44 to 51 IU (lispro). Adverse events for albiglutide versus lispro included severe hypoglycemia (0 vs. 2 events), documented symptomatic hypoglycemia (15.8% vs. 29.9%), nausea (11.2% vs. 1.4%), vomiting (6.7% vs. 1.4%), and injection site reactions (9.5% vs. 5.3%).

CONCLUSIONS
Weekly albiglutide is a simpler therapeutic option than thrice-daily lispro for advancing basal insulin glargine therapy, resulting in comparable HbA1c reduction with weight loss and lower hypoglycemia risk.
Metformin Does Not Affect Cancer Risk: A Cohort Study in the U.K. Clinical Practice Research Datalink Analyzed Like an Intention-to-Treat Trial
Authors: Tsilidis Konstantinos K. , Capothanassi Despoina , Allen Naomi E. , Rizos Evangelos C. , Lopez David S. , van Veldhoven Karin , Sacerdote Carlotta , Ashby Deborah , Vineis Paolo , Tzoulaki Ioanna , Ioannidis John P.A. 
Published: June 2014

OBJECTIVE
Meta-analyses of epidemiologic studies have suggested that metformin may reduce cancer incidence, but randomized controlled trials did not support this hypothesis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A retrospective cohort study, Clinical Practice Research Datalink, was designed to investigate the association between use of metformin compared with other antidiabetes medications and cancer risk by emulating an intention-to-treat analysis as in a trial. A total of 95,820 participants with type 2 diabetes who started taking metformin and other oral antidiabetes medications within 12 months of their diagnosis (initiators) were followed up for first incident cancer diagnosis without regard to any subsequent changes in pharmacotherapy. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CI.

RESULTS
A total of 51,484 individuals (54%) were metformin initiators and 18,264 (19%) were sulfonylurea initiators, and 3,805 first incident cancers were diagnosed during a median follow-up time of 5.1 years. Compared with initiators of sulfonylurea, initiators of metformin had a similar incidence of total cancer (HR 0.96; 95% CI 0.89–1.04) and colorectal (HR 0.92; 95% CI 0.76–1.13), prostate (HR 1.02; 95% CI 0.83–1.25), lung (HR 0.85; 95% CI 0.68–1.07), or postmenopausal breast (HR 1.03; 95% CI 0.82–1.31) cancer or any other cancer.

CONCLUSIONS
In this large study, individuals with diabetes who used metformin had a similar risk of developing cancer compared with those who used sulfonylureas.