bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Triassic disaster and opportunistic foraminifers in South China
Authors: SONG HAIJUN , TONG JINNAN , WIGNALL PAUL B. , LUO MAO , TIAN LI , SONG HUYUE , HUANG YUNFEI , CHU DAOLIANG 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSurvival and recovery are important dynamic processes of biotic evolution during major geological transitions. Disaster and opportunistic taxa are two significant groups that dominate the ecosystem in the aftermath of mass extinction events. Disaster taxa appear immediately after such crises whilst opportunists pre-date the crisis but also bloom in the aftermath. This paper documents three disaster foraminiferal species and seven opportunistic foraminiferal species from Lower Triassic successions of South China. They are characterized by extreme high abundance and low diversity and occurred occasionally in Griesbachian, Smithian and Spathian strata. The characteristics (small size, simple morphology) and stratigraphic ranges of these groups suggest thatr-selection is a commonly used strategy for survivors to cope with either harsh post-extinction conditions and/or environments lacking incumbents.
Theatre as Sacrament
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: August 2015

All theatre is sacramental. A theatrical event establishes itself as theatre by setting aside a measured space as inviolable for a measured time. This framing effect of theatre is sacramental. Within the frame of theatre, other sacraments can be represented or performed. Part I of this paper develops conceptual distinctions necessary to understanding the sacramental in theatre, using an ethics-based theory of sacrament. Part II sets out to use the theory, applying it to open up new questions for the interpretation of ancient Greek tragedy, and using the theory to explain certain plot elements in Sophocles' Philoctetes and other plays.Any act of theatre has a sacramental effect. The art of theatre makes ceremonies possible, and by ceremonies we are able to make things sacred. In saying that theatre is sacramental, I am not saying that it is religious. Religious ceremonies employ the art of theatre and depend on that art, but theatre does not depend on religion. I understand sacrament as an ethical concept. A sacrament sets up an ethical hedge around something—makes it wrong to touch, to tread on, or to alter the thing in question.By ‘theatre’ I mean the art that makes action worth watching for a measured time in a measured space. This art must of necessity draw a line between watching and being watched. Drawing that line is a minor, though fundamental, sacrament. Other sacraments may take place within the frame of theatre. My theory of the sacramental in theatre stands on its usefulness for understanding and interpreting the elements of theatre—the experiences of both the watchers and the watched in actual productions, on the one hand, and, on the other, the texts that survive to represent productions of the past. If the theory is coherent and useful, then we should use it. Otherwise, not.
5. An Experimental Research on the Antagonism between the Actions of Physostigma and Atropia
Authors: Fraser Thomas R. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn a Preliminary Note, read before this Society on the 31st of May 1869 (see Proceedings), a number of experiments were described, which proved that the lethal action of certain doses of physostigma can be prevented by the administration of atropia. Further, it was pointed out, that antagonism between any two substances, in the sense of the lethal action of the one being preventible by the physiological action of the other, had not previously been shown to exist by any certain and satisfactory evidence. In the various instances where experiment seemed to indicate the existence of such an antagonism, sufficient proof was not given that the dose of the substance whose action appeared to be antagonised was certainly a lethal one. The conflicting opinions and doubts this fallacy has given origin to, have induced the author to follow a plan whereby it may be completely avoided.
Erotomania secondary to cerebrovascular accident in frontotemporal impairment
Authors: Das Amlan , Mathur Shiva , Orrell Martin 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe report a case of erotomania with onset coinciding with a cerebrovascular accident in a 65-year-old woman. She believed Dick Haymes, a famous singer and actor who died in 1980 was in love with her, visited her and wanted to have sex with her. It is argued that the erotomania stemmed from an interaction between the frontotemporal impairment due to the cerebrovascular accident and personality factors.
The great fire of medieval Valencia (1447)
Authors: FERRAGUD CARMEL , GARCÍA MARSILLA JUAN VICENTE 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT:In March 1447, a great fire broke out in Valencia, caused by a former member of the municipal government. This fire destroyed many houses and craft workshops around the Market Square, the economic centre of the city. The municipal government had to compensate the citizens, who had lost everything, and restore everyday life in the area. A versatile Italian watchmaker living in Valencia was chosen to supervise the rehabilitation of the area. Under his direction, the debris was removed. Then after a conscious campaign of urban planning aimed at eliminating any traces of the old Islamic city, the streets were reconstructed according to the norms of the western city.
ON THE LOGIC OF FACTUAL EQUIVALENCE
Authors: CORREIA FABRICE 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSay that two sentences arefactually equivalentwhen they describe the same facts or situations, understood as worldly items, i.e. as bits of reality rather than as representations of reality. The notion of factual equivalence is certainly of central interest to philosophical semantics, but it plays a role in a much wider range of philosophical areas. What is the logic of factual equivalence? This paper attempts to give a partial answer to this question, by providing an answer the following, more specific question: Given a standard propositional language with negation, conjunction and disjunction as primitive operators, which sentences of the language should be taken to be factually equivalent by virtue of their logical form? The system for factual equivalence advocated in this paper is a proper fragment of the first-degree system for the logic of analytic equivalence put forward in the late seventies by R. B. Angell. I provide the system with two semantics, both formulated in terms of the notion of a situation’s beingfittingly describedby a linguistic item. In the final part of the paper I argue, contra a view I defended in my “Grounding and Truth-Functions” (2010), that the logic for factual equivalence I advocate here should be preferred to Angell’s logic if one wishes to follow the general conception of the relationships between factual equivalence and the notion of grounding put forward in the 2010 paper.
The Use of Hebbian Cell Assemblies for Nonlinear Computation
Authors: Tetzlaff Christian , Dasgupta Sakyasingha , Kulvicius Tomas , Wörgötter Florentin 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWhen learning a complex task our nervous system self-organizes large groups of neurons into coherent dynamic activity patterns. During this, a network with multiple, simultaneously active and computationally powerful cell assemblies is created. How such ordered structures are formed while preserving a rich diversity of neural dynamics needed for computation is still unknown. Here we show that the combination of synaptic plasticity with the slower process of synaptic scaling achieves (i) the formation of cell assemblies and (ii) enhances the diversity of neural dynamics facilitating the learning of complex calculations. Due to synaptic scaling the dynamics of different cell assemblies do not interfere with each other. As a consequence, this type of self-organization allows executing a difficult, six degrees of freedom, manipulation task with a robot where assemblies need to learn computing complex non-linear transforms and – for execution – must cooperate with each other without interference. This mechanism, thus, permits the self-organization of computationally powerful sub-structures in dynamic networks for behavior control.
Digestion of Gluten Peptides by Normal Human Jejunal Mucosa and by Mucosa from Patients with Adult Coeliac Disease
Authors: Douglas A. P. , Booth C. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. The ability of homogenates of jejunal mucosa to liberate amino acids from a peptic-tryptic digest of gluten was assessed. Mucosal specimens were obtained from thirty-two control subjects without malabsorptive disease, from twenty-six patients with untreated adult coeliac disease and from nine patients with adult coeliac disease in whom the intestinal mucosa was histologically normal as a consequence of treatment with a gluten-free diet. In addition nine of the untreated patients were restudied after institution of a gluten-free diet.
2. The ability of the jejunal mucosa from the patients with untreated adult coeliac disease to liberate amino acids from the gluten peptides was significantly less than that of the mucosa from control subjects.
3. No significant difference from normal was found when jejunal mucosa from patients with treated adult coeliac disease was studied irrespective of whether or not the mucosa was histologically normal.
4. These results indicate that the impairment of jejunal mucosal digestion of gluten in untreated adult coeliac disease is a secondary phenomenon and do not support the hypothesis that coeliac disease is due to the absence from the intestinal mucosa of an enzyme normally concerned in the digestion of gluten.
Studies with Uraemic Serum on the Renal Transport of Hippurates and Tetraethylammonium in the Rabbit and Rat: Effects of Oral Neomycin
Authors: Bourke E. , Frindt G. , Preuss H. , Rose Evelyn , Weksler M. , Schreiner G. E. 
Published: August 2015

1. The depression of p-aminohippurate and o-iodohippurate transport induced by uraemic serum in rabbit and rat renal cortex in vitro was confirmed. At the same time no change in oxygen consumption was observed.
2. The transport of the tetraethylammonium ion was unimpaired by uraemic serum from man or rat.
3. When sera from neomycin-treated uraemic rats were incubated with rabbit renal cortex, the uptakes of p-aminohippurate and of o-iodohippurate were 50% higher than when sera from untreated uraemic rats were used.
4. In rat uraemic serum, the levels of hippuric and indole acetic acids are markedly elevated. Administration of neomycin causes a substantial reduction in these levels.
5. The implications of these observations upon the impaired renal transport of hippurates produced by uraemic serum is discussed.
The Conversion of [35S]PTC-Angiotensin I to PTC-Angiotensin II in Plasma of Normotensive and Hypertensive Subjects
Authors: Osborn E. C. , Hodges N. G. , Pickens P. T. , Willicombe P. R. , Mahler R. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. The rate of conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II was measured by using their [35S]PTC-analogues which can be separated and identified by radiochromatography.
2. There was no difference in the rate of conversion of one compound to the other in the plasma of normal subjects and hypertensive patients.
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase after Fat Ingestion: An Immunological Study
Authors: Kleerekoper M. , Horne M. , Cornish C. J. , Posen S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Normal volunteers were given standard oral loads of cream, dextrose and skimmed milk. Serum alkaline phosphatase rose by a mean of 26%, 5 hr after fat ingestion. The rise was due, predominantly, to the appearance of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in the circulation.
2. Sera of secretors show greater intestinal alkaline phosphatase activities after fat ingestion than sera of non-secretors.
Effects of Chloride Restriction and Depletion on Acid-Base Balance and Chloride Conservation in the Rat
Authors: Luke R. G. , Warren Y. , Kashgarian M. , Levitin H. 
Published: August 2015

1. In the rat dietary chloride restriction has been shown to cause an elevation of the plasma bicarbonate and urinary net acid excretion, provided dietary sodium is available. Likewise the degree of elevation of plasma bicarbonate during chloride depletion, produced by prior exposure to 8% CO2 for 24 hr, was dependent on whether sodium (as the neutral phosphate) was or was not being ingested.
2. Correction of the hypochloraemia and the elevated plasma bicarbonate following exposure to CO2 and subsequent recovery on a low chloride diet is more complete in the rat than the dog. Evidence is presented that the plasma chloride rises in the rat because of the movement of chloride out of intracellular sites, and that chloride depletion and/or the associated metabolic alkalosis elevates endogenous acid production.
3. Chloride depleted rats were re-exposed to 8% CO2 in air. Renal chloride conservation remained intact. The hypochloraemia and rise in plasma bicarbonate in response to CO2 were not dependent on chloruresis although urinary acid excretion and the rise in serum bicarbonate were inhibited when the plasma chloride did not fall.
4. Consideration of these experiments with the related micropuncture experiments of Warren et al. (1970) suggests that:
(a) the intimate relationship between hypochloraemia and the elevation of plasma bicarbonate in respiratory acidosis is related to reciprocal changes in proximal tubular absorption of chloride and bicarbonate; (b) chloride depletion can increase bicarbonate absorption in the proximal tubule and urinary net acid excretion; (c) a rise in TF/P Cl in the proximal tubule does not necessarily correlate with changes in external chloride balance; (d) the distal chloride conserving mechanism is unaffected by rates of sodium or phosphate excretion, exposure to carbon dioxide, or increases in the rate of tubular bicarbonate absorption.
Nocturia in Patients on Long-Term Steroid Therapy
Authors: Thomas J. P. , Coles G. A. , El-Shaboury A. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. About half of our asthmatic patients on long-term treatment with prednisone developed nocturia.
2. This is due to reversal of the normal circadian rhythm of water and electrolyte excretion and is partially corrected within 48 hr of stopping treatment.
3. The disturbance in water and electrolyte excretion appeared to be due to a decrease in proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium at night. This was not directly related to a change in the secretion of Cortisol, aldosterone or antidiuretic hormone.
Observations of Renal Function in Patients Undergoing Therapeutic Diuresis with Frusemide
Authors: Jewkes R. F. , Burki N. , Guz A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Changes in extracellular water, plasma volume, blood urea and glomerular filtration rate were recorded over intervals of up to 28 days in ten patients requiring diuretic therapy, eight of whom were oedematous and none of whom had obvious renal disease.
2. Diuresis with frusemide was invariably associated with a fall in extracellular water and, in all but one instance, with a fall in plasma volume. It was also associated in every case with a rise in blood urea and fall in glomerular filtration rate.
3. The fall in glomerular filtration rate was observed when the extracellular water and the plasma volume of each patient was still within the ‘normal’ range predicted on the basis of dry weight.
4. Cessation of treatment was followed by a return to initial levels of the plasma volume and extracellular water, blood urea and glomerular filtration rate.
5. When body weight became stable during the administration of frusemide, there was a partial re-expansion of the plasma volume and a tendency for the glomerular filtration rate to rise.
6. The mechanism whereby these changes in renal function are brought about is unknown.
A Detailed Study of the Urinary Peptides in a Patient with Osteomalacia and Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Cahill Rose , Smith R. , Westall R. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. The urinary peptides and amino acids have been examined in a 28-year-old female with osteomalacia and severe parathyroid bone disease. Forty ninhydrin positive substances were identified.
2. These substances included nine hydroxyproline containing peptides of relatively simple composition. Of these eight contained 4-hydroxyproline, two contained cis-3-hydroxyproline and one had trans-3-hydroxyproline. Two larger peptides which contained a high proportion of 4-hydroxyproline residues were also found. Free 4-hydroxyproline, free hydroxylysine and a hydroxylysine complex were found.
3. Of the remaining twenty-six substances, which may not be derived from collagen, alaninol is reported as an urinary constituent for the first time, six are less common but have been reported previously whilst the remaining nineteen are well-known urinary constituents.
4. The significance of these findings in relation to collagen breakdown is discussed.
Unsteady State Measurement of Oxygen Transfer in Patients with Rheumatic Heart Disease
Authors: Auchincloss J. H. , Gilbert R. , Baule G. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Breath-to-breath oxygen uptake at the alveolar capillary membrane has been measured by an improved method during exercise in thirty-two patients with valvular heart disease and twenty-four control subjects. Exercise was of up to 3 min duration on a treadmill usually at 3–4 m.p.h.; the gradient was increased on successive walks up to the breaking point.
2. In the normal subjects the oxygen uptake over the last 0·3 min up to the breaking point (V̇o2 bp) was on average higher than the maximum predicted by the method of Åstrand. In two subjects V̇o2 bp was also higher than that obtained by the conventional method. Thus it is believed to be an approximation of maximal oxygen uptake. In two thirds of the patients the V̇o2 bp was reduced compared with the control subjects.
3. The curves relating oxygen uptake to time for exercise of increasing severity showed poor separation in thirteen of the patients compared with the other subjects studied. This finding is evidence for a defect in oxygen uptake during submaximal exercise in some cardiac patients which is identifiable by physiological means without recourse to clinical data.
Changes in Acid-Base Balance during Peritoneal Dialysis with Fluid Containing Lactate Ions
Authors: Dixon S. R. , McKean W. I. , Pryor J. E. , Irvine R. O. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Twenty-three peritoneal dialyses with fluid containing 45 mEq lactate per litre were carried out on six patients with acute or chronic renal failure. During dialysis arterial blood pH and base excess rose.
2. The lactate ions were rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Blood lactate concentration rose, but in patients with adequate liver function it did not exceed the normal range. One patient with poor hepatic function and renal failure showed abnormally high blood lactate levels after peritoneal dialysis, but metabolic acidosis was still corrected.
3. The concentration of bicarbonate ions in the fluid drained from the peritoneal cavity rose as the dialysis progressed. A significant positive correlation was found between the arterial blood bicarbonate concentration and the bicarbonate concentration in the fluid drained from the peritoneal cavity.
4. If the lactate ions absorbed from the peritoneal cavity had not been metabolized the loss of bicarbonate ions in the fluid drained from the peritoneal cavity would have increased the metabolic acidosis.
An Approach to the Problems of Acid-Base Balance
Authors: Kappagoda C. T. , Linden R. J. , Snow H. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The existing methods for assessing states of acidosis are discussed with particular reference to non-respiratory acidosis. Most of these methods are based either on the Henderson—Hasselbalch equation or on the direct extrapolation of in vitro studies on blood to the whole animal. The evidence available shows that these methods cannot be used to obtain an accurate assessment of disturbances of acid-base balance in the whole animal.
2. The experiments were designed to investigate the acid-base parameters of an animal when a respiratory acidosis was superimposed on a non-respiratory acidosis caused by the infusion of n HCl; from these experiments it was possible to construct CO2 titration curves at various levels of non-respiratory acidosis.
3. A scheme which is based upon the CO2 titration curves, has been proposed for assessing an acute acid-base disturbance in terms of its respiratory and non-respiratory components.
4. The use of sodium bicarbonate to correct a non-respiratory acidosis was investigated, and it was shown that the amount of sodium bicarbonate required varied with the rate of infusion. No firm predictions could be made regarding the dose of bicarbonate required, but from the results of the present experiments an infusion rate of 0·1 mEq kg−1 min−1 is recommended in dogs.
A Method for Measuring Human Skin Elasticity in Vivo with Observations on the Effects of Age, Sex and Pregnancy
Authors: Grahame R. 
Published: August 2015

1. A method is presented for the measurement of the elasticity of human skin in vivo. A simple suction cup device is applied to the intact skin and the distortion produced in response to pre-determined negative pressures recorded. By the use of appropriate formulae stress and strain may be calculated and a stress/strain curve drawn, the gradient of which represents the elastic modulus for intact skin.
2. The test, which is simple to perform and entirely innocuous to the patient, has been shown to achieve acceptable standards of accuracy and reproducibility.
3. In the present study, the physiological variation in skin elasticity that occurs in respect of age, sex and pregnancy is investigated and the implications concerning the physiological changes that occur in skin collagen discussed.
Central Vasomotor Stimulation by Angiotensin
Authors: Ferrario C. M. , Dickinson C. J. , McCubbin J. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. When angiotensin was infused at low rates into the vertebral arteries of anaesthetized dogs, it raised the blood pressure. When infused at similar rates intravenously or into the internal carotid artery it either did not change blood pressure, or raised it only very slightly. The difference in response was highly significant over the range of 1–50 ng kg−1 min−1.
2. During intravenous infusion at higher rates, angiotensin usually produced the well-known reflex bradycardia and fall of cardiac output, but on infusion into the vertebral arteries it rapidly raised systemic arterial pressure, often increased heart rate, and usually produced a transient increase of cardiac output.
3. Angiotensin by both routes raised peripheral resistance, but noradrenaline, by contrast, produced the same response whether it was given into the vertebral arteries or into a vein.
4. These observations suggest that part of the pressor effect of intravenous angiotensin may be mediated by a direct stimulation of some part of the hind brain.
Dynamic Lung Compliance and the Effect of Oxygen Breathing in Patients with Chronic Bronchitis
Authors: Astin T. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Simultaneous measurements of the tidal volume and the intra-oesophageal pressure were made in fifteen hypoxaemic patients with chronic bronchitis during periods of air breathing and 30% oxygen breathing; values of dynamic lung compliance were obtained.
2. During the period of oxygen breathing, the dynamic lung compliance increased in fourteen of the patients (the mean increase was 28%).
3. The increase in dynamic lung compliance could not be accounted for by a change in the frequency of breathing, tidal volume or minute volume.
4. It is concluded that the increase in dynamic lung compliance reflected a reduction in airways resistance during oxygen breathing. It is suggested that this could lead to a change in the physiological dead space in the absence of any change in the overall ventilation of the lungs.