bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aggressive primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas show increased Angiopoietin‐2‐induced angiogenesis
Authors: Teichert Martin , Stumpf Christine , Booken Nina , Wobser Marion , Nashan Dorothee , Hallermann Christian , Mogler Carolin , Müller Cornelia S. L. , Becker Jürgen C. , Moritz Rose K. C. , Andrulis Mindaugas , Nicolay Jan P. , Goerdt Sergij , Thomas Markus , Klemke Claus‐Detlev , Augustin Hellmut G. , Felcht Moritz 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPrimary cutaneous large B‐cell lymphomas, leg type (PCLBCL/LT) are primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma (PCBCL) with an intermediate prognosis. Therefore, antracycline‐based polychemotherapy combined with rituximab has been recommended as first‐line treatment. Yet, despite this regimen, the 5‐year survival rate remains 50–66% only. Angiogenesis, the formation of a vascular network, is essential for the pathogenesis of nodal lymphomas. So far, no study has analysed angiogenesis and its key factors in PCLBCL/LT. The present study was aimed at characterizing angiogenesis in PCLBCL/LT to identify the angiogenic molecules as potential therapeutic targets. The intra‐tumoral microvessel density (MVD) was assessed by immunohistochemical studies of CD20 and CD31. The MVD was higher in PCLBCL/LT compared with indolent PCBCL. Analyses of open‐source microarray data showed correlation between the angiogenic molecule angiopoietin‐2 (Ang‐2) and pan‐endothelial cell markers. ELISA studies determined a shift between Ang‐2 and Ang‐1 towards Ang‐2 in the peripheral blood of PCLBCL/LT patients. Immunofluorescence costainings against the Ang receptor Tie2/angiogenic integrins/CD34 revealed that the vasculature in both aggressive and indolent PCBCL tumors harbours an endothelial cell subpopulation with reduced expression of Tie2. In contrast, the alternative Ang‐2 binding partners, angiogenic integrins, are strongly expressed in PCBCL. In line with these findings, downstream targets of Ang‐2‐integrin signalling, that is phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase at Tyr397, and sprouting angiogenesis are enhanced in PCLBCL/LT. Our data present Ang‐2 as a promising therapeutic target and anti‐angiogenic therapy as a new line in treatment of PCLBCL/LT as a hitherto intractable disease.
Aspects of Vocabulary Knowledge in German Textbooks
Authors: Neary‐Sundquist Colleen A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPrevious research on second language vocabulary acquisition has shown that learning to use a new word is not a simple matter of making a form–meaning connection. Knowing a word instead requires mastery of as many as nine different aspects of vocabulary knowledge (Nation, 2001). The current study uses data from five beginning‐level textbooks of German as a foreign language that are widely used at American universities to examine which of these aspects of vocabulary knowledge are addressed in textbook activities. The results show that activities in lower‐level German textbooks focus overwhelmingly on form–meaning connections and grammatical functions while ignoring other aspects, such as collocations, word parts, and concept and referents. A pedagogical approach that takes the entire classroom ecology into account is suggested.
Stromatolitic knobs in Storr's Lake (San Salvador, Bahamas): a model system for formation and alteration of laminae
Authors: Dupraz C. , Fowler A. , Tobias C. , Visscher P. T. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe initial lamination in young, metabolically active Scytonema knobs developing in Storr's Lake (Bahamas) results from the iterative succession of two different stages of microbial growth at the top of this microbialite. Stage 1 is dominated by vertically oriented cyanobacterial filaments and is characterized by a high porosity of the fabric. Stage 2 shows a higher microbial density with the filaments oriented horizontally and with higher carbonate content. The more developed, dense microbial community associated with Stage 2 of the Scytonema knobs rapidly degrades extracellular organic matter (EOM) and coupled to this, precipitates carbonate. The initial nucleation forms high‐Mg calcite nanospheroids that progressively replace the EOM. No precipitation is observed within the thick sheath of the Scytonema filaments, possibly because of strong cross‐linking of calcium and EOM (forming EOM‐Ca‐EOM complexes), which renders Ca unavailable for carbonate nucleation (inhibition process). Eventually, organominerals precipitate and form an initial lamina through physicochemical and microbial processes, including high rates of photosynthetic activity that lead to 13C‐enriched DIC available for initial nucleation. As this lamina moves downward by the iterative production of new laminae at the top of the microbialite, increased heterotrophic activity further alters the initial mineral product at depth. Although some rare relic preservation of ‘Stage 1–Stage 2’ laminae in subfossil knobs exists, the very fine primary lamination is considerably altered and almost completely lost when the knobs develop into larger and more complex morphologies due to the increased accommodation space and related physicochemical and/or biological alteration. Despite considerable differences in microstructure, the emerging ecological model of community succession leading to laminae formation described here for the Scytonema knobs can be applied to the formation of coarse‐grained, open marine stromatolites. Therefore, both fine‐ and coarse‐grained extant stromatolites can be used as model systems to understand the formation of microbialites in the fossil record.
Multi level ecological fitting: indirect life cycles are not a barrier to host switching and invasion
Authors: Malcicka Miriama , Agosta Salvatore J. , Harvey Jeffrey A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMany invasive species are able to escape from coevolved enemies and thus enjoy a competitive advantage over native species. However, during the invasion phase, non‐native species must overcome many ecological and/or physiological hurdles before they become established and spread in their new habitats. This may explain why most introduced species either fail to establish or remain as rare interstitials in their new ranges. Studies focusing on invasive species have been based on plants or animals where establishment requires the possession of preadapted traits from their native ranges that enables them to establish and spread in their new habitats. The possession of preadapted traits that facilitate the exploitation of novel resources or to colonize novel habitats is known as ‘ecological fitting’. Some species have evolved traits and life histories that reflect highly intimate associations with very specific types of habitats or niches. For these species, their phenological windows are narrow, and thus the ability to colonize non‐native habitats requires that a number of conditions need to be met in accordance with their more specialized life histories. Some of the strongest examples of more complex ecological fitting involve invasive parasites that require different animal hosts to complete their life cycles. For instance, the giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, is a major parasite of several species of ungulates in North America. The species exhibits a life cycle whereby newly hatched larvae must find suitable intermediate hosts (freshwater snails) and mature larvae, definitive hosts (ungulates). Intermediate and definitive host ranges of F. magna in its native range are low in number, yet this parasite has been successfully introduced into Europe where it has become a parasite of native European snails and deer. We discuss how the ability of these parasites to overcome multiple ecophysiological barriers represents an excellent example of ‘multiple‐level ecological fitting’.
On mitigating emissions leakage under biofuel policies
Authors: Rajagopal Deepak 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA reason for much pessimism about the environmental benefits of today's biofuels, essentially corn and sugarcane ethanol, is the so‐called indirect land‐use change (ILUC) emissions associated with expanding biofuel production. While there exist several simulation‐based estimates of indirect emissions, the empirical basis underlying key input parameters to such simulations is not beyond doubt, while empirical verification of indirect emissions is hard. Regardless, regulators have adopted global warming intensity ratings for biofuels based on those simulations and in some case are holding regulated firms accountable for (some forms of) leakage. Suffice to say that both the estimates of and the approach to regulating leakage are controversial. The objective of this study is therefore to review a wider economic in order to identify a broader set of policy options for mitigating emissions leakage. We find that controlling leakage by affixing responsibility to regulated firms lacks support in the broader literature, which emphasizes alternative approaches.
Bird movements at rotor heights measured continuously with vertical radar at a Dutch offshore wind farm
Authors: Fijn Ruben C. , Krijgsveld Karen L. , Poot Martin J. M. , Dirksen Sjoerd 
Published: March 2015

Assessing the impacts of avian collisions with wind turbines requires reliable estimates of avian flight intensities and altitudes, to enable accurate estimation of collision rates, avoidance rates and related effects on populations. At sea, obtaining such estimates visually is limited not only by weather conditions but, more importantly, because a high proportion of birds fly at night and at heights above the range of visual observation. We used vertical radar with automated bird‐tracking software to overcome these limitations and obtain data on the magnitude, timing and altitude of local bird movements and seasonal migration measured continuously at a Dutch offshore wind farm. An estimated 1.6 million radar echoes representing individual birds or flocks were recorded crossing the wind farm annually at altitudes between 25 and 115 m (the rotor‐swept zone). The majority of these fluxes consisted of gull species during the day and migrating passerines at night. We demonstrate daily, monthly and seasonal patterns in fluxes at rotor heights and the influence of wind direction on flight intensity. These data are among the first to show the magnitude and variation of low‐altitude flight activity across the North Sea, and are valuable for assessing the consequences of developments such as offshore wind farms for birds.
The potential for birds to disperse the seeds of Acacia cyclops, an invasive alien plant in South Africa
Authors: Mokotjomela Thabiso M. , Hoffmann John H. , Downs Colleen T. 
Published: March 2015

Rooikrans Acacia cyclops is an aggressive invasive tree that threatens natural resources in South Africa. The seeds of A. cyclops have a prominent aril which attracts birds that ingest the seeds and disperse them endozoochorously. Two biological control agents, a Seed Weevil Melanterius servulus and a Flower‐galling Midge Dasineura dielsi, were released on A. cyclops in 1991 and 2002, respectively. Together these agents have substantially reduced seed production and generally far lower numbers of seeds are now available to birds. A consequence of this transition from historically bounteous quantities of seeds to scanty seed availability is that birds may no longer associate with the trees and seed dispersal may be disproportionately reduced. To assess whether this has happened, seed attrition was measured by comparing the amount of seeds that disappeared from two groups of branches, one available to birds and the other enclosed in bird netting. Other types of granivores (mainly field mice) were excluded from both groups of branches with a plastic funnel placed around the stems. Mature seeds were also harvested and fed to caged bird species to determine gut retention times and germination rates of ingested seeds. Attrition rates of seeds showed that birds continue to remove seeds but that only a proportion of the crop is taken. Only two frugivorous species (Knysna Turaco Tauraco corythaix and Red‐winged Starling Onychognathus morio) and two granivorous species (Red‐eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata and Laughing Dove Streptopelia sengalensis) ingested A. cyclops seeds during feeding trials. Ingestion by birds enhanced seed germination except for those ingested by Laughing Doves. There were no apparent effects of length of gut passage time and avian body size on seed germination rates. Despite the diminished seed resource due to biological control agents, birds continue to disperse A. cyclops seeds.
Clinical use of conditioned media of adipose tissue‐derived stem cells in female pattern hair loss: a retrospective case series study
Authors: Shin Hyoseung , Ryu Hyeong Ho , Kwon Ohsang , Park Byung‐Soon , Jo Seong Jin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundFemale pattern hair loss (FPHL) is a common disorder but presents severe psychosocial problems in many female patients. Adipose tissue‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) and conditioned media of ADSCs (ADSC‐CM) are reported to promote hair growth in vitro. However, there are no clinical reports on the treatment of alopecia using ADSC‐CM.ObjectivesThis study evaluates our clinical experience in the use of ADSC‐CM for the treatment of FPHL.MethodsA retrospective, observational study of outcomes in 27 patients with FPHL treated with ADSC‐CM was performed. To evaluate the efficacy of the treatment, patients’ medical records and phototrichographic images were analyzed.ResultsThe application of ADSC‐CM showed efficacy in treating FPHL after 12 weeks of therapy. Hair density increased from 105.4 to 122.7 hairs/cm2 (P < 0.001). Hair thickness increased from 57.5 μm to 64.0 μm (P < 0.001). None of the patients reported severe adverse reactions.ConclusionsThe application of ADSC‐CM is a potential treatment option for FPHL.
Effects of fermentation by Bifidobacterium bifidum on the rheology and physical properties of ice cream mixes made with cow and vegetable milks
Authors: Aboulfazli Fatemeh , Baba Ahmad Salihin , Misran Misni 
Published: March 2015

SummaryFermented and nonfermented probiotic ice creams were made by incubating Bifidobacterium bifidum (Bb‐12) culture in ice cream mixes with cow, soya, coconut and composite milks (combinations of coconut or cow milks with soya milk). The changes in ice cream‐eating qualities and physical properties (melting rate, apparent viscosity, hysteresis, fat globule size, zeta potential, microscopic structure and freezing behaviour) were evaluated. In general, fermentation decreased the melting rate and total acceptability of ice creams but increased the apparent viscosity, hysteresis, particle size and freezable water. For fermented ice creams containing composite milk, those containing cow milk showed a higher percentage change than those containing coconut milk in respect of hysteresis, particle size and freezable water; however, the apparent viscosity was not affected.
Three‐dimensional parallel frequency‐domain visco‐acoustic wave modelling based on a hybrid direct/iterative solver
Authors: Sourbier Florent , Haidar Azzam , Giraud Luc , Ben‐Hadj‐Ali Hafedh , Operto Stéphane , Virieux Jean 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTWe present a parallel domain decomposition method based on a hybrid direct‐iterative solver for 3D frequency‐domain modelling of visco‐acoustic waves. The method is developed as a modelling engine for frequency‐domain full waveform inversion. Frequency‐domain seismic modelling reduces to the solution of a large and sparse system of linear equations, resulting from the discretization of the heterogeneous Helmholtz equation. Our approach to the high‐performance, scalable solution of large sparse linear systems is to combine direct and iterative methods. Such a hybrid approach exploits the advantages of both direct and iterative methods. The iterative component uses a small amount of memory and provides a natural way for parallelization. The direct part has favourable numerical properties for multiple right‐hand side modelling. The domain decomposition is based upon the algebraic Schur complement method, which allows for the iterative solution of a reduced system, the solution of which is the wavefield at the interfaces between the subdomains. Once the interface unknowns have been computed, the wavefield at the interior of each subdomain is efficiently computed by local substitutions. The reduced Schur complement system is solved with the generalized minimum residual method and is preconditioned by an algebraic additive Schwarz preconditioner. A direct solver is used to factorize local impedance matrices defined on each subdomain. Theoretical analysis shows that the time complexity of the hybrid solver is the same as that of iterative solver and time‐domain approaches for single frequency modelling. Simulations are performed in the SEG/EAGE overthrust and the salt models for frequencies up to 12.5 Hz. The number of iterations increases linearly with the number of subdomains for a given computational domain but the elapsed time of the iterative resolution remains almost constant. The number of iterations also increases linearly with frequencies, when the grid interval is adapted to the frequencies and the size of the subdomains is kept constant over frequency. These results make the cost of the hybrid solver of the same order as that of finite‐difference time‐domain modeling for one‐frequency modelling. Although the hybrid approach allows one to tackle larger problems than the direct‐solver approach, further improvements are needed to mitigate the computational burden of the iterative component in the context of multisource modelling. On the numerical side, the use of block iterative solvers and of incremental two‐level deflating preconditioners and on the parallel implementation side, the use of two levels of parallelism in the domain decomposition method should mitigate this computational burden.
A review of the spectral, pseudo‐spectral, finite‐difference and finite‐element modelling techniques for geophysical imaging
Authors: Virieux Jean , Calandra Henri , Plessix René‐Édouard 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTModelling methods are nowadays at the heart of any geophysical interpretation approach. These are heavily relied upon by imaging techniques in elastodynamics and electromagnetism, where they are crucial for the extraction of subsurface characteristics from ever larger and denser datasets. While high‐frequency or one‐way approximations are very powerful and efficient, they reach their limits when complex geological settings and solutions of full equations are required at finite frequencies. A review of three important formulations is carried out here: the spectral method, which is very efficient and accurate but generally restricted to simple earth structures and often layered earth structures; the pseudo‐spectral, finite‐difference and finite‐volume methods based on strong formulation of the partial differential equations, which are easy to implement and currently represent a good compromise between accuracy, efficiency and flexibility and the continuous or discontinuous Galerkin finite‐element methods that are based on the weak formulation, which lead to more accurate earth representations and therefore to more accurate solutions, although with higher computational costs and more complex use. The choice between these different approaches is still difficult and depends on the applications. Guidelines are given here through discussion of the requirements for imaging/inversion.
Origin of the white shark Carcharodon (Lamniformes: Lamnidae) based on recalibration of the Upper Neogene Pisco Formation of Peru
Authors: EHRET DANA J. , MACFADDEN BRUCE J. , JONES DOUGLAS S. , DEVRIES THOMAS J. , FOSTER DAVID A. , SALAS‐GISMONDI RODOLFO 
Published: March 2015

Abstract:  The taxonomic origin of the white shark, Carcharodon, is a highly debated subject. New fossil evidence presented in this study suggests that the genus is derived from the broad‐toothed ‘mako’, Carcharodon (Cosmopolitodus) hastalis, and includes the new species C. hubbelli sp. nov. – a taxon that demonstrates a transition between C. hastalis and Carcharodon carcharias. Specimens from the Pisco Formation clearly demonstrate an evolutionary mosaic of characters of both recent C. carcharias and fossil C. hastalis. Characters diagnostic to C. carcharias include the presence tooth serrations and a symmetrical first upper anterior tooth that is the largest in the tooth row, while those indicative of C. hastalis include a mesially slanted third anterior (intermediate) tooth. We also provide a recalibration of critical fossil horizons within the Pisco Formation, Peru using zircon U‐Pb dating and strontium‐ratio isotopic analysis. The recalibration of the absolute dates suggests that Carcharodon hubbelli sp. nov. is Late Miocene (6–8 Ma) in age. This research revises and elucidates lamnid shark evolution based on the calibration of the Neogene Pisco Formation.
Sedimentary Features and Their Implications of Microdigital Stromatolites from the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation at the Jixian Section in North China
Authors: MEI Mingxiang , GAO Jinhan , MENG Qingfen , LIU Zhirong 
Published: March 2015

Abstract:The Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation at the Jixian section in Tianjin is a set of more than 3000‐m‐thick stromatolitic carbonate succession. In this succession, several lithofacies units, that is, the subtidal stromatolitic biostrome, the thrombolitic bioherm, tidal‐flat micritic dolomite and lagoon dolomitic shale, make up many meter‐scale cycles of the peritidal carbonate type that have been nominated as the Wumishan cycles. Importantly, many microdigital stromatolites make up the stromatolitic biostrome unit of the Wumishan cycles in the lower part of the Wumishan Formation. These microdigital stromatolites have been grouped as a stromatolitic assemblage by paleontologists, that is, “Pseudogymnosolen mopanyuensis‐Scuphus‐Yangzhuang columnaris” assemblage. These microdigital stromatolites had also been interpreted as the aragonite (tufa) sea‐floor precipitates by sedimentologists, and has further been thought as the special products of the transitional period from the sea‐floor aragonite precipitates of the Archean to the clastic and muddy carbonates of the Neoproterozoic. Although there are some restrictions for the stratigraphic meaning of the concept of the stromatolitic assemblage, detailed studies on classification by paleontologists provide an important clue to understand the sedimentological meaning of the microdigital stromatolites. Furthermore, an important and obvious horizon for the end of the microdigital stromatolites was recorded in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation at the Jixian section, which provides useful information to understand the stromatolite decline occurred at c.1250 Ma and the evolving carbonate world of the Precambrian.