bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Hadley flow in a porous layer with vertical heterogeneity
Authors: Barletta A. , Nield D. A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe onset of thermoconvective instability in a horizontal porous layer with a basic Hadley flow is studied, under the assumption of weak vertical heterogeneity. Hadley flow is a single-cell convective circulation induced by horizontal linear changes of the layer boundary temperatures. When combined with heating from below, these thermal boundary conditions yield a temperature gradient inclined to the vertical, in the basic state. The linear stability of the basic state is studied by considering small-amplitude disturbances of the velocity field and the temperature field. The linearized governing equations for the disturbances are then solved both by Galerkin’s method of weighted residuals and by a combined use of the Runge–Kutta method and the shooting method. The effect of weak heterogeneity of the permeability and the effective thermal conductivity of the porous medium is studied with respect to neutral stability conditions. It is shown that, among the normal mode disturbances, the most unstable are longitudinal rolls, that is, plane waves with a wave vector perpendicular to the imposed horizontal temperature gradient. The effect of heterogeneity becomes important only for high values of the horizontal Rayleigh number, associated with the horizontal temperature gradient, approximately greater than 60. In this regime, the effect of heterogeneity is destabilizing. It is shown that heterogeneity with respect to thermal conductivity is of major importance in the onset of instability.
Geometry and interaction of structures in homogeneous isotropic turbulence
Authors: Leung T. , Swaminathan N. , Davidson P. A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA strategy to extract turbulence structures from direct numerical simulation (DNS) data is described along with a systematic analysis of geometry and spatial distribution of the educed structures. A DNS dataset of decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence at Reynolds number ${\mathit{Re}}_{\lambda } = 141$ is considered. A bandpass filtering procedure is shown to be effective in extracting enstrophy and dissipation structures with their smallest scales matching the filter width, $L$. The geometry of these educed structures is characterized and classified through the use of two non-dimensional quantities, ‘planarity’ and ‘filamentarity’, obtained using the Minkowski functionals. The planarity increases gradually by a small amount as $L$ is decreased, and its narrow variation suggests a nearly circular cross-section for the educed structures. The filamentarity increases significantly as $L$ decreases demonstrating that the educed structures become progressively more tubular. An analysis of the preferential alignment between the filtered strain and vorticity fields reveals that vortical structures of a given scale $L$ are most likely to align with the largest extensional strain at a scale 3–5 times larger than $L$. This is consistent with the classical energy cascade picture, in which vortices of a given scale are stretched by and absorb energy from structures of a somewhat larger scale. The spatial distribution of the educed structures shows that the enstrophy structures at the $5\eta $ scale (where $\eta $ is the Kolmogorov scale) are more concentrated near the ones that are 3–5 times larger, which gives further support to the classical picture. Finally, it is shown by analysing the volume fraction of the educed enstrophy structures that there is a tendency for them to cluster around a larger structure or clusters of larger structures.
The League of Nations and the Moral Recruitment of Women
Authors: Rodríguez García Magaly 
Published: August 2012

SummaryThis article analyses the debate on trafficking and policies to combat the recruitment of persons for commercial sex within the Advisory Committee on the Traffic in Women and Children of the League of Nations. Its main argument is that the Committee's governmental and non-governmental representatives engaged in what might be called a “moral recruitment of women”. This form of recruitment had a double purpose: to protect females from prostitution through the provision of “good employment”, and to repress intermediaries of prostitution by means of criminalization. Three elements of the Committee's internal debates and concrete actions will receive special attention. Firstly, the ideological framework (feminism, social purity, humanitarianism, abolitionism, regulationism, and/or class); secondly, the gender dynamics (differences of opinion between the Committee's male and female representatives); and thirdly the degree of gendering (construction or reinforcement of gender roles and relations).
Extending Death Benefits to Cohabitants under Section 37C of the South African Pension Funds Act: Hlathi v University of Fort Hare Retirement Fund
Authors: Dyani Ntombizozuko 
Published: August 2012

AbstractCohabitation is left largely unregulated in South Africa, which means that many cohabitants are left destitute or financially worse off when their cohabiting partners die. The Pension Funds Act 24 of 1956, in particular section 37C, is one of the few pieces of legislation that afford legal protection to cohabitants who are left financially worse off due to the death of their partners. However, three previous pension funds adjudicators gave different views as to how to interpret this provision. This note seeks to compare three decisions by three different adjudicators and concludes that the latest decision in Hlathi is the most preferred, because it interprets section 37C progressively, taking into account the spirit, purport and objects of the Bill of Rights.
Creating an Independent Traditional Court: A Study of Jopadhola Clan Courts in Uganda
Authors: Owor Maureen 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis article examines the contribution of clans (kinship institutions) to the administration of justice within the context of standards set out in the African regional human rights instruments. Field work on the Jopadhola of Eastern Uganda is drawn upon, to explore how clans reproduce their notion of an independent court using an abridged legal doctrine of separation of powers, and partially mimicking lower level government and judicial features. The field work also shows how clans accommodate interests of women and youth. Even so, clans retain a largely customary approach to the appointment, qualifications and tenure of court officials. The main findings lead to the conclusion that, by applying an “African” notion of human rights, clans have created traditional constructs of an independent court: one that is culturally appropriate for their indigenous communities.
Posterior pharyngeal wall squamous cell carcinoma arising in a patient with dyskeratosis congenita
Authors: Qureishi A , Lamyman A , Silva P , Cox G 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectives:Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare, inherited bone marrow failure syndrome characterised by telomerase dysfunction. This study aimed to demonstrate the importance of recognising that this condition predisposes individuals to head and neck malignancy, and also to discuss the challenges of treatment in such individuals.Case report:We present the case of a 30-year-old man with dyskeratosis congenita, who presented with a squamous cell carcinoma of the posterior pharyngeal wall. The patient was treated successfully with surgical resection.Conclusion:Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare condition; however, it is vital to recognise the increased risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancers in these patients. Management of such cancers can be particularly difficult in view of the need to avoid DNA-damaging therapies such as radiotherapy.
Cochlear implantation in a patient with severe cochlear hypoplasia
Authors: Feng Y M , Wu Y Q , Wang J , Yin S K 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjective:We report the case of a successful cochlear implantation in a patient with severe cochlear hypoplasia.Case report:The outcome of cochlear implantation is generally less favourable for patients with cochlear hypoplasia than for those with a normal cochlear structure. In the reported patient, part of the electrode array was inserted into the internal auditory canal. Nevertheless, the benefits following cochlear implantation seemed to outweigh the risks for this patient.Conclusion:Cochlear hypoplasia is not necessarily a contraindication for cochlear implantation.
Hairy polyp of the oropharynx in association with a first branchial arch sinus
Authors: Vaughan C , Prowse S J , Knight L C 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectives:Hairy polyps are rare, congenital malformations of the oropharynx and nasopharynx. To date, approximately 145 cases have been reported. However, the histogenesis of these lesions remains unclear.Case report:We report the case of a 2-day-old neonate presenting with a hairy polyp attached to the left palate, who re-presented aged 16 months with a discharging first branchial arch sinus.Conclusion:We propose this case as supporting evidence for the theory that hairy polyps are a malformation of the first branchial arch system.
Acquired nasopharyngeal stenosis in a patient with sarcoidosis
Authors: Brodsky J R , Tatum S A , Kelley R T 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIntroduction:Acquired nasopharyngeal stenosis typically occurs as a result of surgery or irradiation of the nasopharynx. Sarcoidosis has numerous manifestations in the head and neck region, although an association with nasopharyngeal stenosis has not previously been reported.Case report:A 40-year-old man with sarcoidosis developed severe acquired nasopharyngeal stenosis. This was successfully managed with balloon dilatation, followed by pharyngoplasty with local pharyngeal flap reconstruction.Conclusion:This report is intended to prompt consideration of nasopharyngeal stenosis as a potential cause of nasal obstruction in patients with sarcoidosis, and to draw attention to the need to consider sarcoidosis in the differential diagnosis of patients with acquired nasopharyngeal stenosis. We also demonstrate the viability of pharyngoplasty in the management of nasopharyngeal stenosis in the setting of sarcoidosis.
Integrative molecular phylogeography in the context of infectious diseases on the human-animal interface
Authors: GRAY REBECCA R. , SALEMI MARCO 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYThe rate of new emerging infectious diseases entering the human population has increased over the past century, with pathogens originating from animals or from products of animal origin accounting for the vast majority. Primary risk factors for the emergence and spread of emerging zoonoses include expansion and intensification of animal agriculture and long-distance live animal transport, live animal markets, bushmeat consumption and habitat destruction. Developing effective control strategies is contingent upon the ability to test causative hypotheses of disease transmission within a statistical framework. Broadly speaking, molecular phylogeography offers a framework in which specific hypotheses regarding pathogen gene flow and dispersal within an ecological context can be compared. A number of different methods has been developed for this application. Here, our intent is firstly to discuss the application of a wide variety of statistically based methods (including Bayesian reconstruction, network parsimony analysis and regression) to specific viruses (influenza, salmon anaemia virus, foot and mouth disease and Rift Valley Fever) that have been associated with animal farming/movements; and secondly to place them in the larger framework of the threat of potential zoonotic events as well as the economic and biosecurity implications of pathogen outbreaks among our animal food sources.
Cellular and biochemical characterization of two closely related triosephosphate isomerases fromTrichomonas vaginalis
Authors: FIGUEROA-ANGULO ELISA E. , ESTRELLA-HERNÁNDEZ PRISCILA , SALGADO-LUGO HOLJES , OCHOA-LEYVA ADRIÁN , GÓMEZ PUYOU ARMANDO , CAMPOS SILVIA S. , MONTERO-MORAN GABRIELA , ORTEGA-LÓPEZ JAIME , SAAB-RINCÓN GLORIA , ARROYO ROSSANA , BENÍTEZ-CARDOZA CLAUDIA G. , BRIEBA LUIS G. 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYThe glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase catalyses the isomerization between glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Here we report thatTrichomonas vaginaliscontains 2 fully functionaltpigenes. Both genes are located in separated chromosomal context with different promoter regulatory elements and encode ORFs of 254 amino acids; the only differences between them are the character of 4 amino acids located inα-helices 1, 2 and 8. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR assays showed thattpi2transcript is approximately 3·3-fold more abundant thantpi1. Using an anti-TvTIM2 polyclonal antibody it was demonstrated that TIM proteins have a cytoplasmic localization and both enzymes are able to complement anEscherichia colistrain carrying a deletion of its endogenoustpigene. Both TIM proteins assemble as dimers and their secondary structure assessment is essentially identical to TIM fromSaccharomyces cerevisiae. The kinetic catalytic constants of the recombinant enzymes using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate as substrate are similar to the catalytic constants of TIMs from other organisms including parasitic protozoa. AsT. vaginalisdepends on glycolysis for ATP production, we speculate 2 possible reasons to maintain a duplicatedtpicopy on its genome: an increase in gene dosage or an early event of neofunctionalization of TIM as a moonlighting protein.
Parasite burden and the insect immune response: interpopulation comparison
Authors: KAUNISTO KARI M. , SUHONEN JUKKA 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYThe immune response affects host's survival and reproductive success. Insurmountable immune function has not evolved because it is costly and there is a trade-off between other life-history traits. In previous studies several factors such as diet and temperature have been proposed to cause interpopulation differences in immune response. Moreover, the insect immune system may be functionally more protective upon secondary exposure, thus infection history may associate with the immune response. Here we measured how geographical location and parasite burden is related to variation in immune response between populations. We included 13 populations of the Northern DamselflyCoenagrion hastulatum(Odonata: Coenagrionidae) in Finland over a latitudinal range of 880 km to this study. We found that water mites associated strongly with the immune response at interpopulation level: the more the mites, the higher the immune response. Also, in an alternative model based on AIC, latitude and individual size associated with the immune response. In turn, endoparasitic gregarines did not affect the immune response. To conclude, a positive interpopulation association between the immune response and the rate of water mite infection may indicate (i) local adaptation to chronic parasite stress, (ii) effective ‘induced’ immune response against parasites, or (iii) a combined effect of both of these.
Does Widespread Lack Undermine the Socially Perceived Necessities Approach to Defining Poverty? Evidence from South Africa
Authors: WRIGHT GEMMA , NOBLE MICHAEL 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe socially perceived necessities or ‘consensual’ approach to defining and measuring poverty is based on an assumption that it is possible to obtain a collective view from society on the necessities for an acceptable standard of living. The enforced lack of the necessities due – typically – to lack of resources can be regarded as poverty. The validity of the approach has been questioned on a number of grounds including the argument that people's socio-economic circumstances may influence what they define as a necessity. Widespread lack of material possessions and access to services could result in these items being regarded as ‘less necessary’, which in turn could artificially deflate the definition of poverty using this approach. Informed by the adaptive preferences literature and drawing on a nationally representative South African Socially Attitudes Survey this paper explores whether there is evidence in South Africa of an association between people's patterns of possession and their definition of items as essential. Notwithstanding the fact that possession of an item is strongly associated with people's preferences, the evidence on balance suggests that widespread lack does not undermine the validity of the approach.
Can evolution provide perfectly optimal solutions for a universal model of reading?
Authors: Behme Christina 
Published: August 2012

AbstractFrost has given us good reason to question the universality of existing computational models of reading. Yet, he has not provided arguments showing that all languages share fundamental and invariant reading universals. His goal of outlining the blueprint principles for a universal model of reading is premature. Further, it is questionable whether natural evolution can provide the optimal solutions that Frost invokes.
The study of orthographic processing has broadened research in visual word recognition
Authors: Whitney Carol 
Published: August 2012

AbstractInterest in orthographic processing reflects an expansion, not constriction, of the scope of research in visual word recognition (VWR). Transposition effects are merely one aspect of investigations into orthographic encoding, while open bigrams can accommodate differences across languages. The target article's inaccurate characterization of the study of orthographic processing is not conducive to the advancement of VWR research.
An even more universal model of reading: Various effects of orthography on dyslexias
Authors: Friedmann Naama , Gvion Aviah 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe properties of a specific orthography dictate the way people read it. We bring considerations from dyslexia to suggest that the claim can be extended further. First, the effect of orthographic neighborhood density can be extended beyond letter-position encoding and beyond the orthographic lexicon. Second, Hebrew and Arabic differ with respect to letter forms, and hence, in letter-position encoding.
Flexible letter-position coding is unlikely to hold for morphologically rich languages
Authors: Hyönä Jukka , Bertram Raymond 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe agree with Frost that flexible letter-position coding is unlikely to be a universal property of word recognition across different orthographies. We argue that it is particularly unlikely in morphologically rich languages like Finnish. We also argue that dual-route models are not overly flexible and that they are well equipped to adapt to the linguistic environment at hand.
Orthographic consistency and parafoveal preview benefit: A resource-sharing account of language differences in processing of phonological and semantic codes
Authors: Laubrock Jochen , Hohenstein Sven 
Published: August 2012

AbstractParafoveal preview benefit (PB) is an implicit measure of lexical activation in reading. PB has been demonstrated for orthographic and phonological but not for semantically related information in English. In contrast, semantic PB is obtained in German and Chinese. We propose that these language differences reveal differential resource demands and timing of phonological and semantic decoding in different orthographic systems.
Visual perceptual limitations on letter position uncertainty in reading
Authors: Martelli Marialuisa , Burani Cristina , Zoccolotti Pierluigi 
Published: August 2012

AbstractFrost presents an explanatory theory of reading that generalizes across several languages, based on a revised role of orthographic coding. Perceptual and psychophysical evidence indicates a decay of letter position encoding as a function of the eccentricity of letters (crowding); this factor may account for some of the differences in the languages considered by Frost.
Thru but not wisht: Language, writing, and universal reading theory
Authors: Perfetti Charles 
Published: August 2012

AbstractLanguages may get the writing system they deserve or merely a writing system they can live with – adaption without optimization. A universal theory of reading reflects the general dependence of writing on language and the adaptations required by the demands of specific languages and their written forms. The theory also can be informed by research that addresses a specific language and orthography, gaining universality through demonstrating adaptations to language and writing input.
Phono-morpho-orthographic construal: The view from spelling
Authors: Ravid Dorit 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA spelling model which has evolved in the parallel universe of spelling research resonates with Frost's reading model. Like reading, spelling cannot be based solely on phonology or orthography, but should accommodate all linguistic facets. The cognitive domain of spelling does not take place at the level of single grapheme or phoneme or syllable, but rather, at the lexical level.
Does a focus on universals represent a new trend in word recognition?
Authors: Feldman Laurie Beth , Moscoso del Prado Martín Fermín 
Published: August 2012

AbstractComparisons across languages have long been a means to investigate universal properties of the cognitive system. Although differences between languages may be salient, it is the underlying similarities that have advanced our understanding of language processing. Frost is not unique in emphasizing that the interaction among linguistic codes reinforces the inadequacy of constructing a model of word recognition where orthographic processes operate in isolation.
The case of the neglected alphasyllabary: Orthographic processing in Devanagari
Authors: Rao Chaitra , Soni Shweta , Chatterjee Singh Nandini 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe applaud Ram Frost for highlighting the need for multicultural perspectives while developing universal models of visual word recognition. We second Frost's proposal that factors like lexical morphology should be incorporated besides purely orthographic features in modeling word recognition. In support, we provide fresh evidence from Hindi (written in Devanagari), an example of hitherto under-represented alphasyllabic orthographies, in which flexible encoding of akṣara (character) position is constrained by the morphological structure of words.
Ants accelerate litter decomposition in a Costa Rican lowland tropical rain forest
Authors: McGlynn Terrence P. , Poirson Evan K. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:The decomposition of leaf litter is governed, in part, by litter invertebrates. In tropical rain forests, ants are dominant predators in the leaf litter and may alter litter decomposition through the action of a top-down control of food web structure. The role of ants in litter decomposition was investigated in a Costa Rican lowland rain forest with two experiments. In a mesocosm experiment, we manipulated ant presence in 50 ambient leaf-litter mesocosms. In a litterbag gradient experiment,Cecropia obtusifolialitter was used to measure decomposition rate constants across gradients in nutrients, ant density and richness, with 27 separate litterbag treatments for total arthropod exclusion or partial arthropod exclusion. After 2 mo, mass loss in mesocosms containing ants was 30.9%, significantly greater than the 23.5% mass loss in mesocosms without ants. In the litter bags with all arthropods excluded, decomposition was best accounted by the carbon: phosphorus content of soil (r2= 0.41). In litter bags permitting smaller arthropods but excluding ants, decomposition was best explained by the local biomass of ants in the vicinity of the litter bags (r2= 0.50). Once the microarthropod prey of ants are permitted to enter litterbags, the biomass of ants near the litterbags overtakes soil chemistry as the regulator of decomposition. In concert, these results support a working hypothesis that litter-dwelling ants are responsible for accelerating litter decomposition in lowland tropical rain forests.