bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview of: “Assessing the Extent and Sources of NCAA Rule Infractions: A National Self‐Report Study of Student‐Athletes”
Authors: Cullen Francis T. , Latessa Edward J. , Jonson Cheryl Lero 
Published: November 2012

Research SummaryAlthough the popular and academic media often proclaim that rule violations are widespread in college athletics, research assessing the true prevalence and causes of such infractions is in short supply. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a national survey that asked a random sample of male student‐athletes at Division I basketball and football programs about such infractions (n = 648). The results revealed that although six in ten student‐athletes did not commit any infractions in the recruitment process, seven in ten respondents reported breaking NCAA rules while in college. Most violations, however, were relatively minor and involved amenities that would enhance the student‐athletes’ quality of life (free meals, cash payments less than $20). In contrast, serious violations—such as free cars, substantial financial allocations, and academic fraud—were rare, although they did exist. The multivariate analysis revealed that infractions were higher among student‐athletes who were highly recruited; who associated with fellow athletes that transgressed NCAA rules or saw nothing inappropriate about breaking these regulations; who personally embraced values defining rule violations as acceptable; who did not have close relationships with their parents; and, in particular, who had a general propensity to be involved in deviant behavior. In contrast, infractions were statistically unrelated to a variety of factors, including most notably economic deprivation, organizational context, and threats of sanctions. A potentially disquieting finding is that a quarter of the respondents admitted to gambling on sporting events, with a small percentage reporting placing bets on games in which they played and three respondents stating that they had “received money from a gambler for not playing well.”Policy ImplicationsThe findings suggest that NCAA infractions have diverse causes and are likely to be an ongoing reality of major college athletics. Such infractions are unlikely to be diminished either by proposals to compensate student‐athletes financially or by efforts to punish them more harshly. Instead, a more profitable approach would be to establish programs that (1) intervene with student‐athletes at risk for misconduct and (2) that seek to transform “deviant learning environments” that encourage rule infractions by using positive and innovative means to persuade student‐athletes that NCAA rules are legitimate and should be followed.
The Art of Listening: Perceiving Pulse in Eighteenth‐Century France
Authors: SYKES INGRID J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis article examines the importance of sound in medical and musical circles of the French Enlightenment. Sound and listening in medicine were highlighted in 1756 by the Montpellier doctor Théophile de Bordeu, in his work on pulse. Pulse recognition, according to Bordeu, depended not only on the tactile abilities of the doctor but also on his skills in auditory perception. Doctors were required to memorise various acoustical patterns, then match them to the ‘live’ pulse pattern of the patient perceived during observation. The Enlightened medical physician, like the musician, relied on his ear to communicate knowledge and understanding.
Seipin regulates excitatory synaptic transmission in cortical neurons
Authors: Wei Shunhui , Soh Stephanie Li‐Ying , Qiu Wenjie , Yang Wulin , Seah Cheyenne Jia‐Yan , Guo Jing , Ong Wei‐Yi , Pang Zhiping P. , Han Weiping 
Published: November 2012

AbstractHeterozygosity for missense mutations in Seipin, namely N88S and S90L, leads to a broad spectrum of motor neuropathy, while a number of loss‐of‐function mutations in Seipin are associated with the Berardinelli–Seip congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2 (CGL2, BSCL2), a condition that is characterized by severe lipoatrophy, insulin resistance, and intellectual impairment. The mechanisms by which Seipin mutations lead to motor neuropathy, lipodystrophy, and insulin resistance, and the role Seipin plays in central nervous system (CNS) remain unknown. The goal of this study is to understand the functions of Seipin in the CNS using a loss‐of‐function approach, i.e. by knockdown (KD) of Seipin gene expression. Excitatory post‐synaptic currents (EPSCs) were impaired in Seipin‐KD neurons, while the inhibitory post‐synaptic currents (IPSCs) remained unaffected. Expression of a shRNA‐resistant human Seipin rescued the impairment of EPSC produced by Seipin KD. Furthermore, α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)‐induced whole‐cell currents were significantly reduced in Seipin KD neurons, which could be rescued by expression of a shRNA‐resistant human Seipin. Fluorescent imaging and biochemical studies revealed reduced level of surface AMPA receptors, while no obvious ultrastructural changes in the pre‐synapse were found. These data suggest that Seipin regulates excitatory synaptic function through a post‐synaptic mechanism.
Differential association of postsynaptic signaling protein complexes in striatum and hippocampus
Authors: Baucum Anthony J. , Brown Abigail M. , Colbran Roger J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDistinct physiological stimuli are required for bidirectional synaptic plasticity in striatum and hippocampus, but differences in the underlying signaling mechanisms are poorly understood. We have begun to compare levels and interactions of key excitatory synaptic proteins in whole extracts and subcellular fractions isolated from micro‐dissected striatum and hippocampus. Levels of multiple glutamate receptor subunits, calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), a highly abundant serine/threonine kinase, and spinophilin, a F‐actin and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) binding protein, were significantly lower in striatal extracts, as well as in synaptic and/or extrasynaptic fractions, compared with similar hippocampal extracts/fractions. However, CaMKII interactions with spinophilin were more robust in striatum compared with hippocampus, and this enhanced association was restricted to the extrasynaptic fraction. NMDAR GluN2B subunits associate with both spinophilin and CaMKII, but spinophilin‐GluN2B complexes were enriched in extrasynaptic fractions whereas CaMKII‐GluN2B complexes were enriched in synaptic fractions. Notably, the association of GluN2B with both CaMKII and spinophilin was more robust in striatal extrasynaptic fractions compared with hippocampal extrasynaptic fractions. Selective differences in the assembly of synaptic and extrasynaptic signaling complexes may contribute to differential physiological regulation of excitatory transmission in striatum and hippocampus.
In vitro activity of colistin as single agent and in combination with antifungals against filamentous fungi occurring in patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Schemuth H. , Dittmer S. , Lackner M. , Sedlacek L. , Hamprecht A. , Steinmann E. , Buer J. , Rath P.‐M. , Steinmann J. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryBecause published reports indicate that the antibiotic colistin (COL) has antifungal properties, this study investigated the antifungal in vitro activity of COL as single agent and in combination with the antifungal compounds voriconazole (VRC), caspofungin (CAS) and amphotericin B (AMB) against Scedosporium/Pseudallescheria spp., Exophiala dermatitidis and Geosmithia argillacea. In total, susceptibility was determined for 77 Scedosporium/Pseudallescheria spp., 82 E. dermatitidis and 17 G. argillacea isolates. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of COL and the antifungals as single compound and in combination were determined with MIC test strips. Drug interactions were detected by crossing the MIC test strips at a 90º angle. The fractional inhibitory concentration index was used to categorise the drugs’ interaction. The MIC50 value of COL was 12 μg ml−1 for S. prolificans, 16 μg ml−1 for P. apiosperma, 16 μg ml−1 for P. boydii, 12 μg ml−1 for E. dermatiditis and 6 μg ml−1 for G. argillacea. VRC was the most active drug in combination without any antagonism with the exception of few P. boydii isolates. COL as single agent and in most combinations with antifungals exhibits in vitro antifungal activity against filamentous ascomycetes occurring in cystic fibrosis patients and may offer a novel therapeutic option, especially for multidrug‐resistant S. prolificans.
Reduced Plasmodium berghei sporozoite liver load associates with low protective efficacy after intradermal immunization
Authors: NGANOU‐MAKAMDOP K. , PLOEMEN I. , BEHET M. , VAN GEMERT G.‐J. , HERMSEN C. , ROESTENBERG M. , SAUERWEIN R. W. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryStudies in animal models suggest that protection against malaria induced by intradermal (ID) administration of sporozoites is less effective compared to intravenous injection (IV). We investigated in a murine model the protective efficacy and immune responses after ID or IV immunization of sporozoites. Mice were immunized via either IV or ID route with Plasmodium berghei sporozoites in combination with chloroquine treatment (CPS) (allowing full liver stage development) or by γ‐radiation‐attenuated sporozoites (RAS) (early liver stage arrest). While IV immunization with both RAS and CPS generated 90–100% protection, ID immunization resulted in reduced levels of protection with either immunization strategy in both Balb/cByJ (50%) and C57BL/6j mice (7–13%). Lower protection by ID routing associated with a 30‐fold lower parasite liver load [P < 0.001 (χ2 = 49.08, d.f. = 1)] assessed by real‐time in vivo imaging of bioluminescent P. berghei parasites. Unlike IV, ID immunization did not result in expansion of CD8+ T cells with effector memory phenotype and showed lower IFNγ responses irrespective of the immunization regime. In conclusion, protection against sporozoite infection is likely dependent on parasite liver infection and subsequently generated cellular immune responses.
Fast real‐time detection of Potato spindle tuber viroid by RT‐LAMP
Authors: Lenarčič R. , Morisset D. , Mehle N. , Ravnikar M. 
Published: November 2012

This paper reports the development of a single tube, real‐time, reverse transcription loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (RT‐LAMP) assay for detecting Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), one of the quarantine pathogens of potato in Europe and North America. The method enables detection of a broad range of PSTVd isolates, and is about 10 times more sensitive than the conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay. Its benefits are not only its speed (15–25 min to obtain results) and cost effectiveness (resulting from time saved as well as cheaper consumables), but also its demonstrated ability to be performed in the field, using portable instruments.
Cleavage of Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 by Enterovirus 71 3C Suppresses Cellular Responses
Authors: Lei Xiaobo , Xiao Xia , Xue Qinghua , Jin Qi , He Bin , Wang Jianwei 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a positive-stranded RNA virus which is capable of inhibiting innate immunity. Among virus-encoded proteins, the 3C protein compromises the type I interferon (IFN-I) response mediated by retinoid acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) or Toll-like receptor 3 that activates interferon regulatory 3 (IRF3) and IRF7. In the present study, we report that enterovirus 71 downregulates IRF7 through the 3C protein, which inhibits the function of IRF7. When expressed in mammalian cells, the 3C protein mediates cleavage of IRF7 rather than that of IRF3. This process is insensitive to inhibitors of caspase, proteasome, lysosome, and autophagy. H40D substitution in the 3C active site abolishes its activity, whereas R84Q or V154S substitution in the RNA binding motif has no effect. Furthermore, 3C-mediated cleavage occurs at the Q189-S190 junction within the constitutive activation domain of IRF7, resulting in two cleaved IRF7 fragments that are incapable of activating IFN expression. Ectopic expression of wild-type IRF7 limits EV71 replication. On the other hand, expression of the amino-terminal domain of IRF7 enhances EV71 infection, which correlates with its ability to interact with and inhibit IRF3. These results suggest that control of IRF7 by the 3C protein may represent a viral mechanism to escape cellular responses.
An analysis of the content and clinical implications of online advertisements for female genital cosmetic surgery
Authors: Liao Lih-Mei , Taghinejadi Neda , Creighton Sarah M 
Published: November 2012

ObjectivesWomen who are contemplating any form of female genital cosmetic surgery (FGCS) are likely to seek information from provider websites. The aim of this study is to examine the breadth, depth and quality of clinical information communicated to women on 10 popular sites and to discuss the implications of the results.MethodsThe content of online advertisement from 10 private providers that offer FGCS procedures was examined according to 16 information categories relating to indications for surgery, types of procedure, risks and benefits.ResultsFGCS procedures were presented on all of the provider websites as an effective treatment for genital appearance concerns. No explanation for presenting clinical complaints was found. There was scanty reference to appearance diversity. Only minimal scientific information on outcomes or risks could be identified. There was no mention of potential alternative ways for managing appearance concerns or body dissatisfaction.ConclusionsThe quality and quantity of clinical information in FGCS provider sites is poor, with erroneous information in some instances. Impeccable professionalism and ethical integrity is crucial for this controversial practice. Clear and detailed guidelines on how to raise the standard of information to women on all aspects of FGCS are urgently needed.
The measurement of burden of care in serious mental illness: A qualitative review
Authors: Vella Shae-Leigh , Pai Nagesh 
Published: November 2012

Objective: Caring for someone with serious mental illness such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder can result in considerable consequences for the caregiver. Carers often experience a range of negative emotions, impacts upon their physical and mental health, as well as financial strain. Resultant from these impacts, carers utilise medical services at a higher rate than their non-caregiving counterparts. Further, these consequences of caregiving can also impact upon the patient, resulting in an increase in psychopathology and relapse. Although the notion of burden has been studied for approximately 60 years, many flaws and inadequacies remain; most notably, a lack of agreement on the definition of the construct along with the poor psychometric properties of the burden assessment instruments. Method: This article reviews and evaluates the measures of burden of care that have been utilised with carers of people with a serious mental illness. A systematic search was conducted and all articles that had measured burden of care in schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in the database PUBMED were reviewed to ascertain the measure utilised. Results: Ten different measures were subsequently identified and eight were reviewed; two were excluded on the basis that they had only been utilised once. Conclusions: It was apparent that many of the measures lacked a strong theoretical basis and sound psychometric properties. Further, some of the measures lacked utility, feasibility and specificity. The article concludes with recommendations for future research.
Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson Disease
Authors: Leroi Iracema , McDonald Kathryn , Pantula Hiranmayi , Harbishettar Vijay 
Published: November 2012

Aim: To compare quality of life, level of disability, and caregiver burden in 3 groups of people with Parkinson disease (PD): those with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI), those with dementia (PDD), and those with no cognitive impairment (PD-NC). Background: Although the cognitive profile of those with PD-MCI and PDD has been well described, little is known about the personal and clinical impact of cognitive impairment and its impact on caregivers. Method: Quality of life and disability were measured in 3 groups of participants with PD (PD-NC, n = 54; PD-MCI, n = 48; and PDD, n = 25). The PD-MCI group was classified using Movement Disorder Society Task Force consensus criteria. Caregivers (n = 102) in the 3 groups were assessed using the Zarit Burden Inventory. Results: Both quality of life and caregiver burden were similar in the 2 groups without dementia but were significantly different in those with PDD. In contrast, global disability was progressively greater as cognition declined across the 3 PD groups: PD-NC < PD-MCI < PDD and on the Activities of Daily Living scale a step up in impairment was seen with the presence of any cognitive impairment. Conclusions: The presence of dementia significantly increases caregiver burden and decreases quality of life. However, even mild levels of cognitive impairment increase disability and overall functional impairment progresses in tandem with cognitive decline.
Comparing clinicians’ use of an anticoagulation management service and usual care in ambulatory oncology
Authors: Weingart Saul N , Cleary Angela , Scullion Bridget , Morway Laurinda , Phantumvanit Victor , Stuver Sherri O , Shulman Lawrence N , Connors Jean M 
Published: November 2012

Purpose: There is no consensus in the oncology community about the optimal model for anticoagulation management of ambulatory cancer patients. To understand oncologists’ preferences regarding anticoagulation management, we compared the characteristics of patients referred to an oncology-oriented anticoagulation management service with “usual care” patients managed by the patient’s primary oncologist. Methods: We performed a retrospective medical record review of ambulatory oncology patients’ anticoagulation care at a comprehensive cancer center. We examined the characteristics of 33 patients anticoagulated before implementation of a dedicated oncology anticoagulation management service. We compared this group with 33 patients managed by the anticoagulation management service and with 39 usual care patients managed by the primary oncologist after the anticoagulation management service was created. We also examined differences in laboratory test utilization, time in the therapeutic range (for patients anticoagulated with warfarin), and anticoagulation-related adverse events during a 3-month assessment period. Results: Anticoagulation management service patients were more likely to be treated for hematologic malignancies, use erythropoietin stimulating agents, and require warfarin management for previous venous thromboembolic disease compared to usual care patients. In contrast, oncologists were more likely to manage anticoagulation care of patients with advanced solid tumors undergoing active chemotherapy. Anticoagulation management service and usual care patients on warfarin therapy had comparable time in the therapeutic range and complication rates. Conclusion: Oncologists selectively referred patients to the anticoagulation management service. Anticoagulation management service patients’ warfarin control and complication rates were comparable to care provided by the primary oncologist, suggesting that an oncology-specific anticoagulation management service may be a feasible and effective option for anticoagulation management of ambulatory oncology patients.
Meta-analysis of clinical trial safety data in a drug development program: Answers to frequently asked questions
Authors: Berlin Jesse A , Crowe Brenda J , Whalen Edward , Xia H Amy , Koro Carol E , Kuebler Juergen 
Published: November 2012

Background Meta-analyses of clinical trial safety data have risen in importance beyond regulatory submissions. During drug development, sponsors need to recognize safety signals early and adjust the development program accordingly, so as to facilitate the assessment of causality. Once a product is marketed, sponsors add postapproval clinical trial data to the body of information to help understand existing safety concerns or those that arise from other postapproval data sources, such as spontaneous reports. Purpose This article focuses on common questions encountered when designing and performing a meta-analysis of clinical trial safety data. Although far from an exhaustive set of questions, they touch on some basic and often misunderstood features of conducting such meta-analyses. Methods The authors reviewed the current literature and used their combined experience with regulatory and other uses of meta-analysis to answer common questions that arise when performing meta-analyses of safety data. Results We addressed the following topics: choice of studies to pool, effects of the method of ascertainment, use of patient-level data compared to trial-level data, the need (or not) for multiplicity adjustments, heterogeneity of effects and sources of it, and choice of fixed effects versus random effects. Limitations The list of topics is not exhaustive and the opinions offered represent only our perspective; we recognize that there may be other valid perspectives. Conclusions Meta-analysis can be a valuable tool for evaluating safety questions, but a number of methodological choices need to be made in designing and conducting any meta-analysis. This article provides advice on some of the more commonly encountered choices.
Evaluation of an alcohol intervention training program for nurses in rural Australia
Authors: Mellor David , McCabe Marita , Ricciardelli Lina A , Brumby Susan , Head Alexandra , Mercer-Grant Catherine , Kennedy Alison 
Published: November 2012

Aim This paper reports on the development, implementation and evaluation of the Alcohol Intervention Training Program (AITP) designed to enhance nurses’ capacity to work with farming men and women who misuse alcohol. Background In rural and regional areas where alcohol-related behaviours and problems are relatively elevated, nurses may be the key health professionals dealing with individuals who misuse alcohol. However, they are often ill-equipped to do this, have low confidence in their ability to do so, and perceive numerous barriers. Training is required for these nurses. Methods We developed the AITP to enhance nurses’ capacity to work with people with alcohol-related problems. The data were collected during 2010. An intervention group of 15 rural nurses completed the AITP. Nurses’ perceived barriers, attitudes, and perceived performance in working with clients with alcohol problems, and the frequency of engaging with this client group were evaluated. Scores on these measures were compared to those of a control group of 17 nurses’ pre-treatment, post-treatment and at 3-month follow-up. Results Participation in the AITP resulted in initial improvements in attitudes to working with alcohol problems, but no change in perceived barriers to doing so. The level of engagement with clients having alcohol-related problems increased, as did perceptions of work performance. Conclusion The AITP enhances the ability of rural nurses to address the alcohol and associated health issues of clients in rural and regional areas. However, the program needs refinement and further evaluation.