bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Ordovician variation on Burgess Shale-type biotas
Authors: Botting Joseph P. , Muir Lucy A. , Jordan Naomi , Upton Christopher 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe Cambrian Burgess Shale-type biotas form a globally consistent ecosystem, usually dominated by arthropods. Elements of these communities continued into the Early Ordovician at high latitude, but our understanding of ecological changes during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE) is currently limited by the paucity of Ordovician exceptionally preserved open-marine faunas. Here we clarify the early stages of the GOBE by describing a new open-marine Konservat-Lagerstätte from the Early Ordovician of Wales. The Afon Gam Biota includes many lineages typical of the Cambrian Burgess Shale-type biotas, but the most abundant groups were sponges, algae and worms, with non-trilobite arthropods being unexpectedly rare. Labile tissues occur abundantly in the sponges and are also present in other groups, including brachiopods and hyoliths. Taphonomic biases are considered and rejected as explanations for arthropod rarity; the preserved biota is considered to be an approximation to the original community composition. We note that other exceptionally preserved communities in the Welsh Ordovician are also sponge-dominated, suggesting a regional change in benthic ecology during the early stages of the GOBE.
Aftershock Triggers Augmented Pressor Effects in Survivors: Follow-Up of the Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Nishizawa Masafumi , Hoshide Satoshi , Okawara Yukie , Shimpo Masahisa , Matsuo Takefumi , Kario Kazuomi 
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND
Previous reports focused on the significant acute effects immediately after an earthquake on an increase in blood pressure (BP) assessed by ambulatory BP monitoring. However, there have been no data on the impact of environmental triggers on the long-term response to earthquake.

METHODS
We analyzed the ambulatory BP monitoring data of 8 patients who lived in the disaster area of the 11 March 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake on the day of the largest aftershock with a first tsunami warming (sirens) on 7 December 2012.

RESULTS
There was no significant difference in the BP in either the period 1 hour before (median (range): 126.5 (121.5–138.0) vs. 137.8 (129.5–177.0) mm Hg, P = 0.07) or that 1 hour after (139.3 (113.0–143.5) vs. 137.5 (125.0–192.0) mm Hg, P = 0.27) the aftershock between those living at home and those who had been living in temporary housing. After the time of aftershock, the systolic BP levels at that night (124.9 (113.2–137.9) vs. 107.0 (101.9–110.1) mm Hg, P = 0.021) and systolic BP levels at the following morning (149.3 (131.0–196.2) vs. 129.5 (128.8–131.0) mm Hg, P = 0.029) were also significantly higher in those living in temporary housing at the time compared to those living in their own homes.

CONCLUSION
Our data suggest that the stress of a change in living conditions following the disaster might have contributed an increased risk of cardiovascular events.
ScaffMatch: scaffolding algorithm based on maximum weight matching
Authors: Mandric Igor , Zelikovsky Alex 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Motivation: Next-generation high-throughput sequencing has become a state-of-the-art technique in genome assembly. Scaffolding is one of the main stages of the assembly pipeline. During this stage, contigs assembled from the paired-end reads are merged into bigger chains called scaffolds. Because of a high level of statistical noise, chimeric reads, and genome repeats the problem of scaffolding is a challenging task. Current scaffolding software packages widely vary in their quality and are highly dependent on the read data quality and genome complexity. There are no clear winners and multiple opportunities for further improvements of the tools still exist.
Results: This article presents an efficient scaffolding algorithm ScaffMatch that is able to handle reads with both short (&lt;600 bp) and long (&gt;35 000 bp) insert sizes producing high-quality scaffolds. We evaluate our scaffolding tool with the F score and other metrics (N50, corrected N50) on eight datasets comparing it with the most available packages. Our experiments show that ScaffMatch is the tool of preference for the most datasets.
Availability and implementation: The source code is available at http://alan.cs.gsu.edu/NGS/?q=content/scaffmatch.
Contact: mandric@cs.gsu.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Neuroembryology and Congenital Malformations
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
More malformations occur in the nervous system than in any other organ system. Of the .05% of infants with major malformations, with roughly 60% of these major malformations affect the nervous system. The central nervous system is formed from ectodermal germinal cells which form the neuroblast&gt; neuron; glioblast&gt;astrocyte; and oligodendrocyte. Waves of neuronal migration form the central nervous system. The congenital malformations include abnormalities in growth and migration, chromosomal trisomy and translocation, defective fusion, and abnormalities in growth and in the ventricular system.
Functional Anatomy of the Brain Stem
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The regions in the brain stem—medulla, pons, and midbrain—are reviewed. Each region is divided into a tectal (roof of ventricle), tegmental (floor of ventricle), and basilar zone (base of tegmentum). The major descending motor pathway controlling the brain stem, the corticonuclear tract, is described and its functions reviewed. Many of the major functional regions in the brain stem are reviewed: the reticular system, cardiovascular, deglutination, vomiting, emetic center, and coughing. There is also a guide included for localizing disease in the brain stem.
Motor Systems
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The cerebellum forms the tectum of the medulla and pons and permits us to undertake fine movements smoothly. It is a laminated three-layer cortex with the principal cells, granule and Purkinje cells. There are three regions in the cerebellum: (1) floccular nodular lobe or archipallium, which receives direct vestibular input; (2) the paleocerebellum/anterior lobe, which receives the spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts, and the spino-olivary tracts; and (3) the neocerebellum/the middle and posterior lobes, which receive input from the neocortex via the middle cerebellar peduncle. Lesions in the cerebellum produce action tremors.
Somatosensory Function and the Parietal Lobe
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The parietal lobe receives the major somatosensory systems via the projection from ventrobasal thalamic nuclei, which receive input from the ascending sensory systems: spinothalamic, medial lemniscus, and trigeminal lemniscus. The postcentral gyrus areas, 3-2-1, receive this direct thalamic input, which is organized in somatotopically and permits one to undertake discriminative sensory modalities. The superior parietal lobule is responsible for body image. The supramarginal and angular gyri of the inferior parietal lobule are involved with complex sensory dysfunctions.
Speech, Language, Cerebral Dominance, and the Aphasias
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Most individuals are right handed (93%) and in those individuals the left-hemisphere is dominant for language. The lateral pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus is a multimodal somatic nucleus that is an important subcortical center which forms most of the projection on the inferior parietal lobule. There is anatomical asymmetry between the two hemispheres with the region behind Heschl’s gyrus in the left temporal lobe significantly larger and probably representing Wernicke’s speech area. Three areas in the dominant hemisphere are of major importance in language, Broca’s motor aphasia area in the opercular and triangular portions of the inferior frontal gyrus; Wernicke’s’ receptive aphasia area in the superior and lateral surface of the temporal lobe; and the angular and supramarginal region in the inferior parietal lobule with Gerstmann’s syndrome.
Cerebral Hemispheres
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Ischemic occlusive diseases are caused by arteriosclerosis (15%), small vessel lacunae (9%), emboli (60%), dissections, and other causes (3%). The internal carotid may be involved by arteriosclerosis in its extracranial or intracranial portions. The most common site is the origin of the vessel at the bifurcation of the common carotid into the internal and external carotid. The middle cerebral artery is the direct continuation of the internal carotid artery, and it is a common site of syndromes either of the lenticulostriate branches or cortical branches. The anterior cerebral artery is a branch of the middle cerebral artery and is a less common site of disease. The posterior cerebral artery is the direct continuation of the vertebral basilar artery and symptoms in the brain stem and cerebellum are common from diseases in this artery.
Cerebral Hemispheres
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Common causes of trauma to the brain result from accidents and in many cases not using a helmet or wearing a seat belt. These traumatic injuries can lead to extradural or subdural hematomas. Tumors/neoplasms are another nonvascular cause of disease in the brain. They are more common as one ages. Tumors may be intrinsic gliomas and metastatic. Extrinsic tumors are also common from meningiomas or metastatic lesions. Meningitis is the most common cause of infection to the nervous system and it can be caused by many organisms. Infections in the brain are also common sources of pathology in the brain following infections in the nasal sinuses, middle ear, or following compound skull fractures.
Learning, Memory, Amnesia, Dementia, Instinctive Behavior, and the Effects of Early Experience
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Learning in humans is divided into two broad categories: declarative (explicit) or nondeclarative (reflexive). Declarative learning has an immediate or short-term working memory, a long-term labile stage, and then finally the long-term memory stage. Motivation influences our remembering. The hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of the hippocampus are the prime sites for new memories. There are many causes of memory disorders, including strokes, hypertension, alcoholism, drug overdoses, trauma, infection, and so on. Loss of neurons, and their dendritic spines, and the presence of neurofibrillar tangles are linked to the presence of dementia. Memory and learning disorders are common in the elderly with Alzheimer’s being a silent epidemic affecting over 5,000,000 elderly Americans and producing trauma to the entire family.
Reference group influence in consumer role rehearsal narratives
Authors: Schulz Heather Marie 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to analyse reference group influence through the imagined audience construct of the role theory. Prior research has shown the influential nature of reference groups on an individuals’ behaviour. The studied theatrical metaphor supplies a new perspective to the social phenomenon of reference group dynamics in consumer behaviour.Design/methodology/approach– Twenty face-to-face interviews were conducted utilizing a naturalistic research study design. The interviews took place in the participants’ homes, and participants were asked to create five outfits for various social situations. Then, the participants were asked about the outfits they created, and how that outfit aided in their role preparation process. An inductive analysis of the data resulted in narrative themes that align with several role theory constructs.Findings– The consumer role rehearsal narratives that emerged describe the process individuals go through for anticipated social interactions. Depending on the social situation, role theory constructs such as role expectations, role location, role learning and role skill were highlighted. The imagined audience of various reference groups do impact the individual’s future behaviours.Research limitations/implications– Future researchers could apply additional role theory constructs not only to reference groups but also to other aspects of consumer behaviour as well.Originality/value– This paper supplies a role theory framework that can be used by future researchers when studying reference group influence on consumer behaviour.
Why environmentally conscious consumers do not purchase green products
Authors: Barbarossa Camilla , Pastore Alberto 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to address the green purchasing gap by: exploring environmentally conscious consumers’ mental representation of the barriers responsible for the green purchasing gap; assessing which barriers are perceived as the most relevant in hampering the purchase of green products for environmentally conscious consumers; and investigating the relationships among these barriers. Although consumers are increasingly concerned about environmental deterioration, the current market share of green products remains fairly low.

Design/methodology/approach
– An introspective qualitative study is conducted; 51 environmentally conscious consumers showing a green purchasing gap are interviewed, and the data are analysed with a cognitive mapping technique (Decision Explorer software) and Freeman’ structural indices (UCINET software).

Findings
– Higher price and scarce availability of green products are the main barriers to green purchasing. However, consumers’ perceptions of price and availability may vary by changing other barriers (e.g. green products displacement inside the store and in-store communication).

Originality/value
– This work reconstructs the decisional premises of environmentally conscious consumers’ choices to not purchase green products, identifies the most relevant barriers to green purchasing behaviour and the relationships between these barriers. With this knowledge, marketers of green products can focus on the most important barriers so that interventions in these barriers may change environmentally conscious consumers’ perceptions of other related barriers.
Low pathogenicity of anti‐desmoglein 3 immunoglobulin G autoantibodies contributes to the atypical clinical phenotypes in pemphigus
Authors: Saleh Marwah A. , Hashimoto Rena , Kase Yuko , Amagai Masayuki , Yamagami Jun 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe clinical phenotypes of pemphigus can be explained by the desmoglein (Dsg) compensation theory. However, some atypical cases such as cutaneous pemphigus vulgaris (cPV), in which patients have anti‐Dsg3 antibodies without oral erosions, do not conform to this theory. To explain the discrepancy between clinical phenotypes and anti‐Dsg antibody profiles, the pathogenic strength of immunoglobulin (Ig)G autoantibodies against Dsg3 must be taken into consideration. We analyzed the epitopes and blister‐inducing pathogenic strength of the sera from three patients having IgG against Dsg3 without oral erosions with domain‐swapped recombinant proteins and dissociation assay using cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes. The results showed that all sera contained IgG directed against the amino terminal EC1 domain of Dsg3, as is found in most PV sera. However, dissociation assays revealed that the pathogenic strength of the anti‐Dsg3 antibodies in all three cases was extremely lower than that of typical PV cases with mucosal involvement. In conclusion, when anti‐Dsg3 IgG antibodies are not sufficient to inhibit the expression of Dsg3 in the oral mucosa, but can inhibit the expression in the skin, skin blisters can result. Therefore, the pathogenicity of anti‐Dsg3 antibodies should be regarded as a key factor contributing to the clinical phenotype in pemphigus patients with conflicting antibody profiles.
Gazing at a giraffe gyroscope: where are we going?
Authors: Bercovitch Fred B. , Deacon Francois 
Published: April 2015

AbstractGiraffe are popular animals to watch while on wildlife safaris, and feature prominently in zoos, advertisements, toys and cartoons. Yet, until recently, few field studies have focused on giraffe. We introduce this giraffe topic issue with a review essay that explores five primary questions: How many (sub) species of giraffe exist? What are the dynamics of giraffe herds? How do giraffe communicate? What is the role of sexual selection in giraffe reproduction? How many giraffe reside in Africa? A confluence of causes has produced drastic declines in giraffe population numbers in Africa, and we conclude that guiding giraffe conservation plans depends upon evaluation of the five key quandaries that we pose.
Are allergic multimorbidities and IgE polysensitization associated with the persistence or re‐occurrence of foetal type 2 signalling? The MeDALL hypothesis
Authors: Bousquet J. , Anto J. M. , Wickman M. , Keil T. , Valenta R. , Haahtela T. , Lodrup Carlsen K. , van Hage M. , Akdis C. , Bachert C. , Akdis M. , Auffray C. , Annesi‐Maesano I. , Bindslev‐Jensen C. , Cambon‐Thomsen A. , Carlsen K. H. , Chatzi L. , Forastiere F. , Garcia‐Aymerich J. , Gehrig U. , Guerra S. , Heinrich J. , Koppelman G. H. , Kowalski M. L. , Lambrecht B. , Lupinek C. , Maier D. , Melén E. , Momas I. , Palkonen S. , Pinart M. , Postma D. , Siroux V. , Smit H. A. , Sunyer J. , Wright J. , Zuberbier T. , Arshad S. H. , Nadif R. , Thijs C. , Andersson N. , Asarnoj A. , Ballardini N. , Ballereau S. , Bedbrook A. , Benet M. , Bergstrom A. , Brunekreef B. , Burte E. , Calderon M. , De Carlo G. , Demoly P. , Eller E. , Fantini M. P. , Hammad H. , Hohman C. , Just J. , Kerkhof M. , Kogevinas M. , Kull I. , Lau S. , Lemonnier N. , Mommers M. , Nawijn M. , Neubauer A. , Oddie S. , Pellet J. , Pin I. , Porta D. , Saes Y. , Skrindo I. , Tischer C. G. , Torrent M. , von Hertzen L. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAllergic diseases [asthma, rhinitis and atopic dermatitis (AD)] are complex. They are associated with allergen‐specific IgE and nonallergic mechanisms that may coexist in the same patient. In addition, these diseases tend to cluster and patients present concomitant or consecutive diseases (multimorbidity). IgE sensitization should be considered as a quantitative trait. Important clinical and immunological differences exist between mono‐ and polysensitized subjects. Multimorbidities of allergic diseases share common causal mechanisms that are only partly IgE‐mediated. Persistence of allergic diseases over time is associated with multimorbidity and/or IgE polysensitization. The importance of the family history of allergy may decrease with age. This review puts forward the hypothesis that allergic multimorbidities and IgE polysensitization are associated and related to the persistence or re‐occurrence of foetal type 2 signalling. Asthma, rhinitis and AD are manifestations of a common systemic immune imbalance (mesodermal origin) with specific patterns of remodelling (ectodermal or endodermal origin). This study proposes a new classification of IgE‐mediated allergic diseases that allows the definition of novel phenotypes to (i) better understand genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, (ii) better stratify allergic preschool children for prognosis and (iii) propose novel strategies of treatment and prevention.
No relevant pharmacokinetic interaction between pantoprazole and mycophenolate in renal transplant patients: a randomized crossover study
Authors: Rissling Olesja , Glander Petra , Hambach Pia , Mai Marco , Brakemeier Susanne , Klonower Daniela , Halleck Fabian , Singer Eugenia , Schrezenmeier Eva‐Vanessa , Dürr Michael , Neumayer Hans‐Hellmut , Budde Klemens 
Published: April 2015

AimsMycophenolic acid (MPA) suppresses lymphocyte proliferation through inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibition. Two formulations have been approved: mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and enteric‐coated mycophenolate sodium (EC‐MPS). Pantoprazole (PAN) inhibits gastric acid secretion, which may alter MPA exposure. Data from healthy volunteers suggest a significant drug–drug interaction (DDA) between pantoprazole and MPA. In transplant patients, a decreased MPA area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) may lead to higher IMPDH activity, which may lead to higher acute rejection risk. Therefore this DDA was evaluated in renal transplant patients under maintenance immunosuppressive therapy.MethodsIn this single‐centre, open, randomized, four‐sequence, four‐treatment crossover study, the influence of PAN 40 mg on MPA pharmacokinetics such as (dose‐adjusted) AUC0–12 h (dAUC) was analysed in 20 renal transplant patients (>6 months post‐transplantation) receiving MMF (1–2 g day–1) and EC‐MPS in combination with ciclosporin. The major metabolite MPA glucuronide (MPAG) and the IMPDH activity were also examined.ResultsMMF + PAN intake led to a lowest mean dAUC for MPA of 41.46 ng h ml–1 mg–1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 32.38, 50.54], while MPA exposure was highest for EC‐MPS + PAN [dAUC: 46.30 ng h ml–1 mg–1 (95% CI 37.11, 55.49)]. Differences in dAUC and dose‐adjusted maximum concentration (dCmax) were not significant. Only for MMF [dAUC: 41.46 ng h ml–1 mg–1 (95% CI 32.38, 50.54)] and EC‐MPS [dAUC: 43.39 ng h ml–1 mg–1 (95% CI 33.44, 53.34)] bioequivalence was established for dAUC [geometric mean ratio: 101.25% (90% CI 84.60, 121.17)]. Simultaneous EC‐MPS + PAN intake led to an earlier time to Cmax (tmax) [median: 2.0 h (min–max: 0.5–10.0)] than EC‐MPS intake alone [3 h (1.5–12.0); P = 0.037]. Tmax was not affected for MMF [1.0 h (0.5–5.0)] ± pantoprazole [1.0 h (0.5–6.0), P = 0.928). No impact on MPAG pharmacokinetics or IMPDH activity was found.ConclusionPantoprazole influences EC‐MPS and MMF pharmacokinetics but as it had no impact on MPA pharmacodynamics, the immunosuppressive effect of the drug was not impaired.