bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Tooth Size and Dental Arch Ratio in Bengali Population Sample
Authors: Murmu Dhyan Chand , Acharya Swati Saraswata , Das Anu Ranjan , Bhaumik Bides 
Published: March 2014

Introduction: In order to maintain the proper relationship between upper and lower arch, Bolton proposed anterior ratio and overall ratio.
Objective: To evaluate and compare the tooth size and arch size discrepancies between normal cases and Class I crowded cases of the Bengali population. To determine Bolton’s overall ratio and anterior ratio in the normal sample , and to identify the possible variation in tooth-arch size ratio in subjects in Bengali population.
Materials & Method: A total of 60 maxillary and mandibular pretreatment dental study casts were taken and divided into control group and study group. The descriptive statistics in respect of Bolton’s anterior ratio and overall ratio were calculated. The t-test was done for the statistical difference between the two mean values.
Result: Bolton’s ratios in Bengali population sample values were found to be similar to the original data of Caucasian population. Females showed a tendency of smaller teeth than the males.
Conclusion: Bolton’s ratios could be consistent to use in the orthodontic diagnosis of Bengali population. It supports the concept that females showed smaller teeth than the males.
Establishment of Yemeni Dental Arch Form
Authors: Al-Zubair Nabil M 
Published: March 2014

Objective: To assess the dental arch forms of Yemeni adult sample.
Materials & Method: The Eucledian clustering method of analysis was utilized for the determination of dental arch form. A total of 398 study models were constructed and evaluated to do measurements for both arches using a modified sliding caliper gauge. Six dental cast measurements divided into three sagittal and three transverse measurements were utilized to represent the dental arch width and length measurements.
Result: Narrow form is the most prevalent arch form (30.9%) followed by wide form (23.9%), their prominence appear more in females and the least prevalent arch form was the mid form (9.3%), while flat and pointed forms were in between 18.3% and 17.6% respectively.
Conclusion: Five arch forms: narrow, wide, mid, pointed and flat were distinguished as unique forms for the dental arches, with the predominance of the narrow arch form were found among Yemeni adults.
Palatal Rugae Pattern in Nepalese Subjects
Authors: Bajracharya Dipshikha , Vaidya Anisha , Thapa Sunaina , Shrestha Sujita 
Published: March 2014

Objective: To determine the number and pattern of palatal rugae in Nepalese subjects and to find the association of gender with the number and pattern of palatal rugae.
Materials & Method: 200 Nepalese subjects comprising of 100 male and 100 female were randomly selected and their maxillary casts were examined for the palatal rugae length applying the classification proposed by Thomas and Kotze and palatal rugae pattern was recorded using the classification given by Kapali. Statistical analysis using Student t-test was applied for comparing the number of palatal rugae between right and left sides. Chi square test was used to find the association between gender and number of rugae as well as the pattern.
Result: The study demonstrated that the mean number of primary palatal rugae on left side was predominant, similarly wavy pattern was the most predominant in Nepalese subjects. No statistical significant difference was noticed in the palatal rugae number and pattern between the gender groups.
Conclusion: The study found predominant palatal form in Nepalese subjects which might have superior effectiveness in population differentiation and may be used as an effective tool in forensic odontology identification.
Kinetics of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Catalysed Oxidation of Cyclopentanone by N-Bromophthalimide in Acidic Medium
Authors: Katre Yokraj R. , Tripathi Kamalni , Singh Ajaya K. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The effect of cationic micelles of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and anionic micelles of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) on the kinetics of oxidation of cyclopentanone by N-bromophthalimide (NBP) was studied iodometrically at 308 K. In addition to the kinetic experiments, conductivity measurements have also been done to obtain critical micelle concentration and other thermodynamic properties. The kinetic observations indicate fractional order and first order dependence with respect to [cyclopentanone] and [NBP] respectively. Cationic surfactant (CTAB) strongly catalyses the oxidation of Cyclopentanone in aqueous acetic acid medium. Typical kobs
and [CTAB] profile were observed i. e. with the progressive increase in [CTAB], the reaction rate increased and at higher concentration of CTAB, constancy in kobs
was observed. Anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylsulphate, SDS), mercuric acetate and phthalimide did not influence the reaction rate. The presence of inorganic salts (KCl, KBr) exhibits a severe hike in the reaction rate. The various activation parameters in the presence of CTAB have been also evaluated. A suitable mechanism consistent with the experimental findings has been proposed.
Homogeneity Quantification Method and its Application to Microstructure Assessment
Authors: Rossi P. , Engstler M. , Mücklich F. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
In this work, a method to precisely define and quantify homogeneity of microstructures is proposed. Said method is based on an interpretation of the Gini index and it was developed specifically for microstructure homogeneity assessments. Object homogeneity and region homogeneity are examples of parameters developed to describe different aspects of homogeneity in micrographs. Using these parameters, the homogeneities of Al-Si casting alloys and cast iron have been evaluated. The method can be adapted and combined with other techniques to fit the requirements of a given study case. Further applications of the method are discussed.
Grain Size Measurements by the Triple Point Count Method
Authors: Vander Voort G. F. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Aside from the well-known grain size measurement techniques using either the planimetric methods of Jeffries or Saltykov, or the intercept method of Heyn, Hilliard and Abrams, one can measure the grain size through a count of grain-boundary triple point intersections within a known area through the use of Euler's law. This technique has rarely been used manually. It is possible to do such a count by image analysis as long as the magnification is not too low. In general, measurements based on point counts (0 dimensional) are less subject to errors than lineal measurements (one-dimensional) which are less subject to error than areal measurements (two-dimensional).
Leaf traits and herbivory levels in a tropical gymnosperm, Zamia stevensonii (Zamiaceae)
Authors: Prado Alberto , Sierra Adriel , Windsor Donald , Bede Jacqueline C. 
Published: March 2014

• Premise of the study: Slow‐growing understory cycads invest heavily in defenses to protect the few leaves they produce annually. The Neotropical cycad Zamia stevensonii has chemical and mechanical barriers against insect herbivores. Mechanical barriers, such as leaf toughness, can be established only after the leaf has expanded. Therefore, chemical defenses may be important during leaf expansion. How changes in leaf traits affect the feeding activity of cycad specialist insects is unknown. We investigated leaf defenses and incidence of specialist herbivores on Z. stevensonii during the first year after leaf flush.• Methods: Herbivore incidence, leaf production, and leaf traits that might affect herbivory—including leaf age, lamina thickness, resistance‐to‐fracture, work‐to‐fracture, trichome density, and chlorophyll, water, and toxic azoxyglycoside (AZG) content—were measured throughout leaf development. Principal component analysis and generalized linear models identified characteristics that may explain herbivore incidence.• Key results: Synchronized leaf development in Z. stevensonii is characterized by quick leaf expansion and delayed greening. Specialist herbivores feed on leaves between 10 and 100 d after flush and damage ∼37% of all leaflets produced. Young leaves are protected by AZGs, but these defenses rapidly decrease as leaves expand. Leaves older than 100 d are protected by toughness.• Conclusions: Because AZG concentrations drop before leaves become sufficiently tough, there is a vulnerable period during which leaves are susceptible to herbivory by specialist insects. This slow‐growing gymnosperm invests heavily in constitutive defenses against highly specialized herbivores, underlining the convergence in defensive syndromes by major plant lineages.
Small Worlds: The Character, Role and Significance of Constituent Units in Federations and Federal Political Systems
Authors: Burgess Michael 
Published: March 2014

Dans cet article, je trace les grandes lignes des facteurs clés et des variables entrant dans l’étude comparative des entités constituantes, perçues en tant que « petits mondes » (small worlds), dans les États fédéraux et les systèmes politiques. On y inclut la spécificité, le rôle et l’importance générale de ces entités constituantes, en tant que blocs territoriaux au sein de l’État, ce dernier déterminant à son tour la fonction que chacun d’entre eux joue dans le corps politique. Cette brève présentation met en évidence la façon dont ces facteurs et variables sont étroitement liés et révèlent des cultures politiques infranationales complexes. Elles sont généralement ancrées dans les constitutions écrites et des systèmes juridiques qui utilisent avec succès des procédures et des dispositifs asymétriques afin de faire coexister les politiques de différence, que ces « petits mondes » ont pour principal objectif de protéger, promouvoir et préserver.
NKp46+CD3+ Cells: A Novel Nonconventional T Cell Subset in Cattle Exhibiting Both NK Cell and T Cell Features
Authors: Connelley Timothy K. , Longhi Cassandra , Burrells Alison , Degnan Kathryn , Hope Jayne , Allan Alasdair J. , Hammond John A. , Storset Anne K. , Morrison W. Ivan 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The NKp46 receptor demonstrates a high degree of lineage specificity, being expressed almost exclusively in NK cells. Previous studies have demonstrated NKp46 expression by T cells, but NKp46+CD3+ cells are rare and almost universally associated with NKp46 acquisition by T cells following stimulation. In this study we demonstrate the existence of a population of NKp46+CD3+ cells resident in normal bovine PBMCs that includes cells of both the αβ TCR+ and γδ TCR+ lineages and is present at a frequency of 0.1–1.7%. NKp46+CD3+ cells express transcripts for a broad repertoire of both NKRs and TCRs and also the CD3ζ, DAP10, and FcεR1γ but not DAP12 adaptor proteins. In vitro functional analysis of NKp46+CD3+ cells confirm that NKp46, CD16, and CD3 signaling pathways are all functionally competent and capable of mediating/redirecting cytolysis. However, only CD3 cross-ligation elicits IFN-γ release. NKp46+CD3+ cells exhibit cytotoxic activity against autologous Theileria parva–infected cells in vitro, and during in vivo challenge with this parasite an expansion of NKp46+CD3+ cells was observed in some animals, indicating the cells have the potential to act as an anti-pathogen effector population. The results in this study identify and describe a novel nonconventional NKp46+CD3+ T cell subset that is phenotypically and functionally distinct from conventional NK and T cells. The ability to exploit both NKRs and TCRs suggests these cells may fill a functional niche at the interface of innate and adaptive immune responses.
Transthoracic contrast echocardiography for detection of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: How can the process be improved for patient safety?
Authors: Fan Xiangning , Choy Jonathan , Shanks Miriam , Vethanayagam Dilini P. 
Published: March 2014

Introduction: Patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) are at risk for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs). Extracardiac right-to-left shunts due to PAVMs can lead to systemic emboli; clinical sequelae including strokes and brain abscesses. Regular screening is required, with appropriate medical/interventional management to alleviate morbidity and mortality from PAVMs. International HHT guidelines recommend standardized transthoracic contrast echocardiogram (TTCE) with agitated saline (in an HHT Foundation-accredited laboratory) as the initial screening test, and, when needed, non-contrast computerized tomography of the chest (CT Chest) to follow up on a positive TTCE. Case presentation: A 40-year-old woman was seen for evaluation of HHT and referred for TTCE as part of her PAVM screen. Following administration of agitated saline, she developed a headache, visual changes in her right eye, and right arm weakness, followed by posturing and stiffness in her right arm. Her symptoms resolved after five minutes, consistent with a transient ischemic attack (TIA). Clinical impact: Protocols at our institution were amended following this index case and echocardiography laboratory protocols were adjusted to use a maximum of 0.1 cc air to 9.9 cc saline for TTCE studies in the HHT population. Only the attending echocardiologist who is familiar with possible systemic air embolism during bubble contrast echocardiography in patients with HHT should perform agitation and infusion of contrast and should directly review the images for appropriate visualization during the exam for this test to be appropriately interpreted. Paradoxical emboli due to right-to-left shunt are important to recognize. Best practice for PAVM screening in HHT patients includes use of standardized protocols for the performance and reporting of TTCE in the evaluation of pulmonary shunts.
The negative impact of intentionally introduced Quercus rubra L. on a forest community
Authors: Woziwoda Beata , Kopeć Dominik , Witkowski Janusz 
Published: March 2014

<p>Some alien woody species used in commercial forestry become invasive and, as invaders, cause major problems in natural and semi-natural ecosystems. However, the deliberate introduction of aliens can bring unintended negative changes also within areas of their cultivation. This paper presents the effects of the intentional introduction of the North-American <em>Quercus rubra</em> in European mixed Scots pine-Pedunculate oak forests (POFs): <em>Querco roboris-Pinetum</em> (W. Mat. 1981) J. Mat. 1988. Phytosociological data from field research combined with GIS data analysis of the current distribution of Northern Red oak in the studied habitat were used to determine the composition and structure of forest communities in plots with and without <em>Q. rubra</em> participation. </p><p>The results show that <em>Q. rubra</em> significantly reduces native species richness and abundance, both in old-growth and in secondary (post-agricultural) forests. Not one resident vascular plant benefits from the introduction of Northern Red oak and only a few are able to tolerate its co-occurrence. The natural restocking of all native woody species is also strongly limited by this alien tree. </p><p>The introduction of Northern Red oak significantly limits the environmental functions of the POF ecosystem and weakens its economic and social aspects. However, its further cultivation is justified from an economic point of view, as the essential function of the studied forests is commercial timber production, and the introduction of this fast growing alien tree supports the provisioning ecosystem services. A clear description of the level of trade-off between the accepted negative and positive effects of the introduction of <em>Q. rubra</em> on forest ecosystem services requires further interdisciplinary studies.</p>
Conflitos e Obstáculos Operacionais em Gestão de Projetos Inovadores: um estudo empírico
Authors: Donato José Varela , Kubo Edson Keyso de Miranda , Domingues Carlos Roberto 
Published: March 2014

This article aims at describing how conflicts and operational hurdles manifest themselves in the management of innovative projects in a development bank (DB). The research characterizes itself as a qualitative and exploratory approach; the data collection consisted of interviews with consultants and project managers and by documents on management projects in Development Bank; the interviews have undergone the content analysis by utilizing the Atlas.ti. The research revealed that the project management in its new implemented model faces difficulties similar to those observed in traditional hierarchies. It was observed that conflicts regarding interests, values, psychological aspects and operational hurdles are intrinsic to the life cycle of innovative projects, which implementation requires a lot of political capacity from their leaders to be effective.
Migration pour études chez les cégépiens québécois : défis d’adaptation, désir d’autonomie et attachement parental
Authors: Richard Éric , Mareschal Julie 
Published: March 2014

Ce texte porte sur la migration pour études chez les cégépiens québécois. Il veut cerner le rôle que jouent la famille et le milieu d’origine tout au long du processus migratoire marqué par une quadruple adaptation : à un nouveau régime scolaire, à la vie hors du foyer parental, à la vie urbaine et à un réseau social en mouvance. Pour ces jeunes confrontés à de nouveaux défis d’adaptation caractérisés par un désir évident d’autonomie, la famille et la région d’origine demeurent un lieu d’ancrage exerçant un rôle d’une importance incontestable. Pour bien comprendre le phénomène, il est nécessaire de cerner le parcours migratoire de ces jeunes en s’attardant, plus particulièrement, à la transformation de leur réseau social ainsi qu’à l’articulation des rapports entre leur région d’origine et leur territoire d’accueil. On constate alors que la mobilité est partie intégrante du rythme de vie des jeunes migrants pour études. Pour eux, cette mobilité s’inscrit dans un processus de socialisation, voire un rite de passage à la vie d’adulte au moment d’entreprendre des études supérieures. La rupture spatiale avec leur famille et leur milieu d’origine les confrontent aux préoccupations et responsabilités de la vie d’adulte, et donc au développement de l’autonomie. Force est de constater que leur identification et leur attachement aux territoires, bien qu’ils auront des effets permanents sur leur vie, ne sont pas définitifs, ce qui les amène à développer des ancrages socioaffectifs multiples, temporaires et labiles.
Tedarik zinciri yönetiminde bilgi sistemleri: havacilik yer hizmetlerinde uçuş zamanlamasi için bilgi paylaşim modeli
Authors: Yörükoğlu Mehmet , Kayakutlu Gülgün , Ercan Sami 
Published: March 2014

ÖzetTüm üretimler tedarik zincirlerinde değer zincirinin paralelinde müşteriler için değer olgusunu yaratarak gerçekleştirilmekte, hizmet üretimindeki çalışmaların azlığı da dikkat çekmektedir. Bilginin üretkenliği ve kullanıldığı tedarik zincirinde değer yaratması tedarik zincirlerinde bilginin yönetilmesi gerekliliğini ortaya çıkarmakta, tüm aktörleri kucaklayan kazan-kazan çerçevesinde bilgi esaslı bir modelin kurgulanması ihtiyaç olarak durmaktadır. Hava taşımacılığı gelişen bir hizmet tedarik zinciri olarak yaratılacak yeni bulgu ve bilgiler için önemli bir çalışma alanı olarak bulunmaktadır. Havacılık tedarik zincirinin ortak sorunu olan “gecikme” ile özel bir müşteri grubu olan engelli yolcuların sorunlarının etkileşerek oluşumunun irdelenmesi ve giderilmesine yönelik tespitlerin yapılması hem tedarik zinciri hem de tüm aktörler için ayrı ayrı anlamlı olacaktır.Makalenin konusu olan havacılık yer hizmetlerindeki sorunların etkileşiminin belirlenmesi için deterministik karar problemlerinin tanımlanmasında kullanışlı bulunan niteleyici bir teknik olanbilişsel haritalama,ilgili uzmanların değerlendirmeleri alınarak anketler desteğinde kullanılmıştır. Bilişsel haritalar etkileşimin olasılıklarını ve şiddetini içermediklerinden karar kavramlarıyla ilgili belirsizliğin modellenebilmesi için sebepleri ve etkilerini modellemede güçlü olanBayes inanç ağlarıNetica programı kullanılarak oluşturulmuş ve tedarik zincirindeki problemli etkileşimler belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen Bayes inanç ağları havacılık hizmetleri tedarik zincirindeki problemleri azaltacakuzman sistem prototipinioluşturmak için ana girdileri sağlamıştır. Problemli etkileşimler irdelenerek tedarik zinciri içerisindeki ilişki ve kurallar belirlenmiş ve problemleri engelleme amaçlı olarak sistemi ikaz eden uyarılar geliştirilmiştir.
Stratified seismic anisotropy and the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary beneath eastern North America
Authors: Yuan Huaiyu , Levin Vadim 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLong records of teleseismic observations accumulated at permanent seismic stations Harvard, MA; Palisades, NY; and Standing Stone, PA, in eastern North America are inverted for vertical distribution of anisotropic parameters. High‐resolution anisotropy‐aware P wave receiver function analysis and multiple‐layer core‐refracted SKS waveform modeling favor more than one layer of anisotropy beneath all sites. Our analyses suggest that the depth sensitivity to stratified anisotropic seismic velocity in converted phases and the SKS waveforms are complementary and confirm that these two approaches yield consistent lithospheric anisotropic fast axis directions. We illustrate the feasibility of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary detection on a regional scale through anisotropy‐aware receiver functions. Joint interpretation of receiver functions and SKS waveforms beneath eastern North America suggests a thin (~100 km) anisotropic lithosphere with fast axis orientation nearly orthogonal to the strike of major tectonic units and an underlying anisotropic asthenosphere with fast axis directions that favor the HS3‐NUVEL 1A plate motion model. Consistent lithospheric anisotropy inferred from both techniques suggests broad presence of coherent fabric in the lower lithosphere, possibly developed in a regional scale delamination event after the assembly of Appalachians.
Mantle evolution in Venus due to magmatism and phase transitions: From punctuated layered convection to whole‐mantle convection
Authors: Ogawa Masaki , Yanagisawa Takatoshi 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA series of numerical models of magmatism and mantle convection with a stagnant lithosphere are developed to understand the mantle evolution in Venus. Magmatism is modeled as a permeable flow of basaltic magma generated by decompression melting, and the solid‐state convection of mantle materials with temperature‐dependent Newtonian rheology is affected by the garnet‐perovskite transition and the postspinel transition. In our preferred models, the mantle evolves in two stages: The earlier stage is characterized by layered mantle convection punctuated by repeated bursts of hot material from the deep mantle to the surface. Mantle bursts induce vigorous magmatism and also cause the basaltic crust, enriched in heat‐producing elements (HPEs), to recycle into the mantle. A part of the recycled basaltic crusts accumulates along the postspinel boundary to form a barrier, and this basalt barrier causes mantle convection to become layered. At a later stage, when the HPEs have already decayed, in contrast, the basalt barrier disappears and whole‐mantle convection occurs more steadily. Mild magmatism is induced by small‐scale partial melting at the base of the crust and hot plumes from the deep mantle. The internal heating by the HPEs that recycled into the mantle in the earlier stage allows the magmatism of the later stage to continue throughout the calculated history of mantle evolution. The two stages arise when the barrier effect of the postspinel transition is weak and the lithosphere is mechanically strong enough. The two‐stage evolution model meshes with the observed history of magmatism and the lithosphere on Venus.