bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serve the City! Urban disaster governance in Tianjin city 1958–1962
Authors: PALTEMAA LAURI 
Published: February 2015

AbstractUsing new archival materials, internal publications, and gazetteers as its sources, this article studies the conduct of disaster governance in Tianjin city during the Great Leap Forward famine from 1958–1962. The city was organizationally well able to implement disaster relief efforts, and early on it took a number of measures to control and mitigate the food crisis that began in the city in early 1959. However, Maoist campaign-based disaster management could not work well when other campaigns were prioritized in its stead. Lacking central sanction for a major disaster relief effort, city leaders resorted to strategies that prioritized its residents over suburban peasants and outsiders. The city actively sought resources from outside while trying to prevent their outward flows. The city's own production of vegetables must not be overlooked as one of the reasons for better survival rates among urban residents, but even this policy was hampered by other Great Leap Forward initiatives. In the case of Tianjin, urban disaster governance of the famine was inward-looking and, at the same time, constrained and reliant on the central government.
Emotional response inhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: neural and behavioural data
Authors: López-Martín S. , Albert J. , Fernández-Jaén A. , Carretié L. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundAlthough both emotion and response inhibition are thought to be important in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), little is known about the neural mechanisms that underlie the interaction between these two processes in patients with this disorder. This study aimed at examining how emotional contexts affect inhibitory control in children with ADHD.MethodA total of 24 ADHD children and 24 healthy comparison subjects performed a modified go/no-go task during three different emotionally laden contexts: negative, neutral and positive. To explore the timing and the underlying neural substrates of emotion-modulated response inhibition, event-related potentials were measured and further analysed both at the scalp and at the voxel level.ResultsPatients with ADHD showed greater activation of inhibition-related neural mechanisms (i.e. no-go P3 amplitudes and orbitofrontal cortex activity) to maintain a similar level of performance as healthy comparison subjects, especially during the emotionally arousing contexts (negative and positive).ConclusionsThis study provides plausible neural mechanisms for the difficulty that ADHD children have in controlling their behaviour in highly emotional situations. Such emotional contexts might increase the need for top-down inhibitory control and put ADHD children at greater risk for impulsive behaviours and emotional dysregulation.
Angularity and axiality of a Schönflies parallel manipulator
Authors: Cervantes-Sánchez J. Jesús , Rico-Martínez José M. , Pérez-Muñoz Víctor H. 
Published: February 2015

SUMMARYThis paper presents a systematic approach to compute the angularity and the axiality indices for a Schönflies parallel manipulator. Angularity index may be considered as a measure of the sensitivity of the mobile platform to changes in rotation, while axiality index can be used to measure the sensitivity of the OP of the mobile platform to changes in translation. Since both indices were inspired by very fundamental concepts of classical kinematics (angular velocity vector and helicoidal velocity field), they offer a clear and simple physical meaning, which may be useful to the designer of parallel manipulators. Moreover, both dexterity indices do not require obtaining a dimensionally homogeneous Jacobian matrix, nor do they depend on having similar types of actuators in each manipulator's leg. Detailed numerical examples are given in order to illustrate the computation of the dexterity indices.
Exploring participation in ecological monitoring in Nepal's community forests
Authors: STADDON SAM C. , NIGHTINGALE ANDREA , SHRESTHA SHYAM K. 
Published: February 2015

SUMMARYMembers of the public and resource-dependent communities are increasingly participating alongside professional scientists to monitor the natural world. This study applies the contention from development studies that participatory approaches may be tyrannical to participatory monitoring of Nepal's community forests. There is a tyranny of the group because elites within the community stand to benefit at the cost of those already marginalized. In theory, tyranny is produced through the methods employed in the projects, as they promote scientific systems of monitoring at the expense of local understandings of environmental change; in practice, however, the latter aspects override official monitoring to enable effective learning from the projects. In some instances, tyranny is produced through decision-making and control, whilst, in other cases, the reverse is true and communities are empowered through their participatory monitoring efforts. Policy makers and those involved in participatory monitoring should endeavour to transform tyranny created at local and wider scales. Participatory monitoring holds huge potential in the assessment of biodiversity, natural resources and ecosystem services, but programmes and projects need to effectively deliver associated benefits of conservation and community empowerment.
Limited uptake of protected area evaluation systems among managers and decision-makers in Spain and the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ-RODRÍGUEZ D. , MARTÍNEZ-VEGA J. , TEMPESTA M. , OTERO-VILLANUEVA M. M. 
Published: February 2015

SUMMARYProtected areas are regarded as the main strategy to halt biodiversity loss; however, protected area effectiveness evaluations remain scarce and mostly rely on limited scientific evidence. Protected area managers from two case studies in the Mediterranean basin biodiversity hotspot (networks of Spanish terrestrial protected areas and individual Mediterranean marine protected areas) were surveyed to assess the use of two protected area evaluation systems: the ‘System for the Integrated Assessment of Protected Areas’ (SIAPA) and the ‘System for Quick Evaluation of Management in Mediterranean MPAs’ using the ‘Knowledge Systems for Sustainable Development’ framework. A second survey in Spain ascertained the degree of implementation of protected area evaluation systems and the institutional interest in implementing such systems. The main weaknesses attributable to the systems presented were limited salience (for the SIAPA) and legitimacy in terms of costs (for the System for Quick Evaluation of Management in Mediterranean MPAs). However, the main reasons for the limited uptake of the evaluation systems presented were not attributable to the systems themselves, but to management or institutional limitations: the lack of basic data for and weak institutional interest in evaluation in Spain, and the scarce resources available for evaluation in the case of some Mediterranean marine protected areas.
Infomarkers for transition to goals consistent with palliative care in dying patients
Authors: Yao Yingwei , Stifter Janet , Ezenwa Miriam O. , Lodhi Muhammad , Khokhar Ashfaq , Ansari Rashid , Keenan Gail M. , Wilkie Diana J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjective:Electronic health records (EHRs) may contain infomarkers that identify patients near the end of life for whom it would be appropriate to shift care goals to palliative care. Discovery and use of such infomarkers could be used to conduct effectiveness research that ultimately could help to reduce the monumental cost of caring for the dying. The aim of our study was to identify changes in the plans of care that represent infomarkers, which signal a transition of care goals from nonpalliative care ones to those consistent with palliative care.Method:Using an existing electronic health record database generated during a two-year longitudinal study of nine diverse medical–surgical units from four Midwest hospitals and a known group approach, we evaluated patient care episodes for 901 patients who died (mean age = 74.5 ± 14.6 years). We used ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests to compare patient groups.Results:We identified 11 diagnoses, including Death Anxiety and Anticipatory Grieving, whose addition to the care plan, some of which also occurred with removal of nonpalliative care diagnoses, represent infomarkers of transition to palliative care goals. There were four categories of patients, those who had: no infomarkers on plans (n = 507), infomarkers added on the admission plan (n = 194), infomarkers added on a post-admission plan (minor transitions, n = 109), and infomarkers added and nonpalliative care diagnoses removed on a post-admission plan (major transition, n = 91). Age, length of stay, and pain outcomes differed significantly for these four categories of patients.Significance of Results:EHRs contain pertinent infomarkers that if confirmed in future studies could be used for timely referral to palliative care for improved focus on comfort outcomes and to identify palliative care subjects from data repositories in order to conduct big-data research, comparative effectiveness studies, and health-services research.
Photonic lattice simulation of dissipation-induced correlations in bosonic systems
Authors: Rai Amit , Lee Changhyoup , Noh Changsuk , Angelakis Dimitris G. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe propose an optical simulation of dissipation-induced correlations in one-dimensional (1D) interacting bosonic systems, using a two-dimensional (2D) array of linear photonic waveguides and only classical light. We show that for the case of two bosons in a 1D lattice, one can simulate on-site two-body dissipative dynamics using a linear 2D waveguide array with lossy diagonal waveguides. The intensity distribution of the propagating light directly maps out the wave function, allowing one to observe the dissipation-induced correlations with simple measurements. Beyond the on-site model, we also show that a generalised model containing nearest-neighbour dissipative interaction can be engineered and probed in the proposed set-up.
Swimming droplets driven by a surface wave
Authors: Ebata Hiroyuki , Sano Masaki 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSelf-propelling motion is ubiquitous for soft active objects such as crawling cells, active filaments and liquid droplets moving on surfaces. Deformation and energy dissipation are required for self-propulsion of both living and non-living matter. From the perspective of physics, searching for universal laws of self-propelled motions in a dissipative environment is worthwhile, regardless of the objects' details. In this article, we propose a simple experimental system that demonstrates spontaneous migration of a droplet under uniform mechanical agitation. As we vary control parameters, spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs sequentially and cascades of bifurcations of the motion arise. Equations describing deformable particles and hydrodynamic simulations successfully describe all of the observed motions. This system should enable us to improve our understanding of spontaneous motions of self-propelled objects.
Ultrasensitive Biosensors Using Enhanced Fano Resonances in Capped Gold Nanoslit Arrays
Authors: Lee Kuang-Li , Huang Jhih-Bin , Chang Jhih-Wei , Wu Shu-Han , Wei Pei-Kuen 
Published: February 2015

AbstractNanostructure-based sensors are capable of sensitive and label-free detection for biomedical applications. However, plasmonic sensors capable of highly sensitive detection with high-throughput and low-cost fabrication techniques are desirable. We show that capped gold nanoslit arrays made by thermal-embossing nanoimprint method on a polymer film can produce extremely sharp asymmetric resonances for a transverse magnetic-polarized wave. An ultrasmall linewidth is formed due to the enhanced Fano coupling between the cavity resonance mode in nanoslits and surface plasmon resonance mode on periodic metallic surface. With an optimal slit length and width, the full width at half-maximum bandwidth of the Fano mode is only 3.68 nm. The wavelength sensitivity is 926 nm/RIU for 60-nm-width and 1,000-nm-period nanoslits. The figure of merit is up to 252. The obtained value is higher than the theoretically estimated upper limits of the prism-coupling SPR sensors and the previously reported record high figure-of-merit in array sensors. In addition, the structure has an ultrahigh intensity sensitivity up to 48,117%/RIU.
Aluminum-Centered Tetrahedron-Octahedron Transition in Advancing Al-Sb-Te Phase Change Properties
Authors: Xia Mengjiao , Ding Keyuan , Rao Feng , Li Xianbin , Wu Liangcai , Song Zhitang 
Published: February 2015

AbstractGroup IIIA elements, Al, Ga, or In, etc., doped Sb-Te materials have proven good phase change properties, especially the superior data retention ability over popular Ge2Sb2Te5, while their phase transition mechanisms are rarely investigated. In this paper, aiming at the phase transition of Al-Sb-Te materials, we reveal a dominant rule of local structure changes around the Al atoms based on ab initio simulations and nuclear magnetic resonance evidences. By comparing the local chemical environments around Al atoms in respective amorphous and crystalline Al-Sb-Te phases, we believe that Al-centered motifs undergo reversible tetrahedron-octahedron reconfigurations in phase transition process. Such Al-centered local structure rearrangements significantly enhance thermal stability of amorphous phase compared to that of undoped Sb-Te materials and facilitate a low-energy amorphization due to the weak links among Al-centered and Sb-centered octahedrons. Our studies may provide a useful reference to further understand the underlying physics and optimize performances of all IIIA metal doped Sb-Te phase change materials, prompting the development of NOR/NAND Flash-like phase change memory technology.
Molecular basis for convergent evolution of glutamate recognition by pentameric ligand-gated ion channels
Authors: Lynagh Timothy , Beech Robin N. , Lalande Maryline J. , Keller Kevin , Cromer Brett A. , Wolstenholme Adrian J. , Laube Bodo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractGlutamate is an indispensable neurotransmitter, triggering postsynaptic signals upon recognition by postsynaptic receptors. We questioned the phylogenetic position and the molecular details of when and where glutamate recognition arose in the glutamate-gated chloride channels. Experiments revealed that glutamate recognition requires an arginine residue in the base of the binding site, which originated at least three distinct times according to phylogenetic analysis. Most remarkably, the arginine emerged on the principal face of the binding site in the Lophotrochozoan lineage, but 65 amino acids upstream, on the complementary face, in the Ecdysozoan lineage. This combined experimental and computational approach throws new light on the evolution of synaptic signalling.
A hybrid electro-optic polymer and TiO2 double-slot waveguide modulator
Authors: Qiu Feng , Spring Andrew M. , Maeda Daisuke , Ozawa Masa-aki , Odoi Keisuke , Otomo Akira , Aoki Isao , Yokoyama Shiyoshi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAn electro-optic (EO) modulator using a TiO2 slot hybrid waveguide has been designed and fabricated. Optical mode calculations revealed that the mode was primarily confined within the slots when using a double-slot configuration, thus achieving a high EO activity experimentally. The TiO2 slots also acted as an important barrier to induce an enhanced DC field during the poling of the EO polymer and the driving of the EO modulator. The hybrid phase modulator exhibited a driving voltage (Vπ) of 1.6 V at 1550 nm, which can be further reduced to 0.8 V in a 1 cm-long push-pull Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure. The modulator demonstrated a low propagation loss of 5 dB/cm and a relatively high end-fire coupling efficiency.
Quantum metrology with unitary parametrization processes
Authors: Liu Jing , Jing Xiao-Xing , Wang Xiaoguang 
Published: February 2015

AbstractQuantum Fisher information is a central quantity in quantum metrology. We discuss an alternative representation of quantum Fisher information for unitary parametrization processes. In this representation, all information of parametrization transformation, i.e., the entire dynamical information, is totally involved in a Hermitian operator "Equation missing". Utilizing this representation, quantum Fisher information is only determined by "Equation missing" and the initial state. Furthermore, "Equation missing" can be expressed in an expanded form. The highlights of this form is that it can bring great convenience during the calculation for the Hamiltonians owning recursive commutations with their partial derivative. We apply this representation in a collective spin system and show the specific expression of "Equation missing". For a simple case, a spin-half system, the quantum Fisher information is given and the optimal states to access maximum quantum Fisher information are found. Moreover, for an exponential form initial state, an analytical expression of quantum Fisher information by "Equation missing" operator is provided. The multiparameter quantum metrology is also considered and discussed utilizing this representation.
Genome-wide profiling of DNA methylation provides insights into epigenetic regulation of fungal development in a plant pathogenic fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Jeon Junhyun , Choi Jaeyoung , Lee Gir-Won , Park Sook-Young , Huh Aram , Dean Ralph A. , Lee Yong-Hwan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification that regulates development of plants and mammals. To investigate the roles of DNA methylation in fungal development, we profiled genome-wide methylation patterns at single-nucleotide resolution during vegetative growth, asexual reproduction and infection-related morphogenesis in a model plant pathogenic fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. We found that DNA methylation occurs in and around genes as well as transposable elements and undergoes global reprogramming during fungal development. Such reprogramming of DNA methylation suggests that it may have acquired new roles other than controlling the proliferation of TEs. Genetic analysis of DNA methyltransferase deletion mutants also indicated that proper reprogramming in methylomes is required for asexual reproduction in the fungus. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis showed that DNA methylation is associated with transcriptional silencing of transposable elements and transcript abundance of genes in context-dependent manner, reinforcing the role of DNA methylation as a genome defense mechanism. This comprehensive approach suggests that DNA methylation in fungi can be a dynamic epigenetic entity contributing to fungal development and genome defense. Furthermore, our DNA methylomes provide a foundation for future studies exploring this key epigenetic modification in fungal development and pathogenesis.
Enhanced photovoltaics inspired by the fovea centralis
Authors: Shalev Gil , Schmitt Sebastian W. , Embrechts Heidemarie , Brönstrup Gerald , Christiansen Silke 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe fovea centralis is a closely-packed vertical array of inverted-cone photoreceptor cells located in the retina that is responsible for high acuity binocular vision. The cones are operational in well-lit environments and are responsible for trapping the impinging illumination. We present the vertical light-funnel silicon array as a light-trapping technique for photovoltaic applications that is bio-inspired by the properties of the fovea centralis. We use opto-electronic simulations to evaluate the performance of light-funnel solar cell arrays. Light-funnel arrays present ~65% absorption enhancement compared to a silicon film of identical thickness and exhibit power conversion efficiencies that are 60% higher than those of optimized nanowire arrays of the same thickness although nanowire arrays consist of more than 2.3 times the amount of silicon. We demonstrate the superior absorption of the light-funnel arrays as compared with recent advancements in the field. Fabrication of silicon light-funnel arrays using low-cost processing techniques is demonstrated.
Preparation of silica‐supported nanoFe/Ni alloy and its application in viscosity reduction of heavy oil
Authors: Liu Xueliang , Yang Zhancun , Li Xiaohong , Zhang Zhijun , Zhao Mengyun , Su Changming 
Published: February 2015

Nanozero valent iron and nickel particles of silica composite (SiO2/Fe/Ni) were prepared via sodium borohydride reduction of ferric chloride and nickel chloride mixed solution in the presence of surface‐modified silica. The prepared nano‐SiO2/Fe/Ni was characterised by transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area method. It was found that the SiO2/Fe/Ni, composed of silica with an average size of about 12 nm and zero valent iron and nickel nanoparticles (Fe/Ni) with an average size of several nanometres, exhibited good anti‐oxidation stability, dispersity and phase transfer function. The catalytic effect of SiO2/Fe/Ni on the Shengli extra‐heavy oil was evaluated at a low temperature and the sulphur content of heavy oil before and after aquathermolysis was analysed by an elemental analyser. Results have revealed that the SiO2/Fe/Ni has good catalytic performance in the aquathermolysis process of heavy oils. In particular, at the condition of mass fraction of 0.5% and reaction temperature of 150°C for 48 h, it could significantly reduce the viscosity of heavy oil from 184 to 42 Pa·s. When compared with the original heavy oil sample the viscosity reduction rate was 77.17%, showing promising potential in the industrial production of heavy crude oils.
The mediatization of politics in contemporary Scandinavian film and television
Authors: Bondebjerg Ib 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe increased mediatization of society since 1960 has lead to a discussion of the mediatization of politics and the role of media for political debate and democracy. Habermas as early as 1962 discussed the rise and potential decline of the public sphere. The role of media in general was central in this debate, and the rise of the internet in modern societies has increased the analysis and theories of the mediatization of politics in theories of democracy and in media sociology. Audio–visual media and the new digital media have increased the visibility of all parts of private and public life and changed the relation between media, public figures and the citizen. In this article, I will discuss main positions in theories on the mediatization of politics. I will also discuss and analyse three types of film and television genres that reflect this mediatization of politics in Scandinavian film and television culture:the political documentary, the political dramaand the “nordic noir” crime genre.
Isolation and characterization of an early colonizing Rhizobium sp. R8 from a household toilet bowl
Authors: Fukano Toru , Gomi Mitsuhiro , Osaki Yukihiko , Morikawa Masaaki 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The bacterial community structure was compared between the third days’, one week’, and three weeks’ biofilm samples from the surface of a household toilet bowl. It was found that the PCR-DGGE band pattern of 16S rRNA gene was dramatically changed after the third day and was not further changed until three weeks. This result suggests that there are early and late colonizing bacterial groups. One of the early colonizers isolated from the third days’ sample was Rhizobium sp. R8, a closest relative to Rhizobium giardinii, which exhibited the highest biofilm formation activity in an artificial urine condition. R8 produced extracellular polysaccharides containing galactose, glucose, and mannose at the molar ratio of 8:1:1, which were probably responsible for the biofilm formation. Its excelled biofilm formation and urease activities together with the lack of nodulation and nitrogen fixing genes in R8 suggest that this strain has been specifically adapted to urine condition in a toilet bowl.