bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emerging roles of Lys63‐linked polyubiquitylation in immune responses
Authors: Wu Xuefeng , Karin Michael 
Published: June 2015

SummaryAmong all the E2 ubiquitin‐conjugating enzymes, Ubc13, which heterodimerizes with Uev1a, specifically mediates lysine 63 (K63)‐linked protein polyubiquitylation, a process that does not lead to proteasomal degradation of its substrates. Instead, it plays a key role in signal transduction. Numerous roles of Lys63‐linked polyubiquitylation in immune responses have emerged, indicating the importance of this regulatory strategy. Here, we summarize some of the signaling pathways that depend on Lys63‐linked polyubiquitylation during innate and adaptive immune responses, with a focus on the underlying molecular mechanisms. In addition, we describe how Ubc13 itself is regulated and outline its function in transforming growth factor β signaling. We discuss the current progress in pharmacological targeting of Ubc13 in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases as well as cancer therapy.
Parental perceptions and predictors of consent for school‐located influenza vaccination in urban elementary school children in the United States
Authors: Cheung Susan , Wang Hai‐Lin , Mascola Laurene , El Amin Alvin Nelson , Pannaraj Pia S. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundSchool‐located influenza vaccination (SLV) programs have the potential to mass‐vaccinate all enrolled children, but parental consent is required.ObjectiveTo examine parental attitudes and determine predictors of parental consent for vaccination of schoolchildren through SLV programs.Patients/MethodsSurveys were distributed to parents of 4517 children during 2009–2010 (year 1) and 4414 children during 2010–2011 (year 2) in eight elementary schools in conjunction with a SLV program.ResultsParticipants included 1259 (27·9%) parents in year 1 and 1496 (33·9%) in year 2. Parental consent for 2009 H1N1, 2009 seasonal, and 2010 seasonal influenza vaccines was obtained from 738 (70·8%), 673 (64·5%), and 1151 (77·2%) respondents, respectively. During the 2009 pandemic, respondents concerned about influenza severity were twice as likely to consent for the 2009 H1N1 vaccination compared to unconcerned respondents (OR 2·04, 95% CI:1·19–3·51). During year 2, factors that predicted parental consent were the perception of high susceptibility to influenza infection (OR 2·19, 95% CI:1·50–3·19) and high benefit of vaccine (OR 2·23, 95% CI:1·47–3·40). In both years, college‐educated parents were more likely to perceive vaccine risks (year 1: 83·6 versus 61·5%, P < 0·001 and year 2: 81·1% versus 60·6%, P < 0·001) and less likely to consent for seasonal influenza vaccine (year 1: OR 0·69, 95% CI:0·53–0·89 and year 2: OR 0·61, 95% CI:0·47–0·78) compared to non‐college‐educated parents.ConclusionsParents who appreciate the risks of influenza and benefits of vaccination are more likely to consent for SLV. More research is needed to determine how to address heightened safety concerns among college‐educated parents.
Optimisation of a micro‐neutralisation assay and its application in antigenic characterisation of influenza viruses
Authors: Lin Yipu , Gu Yan , Wharton Stephen A. , Whittaker Lynne , Gregory Victoria , Li Xiaoyan , Metin Simon , Cattle Nicholas , Daniels Rodney S. , Hay Alan J. , McCauley John W. 
Published: June 2015

ObjectivesThe identification of antigenic variants and the selection of influenza viruses for vaccine production are based largely on antigenic characterisation of the haemagglutinin (HA) of circulating viruses using the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. However, in addition to evolution related to escape from host immunity, variants emerging as a result of propagation in different cell substrates can complicate the interpretation of HI results. The objective was to develop further a micro‐neutralisation (MN) assay to complement the HI assay in antigenic characterisation of influenza viruses to assess the emergence of new antigenic variants and reinforce the selection of vaccine viruses.Design and settingA 96‐well‐plate plaque reduction MN assay based on the measurement of infected cell population using a simple imaging technique.SampleRepresentative influenza A (H1N1) pdm09, A(H3N2) and B viruses isolated between 2004 and 2013Main outcome measures and resultsImprovements to the plaque reduction MN assay included selection of the most suitable cell line according to virus type or subtype, and optimisation of experimental design and data quantitation. Comparisons of the results of MN and HI assays showed the importance of complementary data in determining the true antigenic relationships among recent human influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and type B viruses.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that the improved MN assay has certain advantages over the HI assay: it is not significantly influenced by the cell‐selected amino acid substitutions in the neuraminidase (NA) of A(H3N2) viruses, and it is particularly useful for antigenic characterisation of viruses which either grow to low HA titre and/or undergo an abortive infection resulting in an inability to form plaques in cultured cells.
An Improved Internal Gelation Process for Preparing ZrO2 Ceramic Microspheres Without Cooling the Precursor Solution
Authors: Gao Yong , Ma Jingtao , Zhao Xingyu , Hao Shaochang , Deng Changsheng , Liu Bing 
Published: June 2015

ZrO2 microspheres were prepared with an improved internal gelation process without cooling the precursor solution. The stability of the broth for internal gelation process has been systematically investigated, and the results show that the preparation and storage temperature, the concentration of NO3− and the urea in the broth have important effects on the stability of the broth. Through optimizing the broth formulation the broth prepared can be stable for 14 h at 25°C. The prepared ZrO2 ceramic microspheres have uniform size and good sphericity, with a density of 5.87 g/cm3.
Biogeography of goby lineages (Gobiiformes: Gobioidei): origin, invasions and extinction throughout the Cenozoic
Authors: Thacker Christine E. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAimTo combine a time‐calibrated phylogeny with distributional, fossil and geomorphological data to infer the patterns of lineage origins and biogeography among gobies.LocationGlobal marine areas (Indo‐West Pacific, Western Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Atlantic and Eastern Pacific) throughout the Cenozoic.MethodsI inferred a molecular phylogeny using beast, simultaneously calibrating nodes for Gobiidae, Gobionellidae and their combined clade. I used that phylogeny, coupled with current range data, to reconstruct historical distributions with the R module BioGeoBEARS under both a dispersal, extinction and cladogenesis (DEC) model and an augmented model including founder effect speciation (DEC+J). I then compared model fits for placing the ancestral node of Gobiidae + Gobiidae at varying reef hotspots throughout the Cenozoic: the West Tethys (Mediterranean), Western Indian Ocean or Indo‐West Pacific.ResultsGoby lineages arose over a 12–13 million year period in the late Eocene, followed by repeated invasions of the Eastern Pacific, Atlantic and Mediterranean from an ancestral Indo‐West Pacific distribution. Optimization with DEC+J is preferred to DEC, but constraining the root of the phylogeny with a West Tethyan (Mediterranean) or Western Indian Ocean distribution does not result in significantly different model fits under DEC+J.Main conclusionsIn Gobiidae, several lineages migrated through the West Tethys to the Atlantic, followed by extinction in the Mediterranean. In contrast, lineages of Gobionellidae in the Mediterranean did not spread beyond the eastern North Atlantic. Gobionellidae invaded the Eastern Pacific by distinct routes in different lineages, either from the Caribbean through the open Isthmus of Panama or around the northern Pacific Rim. Eastern Pacific Gobiidae are younger and derived from tropical Atlantic clades. Although the reconstructed ancestral area of gobies is the Indo‐West Pacific, fossils indicate that gobioids were present in the West Tethys region throughout the Oligocene and Miocene, including taxa that are not known from that area today.
Electrophysiological Characteristics, Rhythm, Disturbances and Conduction Discontinuities Under Autonomic Stimulation in the Rat Pulmonary Vein Myocardium
Authors: EGOROV YURIY V. , KUZ'MIN VLADISLAV S. , GLUKHOV ALEXEY V. , ROSENSHTRAUKH LEONID V. 
Published: June 2015

Pulmonary Vein ArrhythmogenesisIntroductionDespite the importance of neurogenic initiation of rapid firing from pulmonary veins (PVs), the mechanism of autonomic modulation of electrophysiological properties of the PV myocardium to form a substrate for atrial arrhythmia remains poorly understood.Methods and ResultsA 2‐microelectrode technique was used to characterize electrophysiological properties of rat PV myocardium and to explore PV arrhythmogenesis, at baseline, during electrical stimulation and/or under autonomic modulation. PV myocardium was characterized by prolonged action potential duration (APD), high degree of APD alternans, and spontaneous depolarizations. Autonomic stimulation resulted in significantly enhanced APD dispersion within the PV, which dynamically changed over time and was associated with intra‐PV and atria‐PV conduction blocks and could lead to spontaneous fibrillation‐like high‐frequency activity. In the distal part of the PV we found an unexcitable area that was characterized by depolarized resting potential (−50 ± 4 mV vs. –75 ± 2 mV vs. PV mouth, P < 0.01). This region could be activated during autonomic stimulation or fast pacing that led to multiple conduction discontinuities (uni‐ and bi‐directional conduction blocks, Wenckebach periodicity, electrotonic modulation conduction block, echo phenomenon) in 17/23 preparations, including those occurring under norepinephrine superfusion (14/17) and during pacing frequency changes (3/17). PV echoes (unstable reentrant circuits) were found in 8/23 preparations. In some experiments, several types of conduction abnormalities were observed.ConclusionThe PV myocardium demonstrates distinct electrophysiological characteristics, which could be considerably exaggerated by electrical stimulation and/or autonomic nervous system to dynamically form a functional substrate to support re‐entry as well as focal activity.
Association between dental pain and caries: a multilevel analysis to evaluate the influence of contextual and individual factors in 34 843 adults
Authors: Ardila Carlos Martín , Agudelo‐Suárez Andrés A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the influence of the social context and individual factors on the relationship between oral pain and cariesMethodsData from the 2007 National Public Health Survey in Colombia were collected. A multiple‐stage stratified sampling was used. The influence of different factors in oral pain was investigated with logistic and multilevel regression analyses.ResultsA total of 34 843 individuals (individual level) in 32 states and one Capital District (contextual level) were studied. Dental pain was associated with caries in the logistic (odds ratios = 56.2, confidence interval 49.5–63.9) and multilevel (3.342 ± 0.073; P < 0.0001) models. After adjusting for covariables, dental pain variance was still significant at individual and contextual levels; interestingly the variation in individual level was smaller (28%) than the variation among states (72%). In addition, individual‐level variables explained 80% of the individual‐level variance in dental pain, and contextual‐level variables explained 35% of the community‐level variance. All individual variables, including caries, had a significant association with dental pain. Low gross domestic product (GDP) and human development index (HDI) at contextual level were associated with dental pain.ConclusionDental pain associated strongly with caries and other individual factors were also significant, however, contextual factors, specifically low GDP and HDI affect dental pain significantly.
A comparison of two methods for measuring vessel length in woody plants
Authors: Pan Ruihua , Geng Jing , Cai Jing , Tyree Melvin T. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractVessel lengths are important to plant hydraulic studies, but are not often reported because of the time required to obtain measurements. This paper compares the fast dynamic method (air injection method) with the slower but traditional static method (rubber injection method). Our hypothesis was that the dynamic method should yield a larger mean vessel length than the static method. Vessel length was measured by both methods in current year stems of Acer, Populus, Vitis and Quercus representing short‐ to long‐vessel species. The hypothesis was verified. The reason for the consistently larger values of vessel length is because the dynamic method measures air flow rates in cut open vessels. The Hagen–Poiseuille law predicts that the air flow rate should depend on the product of number of cut open vessels times the fourth power of vessel diameter. An argument is advanced that the dynamic method is more appropriate because it measures the length of the vessels that contribute most to hydraulic flow. If all vessels had the same vessel length distribution regardless of diameter, then both methods should yield the same average length. This supports the hypothesis that large‐diameter vessels might be longer than short‐diameter vessels in most species.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplant for hyper‐IgM syndrome due to CD40L defects: A single‐center experience
Authors: Al‐Saud Bandar , Al‐Mousa Hamoud , Al‐Ahmari Ali , Al‐Ghonaium Abdulaziz , Ayas Mouhab , Alhissi Safa , Al‐Muhsen Saleh , Al‐Seraihy Amal , Arnaout Rand , Al‐Dhekri Hasan , Hawwari Abbas 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHIGMI is a disease with a high risk for morbidity and mortality. HSCT has been shown to be a curative option. This study retrospectively reviewed and analyzed data from five patients who received HSCT at King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre (KFSH&RC) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between 2005 and 2013. Five patients with HIGMI syndrome underwent HSCT at a median age of 41 months (range, 9–72 months). The median time from diagnosis to transplantation was 30 months (range, 5–58 months). For all five patients, the donors were HLA‐identical siblings. In three patients, the conditioning regimen was composed of BU and CY. Fludarabine and melphalan with either ATG or alemtuzumab was used in two patients. For GVHD prophylaxis, cyclosporine was used in two patients, and the combination of cyclosporine and MTX was used in three patients. The survival rate was 100%, with a median follow‐up of 69 months (range, 13–100 months). All patients engrafted. Two patients developed acute GVHD. Four patients showed complete immune recovery with positive CD40L expression in activated T cells and discontinued IVIG replacement. HSCT in early stage from an HLA‐matched sibling donor is potentially effective at curing the disease.
Reclamation of Water Polluted with Flubendiamide Residues by Photocatalytic Treatment with Semiconductor Oxides
Authors: Fenoll José , Vela Nuria , Garrido Isabel , Navarro Ginés , Pérez‐Lucas Gabriel , Navarro Simón 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe photodegradation of flubendiamide (benzenedicarboxamide insecticide), a relatively new insecticide was investigated in aqueous suspensions binary (ZnO of and TiO2) and ternary (Zn2TiO4 and ZnTiO3) oxides under artificial light (300–460 nm) irradiation. Photocatalytic experiments showed that the addition of semiconductors, especially ZnO and TiO2, in tandem with an electron acceptor (Na2S2O8) enhances the degradation rate of this compound in comparison with those carried out with catalyst alone and photolytic tests. The photocatalytical degradation of flubendiamide using ZnO/Na2S2O8 and TiO2/Na2S2O8 followed first‐order kinetics. In addition, desiodo‐flubendiamide was identified during the degradation of flubendiamide. Finally, application of these reaction systems in different waters (tap, leaching and watercourse) showed the validity of the treatments, which allowed the removal of flubendiamide residues in these drinking and environmental water samples.
Curative drug treatment of trypanosomosis leads to the restoration of B‐cell lymphopoiesis and splenic B‐cell compartments
Authors: Cnops J. , Bockstal V. , De Trez C. , Miquel M.C. , Radwanska M. , Magez S. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryAfrican trypanosomosis is a parasitic disease affecting both humans (sleeping sickness) and animals (nagana). In murine trypanosomosis, the B‐cell compartment is rapidly destroyed after infection. In addition, B‐cell lymphopoiesis in the bone marrow is abrogated, B‐cell subsets in the spleen are irreversibly depleted, and B‐cell memory is destroyed. Here, we investigated the effect of cure of infection on the B‐cell compartment. Suramin and diminazene aceturate were used in this study as these drugs exhibit different modes of uptake and different mechanisms of trypanocidal action. Curative drug treatment of trypanosomosis infection led to the re‐initiation of B‐cell lymphopoiesis in the bone marrow, and to the repopulation of splenic B‐cell subsets, independent of the drug used. Neither of these drugs by itself induced measurable effects on B‐cell lymphopoiesis in the bone marrow or B‐cell homoeostasis in the spleen in healthy, naïve animals.
Derivation of Canine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Baird AEG , Barsby T , Guest DJ 
Published: June 2015

ContentsDogs and humans have many inherited genetic diseases in common and conditions that are increasingly prevalent in humans also occur naturally in dogs. The use of dogs for the experimental and clinical testing of stem cell and regenerative medicine products would benefit canine health and welfare and provide relevant animal models for the translation of therapies to the human field. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the capacity to turn into all cells of the body and therefore have the potential to provide cells for therapeutic use and for disease modelling. The objective of this study was to derive and characterize iPSCs from karyotypically abnormal adult canine cells. Aneuploid adipose‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AdMSCs) from an adult female Weimeraner were re‐programmed into iPSCs via overexpression of four human pluripotency factors (Oct 4, Sox2, Klf4 and c‐myc) using retroviral vectors. The iPSCs showed similarity to human ESCs with regard to morphology, pluripotency marker expression and the ability to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers in vitro (endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm). The iPSCs also demonstrated silencing of the viral transgenes and re‐activation of the silent X chromosome, suggesting full reprogramming had occurred. The levels of aneuploidy observed in the AdMSCs were maintained in the iPSCs. This finding demonstrates the potential for generating canine induced pluripotent stem cells for use as disease models in addition to regenerative medicine and pharmaceutical testing.
Women's Organizations, Social Learning, and the Federal State: A Case Study of Canadian Pension Policy
Authors: Cooper Christopher A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe various ways which federalism influences gender policies has recently received a surge of academic interest. This article contributes to this literature by moving beyond formally adopted policies to study the influence of federalism on social learning amongst women's organizations. Using a most‐likely case study design, this exploratory work traces the policy positions held by women's organizations in Canada during a seven‐year period now known as the Great Pension Debate. Focusing on four empirical indicators of issue attention, participation in policy discussions, specificity of policy proposals, and consensus for reform, the findings suggest that the plurality and temporal proximity of successive policy venues – such as royal commissions and parliamentary committees – created by various governments offered women's organizations an optimum environment to engage in ongoing exchanges leading to the development, and greater specification, of policy positions.
Regional provenance from southwestern Colombia fore‐arc and intra‐arc basins: implications for Middle to Late Miocene orogeny in the Northern Andes
Authors: Echeverri Sebastián , Cardona Agustín , Pardo Andrés , Monsalve Gaspar , Valencia Victor A. , Borrero Carlos , Rosero Sebastián , López Sergio 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAndean orogenic processes controlled the spatial and temporal distribution of the magmatic and sedimentary record. This contribution integrates new U/Pb zircon ages, heavy mineral analyses and biostratigraphic constraints from the Neogene sedimentary record of the fore‐arc and intra‐arc basins and volcano‐plutonic rocks of southwestern Colombia, to reconstruct these orogenic processes. The results reveal continuous arc magmatism since the Late Oligocene, with a major post‐Middle Miocene magmatic peak and exhumation. When integrated with other geological constraints, the tectonic evolution of the margin includes Eocene‐Oligocene oblique convergence with limited magmatic activity, followed by the initiation of a Late Oligocene‐Early Miocene arc that migrated to the east in the Middle Miocene, when it experienced a major increase in magmatic activity, crustal deformation, exhumation and thickening. This orogenic evolution is related to the shallowing of the slab dip due to the subduction of the Neogene Nazca Plate.
C‐reactive protein and high mobility group box 1 in dogs with gastric dilatation and volvulus
Authors: Uhrikova Ivana , Rauserova‐Lexmaulova Leona , Rehakova Kristina , Scheer Peter , Doubek Jaroslav 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo (1) measure C‐reactive protein (CRP) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and (2) evaluate their prognostic value and relationship to severity of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, routine hematological and acid‐base parameters in dogs with gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV).DesignProspective observational study from September 2010 to June 2012.SettingVeterinary teaching hospital.AnimalsForty‐one client‐owned dogs with GDV.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsBlood was collected before surgery (baseline), postsurgery, 6–10 hours postsurgery, and 18–22 hours postsurgery. CRP and HMGB1 were measured in all samples, and routine hematological, biochemical, and acid‐base analyses were performed. Only baseline and postsurgery samples were used from nonsurvivors (n= 10). CRP increased significantly from postsurgery sampling to 18–22 hours postsurgery, while HMGB1 did not change over time. There was a significant difference in HMGB1 between survivors and nonsurvivors over time. Both proteins correlated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome severity, total leukocyte, segmented neutrophils, and band counts. HMGB1 correlated also with acid‐base parameters (pH, bicarbonate, base excess).ConclusionHMGB1 and CRP behaved differently in regards to their kinetic patterns, with HMGB1 appearing to better reflect the severity of tissue injury in dogs with GDV than CRP.