bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food choice and nutrient intake amongst homeless people
Authors: Sprake E. F. , Russell J. M. , Barker M. E. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundHomeless people in theUKand elsewhere have typically been found to consume a nutritionally inadequate diet. There is need for contemporary research to update our understanding within this field. The present study aimed to provide an insight into the nutrient intake and food choice of a sample of homeless adults.MethodsIn this mixed‐methods study, 24 homeless individuals accessing two charitable meal services in Sheffield,UK, participated in up to four 24‐h dietary recalls betweenApril andAugust 2012. Twelve individuals took part in a semi‐structured interview focusing on food choice.ResultsEnergy intake was significantly lower than theestimatedaverage requirement.Median intakes of vitamin A, zinc, magnesium, potassium and selenium were significantly lower thanreferencenutrientintakes. Contributions of saturated fat and nonmilk extrinsic sugars to total energy intake were significantly higher, whereas dietary fibre was significantly lower, than population average intakes. Charitable meals made an important contribution to intakes of energy and most micronutrients. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts revealed three major themes: food aspirations; constraints over food choice; and food representing survival.ConclusionsThe present study reveals risk of dietary inadequacies amongst homeless people alongside a lack of control over food choices. Charitable meal services are suggested as a vehicle for improving the dietary intake and nutritional health of homeless people.
Optimal Mortgage Refinancing: A Closed‐Form Solution
Authors: AGARWAL SUMIT , DRISCOLL JOHN C. , LAIBSON DAVID I. 
Published: May 2013

We derive the first closed‐form optimal refinancing rule: refinance when the current mortgage interest rate falls below the original rate by at least

urn:x-wiley:00222879:jmcb12017:equation:jmcb12017-math-0001In this formula W(.) is (the principal branch of) the Lambert W‐function,

urn:x-wiley:00222879:jmcb12017:equation:jmcb12017-math-0002

urn:x-wiley:00222879:jmcb12017:equation:jmcb12017-math-0003where ρ is the real discount rate, λ is the expected real rate of exogenous mortgage repayment, σ is the standard deviation of the mortgage rate, is the ratio of the tax‐adjusted refinancing cost and the remaining mortgage value, and τ is the marginal tax rate. This expression is derived by solving a tractable class of refinancing problems. Our quantitative results closely match those reported by researchers using numerical methods.
Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase is differentially expressed by different white blood cell populations of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Lei N. , Wang Y. , Zhang W.‐J. , Duan J.‐Z. , Yang G.‐B. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundIndoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) is involved in immune processes such as transplant and fetal rejection, autoimmunity, cancer, and infection; however, its expression in rhesus macaques has not been fully addressed.MethodsIndoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase mRNA and protein in the white blood cells (WBCs) of Chinese rhesus macaques were examined by RT‐PCR, western blotting, real‐time RT‐PCR, and flow cytometry.ResultsBoth IDO protein and mRNA could be readily detected in WBCs or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of normal rhesus macaques. IDO+ cell frequency was the highest among CD14+ mononuclear cells, followed by CD56+ cells and DCs. No difference in the frequency of IDO+ cells between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells; however, Th17 cells have higher frequency of IDO+ cells than Th1 cells, with Th2 cells the lowest. Toll‐like receptor (TLR) stimulation significantly increased IDO protein level in CD14+, CD56+, CD1c+, CD11c+, and CD123+ myeloid cells.ConclusionRhesus macaques express IDO differentially in their leukocyte subsets and are suitable for IDO‐related pathophysiological studies.
Mid-infrared spectroscopy as a polymer selection tool for formulating amorphous solid dispersions
Authors: Wegiel Lindsay A , Mauer Lisa J , Edgar Kevin J , Taylor Lynne S 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Objectives
The development of amorphous solid dispersions is of increasing interest in the delivery of bioactive compounds; however, there is a need for a methodology that enables the rational selection of polymers for solid dispersion formulations with optimal stability to crystallization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of mid-infrared (IR) spectroscopy for this purpose.

Methods
Polymers evaluated included poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), Eudragit E100 (E100), carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), HPMC acetate succinate (HPMCAS) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). Model crystalline bioactive polyphenols included quercetin and naringenin. Amorphous solid dispersions were prepared by dissolving both polyphenol and polymer in a common solvent followed by solvent evaporation. Mid-IR spectroscopy was used to determine and quantify the extent of polyphenol–polymer interactions, and powder X-ray diffraction was used to monitor physical stability following storage at different environmental conditions.

Key findings
The mid-IR analysis suggested the following rank order for the crystallization-inhibiting performance of the different polymers: E100 &gt; PVP &gt; HPMCAS &gt; HPMC ≥ CMCAB &gt; PAA. The initial performance of the different polymers was evaluated using the highest concentration of polyphenol for which x-ray amorphous solid dispersions could be prepared via rotary evaporation. The observed stability followed that predicted from the mid-infrared spectroscopy evaluation of intermolecular interactions. The dispersions with better polyphenol–polymer interactions were stable against crystallization when exposed to high relative humidity and high temperatures; on the other hand, systems that had weak interactions were not stable to crystallization when stored at moderate environmental conditions.

Conclusions
Based on the observed ability of mid-IR analysis to enable the characterization of intermolecular polyphenol–polymer interactions and based on the correlation between the extent of intermolecular interactions and the crystallization-inhibiting performance of polymers, it can be concluded that this technique is an important tool for the rational formulation of solid dispersions with optimized physical stability.
Barriers and facilitators to treatment participation by adolescents in a community mental health clinic
Authors: Oruche U. M. , Downs S. , Holloway E. , Draucker C. , Aalsma M. 
Published: May 2013

Accessible summary
A large number of children drop out or stop attending their mental health counseling appointments before they actually complete all the needed treatment sessions. This is a problem because the children's behavior problems may get worse or affect their willingness to seek treatment in the future.
We have not studied how the mental health clinics' daily operations and staff's behaviors may contribute to children, particularly teenagers, drop out from treatment.
We asked 12 teenagers and their parents to tell us what about the mental health clinic helped them stay or leave treatment.
Having long waits at counseling appointments, frequent changes in staff, and negative staff attitudes led to drop out from treatment. However, having staff who showed respect, involved teenagers and their parents in the counseling sessions, and communicated timely helped to decrease dropout. The parents suggested that provision of automated appointment reminders, transportation to clinics, and provision of education and support groups for caregivers will improve attendance to counseling sessions.
AbstractAn estimated 40–60% of children in mental health treatment drop out before completing their treatment plans, resulting in increased risk for ongoing clinical symptoms and functional impairment, lower satisfaction with treatment, and other poor outcomes. Research has focused predominately on child, caregiver, and family factors that affect treatment participation in this population and relatively less on organizational factors. Findings are limited by focus on children between 3 and 14 years of age and included only caregivers' and/or therapists' perspectives. The purpose of this descriptive qualitative study was to identify organizational factors that influenced participation in treatment, with special attention to factors that contributed to dropout in adolescents. The sample included 12 adolescent–caregiver dyads drawn from two groups in a large public mental health provider database. Analysis of focus group interview data revealed several perceived facilitators and barriers to adolescent participation in treatment and provided several practical suggestions for improving treatment participation. Implications of the findings for psychiatric mental health nurses and other clinicians who provide services to families of adolescents with mental health concerns are discussed.
Effects of a Brown‐midrib corn hybrid on nutrient digestibility in wethers and on dry matter intake, performance, rumen and blood variables in dairy cows
Authors: Gorniak T. , Meyer U. , Hackelsperger F. , Dänicke S. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe aim of the present trials was to determine the effect of an experimental Brown‐midrib (Bm) corn hybrid in relation to a commercial corn hybrid (Con) on digestibility in wethers and on dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and milk composition in dairy cows. Digestibility of crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDFom) and acid detergent fibre (ADFom) were higher for Bm (CF Con: 57.8%; Bm: 67.2%; NDFom Con: 56.8%; Bm: 64.8%; ADFom Con: 52.0%; Bm: 63.9%), but concentration of net energy for lactation did not differ (Con: 6.4 MJ/kg DM; Bm: 6.3 MJ/kg DM). A total of 64 lactating German Holstein cows were assigned to one of the two dietary treatments Con or Bm according to milk yield, lactation number, days in milk and live weight. In Trial 1, cows were fed a total mixed ration consisting of 50% corn silage (Con or Bm) and 50% concentrate on dry matter (DM) basis. In Trial 2, the same animals were fed the respective silage for ad libitum intake and 5.3 kg of concentrate DM per animal per day. In Trial 1, DMI and milk‐fat content were decreased significantly for the Bm‐treatment (DMI Con: 22.5 kg/day; Bm: 21.5 kg/day; milk fat Con: 3.8%; Bm: 3.3%). In Trial 2, milk yield and fat‐corrected milk (FCM) were increased significantly, whereas milk‐fat% was decreased significantly (milk yield Con: 25.8 kg/day; Bm: 29.4 kg/day; FCM Con: 27.2 kg/day; Bm: 29.6 kg/day; fat Con: 4.4%; Bm: 4.0%). Diets did not influence ruminal pH or temperature. Diets, furthermore, did not influence rumination in either trial. Additional research on digestibility and rumen fermentation should, however, be carried out using dairy cows at respective intake levels as trials with wethers cannot be transferred to high‐yielding ad libitum fed cows.
Trust: A Master Teacher's Perspective on Why It Is Important: How to Build It and Its Implications for MBE Research
Authors: D'Andrea Katherine Clunis 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTTeaching is an interaction. It is a relationship between my students and myself. For successful interactions to take place there needs to be trust. In order for my students to be successful I have to be successful as well. My students and I have to have a variety of interactions. These interactions build trust, which leads to bonding. I believe these are the core components to success for myself and therefore my students. The environment that I work in also has to be about trust. I have to feel trusted to do my job in order to be successful. My experiences hopefully will lead to more research and the understanding of trust in the cognitive process of learning.
Teaching as a Dynamic Phenomenon with Interpersonal Interactions
Authors: Watanabe Katsumi 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTPeople tend to assimilate toward each other. Importantly, assimilations occur both explicitly and implicitly at various levels, ranging from low‐level sensory‐motor coordination to high‐level conceptual mimicry. Teaching is often confused with simply one means of enhancing learning. However, as we shall see in the other articles in this issue, teaching is a dynamic phenomenon where interpersonal interactions occur explicitly and implicitly at multiple levels. Bonding through coordinated interpersonal interactions occupies a substantial portion of teaching. In this article, I would like to introduce two interpersonal phenomena that exemplify implicit interactions and discuss their relations to the new realization of teaching.
Exclusive rewards in mutualisms: ant proteases and plant protease inhibitors create a lock–key system to protectAcaciafood bodies from exploitation
Authors: Orona‐Tamayo Domancar , Wielsch Natalie , Blanco‐Labra Alejandro , Svatos Ales , Farías‐Rodríguez Rodolfo , Heil Martin 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMyrmecophyticAcaciaspecies produce food bodies (FBs) to nourish ants of thePseudomyrmex ferrugineusgroup, with which they live in an obligate mutualism. We investigated how theFBs are protected from exploiting nonmutualists. Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis of theFBproteomes and consecutive protein sequencing indicated the presence of several Kunitz‐type protease inhibitors (PIs).PIs extracted fromAcaciaFBs were biologically active, as they effectively reduced the trypsin‐like and elastase‐like proteolytic activity in the guts of seed‐feeding beetles (Prostephanus truncatusandZabrotes subfasciatus), which were used as nonadapted herbivores representing potential exploiters. By contrast, the legitimate mutualistic consumers maintained high proteolytic activity dominated by chymotrypsin 1, which was insensitive to theFB PIs. Larvae of an exploiter ant (Pseudomyrmex gracilis) taken fromAcaciahosts exhibited lower overall proteolytic activity than the mutualists. The proteases of this exploiter exhibited mainly elastase‐like and to a lower degree chymotrypsin 1‐like activity. We conclude that the mutualist ants possess specifically those proteases that are least sensitive to thePIs in their specific food source, whereas the congeneric exploiter ant appears partly, but not completely, adapted to consumeAcaciaFBs. By contrast, any consumption of theFBs by nonadapted exploiters would effectively inhibit their digestive capacities. We suggest that the term ‘exclusive rewards’ can be used to describe situations similar to the one that has evolved in myrmecophyticAcaciaspecies, which reward mutualists withFBs but safeguard the reward from exploitation by generalists by making theFBs difficult for the nonadapted consumer to use.
The Dynamics of Humanitarian Aid Decisions
Authors: Fielding David 
Published: May 2013

AbstractHumanitarian aid can be seen as a political investment motivated by altruism or by economic benefits for the donor. Uncertainty in the returns to this investment may generate hysteresis effects and inertia in aid allocations. I model the allocation decisions of the three largest humanitarian aid donors: the US government, the UK government and the European Commission, finding evidence that allocations depend on both recipient need and donor economic interest. Some donors exhibit more inertia than others, and some are more influenced by the decisions of other donors. Despite being a relatively small donor, the UK is particularly influential.
Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver in children after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Masetti Riccardo , Zama Daniele , Gasperini Pietro , Morello William , Prete Arcangelo , Colecchia Antonio , Festi Davide , Pession Andrea 
Published: May 2013

AbstractFNH is a non‐malignant neoplasia of the liver rarely described in children. A significant percentage of the pediatric cases have been reported in patients with a history of malignant disease treated with chemo‐radiation therapy and in children who were given HSCT. Little is known about the pathogenesis of FNH in transplanted children, but many risk factors linked to the HSCT procedure have been hypothesized. The detection of hepatic nodules, particularly in children who underwent HSCT for a previous malignancy, always raises a diagnostic dilemma. To help the physicians in the diagnostic management of this rare entity, we have retrospectively evaluated a series of transplanted children diagnosed with FNH in our Center over the last 15 yr. In this period, we found 10 new diagnoses of FNH. The diagnostic work‐up included CEUS, abdominal CT, and MRI. A liver biopsy was performed in two patients. The median FUP time after diagnosing FNH was 3.8 yr, with an abdominal US and no malignant transformation were observed. Possible risk factors and indications for the management of FNH in transplanted children are reported and discussed in a comprehensive review of the literature.
Activation of defence responses to Phytophthora infestans in potato by BABA
Authors: Bengtsson T. , Holefors A. , Witzell J. , Andreasson E. , Liljeroth E. 
Published: May 2013

Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is one of the most devastating diseases of the potato crop. Resistance breeding and current fungicides are unable to control the rapidly evolving P. infestans and new control strategies are urgently needed. This study examined mechanisms of dl‐β‐aminobutyric acid (BABA)‐induced resistance (IR) in the potato–P. infestans system. Leaves from two cultivars that differ in their degree of resistance, Bintje and Ovatio, were analysed after foliar treatment with BABA. Rapid activation of various defence responses and a significant reduction in P. infestans growth were observed in leaves treated with BABA. In the more resistant cultivar, Ovatio, the activation was both faster and stronger than in Bintje. Microscopic analysis of leaves treated with BABA revealed induction of small hypersensitive response (HR)‐like lesions surrounded by callose, as well as production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Molecular and chemical analyses revealed soluble phenols such as arbutin and chlorogenic acid and activation of PR‐1. These results show a direct activation of defence responses in potato, rather than priming as reported for other plant species. They also show that the efficiency of BABA‐IR differs between cultivars, which highlights the importance of taking all aspects into consideration when establishing new methods for disease management.
Memory B Cells in Mouse Models
Authors: Bergmann B. , Grimsholm O. , Thorarinsdottir K. , Ren W. , Jirholt P. , Gjertsson I. , Mårtensson I.‐L. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractOne of the principles behind vaccination, as shown by Edward Jenner in 1796, and host protection is immunological memory, and one of the cells central to this is the antigen‐experienced memory B cell that responds rapidly upon re‐exposure to the initiating antigen. Classically, memory B cells have been defined as progenies of germinal centre (GC) B cells expressing isotype‐switched and substantially mutated B cell receptors (BCRs), that is, membrane‐bound antibodies. However, it has become apparent over the last decade that this is not the only pathway to B cell memory. Here, we will discuss memory B cells in mice, as defined by (1) cell surface markers; (2) multiple layers; (3) formation in a T cell–dependent and either GC‐dependent or GC‐independent manner; (4) formation in a T cell–independent fashion. Lastly, we will touch upon memory B cells in; (5) mouse models of autoimmune diseases.
Wnt5a Inhibits Human Monocyte‐Derived Myeloid Dendritic Cell Generation
Authors: Bergenfelz C. , Janols H. , Wullt M. , Jirström K. , Bredberg A. , Leandersson K. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWnt5a is a non‐canonical Wnt protein that is expressed at elevated levels in inflammatory conditions. Its role in inflammation remains unclear, although it is known that Wnt5a is expressed at a higher level in monocyte‐derived myeloid dendritic cells (Mo‐mDCs) than in monocytes and macrophages. The function of Wnt5a in dendritic cells (DCs) remains relatively unexplored. Here, we found that under Mo‐mDC culture conditions, Wnt5a inhibited the generation of CD14+/low Mo‐mDCs while promoting the generation of CD14+/++ CD16+ monocytes. We could further show that stimulation of monocytes with rWnt5a induced a rapid IL‐6 production and that the rWnt5a treated Mo‐mDC differentiation was restored upon blocking of IL‐6. Also, conditioned media from Wnt5a stimulated human breast cancer cells producing IL‐6, specifically inhibited Mo‐mDC differentiation. These observations are strengthened by our finding that patients with sepsis, a disease involving elevated Wnt5a and IL‐6 levels, also showed a significant increase in the CD14+ CD16++/CD14+/++ CD16+ monocyte populations, which was accompanied by a significant decrease in circulating mDCs. We finally show that under typical Mo‐mDC culture conditions, monocytes isolated from patients with sepsis as compared to healthy controls, preferentially differentiated into CD14+/++ HLA‐DR++ cells. We suggest that Wnt5a is a possible candidate mediator for the CD14+/++ CD16+ monocyte accumulation seen in patients with infectious disease and cancer.
Appreciative GIS and Strength‐Based Community Change
Authors: Hodza Paddington 
Published: May 2013

AbstractProblem‐solving is embedded deeply in the digital DNA of GIS. Most projects involving GIS 1.0 and 2.0 raise community weaknesses, failures and other problems and use them to motivate change. The projects often create a future that does not differ greatly from the past or last long. Although looking into community problems is important and sometimes necessary, the steps of problem‐solving do not always leave people feeling happy. To inspire communities to create change based on their strengths and achievements, and to provide better participant experience, this article develops the concept of a new form of GIS called Appreciative GIS (AGIS). AGIS are grounded in the affirmative premise that every community, however challenged, is gifted with certain assets, potentials and strengths which, when effectively exploited, can take that community to a better and sustainable future. Based on Earth's internal structure, the article develops a useful layered community model where crust, mantle and core strata represent the community's body, life‐draining and life‐giving elements in that order. The model helps explain the different views of the community from current GIS and AGIS perspectives. A Total GIS (TGIS) cube is also developed and used to indicate that current GIS commonly focus on elements of the mantle or what we do not have, what we cannot do and what makes us weak. AGIS, on the other hand, dig up the core and cultivate what we have, what we can possibly do and what makes us strong. In a significant departure from the linear approach of problem‐solving, the article suggests implementing AGIS through a 7G cyclical method. The article contends that although AGIS may not be the whole enchilada, they can serve as a beacon of hope and a powerful source of inspiration especially for individuals and groups who are perceived or made to perceive themselves as dysfunctional, weak or poor.