bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Black Jobs Matter: Racial Inequalities in Conditions of Employment and Subsequent Health Outcomes
Authors: Doede Megan Sarah 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAfrican‐Americans shoulder an excessive burden of unemployment, precarious employment, and low paying jobs in the United States, which may help explain why they experience some of the worst health outcomes among U.S. citizens. This paper presents a conceptual framework describing this phenomenon. The social determinants of health as described by this framework include racism, social and public policy formation, socioeconomic status, and conditions of employment. The intermediate determinants of health, which include the ability to afford health behavior, depression and addiction, environmental exposures, and access to primary care, are informed by conditions of employment, which leads to poor health outcomes for African‐Americans. This paper will explore in detail these relationships.
Genetic structure and phylogeny of Italian and Czech populations of the cucurbit powdery mildew fungus Golovinomyces orontii inferred by multilocus sequence typing
Authors: Pirondi A. , Kitner M. , Iotti M. , Sedláková B. , Lebeda A. , Collina M. 
Published: November 2015

Cucurbit powdery mildew caused by Golovinomyces orontii is a serious disease that affects cucurbit crops in temperate areas. In northern Italy, the species is responsible for the early infections at the beginning of the growing season. However, chasmothecia have never been recorded in Italy and the impact of either asexual or sexual reproduction of G. orontii remains to be determined. To investigate and compare the genetic structure of Italian populations with those from the Czech Republic, where chasmothecia are sporadically recorded, seven housekeeping gene fragments (tef‐1α, csI, ITS, H3, tub2, IGS and mtLSU) were amplified and used in a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach. The four‐gamete test was performed to detect recombination between and within populations. Phylogeny was inferred using both Bayesian and minimum evolution analyses. Results from MLST revealed the presence of 141 single nucleotide polymorphisms and the existence of 13 different haplotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of two main distinct phylogenetic groups that were also highly genetically different, confirming that G. orontii is a species complex. Recombination was detected within both the phylogenetic groups and the geographical populations, indicating that sexual reproduction could have occurred. However, considering the lower haplotype diversity and the high frequency of ST3 (17 isolates) and ST7 (eight isolates) haplotypes, the Italian population could be predominantly clonal, while sexual reproduction may occasionally occur due to the introduction of genotypes similar to those from the Czech Republic.
Genome‐wide association and epistasis studies unravel the genetic architecture of sudden death syndrome resistance in soybean
Authors: Zhang Jiaoping , Singh Arti , Mueller Daren S. , Singh Asheesh K. 
Published: November 2015

SummarySoybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is an economically important crop that is grown worldwide. Sudden death syndrome (SDS), caused by Fusarium virguliforme, is one of the top yield‐limiting diseases in soybean. However, the genetic basis of SDS resistance, especially with respect to epistatic interactions, is still unclear. To better understand the genetic architecture of soybean SDS resistance, genome‐wide association and epistasis studies were performed using a population of 214 germplasm accessions and 31 914 SNPs from the SoySNP50K Illumina Infinium BeadChip. Twelve loci and 12 SNP–SNP interactions associated with SDS resistance were identified at various time points after inoculation. These additive and epistatic loci together explained 24–52% of the phenotypic variance. Disease‐resistant, pathogenesis‐related and chitin‐ and wound‐responsive genes were identified in the proximity of peak SNPs, including stress‐induced receptor‐like kinase gene 1 (SIK1), which is pinpointed by a trait‐associated SNP and encodes a leucine‐rich repeat‐containing protein. We report that the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by identified loci may be considerably improved by taking epistatic effects into account. This study shows the necessity of considering epistatic effects in soybean SDS resistance breeding using marker‐assisted and genomic selection approaches. Based on our findings, we propose a model for soybean root defense against the SDS pathogen. Our results facilitate identification of the molecular mechanism underlying SDS resistance in soybean, and provide a genetic basis for improvement of soybean SDS resistance through breeding strategies based on additive and epistatic effects.
Causes of endogenous uveitis in cats presented to referral clinics in North Carolina
Authors: Jinks Maggie R. , English Robert V. , Gilger Brian C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the causes of endogenous uveitis in cats presenting to referral ophthalmology clinics in North Carolina.ProcedureMedical records of cats diagnosed with endogenous uveitis at North Carolina State University's College of Veterinary Medicine (NCSU‐CVM) or Animal Eye Care Associates of Cary,NCbetween 2003 and 2015 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were cats that had complete diagnostic workups, including clinical, clinicopathological, serological, and histopathological data, as well as imaging modalities. Serology was consistently completed for feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline coronavirus (FCoV), Toxoplasma gondii, and Bartonella spp.ResultsOne hundred and twenty cats met the inclusion criteria. Seroprevalence of FeLV(2.7%),FIV(7.3%),FCoV (34.7%),T. gondii(23.7%), and Bartonella spp. (43.2%) was observed, with a combined seroprevalence of 59.2%. Nineteen cats (15.8%) were diagnosed with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) based on clinical, hematological, serological, histopathological, and necropsy findings. The average age of all cases was 7.62 years, while the average age of cats diagnosed withFIPwas 1.82 years. Neoplasia was diagnosed in six cats (5.0%). No underlying etiology was found in 49 cats (40.8%).ConclusionsBoth idiopathic and neoplastic causes of uveitis were less prevalent than previously reported in studies, while seropositivity was higher than previously reported for the study area. This may be due to improved diagnostic capabilities or that cats with infectious disease were more likely to be referred. Because of the high prevalence ofFIP, young cats with uveitis should be evaluated for hyperglobulinemia andFCoV serology should be performed as minimal diagnostics.
Atypical chorioretinal coloboma in a Golden Retriever: a retinographic, fluoroangiographic, and optical coherence tomography study
Authors: Gonzalez‐Alonso‐Alegre Elisa M. , Rodriguez‐Alvaro Alfonso , Esteban‐Martín Javier 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPurposeTo report a case of canine atypical chorioretinal coloboma where ophthalmoscopic, fluoroangiographic and optical coherence tomography characteristics are described.Animal StudiedA 2‐year‐old Golden Retriever dog in which routine ophthalmoscopic examination allowed diagnosis of a posterior coloboma on the left eye.ProceduresRetinography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography were performed to characterize the lesion of the left fundus.ResultsOphthalmoscopy revealed a pigmented circumscribed lesion dorsal to the optic nerve of the left fundus, surrounded by small areas of hyper‐reflectivity and retinal vessels with an abnormal pattern. Fluoroangiography revealed a constant hypofluorescence of the defect and a complete altered vascular pattern associated with the coloboma. Optical coherence study demonstrated an important craterlike depression showing an atrophic neurosensory retina, and a lack of retinal pigment epithelium and choroidal tissue.ConclusionsFluoroangiographic and optical coherence tomographic studies of an atypical chorioretinal coloboma in a dog are reported for the first time. Both imaging techniques are of great importance to characterize this type of congenital defects.
Effectiveness of Ginger Root (Zingiber officinale) on Running-Induced Muscle Soreness and Function: A Pilot Study
Authors: Wilson Patrick B. , Fitzgerald John S. , Rhodes Gregory S. , Lundstrom Chris J. , Ingraham Stacy J. 
Published: November 2015

Context:Analgesics are commonly used by individuals undertaking endurance training; unfortunately, many commonly-used analgesics cause significant adverse effects. Ginger root (Zingiber officinale) has been used effectively as an analgesic in several contexts, but to date, no research is available to evaluate ginger root’s effects in the context of endurance training.Objective:Determine whether ginger root supplementation reduces muscle soreness and prevents impairments in muscle function following a long-distance training run.Design:Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Setting:University marathon training course.Participants:Twenty college students (n = 8 for ginger root group and n = 12 for placebo group).Intervention:Supplementation with 2.2 g·day–1 of ginger root or placebo for three days before, the day of, and the day after a 20–22 mile training run.Main Outcome Measures:Four days before and 24-hr postrun, participants rated soreness on a 100-mm visual analog scale, while vertical jump (VJ), peak force, and average rate of force development (RFD) were assessed during a squat jump. Quade’s rank analysis of covariance was used to assess between-group differences.Results:Median (range) soreness during jogging at 24-hr postrun was lower with ginger root supplementation (37 mm, 15–58) compared with placebo (62 mm, 6–85) (F = 4.6, p = .04). No significant differences for VJ, peak force, and RFD were found between groups.Conclusions:Ginger root may modestly reduce muscle soreness stemming from long-distance running, although it may have little to no effect on measures of muscle function during a VJ. Future studies should explore the mechanisms responsible for reductions in running-induced muscle soreness, as well as evaluate the benefit-to-risk profile of ginger root in the context of endurance training.
An extremely bright gamma-ray pulsar in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors:   The Fermi LAT Collaboration, Ackermann M. , Albert A. , Baldini L. , Ballet J. , Barbiellini G. , Barbieri C. , Bastieri D. , Bellazzini R. , Bissaldi E. , Bonino R. , Bottacini E. , Brandt T. J. , Bregeon J. , Bruel P. , Buehler R. , Caliandro G. A. , Cameron R. A. , Caraveo P. A. , Cecchi C. , Charles E. , Chekhtman A. , Cheung C. C. , Chiang J. , Chiaro G. , Ciprini S. , Cohen-Tanugi J. , Cuoco A. , Cutini S. , D’Ammando F. , Desiante F. de Palma R. , Digel S. W. , Di Venere L. , Drell P. S. , Favuzzi C. , Fegan S. J. , Ferrara E. C. , Franckowiak A. , Funk S. , Fusco P. , Gargano F. , Gasparrini D. , Giglietto N. , Giordano F. , Godfrey G. , Grenier I. A. , Grondin M.-H. , Grove J. E. , Guillemot L. , Guiriec S. , Hagiwara K. , Harding A. K. , Hays E. , Hewitt J. W. , Hill A. B. , Horan D. , Johnson T. J. , Knödlseder J. , Kuss M. , Larsson S. , Latronico L. , Lemoine-Goumard M. , Li J. , Li L. , Longo F. , Loparco F. , Lovellette M. N. , Lubrano P. , Maldera S. , Manfreda A. , Marshall F. , Martin P. , Mayer M. , Mazziotta M. N. , Michelson P. F. , Mirabal N. , Mizuno T. , Monzani M. E. , Morselli A. , Moskalenko I. V. , Murgia S. , Naletto G. , Nuss E. , Ohsugi T. , Orienti M. , Orlando E. , Paneque D. , Pesce-Rollins M. , Piron F. , Pivato G. , Porter T. A. , Rainò S. , Rando R. , Razzano M. , Reimer A. , Reimer O. , Reposeur T. , Romani R. W. , Parkinson P. M. Saz , Schulz A. , Sgrò C. , Siskind E. J. , Smith D. A. , Spada F. , Spandre G. , Spinelli P. , Suson D. J. , Takahashi H. , Thayer J. B. , Thompson D. J. , Tibaldo L. , Torres D. F. , Uchiyama Y. , Vianello G. , Wood K. S. , Wood M. , Zampieri L. 
Published: November 2015

LMC pulsar's bright gamma-ray flashes
Pulsars are rapidly rotating neutron stars that are seen as pulsating sources of radio waves. Some, such as the Crab pulsar, also emit pulses of gamma rays. The Fermi LAT collaboration observed pulsed gamma rays from a pulsar outside our galaxy, the Milky Way. The pulsar, known as PSR J0540–6919, is located in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). This is the most powerful gamma-ray pulsar yet known, with luminosity 20 times that of the Crab. The findings should help to explain how pulsars convert the energy stored in their rotation into detectable electromagnetic emission.

Science
, this issue p.
801
Two Serious Cases of Infection with Clostridium celatum after 40 Years in Hiding?
Authors: Agergaard Charlotte Nielsen , Hoegh Silje Vermedal , Holt Hanne Marie , Justesen Ulrik Stenz 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Clostridium celatum
[ce.la'tum. L. adj.
celatum
hidden] has been known since 1974, when it was isolated from human feces. In 40 years, no association with human infection has been reported. In this work, we present two serious cases of infection with the anaerobic Gram-positive rod
Clostridium celatum
.
Occurrence of Fungal DNA Contamination in PCR Reagents: Approaches to Control and Decontamination
Authors: Czurda S. , Smelik S. , Preuner-Stix S. , Nogueira F. , Lion T. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT
Nucleic acid amplification techniques permitting sensitive and rapid screening in patients at risk for invasive fungal infections are an important addition to conventional fungal diagnostic methods. However, contamination with fungal DNA may be a serious threat to the validity of fungal amplification-based assays. Besides rigorous handling procedures to avoid false-positive test results from exogenous sources, we have implemented protocols for comprehensive assessment of fungal contamination in all materials involved in the analytical process. Traces of fungal DNA were found in different commercially available PCR reagents, including lyophilized primers, TaqMan probes, and master mix solutions. These contaminants resulted in a considerable rate of false-positive tests in panfungal real-time PCR analysis. To address this problem, we have established a decontamination protocol based on the activity of a double-strand specific DNase. Using this approach, we have significantly reduced the frequency of false-positive test results attributable to contaminated reagents. On the basis of our findings, we strongly recommend routine monitoring of all reagents used in fungal PCR assays for the presence of relevant contaminants. As long as fungal-grade reagents are not readily available, pretreatment methods facilitating elimination of fungal DNA are critical for reducing the risk of false-positive results in highly sensitive molecular fungal detection assays.
Comparison of
illumigene
Group A Streptococcus Assay with Culture of Throat Swabs from Children with Sore Throats in the New Zealand School-Based Rheumatic Fever Prevention Program
Authors: Upton Arlo , Bissessor Liselle , Farrell Elizabeth , Shulman Stanford T. , Zheng Xiaotian , Lennon Diana 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis is a particularly important condition in areas of New Zealand where the incidence of acute rheumatic fever remains unacceptably high. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of GAS pharyngitis are cornerstones of the Rheumatic Fever Prevention Programme, but these are hindered by the turnaround time of culture. Tests with excellent performance and rapid turnaround times are needed. For this study, throat swabs (Copan ESwabs) were collected from schoolchildren self-identifying with a sore throat. Samples were tested by routine culture and the
illumigene
GAS assay using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Discrepant results were resolved by retesting of the same specimen by an alternative molecular assay. Seven hundred fifty-seven throat swab specimens were tested by both methods. The performance characteristics of the
illumigene
assay using culture on blood agar as the “gold standard” and following discrepancy analysis were as follows: sensitivity, 82% and 87%, respectively; specificity, 93% and 98%, respectively; positive predictive value, 61% and 88%, respectively; and negative predictive value, 97% and 97%, respectively. In our unique setting of a school-based throat swabbing program, the
illumigene
assay did not perform quite as well as described in previous reports. Despite this, its improved sensitivity and rapid turnaround time compared with those of culture are appealing.
Misidentification of a Rare Species, Cryptococcus laurentii, by Commonly Used Commercial Biochemical Methods and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Systems: Challenges for Clinical Mycology Laboratories
Authors: Xiao Meng , Fan Xin , Chen Xin-Xin , Wang He , Zhang Li , Xu Zhi-Peng , Kudinha Timothy , Kong Fanrong , Xu Ying-Chun 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Forty-two putative
Cryptococcus laurentii
isolates identified by the Vitek 2 system were collected in China. The gold standard, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing, confirmed that only two isolates were genuine
C. laurentii
. Bruker Biotyper matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry was able to identify the
C. laurentii
isolates with an expanded custom database.
Characterization of Recombinant Human Cytomegaloviruses Encoding IE1 Mutants L174P and 1-382 Reveals that Viral Targeting of PML Bodies Perturbs both Intrinsic and Innate Immune Responses
Authors: Scherer Myriam , Otto Victoria , Stump Joachim D. , Klingl Stefan , Müller Regina , Reuter Nina , Muller Yves A. , Sticht Heinrich , Stamminger Thomas 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTPML is the organizer of cellular structures termed nuclear domain 10 (ND10) or PML-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) that act as key mediators of intrinsic immunity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and other viruses. The antiviral function of ND10 is antagonized by viral regulatory proteins such as the immediate early protein IE1 of HCMV. IE1 interacts with PML through its globular core domain (IE1CORE) and induces ND10 disruption in order to initiate lytic HCMV infection. Here, we investigate the consequences of a point mutation (L174P) in IE1CORE, which was shown to abrogate the interaction with PML, for lytic HCMV infection. We found that a recombinant HCMV encoding IE1-L174P displays a severe growth defect similar to that of an IE1 deletion virus. Bioinformatic modeling based on the crystal structure of IE1COREsuggested that insertion of proline into the highly alpha-helical domain severely affects its structural integrity. Consistently, L174P mutation abrogates the functionality of IE1COREand results in degradation of the IE1 protein during infection. In addition, our data provide evidence that IE1COREas expressed by a recombinant HCMV encoding IE1 1-382 not only is required to antagonize PML-mediated intrinsic immunity but also affects a recently described function of PML in innate immune signaling. We demonstrate a coregulatory role of PML in type I and type II interferon-induced gene expression and provide evidence that upregulation of interferon-induced genes is inhibited by IE1CORE. In conclusion, our data suggest that targeting PML by viral regulatory proteins represents a strategy to antagonize both intrinsic and innate immune mechanisms.IMPORTANCEPML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), which represent nuclear multiprotein complexes consisting of PML and additional proteins, represent important cellular structures that mediate intrinsic resistance against many viruses, including human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). During HCMV infection, the major immediate early protein IE1 binds to PML via a central globular domain (IE1CORE), and we have shown previously that this is sufficient to antagonize intrinsic immunity. Here, we demonstrate that modification of PML by IE1COREnot only abrogates intrinsic defense mechanisms but also attenuates the interferon response during infection. Our data show that PML plays a novel coregulatory role in type I as well as type II interferon-induced gene expression, which is antagonized by IE1CORE. Importantly, our finding supports the view that targeting of PML-NBs by viral regulatory proteins has evolved as a strategy to inhibit both intrinsic and innate immune defense mechanisms.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 Mediate Species-Specific Modulations of Programmed Necrosis through the Viral Ribonucleotide Reductase Large Subunit R1
Authors: Yu Xiaoliang , Li Yun , Chen Qin , Su Chenhe , Zhang Zili , Yang Chengkui , Hu Zhilin , Hou Jue , Zhou Jinying , Gong Ling , Jiang Xuejun , Zheng Chunfu , He Sudan 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3) and its substrate mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) are core regulators of programmed necrosis. The elimination of pathogen-infected cells by programmed necrosis acts as an important host defense mechanism. Here, we report that human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 had opposite impacts on programmed necrosis in human cells versus their impacts in mouse cells. Similar to HSV-1, HSV-2 infection triggered programmed necrosis in mouse cells. However, neither HSV-1 nor HSV-2 infection was able to induce programmed necrosis in human cells. Moreover, HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection in human cells blocked tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced necrosis by preventing the induction of an RIP1/RIP3 necrosome. The HSV ribonucleotide reductase large subunit R1 was sufficient to suppress TNF-induced necrosis, and its RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) domain was required to disrupt the RIP1/RIP3 complex in human cells. Therefore, this study provides evidence that HSV has likely evolved strategies to evade the host defense mechanism of programmed necrosis in human cells.

IMPORTANCE
This study demonstrated that infection with HSV-1 and HSV-2 blocked TNF-induced necrosis in human cells while these viruses directly activated programmed necrosis in mouse cells. Expression of HSV R1 suppressed TNF-induced necrosis of human cells. The RHIM domain of R1 was essential for its association with human RIP3 and RIP1, leading to disruption of the RIP1/RIP3 complex. This study provides new insights into the species-specific modulation of programmed necrosis by HSV.