bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical treatment of severe laryngomalacia: Six month follow up
Authors: Baljosevic Ivan , Minic Predrag , Trajkovic Goran , Markovic‐Sovtic Gordana , Radojicic Bojana , Sovtic Aleksandar 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundLaryngomalacia (LM) is the most common congenital anomaly of larynx that causes stridor in children. We evaluated the efficacy of epiglottic suture and laser epiglottopexy for treatment of infants with severe LM.MethodsSurgical intervention was performed in 19 patients with severe LM, after the diagnosis was established using flexible laryngotracheobronchoscopy. Five patients had isolated type 1 LM, and 14 patients had a combination of type 1 and 3 LM. Indication for surgical treatment was the presence of LM with at least one of the following: malnutrition (body mass index [BMI] Z score < –2 SD), dysphagia or symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux and mean oxygen saturation (SaO2) <92% with oxygen desaturation index (ODI) > 3.ResultsEpiglottic suture was performed in 11 patients, and laser epiglottopexy in eight, at mean age 3.95 ± 2.4 months. Rate of operation was 2.2‐fold greater for more severe anomaly (combination of type 1 and 3 LM) than for isolated type 1. At 6 month follow up symptoms had gradually improved, as well as nutritional status, with increase of mean BMI Z score from –3.7 to –0.9 (P < 0.01). Mean preoperative SaO2 was 89.4 ± 4.3% with mean ODI of 5.8. At 6 month follow up, mean SaO2 was 96.7 ± 1.1%, and mean ODI was 1.2 (P < 0.01).ConclusionsEpiglottic suture and laser epiglottopexy are efficient surgical techniques that lead to significant improvement of symptoms, oxygenation and nutritional status in patients with LM.
The Presumption of Innocence in the Trial Setting
Authors: Lippke Richard L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe starting frame with which jurors begin trials and the approach which they should take toward the presentation of evidence by the prosecution and defense are distinguished. A robust interpretation of the starting frame, according to which jurors should begin trials by presuming the material innocence of defendants, is defended. Alternative starting frames which are less defendant‐friendly are shown to cohere less well with the notion that criminal trials should constitute stern tests of the government's case against those it has charged with crimes. The intuitive case for the robust presumption of innocence is supplemented with empirical evidence concerning the psychology of belief formation and preservation. Various objections to the proposed starting frame are addressed.
The Overuse, Underuse, and Misuse of Dialysis in ESKD Patients with Dementia
Authors: MacPhail Aleece , Ibrahim Joseph E. , Fetherstonhaugh Deirdre , Levidiotis Vicki 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe profile of patients on chronic dialysis has shifted. There is a growing group of older patients with comorbid dementia and ESKD, who are at risk of overuse, underuse, and misuse of dialysis. Policy is lacking to help guide treatment decisions in this group. This paper explores clinical considerations specific to patients with comorbid ESKD and dementia. These include: the impact of comorbid dementia on dialysis effectiveness and feasibility; burden of care issues that are specific to patients with dementia; and capacity, autonomy, and consent. A better understanding of these issues may help guide discussions and decision making about treatment. For some older patients with multiple comorbidities including dementia, dialysis does not provide survival or quality of life benefit compared to medical management. These patients also experience additional treatment burden due to a ‘dementia unfriendly’ environment. However, exceptions may include patients who are younger, more independent, and have fewer comorbidities. Patients with dementia are often inappropriately assumed to lack capacity to participate in treatment decision making, and are at risk of having their preferences overlooked. Many patients with mild‐to‐moderate dementia remain capable of reporting their preferences and quality of life, and should always be involved in treatment discussions where possible.
The Role of Different Monocyte Subsets in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis and Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Idzkowska E. , Eljaszewicz A. , Miklasz P. , Musial W. J. , Tycinska A. M. , Moniuszko M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe inflammation underlying both atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes is strongly related to monocyte‐related actions. However, different monocyte subsets can play differential roles in the formation and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaque as well as healing of damaged myocardial tissue. Monocytes are currently being divided into three functionally distinct subsets with different levels ofCD14 (cluster of differentiation 14) andCD16 expression. Thus, there are classicalCD14++CD16‐, intermediateCD14++CD16+ and non‐classicalCD14+CD16++ monocytes. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on complex activities of different monocyte subsets in atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes. Moreover, we discuss which monocyte subsets can serve either as predictive biomarkers of cardiovascular risk or as potential targets used in atherosclerosis and its complications.
Knot Security of 5 Metric (USP 2) Sutures: Influence of Knotting Technique, Suture Material, and Incubation Time for 14 and 28 Days in Phosphate Buffered Saline and Inflamed Equine Peritoneal Fluid
Authors: Sanders Ruth E. , Kearney Clodagh M. , Buckley Conor T. , Jenner Florien , Brama Pieter A 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesTo evaluate knot security for 3 knot types created in 3 commonly used 5 metric suture materials incubated in physiological and pathological fluids.Study DesignIn vitro mechanical study.Sample PopulationKnotted suture loops (n = 5/group).MethodsLoops of 3 different suture materials (glycolide/lactide copolymer; polyglactin 910; polydioxanone) were created around a 20 mm rod using 3 knot types (square [SQ], surgeon's [SK], and triple knot [TK]) and were tested to failure in distraction (6 mm/min) after tying (day 0) and after being incubated for 14 and 28 days in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or inflamed peritoneal fluid. Failure load (N) and mode were recorded and compared.ResultsFor polydioxanone, significant differences in force to knot failure were found between SQ and SK/TK but not between SK and TK. The force required to break all constructs increased after incubation in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). With glycolide/lactide copolymer no differences in force to knot failure were observed. With polyglactin 910, a significant difference between SQ and TK was observed, which was not seen between the other knot types. Incubation in inflamed peritoneal fluid caused a larger and more rapid decrease in force required to cause knot failure than incubation in PBS.ConclusionsMechanical properties of suture materials have significant effects on knot security. For polydioxanone, SQ is insufficient to create a secure knot. Additional wraps above a SK confer extra stability in some materials, but this increase may not be clinically relevant or justifiable. Glycolide/lactide copolymer had excellent knot security.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Pathogenic Genotype 1 Subtype 3 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (Strain SU1-Bel) from Pig Primary Tissue
Authors: Lu Zen H. , Wilson Alison D. , Wang Xinglong , Frossard Jean-Pierre , Stadejek Tomasz , Archibald Alan L. , Ait-Ali Tahar 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
We report here the complete genome of the pathogenic eastern European subtype 3 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strain SU1-Bel, sequenced directly from a pig lymph node. While sharing substantial sequence similarity with other subtype 3 strains, SU1-Bel is found to harbor unique indels and contain putative novel subgenomic RNAs.
Near-Full-Length Genome Sequence of a Novel Reovirus from the Chinese Mitten Crab,
Eriocheir sinensis
Authors: Shen Huaishun , Ma Yuanchao , Hu Yacheng 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

A novel
Eriocheir sinensis
reovirus (EsRV) was identified using deep-sequencing techniques in crabs afflicted with trembling disease (TD). Near-full-length genome sequences of 12 segments of EsRV were obtained. The genome of EsRV will facilitate further studies on the causative agent of TD.
Draft Genome Sequence of Chromobacterium vaccinii, a Potential Biocontrol Agent against Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) Larvae
Authors: Vöing Kristin , Harrison Alisha , Soby Scott D. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Chromobacterium vaccinii
has been isolated only from cranberry bogs in Massachusetts. While it is unknown what role these bacteria play in their natural environments, they hold potential as biological control agents against the larvae of insect pests. Potential virulence genes were identified, including the violacein synthesis pathway, siderophores, and chitinases.
Full-Length Coding Sequences for 12 Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Isolates from Persistently Infected Cattle in a Feedyard in Kansas
Authors: Workman Aspen M. , Harhay Gregory P. , Heaton Michael P. , Grotelueschen Dale M. , Sjeklocha David , Smith Timothy P. L. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
We report here the full-length coding sequences of 12 bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolates from persistently infected cattle in a feedyard in southwest KS. These 12 genomes represent the three major subtypes of BVDV (BVDV-1a, 1b, and 2a) currently circulating in the United States.
De Novo
Genome Assembly of Grapevine Yellow Speckle Viroid 1 from a Grapevine Transcriptome
Authors: Jo Yeonhwa , Choi Hoseong , Yoon Ju-Yeon , Choi Seung-Kook , Cho Won Kyong 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Grapevine yellow speckle viroid 1 (GYSVd1), which is a member of the genus
Apscaviroid
, causes yellow speckle disease in grapevines. Here, we report the complete
de novo
genome assembly of GYSVd1 from the grapevine transcriptome and identified 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms of GYSVd1 across the grapevine populations.
Draft Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa KF702 (NBRC 110665), a Polychlorinated Biphenyl-Degrading Bacterium Isolated from Biphenyl-Contaminated Soil
Authors: Fujihara Hidehiko , Yamazoe Atsushi , Hosoyama Akira , Suenaga Hikaru , Kimura Nobutada , Hirose Jun , Watanabe Takahito , Futagami Taiki , Goto Masatoshi , Furukawa Kensuke 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
KF702 (NBRC 110665) utilizes biphenyl as a sole source of carbon and degrades polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Here, we report the 7,167,540-bp draft genome sequence of KF702, which contains 6,714 coding sequences and a 65.8 mol% G+C content. The strain possesses genes for biphenyl catabolism and other genes that mediate degradation of various aromatic compounds.
Draft Genome Sequence of Catabacter hongkongensis Type Strain HKU16
T
, Isolated from a Patient with Bacteremia and Intestinal Obstruction
Authors: Lau Susanna K. P. , Teng Jade L. L. , Huang Yi , Curreem Shirly O. T. , Tsui Stephen K. W. , Woo Patrick C. Y. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

We report the draft genome sequence of
Catabacter hongkongensis
, a catalase-positive bacterium which causes bacteremia with high mortality. The 3.2-Mb genome contains 3,161 protein coding sequences, including putative catalase and motility-related proteins, and antibiotic resistance genes, which could be important for its virulence and adaptation to diverse environments.
A Novel Leu92 Mutant of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase with a Selective Deficiency in Strand Transfer Causes a Loss of Viral Replication
Authors: Herzig Eytan , Voronin Nickolay , Kucherenko Nataly , Hizi Amnon 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

The process of reverse transcription (RTN) in retroviruses is essential to the viral life cycle. This key process is catalyzed exclusively by the viral reverse transcriptase (RT) that copies the viral RNA into DNA by its DNA polymerase activity, while concomitantly removing the original RNA template by its RNase H activity. During RTN, the combination between DNA synthesis and RNA hydrolysis leads to strand transfers (or template switches) that are critical for the completion of RTN. The balance between these RT-driven activities was considered to be the sole reason for strand transfers. Nevertheless, we show here that a specific mutation in HIV-1 RT (L92P) that does not affect the DNA polymerase and RNase H activities abolishes strand transfer. There is also a good correlation between this complete loss of the RT's strand transfer to the loss of the DNA clamp activity of the RT, discovered recently by us. This finding indicates a mechanistic linkage between these two functions and that they are both direct and unique functions of the RT (apart from DNA synthesis and RNA degradation). Furthermore, when the RT's L92P mutant was introduced into an infectious HIV-1 clone, it lost viral replication, due to inefficient intracellular strand transfers during RTN, thus supporting the
in vitro
data. As far as we know, this is the first report on RT mutants that specifically and directly impair RT-associated strand transfers. Therefore, targeting residue Leu92 may be helpful in selectively blocking this RT activity and consequently HIV-1 infectivity and pathogenesis.

IMPORTANCE
Reverse transcription in retroviruses is essential for the viral life cycle. This multistep process is catalyzed by viral reverse transcriptase, which copies the viral RNA into DNA by its DNA polymerase activity (while concomitantly removing the RNA template by its RNase H activity). The combination and balance between synthesis and hydrolysis lead to strand transfers that are critical for reverse transcription completion. We show here for the first time that a single mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (L92P) selectively abolishes strand transfers without affecting the enzyme's DNA polymerase and RNase H functions. When this mutation was introduced into an infectious HIV-1 clone, viral replication was lost due to an impaired intracellular strand transfer, thus supporting the
in vitro
data. Therefore, finding novel drugs that target HIV-1 reverse transcriptase Leu92 may be beneficial for developing new potent and selective inhibitors of retroviral reverse transcription that will obstruct HIV-1 infectivity.
Repeated Low-Dose Influenza Virus Infection Causes Severe Disease in Mice: a Model for Vaccine Evaluation
Authors: Song Yufeng , Wang Xiang , Zhang Hongbo , Tang Xinying , Li Min , Yao Jufang , Jin Xia , Ertl Hildegund C. J. , Zhou Dongming 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTInfluenza infection causes severe disease and death in humans. In traditional vaccine research and development, a single high-dose virus challenge of animals is used to evaluate vaccine efficacy. This type of challenge model may have limitations. In the present study, we developed a novel challenge model by infecting mice repeatedly in short intervals with low doses of influenza A virus. Our results show that compared to a single high-dose infection, mice that received repeated low-dose challenges showed earlier morbidity and mortality and more severe disease. They developed higher vial loads, more severe lung pathology, and greater inflammatory responses and generated only limited influenza A virus-specific B and T cell responses. A commercial trivalent influenza vaccine protected mice against a single high and lethal dose of influenza A virus but was ineffective against repeated low-dose virus challenges. Overall, our data show that the repeated low-dose influenza A virus infection mouse model is more stringent and may thus be more suitable to select for highly efficacious influenza vaccines.IMPORTANCEInfluenza epidemics and pandemics pose serious threats to public health. Animal models are crucial for evaluating the efficacy of influenza vaccines. Traditional models based on a single high-dose virus challenge may have limitations. Here, we describe a new mouse model based on repeated low-dose influenza A virus challenges given within a short period. Repeated low-dose challenges caused more severe disease in mice, associated with higher viral loads and increased lung inflammation and reduced influenza A virus-specific B and T cell responses. A commercial influenza vaccine that was shown to protect mice from high-dose challenge was ineffective against repeated low-dose challenges. Overall, our results show that the low-dose repeated-challenge model is more stringent and may therefore be better suited for preclinical vaccine efficacy studies.
Tick Saliva Enhances Powassan Virus Transmission to the Host, Influencing Its Dissemination and the Course of Disease
Authors: Hermance Meghan E. , Thangamani Saravanan 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Powassan virus
(POWV) is an encephalitic tick-borne flavivirus which can result in serious neuroinvasive disease with up to a 10% case fatality rate. The study objective was to determine whether the salivary gland extract (SGE) from
Ixodes scapularis
ticks facilitates the transmission and dissemination of POWV in a process known as saliva-activated transmission. Groups of BALB/c mice were footpad inoculated with either a high dose of POWV with and without SGE or a low dose of POWV with and without SGE. Mice from each group were sacrificed daily. Organ viral loads and gene expression profiles were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Both groups of mice infected with high-dose POWV showed severe neurological signs of disease preceding death. The presence of SGE did not affect POWV transmission or disease outcome for mice infected with the high dose of POWV. Neuroinvasion, paralysis, and death occurred for all mice infected with the low dose of POWV plus SGE; however, for mice infected with the low dose of POWV in the absence of SGE, there were no clinical signs of infection and no mice succumbed to disease. Although this group displayed low-level viremias, all mice were completely healthy, and it was the only group in which POWV was cleared from the lymph nodes. We conclude that saliva-activated transmission occurs in mice infected with a low dose of POWV. Our study is the first to demonstrate virus dose-dependent saliva-activated transmission, warranting further investigation of the specific salivary factors responsible for enhancing POWV transmission.

IMPORTANCE
Powassan virus
(POWV) is a tick-borne flavivirus that continues to emerge in the United States, as is evident by the surge in number and expanding geographic range of confirmed cases in the past decade. This neuroinvasive virus is transmitted to humans by infected tick bites. Successful tick feeding is facilitated by a collection of pharmacologically active factors in tick saliva. In a process known as saliva-activated transmission, tick bioactive salivary molecules are thought to modulate the host environment, making it more favorable for the transmission and establishment of a pathogen. This phenomenon has been demonstrated for several tick-borne pathogens; however, a systematic investigation of the role of tick saliva on dissemination and pathogenesis of a tick-borne viral disease has never been attempted before. This study will fill that gap by systematically examining whether the presence of tick saliva contributes to the transmission and dissemination of POWV in mice.
General Introduction
Authors: Spamer Earle E. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The first record of the Grand Canyon to appear in the scientific literature was a brief mention by Hitchcock (1857, pp. 116, 125). Relying only on hearsay, he wrote simply that the canyon, known then as “Big Cafton,” was probably deeper tfw the height of the Grand Falls of the Little Colorado River, about 120 feet (36 m). In 1858, the first scientist reached the canyon, the geologist John Strong Newberry, who was attached to a military exploring expedition under the command of Joseph C. Ives. His report (Newberry, 1861) included the first stratigraphic section of the Grand Canyon and the first description of fossils from there. Since then, thousands of papers and monographs have included observations on geological aspects of the Grand Canyon, and the many subdisciplines of paleontology are well represented.Reviews of geological studies in the Grand Canyon region have been presented by McKee (1969) and Spamer (1984a, 1989). An annotated bibliographyof Grand Canyon geology, with a catalog of tyPe fossils from the Grand Canyon, has been published thusfar in five volumes (Spamer, 1983, 1984b, 1988, 199Oa, 1992a). A more comprehensive, non-annotated bibliography (Spamer, 1991, Part 3) adds referenceson the stratigraphiccontinuityof the Grand Canyon's stratigraphic units. Guides to the non-paleontological Plata published throughout the Grand Canyon geological literature have been compiled by Spamer (l990b, 1992b).
Reviews of geological studies in the Grand Canyon region have been presented by McKee (1969) and Spamer (1984a, 1989). An annotated bibliographyof Grand Canyon geology, with a catalog of tyPe fossils from the
Heat-Sensitive Moxibustion in Patients with Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Three-Armed Multicentre Randomised Active Control Trial
Authors: Chen Rixin , Chen Mingren , Su Tongsheng , Zhou Meiqi , Sun Jianhua , Xiong Jun , Chi Zhenhai , Xie Dingyi , Zhang Bo 
Published: May 2015

Background In China, heat-sensitive moxibustion (HSM) is used for knee osteoarthritis (KOA) to reduce pain and improve physical activity. However, there is little high-quality evidence of its effectiveness. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of HSM in the treatment of KOA compared with usual care. Methods We performed a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. In total, 432 patients with KOA were randomly assigned to one of three groups (HSM, conventional moxibustion, or conventional injection with sodium hyaluronate). The primary end point was the guiding principle of clinical research on new drugs in the treatment of KOA (GPCRND-KOA). Measurements were obtained at baseline and after 1 and 6 months (month 7) of study. Result For GPCRND-KOA, there were significant differences among the three groups after treatment at months 1 and 7. Pairwise comparisons showed that HSM was more effective than the conventional drug. There was no difference in any measures between conventional moxibustion and the conventional drug. Compared with conventional moxibustion, HSM resulted in greater improvement in all outcomes. Conclusions This trial provided some evidence of the superiority of HSM in patients with KOA, suggesting that the observed differences might be due to superiority effects of a heat-sensitive point, although the effect of expectation cannot be ruled out. Trial Registration Number The trial was registered at Controlled Clinical Trials: ChiCTR-TRC-09000600.
On the statistics of the orbital residuals of the LAGEOS satellites
Authors: Canoci Catia , Ciufolini Ignazio , Coluccia Angelo , Paris Claudio , Ricci Giuseppe , Salvadori Gianfausto , Sindoni Giampiero 
Published: May 2015

We present a statistical analysis of the laser ranging data of LAGEOS and LAGEOS 2 satellites which have provided a test of dragging of inertial frames, or frame-dragging, by rotating mass as predicted by General Relativity. As a result, the analysis of the residuals, after filtering out the periodic effects, is consistent with a Gaussian model, with a nonzero mean in agreement with the one predicted by Lense–Thirring effect.