bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Alloying Elements on the Stress Corrosion Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: LOGINOW A. W. , BATES J. F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In certain applications, stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels has occurred when these steels are subjected to tension stresses (residual and applied) and are exposed to hot chloride solutions. Although stress corrosion cracking can be prevented by treatments to relieve residual stresses and by control of the environment, such procedures are expensive and not always reliable. An extensive study was therefore undertaken to develop a steel that would-be inherently resistant to stress corrosion cracking. The results of the study, conducted on stressed specimens of experimental steels immersed in a boiling 42% magnesium chloride solution, showed that carbon and nickel improved the stress corrosion resistance of annealed steels, and? nickel and silicon increased the resistance of cold-worked steels. It was also found that nitrogen decreased the resistance of annealed steels whereas phosphorus and molybdenum decreased the resistance of cold-worked steels. Manganese, copper, chromium, sulfur, and aluminum had little or no effect on stress corrosion resistance. This study resulted in the formulation of a steel composition containing 18% chromium, 18% nickel, 2% silicon, and 0.06% carbon, with low phosphorus and molybdenum contents. This steel was melted in an electric furnace; and1 its, stress corrosion, corrosion, and mechanical properties were determined. Test results show that the new steel (called USS 18-18-2 stainless steel) is much more resistant to stress; corrosion cracking than currently available austenitic stainless steels. Furthermore, the resistance of this steel is better than that of a 20% chromium, 34% nickel alloy that is being marketed; for its resistance to stress corrosion cracking.
Rates of Reaction of Dissolved Oxygen With Scavengers in Sweet and Sour Brines
Authors: SNAVELY E. S. , BLOUNT F. E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Rates of reaction of dissolved oxygen with H2S were measured in a laboratory apparatus using a polarographic type instrument for the measurement of oxygen concentrations. Results show that oxidation occurs only at high pH in the absence of catalytic species. The reaction is catalyzed by transition metal ions in the order Ni++&gt;Co ++&gt;Mn++&gt;Cu++&gt;Fe++. In all cases, the reaction rate increases with pH and is at first complex but becomes zero-order with respect to oxygen after a brief induction period. Some natural waters contain sufficient catalysts that additional amounts are not required for scavenging O2 with SO2 or Na2SO3. Sour waters cannot be scavenged with SO2 or Na2SO3 because of ineffectiveness of catalysts.
The Mechanism of Stress Corrosion Fracture of a Copper-Beryllium Alloy
Authors: SYLWESTROWICZ W. D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The process of stress corrosion fracture was investigated in a copper-beryllium alloy specimen exposed to different ammonia environments. Two basically different stages occur in this process. First, reactions leading to the formation of a crack, then formation and propagation of the crack. In the first stage, dissolution is probably the main effect of the corrosive environment resulting in a preferential attack on grain boundaries or on crystallographic planes. The distribution of solutes determines the areas of preferential attack (grain boundaries or crystallographic planes) and it depends on the aging conditions of the specimens. Plastic deformation and applied stress are not important factors in this stage. In the second stage, during the formation and propagation of the crack, the amount of plastic deformation, the value of applied stress and distribution of solutes are important. The main effect of the corrosive environment, in this stage, consists in the decrease of the surface free energy by a sorption process. Based on these observations a mechanism of stress-corrosion fracture in a copper-beryllium alloy specimen is proposed.
The Effect of Oxygen on the Compatibility of Niobium With Potassium
Authors: KLUEH R. L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Refractory metals are highly resistant to dissolutive corrosion attack by liquid and boiling alkali metals when the alkali metals and refractory metals are free of impurities. Dissolution increases drastically, however, when the alkali metals contain oxygen. This phenomenon has been attributed to the formation of ternary oxides containing atoms of the two metals. As an alternative to the ternary oxide hypothesis, we have examined the possibility that at equilibrium only two condensed phases are present and that the oxygen affects the solubility of the refractory metal by decreasing the activity coefficient of the refractory metal in the liquid. The interplay between solute species in refractory metal-oxygen-alkali metal systems can be characterized in terms of interaction parameters as developed by Wagner. This approach was evaluated using data from the niobium-oxygen-potassium system at 600 C (1112 F). The observed solubility of niobium as a function of the oxygen content in potassium was consistent with that expected on the basis of calculated interaction parameters. Analysis of the observed behavior in terms of the phase rule also indicated that only two condensed phases exist at equilibrium.
Protective Films and Structure Dependent Corrosion in Aluminum
Authors: ARORA O. P. , ISASI J. A. , METZGER M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Specimens of high purity aluminum with a high temperature oxide film, or certain others, were compared in 16% HCl with polished and etched specimens. Pitting attack was initiated only at sites where the film had suffered mechanical damage during cooling. The structure-related distribution of these sites, associated with vacancy condensation voids or grain boundary shearing, could determine the distribution of attack overshadowing the intrinsic effects of substrate structure. The pitting parameters were correlated with corrosion kinetics. Previous work in this system was reviewed with regard to possible influences of initial surface condition on the results.
Some Limitations of the Linear Polarization Techniques in Evaluating Corrosion Behavior
Authors: INDIG M. E. , GROOT C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Current, potential, and weight losses were measured on a system consisting of a stainless steel working electrode, a platinum black reference electrode and platinum auxiliary electrode. The electrolyte was slightly alkaline lithiated water containing 3 ppm hydrogen at 288 C (550 F) and at saturation pressure. Linear polarization measurements were made in the region 0–20 millivolts from the open circuit potential. A corrosion current was calculated from these measurements, using previously cited Tafel constants. The cathodic Tafel constant was also measured directly. The cathodic Tafel slope agreed well with previous values. The corrosion current, estimated by linear extrapolation of the log current vs. voltage curve to zero applied current, agreed well with the current calculated from linear polarization. However, the descaled weight loss of the corroded electrode was only tenth of that computed from the current, time and Faraday's Law. The deviation from the expected corrosion behavior is explained by another anodic half reaction. The steady state exchange current is an equilibrium between several oxidation reactions and several reduction reactions. Only when the corrosion potential is sufficiently removed from the equilibrium potentials of the anodic and cathodic half reactions that constitute the corrosion reaction can the other competing reactions be ignored.
The Role of the Strain Hardening Exponent in Stress Corrosion Cracking of a High Strength Steel
Authors: COLANGELO V. J. , FERGUSON M. S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Stress corrosion testing of a vanadium modification of 4340 alloy was conducted using precracked specimens in a cantilever beam apparatus. Plastic zones at the crack tip were determined using optical interference measurements, and the effect of these plastic zones on the fracture paths was demonstrated. Crack propagation rates were measured for steels of varying yield strengths (140–205 ksi). Electron fractographs and photomicrographs associated with the fracture through plastic zone are presented. Crack propagation rates were shown to vary inversely with the yield strength of the steel with the overall failure time being related to both the propagation rate and the fracture toughness of the material.
An Automatic Polarization Apparatus for Electrochemical Corrosion Studies
Authors: HENRY W. D. , WILDE B. E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Statistical alloy development programs in which electrochemical screening techniques are used require facilities to produce precision polarization data. Conventional equipment and techniques presently available for such programs are not entirely satisfactory. Therefore, modifications were made to readily available commercial equipment to significantly improve the attainable sensitivity and reproducibility. This paper describes in detail the procedures necessary to produce an apparatus that automatically measures and records anodic and cathodic polarization curves over an applied potential range of ±2.0 volts. Traverse rates between 2 × 10−3 and 3 × 104 volts per hour are attainable and can be used to polarize electrodes through zero volts (with respect to reference electrode) without the necessity of manual switching. A special mode switch is described in detail with which the basic electronic potentiostat can be used as a constant current or constant voltage source by manual selection. The results obtained from three typical polarization experiments: (1) potentiodynamic anodic polarization, (2) galvanodynamic cathodic polarization, and (3) galvanodynamic linear polarization of AISI Type 304 stainless steel in hydrogen saturated 1N H2SO4 at 25 C (77 F), showed the performance of the apparatus to be equal to or superior to that of conventional manual procedures.
Discussion: Role of the Anion in Passive Layer Formation
Authors: RIGGS O. L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This brief note is a discussion of the paper “Optical Microscopy Studies of Anodic Dissolution of Iron in Sulfuric and Hydrochloric Acid Solutions” by L. Felloni and G. P. Cammarota, “Corrosion”, 24, 90 (1968) April.
The Role of Arsenic in Preventing the Dezincification of a-Brass
Authors: LANGENEGGER E. E. , ROBINSON F. P. A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
It is demonstrated by means of freely corroding total immersion tests and anodic and cathodic polarization experiments, that small amounts of arsenic in solid solution in α-brass, effectively prevent dezincification even in the most agressive media. On the other hand, the addition of relatively large amounts of arsenic ions to these corrosive solutions has little effect on the rate of dezincification of non-arsenical α-brass. Although a contribution towards a better understanding of the function of arsenic has been made, a clear-cut explanation of the mechanism appears to fall outside the scope of this experimentation.
Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Plastic Materials in Chemical Service
Authors: REGESTER R.F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A study is made of the factors leading to the degradation in mechanical properties of glass reinforced polyester exposed to aggressive chemical environments such as H2SO4, HCl, and salt solutions at elevated temperatures. The penetration of water molecules, cations, and anions into the structure is described in terms of permeation rates as a function of time, temperature, pressure, glass content, resin type, and concentration of solutions. The permeation measure­ments are related to the diffusivity and solubility of the penetrating species in the structure and to the resultant degradation of mechanical properties.
An Investigation of the Mode of Failure of Copper Beryllium Alloy Specimens in Stress Corrosion Fracture
Authors: Sylwestrowicz W. D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The mode of crack propagation was investigated in specimens of a copper-beryllium alloy which had failed by stress corrosion. The investigation was done by comparing the amount of plastic deformation on the side face and on the fractured face of the specimen. The amount of plastic deformation was measured by X-ray diffraction. Results indicate that an appreciable amount of plastic deformation occurred on the fractured face during the process of fracture. The presence of additional plastic deformation at the fracture face suggests that the specimen failed by the semi-brittle propagation of a crack.
Electrochemical and Corrosion Behavior of Fe-Ni Alloys in Sulfuric Acid
Authors: SAYANO R. R. , NOBE KEN 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The anodic and cathodic polarization of pure iron and nickel, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% Fe-Ni alloys in de-aerated 1N H2SO4 has been investigated. The anodic Tafel slopes ranged from 41 to 50 mv. The cathodic Tafel slopes of the hydrogen evolution reaction were either 100 or 105 mv. The corrosion rates of the pure metals and alloys were determined by weight-loss, chemical analysis, and polarization methods. The corrosion rates determined by the three methods were in reasonable agreement. Weight-loss and chemical analysis methods indicated a minimum at 40% Fe. By the polarization method, a minimum was observed at 20% Fe. In addition, the differential capacitance attained a minimum at this same composition. It has been suggested that the minima at 20% Fe might be attributed to the possible existence of the ordered structure, FeNi3.
Corrosion of Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys
Authors: MORRAL F. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Investigations are reviewed of the composition and structures of corrosion films and scales found on cobalt and on simple and complex cobalt-base industrial alloys. The corrosion resistance of these films and scales depends on metal and alloy composition, environment (an atmosphere containing one or more of CO2, S, H2S, O2, H2O, SO2, V2O3, NaCl, etc.), pressure, temperature, and time. Additional factors, alone or in combination, such as surface preparation, stress, thermal shock, geometry of the part, velocity, density, and flow pattern of the corroding environment also have an effect. Data on oxidation, sulfidation, and hot corrosion (a combination of the first two) of cobalt and its alloys are summarized in some detail, as are the known characteristics of the films and scales that are formed. Only the work that used techniques permitting determination of composition and crystal structure of these films and scales was reviewed. The effect of impurities in metals and alloys may be as significant as that of added alloying elements; impurities may alter the scales' chemical and physical properties—increasing, decreasing, or neutralizing corrosion rates. Until data are available on the intereffect on diffusion of elements present in scales, films, and metal surfaces, the mechanisms of corrosion proposed are only hypotheses.
Environmental Effects of Sulfur and Sulfur Compounds on the Resistance to Stress Corrosion Cracking of AISI 4340 Steel in Aqueous Chloride Solutions
Authors: TIRMAN A. , HANEY E. G. , FUGASSI PAUL 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The resistance to stress corrosion cracking of AISI 4340 steel foil in 0.6M aqueous sodium chloride, acidified to pH 1.5 with hydrochloric acid, is greatly decreased by prior treatment of the specimens for short periods of time with aqueous and nonaqueous solutions of sulfur, organic and inorganic sulfides, sulfur dioxides, and the inorganic salts of sulfurousand sulfuric acids. It is suggested that this prior treatment produces sulfided areas which are inhibitors of the combination of atomic hydrogen into molecular hydrogen. The decreased resistance to stress corrosion cracking is thus attributed to hydrogen embrittlement. If the stress corrosion cracking test is made in 0.6M aqueous sodium chloride, adjusted to an initial pH of 8, the effect of a prior sulfiding treatment is small. The formation of such sulfided areas in practice result from the exposure of 4340 steels to industrial atmospheres which may contain hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and elemental sulfur.
Corrosion Inhibition of Zone-Refined Iron by Ring-Substituted Benzoic Acids
Authors: AKIYAMA A. , NOBE KEN 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The corrosion inhibition of high purity zone-refined iron in 1N H2SO4 by hydroxybenzoic acids, aminobenzoic acids, and the parent compounds—benzoic acid, aniline and phenol—has been investigated. The aminobenzoic acids inhibited the corrosion of iron to the greatest extent. In addition, the open circuit capacitances of iron in the presence of the aminobenzoic acids were significantly lower than those of uninhibited iron in the entire potential range studied. The electrochemical behavior of iron in the presence of phenol, meta- and para-hydroxybenzoic acid indicated the oxidation of the hydroxyl group during corrosion. A comparison of the experimental results of inhibited zone-refined and Armco iron indicates that the corrosion inhibition characteristics are significantly affected by the impurities in the iron.
Electrochemical Behavior of Molybdenum in Acid Chloride Solutions
Authors: JOHNSON J. W. , LEE M. S. , JAMES W. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The anodic dissolution of Mo was studied in HCl-KCl solutions at 25 C (77 F). The apparent valences of Mo ions going into solution were approximately six. Slightly lower values were obtained in HCl solutions, the more pronounced changes occurring in the higher acid concentrations. The resultant ions in solution were Mo-VI. The Mo surface appears to be covered with an oxide whose approximate composition is Mo2O5. The anodic dissolution is controlled by the oxidation of this oxide to MoO3.
Corrosion of Resulfurized Free-Machining Stainless Steels
Authors: HENTHORNE MICHAEL 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The influence of manganese (0.3 to 2.4%), sulfur (0.01 to 0.4%), sulfide composition, and heat treatment on the corrosion resistance of 13% chromium, 17% chromium and 18% chromium-9% nickel steels has been investigated. Corrosion in acid solutions, high humidity, and salt spray is dependent upon sulfide composition which in turn is determined by the manganese to sulfur ratio in the steel. Low manganese resulfurized stainless steels which contain chromium rich sulfides are inherently more corrosion resistant than high manganese steels containing manganese rich sulfides. The influence of heat treatment on the corrosion resistance of resulfurized steels is similar to that for residual sulfur grades. Sulfide composition also controls the behavior of these steels during nitric acid passivation treatments. Highly oxidizing solutions must be used to avoid attack during these treatments particularly for steels with high manganese to sulfur ratios. These solutions do not dissolve the commonly used tool steels (particles of which might be imbedded in the surface of a machined part) but can improve subsequent corrosion resistance by removing deleterious manganese rich sulfides. These improvements are most marked in the high manganese 13% chromium alloys. Passivation treatments can increase the corrosion susceptibility of cross section areas in low manganese resulfurized stainless steels.
Cathodic Hydrogen Absorption and Severe Embrittlement in a High Strength Steel
Authors: FARRELL K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Hydrogen absorption and consequent embrittlement are studied in hardened low-alloy steel tensile specimens after electrolytic hydrogenation in an aqueous solution of 4% H2SO4 containing arsenic. A critical arsenic content greater than 0.5 mg/liter is needed to cause poisoning. Saturation with hydrogen at a level of 5 to 6 wt ppm is readiiy achieved but causes a reduction in true fracture stress from 385,000 psi to as low as 35,000 psi. Much of this embrittlement is recovered when the specimens are degassed, but some permanent damage remains in the form of near-surface cracks, many of which are associated with inclusions. These cracks develop during cathodic electrolysis. Hydrogen absorption is much more rapid than is degassing at room temperature. These effects are consistent with a picture of hydrogen migration and embrittlement involving entrapment of hydrogen gas at internal interfaces.
Effect of Heavy Metal Ions on Susceptibility of AISI 4340 Foil to Stress Corrosion Cracking in Dilute Aqueous Hydrochloric Acid Solutions
Authors: FUGASSI PAUL , HANEY E. G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The time required for the cracking of AISI 4340 steel foil in dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, pH = 1.5, is greatly increased by the presence of small amounts of Cd++, Sn++, and Pb++ in concentrations as low as 10−4 molar. It is suggested that these heavy metals, whose sulfides have solubility products in the range, 10−29 to 10−26, form sulfides more insoluble at pH 1.5 than can be formed by certain areas present on the surface of the foil. Sulfided areas on the surface of the foil are assumed to accelerate the absorption of hydrogen by the foil.
Strain Electrometry Studies of Aluminum
Authors: LEIDHEISER HENRY , KELLERMAN ELSIE 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The potential of aluminum wires immersed in an electrolyte was followed after abrupt straining of 1.5–12%. The maximum potential achieved after straining in 0.1M NaCl decreased with decrease in pH and the rate of decay to the initial steady-state value was independent of pH over the range of 1.5–6.5. The presence of dissolved oxygen in the solution increased the rate of decay to the steady-state value. The different potential behavior of untreated wires, wires heated in boiling water, and anodized wires was attributed to different mechanical properties of the oxide. The strain electrometry curves were identical in solutions of NaCl, Na2SO4, sodium tartrate, and Na2Cr2O7 of equal ionic strength. The pertinence of the results to the behavior of aluminum exposed at the tip of a growing stress corrosion crack is discussed.
Comparison of Fracture Mechanics and Nominal Stress Analyses in Stress Corrosion Cracking
Authors: NOVAK S. R. , ROLFE S. T. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Since the development of the fatigue cracked cantilever beam stress corrosion specimen, the fracture mechanics approach has been widely used to analyze the stress corrosion behavior of materials. However, there has been only limited experimental verification of the fact that propagation of flaws in corrosive environments is characterizec by the crack tip stress-intensity factor, KI, rather than by the nominal stress, σN. Therefore, an investigation was conducted to compare the fracture mechanics (KIc, KIscc) and nominal stress (σNf, σNscc) analyses of fatigue cracked cantilever beam specimens. The results indicate that both KIc and KIscc are material properties and independent of specimen size. However, the nominal stress counterparts to KIc and KIscc (σNf and σNscc) represent qualitative stress levels for the 18Ni (250) maraging-steel used in the investigation were 67 and 36 ksi √inch, respectively, regardless of specimen size. However, the (σNf and σNscc values varied by about a factor of 3 for the same order of magnitude change in specimen depth, W. Because the crack propagation rates for some materials in synthetic sea water may be very slow, high strength, highly alloyed steels should be tested for approximately 1000 hours under constant load conditions to measure KIscc values. In general, the results of this investigation have shown that the fracture mechanics approach is a quantitative method of assessing load thresholds, independent of specimen size, for the onset of fracture or of environmentally induced crack growth in notched specimens. Furthermore, KIc and KIscc values appear to be applicable for use in structural design and associated inspection because they properly account for the trade-off between design stress and flaw size.