bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Morbidity and Treatment of Prison Inmates
Authors: Tanay E 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The failure to provide adequate treatment for persons committed to mental institutions has recently received considerable attention. The doctrine of “the right to treatment” has been judicially expressed in the now famous Rouse v. Cameron decision (373F 2d 451), (D.C. Cir., 1966). Rouse was sent to St. Elizabeth Hospital in the District of Columbia after he was found not guilty of a crime by reason of insanity. Three years later he sought release stating that he was not receiving adequate treatment to which he was entitled. The District of Columbia Court of Appeals stated that the possibility of ”indefinite commitment without treatment of one who has been found not criminally responsible may be so inhuman as to be cruel and unusual punishment.” A great deal of legal literature has been devoted to this issue.
Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Automobile Paints
Authors: Stewart WD 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe problem facing the forensic scientist in the examination of paint as physical evidence is the limited amount of information that can be obtained from trace samples. Examination of the paint involves tests to determine the composition of the binder. These tests include spot tests which differentiate between binders by solubility and color reactions [1] and infrared spectroscopy which identifies the functional groups present in the sample [2]. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography can also be used to compare paint traces with the suspected source or, by reference to standard chromatograms, to identify the type of binder. In addition, the identity of the manufacturer of the paint smear and, in many cases, the make of automobile as well as the year, can be determined by the pyrolysis of small paint samples.
The Variation of Trace Element Concentrations in Single Human Head Hairs
Authors: Obrusnik I , Gislason J , MeMillan DK , D'Auria J , Pate BD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Hair from the human body is frequently encountered in the examination of crime-scene physical evidence. Study of metallic components by neutron activation analysis (NAA) and application of the results of such studies in forensic work, have been made difficult by the complexity of the hair system and its attendant surface contamination. As was noted in 1967 [1], “virtually everyone working with hair by this method [NAA] uses a different type of sampling, and a different method of cleaning the hair, and nobody yet really knows enough about the basic chemistry, morphology and behaviour of the hair shaft to be able to assess reliably the significance of the results.” The literature [2,3] contains both optimistic and pessimistic prognoses of the possibility of establishing whether or not a hair came from the head of a given individual.
Use of Chemical Determinations on Vitreous Humor in Forensic Pathology
Authors: Coe JI 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
It is frequently important in deciding the cause of death to be able to determine chemical abnormalities which may have existed prior to demise. This is particularly true in cases where clinical history suggests the possibility of such chemical abnormalities, but opportunity for autopsy does not exist. Even when a postmortem examination is done, determination of chemical abnormalities may help establish the cause of death where the autospy findings are inconclusive or may validate the significance of recognizable organ changes. For this reason rather extensive studies have been made in the postmortem chemistry of blood. It has been found that abnormalities in concentrations of protein, calcium, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and bilirubin can be evaluated by study of the serum prior to the onset of intravascular hemolysis. Unfortunately there are many constituents in which postmortem changes occur rapidly and erratically so that extrapolation to probable antemortem values becomes impossible. Serum sodium and chloride concentrations begin to fall soon after death, but the rate of fall varies so markedly from individual to individual that it is impossible to detect electrolyte imbalance except in extreme cases and when the blood has been obtained very soon postmortem. Serum glucose will ordinarily decrease in the left heart and extremital vessels due to continued utilization by the red cells after death, but may be markedly elevated in cases where death results from asphyxia or is accompanied by a large output of epinephrine terminally. Glucose concentrations in blood obtained from the right heart or inferior vena cava frequently are found markedly elevated due to glycogenolysis in the liver but may be low in cases of starvation.
The Application of Scanning Electron Microscopy to the Forensic Evaluation of Vehicular Paint Samples
Authors: MacQueen HR , Judd G , Ferriss S 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
At present, characterization of topography of paint fragment samples in criminal cases is being undertaken by use of light microscopy. Wet chemical analysis and a wide range of spectral techniques are being used for elemental identification. Electron optical instruments have been developed that are capable of both topographical and elemental analyses. For example, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) can provide topographical information with greater depth of focus, higher magnification, and higher resolution than optical microscopy. Additionally, the electron beam can be used to excite characteristic X-radiation from the sample, theleby providing a wavelength spectrum for elemental identification and chemical species distribution in the sample.
Identification of Drugs and Other Toxic Compounds from Their Ultraviolet Spectra. Part I: Ultraviolet Absorption Properties of Sixteen Structural Groups
Authors: Siek TJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The fully automatic recording spectrophotometer became a basic instrumental necessity in toxicology and crime laboratories a few years after being marketed. About the same time the infrared spectrophotometer became prominent as an analytical instrument, and indeed infrared spectrophotometry became the most specific method of identification available in most laboratories analyzing organic compounds during the sixties. An enormous amount of literature has been devoted to the interpretation of infrared spectra. Since absorption bands in the infrared region are sharper and more numerous than in the ultraviolet (UV) range, little attention has been given to practical approaches to interpretation of UV spectra. The fact that many compounds have similar and nearly identical spectra can be used as an advantage, since fewer standard spectra are needed than there are compounds to be identified. Matching the spectrum of an unknown to that of a known is in many instances simpler than the same process using infrared data.
Criminalistics: Today and Tomorrow
Authors: Gurgin VA , Parker B , Betsch SJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In the past decade, government decision makers in America increasingly have been required to deal with questions regarding the appropriate allocation of Federal resources in order to obtain cost-effective solutions to those situations we presently take to be human, social problems. It almost goes without saying that crime, in its profusion of variety and volume, is a social problem whose solution necessitates effective government resource allocation for decision making.
A Review of “Protection Against Bombs and Incendiaries”
Authors: Fox RH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This is an extremely short book, which is broken down into three basic sections. No reviewer who has been involved in law enforcement can make light of the terror and dangers caused by those who utilize the bomb and incendiary devices to achieve their purpose. However, the author of this book has obviously spent more time worrying about the problem than attempting to create a solution. His description of the threat is certainly as full of rhetoric as the threat itself.
A Review of “Laboratory Manual on the Geometric Interpretation of Human Bloodstain Evidence”
Authors: Vagnina LL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The authors have written this manual as a sequel to Mr. MacDonnell's work on the physical interpretation of bloodstain evidence, Flight Characteristics and Stain Patterns of Human Blood. The manual allows the nonscientist the opportunity to evaluate bloodstain patterns produced under known conditions and to draw his own conclusions. The results can be preserved as reference standards. There are twelve experiments as follows: (1) volume of a drop of blood, (2) spot size as a function of distance fallen, (3) effect of target surface on spatter, (4) spot shape versus impact angle, (5) effect of horizontal motion, (6) splashed blood versus distance fallen, (7) projected blood versus distance fallen, (8) “cast off” bloodstains, (9) medium velocity blood spatter, (10) high velocity blood spatter, (11) spot size versus horizontal projection, and (12) drying time of blood.
Observations on the Adversary System and the Role of the Forensic Scientist: “Scientific Truth” v. “Legal Truth”
Authors: Pollack S 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
At the first plenary session of the 24th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, discussions were directed to the role of the forensic scientist in the adversary system. The morning Plenary Session of Thursday, March 2, 1972 was entitled “The Adversary System and the Role of the Forensic Scientist.” The evening Special Seminar on “Truth and Consequences in the Court Room or Open Season on the Expert Witness” was followed by a film on “The Murder of Fred Hampton” in which the approach of the criminalist in accumulating scientific data for legal purposes was detailed. In these sessions, the adversary process was often attacked as interfering with or hiding and distor,ing scientific truth as provided by the expertise of the forensic scientist, rather than serving to promote scientific truth and enhancing its exposure and meaningful application to legal issues.
Detection of Gunshot Residue on the Hands by Neutron Activation and Atomic Absorption Analysis
Authors: Krishnan SS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Neutron activation analysis (NAA) for antimony and barium has been described as the most effective technique for the detection of gunshot residues on the hands of a suspect [1,2]. The method, however, is not used routinely for a number of reasons. Among the reasons are the complex nature of the statistical treatment of the data and the difficulty experienced by individual laboratories of collecting the voluminous background data required for these calculations. One of the important aspects of the technique is that the sample has to be collected with extreme care so that the contamination is minimal. Because the amounts of the elements analyzed are at microgram levels, specially designed procedures and training are required to be able to collect the samples without contamination. The existing techniques, such as paraffin lift and cotton swabbing, are found to be unsatisfactory in this respect. By taking repeated samples from hands by these procedures, it was found that three or four collections are required for complete removal of the trace elements. Thus, a single collection by these methods is not quantitative, and therefore, any subsequent calculation would be in error.
The Examination of Color
Authors: Cole A 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The examiner of questioned documents must make observations of form, area, mass, length, width, angle, curvature, and texture, and other features not so readily named. Many of the features observed are subject to reasonably exact and fairly convenient measurement. There is one element of examination; namely, color, which is not usually measured. One can make close judgments about differences and similarities of color, especially when there is good control over the method of lighting and when the two objects being compared can be brought close together and studied at the same time under magnification. These judgments are highly useful in the solution of questioned document problems and they sometimes constitute the most important elements in a determination that a particular document is spurious. But a judgment is not a measurement.
An Experimental Study of Teaching Vocabulary by Using Hyponymy Games on the Seventh Grader F MTs Syech Ibrahim Payakumbuh
Authors: Taslim Fadilla 
Published: July 2015

Language is an effective tool to get communication, interaction, and information about other people, society and other groups. Whenever people think about language, they usually think of mastering vocabulary. Mastering vocabulary means that they know all the words in the language which we use. In this research, the writer would like to carry out the research under title “An Experimental Study of Teaching Vocabulary by Using Hyponymy Games on the Seventh Grader of MTs Syech Ibrahim Payakumbuh. It was quasi experimental method. The population was all of the seventh grader at Seventh Grader of MTs Syech Ibrahim Payakumbuh. But, the writer just took one class as the sample. The objects of the study was the seventh grade of 7c class. From the result of statistic calculation, it is obtained the value of to is 8,9 and tt is 2,64. So tott. The comparison between t-score with t-table (2,64 8,9). It means that hypothesis of the research is accepted, or there is significant difference between the results of teaching vocabulary through hyponymy games for the Seventh Grader of MTs Syech Ibrahim Payakumbuh. Copyright © 2014 by Al-Ta'lim All right reserved
CHẤT LƯỢNG MÔI TRƯỜNG NƯỚC TẠI CÁC ĐẦM TỪ BÌNH ĐỊNH ĐẾN NINH THUẬN TRONG THỜI GIAN GẦN ĐÂY
Authors: Vinh Le Thi 
Published: July 2015

Các kết quả nghiên cứu chất lượng nước tại các đầm từ Bình Định đến Ninh Thuận (Đề Gi, Thị Nại, Ô Loan, Nha Phu, Thủy Triều, Nại) trong thời gian 2007-2011 cho thấy giá trị của các thông số cơ bản (Độ muối: 0 - 34‰, vật lơ lửng: 4,3 - 150 mg/l, pH: 6,75 - 8,3, DO: 3,99 - 8,09 mg/l, BOD5: 0,38 - 6,29 mg/l, muối dinh dưỡng (Amoni: 0 - 168 µgN/l, nitrite: 0 - 51 µgN/l, nitrate: 28 - 493 µgN/l, silicate: 83 - 6.040 µgSi/l), chất hữu cơ (N: 298 - 1.660, P: 12,9 - 691,9 µg/l), Fe (65 - 1.850 µg/l) và mật độ coliform (0 - 46.000 MPN/100 ml) biến đổi trong phạm vi rất rộng, nhất là vào mùa mưa trong khi giá trị của các kim loại nặng (Zn: 4,7 - 23,6 µg/l, Cu: 0,5 - 5,5 µg/l, Pb: 0,1 - 4,3 µg/l) và hydrocarbon (233 - 833 µg/l) biến động trong phạm vi hẹp hơn. Nhìn chung, chất lượng nước tại các đầm Đề Gi, Thị Nại, Nha Phu, Thủy Triều và Nại vào mùa khô tốt hơn so với mùa mưa trong khi chất lượng nước đầm Ô Loan có xu thế ngược lại do vào mùa mưa có hiện tượng mở cửa tại đầm này. Các đầm, nhất là đầm Thị Nại, đầm Ô Loan, đầm Nại và Nha Phu thường có DO, vật lơ lửng, amoniac, nitrate, phosphate, Fe, hydrocarbon (HC) và coliform không nằm trong các GTGH qui định cho nước nuôi trồng thủy sản và bảo tồn thủy sinh, nhất là vào mùa mưa tại khu vực đỉnh đầm và cửa sông đổ vào đầm. Tuy nhiên, vấn đề môi trường quan tâm chủ yếu là DO, mức dinh dưỡng (nhất là phosphat) và mật độ coliform
Pancreatic islet regeneration: Therapeutic potential, unknowns and controversy
Authors: Cockburn Ingrid L. , Ferris William F. 
Published: July 2015

Glucose homeostasis in mammals is primarily maintained by the insulin-secreting β-cells contained within pancreas-resident islets of Langerhans. Gross disruption of this glucose regulation as a result of pancreatic dysfunction frequently results in diabetes, which is currently a major health concern in South Africa, as well as globally. For many years, researchers have realised that the pancreas, and specifically the islets of Langerhans, have a regenerative capacity, as islet mass has frequently been shown to increase following induced pancreatic injury. Given that gross β-cell loss contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, endogenous pancreatic islet regeneration has been investigated extensively as a potential β-cell replacement therapy for diabetes. From the extensive research conducted on pancreatic regeneration, opposing findings and opinions have arisen as to how, and more recently even if, pancreatic regeneration occurs following induced injury. In this review, we outline and discuss the three primary mechanisms by which pancreatic regeneration is proposed to occur: neogenesis, β-cell replication and transdifferentiation. We further explain some of the advanced techniques used in pancreatic regeneration research, and conclude that despite the technologically advanced research tools available to researchers today, the mechanisms governing pancreatic regeneration may remain elusive until more powerful techniques are developed to allow for real-time, live-cell assessment of morphology and gene expression within the pancreas.
Cuadrar el delito. Corrupción institucional y participación de policías en el secuestro en México
Authors: Ruiz Torres Miguel À. , Azaola Garrido Elena 
Published: July 2015

Este trabajo reconstruye las carreras de policías que se encuentran cumpliendo una sentencia por el delito de secuestro en la Penitenciaría de Santa Martha, en la Ciudad de México, desde el punto de vista de su itinerario “interrumpido” dentro de las instituciones policiales mexicanas. Las entrevistas realizadas nos develan una cultura policial que se basa en cuatro pilares que articulan el significado de las relaciones sociales tanto al interior de la institución, como respecto a los ciudadanos: desconfianza, autoritarismo, discrecionalidad y negociación. Estos rasgos nos conducen a identificar el ethos cotidiano y normalizado de una institución que se sustenta a sí misma y ejerce el abuso de poder para su propia perpetuación, aunque para ello sea necesario actuar en contra de algunos de sus elementos a quienes instrumentaliza como víctimas propiciatorias parala opinión pública.
Prokrustova postelja nacionalizma in nove poti do razumevanja glasbene preteklosti Slovenije
Authors: Nagode Aleš 
Published: July 2015

Sodobno slovensko zgodovinopisje pri opazovanju preteklosti ozemlja današnje Slovenije v vedno večji meri opušča nacionalistično perspektivo, ki je prevladovala vse od 19. st. Avtor poskuša orisati pomen in utemeljenost uporabe tega pristopa v slovenskem glasbenem zgodovinopisju.
Narrations of a nation: Montenegrin self-representation through (re) construction of cultural memory
Authors: Marković Tatjana 
Published: July 2015

The paper considers a multi-levelled process of construction and reconstruction of Montenegrin cultural memory through the medieval national history revived in the 19th century theatre play Balkanska carica (Balkan empress, 1884) by the Prince and the first Montenegrin king Nikola I Petrović Njegoš, the opera with the same name by Dionisio de Sarno-San Giorgio (1891) and then one more time in 2006, when the opera was premiered, in the given political and cultural contexts.
Incremento volumétrico de <i>Nectandra megapotamica</i> (Spreng.) Mez em Floresta Ombrófila Mista
Authors: Souza Luis Henrique da Silva , Finger César Augusto Guimarães , Schneider Paulo Renato 
Published: July 2015

O crescimento de árvores dominantes de Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez, amostradas em Floresta Ombrófila Mista, no município de Nova Prata, RS foi reconstruído com base em dados obtidos com a técnica da dendrocronologia. O crescimento volumétrico expresso pelo incremento percentual foi modelado para cada árvore por iv% = (b+ b1.ln d)2, e a seguir comparadas por análise de covariância, permitindo classifica-las em 3 grupos distintos quanto a inclinação do modelo (b1) e intercepto (b) das linhas de regressão. Os coeficientes de inclinação e intercepto foram modelados como função da variável altura - diâmetro (h/d), incremento diamétrico medido sobre rolo de incremento nos últimos 5cm (id5) amostrado ao nível do diâmetro a altura do peito(d), exposição do terreno (EXPOS), índice de competição BAL corrigido (BALcor), e comprimento da copa exposta a luz (Lc), pelas equações b1 = 0,41739+4,16179.id5-6,29332.h/d +0,37823.EXPOS-0,11519Ir+5,80419.BALcor-0,06858.Lc, com coeficiente de determinação ajustado igual a 0,9979 e erro padrão em percentagem da média de - 1,73%, e b= 2,62466-13,37024.id5+22,08329.h/d- 1,33161.EXPOS+0,34689.Ir-23,88899.BALcor+0,25692.Lc, com coeficiente de determinação ajustado de 0,9907 e erro-padrão em percentagem da média igual a 2,71%.
L’économie de la nature — Maupertuis et Euler sur le principe de moindre action1
Authors: Lyssy Ansgar , Leduc Christian 
Published: July 2015

Le principe de moindre action fut découvert dans le domaine de l’optique (Maupertuis) et dans celui de la mathématisation du corps en mouvement à l’intérieur d’une structure de forces (Euler). Aussi bien Euler que Maupertuis prennent appui sur une compréhension métaphysique de la nature pour justifier l’extension de ce principe à un principe général de physique. Dans le présent article, je soutiens que les deux croient que la nature elle-même ne saurait employer de moyens inutiles pour ses fins, et est donc économique. Le principe de moindre action peut être compris comme une tentative d’intégrer l’idée métaphysique d’une « économie de la nature » à l’intérieur du domaine de la science.
« L’oeil ne se voit pas voir »
Authors: Buchenau Stefanie 
Published: July 2015

Johann Georg Sulzer participe d’une tradition allemande et wolffienne qui conjugue réflexion épistémologique et esthétique. L’originalité de Sulzer au sein de cette tradition consiste à développer un nouveau modèle de la connaissance comme contemplation (qewrei`n, speculatio). Selon ce modèle spéculatif qui emprunte des éléments à l’esthétique de Du Bos, la distance et l’extériorité du spectateur par rapport à son objet est loin d’être le réquisit d’une bonne vision. Celle-ci dépend tout au contraire de l’appartenance du spectateur au monde qu’il contemple, de sa réceptivité, de sa sensibilité et de son humanité. Car l’âme ne peut déployer son activité de pensée qu’à condition de s’attacher d’abord à son objet : un tel attachement est la condition de son détachement. La mise en place de ce nouveau modèle spéculatif répond à l’injonction de Mérian qui est de repenser la conscience ou l’aperception à partir d’un sentiment a posteriori. Car « l’oeil ne se voit pas voir » (Mérian), et l’aperception primitive, cet acte par lequel l’esprit se pense, lui échappe. Il éprouve néanmoins des sentiments — de plaisir et de déplaisir — qui le contraignent à faire retour sur lui-même et sur son état d’être affecté ; des sentiments dont Sulzer considère qu’ils ancrent sa connaissance dans la réalité et lui permettent de la rapporter à soi-même. C’est ainsi qu’au fil des mémoires académiques des années 1750 à 1770, Sulzer élabore une nouvelle conception tripartite des facultés (connaissance, sentiment et méditation), et une distinction entre domaines théorique et pratique qui marquera la philosophie de Kant. Ce débat au sein de l’Académie berlinoise au sujet de la connaissance de soi donne une nouvelle orientation anthropologique à la philosophie allemande de la seconde moitié du xviiie siècle.