bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbial biogeography of drinking water: patterns in phylogenetic diversity across space and time
Authors: Roeselers Guus , Coolen Jordy , van der Wielen Paul W. J. J. , Jaspers Marco C. , Atsma Adrie , de Graaf Bendert , Schuren Frank 
Published: January 2015

SummaryIn this study, we collected water from different locations in 32 drinking water distribution networks in the Netherlands and analysed the spatial and temporal variation in microbial community composition by high‐throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. We observed that microbial community compositions of raw source and processed water were very different for each distribution network sampled. In each network, major differences in community compositions were observed between raw and processed water, although community structures of processed water did not differ substantially from end‐point tap water. End‐point water samples within the same distribution network revealed very similar community structures. Network‐specific communities were shown to be surprisingly stable in time. Biofilm communities sampled from domestic water metres varied distinctly between households and showed no resemblance to planktonic communities within the same distribution networks. Our findings demonstrate that high‐throughput sequencing provides a powerful and sensitive tool to probe microbial community composition in drinking water distribution systems. Furthermore, this approach can be used to quantitatively compare the microbial communities to match end‐point water samples to specific distribution networks. Insight in the ecology of drinking water distribution systems will facilitate the development of effective control strategies that will ensure safe and high‐quality drinking water.
Soil bacterial communities are shaped by temporal and environmental filtering: evidence from a long‐term chronosequence
Authors: Freedman Zachary , Zak Donald R. 
Published: January 2015

SummarySoil microbial communities are abundant, hyper‐diverse and mediate global biogeochemical cycles, but we do not yet understand the processes mediating their assembly. Current hypothetical frameworks suggest temporal (e.g. dispersal limitation) and environmental (e.g. soil pH) filters shape microbial community composition; however, there is limited empirical evidence supporting this framework in the hyper‐diverse soil environment, particularly at large spatial (i.e. regional to continental) and temporal (i.e. 100 to 1000 years) scales. Here, we present evidence from a long‐term chronosequence (4000 years) that temporal and environmental filters do indeed shape soil bacterial community composition. Furthermore, nearly 20 years of environmental monitoring allowed us to control for potentially confounding environmental variation. Soil bacterial communities were phylogenetically distinct across the chronosequence. We determined that temporal and environmental factors accounted for significant portions of bacterial phylogenetic structure using distance‐based linear models. Environmental factors together accounted for the majority of phylogenetic structure, namely, soil temperature (19%), pH (17%) and litter carbon:nitrogen (C:N; 17%). However, of all individual factors, time since deglaciation accounted for the greatest proportion of bacterial phylogenetic structure (20%). Taken together, our results provide empirical evidence that temporal and environmental filters act together to structure soil bacterial communities across large spatial and long‐term temporal scales.
A Comparison of the Degree of Student Satisfaction using a Simulation or a Traditional Wet Lab to Teach Physical Properties of Ice
Authors: Crandall Philip G. , O'Bryan Corliss A. , Killian Susan A. , Beck Dennis E. , Jarvis Nathan , Clausen Ed 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIt is often difficult to offer food chemistry students traditional, hands‐on laboratory experiences due to lack of funds for equipment, insufficient laboratory space, or the nature of distance education. A traditional wet laboratory exercise was developed to demonstrate the effects of the physical properties of ice formation when making high‐quality sorbets, varying the amounts of sugar, water, and stabilizer. This wet lab was compared to a simulated, detective‐based crime scene investigation (CSI) of why a famous food scientist's sorbet had become a “stiff.” Forty‐six food chemistry students were randomly assigned to groups, completing either the traditional wet lab or the simulated lab 1st before completing the 2nd type of laboratory. While there were preferences for one lab over another, there were no differences in the learning outcomes between the 2 laboratory formats. Students who preferred the simulated lab felt they could move at their own pace and were able to stop and review the simulation to understand the concepts more clearly. Traditional wet lab proponents liked working in groups and having immediate access to instructors. From the initial evaluation it appears that simulations could be used as replacements for hands‐on laboratory experiences or could serve as effective introductions to laboratory principles and concepts, resulting in increased student learning.
Steady state is reached within 2–3 days of once‐daily administration of degludec, a basal insulin with an ultralong duration of action
Authors: Heise Tim , Korsatko Stefan , Nosek Leszek , Coester Hans Veit , Deller Sigrid , Roepstorff Carsten , Segel Stine , Kapur Rahul , Haahr Hanne , Hompesch Marcus 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundVarious factors influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of insulin analogs. The aim of the present study was to determine time to steady state of insulin degludec (IDeg), a basal insulin analog with an ultralong duration of action, after once‐daily subcutaneous administration in subjects of varying age, diabetes type, and ethnicity.MethodsTime to steady state was analyzed in 195 subjects across five Phase I randomized single‐center double‐blind studies: three in subjects with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), including one in elderly subjects, and two in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), including one with African American and Hispanic/Latino subpopulations. Subjects received once‐daily IDeg (100 U/mL, s.c.) at doses of 0.4–0.8 U/kg for 6–12 days. Time to clinical steady state was measured from first dose until the serum IDeg trough concentration exceeded 90% of the final plateau level. The IDeg concentrations were log‐transformed and analyzed using a mixed‐effects model with time from first dose and dose level (where applicable) as fixed effects, and subject as a random effect.ResultsSteady state serum IDeg concentrations were reached after 2–3 days in all subjects. In trials with multiple dose levels, time to steady state was independent of dose level in T1DM (P = 0.51) and T2DM (P = 0.75).ConclusionsSerum IDeg concentrations reached steady state within 2–3 days of once‐daily subcutaneous administration in all subjects with T1DM or T2DM, including elderly and African American and Hispanic/Latino subjects. At steady state, serum IDeg concentrations were unchanged from day to day.
Hyperemesis gravidarum, nutritional treatment by nasogastric tube feeding: a 10‐year retrospective cohort study
Authors: Stokke Guro , Gjelsvik Bente L. , Flaatten Katrine T. , Birkeland Elisabeth , Flaatten Hans , Trovik Jone 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate maternal and fetal outcome in hyperemesis gravidarum comparing enteral tube feeding of the mothers with other fluid/nutrition regimens.DesignRetrospective hospital‐based cohort.SettingUniversity hospital, Norway.SampleAll 558 women treated for hyperemesis gravidarum 2002–2011; 273 received water/electrolytes intravenously, 177 received nutritional supplements by peripheral line, 107 received enteral feeding by gastroscopically positioned nasojejunal tube and 10 received total parenteral nutrition.MethodsDifferent fluid/nutritional groups were compared by chi‐squared or non‐parametric tests. The influence (odds ratio) of nutritional regimens on having small‐for‐gestational‐age infants was evaluated by binary logistic regression.Main outcome measuresMaternal weight gain during hospitalization and pregnancy, birthweight and gestational age at delivery.ResultsWomen receiving enteral nutrition had significantly greater weight loss on admission (median 5.0 kg) and at start of nutrition (5.5 kg) than the other treatment groups (4.0 kg) (p < 0.001). Enteral nutrition was administered for up to 41 days (median 5 days) during hospitalization, leading to 0.8 kg weight gain (95% CI 0.5–1.0, p = 0.005). The tube‐fed women achieved similar weight gain during pregnancy and experienced similar incidence of preterm birth or small‐for‐gestational age compared with the other treatment groups. Women with <7 kg total weight gain had increased risk of birthweight <2500 g and small‐for‐gestational‐age infants (odds ratio 3.68, 95% CI 1.89–7.18, p < 0.001). The nutritional regimen used was not an independent risk factor.ConclusionCompared with other fluid/nutrition regimens, enteral tube feeding for women affected by severe hyperemesis gravidarum is associated with adequate maternal weight gain and favorable pregnancy outcomes.
Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs towards management of men with locally advanced prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy: an Australian survey of urologists
Authors: Brown Bernadette , Young Jane , Kneebone Andrew B , Brooks Andrew J , Dominello Amanda , Haines Mary 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveTo investigate Australian urologists’ knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, and the association of these with treatment preferences relating to guideline‐recommended adjuvant radiotherapy for men with adverse pathologic features following radical prostatectomy.Subjects and methodsA nationwide mailed and web‐based survey of Australian urologist members of the Urological Society of Australia and New Zealand (USANZ).Results157 surveys were included in the analysis (45% response rate). Just over half of respondents (54%) were aware of national clinical practice guidelines for the management of prostate cancer. Urologists’ attitudes and beliefs towards the specific recommendation for post‐operative adjuvant radiotherapy for men with locally advanced prostate cancer were mixed. Just over half agreed the recommendation is based on a valid interpretation of the underpinning evidence (54.1%, 95% CI [46%, 62.2%]) but less than one third agreed adjuvant radiotherapy will lead to improved patient outcomes (30.2%, 95% CI [22.8%, 37.6%]). Treatment preferences were varied, demonstrating clinical equipoise. A positive attitude towards the clinical practice recommendation was significantly associated with treatment preference for adjuvant radiotherapy (rho = 0.520, P < 0.0001). There was stronger preference for adjuvant radiotherapy in more recently trained urologists (registrars) while preference for watchful waiting was greater in more experienced urologists (consultants) (b = 0.156, P = 0.034; 95% CI [0.048, 1.24]). Urologists’ attitudes towards clinical practice guidelines in general were positive.ConclusionThere remains clinical equipoise among Australian urologists in relation to adjuvant radiotherapy for men with adverse pathologic features following radical prostatectomy.
ON THE CONCAVITY AND QUASICONCAVITY PROPERTIES OF UTILITY FUNCTIONS
Authors: Lajeri‐Chaherli Fatma 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTConcavity and quasiconcavity have always been important properties in financial economics particularly in decision problems when an objective function has to be maximized over a convex set. Both properties have mainly been used as purely technical assumptions. In this paper, we link concavity and quasiconcavity of a utility function to the basic concepts of risk aversion, prudence, risk vulnerability and temperance. We show that concavity means the agent is more risk vulnerable than prudent. In particular, we can see when a function is both concave and quasiconcave and when it is only quasiconcave.
Discovery of Novel 2‐(piperidin‐4‐yl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole Derivatives as Potential Anti‐Inflammatory Agents
Authors: Li Qing , Hu Qinghua , Wang Xinning , Zong Yang , Zhao Leilei , Xing Junhao , Zhou Jinpei , Zhang Huibin 
Published: January 2015

A novel 2‐(piperidin‐4‐yl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole derivative 5 with good anti‐inflammatory activity was identified from our in‐house library. Based on hit compound 5, two series of 2‐(piperidin‐4‐yl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole derivative 6a–g and 7a–h were designed and synthesized as novel anti‐inflammatory agents. Most of synthesized compounds exhibited good inhibitory activity on NO and TNF‐α production in LPS‐stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, in which the compound 6e showed most potent inhibitory activity on NO (IC50 = 0.86 μm) and TNF‐α (IC50 = 1.87 μm) production. Further evaluation revealed that compound 6e displayed more potent in vivo anti‐inflammatory activity than ibuprofen did on xylene‐induced ear oedema in mice. Additionally, Western blot analysis revealed that compound 6e could restore phosphorylation level of IκBα and protein expression of p65 NF‐κB in LPS‐stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.
Genetic Influences Can Protect Against Unresponsive Parenting in the Prediction of Child Social Competence
Authors: Van Ryzin Mark J. , Leve Leslie D. , Neiderhiser Jenae M. , Shaw Daniel S. , Natsuaki Misaki N. , Reiss David 
Published: January 2015

Although social competence in children has been linked to the quality of parenting, prior research has typically not accounted for genetic similarities between parents and children, or for interactions between environmental (i.e., parental) and genetic influences. In this article, the possibility of a Gene x Environment (G × E) interaction in the prediction of social competence in school‐age children is evaluated. Using a longitudinal, multimethod data set from a sample of children adopted at birth (N = 361), a significant interaction was found between birth parent sociability and sensitive, responsive adoptive parenting when predicting child social competence at school entry (age 6), even when controlling for potential confounds. An analysis of the interaction revealed that genetic strengths can buffer the effects of unresponsive parenting.
Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and psychiatric disorders: cross‐sectional results from the Brazilian Study of Adult Health (ELSA‐Brasil)
Authors: Benseñor Isabela M. , Nunes Maria Angélica , Sander Diniz Maria de Fátima , Santos Itamar S. , Brunoni André R. , Lotufo Paulo A. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryObjectiveTo evaluate the association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and psychiatric disorders using baseline data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA‐Brasil).DesignCross‐sectional study.PatientsThe study included 12 437 participants from the ELSA‐Brasil with normal thyroid function (92·8%), 193 (1·4%) with subclinical hyperthyroidism and 784 (5·8%) with subclinical hypothyroidism, totalling 13 414 participants (50·6% of women).MeasurementsThe mental health diagnoses of participants were assessed by trained raters using the Clinical Interview Schedule – Revised (CIS‐R) and grouped according to the International Classification of Diseases 10 (ICD‐10). Thyroid dysfunction was assessed using TSH and FT4 as well as routine use of thyroid hormones or antithyroid medications. Logistic models were presented using psychiatric disorders as the dependent variable and subclinical thyroid disorders as the independent variable. All logistic models were corrected for multiple comparisons using Bonferroni correction.ResultsAfter multivariate adjustment for possible confounders, we found a direct association between subclinical hyperthyroidism and panic disorder odds ratio [OR], 2·55; 95% confidence Interval (95% CI), 1·09–5·94; and an inverse association between subclinical hypothyroidism and generalized anxiety disorder (OR, 0·75; 95% CI, 0·59–0·96). However, both lost significance after correction for multiple comparisons.ConclusionSubclinical hyperthyroidism was positively associated with panic disorder and negatively associated with anxiety disorder, although not significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons.
Separation of Cash Flow and Voting Rights and Firm Performance in Large Family Business Groups in Korea
Authors: Jin Kyuho , Park Choelsoon 
Published: January 2015

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueThis study examines how separation of cash flow and voting rights influences performance of firms affiliated with large family business groups. Complementing the dominant view grounded in agency theory, we suggest that the separation of cash flow and voting rights has positive influence on firm performance in the context of large family business groups.Research Findings/InsightsUsing the data from the large family business groups in Korea, or Chaebols, between 2003 and 2010, we found that the separation is positively associated with firm accounting performance, but not with market performance. We also found that the effect of the separation is moderated by analyst coverage, R&D expenditure, and sales share in the business group.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThis study reveals that in the large family business groups, the context in which the separation most frequently occurs, the separation not only induces the controlling minority shareholders to pursue private benefits of control but also accompanies financing benefits from active use of the internal capital market. In addition, this study notes the importance of addressing the endogeneity in the analysis of the relation between ownership structure and performance.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThis study offers insights to policy makers planning to enforce/revoke the regulation on the separation of cash flow and voting rights in the pursuit of corporate governance reform especially in countries with poor shareholder protection.
Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis with celiac disease (Lane–Hamilton syndrome) in an adult – a case report
Authors: Berger Natalie , Nichols Julianne , Datta Debapriya 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIdiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare disorder of unknown cause characterised by haemoptysis, diffuse alveolar infiltrates and iron‐deficiency anaemia. IPH predominantly affects children; it is rare in adults, in whom it usually manifests before 30 years. In adults, course is protracted with a better prognosis, in contrast to children. Even rarer is the Lane–Hamilton syndrome, a condition in which IPH is associated with celiac disease. Only 15 cases of Lane–Hamilton syndrome affecting adults are reported in literature. Treatment of IPH is based on anecdotal case reports and case series because of its rare occurrence. High‐dose steroids reportedly reduce morbidity and mortality and delays or stops disease progression; more effectively in adults than children. In Lane–Hamilton syndrome, a gluten‐free diet for the celiac disease in addition to steroids for IPH, is the mainstay of therapy. The optimal treatment duration of steroid therapy is not known but anecdotally a more prolonged course results in improved outcome. We report a case of a young woman who presented with exertional dyspnoea, intermittent haemoptysis, severe anaemia and lung infiltrates but no gastrointestinal complaints. After extensive work‐up, she was diagnosed with Lane–Hamilton syndrome based on a diagnosis of IPH made from lung biopsy and concomitant celiac disease because of positive anti‐gliadin antibody and endomyosial antibody and jejunal biopsy. She was treated with sustained low‐dose steroid therapy for a year and a gluten‐free diet with resolution of her symptoms, anaemia and lung infiltrates. At 4 years of follow‐up, she remains stable, without recurrence.
Human X‐DING‐CD4 mediates resistance to HIV‐1 infection through novel paracrine‐like signaling
Authors: Sachdeva Rakhee , Li Yuchang , Shilpi Rasheda Y. , Simm Malgorzata 
Published: January 2015

X‐DING‐CD4 is a novel phosphatase mediating antiviral responses to HIV‐1 infection. This protein is constitutively expressed and secreted by HIV‐1 resistant CD4+ T cells and its mRNA transcription is up‐regulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV‐1 elite controllers. The secreted/soluble X‐DING‐CD4 protein form is of particular importance because it blocks virus transcription when added to HIV‐1 susceptible cells. The present study aimed to determine the contribution of this factor to the induction of the antiviral response in target cells. We found that soluble X‐DING‐CD4 enters cells by endocytosis and that influx of this protein induced transcription of interferon‐α and endogenous X‐DING‐CD4 mRNA in transformed CD4+ T cells and primary macrophages. Treatment of HIV‐1 susceptible cells with exogenous X‐DING‐CD4 caused depletion of phosphorylated p50 and p65 nuclear factor kappa β subunits and a significant reduction in p50/p65 nuclear factor kappa β binding to the HIV‐1 long terminal repeat. Taken together, these findings indicate a novel antiviral mechanism mediated by the influx of soluble X‐DING‐CD4, its signaling to promote self‐amplification, and functional duality as an endogenous innate immunity effector and exogenous factor regulating gene expression in bystander cells.
Patient–provider communication over social media: perspectives of adolescents with psychiatric illness
Authors: van Rensburg Samuel H. , Klingensmith Katherine , McLaughlin Paige , Qayyum Zheala , van Schalkwyk Gerrit I. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundSocial media is an increasingly dominant platform for communication, especially among adolescents. Statements from professional bodies and a growing body of empirical evidence support a role for social media in improving provider–patient interactions. In psychiatry, particular concerns exist about the suitability of this style of communication. Very limited data are available exploring how patients would like to incorporate social media into their communication with their psychiatric providers.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative study with 20 adolescents attending the Yale Psychiatric Hospital Intensive Outpatient Programme. Interviews were analysed using inductive thematic analysis.ResultsParticipants highlighted how social media could allow for constant access to a mental health provider, provide a less anxiety‐provoking mode of communication, and allow for them to be monitored in a more on‐going fashion. However, participants also identified many potential risks associated with these applications, including the potential for anxiety if a provider was not able to respond immediately, and a sense that online interactions would be less rich overall.DiscussionOur findings suggest that adolescents are open to the idea of communicating with mental health providers over social media and are able to describe a number of instances where this could be of value. The risks participants described, as well as concerns raised by existing literature, indicate the need for further work and protocol development in order for social media to be a feasible tool for communication between providers and adolescents with psychiatric illness.