bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of pharmacodynamic biomarkers for ATR inhibitors
Authors: Chen Tao , Middleton Fiona K. , Falcon Susanna , Reaper Philip M. , Pollard John R. , Curtin Nicola J. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundATR, which signals DNA damage to S/G2 cell cycle checkpoints and for repair, is an attractive target in cancer therapy. ATR inhibitors are being developed and a pharmacodynamic assay is needed to support clinical studies.MethodsPhosphorylation of ATR targets, Chk1 and H2AX, was evaluated in MCF7 and K562 cells, human volunteer PBMCs and whole blood by Western blot, immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry after DNA damage. The effect of cell cycle phase, ATR knockdown and inhibition on these phosphorylation events was determined.ResultsHydroxyurea, UV and 4NQO induced Chk1 and H2AX phosphorylation in MCF7 and K562 cells. UV/4NQO activation of ATR was detectable in non‐cycling cells. Chk1 phosphorylation was reduced by ATR knockdown and reflects ATR activity for 3 h, H2AX phosphorylation after UV/4NQO is ATR‐dependent for 1 h but increasingly ATM and DNA‐PK‐dependent at later time points. In isolated PBMCs both phospho‐targets were detectable after UV/4NQO but in PBMCs from whole blood treated with 4NQO only H2AX was detectable.ConclusionPhosphoChk1 and H2AX are useful biomarkers for ATR inhibition using a variety of immuno‐detection methods, but timing may be critical. Importantly, ATR activity is detectable in non‐cycling PBMCs allowing them to be used as a surrogate tissue for biomarker measurement. In PBMCs from whole blood treated with 4NQO phosphoH2AX was the most useful biomarker of ATR activity and a clinically viable pharmacodynamic assay for ATR inhibitors has been developed.
Policy transfer, neo-liberalism or coercive institutional isomorphism? Explaining the emergence of a regulatory regime for quality assurance in the Hong Kong higher education sector
Authors: Jarvis Darryl S L 
Published: October 2014

abstract
The spread of quality assurance (QA) regimes in higher education has been an explosive phenomenon over the last 25 years. By one estimate, for example, half of all the countries in the world have adopted QA systems or QA regulatory agencies to oversee their higher education sector. Typically, this phenomenon is explained as a process of policy diffusion, the advent of marketization, the spread of neoliberalism, massification and, concomitantly, the emergence of a ‘global market’ for higher education, prompting governments to respond by validating standards, quality, and introducing certification and compliance regimes. In this paper I question the utility of these explanatory frameworks, specifically looking at the case of Hong Kong in order to explore the role coercive institutional isomorphism plays in policy adoption and the implications of this for regulatory performativity.
In vitro disappearance characteristics of selected categories of commercially available dog treats
Authors: de Godoy Maria R. C. , Vermillion Ryan , Bauer Laura L. , Yamka Ryan , Frantz Nolan , Jia Tim , Fahey George C. , Swanson Kelly S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPet owners desire treats with adequate nutritional profiles, functional benefits, long-lasting properties and an interactive nature. Therefore, it is pivotal to understand the digestion characteristics of treats produced by different processing methods and having variable nutritional composition. The objective of the present study was to measure in vitro disappearance characteristics of selected categories of commercially available treats. In vitro procedures developed by Boisen and Eggum in 1991 were modified to handle larger sample sizes. Treat samples were evaluated in triplicate. Following incubation, in vitro DM disappearance (DMD) was calculated. In vitro DMD of selected treats varied widely. For the gastric phase, DMD ranged from 6·9 to 88·8 %, whereas intestinal phase digestion resulted in a DMD range of 10·7–100·0 % (P < 0·05). Because of differences in treat composition and size, they were divided into six categories: Biscuit, Bone, Chew, Dental, Meat Product and Rawhide. In general, Bone was the least digestible treat category in both gastric and intestinal phases. Meat Product and Rawhide treats had a DMD of 71·5–100 % after the intestinal phase, whereas Biscuit had values above 93 %. Chew and Dental treats had a wide DMD range (54·5–100 %). Understanding the DMD of commercially available treats is important to verify their safety for consumption and potential digestibility once ingested. These data indicate wide variation in DMD among and within different treat categories. This information will assist pet food sale associates, pet owners and veterinarians to make more educated decisions when it relates to selection and recommendations about commercially available treats. Future work is needed to expand the knowledge on in vitro DMD and safety of treats and to further investigate their impact on in vivo DM digestibility once fed to dogs.
The Power of the Dark Side: Negative Partisanship and Political Behaviour in Canada
Authors: Caruana Nicholas J. , McGregor R. Michael , Stephenson Laura B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe origins and implications of partisan identification are well-studied, but negative partisan attitudes—dislike for a particular party—have escaped such scrutiny, even as the politics of negativity enjoys sustained popularity, especially come election time. In this paper we build upon the comparatively modest negative partisanship literature to consider the effects of negative partisan attitudes on a range of political behaviours. There are reasons to suspect that negative and positive partisanship may have different effects; thus, accounting for the unique influence of negative attitudes is important for understanding the full effect of partisanship on political behaviour. Our results, based upon Canadian Election Study data from 2008 and 2011, reveal that, in addition to vote choice, negative partisanship influences voter turnout and a range of political activities, both related and unrelated to parties. These findings provide evidence of the power of the “dark side” of partisanship.
Genome-wide copy number scan identifies IRF6 involvement in Van der Woude syndrome in an Indian family
Authors: MANJEGOWDA DINESH S. , PRASAD MANU , VEERAPPA AVINASH M. , RAMACHANDRA NALLUR B. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryVan der Woude syndrome (VWS) is an autosomal dominant developmental malformation presenting with bilateral lower lip pits related to cleft lip, cleft palate and other malformations. We performed a whole-genome copy number variations (CNVs) scan in an Indian family with members suffering from VWS using 2·6 million combined SNP and CNV markers. We found CNVs affecting IRF6, a known candidate gene for VWS, in all three cases, while none of the non-VWS members showed any CNVs in the IRF6 region. The duplications and deletions of the chromosomal critical region in 1q32–q41 confirm the involvement of CNVs in IRF6 in South Indian VWS patients. Molecular network analysis of these and other cleft lip/palate related module genes suggests that they are associated with cytokine-mediated signalling pathways and response to interferon-gamma mediated signalling pathways. This is a maiden study indicating the involvement of CNVs in IRF6 in causing VWS in the Indian population.
Human-related factors regulate the presence of domestic dogs in protected areas
Authors: Soto Carolina A. , Palomares Francisco 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe presence of domestic species such as dogsCanis familiarisin protected areas can cause problems for native species as a result of competition, predation and disease transmission. To improve our ability to design effective control policies we investigated the factors affecting detection of dog tracks in a Mediterranean national park.We investigated the presence of dogs across 69 2 × 2 km grid squares in Doñana National Park in south-west Spain and used logistic regression models to analyse the associated environmental and human constraints. We did not detect dogs in areas away from the edges of the national park close to human settlements (track census effort > 470 km) and the detection of dog tracks was correlated with human presence. We conclude that domestic dogs occasionally enter the Park from the surrounding area and are a direct threat to wildlife at the edges of the Park. Management actions to reduce the effects of domestic dogs in protected areas where feral dog populations are not established should focus on the spatial extent of local settlements, regulation and awareness-raising to encourage responsible dog-ownership, and control measures such as removing un-owned dogs from boundaries and areas close to human dwellings, and forbidding unleashed dogs in public facilities.
‘Ironman’: Joseph Daniels and the white history of South Africa's deep south
Authors: van Sittert Lance 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTPolar history has historically been white history, nowhere more so than in South Africa, The recent attempt to imagine a post-apartheid deep south through the public recovery of a black boatman who drowned in the annexation of the Prince Edward Islands in 1948 has ironically left the white history largely intact. Re-reading the annexation not as ceremony and survey, but as labour calls the central claims of this white history into question; that the annexation was a triumph of white seamanship not black stevedoring; that Daniels’ death was a tragic accident not a result of racism; and that black labour was merely the manual appendage to white intellects. It reveals that the landing of 300 tons of cargo by black boatmen. was what enabled the ‘effective occupation’ of the islands. Daniels death was the avoidable result of an institutional racism that discounted the lives of black labour and exposed them at Marion Island to the dangerous work conditions of long hours in open boats in rough sea without adequate safety provisions; and that Daniels was a boatman, not an ‘unskilled labourer’, with a tradition of co-adventuring that valued an individual for their strength, skill and courage, not the colour of their skin and in which the individual was defined by their contribution to the group
Three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation of monolithic radial transmission lines for Z-pinch
Authors: Mao Chongyang , Zou Xiaobing , Wang Xinxin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe electromagnetic simulation of the monolithic radial transmission lines for future Z-pinch was performed. Focusing on the difference in the maximum transmitted power efficiency between the electromagnetic simulation and the circuit simulation, the monolithic radial transmission lines with different impedance profile (exponential, Gaussian, hyperbolic) were compared. The power efficiency for the exponential line is higher than that for the Gaussian lines and the hyperbolic line, which is similar to that from the circuit simulation. However, all the power efficiencies obtained with the electromagnetic simulation are about 15% lower than those obtained with the circuit simulation, indicating the existence of considerable non-TEM modes and a non-ignorable error in the circuit simulation based on the quasi-TEM mode approximation. In consideration of several monolithic radial transmission lines being stacked together and the flat electrodes required by the stacked lines, the hyperbolic line was compared with the exponential line with several wide radial slots cut on the flat electrodes. While the hyperbolic line has a little bit lower transmitted power efficiency than that of the exponential line, it is much easier in fabrication. For this reason, the hyperbolic line was recommended as the best choice.
Simplicial localisation of homotopy algebras over a prop
Authors: YALIN SINAN 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe prove that a weak equivalence between two cofibrant (colored) props in chain complexes induces a Dwyer–Kan equivalence between the simplicial localisations of the associated categories of algebras. This homotopy invariance under base change implies that the homotopy category of homotopy algebras over a propPdoes not depend on the choice of a cofibrant resolution ofP, and gives thus a coherence to the notion of algebra up to homotopy in this setting. The result is established more generally for algebras in combinatorial monoidal dg categories.
Risk factors associated with an outbreak of dengue fever/dengue haemorrhagic fever in Hanoi, Vietnam
Authors: TOAN D. T. T. , HOAT L. N. , HU W. , WRIGHT P. , MARTENS P. 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYDengue fever/dengue haemorrhagic fever (DF/DHF) appears to be emerging in Hanoi in recent years. A case-control study was performed to investigate risk factors for the development of DF/DHF in Hanoi. A total of 73 patients with DF/DHF and 73 control patients were included in the study. The risk factor analysis indicated that living in rented housing, living near uncovered sewers, and living in a house discharging sewage directly into to ponds were all significantly associated with DF/DHF. People living in rented houses were 2·2 times more at risk of DF/DHF than those living in their own homes [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2·2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·1–4·6]. People living in an unhygienic house, or in a house discharging sewage directly to the ponds were 3·4 times and 4·3 times, respectively, more likely to be associated with DF/DHF (aOR 3·4, 95% CI 1–11·7; aOR 4·3, 95% CI 1·1–16·9). These results contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of dengue transmission in Hanoi, which is needed to implement dengue prevention and control programmes effectively and efficiently.
Pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza in two settings in a small community: the workplace and the university campus
Authors: SCHWARTZ E. J. , MORGAN M. , LAPIN S. 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYData are rare on influenza outbreaks spreading through a workplace, but such transmission dynamics would be useful for comparison with the spread of the infection in other settings. We collected and compared infection data from two settings, a workplace and a university campus, during the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 outbreak in a geographically contained community. Trajectories of infection were markedly alike in both settings. This suggests that transmission behaviour was similar in individuals in the two environments, despite the condition that individuals can leave the workplace setting in order to avoid transmission.
Humidity and respiratory virus transmission in tropical and temperate settings
Authors: PAYNTER S. 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYInfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are similarly structured viruses with similar environmental survival, but different routes of transmission. While RSV is transmitted predominantly by direct and indirect contact, influenza is also transmitted by aerosol. The cold, dry conditions of temperate winters appear to encourage the transmission of both viruses, by increasing influenza virus survival in aerosols, and increasing influenza and RSV survival on surfaces. In contrast, the hot, wet conditions of tropical rainy seasons appear to discourage aerosol transmission of influenza, by reducing the amount of influenza virus that is aerosolized, and probably also by reducing influenza survival in aerosol. The wet conditions of tropical rainy seasons may, however, encourage contact transmission of both viruses, by increasing the amount of virus that is deposited on surfaces, and by increasing virus survival in droplets on surfaces. This evidence suggests that the increased incidence of influenza and RSV in tropical rainy seasons may be due to increased contact transmission. This hypothesis is consistent with the observation that tropical rainy seasons appear to encourage the transmission of RSV more than influenza. More research is required to examine the environmental survival of respiratory viruses in the high humidity and temperature of the tropics.
‘All that Glisters’: Orpheus’s Failure as an Orator and the Academic Philosophy of theAccademia degli Invaghiti
Authors: Schwindt Joel 
Published: October 2014

AbstractScholarship on Monteverdi’sOrfeohas frequently considered Orpheus’s failure to persuade Charon during his grand aria-oration, ‘Possente spirto’, in terms of style and performance. In the eyes of academics such as theAccademia degli Invaghiti(for whomOrfeowas first composed), however, these issues would have been viewed as secondary to the goal of offering moral instruction, in keeping with the Ciceronian maxim, ‘instruction is the first goal, followed by the movement of the mind, and the delight of the senses’. After assessing the compatibility of my ‘academic’ reading ofOrfeowith those that have focused on the subject of music and its power, this article considers the Invaghiti’s practice and philosophy of oratory, as well as Monteverdi’s knowledge of this art. The reasons for Orpheus’s failure as an orator are then considered through a comparative analysis of ‘Possente spirto’ and the other full oration fromOrfeo, La Musica’s Prologue, as well as further ‘musical orations’ from Monteverdi’s catalogue. This analysis is based primarily on the teachings of the Ancients, as interpreted in the writings of Academy member Stefano Guazzo – in particular his dialectic on ‘civil conversation’ – as well as the model presented in academy member Pompeo Baccusi’s oration, ‘In defence and praise of women’, given for the Invaghiti in 1571.
Detection and treatment rates for perinatal depression in a state Medicaid population
Authors: Geier Michelle L. , Hills Nancy , Gonzales Marco , Tum Karoline , Finley Patrick R. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundThe purpose of this investigation was to assess detection and treatment rates for perinatal depression among women enrolled in the California State Medicaid (Medi-Cal) program in comparison to female beneficiaries of reproductive age who did not give birth during the same study period.MethodsInvestigators conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort analysis of women between the ages of 18 and 39 years old who were continuously enrolled in the Medi-Cal fee-for-service program between January 2006 and December 2009. The perinatal cohort consisted of women with evidence of a live birth occurring between October 2007 and March 2009. The control cohort consisted of women in the same age group and health plan without evidence of pregnancy during this time frame. The primary outcome of this investigation was diagnosis of depression during 3 contiguous 9-month time frames: immediately prior to presumed conception, during pregnancy, and throughout the postpartum period. Secondary outcomes included within-group and cohort comparisons of treatment patterns (antidepressant or psychotherapy). A multivariable analysis of demographic factors predicting depression diagnosis or treatment was conducted as well.ResultsA total of 6030 women was identified in the perinatal cohort, and 56,709 women were included in the control group. The perinatal cohort was significantly less likely than nonpregnant controls to receive a diagnosis of depression both during pregnancy (prevalence=1.6% vs 3.5%; OR=0.45; 95% CI=0.35–0.55) and postpartum (2.2% vs 3.6%; OR=0.59; 95% CI=0.50–0.71). Similar differences were noted in antidepressant prescribing patterns apparent during these 2 time frames. A subgroup analysis of women who received a depression diagnosis revealed that only 48% of the perinatal cohort was provided any treatment during pregnancy (vs 72% of the control group; p<0.0001) or postpartum (57% vs 73%; p<0.0001). Specific demographic factors predicting a lower prevalence of depression detection or treatment included Hispanic descent, age <25 years, or primary residence in an rural setting.ConclusionsDepression was often overlooked and undertreated among women who are pregnant or postpartum in comparison to services delivered to similar nonpregnant controls. Significant disparities in the healthcare received by certain subpopulations of perinatal women suggest that research into barriers to care and subsequent interventions are warranted.
Attentional Set-Shifting in Parkinson’s Disease Patients with Freezing of Gait-Acquisition and Discrimination Set Learning Deficits at the Background?
Authors: Stefanova Elka , Ječmenica Lukić Milica , Žiropadja Ljubomir , Marković Vladana , Stojković Tanja , Tomić Aleksandra , Dragašević Mišković Nataša , Kostić Vladimir 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCognitive loading aggravates the freezing of gait (FoG), which is observed in approximately 50% of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) in the advanced stages. To investigate whether a specific pattern of executive deficits, that is, attentional set-shifting and/or inhibitory control, are associated with FoG in PD, 30 PD patients with FoG (PD-FoG+) and 36 PD patients without FoG (PD-FoG−) and 22 control healthy subjects were examined with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Intra-Extra Dimensional Set shifting Test (IED) and Stop Signal Task (SST), selected from the Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Battery (CANTAB battery), were administered to analyze set-shifting and motor inhibition, respectively. The IED task was significantly sensitive for differentiating between PD-FoG+ and PD-FoG− groups (p<.01), as well Adenbrook’s clock drawing task (p=.033). By contrast, no differences emerged on any aspect of the SST task and other cognitive tasks. The attrition rate during the IED task showed that the problem in the PD-FoG+ group appeared at the pre-ID level, on the discrimination-learning set; the 32% PD-FoG+ subjects did not achieve the ID level of the task in comparison to negligible 4% of the PD-FoG− patients (p=.011). The logistic regression analysis, indicated the higher the IED stage successfully completed, the less likely presence of FoG in PD subjects. These results demonstrate that the complex cognitive–motor interplay might be responsible for FoG in PD and have had real life implication for the patients. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–8)
‘But from this time forth history becomes a connected whole’: state expansion and the origins of universal history
Authors: Benjamin Craig 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article offers a comparative analysis of the historiographical implications of state conflict and expansion in two key regions of ancient Afro-Eurasia, the Mediterranean Basin and East Asia. The Mediterranean-wide conflict known as the Punic Wars, and the protracted struggle between Han China and her militarized steppe nomadic neighbours in a theatre that spanned much of eastern Inner Eurasia, helped shape the direction of subsequent world history. These conflicts also shaped the methodology and approach of three historians in these two regions: Polybius, Diodorus, and Sima Qian. All three wove detailed descriptions of these processes into complex narratives that synthesized events into an organic whole. The result was a universal conception of history that added up to something much more than a mere recounting of events.