bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamique de l’érosion en zone méditerranéenne algérienne : facteurs explicatifs de variation du ruissellement et de l’érosion sous différentes occupations du sol
Authors: Morsli Boutkhil , Habi Mohammed , Meddi Mohamed 
Published: August 2013

En Algérie, l’eau et le sol, ressources vitales et de production, connaissent actuellement une dégradation en ce qui a trait à la quantité et la qualité. Ce processus ne cesse de s’amplifier et se traduit par la diminution et l’épuisement de ces ressources et l’aggravation des problèmes environnementaux.
Sur les versants du nord-ouest algérien, les processus érosifs posent de sérieux problèmes : dégradation des sols, envasement des barrages, inondations et destruction des infrastructures. Face à ces enjeux, il s’est manifesté un besoin de recherche sur les facteurs conditionnels. Notre objectif visait la compréhension de la dynamique de l’érosion et l’analyse de l’influence de l’occupation du sol et de l’activité humaine sur la variation du ruissellement et de l’érosion.
L’approche est basée sur le suivi de critères morphologiques et analytiques et sur l’étude du comportement hydrodynamique des sols sur des transects représentatifs de substrats marneux et gréseux le long desquels plusieurs occupations se succèdent.
Les résultats montrent que les variations des caractéristiques du sol sont dues à la dynamique érosive. Ce sont surtout l’occupation du sol, les caractéristiques du couvert du sol, l’activité humaine et les aménagements qui conditionnent cette dynamique.
Le coefficient de ruissellement maximal (Kr max) pendant la période de mesures (1993-2004) a dépassé 30 % sur le sol nu et a atteint 60 % durant les averses exceptionnelles (fréquence supérieure à 0,1) sur les sols fermés et tassés. L’érosion annuelle (érosion en nappe et en rigole) est de 1,5 à 6,8 t•ha‑1•an‑1 sur sol nu, mais l’érosion globale (érosion en nappe et linéaire (ravinement)) varie quant à elle dans des proportions encore plus grandes et peut atteindre des taux records (54 t•ha‑1•an‑1).
Les indicateurs pertinents de l'érosion sont ceux qui sont relatifs aux sols et aux états de surface : les caractéristiques du sol, les surfaces fermées et ouvertes, la rugosité et la couverture du sol de même que les indicateurs relatifs à l’événement pluvieux (intensité, hauteur et fréquence). L’effet de la pente n’est pas négligeable et peut être atténué par une utilisation adéquate des versants.
Détermination de l'altitude du Zéro des stations hydrométriques en Amazonie brésilienne. Application aux lignes d'eau des Rios Negro, Solimões et Amazone
Authors: Callède Jacques , Moreira Daniel Medeiros , Calmant Stéphane 
Published: August 2013

Le rattachement altimétrique d’une station hydrométrique à un repère du Nivellement Général est habituellement effectué dans le but de connaître, lorsqu’il y a plusieurs stations, la pente de la ligne d’eau. Jusqu’à la fin de la décennie 2000, les stations hydrométriques amazoniennes n’étaient pas rattachées car le manque de réseau routier était un obstacle majeur au classique nivellement direct. Mais la fin de cette décennie a vu l'expansion de l'altimétrie satellitaire, et plus particulièrement celle de la méthode utilisant le GPS associé à l'utilisation du modèle de géoïde EGM08. Cette nouvelle technique est particulièrement précieuse pour niveler les stations hydrométriques du bassin amazonien. Nous avons traité ici les stations hydrométriques de l'Amazone depuis son embouchure jusqu’à la frontière Brésil/Pérou et celles des rios Negro et Solimões pour leurs parties brésiliennes. Les pentes moyennes de ces différents biefs décroissent normalement sur le Rio Solimões et l'Amazone, tandis que le bief Moura-Manaus, sur le Rio Negro, présente anormalement une pente très faible (6 mm•km‑1) au risque de provoquer des inversions d'écoulement. Le Bas Amazone est raccordé à l'altitude donnée par la trace de l'orbite 202 des satellites Topex-Poseidon et Jason-1 mais malheureusement nous ne disposons que d'une seule année de relevés limnigraphiques sur ce tronçon. Les comparaisons des pentes de la ligne d’eau avec d’autres fleuves (Volga, Danube, Nil, Mississipi et Rhin) indiquent que la pente de l’Amazone est, avec en moyenne 21 mm•km‑1 de Tabatinga (frontière Brésil/Pérou) à l’Océan Atlantique (soit sur 3 000 km) deux fois moindre que celle de la Volga (qui présente la ligne d’eau de pente la plus faible sur les cinq fleuves étudiés). Ceci, associé au fait que le fond du lit de l’Amazone est, sur 2 000 km à partir de son embouchure, à une quarantaine de mètres en-dessous du niveau de l’océan, nous conduirait à penser que l’écoulement du fleuve subit une poussée des eaux amont, issues de la Cordillère des Andes.
Multivitamin supplementation improves haematologic status in children born to HIV‐positive women in Tanzania
Authors: Liu Enju , Duggan Christopher , Manji Karim P , Kupka Roland , Aboud Said , Bosch Ronald J , Kisenge Rodrick R , Okuma James , Fawzi Wafaie W 
Published: August 2013

IntroductionAnaemia is prevalent among children born to HIV‐positive women, and it is associated with adverse effects on cognitive and motor development, growth, and increased risks of morbidity and mortality.ObjectiveTo examine the effect of daily multivitamin supplementation on haematologic status and mother‐to‐child transmission (MTCT) of HIV through breastfeeding.MethodsA total of 2387 infants born to HIV‐positive women from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania were enrolled in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, and provided a daily oral supplement of multivitamins (vitamin B complex, C and E) or placebo at age 6 weeks for 24 months. Among them, 2008 infants provided blood samples and had haemoglobin concentrations measured at baseline and during a follow‐up period. Anaemia was defined as haemoglobin concentrations<11 g/dL and severe anaemia<8.5 g/dL.ResultsHaemoglobin concentrations among children in the treatment group were significantly higher than those in the placebo group at 12 (9.77 vs. 9.64 g/dL, p=0.03), 18 (9.76 vs. 9.57 g/dL, p=0.004), and 24 months (9.93 vs. 9.75 g/dL, p=0.02) of follow‐up. Compared to those in the placebo group, children in the treatment group had a 12% lower risk of anaemia (hazard ratio (HR): 0.88; 95% CI: 0.79–0.99; p=0.03). The treatment was associated with a 28% reduced risk of severe anaemia among children born to women without anaemia (HR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.56–0.92; p=0.008), but not among those born to women with anaemia (HR: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.79–1.54; p=0.57; p for interaction=0.007). One thousand seven hundred fifty three infants who tested HIV‐negative at baseline and had HIV testing during follow‐up were included in the analysis for MTCT of HIV. No association was found between multivitamin supplements and MTCT of HIV.ConclusionsMultivitamin supplements improve haematologic status among children born to HIV‐positive women. Further trials focusing on anaemia among HIV‐exposed children are warranted in the context of antiretroviral therapy.
Visible Light‐Mediated Synthesis of (Spiro)anellated Furans
Authors: Kachkovskyi Georgiy , Faderl Christian , Reiser Oliver 
Published: August 2013

AbstractVisible light‐mediated decarboxylation using N‐acyloxyphthalimides as the source for carbon‐centered radicals was applied for the synthesis of spirobutenolides. The utility of this approach is demonstrated with the formal synthesis of (S)‐(+)‐lycoperdic acid. Alternatively, 2,3‐anellated furans can be obtained in a one‐pot procedure via photocyclization following a regioselective semipinacol rearrangement.magnified image
Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Multi‐Substituted Dihydrofurans by Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed [3+2] Cycloaddition of Cyclic or Acyclic Diazodicarbonyl Compounds with Olefins
Authors: Xia Likai , Lee Yong Rok 
Published: August 2013

AbstractRuthenium(II)‐phosphine complexes‐catalyzed [3+2] cycloadditions were conducted to synthesize a variety of dihydrofurans by reactions of cyclic or acyclic diazodicarbonyl compounds with olefins. This method represents a direct and efficient one‐pot synthesis for multi‐substituted dihydrofurans under mild reaction conditions with an excellent regioselectivity. Furthermore, to reduce reaction times and increase yields of dihydrofurans, microwave‐assisted tris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) chloride/ 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate {Ru(PPh3)3Cl2/[Bmim]BF4}‐catalyzed reactions were also developed. The synthesized dihydrofurans can be readily converted into biologically interesting tetrahydroindoles.magnified image
Synthesis of Carbazoles via One‐Pot Copper‐Catalyzed Amine Insertion into Cyclic Diphenyleneiodoniums as a Strategy to Generate a Drug‐Like Chemical Library
Authors: Zhu Daqian , Liu Qi , Luo Bingling , Chen Meihui , Pi Rongbiao , Huang Peng , Wen Shijun 
Published: August 2013

AbstractCarbazoles have attracted high interest among synthetic chemists due to their unique structural features and potential pharmacological activities. Compared to linear aryliodoniums, cyclic diphenyleneiodoniums are more inert and have not attracted much attention to their application as building blocks. Employing our synthetic strategy, diversified carbazoles can be efficiently obtained from a single cyclic diphenyleneiodonium under mild conditions. The reactions catalyzed by copper(II) acetate have provided a variety of carbazoles in modest to good yields with a broad range of amines including anilines, aliphatic amines and sulfonamides. Moreover, one of the obtained carbazoles has displayed an outstanding ability to protect HT‐22 neuronal cells from the damage induced by neurotoxins glutamate and homocysteic acid.magnified image
N‐Benzylation/Benzylic CH Amidation Cascade by the (η3‐Benzyl)palladium System in Aqueous Media: An Effective Pathway for the Direct Construction of 3‐Phenyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐ (2H)‐1,2,4‐benzothiadiazine 1,1‐Dioxides
Authors: Hikawa Hidemasa , Matsuda Naoya , Suzuki Hideharu , Yokoyama Yuusaku , Azumaya Isao 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe demonstrate a unique strategy for a benzylation/benzylic CH amidation cascade reaction by the (η3‐benzyl)palladium system derived from a palladium catalyst and benzyl alcohol. This tandem process is devised as a new synthetic route for 3‐phenyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐(2H)‐1,2,4‐benzothiadiazine‐1,1‐dioxide. Water plays an important role for the smooth generation of the (η3‐benzyl)palladium species, and a bis‐benzylated Pd(II) intermediate would be formed in our catalytic system. Atom economical processes such as benzylic CH activation, cascade reactions and chemoselective reactions in aqueous media have been developed.magnified image
Dehydrogenative Heck Reaction (Fujiwara–Moritani Reaction) of Unactivated Olefins with Simple Dihydropyrans under Aprotic Conditions
Authors: Pawar Govind Goroba , Singh Gaurav , Tiwari Virendra Kumar , Kapur Manmohan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe dehydrogenative Heck coupling (Fujiwara–Moritani reaction) of unactivated olefins with 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrans is described. The two main highlights of the work are the use of unconventional unactivated olefins as coupling partners in the palladium‐catalyzed reaction and the use of aprotic conditions for the coupling reaction of the acid‐labile dihydropyrans.magnified image
Switchable Synthesis of 3‐Cyanoindoles and 3‐Amidylindoles via a Palladium‐Catalyzed Reaction of N,N‐Dimethyl‐2‐alkynylaniline with Isocyanide
Authors: Qiu Guanyinsheng , Qiu Xiaochen , Liu Jianping , Wu Jie 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed reaction of N,N‐dimethyl‐2‐alkynylanilines with isocyanides is reported, leading to the formation of 3‐cyanoindoles and 3‐amidylindoles. The isocyanide insertion is the key step during the process, and the presence of water is essential for the formation of 3‐amidylindoles.magnified image
Stereoselective Synthesis with Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Kielland Nicola , Whiteoak Christopher J. , Kleij Arjan W. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractHomogeneous catalysis employing carbon dioxide (CO2) as a carbon‐based renewable feedstock has been and continues to be a flourishing area of research, providing new and improved synthetic methodologies towards a range of organic products. Since CO2 is inexpensive, non‐toxic and available in virtually unlimited amounts, the progress in CO2 catalysis is of widespread academic, industrial and societal interest. This interest is sparked by the demanding necessity to provide viable alternatives for fossil fuel‐derived organic precursors and their post‐modification. Whereas most of the advances have been made in the area of CO2 conversion focusing on simple organic structures, the more challenging and gratifying stereoselective syntheses have only recently become a subject of increasing attention. This review therefore aims at presenting a concise overview of the most recent achievements in the field of stereoselective transformations where CO2 is used as a key reagent. As such, it should empower the synthetic community with a starting point for expansion of the toolbox leading to a greater variety of value‐added organic matter based on CO2.magnified image
Physical properties of poly lactic acid/clay nanocomposite films: Effect of filler content and annealing treatment
Authors: Russo Pietro , Cammarano Sara , Bilotti Emiliano , Peijs Ton , Cerruti Pierfrancesco , Acierno Domenico 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTPolylactic acid (PLA)‐based nanocomposite films, containing up to 5% by weight of two types of nanoclays: sepiolite needle‐like clay and halloysite nanotube clay, were prepared via industrially viable melt processing route. Clays modify the crystallinity of the hosting PLA affecting its gas barrier and mechanical properties. Annealing treatments of composite films were found to be critical in the optimization of these properties with an additional enhancement in crystallinity and stiffness especially in presence of clays. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39798.
Hydrothermal Realization of a Hierarchical, Flowerlike MnWO4@MWCNTs Nanocomposite with Enhanced Reversible Li Storage as a New Anode Material
Authors: Shim Hyun‐Woo , Lim Ah‐Hyeon , Kim Jae‐Chan , Lee Gwang‐Hee , Kim Dong‐Wan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA phase‐pure MnWO4‐based nanocomposite, MnWO4@MWCNTs (MWCNTs=multiwalled carbon nanotubes), was successfully synthesized through a simple hydrothermal reaction at 180 °C by adjusting the pH of the precursor medium. The resulting nanocomposite maintains the original flowerlike morphology of MnWO4 with hierarchical structures composed of numerous single‐crystalline nanorods that drive growth preferentially along the [001] direction. The growth mechanism for the flowerlike formations is also discussed. In addition, the Li electroactivity of pure MnWO4 and MnWO4@MWCNTs electrodes was investigated. As an anode for Li‐ion batteries, the MnWO4@MWCNTs nanocomposite showed enhanced electrochemical performance in reversible Li storage relative to that shown by bare MnWO4 electrodes, including a high capacity of 425 mAh g−1 and superior rate performance. This performance can be attributed to the synergistic effect of the nanocomposite combined with the MWCNTs, which provide efficient electron transport in their role as a conductor.
Soft Scorpionate Anions as Platforms for Novel Heterocycles
Authors: Rajasekharan‐Nair Rajeev , Marckwordt Annemarie , Lutta Samuel T. , Schwalbe Matthias , Biernat Anne , Armstrong David R. , Watson Allan J. B. , Kennedy Alan R. , Reglinski John , Spicer Mark D. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSoft scorpionates have thus far been seen mainly as a family of ligands. Their chemistry is extended here to the production of novel cationic macrocycles using dihaloalkanes. By replacing the dihaloalkanes with mild oxidising agents (NO+, I2) we obtain two unique polycyclic heterocycles. The mechanism which leads to the formation of these polycyclic heterocycles is investigated using ab initio DFT calculations.
Polymeric Micelles for Multidrug Delivery and Combination Therapy
Authors: Aw Moom Sinn , Kurian Mima , Losic Dusan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe use of conventional therapy based on a single therapeutic agent is not optimal to treat human diseases. The concept called “combination therapy”, based on simultaneous administration of multiple therapeutics is recognized as a more efficient solution. Interestingly, this concept has been in use since ancient times in traditional herbal remedies with drug combinations, despite mechanisms of these therapeutics not fully comprehended by scientists. This idea has been recently re‐enacted in modern scenarios with the introduction of polymeric micelles loaded with several drugs as multidrug nanocarriers. This Concept article presents current research and developments on the application of polymeric micelles for multidrug delivery and combination therapy. The principles of micelle formation, their structure, and the developments and concept of multidrug delivery are introduced, followed by discussion on recent advances of multidrug delivery concepts directed towards targeted drug delivery and cancer, gene, and RNA therapies. The advantages of various polymeric micelles designed for different applications, and new developments combined with diagnostics and imaging are elucidated. A compilation work from our group based on multidrug‐loaded micelles as carriers in drug‐releasing implants for local delivery systems based on titania nanotubes is summarized. Finally, an overview of recent developments and prospective outlook for future trends in this field is given.
EnantioselectiveToxic Effects and Degradation of Myclobutanil Enantiomers in Scenedesmus obliquus
Authors: Cheng Cheng , Huang Ledan , Diao Jinling , Zhou Zhiqiang 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTResearch on the enantioselective environmental behavior of chiral pesticides has been a hot spot of environmental chemistry recently. In this study, the acute toxicity of myclobutanil enantiomers was investigated with the aquatic algae Scendesmus obliquus. After exposure for 96 h, the EC50 values for (−)‐myclobutanil, rac‐myclobutanil and (+)‐myclobutanil were 3.951, 2.760, and 2.128 mg/L, respectively. The photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) and antioxidant enzyme activities catalase (CAT) were determined to evaluate the different toxic effects when S. obliquus were exposed to 1.5, 5 and 15 mg/L of rac‐myclobutanil, (−)‐myclobutanil, and (+)‐myclobutanil for 96 h, respectively. In addition, the degradation of myclobutanil enantiomers in S. obliquus was also studied. Myclobutanil in the medium inoculated with algae degraded faster than in the uninoculated medium. The degradation of (−)‐myclobutanil was faster than that of (+)‐myclobutanil at a concentration of 3 mg/L. On the basis of these data, the acute toxicity and toxic effects of myclobutanil against S. obliquus were concluded to be enantioselective, and such enantiomeric differences should be taken into consideration in pesticide risk assessment. Chirality 25:858–864, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adjuvant leuprolide with or without docetaxel in patients with high‐risk prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy (TAX‐3501)
Authors: Schweizer Michael T. , Huang Peng , Kattan Michael W. , Kibel Adam S. , de Wit Ronald , Sternberg Cora N. , Epstein Jonathan I. , Eisenberger Mario A. 
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUNDThe current trial evaluated 2 common therapies for patients with advanced prostate cancer, docetaxel and hormonal therapy (HT), in the surgical adjuvant setting.METHODSTAX‐3501 was a randomized, phase 3, adjuvant study post‐radical prostatectomy (RP) in high‐risk patients with prostate cancer (n = 228) comparing 18 months of HT with (CHT) without docetaxel chemotherapy either immediately (I) or deferred (D). High‐risk disease was defined as a 5‐year freedom‐from‐disease‐progression rate of ≤ 60% as predicted by a post‐RP nomogram. Progression‐free survival (PFS), including prostate‐specific antigen disease recurrence, was the primary endpoint. The authors also assessed the accuracy of the nomogram and analyzed testosterone recovery in 108 patients treated with HT who had at least 1 posttreatment testosterone value.RESULTSBetween December 2005 and September 2007, 228 patients were randomized between the treatment cohorts. TAX‐3501 was terminated prematurely because of enrollment challenges, leaving it underpowered to detect differences in PFS. After a median follow‐up of 3.4 years (interquartile range, 2.3‐3.8 years), 39 of 228 patients (17%) demonstrated PSA disease progression, and metastatic disease progression occurred in 1 patient. The median time to baseline testosterone recovery after the completion of treatment was prolonged at 487 days (95% confidence interval, 457‐546 days). The nomogram's predicted versus observed freedom from disease progression was significantly different for the combination D(HT) and D(CHT) group (P < .00001).CONCLUSIONSTAX‐3501 illustrated several difficulties involved in conducting postoperative adjuvant systemic trials in men with high‐risk prostate cancer: the lack of consensus regarding patient selection and treatment, the need for long follow‐up time, nonvalidated intermediate endpoints, evolving standard approaches, and the need for long‐term research support. Except for selected patients at very high‐risk of disease recurrence and death, surgical adjuvant trials in patients with prostate cancer may not be feasible. Cancer 2013;119:3610–3618. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Isolation and Enrichment of Pathogens with a Surface‐Modified Aluminium Chip for Raman Spectroscopic Applications
Authors: Pahlow Susanne , Kloß Sandra , Blättel Verena , Kirsch Konstantin , Hübner Uwe , Cialla Dana , Rösch Petra , Weber Karina , Popp Jürgen 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe developed a Raman‐compatible chip for isolating microorganisms from complex media. The isolation of bacteria is achieved by using antibodies as capture molecules. Due to the very specific interaction with the targets, this approach is promising for isolation of bacteria even from complex matrices such as body fluids. Our choice of capture molecules also enabled the investigation of samples containing yet unidentified bacteria, as the antibodies can capture a large variety of bacteria based on their analogue cell wall surface structures. The capability of our system is demonstrated for a broad range of different Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative germs. Subsequent identification is done by recording Raman spectra of the bacteria. Further, it is shown that classification with chemometric methods is possible.
The Mechanism of Glucose Isomerization to Fructose over Sn‐BEA Zeolite: A Periodic Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: Yang Gang , Pidko Evgeny A. , Hensen Emiel J. M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe isomerization of glucose to fructose in the presence of Sn‐containing zeolite BEA (beta polymorph A) was studied by periodic DFT calculations. Focus was placed on the nature of the active site and the reaction mechanism. The reactivities of the perfect lattice SnIV site and the hydroxylated SnOH species are predicted to be similar. The isomerization activity of the latter can be enhanced by creating an extended silanol nest in its vicinity. Besides the increased Lewis acidity and coordination flexibility of the Sn center, the enhanced reactivity in this case is ascribed to the reaction environment that promotes activation of the confined sugar intermediates through hydrogen bonding. The resulting multidentate activation of the substrate favors the rate‐determining hydrogen‐shift reaction. These findings suggest the important role of defect lattice sites in Sn‐BEA for catalytic glucose isomerization.