bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intra‐population genetic variation in diapause incidence of adult‐diapausing Tetranychus pueraricola (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Authors: ITO KATSURA 
Published: November 2013

Diapause is an important seasonal adaptation for arthropods in temperate regions. Recent global warming has had a profound effect on the timing of diapause induction, but the potential for evolutionary changes in diapause attributes remains largely unknown because of a scarcity of information about genetic architecture in these traits.
Genetic variation in diapause incidence within a population and the genetic correlation with different environmental conditions are both important for predicting evolutionary responses to climatic changes.
The main aim of this study was to determine these parameters at temperatures representative of the winter season (stationary 18–20 °C) by using 12 isofemale lines established from females of a single population of the adult‐diapausing spider mite Tetranychus pueraricola (Acari: Tetranychidae).
To compare the response between field and laboratory, their ancestral phenotypes were randomly chosen from diapausing (eight) or non‐diapausing (four) females. Diapause incidence was investigated at 18, 19, and 20 °C under LD 10:14 h conditions with two to five replicates for each strain. At 18 °C, more than 90% of the females entered diapause, and the genetic variation among strains (intraclass correlation coefficient; ICC) was relatively small (44%), whereas highly variable diapause incidences were observed for the warmer conditions (both 87% ICC). The correlation between temperatures was as high as 0.79 between 19 and 20 °C, whereas the correlation estimates between 18 and either 19 or 20 °C were still positive, but not significant. In addition, the analyses demonstrated the existence of variation in the entire response curves (significant genotype × environment interaction).
These results demonstrate that significant genetic variation in response curves is maintained in this population, and accordingly this population has a capacity to respond to climatic changes. Crossing reaction curves across temperatures may prevent the fixation of a single optimal response curve, and maintain genetic variation at each temperature.
The food limitation hypothesis for juvenile marine fish
Authors: Le Pape Olivier , Bonhommeau Sylvain 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCoastal zones are productive areas that serve as nursery grounds for a large number of marine species. However, the processes involved in survival success during the juvenile phase are not well‐known. Some authors suggest that the availability of prey is important to support the production of pre‐recruit fish whose fitness is enhanced through optimal feeding conditions. Accordingly, recruitment is limited by the carrying capacity of the nursery habitat. In contrast, other authors state that the carrying capacity of the nursery grounds is not fully exploited, suggesting that there is no effect of food limitation. This study combines an overview of the literature, focused on flatfish that are especially dependent on coastal and estuarine nursery grounds, an extension to other marine fishes and a modelling approach on growth and survival of juvenile fish to explore the controversy of food limitation in their nursery grounds. We demonstrate that the relative lack of growth limitation observed for young marine fishes at the individual scale is related to an observational bias: fish have been affected by size‐selective mortality linked to food limitation, but only surviving individuals are observed. As the population is skewed towards the faster‐growing juveniles, the growth of survivors remains close to optimal, even when food resources are limited. Food limitation is of major influence in determining the carrying capacity of the nursery habitat. To sustain marine fish populations and related fisheries, management action is needed to protect coastal and estuarine areas and maintain or restore nursery productivity.
Chemical composition and in vitro total gas and methane production of forage species from the Mid Rift Valley grasslands of Ethiopia
Authors: Bezabih M. , Pellikaan W. F. , Tolera A. , Khan N. A. , Hendriks W. H. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThere is increasing interest in sustainable land use in the tropics to optimize animal production while also reducing methane (CH4) emissions, but information on nutritive value and CH4‐emission potential of tropical forage species is limited. Samples of 24 grasses and five other forages were collected during the main rainy season on randomly positioned quadrats in semi‐arid grassland in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Samples were pooled by species, analysed for chemical composition and incubated with rumen fluid to determine total gas and CH4‐emission potentials using a fully automated in vitro gas production apparatus. Organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents were calculated from chemical composition and gas production data. Large variability was observed among forages for all nutritional variables considered. The grasses Eleusine multiflora, Pennisetum stramineum, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Eragrostis aspera, Cenchrus ciliaris and Eragrostis cilianensis showed relatively high OMD (68–72%) and ME values (9·1–10·2 MJ kg−1 dry matter). Melinis repens, E. multiflora and the non‐legume forb Zaleya pentandra showed relatively low CH4 to total gas ratios; these species may have potential for use in low CH4‐emission forage diets. Acacia tortilis fruits had high content of crude protein and moderate ME values, and may be an ideal feed supplement for the grazing ruminant. Sodium content was below the recommended level for ruminants in all the forage species. Overall, the pasture stand during the main growing season was evaluated as having moderate nutritional quality.
Networks of capital, networks for migration: political–economic integration and the changing geography of Mexico–US migration
Authors: SANDERSON MATTHEW R. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWhile economic globalization has altered the geography of international migration and introduced an array of new sources and destinations, our understanding of the specific mechanisms that link economic globalization to migration remains limited. In this article, I attempt to extend previous research by undertaking an empirical case study of Mexican migration to the USA. Using a unique dataset, I construct multivariate models to test whether, in the context of economic integration, occupations channel migration between similar sectors of the Mexican and US economies. I focus on the food‐processing sector because of its role in the geographic dispersal of Mexican immigration. The results show a strong channelling of Mexican immigration along an occupational line linking the Mexican and US food‐processing sectors. The implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which ushered in a period of intensive political and economic integration, strengthened this occupational channel. By seeing the changing geography of Mexico–US migration in the context of economic globalization, this study casts light on the micro‐level foundations of the globalization–migration nexus.
The mediating effects of coping on the stress and health relationships among nursing students: a structural equation modelling approach
Authors: Klainin‐Yobas Piyanee , Keawkerd Ornuma , Pumpuang Walailak , Thunyadee Chanya , Thanoi Wareerat , He Hong‐Gu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimsTo test the impact of stress on psychological and physical health, and examine the mediating effects of coping on the stress–health relationships among nursing students.BackgroundStress is associated with various physical and psychological symptoms in nursing students. Numerous studies examined the relationships among stress, coping and health; nevertheless, a mechanism of coping has not been fully explored in Thai nursing students.DesignThis study adopted a cross‐sectional, descriptive correlational research design.MethodsA convenience sample of 335 nursing students were recruited from a University in Thailand from 2005–2007. We used self‐reported questionnaires to collect information; and analysed data using descriptive statistics and structural equation modelling.ResultsNursing students with high levels of stress reported poorer physical health and higher psychological distress. Stress had a stronger effect and explained more variances on psychological distress than on poor physical health. The partial mediation of coping was observed. Specifically, 77·00% of the effects of stress on poor physical health and 11·30% on psychological distress were mediated by coping.ConclusionEvidence from this study contributes to the nursing science and has implications to nursing practice. Stress among nursing students should be monitored and effectively managed to prevent deleterious effects on their health. Nursing interventions focusing on coping skill training could be developed and delivered. Future research may examine the effectiveness of the interventions and/or to further explore variables associated with psychological distress in nursing students.
Autophagy maturation associated with CD38‐mediated regulation of lysosome function in mouse glomerular podocytes
Authors: Xiong Jing , Xia Min , Xu Ming , Zhang Yang , Abais Justine M. , Li Guangbi , Riebling Christopher R. , Ritter Joseph K. , Boini Krishna M. , Li Pin‐Lan 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPodocytes are highly differentiated glomerular epithelial cells that contribute to the glomerular barrier function of kidney. A role for autophagy has been proposed in maintenance of their cellular integrity, but the mechanisms controlling autophagy in podocytes are not clear. The present study tested whether CD38‐mediated regulation of lysosome function contributes to autophagic flux or autophagy maturation in podocytes. Podocytes were found to exhibit a high constitutive level of LC3‐II, a robust marker of autophagosomes (APs), suggesting a high basal level of autophagic activity. Treatment with the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, increased LC3‐II and the content of both APs detected by Cyto‐ID Green staining and autophagolysosomes (APLs) measured by acridine orange staining and colocalization of LC3 and Lamp1. Lysosome function inhibitor bafilomycin A1 increased APs, but decreased APLs content under both basal and rapamycin‐induced conditions. Inhibition of CD38 activity by nicotinamide or silencing of CD38 gene produced the similar effects to that bafilomycin A1 did in podocytes. To explore the possibility that CD38 may control podocyte autophagy through its regulation of lysosome function, the fusion of APs with lysosomes in living podocytes was observed by co‐transfection of GFP‐LC3B and RFP‐Lamp1 expression vectors. A colocalization of GFP‐LC3B and RFP‐Lamp1 upon stimulation of rapamycin became obvious in transfected podocytes, which could be substantially blocked by nicotinamide, CD38 shRNA, and bafilomycin. Moreover, blockade of the CD38‐mediated regulation by PPADS completely abolished rapamycin‐induced fusion of APs with lysosomes. These results indicate that CD38 importantly control lysosomal function and influence autophagy at the maturation step in podocytes.
Dovitinib induces mitotic defects and activates the G2DNA damage checkpoint
Authors: Man Wing Yu , Mak Joyce P.Y. , Poon Randy Y.C. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDovitinib (TKI258; formerly CHIR‐258) is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases. Interestingly, Dovitinib triggered a G2/M arrest in cancer cell lines from diverse origins including HeLa, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Single‐cell analysis revealed that Dovitinib promoted a delay in mitotic exit in a subset of cells, causing the cells to undergo mitotic slippage. Higher concentrations of Dovitinib induced a G2 arrest similar to the G2 DNA damage checkpoint. In support of this, DNA damage was triggered by Dovitinib as revealed by γ‐H2AX and comet assays. The mitotic kinase CDK1 was found to be inactivated by phosphorylation in the presence of Dovitinib. Furthermore, the G2 arrest could be overcome by abrogation of the G2 DNA damage checkpoint using small molecule inhibitors of CHK1 and WEE1. Finally, Dovitinib‐mediated G2 cell cycle arrest and subsequent cell death could be promoted after DNA damage repair was disrupted by inhibitors of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerases. These results are consistent with the recent finding that Dovitinib can also target topoisomerases. Collectively, these results suggest additional directions for use of Dovitinib, in particular with agents that target the DNA damage checkpoint.
Time Course of Perceptual Adaptation Differs among Odorants
Authors: Yoder Wendy M. , Stratis Kyle , Pattanaik Sweta , Molina Alex , Nguyen Jennifer , Weisberg Stephanie , Smith David W. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPerceptual adaptation, a fundamental property of all sensory systems, functions to attenuate neural and perceptual responses to sustained or redundant stimulation as a means of limiting neural saturation and of enhancing the detection of new transient stimuli. While our understanding of the complex physiological mechanisms underlying adaptation has grown in recent years, how these processes are affected by individual odorant properties remains unclear. Recent data from our laboratory demonstrate that the onset time course of perceptual odor adaptation can be estimated by use of a simultaneous‐odorant‐stimulus paradigm, where the delay from the onset of a relatively long‐duration adapting odorant to the onset of a brief target odorant is varied. Adaptation was observed as an increase in threshold with increasing adapting‐to‐target‐odorant onset delay. Using this technique, we compared the estimated onset time course for four common odorants (vanilla extract, coconut extract, vinegar and propanol). Thresholds were estimated for a brief target odorant presented during a simultaneous adapting odorant in a group of college‐aged student volunteers (n = 124; 88 females). Onset of adaptation for the vanilla and coconut mixtures was more rapid than for vinegar and propanol, though the asymptotic levels (approximately 400 ms) of adaptation were similar for coconut extract, vanilla extract and vinegar. In contrast, propanol did not reach asymptotic levels within the 1,000‐ms timeframe. Considering propanol is a pure alcohol, relative differences in trigeminal reactivity may partially explain this variance in adaptation contours.Practical ApplicationsA method for capturing rapid changes in response to odor adaptation is described. The automated method can be reliably used to compare both the magnitude and time course for a wide range of stimuli. The technique may be reproduced to evaluate how individual olfactory sensitivity changes in response to prolonged stimulation. Importantly, this procedure can be used to assess shifts in odor perception on rapid timescales – in the 50–100‐ms range, rather than seconds or minutes.
Vitamin D Deficiency in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Hypogonadism
Authors: Bellastella Giuseppe , Maiorino Maria Ida , Olita Laura , Capuano Annalisa , Rafaniello Concetta , Giugliano Dario , Esposito Katherine 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Introduction
Both type 2 diabetes and secondary hypogonadism may be associated with low vitamin D levels.

Aim
The aim of this study was to evaluate 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in type 2 diabetic males with and without hypogonadism.

Methods
We performed a case–control study among 122 male adults with type 2 diabetes, 51 with associated hypogonadism (Group 1) and 71 with normal gonadal function (Group 2). One hundred age-matched nondiabetic males with normal gonadal function served as a control group.

Main Outcome Measures
Levels of 25(OH)D were assessed by a chemiluminescent immunoassay in all patients. Morning testosterone, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid hormones, fasting glucose, and hemoglobin A1c were also evaluated.

Results
The overall diabetic population showed a mean 25(OH)D concentration (22.3 ± 6.09 ng/mL) significantly lower than the control group (34.3 ± 7.2, P &lt; 0.001), with 81% of diabetic patients presenting 25(OH)D deficiency (&lt;20 ng/mL) or insufficiency (20–29.9 ng/mL). The lowest 25(OH)D concentration was found in Group 1 (20.1 ± 6.58 ng/mL). Concentration of 25(OH)D was significantly lower in the 42 patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism as compared with the 9 patients with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (19.4 ± 7.06 vs. 23.8 ± 6.11 ng/mL, P &lt; 0.001). No difference in erectile dysfunction (ED) prevalence between Group 1 and Group 2 was found, nor was there a correlation between the severity of ED and vitamin D levels (r = −0.10, P = 0.39).

Conclusions
These results show that type 2 diabetic patients with hypogonadism present lower 25(OH)D concentration and higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, compared with patients without hypogonadism. The finding that 25(OH)D concentrations were similar between type 2 diabetic patients with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and those with normal gonadal function deserves further study.
Effect of Transglutaminase on Texture and Flow Properties of Stirred Probiotic Yoghurt during Storage
Authors: Iličić Mirela D. , Milanović Spasenija D. , Carić Marijana Ð. , Dokić Ljubica P. , Kanurić Katarina G. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe aim of this work was to study the effect of different concentrations of transglutaminase (TG), inactivated or not inactivated – 0.02, 0.06 and 0.12% (w/w) – on the textural characteristics and flow properties of stirred probiotic yoghurt prepared from pasteurized skim milk (0.1% [w/w] fat). The physicochemical characteristics and the textural and rheological properties of yoghurt samples were determined after production and during 10 days of storage. The gel structure of yoghurt samples produced with not inactivated TG was stronger than that of samples produced with inactivated TG and control sample. Yoghurt containing 0.12% (w/w) TG not inactivated showed the highest hysteresis loop area (3,580 Pa·s) after 5 days of storage. Hysteresis loop area of samples with 0.12% (w/w) inactivated TG after incubation for 2 h at 40C is 56% lower compared with samples manufactured with the same concentration of not inactivated TG after 10 days of storage.Practical ApplicationsTo produce yoghurt with low energy value, improved gel characteristics, and good physical and chemical properties, enzyme transglutaminase (TG) can be used. Enzymes are potential tools to increase the formation of covalent cross‐links in protein foods. The addition of TG can reduce proteins and milk fat to produce nonfat yoghurt with the same rheological characteristic as yoghurt from whole fat milk. There are two different ways for the application of TG: simultaneously or prior to the fermentation. In the first case, TG was simultaneously added with starter culture. Pretreatment of milk with TG addition prior to fermentation demands additional process time as well as thermal inactivation step and has the advantage of a constant pH during the cross‐linking reaction.
Copper‐transporting ATPase is important for malaria parasite fertility
Authors: Kenthirapalan Sanketha , Waters Andrew P. , Matuschewski Kai , Kooij Taco W. A. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryHomeostasis of the trace element copper is essential to all eukaryotic life. Copper serves as a cofactor in metalloenzymes and catalyses electron transfer reactions as well as the generation of potentially toxic reactive oxygen species. Here, we describe the functional characterization of an evolutionarily highly conserved, predicted copper‐transporting P‐type ATPase (CuTP) in the murine malaria model parasite Plasmodium berghei. Live imaging of a parasite line expressing a fluorescently tagged CuTP demonstrated that CuTP is predominantly located in vesicular bodies of the parasite. A P. berghei loss‐of‐function mutant line was readily obtained and showed no apparent defect in in vivo blood stage growth. Parasite transmission through the mosquito vector was severely affected, but not entirely abolished. We show that male and female gametocytes are abundant in cutp− parasites, but activation of male microgametes and exflagellation were strongly impaired. This specific defect could be mimicked by addition of the copper chelator neocuproine to wild‐type gametocytes. A cross‐fertilization assay demonstrated that female fertility was also severely abrogated. In conclusion, we provide experimental genetic and pharmacological evidence that a healthy copper homeostasis is critical to malaria parasite fertility of both genders of gametocyte and, hence, to transmission to the mosquito vector.
Finally! The structural secrets of a HD‐GYP phosphodiesterase revealed
Authors: Wigren Edvard , Liang Zhao‐Xun , Römling Ute 
Published: November 2013

SummaryThe major sessility‐motility lifestyle change and additional fundamental aspects of bacterial physiology, behaviour and morphology are regulated by the secondary messenger cyclic di‐GMP (c‐di‐GMP). Although the c‐di‐GMP metabolizing enzymes and many receptors have been readily characterized upon discovery, the HD‐GYP domain c‐di‐GMP phosphodiesterase family remained underinvestigated. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Bellini et al. provide an important step towards functional and structural characterization of the previously neglected HD‐GYP domain family by resolving the crystal structure of PmGH, a catalytically active family member from the thermophilic bacterium Persephonella marina. The crystal structure revealed a novel tri‐nuclear catalytic iron centre involved in c‐di‐GMP binding and catalysis and provides the structural basis to subsequently characterize in detail the catalytic mechanism of hydrolysis of c‐di‐GMP to GMP by HD‐GYP domains.
Behavior and social structure of the sperm whales of Dominica, West Indies
Authors: Gero Shane , Milligan Marina , Rinaldi Caroline , Francis Pernell , Gordon Jonathan , Carlson Carole , Steffen Andrea , Tyack Peter , Evans Peter , Whitehead Hal 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThere is substantial geographic variation in the behavior and social structure of sperm whales worldwide. The population in the Eastern Caribbean is thought to be isolated from other areas in the North Atlantic. We describe the behavior and social structure of the sperm whales identified off Dominica during an eight year study (2005–2012; 92% of photographic identifications) with supplementary data collected from seven other organizations dating as far back as 1981. A total of 419 individuals were identified. Resighting rates (42% of individuals between years) and encounter rates with sperm whale groups (mean = 80.4% of days at sea) among this population were both comparatively high. Group sizes were small (7–9 individuals) and were comprised of just one social unit (mean = 6.76 individuals, SD = 2.80). We described 17 units which have been reidentified off Dominica across 2–27 yr. Mature males are seen regularly off Dominica, but residency in the area lasts only a few days to a few weeks. Males were reidentified across years spanning up to a decade. Management of this population within the multinational Wider Caribbean Region will require governments to work towards international agreements governing sperm whales as a cross‐border species of concern.