bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary Fish Oil Suppresses Human Colon Tumour Growth in Athymic Mice
Authors: Calder P. C. , Davis J. , Yaqoob P. , Thies H. Pala F. , Newsholme E. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Human colon tumour growth, initiated by subcutaneous inoculation of HT29 cells, was measured in athymic mice fed ad libitum on high-fat (210 g/kg) diets rich in coconut oil (CO), olive oil (OO), safflower oil (SO) or fish oil (FO); a low fat (LF; 25 g/kg) diet was used as the control. In one experiment the mice were fed the experimental diets for 3 weeks before HT29 cell inoculation and were killed 2 weeks post-inoculation. In a second experiment the mice were maintained on the LF diet until 4 days post-HT29 cell inoculation; they were then fed the experimental diets for 17 days.
2. Compared with mice fed the LF diet, tumour size was increased in mice fed the CO, OO or SO diets for 3 weeks before HT29 cell inoculation; FO feeding did not significantly increase tumour size.
3. Feeding mice the CO or OO diets from 4 days post-inoculation increased tumour growth rate and tumour size compared with feeding the LF, SO or FO diets; tumour growth rate and size did not differ among mice fed the latter diets.
4. The fatty acid composition of the tumours was markedly influenced by the fatty acid composition of the diet.
5. We conclude that human colon tumour growth is influenced by the type of fat consumed in the diet. Human colon tumour growth in this model is promoted by feeding high fat diets rich in medium chain saturated fatty acids (CO) or monounsaturated fatty acids (OO). A high fat diet, rich in long chain n — 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (FO), does not promote colon tumour growth. The effect of a high fat diet rich in n — 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (SO) depends upon the time at which it is fed: if fed before tumour cell inoculation such a diet promotes tumour growth, whereas if fed once tumour growth is initiated it does not. This suggests that n — 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids promote the initiation of colon tumour growth, but do not exert growth-promoting effects on colon tumours once they are established.
Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity during and after Sustained Isometric Skeletal Muscle Contractions in Man
Authors: Imms F. J. , Russo F. , Iyawe V. I. , Segal M. B. 
Published: August 2015

1. Twenty-seven young subjects used their right hand to perform sustained, isometric contractions at 40% of maximum for 2 min while lying supine.
2. During the last 30 s of exercise, mean arterial blood pressure increased by 38 ± 4 mmHg (mean ± S.E.M.) and heart rate by 27 ± 2 beats/min.
3. Nineteen of the subjects respired eucapnically during exercise, increasing ventilation by 4.1 ± 0.5 litres/min. Eight subjects hyperventilated (7.1–19.6 litres/min) and decreased end-tidal Pco2 by 8.2 to 15.1 mmHg during the last minute of exercise.
4. In the eucapnic subjects mean flow velocity in the right (i.e. contralateral to the activated cortex) middle cerebral artery increased by 11.4 ± 1.0 cm/s, a change of 17%, during the contraction. This represents an increase in volume flow to the territory of this vessel, but an increase in global flow to the brain cannot be inferred.
5. In the eight subjects who hyperventilated during exercise, there was no rise of flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery, and in some subjects there was a fall during the first 2 min of recovery. These findings suggest that if subjects hyperventilate during handgrip exercise there could be a fall in volume flow to many regions of the brain during and after the exercise.
Inappropriately High Plasma Leptin Levels in Obese Haemodialysis Patients Can be Reduced by High Flux Haemodialysis and Haemodiafiltration
Authors: Wiesholzer Martin , Harm Ferdinand , Hauser Anna-Christine , Pribasnig Andreas , Balcke Peter 
Published: August 2015

1. Blood leptin levels are increased in obese subjects and seem to play a major role in the hypothalamic regulation of appetite and energy expenditure.
2. We measured plasma leptin levels in a cohort of 46 patients on maintenance haemodialysis treatment and 26 control subjects.
3. Higher body mass indices were associated with higher plasma leptin levels in both groups.
4. The increase was more pronounced in the dialysis group than in the control group (P = 0.001), leading to inappropriately high plasma levels.
5. Haemodialysis with low flux cellulosic dialysers did not result in a decrease in plasma levels, while dialysis with high flux dialysers and haemodiafiltration led to a substantial reduction of the initial value to 76.95 ± 14.89% (P = 0.013) and 62.90 ± 24.94% (P = 0.001) respectively.
6. Our data suggest that high flux dialysis membranes can decrease plasma leptin levels and that inappropriately high plasma leptin levels may play a role in the nutrition of haemodialysis patients.
Acute Hypertension Impairs Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilatation
Authors: Millgård Jonas , Lind Lars 
Published: August 2015

1. Previous investigations have demonstrated an impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation (EDV) in patients with hypertension. The present study aimed to investigate if an acute rise in blood pressure to hypertensive levels impairs EDV in otherwise normotensive subjects.
2. Twenty-seven young, healthy, normotensive subjects were studied. Eight of these underwent evaluation of EDV and endothelium-independent vasodilatation (EIDV) by means of forearm blood flow measurements during local intra-arterial infusions of methacholine (2 and 4 μg/min) and sodium nitroprusside (5 and 10 μg/min), before and after 1 h of sustained hypertension, induced by noradrenaline given intravenously. Identical measurements were made in 11 subjects before and during concomitant local intra-arterial infusion of noradrenaline without change in blood pressure and eight subjects were studied during saline infusions.
3. One hour of sustained hypertension (diastolic blood pressure &gt; 95 mmHg) significantly attenuated both forearm blood flow (17.4 ± 6.8 versus 27.4 ± 6.8 ml · min−1 · 100 ml−1 tissue at baseline, P &lt; 0.05) and forearm vascular resistance decrease (3.2 ± 0.87 versus 7.4 ± 2.5 units at baseline, P &lt; 0.05) during methacholine infusion. These attenuations were significantly more pronounced for methacholine than for sodium nitroprusside (P &lt; 0.05). In contrast, local intra-arterial noradrenaline infusions impaired vasodilatation induced by methacholine and sodium nitroprusside to a similar extent. Saline infusions did not change either EDV or EIDV.
4. Thus, an acute rise in blood pressure to hypertensive levels induced by noradrenaline impaired EDV more than EIDV in otherwise normotensive subjects, while no such selective effect of local noradrenaline was seen, suggesting that a high blood pressure impairs endothelial vasodilator function.
Suppression of Post-Glucose Hyperinsulinaemia Does Not Affect Blood Pressure in Either Normotensive or Hypertensive Subjects
Authors: Savage Mark W. , Mohamed-Ali Vidya , Williams Gareth 
Published: August 2015

1. Hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance are thought to be intimately involved in the development of hypertension, but controversy remains as to whether hyperinsulinaemia is a consequence or a cause of hypertension per se, and whether it plays a role in the short-term regulation of blood pressure.
2. We studied six hypertensive patients [blood pressure 161(9)/101(2) mmHg] and seven normotensive control subjects [blood pressure 122(6)/76(4) mmHg], (P &lt; 0.005) using two oral glucose tolerance tests of 3 h duration. In one of these tests the endogenous insulin response was inhibited with subcutaneous octreotide.
3. After placebo, hypertensive patients had slightly but significantly higher blood glucose levels than controls (P &lt; 0.0001), but comparable insulin concentrations (P &gt; 0.5). Plasma noradrenaline levels were consistently lower in the hypertensive group (P &lt; 0.001). Blood pressure did not change in either group during the 3 h after glucose ingestion.
4. Octreotide completely abolished the immediate insulin response to glucose in all subjects (both P &lt; 0.0001) and caused a delayed and significantly increased glycaemic response in born groups (P &lt; 0.0001). There were no significant differences in plasma glucose responses between groups; however, after octreotide, the hypertensive subjects had a greater insulin suppression than the controls (P &lt; 0.02). Octreotide suppressed noradrenaline levels in the normotensive group (P &lt; 0.001); they were also suppressed in the hypertensive group, but just failed to reach significance (P = 0.056). Throughout the study the hypertensive group's noradrenaline levels remained generally lower than those in the control group (P &lt; 0.0001).
5. In this study there were no differences between hypertensive and normotensive subjects in fasting or post-glucose insulin levels, nor any significant change in blood pressure in either group when post-glucose hyperinsulinaemia was suppressed. This argues against insulin playing a direct role in the short-term regulation of blood pressure.
Heart rate control of blood pressure variability in children: a study in subjects with fixed ventricular pacemaker rhythm
Authors: CONSTANT Isabelle , VILLAIN Elizabeth , LAUDE Dominique , GIRARD Arlette , MURAT Isabelle , ELGHOZI Jean-Luc 
Published: August 2015

1.To investigate the influence of heart rate variability on blood pressure variability, short-term variability in heart rate and blood pressure was studied in 10 children with fixed ventricular pacemaker rhythm (80 beats/min). Ten healthy children, in sinus rhythm, served as a reference population.
2.Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were measured continuously using a finger arterial device and an ECG respectively. Power spectra for heart rate and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) were calculated in both supine and orthostatic positions. In addition, acute changes in blood pressure and heart rate during active standing were studied.
3.Healthy children exhibited considerable heart rate variability, which was slightly more pronounced in the supine position, while children with a fixed ventricular rate had no heart rate variability in either position.
4.Despite the differences in heart rate variability, mean systolic blood pressure and its variability profiles were poorly affected by the suppression of heart rate variability. The lack of autonomic control on the sinus node was associated with a reduction in magnitude of the changes in systolic blood pressure variability induced by orthostatic posture.
5.The suppression of heart rate fluctuations induced a noticeable decrease in diastolic blood pressure fluctuations, which was most conspicuous in the children with fixed cardiac rhythm when in the supine position. This may be explained by the lack of diastolic blood pressure fluctuations, physiologically due to heart rate fluctuations through the run-off effect: the longer the cardiac cycle, the greater the diastolic pressure decay. These results may challenge the classical theory of baroreflex-mediated diastolic blood pressure control described in adult patients.
6.During active standing, the early drop in systolic blood pressure was greater in subjects with fixed ventricular rhythm. A rise in heart rate of 36 beats/min was observed in the healthy subjects in response to active standing.
7.We conclude that in normal children, heart rate fluctuations increase the blood pressure variability rather than buffering it. However, during acute orthostatic stress, the abrupt baroreflex-mediated heart rate rise may partly compensate for the reduction in blood pressure.
Characteristics of small bowel motility in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and normal humans: an Oriental study
Authors: LU Ching-Liang , CHEN Chih-Yen , CHANG Full-Young , LEE Shou-Dong 
Published: August 2015

1.Small bowel dysmotility may be one of the clinical manifestations in Occidental patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Here we studied the characteristics of small bowel motility in Oriental patients with irritable bowel syndrome and identified the factors responsible for disturbed small bowel motility.
2.We enrolled 90 patients with irritable bowel syndrome and 45 ;healthy controls to the study. The patients with irritable bowel syndrome were further divided according to their predominant bowel habits. Of those, 45 were constipation-predominant and 45 were diarrhoea-predominant. Small bowel transit was measured by the non-invasive hydrogen breath test in the fasting state.
3.The transit times obtained in constipation-predominant and diarrhoea-predominant patients with irritable bowel syndrome and in controls were 108.4±34.3, 67.4±19.6 and 85.3±37.3 ;min respectively (P< 0.05). Delayed transit characterized constipation-predominant patients with irritable bowel syndrome, whereas accelerated transit was observed in diarrhoea-predominant patients with irritable bowel syndrome. The ages of constipation-predominant and diarrhoea-predominant patients with irritable bowel syndrome and of controls displayed a significant positive correlation with their small bowel transit times (r = 0.34, 0.31 and 0.39 respectively; P< 0.05) and body mass indexes also demonstrated a positive correlation (r = 0.31, 0.41 and 0.30 respectively; P< 0.05). Other demographic characteristics did not influence the small bowel transit times.
4.Accelerated or delayed small intestinal transit is exhibited in Oriental patients with irritable bowel syndrome showing either diarrhoea-predominant or constipation-predominant symptoms. Age and body mass index must be taken into consideration to study patients with suspected small intestinal dysmotility.
Nitric oxide synthase activity is increased in relation to the severity of liver dysfunction
Authors: GALLEY Helen F. , COOMANSINGH David , WEBSTER Nigel R. , BRUNT Peter W. 
Published: August 2015

1.Nitric oxide is a potent vasodilator which plays a major role in the control of blood pressure. The hyperdynamic circulation of cirrhosis has been linked to nitric oxide.
2.We measured neutrophil nitric oxide synthase activity in relation to the level of hepatic dysfunction in patients with liver disease of varying aetiology and severity.
3.Neutrophils were isolated from 21 patients (7 Child-Pugh score A, 6 grade B and 8 grade C) aged 28–76 (median 49) years. Nitric oxide synthase activity was measured using the conversion of oxyhaemoglobin to methaemoglobin by nitric oxide and expressed in terms of cell protein. Blood pressure and biochemical indices were recorded. Data were assessed using Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance, Mann–Whitney U-test or Pearson correlation as appropriate.
4.Systolic, mean arterial and diastolic blood pressures decreased with increasing hepatic damage (P = 0.031, P = 0.01 and P = 0.038 respectively). Nitric oxide synthase activity increased with the degree of liver dysfunction (P = 0.033) and was highest in patients with Child-Pugh score C. Systolic blood pressure correlated with nitric oxide synthase activity in patients with Child-Pugh score C (P = 0.029).
5.Our results show that nitric oxide synthase activity increases with increasing Child-Pugh score and is associated with the development of systemic hypotension. These data may support the involvement of nitric oxide in the haemodynamic disturbances seen in liver disease.
Non-invasive measurements of arterial structure and function: repeatability, interrelationships and trial sample size
Authors: LIANG Yu-Lu , TEEDE Helena , KOTSOPOULOS Dimitra , SHIEL Louise , CAMERON James D. , DART Anthony M. , McGRATH Barry P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Repeatability of measurements of arterial compliance and flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery has been infrequently reported, despite increasing use in interventional and risk-factor modification studies. Furthermore, little is known about the interrelationships of the various indices. The purposes of this study were to determine the repeatability and interrelationships of a range of arterial indices.
2. Fifty healthy volunteers, 20 men and 30 women, aged 20–70 (mean 46.5) years, were studied on two occasions, using an identical protocol, at a mean interval of 2.5 weeks. Tonometry, ultrasound and Doppler technique were used to measure the following: carotid wall intima-media thickness (IMT), total systemic artery compliance (SAC), arterial pulse wave velocity [PWV aorto-femoral (A-F), and femoral-dorsalis pedis (F-D)], carotid distensibility coefficient (DC) and carotid augmentation index (AI). Brachial flow-mediated dilation was measured in 30 subjects with analysis of diameter change for 4 min post ischaemia.
3. There were no systematic differences over the observed range of measurements for any of the reported parameters. Coefficients of variation were as follows: IMT 2.8%, SAC 9.2%, PWV(A-F) 3.2%, PWV(F-D) 5.0%, DC 10.0%, AI 1.3%. Brachial flow-mediated dilation curves were not different between visits; changes were maximum 60-s post ischaemia. All indices of arterial compliance were significantly correlated with age. The three different indices of central arterial compliance [SAC, PWV(A-F) and AI] were significantly correlated with carotid intima-media thickness.
4. Under controlled experimental conditions there was good repeatability of measurements of indices between sessions of both intrinsic and functional arterial mechanical properties (central and carotid arterial compliance, intima-media thickness and brachial flow-mediated dilation). Sample size tables for clinical trials using these indices are presented.
Post-operative effects on insulin resistance and specific tension of single human skeletal muscle fibres
Authors: DEGENS Hans , SOOP Mattias , HÖÖK Peter , LJUNGQVIST Olle , LARSSON Lars 
Published: August 2015

Surgery and accidental trauma are associated with a transient period of insulin resistance, substrate catabolism and muscle weakness. In the present study, we evaluated the changes in the force-generating capacity of chemically skinned single muscle fibres following abdominal surgery. Biopsies of the m. vastus lateralis were obtained in three patients 1 day before and 3 or 6 days after surgery. Part of the biopsy was frozen for histochemical analysis of the fibre cross-sectional area (FCSA) and myofibrillar protein content, and another part was used for single-fibre contractile measurements. All patients developed insulin resistance following surgery. The maximum velocity of unloaded shortening of single muscle fibres did not change following surgery. The FCSA did not decrease after surgery, as determined either from histochemical sections or from single fibres measured at a fixed sarcomere length of 2.76±0.09 μm (mean±S.D.). Further, the force-generating capacity of the single fibres, measured as maximal Ca2+-activated force (P0) or as P0 normalized to FCSA (specific tension), remained unchanged, as did the myofibrillar protein content of the muscle. In conclusion, the muscle weakness associated with post-operative insulin resistance is not related to a decreased specific tension or a loss of myofibrillar proteins. Other potential cellular mechanisms underlying post-operative weakness are discussed.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and renal response to exercise: a comparison of indomethacin and nabumetone
Authors: OLSEN Niels Vidiendal , JENSEN Niels Georg , HANSEN Jesper Melchior , CHRISTENSEN Niels Juel , FOGH-ANDERSEN Niels , KANSTRUP Inge-Lis 
Published: August 2015

Nabumetone, a newer non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which preferentially blocks cyclo-oxygenase-2 activity, may be less nephrotoxic than indomethacin. This study tested whether nabumetone has effects different from those of indomethacin on exercise-induced changes in renal function and the renin–aldosterone system. In a randomized fashion, ten subjects were studied after indomethacin (100 mg), nabumetone (1 g) or no medication (control) administered orally at 22.00 hours on the day before each study day, and again at 8.00 hours upon arrival at the laboratory. Renal function was studied at baseline, during graded 20-min exercise sessions at 25%, 50% and 75% of the maximal oxygen uptake rate, and subsequently during two 1-h recovery periods. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, cardiac output and plasma catecholamines at rest and during exercise were not altered by indomethacin or nabumetone. Indomethacin decreased urinary rates of excretion of 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1α (6-oxo-PGF1α) and thromboxane B2 in all study periods. Nabumetone decreased 6-oxo-PGF1α excretion during and after exercise. Excretion rates for PGE2 did not change. Neither indomethacin nor nabumetone changed baseline values or exercise-induced decreases in renal plasma flow or glomerular filtration rate. Indomethacin, but not nabumetone, decreased sodium excretion, urine flow rate and free water clearance. The renal response to exercise, however, remained unchanged. In contrast with nabumatone, indomethacin decreased the plasma renin concentration. Thus, during exercise, nabumetone may decrease the excretion of 6-oxo-PGF1α by inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase-1 or by inhibition of specific exercise-induced activation of cyclo-oxygenase-2, or both. None of the drugs changed the renal response to exercise. Inhibition by indomethacin of angiotensin II and thromboxane A2 synthesis may, during exercise, counterbalance renal vasoconstriction caused by blockade of vasodilatory prostaglandins.
Androgen deprivation facilitates acetylcholine-induced relaxation by superoxide anion generation
Authors: FERRER Mercedes , TEJERA Nuria , MARÍN Jesús , BALFAGÓN Gloria 
Published: August 2015

The aim of the present study was to assess the role of superoxide anions in the relaxation induced by acetylcholine (ACh) in aortic segments from male rats, and to investigate if their production is altered by sex hormone deprivation. In segments precontracted with 10 nmol/l noradrenaline, ACh (0.1 nmol/–10 μmol/l) induced concentration-dependent relaxation, which was greater in segments from castrated compared with control animals. ACh-induced relaxation was abolished in segments from control rats, and reduced in those from castrated rats, by 0.1 mmol/l NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor). Indomethacin (1 μmol/l; a cyclo-oxygenase blocker) decreased the ACh-induced relaxation in arteries from control males only. Incubation of segments with superoxide dismutase (SOD; 100 units/ml; a superoxide anion scavenger) enhanced and reduced relaxation in segments from control and castrated animals respectively. For arteries from castrated animals, the presence of SOD plus L-NAME abolished such responses. In these arteries, incubation with L-NAME abolished the relaxation caused by ACh when the segments were precontracted with 30 mmol/l KCl. In segments obtained from castrated rats and pretreated with L-NAME, 1 mmol/l tetraethylammonium or 0.4 μmol/l charybdotoxin [blockers of Ca2+-sensitive and large-conductance Ca2+-sensitive (BKCa) K+ channels respectively] abolished the relaxation induced by ACh. These results suggest that ACh generates endothelial NO and superoxide anions from the arterial wall in both control and castrated animals; these agents negatively modulate ACh-induced relaxation in control rats by destruction of NO, and positively modulate ACh-induced relaxation in castrated rats by activation of BKCa channels.