bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sociocultural Linguistics
Authors: Hodges Adam 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Sociocultural linguistics
refers to a wide‐ranging field of interdisciplinary scholarship concerned with language as a sociocultural phenomenon. Perspectives draw from sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, socially oriented forms of discourse analysis, and related disciplines in the social sciences and humanities, such as folklore studies, literary studies, social theory, social psychology, and the philosophy of language. This article traces the historical development of the field, including discussion of key figures and their scholarly contributions. It then outlines key themes and ideas central to ongoing research concerns.
Team Meetings, Health Care
Authors: Denvir Paul 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Health‐care team meetings are designed to synergize the interdependent expertise of health practitioners from different disciplines in order to provide a more integrated and cohesive patient care experience. Meetings are primarily task oriented, emphasizing activities such as sharing information, setting goals, making decisions, and planning interventions. Language and Social Interaction approaches to studying these meetings emphasize how members reflexively enact, negotiate, ratify, and contest institutional roles through their participation in the practical communicative activities that constitute health‐care teamwork.
National Language Policies
Authors: Jie Zhang 
Published: April 2015

AbstractNational language policy refers to official efforts to determine the status, use, domains, and territories of language(s) in a nation‐state and the rights of the speakers of the languages in question. This article first traces the history of national language policy activities, then explicates the content, types, and implementation of national language policy as well as the overarching language ideologies that underlie the policy‐making with specific examples and case studies. The article concludes with a discussion of the complexity of factors affecting the national language policy processes.
Design of Nitrilases with Superior Activity and Enantioselectivity towards Sterically Hindered Nitrile by Protein Engineering
Authors: Xue Ya‐Ping , Shi Cheng‐Ci , Xu Zhe , Jiao Biao , Liu Zhi‐Qiang , Huang Jian‐Feng , Zheng Yu‐Guo , Shen Yin‐Chu 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe enantioselective hydrolysis of ortho‐chloromandelonitrile with nitrilase is one of the most attractive approaches to prepare (R)‐ortho‐chloromandelic acid. To date, efforts to develop this nitrilase‐mediated process were plagued by either insufficient eep (enantiomeric excess of product) or low activity due to the steric hindrance from the ortho‐substituted substrate. To improve the nitrilase potential for producing (R)‐ortho‐chloromandelic acid, an enhancement of both activity and enantioselectivity towards sterically hindered nitriles would be highly desirable. Molecular docking of the (R)‐ortho‐chloromandelonitrile into the active site of wild‐type 2A6 nitrilase (nitA) allowed the identification of proximal nitA active site residues. Several residues (52, 132, 189 and 190) were selected as targets for single and double point mutation to improve nitA activity and enantioselectivity towards ortho‐chloromandelonitrile. Targeted mutagenesis yielded several nitA variants with superior activity and enantioselectivity. The best mutant T132A/F189T exhibited a 4.37‐fold higher specific activity (7.39 U/mg) towards ortho‐chloromandelonitrile than the wild‐type nitA. More importantly, the enantioselectivity (E) was improved from 17.34 to >200, resulting in a highly enantiopure product. Molecular docking experiments further support the enhanced activity and enantioselectivity shown experimentally and the structural effects of this amino acid substitution on the active site of nitA are provided. The amino acids at sites 189 and 132 determine the activity and enantioselectivity towards ortho‐chloromandelonitrile. With mutant T132A/F189T as a catalyst, a maximum of 450 mM of (R)‐ortho‐chloromandelic acid was produced with a 90% conversion and >99% eep within 3 h. This is the first time that a high productivity of (R)‐ortho‐chloromandelic acid of up to 671.76 g L−1 d−1 using a nitrilase‐mediated approach is reported. The engineered T132A/F189T variant represents a promising and competitive biocatalyst for practical application in synthesizing (R)‐ortho‐chloromandelic acid.magnified image
Biocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Optically Pure Aromatic Propargylic Amines Employing ω‐Transaminases
Authors: Schmidt Nina G. , Simon Robert C. , Kroutil Wolfgang 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe asymmetric reductive bio‐amination of prochiral aromatic propargyl ketones led to the corresponding amines in optically pure form (ee>99%). The (R)‐ as well as the (S)‐enantiomers of the propargylic amines were obtained, employing either (R)‐selective ω‐transaminases (ω‐TAs) originating from Arthrobacter sp. and Aspergillus terreus or an (S)‐selective ω‐TA from Chromobacterium violaceum. The product propargylic amines were obtained with high conversions (up to 99%). To simplify product isolation, protection of the free amino group to the corresponding acetamides or benzamides was performed without loss of optical puritiy. The final products were isolated in moderate to good yields (33–67% over two steps) in optical pure form without additional purification steps. Although propargyl ketones are described in the literature to be irreversible inhibitors for aminotransferases, suitable ω‐transaminases were identified for the amination of these compounds.magnified image
Understanding Potentials and Restrictions of Solvent‐Free Enzymatic Polycondensation of Itaconic Acid: An Experimental and Computational Analysis
Authors: Corici Livia , Pellis Alessandro , Ferrario Valerio , Ebert Cynthia , Cantone Sara , Gardossi Lucia 
Published: April 2015

AbstractItaconic acid is a chemically versatile unsaturated diacid that can be produced by fermentation and potentially it can replace petrol‐based monomers such as maleic and fumaric acids in the production of curable polyesters or new biocompatible functionalized materials. Unfortunately, due to the presence of the unsaturated CC bond, polycondensation of itaconic acid is hampered by cross reactivity and isomerization. Therefore, enzymatic polycondensations would respond to the need of mild and selective synthetic routes for the production of novel bio‐based polymers. The present work analyses the feasibility of enzymatic polycondensation of diethyl itaconate and, for the first time, provides comprehensive solutions embracing both the formulation of the biocatalyst, the reaction conditions and the choice of the co‐monomers. Computational docking was used to disclose the structural factors responsible for the low reactivity of dimethyl itaconate and to identify possible solutions. Surprisingly, experimental and computational analyses revealed that 1,4‐butanediol is an unsuitable co‐monomer for the polycondensation of dimethyl itaconate whereas the cyclic and rigid 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol promotes the elongation of the oligomers.magnified image
Flavour physics: Status and perspectives
Authors: Buras Andrzej J. 
Published: April 2015

The pattern of quark flavour violation predicted by the Standard Model agrees within theoretical and experimental uncertainties with the available data except for a number of intriguing anomalies that require further investigation. In the coming flavour precision era a multitude of new observables will be measured and the accuracy of the measurements of quark flavour violating rare processes and of the relevant lattice QCD calculations will be significantly improved. This will allow us not only to clarify these anomalies but also hopefully to discover new physics (NP). On the other hand a discovery of charged lepton flavour violation and of non‐vanishing electric dipole moments (EDMs) of particles would be a clear signal of NP. Most importantly the unique role of quark and lepton flavour physics and of EDMs in the coming years will be to allow us to get insight into the dynamics well beyond the reach of high energy processes at the LHC. In fact scales as short as 10−21 m (Zeptouniverse) corresponding to energy scale of 200 TeV or even shorter distance scales can be explored in this manner. We discuss the requirements that have to be met for such a flavour expedition to the Zeptouniverse to be successful. In particular we emphasize the power of correlations between flavour observables in the search for NP. In this context the proposed DNA charts allow for a clear distinction between various alternatives for the new dynamics at the LHC scales and at much shorter distance scales.
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Dynamic Gas‐Inclusion in a Single Crystal
Authors: Takamizawa Satoshi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn solid‐state science, most changing phenomena have been mysterious. Furthermore, the changes in chemical composition should be added to mere physical changes to also cover the chemical changes. Here, the first success in characterizing the nature of gas inclusion in a single crystal is reported. The gas inclusion process has been thoroughly investigated by in situ optical microscopy, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses, and gas adsorption measurements. The results demonstrated an inclusion action of a first‐order transition behavior induced by a critical concentration on the phase boundary. The transfer of phase boundary and included gas are strongly related. This relationship can generate the dynamic features hidden in the inclusion phenomena, which can lead to the guest capturing and transfer mechanism that can apply to spatiotemporal inclusion applications by using host solids.
Regio‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of N‐Substituted Pyrazoles by Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition to Allenes
Authors: Haydl Alexander M. , Xu Kun , Breit Bernhard 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric N‐selective coupling of pyrazole derivatives with terminal allenes gives access to enantioenriched secondary and tertiary allylic pyrazoles, which can be employed for the synthesis of medicinally important targets. The reaction tolerates a large variety of functional groups and labelling experiments gave insights into the reaction mechanism. This new methodology was further applied in a highly efficient synthesis of JAK 1/2 inhibitor (R)‐ruxolitinib.
Trifluormethylchlorsulfonylierung von Alkenen – Hinweise auf einen Innensphärenmechanismus eines Kupferphenanthrolin‐Photoredoxkatalysators
Authors: Bagal Dattatraya B. , Kachkovskyi Georgiy , Knorn Matthias , Rawner Thomas , Bhanage Bhalchandra M. , Reiser Oliver 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDie Trifluormethylchlorsulfonierung von Alkenen gelingt durch die Kombination von sichtbarem Licht und [Cu(dap)2]Cl als Photoredoxkatalysator. Im Gegensatz dazu katalysieren [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2, [Ir(ppy)2(dtbbpy)]PF6 oder Eosin Y eine Trifluormethylchlorierung. [Cu(dap)2]Cl spielt in diesem Prozess eine zweifache Rolle: Einerseits agiert es als Elektronentransferreagens, andererseits koordiniert es die Reagentien für die Bindungsbildung.
Posttranslational Modifications of Intact Proteins Detected by NMR Spectroscopy: Application to Glycosylation
Authors: Schubert Mario , Walczak Michal J. , Aebi Markus , Wider Gerhard 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPosttranslational modifications (PTMs) are an integral part of the majority of proteins. The characterization of structure and function of PTMs can be very challenging especially for glycans. Existing methods to analyze PTMs require complicated sample preparations and suffer from missing certain modifications, the inability to identify linkage types and thus chemical structure. We present a direct, robust, and simple NMR spectroscopy method for the detection and identification of PTMs in proteins. No isotope labeling is required, nor does the molecular weight of the studied protein limit the application. The method can directly detect modifications on intact proteins without sophisticated sample preparation. This approach is well suited for diagnostics of proteins derived from native organisms and for the quality control of biotechnologically produced therapeutic proteins.
Heterostructure of Si and CoSe2: A Promising Photocathode Based on a Non‐noble Metal Catalyst for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Basu Mrinmoyee , Zhang Zhi‐Wei , Chen Chih‐Jung , Chen Po‐Tzu , Yang Kai‐Chih , Ma Chong‐Geng , Lin Chun Che , Hu Shu‐Fen , Liu Ru‐Shi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDevelopment of a solar water splitting device requires design of a low‐cost, efficient, and non‐noble metal compound as alternative to noble metals. For the first time, we showed that CoSe2 can function as co‐catalyst in phototoelectrochemical hydrogen production. We designed a heterostructure of p‐Si and marcasite‐type CoSe2 for solar‐driven hydrogen production. CoSe2 successively coupled with p‐Si can act as a superior photocathode in the solar‐driven water splitting reaction. Photocurrents up to 9 mA cm−2 were achieved at 0 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the high photocurrents can be attributed to low charge transfer resistance between the Si and CoSe2 interfaces and that between the CoSe2 and electrolyte interfaces. Our results suggest that this CoSe2 is a promising alternative co‐catalyst for hydrogen evolution.
Determination of Enantiomeric Excess in Amine Derivatives with Molecular Self‐Assemblies
Authors: Shcherbakova Elena G. , Minami Tsuyoshi , Brega Valentina , James Tony D. , Anzenbacher Pavel 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe report the first fluorescence‐based assay for the rapid determination of the ee value of amines, amino alcohols, and amino acid esters. The method uses the self‐assembly of 2‐formylphenylboronic acid with a chiral diol and a chiral amine or derivatives (of unknown chirality) to produce two diastereomeric iminoboronates that differ in their fluorescence intensity and polarization. The approach allows for the accurate determination of the ee value of chiral amines with errors of just 1–2 %. We believe that this application of orthogonal dynamic covalent self‐assembly in the determination of the enantioselectivity will lead to the development of high‐throughput procedures for the determination of chirality.
Aplysiasecosterol A: A 9,11‐Secosteroid with an Unprecedented Tricyclic γ‐Diketone Structure from the Sea Hare Aplysia kurodai
Authors: Kawamura Atsushi , Kita Masaki , Kigoshi Hideo 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA new 9,11‐secosteroid having an unprecedented tricyclic γ‐diketone structure, aplysiasecosterol A (1), was isolated from the sea hare Aplysia kurodai. The structure was determined by one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopic analysis, molecular modeling studies, a comparison of experimental and calculated ECD spectra, and a modified Mosher′s method. Aplysiasecosterol A (1) exhibited cytotoxicity against human myelocytic leukemia HL‐60 cells. A biosynthetic pathway for 1 from a known cholesterol was proposed and includes twice α‐ketol rearrangements and an intramolecular acetalization.
The Effect of Recipient Identifiability and Neediness on Children's Sharing Behavior
Authors: Kogut Tehila , Slovic Paul , Västfjäll Daniel 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe identifiable victim effect refers to people's greater willingness to share resources with identified targets (about whom they have some identifying information) than to share with unidentified or statistical targets. Previous research examining adults' behavior suggests that identifiable targets arouse in the perceiver an intense emotional reaction that, in turn, increases sharing especially when the target is perceived as needy. In the current research, we examine whether the spontaneous reaction toward an identifiable, needy target and the increase in sharing with such a target appears in young children's sharing behavior and when in early childhood it develops. The results suggest that adding identifying information about a needy recipient increases sharing only in older children (above the age of 5.5) and in children who have acquired higher levels of theory of mind (independent of age). Mediation–moderation analysis suggests that theory of mind mediates the relation between age and sharing mainly when a specific, needy recipient is presented. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavior generation for interactive virtual humans using context‐dependent interaction meshes and automated constraint extraction
Authors: Vogt David , Lorenz Ben , Grehl Steve , Jung Bernhard 
Published: April 2015

AbstractInteraction meshes are a promising approach for generating natural behaviors of virtual characters during ongoing user interactions. In this paper, we propose several extensions to the interaction mesh approach based on statistical analyses of the underlying example interactions. By applying principal component analysis and correlation analysis in addition to joint distance calculations, both the interaction mesh topology and the constraints used for mesh optimization can be generated in an automated fashion that accounts for the spatial and temporal contexts of the interaction. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Henoch–Schönlein purpura with preceding abdominal pain
Authors: Toshihiko Kakiuchi , Tomonobu Aoki 
Published: April 2015

Key Clinical MessageDiagnosing HSP can be difficult, especially when abdominal symptoms precede the onset of characteristic palpable purpura (Chen MJ et al. 2005, World Gastroenterol., 11, 2354). Therefore, it is necessary to consider the possibility of HSP in patients with prolonged strong abdominal pain, even in cases without purpura.
Dynamic Search Algorithm of Solubility in a Salt‐Water System Based on the Solubility Product
Authors: Chen Jianxin , Chen Zhifei , Pang Shuchun , Wu Qing , Zhong Yunlong 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAn adaptive dynamic search algorithm is proposed to predict the solubility of salt in a salt‐water system. It is not subjected to the impact of the initial probe whether the results are convergent or not. The thermodynamic basis for the proposed algorithm is discussed in detail and the iterations of the algorithm and the calculation error are quantitatively studied. The multiple calculated results and the experimental solubility data are compared. The algorithm proves its high accuracy and efficiency in theory compared to other algorithms, such as the Newton iteration algorithm. It possesses reliable potential for application in low‐salt system dissolution equilibrium calculations.
Flexible Fiber Supercapacitor Using Biowaste‐Derived Porous Carbon
Authors: Senthilkumar S. T. , Selvan R. Kalai 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA flexible fiber supercapacitor (SC) was fabricated by using porous carbon as the electrode material and polyvinylalcohol–H3PO4 as the gel‐polymer electrolyte. The porous carbon was derived from dead Ficus religiosa leaves through a single‐step carbonization method and characterized by using BET surface area and TEM analysis as well as XRD, Raman, and FTIR techniques. The fabricated fiber SC works up to 0.8 V and delivers a gravimetric (length) capacitance of 3.4 F g−1 (4.2 mF cm−1) at 1 mA. In addition, it exhibits a maximum gravimetric (length) energy density of 311 mWh kg−1 (37.3×10−8 Wh cm−1) at a power density of 58 W kg−1 (70.3 μW cm−1) with a capacitance retention of 88 % over 4000 cycles.
A Dinuclear Ruthenium‐Based Water Oxidation Catalyst: Use of Non‐Innocent Ligand Frameworks for Promoting Multi‐Electron Reactions
Authors: Laine Tanja M. , Kärkäs Markus D. , Liao Rong‐Zhen , Siegbahn Per E. M. , Åkermark Björn 
Published: April 2015

AbstractInsight into how H2O is oxidized to O2 is envisioned to facilitate the rational design of artificial water oxidation catalysts, which is a vital component in solar‐to‐fuel conversion schemes. Herein, we report on the mechanistic features associated with a dinuclear Ru‐based water oxidation catalyst. The catalytic action of the designed Ru complex was studied by the combined use of high‐resolution mass spectrometry, electrochemistry, and quantum chemical calculations. Based on the obtained results, it is suggested that the designed ligand scaffold in Ru complex 1 has a non‐innocent behavior, in which metal–ligand cooperation is an important part during the four‐electron oxidation of H2O. This feature is vital for the observed catalytic efficiency and highlights that the preparation of catalysts housing non‐innocent molecular frameworks could be a general strategy for accessing efficient catalysts for activation of H2O.
Ultrasensitive Anion Detection by NMR Spectroscopy: A Supramolecular Strategy Based on Modulation of Chemical Exchange Rate
Authors: Perruchoud Loïse H. , Hadzovic Alen , Zhang Xiao‐an 
Published: April 2015

AbstractNMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool for monitoring molecular interactions and is widely used to characterize supramolecular systems at the atomic level. NMR is limited for sensing purposes, however, due to low sensitivity. Dynamic processes such as conformational changes or binding events can induce drastic effects on NMR spectra in response to variations in chemical exchange (CE) rate, which can lead to new strategies in the design of supramolecular sensors through the control and monitoring of CE rate. Here, we present an indirect NMR anion sensing technique in which increased CE rate, due to anion‐induced conformational flexibility of a relatively rigid structure of a novel sensor, allows ultrasensitive anion detection as low as 120 nM.
An overview of Fog computing and its security issues
Authors: Stojmenovic Ivan , Wen Sheng , Huang Xinyi , Luan Hao 
Published: April 2015

SummaryFog computing is a paradigm that extends Cloud computing and services to the edge of the network. Similar to Cloud, Fog provides data, compute, storage and application services to end users. In this article, we elaborate the motivation and advantages of Fog computing and analyse its applications in a series of real scenarios, such as Smart Grid, smart traffic lights in vehicular networks and software defined networks. We discuss the state of the art of Fog computing and similar work under the same umbrella. Distinguished from other reviewing work of Fog computing, this paper further discloses the security and privacy issues according to current Fog computing paradigm. As an example, we study a typical attack, man‐in‐the‐middle attack, for the discussion of system security in Fog computing. We investigate the stealthy features of this attack by examining its CPU and memory consumption on Fog device. In addition, we discuss the authentication and authorization techniques that can be used in Fog computing. An example of authentication techniques is introduced to address the security scenario where the connection between Fog and Cloud is fragile. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ceramic‐Based Composite Solid Electrolyte for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lim Young Jun , Kim Hyun Woo , Lee Seoung Soo , Kim Hyo Jin , Kim Jae‐Kwang , Jung Yeon‐Gil , Kim Youngsik 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSolid‐state electrolytes such as lithium ion conducting ceramic or solid polymers have been studied as substitutes for liquid electrolytes, but critical problems exist at the interfacial resistance between the solid electrode and the solid electrolyte. In this study, we combined 80 wt % Li1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3 (LTAP) as a lithium ion conducting ceramic with 10 wt % of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) as a binder, and 10 wt % 1 M LiPF6 in ethyl carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC) to develop a new composite electrolyte. The ceramic‐based composite electrolyte showed thermal stability and high ionic conductivity through reduction of the interface resistance. The lithium ion conductivity of the composite electrolyte was 8.9×10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature without leakage. Electrochemical tests of the Li1+xMn2O4–LTAP‐based composite electrolyte–Li1−xMn2O4 cell showed that the composite could be utilized as a potential electrolyte for high‐safety lithium‐ion batteries.