bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the histamine H3 receptor antagonist, ABT‐288, in healthy young adults and elderly volunteers
Authors: Othman Ahmed A. , Haig George , Florian Hana , Locke Charles , Zhang Jun , Dutta Sandeep 
Published: September 2012

AimThe objective of this work was to characterize the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of ABT‐288, a highly selective histamine H3 receptor antagonist, in healthy young adults and elderly subjects following single and multiple dosing in a phase 1 setting.MethodsSingle doses (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 20 and 40 mg ABT‐288) and multiple doses (0.5, 1.5, 3 and 6 mg ABT‐288 once‐daily for 14 days) were evaluated in young adults and multiple doses (0.5, 1.5, 3 and 5 mg ABT‐288 once‐daily for 12 days) were evaluated in elderly subjects using randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, dose‐escalating study designs. The effect of food on ABT‐288 pharmacokinetics (5 mg single dose) was evaluated using an open label, randomized, crossover design.ResultsABT‐288 safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics were comparable in young and elderly subjects. Single doses up to 40 mg and multiple doses up to 3 mg once‐daily were generally safe and well tolerated. The most frequently reported adverse events were hot flush, headache, abnormal dreams, insomnia, nausea and dizziness. ABT‐288 exposure (AUC) was dose‐proportional over the evaluated dose ranges. The mean elimination half‐life ranged from 40 to 61 h across dose groups. Steady state was achieved by day 10 of once‐daily dosing with 3.4‐ to 4.2‐fold accumulation. Food did not have a clinically meaningful effect on ABT‐288 exposure.ConclusionsBased on the above results, 1 and 3 mg once‐daily doses of ABT‐288 were advanced to phase 2 evaluation in Alzheimer's patients.
Do elderly intensive care unit patients receive less intensive care treatment and have higher mortality?
Authors: ANDERSEN F. H. , KVÅLE R. 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundThe number of elderly (≥ 80 years) will increase markedly in Norway over the next 20 years, increasing the demand for health‐care services, including intensive care. The aims of this study were to see if intensive care unit (ICU) resource use and survival are different for elderly ICU patients than for younger adult ICU patients.Materials and methodsA retrospective cohort study comparing ICU patients between 50 and 79.9 years (Group I) with patients over 80 years (Group II) registered in the Norwegian Intensive Care Registry from 2006 to 2009. A subgroup analysis of 5‐year age groups was performed.ResultsA total of 27,921 patients were analysed. The ICU/hospital mortalities were 14.3%/21.4% (Group I) and 19.8%/32.4% (Group II). Overall mortality increased with increasing age, and hospital mortality rate increased more than ICU mortality. The observed difference in admission categories could not explain the significant difference in median length of stay (LOS), 2.3 days (Group I) vs. 2.0 days (Group II). The elderly received less mechanical ventilatory support (40.6% vs. 56.1%) and had shorter median ventilatory support time, 0.8 days vs. 1.9 days. Median LOS dropped from around 80 years on, ventilator support time from around 65–70 years.ConclusionOctogenarians had shorter ICU stays, had higher overall mortality, had a shift of dying at the ward rather than in the ICU, and received less and shorter mechanical ventilatory support.
Cerebral energy metabolism during induced mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: NIELSEN T. H. , BINDSLEV T. T. , PEDERSEN S. M. , TOFT P. , OLSEN N. V. , NORDSTRÖM C. H. 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundIn patients with traumatic brain injury as well as stroke, impaired cerebral oxidative energy metabolism may be an important factor contributing to the ultimate degree of tissue damage. We hypothesize that mitochondrial dysfunction can be diagnosed bedside by comparing the simultaneous changes in brain tissue oxygen tension (PbtO2) and cerebral cytoplasmatic redox state. The study describes cerebral energy metabolism during mitochondrial dysfunction induced by sevoflurane in piglets.MethodsTen piglets were included, seven in the experimental group (anesthetized with sevoflurane) and three in the control group (anesthetized with midazolam). PbtO2 and cerebral levels of glucose, lactate, and pyruvate were monitored bilaterally. The biochemical variables were obtained by intracerebral microdialysis.ResultsAll global variables were within normal range and did not differ significantly between the groups except for blood lactate that was slightly higher in the experimental group. Mitochondrial dysfunction was observed in the group of animals initially anesthetized with sevoflurane. Cerebral glucose was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group whereas lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratio were significantly higher. Pyruvate and tissue oxygen tension remained within normal range in both groups. Changes of intracerebral variables indicating mitochondrial dysfunction were present already from the very start of the monitoring period.ConclusionIntracerebral microdialysis revealed mitochondrial dysfunction by marked increases in cerebral lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratio simultaneously with normal levels of pyruvate and a normal PbtO2. This metabolic pattern is distinctively different from cerebral ischemia, which is characterized by simultaneous decreases in PbtO2 and intracerebral pyruvate.
Gambling Severity, Impulsivity, and Psychopathology: Comparison of Treatment‐ and Community‐Recruited Pathological Gamblers
Authors: Knezevic Bojana , Ledgerwood David M. 
Published: September 2012

Background and Objectives: Because most studies of pathological gambling gather data from participants recruited from treatment, this study compared community and treatment‐enrolled pathological gamblers (PGs) with respect to demographics, gambling severity, impulsivity, and psychopathology.Methods: One hundred six PGs were recruited as part of two larger studies in Farmington, Connecticut (n= 61) and Windsor, Ontario (n= 45) using radio advertising, word of mouth, and/or newspaper ads, as well as a gambling treatment program at each location.Results: Community (n= 49) and treatment‐enrolled (n= 57) PGs did not differ on age, education, gender, race, employment, or marital status. Treatment‐enrolled PGs were more likely to report past year illegal behaviors, preoccupation with gambling, and higher scores on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) Attention Impulsivity subscale. Assessment of psychopathology in the Ontario study indicated that treatment‐enrolled PGs were more likely to present with Major Depressive and Dysthymic Disorders. Community‐recruited PGs in the Connecticut study were overall more likely to present with any substance use disorder relative to their treatment‐enrolled counterparts.Conclusions and Scientific Significance: Our findings inform intervention and research within the field of pathological gambling. Specifically, the distressing aspects of pathological gambling, such as legal issues, preoccupation with gambling, and depression, may be present more in treatment‐enrolled PGs than in those recruited from the community. Such emotional disturbances should be further explored to increase motivation and treatment adherence in PGs. In addition, due to relative absence of overall differences between the groups, research findings utilizing treatment‐enrolled PGs may be a good representation of both groups. (Am J Addict 2012;21:508–515)
Depression Symptoms Associated with Cannabis Dependence in an Adolescent American Indian Community Sample
Authors: Gilder David A , Ehlers Cindy L 
Published: September 2012

Background: Depression and substance use disorders, including cannabis dependence, arise during adolescence, are frequently comorbid, and represent major health burdens in the general US population. Yet little is known about the association of depression symptoms with cannabis and other substance use and use disorders in Native American adolescents.Objective: To investigate the comorbidity of cannabis use and depression symptoms in Native American adolescents.Methods: This study used the Children's Semi‐Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (Adolescent Version) to obtain lifetime DSM‐III‐R diagnoses from a community sample of 202 (98 boys, 104 girls) American Indian adolescents living on contiguous reservations.Results: Thirteen percent of boys and 38% of girls had a lifetime DSM‐III‐R major depression disorder (MDD) independent of substance use. Fifteen percent of boys and 41% of girls had a major depression episode (MDE) either coincident with or independent of cannabis use. MDE and several individual depression symptoms were significantly associated with cannabis dependence in boys but not in girls. The median ages of onset of MDE were the same in the boys and girls who had experienced both depression and cannabis use.Conclusions: These findings suggest that the association of depression with cannabis dependence is more significant in boys than girls in this population of adolescents.Scientific Significance: Understanding comorbidity between depression and cannabis use is important in order to disentangle the etiological relationship between the two and also for designing more effective treatment and prevention strategies, particularly in Native Americans who are at high risk for both disorders. (Am J Addict 2012;21:536–543)
Differences in Drinking Patterns, Occupational Stress, and Exposure to Potentially Traumatic Events among Firefighters: Predictors of Smoking Relapse
Authors: VanderVeen Joseph W. , Gulliver Suzy B. , Morissette Sandra B. , Kruse Marc I. , Kamholz Barbara W. , Zimering Rose T. , Knight Jeffrey , Keane Terence M. 
Published: September 2012

Background and Objectives: Despite the increased awareness regarding the risks of cigarette smoking, this behavior continues to be a serious public health concern. As such, the goal of the current study was to examine risk factors for smoking relapse among individuals employed through fire service.Methods: In this report, drinking changes, trauma exposure, and occupational stress were compared among firefighters (N = 81) who reported a relapse to cigarette smoking (n = 27), a lifetime former history of smoking (n = 27), or no history of smoking (n = 27). Mechanisms behind tobacco relapse occurring after employment in fire service were explored.Results: Firefighters who relapsed to smoking, when compared to their nonsmoking peers, had higher rates of weekly alcohol consumption throughout their first year of fire service and had greater increases in drinking from preacademy to postacademy.Conclusions and Scientific Significance: Gaining a better understanding of these behaviors within this understudied and high‐risk population may provide valuable information that can be used in designing future relapse prevention strategies as well as smoking cessation interventions. (Am J Addict 2012;21:550–554)
Self‐Reported Psychotic Disorders among Individuals with Substance Use Disorders: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
Authors: Lev‐Ran Shaul , Imtiaz Sameer , Le Foll Bernard 
Published: September 2012

Background and Objectives: Comorbidity of substance use disorders (SUDs) and psychotic disorders (PDs) presents many challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Most reports to‐date focus on the prevalence of SUDs among clinical populations of patients with PDs, and there is a lack of data pertaining to rates of PDs among individuals with substance use and SUDs.Methods: We analyzed data on 43,093 respondents age 18 and above from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a nationally representative US survey (Wave 1, 2001–2002). Cross‐tabulations were used to derive prevalence estimates of PDs among individuals with 12‐month substance use or SUDs across 10 categories of substances. Odds ratios (ORs) were derived from bivariate logistic regression analyses to examine the relationships between lifetime PDs and 12‐month substance use or SUDs for the specific categories of substances.Results: Among individuals with 12‐month substance use, prevalence of PDs was found to be elevated in 8 of 10 categories of substances, particularly among amphetamine (OR = 8.8) and cocaine (OR = 10.3) users compared to nonusers. Among individuals with SUDs, prevalence of PDs was elevated in 9 of 10 categories of substances compared to individuals without SUDs.Conclusions and Scientific Significance: Our findings on the increased rates of PDs among substance users and individuals with SUDs across a wide range of substances emphasize the importance of screening for PDs while treating patients with substance use and SUDs. This may allow for early intervention and adequate referral to appropriate settings. (Am J Addict 2012;21;531–535)
Effects on Smokers of Exposure to Graphic Warning Images
Authors: Malouff John M. , Schutte Nicola S. , Rooke Sally E. , MacDonell Gail 
Published: September 2012

Background and Objectives: Several countries have introduced graphic warning images aimed at discouraging smoking. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact on smokers of graphic warnings showing cosmetically important harm caused by smoking.Methods: Fifty‐six adult smokers were randomly assigned to view either written smoking warnings or the same written warnings with related graphic images. The smokers viewed the warnings at a rate of one per week for 4 weeks. The smokers were assessed before and after the warnings with regard to stage of change toward smoking cessation and level of smoking.Results: The randomized control trial showed that the warnings with graphic images led to significantly more progress in stage of change toward smoking cessation than written warnings alone. However, the images did not lead to decreases in smoking rates.Conclusions and Scientific Significance: The results indicate that written smoking warnings accompanied by images of cosmetically important harm caused by smoking have more potential than warnings alone in prompting changes in the direction of quitting. (Am J Addict 2012;21:555–557)
Impact of Nursing Intervention on Decreasing Substances among Homeless Youth
Authors: Nyamathi Adeline , Branson Catherine , Kennedy Barbara , Salem Benissa , Khalilifard Farinaz , Marfisee Mary , Getzoff Daniel , Leake Barbara 
Published: September 2012

Background: Alcohol use, and in particular, binge drinking, and methamphetamine use is pervasive among homeless youth and remains a social pressure among this vulnerable population. However, there is no compelling evidence that specific interventions for reducing drug and alcohol use are effective for homeless youth.Objectives: This community‐based participatory action pilot study assessed the impact of an intervention study focused on decreasing use of drugs and alcohol among a sample of homeless young adults (N= 154) visiting a drop‐in site in Santa Monica, California. The two programs consisted of an HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis Health Promotion (HHP) program led by nurses and an Art Messaging (AM) program led by artists. Six‐month follow‐up data were obtained from 100 of these individuals.Results: Findings revealed significant reductions in alcohol and marijuana use and binge drinking in both the HHP and AM programs. However, homeless youth in the HHP program reported additional reductions in methamphetamine, cocaine, and hallucinogen use at 6‐month follow‐up.Conclusions: Reductions in drugs and alcohol are important as these substances are linked to HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and other health risks in homeless youth.Scientific Significance: The successful outcomes of the study intervention validate the utility of nurse‐led and artistic health promotion strategies to decrease drug and alcohol use and other risky behaviors in homeless youth populations. (Am J Addict 2012;21:558–565)
Assessment of Research Quality of Telehealth Trials in Pain Management: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: McGeary Donald D. , McGeary Cindy A. , Gatchel Robert J. , Allison Sybil , Hersh Allison 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAlthough telehealth‐based pain management research has grown over the last decade, it is difficult to determine the state of the research because of methodological differences and variability in quality among existing studies. In a previous systematic review, we outlined these differences and preliminarily explored the promise of telehealth for pain intervention. We completed a PRISMA compliant meta‐analysis of telehealth pain management research to more precisely describe the state of the research and to uncover gaps in the existing literature that highlight directions for future research. We identified 10 relevant studies completed between 2000 and 2011 including 3 noninferiority and 7 superiority studies. Meta‐analysis revealed an overall benefit of telehealth interventions over control conditions and equivalence with in‐person intervention. However, some of the reviewed studies found no benefit for telehealth over control conditions. Some methodological concerns among the examined research included poor research quality, small sample sizes, and the examination of telehealth pain interventions without proven efficacy for in‐person treatment. Recommendations for future studies are reviewed.
My Child You Must Have Patience and Kreng Jai: Thai Parents and Child Pain
Authors: Jongudomkarn Darunee , Forgeron Paula A. , Siripul Pulsuk , Finley G. Allen 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPurpose: To elicit the experiences of parents in providing care for their hospitalized child's acute pain needs.Design: Phenomenology, using in‐depth interviews with 45 parents whose children were being cared for in five hospitals in Northeastern (Isan) Thailand.Findings: The findings address Thai cultural beliefs regarding the experience of pain and the role societal expectations have on parental behavior in trying to meet their child's acute pain needs. Two themes emerged—“Understanding my child's pain: it's karma” and “Maintaining Kreng Jai”—which identify parent beliefs toward pain and pain treatment, as well as perceived barriers in securing pain management for their children. Together these two themes describe the essence of this study as parents experienced an “inner struggle in providing pain care.” Pain was perceived as an inescapable part of life, and participants identified a preference for traditional remedies. Parents experienced a tension as they wanted to provide and secure pain care for their child but at the same time were reticent to approach staff with concerns about their child's care.Conclusions: Thai parents viewed pain as a normal consequence of life, and one had to use traditional remedies in addition to medicine to successfully treat pain. Societal behavioral expectations required children to have patience. Nevertheless, parents wanted professionals to show more empathy and provide more effective pain care.Clinical Relevance: Improvements in pediatric pain care must formally include parents. Culturally sensitive approaches that do not stereotype parents and children are needed to ensure that evidence‐informed pain care is available for all children.
The Influence of Rural Versus Urban Residence on Utilization and Receipt of Care for Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Goode Adam P. , Freburger Janet K. , Carey Timothy S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPurpose: (1) To describe demographic and health‐related characteristics among rural/urban residents with chronic low back pain (LBP); (2) To determine if the utilization of diagnostics and treatments differs between rural and urban residents with chronic LBP; and (3) To determine the association between rural/urban residence and health care provider usage and if associations differ by race or gender.Methods: A 2006 cross‐sectional telephone survey of a representative sample of North Carolina residents. Subjects with chronic LBP were questioned regarding their health and health care use. Wald and chi‐square tests were used to determine differences between demographic and health‐related characteristics of rural/urban residents. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between rural/urban residence and health care provider use. Differences in race or gender were explored with stratified analysis with a P < .10.Findings: 588 residents of North Carolina with self‐reported chronic LBP sought care from a provider in the previous year. In bivariate analyses, when compared to urban residents, rural residents were younger, more likely to be uninsured, reported significantly higher levels of disability, and reported more depression/sadness. Rural residents were less likely to receive care from a rheumatologist (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.47 [95% CI, 0.22‐0.99]). Rural blacks were less likely to receive care from a physical therapist when compared to urban blacks (aOR 0.26 [95% CI, 0.07‐0.87]).Conclusion: Despite similarities of high provider use, imaging and therapeutics, when compared to urban residents, rural residents reported higher levels of functional limitation and depression.
Cytologic identification of erythrophagocytic neoplasms in dogs
Authors: Barger Anne M. , Skowronski Melissa C. , MacNeill Amy L. 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundErythrophagia has been identified in multiple types of tumors in human medicine, but information in veterinary medicine is limited. In dogs and cats, erythrophagia has been reported to occur in mast cell and plasma cell tumors, lymphoma, megakaryocytic leukemia, and hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma. On the basis of clinical experience, we believed this to be an incomplete list that might bias veterinarians toward a diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma when erythrophagia is observed in neoplastic spindle‐shaped cells.ObjectiveThe objective of this retrospective study was to identify neoplasms in dogs that exhibit erythrophagia within the neoplastic cell population.MethodsReports of cytologic samples collected from dogs and submitted to the University of Illinois Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between January 2003 and May 2011 were searched for a description of erythrophagia. Only cases with a diagnosis confirmed by histopathologic examination using immunohistochemical analysis or by cytochemical staining were included. Slides were reviewed by one pathologist to confirm the presence of erythrophagocytic neoplastic cells.ResultsOf 20,016 reports searched, 897 contained the term “erythrophagia.” In 55 reports, neoplastic cells exhibiting erythrophagia were identified. Of these, 21 cases were excluded because the cytologic diagnosis was not confirmed, and the remaining 34 cases included 12 hemangiosarcomas, 11 hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcomas, 9 osteosarcomas, one mast cell tumor, and one T‐cell lymphoma.ConclusionErythrophagia can be found in many tumor types. When erythrophagia is observed in spindle‐cell sarcomas, osteosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma should be considered in addition to hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma.