bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary protein content affects isotopic carbon and nitrogen turnover
Authors: Braun Alexander , Auerswald Karl , Vikari Armin , Schnyder Hans 
Published: October 2013

RATIONALEIsotopic turnover quantifies the metabolic renewal process of elements in organs and excreta. Knowledge of the isotopic turnover of animal organs and excreta is necessary for diet reconstruction via stable isotope analysis, as used in animal ecology, palaeontology and food authentication. Effects of dietary protein content on the isotopic carbon and nitrogen turnover (i.e. delay, representing the time between ingestion and start of renewal, and half‐life) are unknown for most mammalian organs and excreta.METHODSTo examine the effect of dietary protein content on turnover (delay and turnover rate), we fed 18 rats either a diet at protein maintenance or above protein maintenance, and quantified their isotopic carbon and nitrogen turnover in ten organs and excreta. These included the excreta faeces and urine, the visceral organs blood plasma, liver, kidney, lung and spleen, the cerebral tissue brain, and the muscular tissues heart and muscle. For data analysis, we used piecewise linear/non‐linear exponential modelling that allows quantifying delay and turnover rate simultaneously.RESULTSDelays were ~0.5 days for carbon and nitrogen turnover and were not affected by dietary protein content. Half‐lives during the following reaction progress were in the range of 1 to 45 days, increasing from excreta to visceral organs to muscular and cerebral organs. Rats fed the higher protein amount had 30% shorter nitrogen half‐lives, and 20% shorter carbon half‐lives.CONCLUSIONSThe renewal times of organs and excreta depend on the dietary protein content. Hence, isotopic diet reconstruction is confronted with variation in half‐lives within the same organ or excrement, altering the time window through which information can be perceived. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Open fourth ventricle prior to 20 weeks' gestation: a benign finding?
Authors: Contro E. , Volpe P. , De Musso F. , Muto B. , Ghi T. , De Robertis V. , Pilu G. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo evaluate the role of the brainstem–vermis (BV) angle in the diagnosis of fetal posterior fossa abnormalities at 15–18 weeks' gestation.MethodsWe examined retrospectively three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound volumes acquired at 15–18 gestational weeks in fetuses with normal posterior fossa (controls) and in those with cystic posterior fossa. Whether the fourth ventricle appeared open posteriorly in axial views was noted and the BV angle was measured. A detailed follow‐up was obtained in all cases.ResultsOf the 139 controls, 46 cases were excluded because of inadequate quality of the 3D volumes. Of the 93 remaining normal fetuses, 84 (90.3%) had a closed fourth ventricle and a BV angle < 20°, whereas 9/93 (9.7%) had an open fourth ventricle and a BV angle between 20° and 37°. The study group of 11 fetuses included seven with Dandy–Walker malformation and four with Blake's pouch cyst. In abnormal cases as a whole, the BV angle was significantly increased compared with that in controls (P < 0.0001). However, fetuses with Blake's pouch cyst and normal fetuses with an open fourth ventricle had strikingly similar sonograms: the BV angle was between 20° and 37° and the fourth ventricle appeared open only when viewed using a more steeply angulated scanning plane than that of the standard transcerebellar plane; in fetuses with Dandy–Walker malformation the fourth ventricle was widely open posteriorly, even in the standard transcerebellar view, and the BV angle was > 45°, significantly increased compared both with that in normal fetuses (P < 0.0001) and with that in fetuses with Blake's pouch cyst (P = 0.004).ConclusionAn open fourth ventricle is found in about 10% of normal fetuses at 15–18 weeks' gestation. Measurement of the BV angle is useful in such cases, as a value ≥ 45° is associated with a very high risk of severe posterior fossa malformation. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial on the Use of Flexible Reinforced Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) During Total Thyroidectomy: Effects on Postoperative Laryngopharyngeal Symptoms
Authors: Ryu Jung‐Hee , Yom Cha‐Kyoung , Park Do‐Joong , Kim Kyu‐Hyung , Do Sang‐Hwan , Yoo Seok‐Ha , Oh Ah‐Young 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundSore throat, hoarseness, dysphagia, and cough are common laryngopharyngeal discomforts after thyroidectomy. The incidence and severity of laryngopharyngeal symptoms after the use of a flexible reinforced laryngeal mask airway (LMA) were compared with those that occur after the use of a plain endotracheal tube in patients after thyroidectomy.MethodsSeventy‐six patients scheduled for total thyroidectomy were randomized into a plain endotracheal tube group (group E) or a flexible reinforced LMA group (group L). Total intravenous anesthesia (propofol and remifentanil) was used for maintenance of anesthesia. Hemodynamic variables were recorded during induction of anesthesia. The incidence and severity (100‐point numerical rating scales) of laryngopharyngeal symptoms, including sore throat, hoarseness, dysphagia, and cough, were assessed at 1, 24, and 48 h after surgery.ResultsAll patients were placed successfully with an endotracheal tube or a flexible reinforced LMA. The postoperative incidence and severity of sore throat (25 vs. 33 at 24 h, p = 0.035, 17 vs. 28 at 48 h, p = 0.017; 50 [0–100] vs. 80 [20–100] at 1 h, p = 0.002; 30 [0–80] vs. 50 [0–100] at 24 h, p < 0.001; 0 [0–40] vs. 30 [0–90] at 48 h, p < 0.001) and hoarseness were lower in group L than in group E. At 48 h postoperatively, dysphagia (p = 0.005) and cough (p = 0.028) occurred less frequently in group L than in group E patients.ConclusionA flexible reinforced LMA placed during surgery decreases the incidence and severity of laryngopharyngeal symptoms and is a feasible anesthetic tool compared with a conventional endotracheal tube for thyroidectomy.
Metastatic Adenocarcinomas of the Stomach or Esophagogastric Junction (UICC Stage IV) Are Not Always a Palliative Situation: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Schildberg Claus W. , Weidinger Thomas , Hohenberger Werner , Wein Axel , Langheinrich Melanie , Neurath Markus , Boxberger Frank 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundGastric cancer is one of the most common cancers. Unfortunately, it is often diagnosed at the advanced stage International Union Against Cancer stage IV. This induced us to carry out an interdisciplinary analysis of this patient group with the Department of Internal Medicine 1. Our aim was to discuss cancers classified initially as unresectable in a meeting of the interdisciplinary tumor board after palliative chemotherapy, and to refer selected patients for surgery after establishing resectability. The outcome of the chemotherapy, operation method, complication rate, and long‐term survival were analyzed.MethodsFrom 1999 to 2008, 76 patients with metastatic gastric cancer or carcinoma of the esophagogastric junction were discussed by the interdisciplinary tumor board of the University of Erlangen and classified initially as unresectable. The patients then received palliative chemotherapy according to the AIO regimen (weekly high‐dose 5‐fluorouracil/folinic acid [FU/FA] in a 24 h infusion), plus irinotecan. If the tumor was subsequently classified as resectable, the patient underwent either gastric resection or gastrectomy with DII–III dissection. Metastases were resected depending on their location (liver). Peritoneal carcinomatosis was treated additionally by HIPEC. Statistical analysis was with SPSSS version 20.ResultsSurgical and general complications and hospital mortality were acceptable. There were no cases of anastomotic leak, but one patient died of fulminant pneumonia. The R0 resection rate was 69 %, and four patients had long‐term survival of more than 60 months. There were significant survival advantages.ConclusionsMetastatic gastric cancer or carcinoma of the esophagogastric junction can become resectable after downsizing the tumor with palliative chemotherapy. Long‐term survival is achieved in some cases. Therefore, every patient with this type of cancer should be discussed by the interdisciplinary tumour board after palliative chemotherapy to provide him with a chance of cure after re‐evaluation.
Strategies for mining fungal natural products
Authors: Wiemann Philipp , Keller Nancy P 
Published: October 2013

AbstractFungi are well known for their ability to produce a multitude of natural products. On the one hand their potential to provide beneficial antibiotics and immunosuppressants has been maximized by the pharmaceutical industry to service the market with cost-efficient drugs. On the other hand identification of trace amounts of known mycotoxins in food and feed samples is of major importance to ensure consumer health and safety. Although several fungal natural products, their biosynthesis and regulation are known today, recent genome sequences of hundreds of fungal species illustrate that the secondary metabolite potential of fungi has been substantially underestimated. Since expression of genes and subsequent production of the encoded metabolites are frequently cryptic or silent under standard laboratory conditions, strategies for activating these hidden new compounds are essential. This review will cover the latest advances in fungal genome mining undertaken to unlock novel products.
Yield and Quality Characteristics of Rendered Chicken Oil for Biodiesel Production
Authors: Abraham John , Ramesh Saravanakumar V. , Kulkarni V. V. , Sivakumar K. , Singh Anandha Prakash , Visha P. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWhole dead poultry birds obtained from commercial layer farms were assessed for fat in the whole carcass and then dry rendered in three different rendering regimens T1, T2 and T3 (temperature = 120, 130 and 140 °C and shell pressure = 1, 2 and 3 kg/cm2 respectively) and the effect on the yield and quality of the rendered chicken oil were studied. The overall fat percentage of the whole dead poultry carcass was 14.55 ± 0.17 % and the fat content of ‘greaves’ was 14.49 ± 0.38 %. In the dry batch rendering trials, the mean overall fat recovery was 24.46 ± 1.19, 26.78 ± 3.14 and 22.42 ± 2.32 % and the overall fat yield was 3.52 ± 1.72, 3.84 ± 0.44 and 3.22 ± 0.33 % of the carcass weight in T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Solvent extraction of fat could recover 96.10 ± 0.14 % of fat from ‘greaves’ which was significantly higher than the mechanical centrifugation method. Among the quality characteristics of the rendered chicken oil (RCO), moisture content ranged from 0.61 % (T2) to 1.09 % (T1) and the mean specific gravity was 0.91 at 30 °C. The FFA values of RCO obtained from the T3 rendering regimen were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the FFA values of T2 and T1. The mean acid value, iodine number, peroxide value, saponification value and unsaponifiable matter present in RCO showed no significant difference. The fatty acid profile and calorific values were studied. The RCO was converted to biodiesel by transesterification and the physico‐chemical properties of the biodiesel were studied and compared with the Indian biodiesel specification.
Heats of Combustion of Fatty Acids and Fatty Acid Esters
Authors: Levine Felicia , Kayea Ronald V. , Wexler Robert , Sadvary D. J. , Melick Cory , La Scala John 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe military uses JP‐8, a kerosene type hydrocarbon, to fuel most of its vehicles and is seeking a renewable alternative fuel that meets strict JP‐8 specifications. Biodiesel is typically a mixture of different alkyl esters produced from the transesterification of triglycerides readily available in plant oils and used cooking oil. To date, no traditional biodiesel meets the requirements for heat of combustion, freezing point, viscosity and oxidative stability to be a stand‐alone replacement for JP‐8. This work is a fundamental survey of the heat of combustion of single fatty acid esters and a predictive model for estimating the heat of combustion given a known molecular structure. The gross heat of combustion of various C6–C18 fatty acids and the methyl, propyl and isopropyl esters of these fatty acids was measured. This study sought to relate the effect of chain length, degree of unsaturation and branching to the critical fuel property of the gross heat of combustion (Hc). It was found that Hc (kJ/g) increased with chain length. A nearly linear relationship was found between wt% carbon and hydrogen, and Hc. Group contribution models previously published for hydrocarbons and polymers were modified to more accurately predict the heat of combustion of the fatty acids and esters. Modification of the molar heat values of carboxylic acid, methyl, and methylene groups improved correlation of the model with the experimental results.
Developmental trajectories of religiosity, sexual conservatism and sexual behavior among female adolescents
Authors: Aalsma Matthew C. , Woodrome Stacy E. , Downs Sarah M. , Hensel Devon J. , Zimet Gregory D. , Orr Don P. , Fortenberry J. Dennis 
Published: October 2013

AbstractUnderstanding the role of socio‐sexual cognitions and religiosity on adolescent sexual behavior could guide adolescent sexual health efforts. The present study utilized longitudinal data from 328 young women to assess the role of religion and socio‐sexual cognitions on sexual behavior accrual (measuring both coital and non‐coital sexual behavior). In the final triple conditional trajectory structural equation model, religiosity declined over time and then increased to baseline levels. Additionally, religiosity predicted decreased sexual conservatism and decreased sexual conservatism predicted increased sexual behavior. The final models are indicative of young women's increasing accrual of sexual experience, decreasing sexual conservatism and initial decreasing religiosity. The results of this study suggest that decreased religiosity affects the accrual of sexual experience through decreased sexual conservatism. Effective strategies of sexual health promotion should include an understanding of the complex role of socio‐sexual attitudes with religiosity.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Temporal Lobe: Normal Anatomy and Diseases
Authors: Khashper Alla , Chankowsky Jeffrey , del Carpio-O'Donovan Raquel 
Published: October 2013

Objective This pictorial essay will review the magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of the temporal lobes and describe the major pathologic processes of this complex area. Conclusions Magnetic resonance imaging is an essential tool in the investigation of a patient with suspected temporal lobe pathology. Various conditions may affect this anatomic region, and, therefore, classification of imaging findings into specific groups may help provide a more focused differential diagnosis.
Pre-Historic Tombs at Pelos
Authors: Edgar C. C. 
Published: October 2013

I. The Site.—The late Dr. Dümmler was struck, on his visit to Melos, by the difference between the pre-Mycenæan tombs at Phylakopi and those that he had just seen opened in Amorgos. Still another, a third variety, had been reported from Syros. Not that the discrepancy disturbed his view of the pre-Mycenæan question. What the want of uniformity proved, to his mind, was merely that uniformity was not to have been expected.It is, however, becoming more and more evident that at one period one particular type of entombment, the Amorgan type, prevailed all over the Cyclades. Pappadopoulo's account of the Syran graves is not to be taken any more seriously than his account of their contents.
Archaistic Reliefs
Authors: Perdrizet Paul F. 
Published: October 2013

On a bien voulu faire à ces quelques notes l' honneur de les insérer dans l' Annuaire de l' École anglaise. Je ne voudrais pas que l' on mesurât à la faiblesse de mesσυμβολαίla gratitude que je dois et que je garde à l' hospitalière maison de Kolonaki. Puissent mes jeunes camarades de l' École française trouver à l' École anglaise des amitiés pareilles à celles que j' y ai faites ! Je ne puis former pour eux de meilleur vœu.I saw the four reliefs which form the subject of the present study in Turkey; three are in the Museum at Constantinople, and one at Aïdin (Tralles), at which latter place two of them are known to have been found. I publish them together in the hope that they may add some fresh information on the difficult question of Archaistic Reliefs.
Kos Astypalaia
Authors: Mackenzie Duncan 
Published: October 2013

From the modern town of Kos, on the site of the ancient capital at the north-east extremity of the island, to the village of Kephalos at the southwest end is a ride of eight hours.The village stands on a chalky plateau which beyond the isthmus marks the beginning of the mountain district of south-west Kos. This in turn is a repetition on a smaller scale of the mountain region, at the other end of the island, which forms the lofty termination to the long central tableland. The highest points of the mountain district are towards the south-east where the fall to the sea is very rapid. The highest neighbouring peak, Mount Ziní, is about an hour distant from the village in a south-easterly direction, while all that lies to the north-west of the main range is high pastoral country with many torrent beds.
Some Unpublished ‘Catalogi Paterarum Argentearum’
Authors: Tod Marcus N. 
Published: October 2013

By the kind permission of Mr. Leonardos I am enabled to publish the following inscriptions, all of which are in the Epigraphic Museum at Athens. They belong to the class of ‘Catalogi Paterarum Argentearum,’ of which the already published inscriptions are collected in the Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum, Vol. II., Pt. 2, Nos. 768–776, 776 b; Vol. IV., Pt. 2, Nos. 768 b–776 c (pp. 187–192).I have looked in vain for any indication of the places at which Nos. II, V., and VII. were found, but as all the other members of the series were discovered on the Acropolis, it is safe to infer the same for these three fragments also.
II.—Geraki: 1.—Excavations
Authors: Wace Alan J. B. , Hasluck F. W. 
Published: October 2013

Some experimental excavations were carried out at Geraki (the ancient Geronthrae) between May 26 and June 6 of 1905.Geraki lies in the upland plain which includes practically the whole of east central Laconia extending from the left bank of the Eurotas to the foothills of Parnon: it is on the south and south-western slopes of one of these foothills—the ancient acropolis of Geronthrae, which we shall discuss later in detail—that the modern village is built.
I.—Excavations At Sparta, 1907: § 6.—The Early Pottery
Authors: Droop J. P. 
Published: October 2013

The earliest pottery yet discovered by the excavations at Sparta is of the Geometric (post-Mycenaean) style.In 1906 a thick deposit of this ware was revealed by the trial trenches at the site of the temple of Artemis Orthia, and it was also found in the trial pits at the Heroön by the river bank. In 1907 the further excavations at the Orthia site produced a sufficient quantity to allow of a definite report on the nature of this style in Laconia: a task which has been greatly helped by the discovery of a fresh deposit of the pottery on the Acropolis by the site of the Chalkioikos.
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 3.—The Chronology of Palaikastro and Zakro
Authors: Bosanquet R. C. 
Published: October 2013

We may divide the life of the town into three principal periods.I. The Kamáres Period.II. The Early Mycenaean Period, ending with the fall of Zakro.III. The Late Mycenaean Period.Of these the first is well defined, thanks to the labours of Dr Mackenzie and of Mr Dawkins, who has treated the sequence of the Kamáres pottery at Palaikastro and the circumstances under which it has been found at some length in his paper on the Pottery. But the line between the second and third periods has not yet been drawn.The settlement at Palaikastro came into being earlier and survived later than its neighbour at Zakro, the life of which began, as I believe, midway in Period I. and ceased abruptly at the end of Period II. Both Mr Hogarth and Mr Dawkins have spoken of the pottery found in the houses there as late Mycenaean; the former describes it as ‘almost exclusively characterised by the inferior glaze and debased ornament which we associate with the late efforts of Mycenaean art in the Aegean’ (B.S.A. vii. 145), and Mr Dawkins does not contest this judgment in his valuable study of the Zakro Pottery (J.H.S. xxiii. p. 254). I am disposed to place it much earlier and to regard the poorer painted vases as of local make and more or less contemporary with the splendid filler from House A, which is unquestionably a product of the Palace Period.
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 7.—Block ε and ο
Authors: Dawkins R. M. 
Published: October 2013

In Block ε at least five houses can be clearly made out. It is triangular and covers about 760 sq. m. It is separated from γ by a narrow lane that runs up the hill from the main street, from ο by a narrow, crooked, lane and from the unexcavated Block ζ by a straight, well-paved street. This street, as running level, has no gutter like the lanes that lead down to the main street on both sides of ε.Rooms1–18.—This house occupies the northern part of the block, where the ground slopes downwards to the main street, from which it is entered by two steps, leading into a vestibule (2) with a stone bench on the left and a door on the right. The earth in this region was very thin and the exact position of the doors was lost. The left-hand suite of rooms (4–7) could only be entered from room 3; otherwise they are entirely shut off from the rest of the house. Owing to the slope of the ground the two lower rooms of this suite are reached by steps. Room 4 goes deeper than the others, the subsoil having been cut away. It contained an immense mass of pottery. Besides sixteen bowls, some of them painted with Mycenaean running patterns, and cups of various shape, there were no less than 980 of the small handleless unpainted cups so common in Mycenaean houses—by far the largest hoard of them found in any room.
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 10.—Hagios Nikolaos
Authors: Tod Marcus Niebuhr 
Published: October 2013

On March 31st, 1903, and the three following days I conducted a trial excavation at a site situated at about an hour's distance from Roussolakkos, and known as Hagios Nikolaos from a small church of that name. During the first three days I employed ten men, on the fourth only two.The most prominent feature of the landscape is the height called Módhi (1776 ft.). From the foot of this there runs almost due east a deep valley with a river-bed, which, although quite dry at the time when I saw it, must sometimes carry off a considerable volume of water from the surrounding hills. The valley is at first narrow and its sides very steep, but a little way above the chapel it broadens out considerably: although the left bank is steep and in places almost precipitous, the right side rises in a gentle slope, forming a series of terraces which are under cultivation and afford a good harvest in spite of the stony character of the soil. It is on this southern slope that the chapel stands, situated on a small outcrop of rock and surrounded by cornfields.