bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TOURISM, RESIDENTS’ WELFARE AND ECONOMIC CHOICE: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Meleddu Marta 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOver the past decades, tourism development has raised economics, social and environmental issues, particularly for host communities. This paper provides a wide ranging review of the existing literature aimed at underpinning empirical tourism research with a robust economic framework. So far, tourism research has mostly focused on either quantitative or qualitative approaches that lack a strong economic theoretical setting. Most of the literature on resident's welfare analysis concentrates on their attitudes and perceptions without taking explicitly into account their preferences about policy development based on a cost‐benefit assessment. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to draw connections within the current body of research to explain the relationship between residents and tourism activity, as well as consumer theory and economic choice. In this way, it is possible to construct a multidimensional framework that allows one to analyse residents’ welfare in a systematic and more comprehensive manner.
Advances in Identification of Clinical Yeast Isolates by Use of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Buchan Blake W. , Ledeboer Nathan A. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)-based identification is being adopted by clinical laboratories for routine identification of microorganisms. To date, the majority of studies have focused on the performance and optimization of MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of bacterial isolates. We review recent literature describing the use of MALDI-TOF MS for the routine identification of a variety of yeasts and yeast-like isolates. Specific topics include the effect of optimized or streamlined extraction methods, modified scoring thresholds, expanded reference libraries, and the possibility of conducting antifungal susceptibility testing using MALDI-TOF MS.
Should all acutely ill medical patients be treated with antithrombotic drugs?
Authors: Perri Ludovica , Loffredo Lorenzo , Violi Francesco 
Published: February 2013

SummaryAfter reports from observational studies suggesting an association between acutely ill medical patients and venous thromboembolism (VTE), interventional trials with anticoagulants drugs have demonstrated a significant reduction of VTE during and immediately after hospitalisation. Although several guidelines suggest the clinical relevance of reducing this outcome, there is a low tendency to use anticoagulants in patients hospitalised for acute medical illness. We speculated that such underuse may be dependent on a low perception that patients included in the trials are actually at risk of thromboembolism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the clinical settings included in the interventional trials and their relationship with thrombotic risk. Analysis of interventional trials revealed that the majority of patients included in the trials (about 80%) were affected by heart failure, acute respiratory syndrome or infections. Among these three illnesses, literature data shows an association with venous thrombosis only in patients with acute infections; this finding was, however, supported only by retrospective study. On the contrary, there is scarce or no evidence that heart failure and acute respiratory syndrome are associated with venous thrombosis. These data underscore the need of better defining the thrombotic risk profile of acutely ill medical patients included in interventional trials with anticoagulants.
The story of artesunate–mefloquine (ASMQ), innovative partnerships in drug development: case study
Authors: Wells Susan , Diap Graciela , Kiechel Jean-René 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background
The Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) is a not-for profit organization committed to providing affordable medicines and access to treatments in resource-poor settings. Traditionally drug development has happened “in house” within pharmaceutical companies, with research and development costs ultimately recuperated through drug sales. The development of drugs for the treatment of neglected tropical diseases requires a completely different model that goes beyond the scope of market-driven research and development.
Artesunate and mefloquine are well-established drugs for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria, with a strong safety record based on many years of field-based studies and use. The administration of such artemisinin-based combination therapy in a fixed-dose combination is expected to improve patient compliance and to reduce the risk of emerging drug resistance.

Case description
DNDi developed an innovative approach to drug development, reliant on strong collaborations with a wide range of partners from the commercial world, academia, government institutions and NGOs, each of which had a specific role to play in the development of a fixed dose combination of artesunate and mefloquine.

Discussion and evaluation
DNDi undertook the development of a fixed-dose combination of artesunate with mefloquine. Partnerships were formed across five continents, addressing formulation, control and production through to clinical trials and product registration, resulting in a safe and efficacious fixed dose combination treatment which is now available to treat patients in resource-poor settings. The south-south technology transfer of production from Farmanguinhos/Fiocruz in Brazil to Cipla Ltd in India was the first of its kind. Of additional benefit was the increased capacity within the knowledge base and infrastructure in developing countries.

Conclusions
This collaborative approach to drug development involving international partnerships and independent funding mechanisms is a powerful new way to develop drugs for tropical diseases.
Effects of donepezil 23 mg on Severe Impairment Battery domains in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: evaluating the impact of baseline severity
Authors: Ferris Steven , Cummings Jeffrey , Christensen Daniel , Doody Rachelle , Farlow Martin , Sabbagh Marwan , Liu Liang , Mackell Joan , Fain Randi 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Introduction
The US Food and Drug Administration approved a 23 mg daily dose of donepezil for treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on outcomes from a large trial comparing the 23 mg/day dose with the standard 10 mg/day dose. Results from this study indicated that after 24 weeks, donepezil 23 mg/day provided significant cognitive benefits over donepezil 10 mg/day, measured using the Severe Impairment Battery (SIB). In the analyses reported herein, we further characterize the range of cognitive domains impacted by treatment with donepezil 23 mg/day.

Methods
A post hoc analysis was conducted using data from a 24-week, randomized, double-blind trial comparing donepezil 23 mg/day versus 10 mg/day in 1,467 patients with moderate to severe AD (baseline Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score 0 to 20). Changes from baseline to week 24 in the nine SIB domain scores were analyzed in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population (baseline MMSE 0 to 20), in patients with more severe baseline AD (MMSE 0 to 16), and in severity strata based on baseline MMSE scores (0 to 5, 6 to 10, 11 to 15, 16 to 20).

Results
In the ITT population, changes in six of the nine SIB domains favored donepezil 23 mg/day over donepezil 10 mg/day. LS mean treatment differences were significant for the language, visuospatial ability, and construction domains. In the more advanced cohort of patients (MMSE 0 to 16 at baseline), LS mean treatment differences were statistically significant favoring donepezil 23 mg/day in five of the nine domains: language, memory, visuospatial ability, attention, and construction. Descriptive analysis of LS mean changes in SIB domain scores in the four baseline severity strata showed variable patterns of response; overall, cognitive benefits of donepezil 23 mg/day were greatest in patients with MMSE scores of 0 to 15.

Conclusions
These results suggest that donepezil 23 mg/day provides benefits over 10 mg/day across a range of cognitive domains. The magnitude of benefit and domains impacted varied depending on the stage of AD; significant benefits with higher dose donepezil were most apparent at more advanced stages of AD and were most prominent in the language domain.
A Comparison of the Theoretical Relationship between HDL Size and the Ratio of HDL Cholesterol to Apolipoprotein A-I with Experimental Results from the Women's Health Study
Authors: Mazer Norman A , Giulianini Franco , Paynter Nina P , Jordan Paul , Mora Samia 
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUNDHDL size and composition vary among individuals and may be associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. We investigated the theoretical relationship between HDL size and composition using an updated version of the spherical model of lipoprotein structure proposed by Shen et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977;74:837–41.) and compared its predictions with experimental data from the Women's Health Study (WHS).METHODSThe Shen model was updated to predict the relationship between HDL diameter and the ratio of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) to apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) plasma concentrations (HDL-C/ApoA-I ratio). In the WHS (n = 26 772), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was used to measure the mean HDL diameter (dmean,NMR) and particle concentration (HDL-P); HDL-C and ApoA-I (mg/dL) were measured by standardized assays.RESULTSThe updated Shen model predicts a quasilinear increase of HDL diameter with the HDL-C/ApoA-I ratio, consistent with the dmean,NMR values from WHS, which ranged between 8.0 and 10.8 nm and correlated positively with the HDL-C/ApoA-I ratio (r = 0.608, P &lt; 2.2 × 10−16). The WHS data were further described by a linear regression equation: dWHS = 4.66 nm + 12.31(HDL-C/Apo-I), where dWHS is expressed in nanometers. The validity of this equation for estimating HDL size was assessed with data from cholesteryl ester transfer protein deficiency and pharmacologic inhibition. We also illustrate how HDL-P can be estimated from the HDL size and ApoA-I concentration.CONCLUSIONSThis study provides a large-scale experimental examination of the updated Shen model. The results offer new insights into HDL structure, composition and remodeling and suggest that the HDL-C/ApoA-I ratio might be a readily available biomarker for estimating HDL size and HDL-P.
Measurement interpretation and information measures in general probabilistic theory
Authors: Wu Zhaoqi , Zhu Chuanxi , Zhang Xiaozhi 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The incompatibility of dynamics postulate (unitary evolution) and the measurement postulate (wave-packet collapse) of quantum mechanics has recently been solved by Zurek from an information transfer perspective. Luo gave his derivation by relaxing the repeatability postulate. In this paper, we reconsider Luo’s derivation in the setting of general probabilistic theory (GPT). We also introduce the concept of sub- and super-fidelity in GPT and discuss their properties.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors, a New Option for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Albai Oana , Timar Bogdan , Diaconu Laura , Timar Romulus 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjective: Despite the diversity of antidiabetic medication currently available, lessthan half of the patients with type 2 diabetes meet the therapeutic targetsrecommended by the guidelines: HbA1c <7%, or even <6.5%. This study aimed toinvestigate the efficacy and safety of sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetesmellitus, with inadequate glycemic control, as well as the effects on cardiovascularrisk factors. Material and method: The study included 348 patients, 161 men(46.3%) and 187 women (53.7%), with mean age of 56.1 ± 6.2 years, who startedtreatment with sitagliptin, combined with either metformin, sulphonylurea or both.Results and discussions: Sitagliptin improved glycemic control reducing averageHbA1c with 1.1%; the average weight decreased with 1.7 kg after 24 weeks oftreatment, and the lipid profile improved significantly. Conclusions: Sitagliptinoffers a new therapeutic option in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, with theadvantage of a single dose oral administration.
Effects of climate change on mast‐flowering cues in a clonal montane herb, Veratrum tenuipetalum (Melanthiaceae)
Authors: Iler Amy M. , Inouye David W. 
Published: February 2013

• Premise of the study: Climate change threatens to alter the timing and magnitude of abiotic cues that synchronize mast flowering, such as temperature and precipitation. Climate change may therefore alter the frequency of masting, in turn affecting species in the community that use pulsed resources.• Methods: We used 29‐yr (1984–2012) records of climate and flowering to investigate proximate flowering cues for the clonal, mast‐flowering herb Veratrum tenuipetalum. Because clonal reproduction is tied to flowering in Veratrum, we used a parallel record of ramet abundance to examine the effects of masting on long‐term ramet abundance.• Key results: Cool summer temperatures 2 years before flowering were associated with a higher percentage of flowering in Veratrum populations, consistent with its life history. Ramet abundance increased by 9.5% ± 5.6% on average following mast years compared to an average loss of 0.73% ± 1.1% in nonmast years, and ramet abundance increased over the time frame of our records.• Conclusions: Ramet abundance has increased over the time frame of our records mainly because of clonal reproduction in masting years. If summer temperatures continue to increase at our site and Veratrum does not alter its climate thresholds, we predict that masting will become less frequent in this species, with consequent reduction in opportunities for both sexual and clonal reproduction.
Environmental Pediatrics
Authors: Magzamen Sheryl , Van Sickle David , Rose Laura D. , Cronk Christine 
Published: February 2013

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Review the effect of environmental exposures with the potential to cause harm on the health of children.

2.
Discuss the role pediatricians play in addressing environmental exposures in clinical practice.

3.
Determine how physicians can act individually and through professional and advocacy groups to improve childhood health outcomes by influencing environmental policy decisions.

Pediatricians now treat many childhood health problems that are caused or exacerbated by environmental factors. In fact, nearly all pediatricians report a past experience with a patient who was affected by an unhealthy exposure.
1
The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that more than 3 million children worldwide die each year due to environment-related causes.
2
The rapid physiological development during the pre- and postnatal period leaves children highly susceptible to the effects of deleterious environmental exposures. Exposures during critical windows of development likely have a cascading effect that can influence health and well-being throughout a child’s lifetime. Environmental influences also contribute to the health disparities among communities of color in our country.
L’observation d’un processus de création théâtrale par des adolescents et les effets sur le savoir artistique : autoethnographie d’une recherche
Authors: Chaîné Francine 
Published: February 2013

Cet article fait état d’une recherche qui s’est déroulée en compagnie d’adolescents inscrits dans un programme de concentration en art dramatique / théâtre1, engagés dans une démarche de création, des premiers balbutiements jusqu’aux représentations. Plus précisément, il traite d’un savoir sur cet art, issu de l’observation même des jeunes en action, et témoigne de ce que « l’art permet d’apprendre » (Eisner, 2002). En plus d’approfondir certains enjeux de cet art, le projet a permis d’amorcer une réflexion sur la formation des futurs enseignants dans un contexte universitaire. En conséquence, l’article vise à présenter les effets de cette recherche menée depuis quelques années et qui a favorisé l’émergence de nouveaux savoirs sur l’art dramatique / théâtre.
Dual factor delivery of CXCL12 and Exendin‐4 for improved survival and function of encapsulated beta cells under hypoxic conditions
Authors: Duncanson Stephanie , Sambanis Athanassios 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA bioartifical pancreas (BAP) remains a promising approach for treating insulin‐dependent diabetes. Several obstacles to the clinical implementation of a BAP remain, including hypoxia following implantation. Within native pancreatic islets, CXCL12 and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) act in a paracrine fashion to promote the survival, function, and proliferation of β‐cells. This work sought to investigate if the presentation of CXCL12 and delivery of a GLP‐1 receptor analog, Exendin‐4 (Ex‐4), alone and in combination, conferred pro‐survival and insulinotropic effects on an encapsulated β‐cell line, βTC‐tet, cultured under hypoxic conditions of 7.6 mmHg O2. Our findings indicate that presentation of CXCL12 in the encapsulation matrix completely abrogated apoptosis under hypoxic conditions. Delivery of Ex‐4 increased insulin secretion rate under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, and additionally reduced apoptosis under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, presentation of CXCL12 combined with Ex‐4 delivery significantly increased insulin secretion rate under hypoxic conditions compared to delivery of Ex‐4 alone. These findings demonstrate that the presentation of CXCL12 combined with the delivery of Ex‐4 may constitute a promising strategy for supporting β‐cell function and survival following transplantation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 2292–2300. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Understanding Professional Decisions: Invited Comment on The Impact of Media Reporting of High‐Profile Cases on Child Protection Medical Assessments by Ray et al. (Child Abuse Review22: 20–24. DOI:10.1002/car.2214)
Authors: Ayre Patrick 
Published: February 2013

Key Practitioner Messages

Professionals sometimes do the wrong things when they know the right things to do.
To improve practice, we need to study why they make mistakes just as much as what mistakes they make.
To understand why professionals make the decisions they do, we need to consider Nurture, Nature and Now.
Birth rates among female cancer survivors
Authors: Hartman Mikael , Liu Jenny , Czene Kamila , Miao Hui , Chia Kee Seng , Salim Agus , Verkooijen Helena M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBACKGROUND:More women of fertile age are long‐term survivors of cancer. However, population‐based data on birth rates of female cancer survivors are rare.METHODS:A total of 42,691 women ≤ 45 years with a history of cancer were identified from the Swedish Multi‐Generation Register and the Swedish Cancer Register, for whom relative birth rates were calculated as compared to the background population, ie, standardized birth ratios (SBRs). Independent factors associated with reduced birth rates among cancer survivors were estimated using Poisson modeling.RESULTS:Compared to the background population, cancer survivors were 27% less likely to give birth (SBR = 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.72‐0.75). Large difference in SBRs existed by cancer site, with high SBRs for survivors of melanoma skin, thoracic, head and neck, and thyroid cancers, and low SBRs for reproductive, breast, brain and eye, and hematopoietic cancer survivors. Parity status at diagnosis affected fertility: women who already had a child at the time of diagnosis were less likely to give birth (SBR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.48‐0.53) than were nulliparous women (SBR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.85‐0.90). Multivariate analysis showed that cancer site (reproductive organs), age at onset of cancer (< 12 years), and parity status were all significant and independent predictors of a reduced probability of giving birth after diagnosis.CONCLUSIONS:Cancer survivors are less likely to give birth compared with the background population. Large variations in the likelihood to give birth after diagnosis were seen according to age at onset, cancer site, and parity status at diagnosis. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Magnetic resonance imaging as a predictor of pathologic response in patients treated with neoadjuvant systemic treatment for operable breast cancer
Authors: De Los Santos Jennifer F. , Cantor Alan , Amos Keith D. , Forero Andres , Golshan Mehra , Horton Janet K. , Hudis Clifford A. , Hylton Nola M. , McGuire Kandace , Meric‐Bernstam Funda , Meszoely Ingrid M. , Nanda Rita , Hwang E. Shelley 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBACKGROUND:Increased pathologic complete response (pCR) rates observed with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) for some subsets of patients with invasive breast cancer have prompted interest in whether patients who achieved a pCR can be identified preoperatively and potentially spared the morbidity of surgery. The objective of this multicenter, retrospective study was to estimate the accuracy of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in predicting a pCR in the breast.METHODS:MRI studies at baseline and after the completion of NCT plus data regarding pathologic response were collected retrospectively from 746 women who received treatment at 8 institutions between 2002 and 2011. Tumors were characterized by immunohistochemical phenotype into 4 categories based on receptor expression: hormone (estrogen and progesterone) receptor (HR)‐positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐negative (n = 327), HR‐positive/HER2‐positive, (n = 148), HR‐negative/HER2‐positive, (n = 101), and triple‐negative (HR‐negative/HER2 negative; n = 155). In all, 194 of 249 patients (78%) with HER2‐positive tumors received trastuzumab. Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with radiographic complete response (rCR) and pCR were performed.RESULT:For the total group, the rCR and pCR rates were 182 of 746 patients (24%) and 179 of 746 patients (24%), respectively, and the highest pCR rate was observed for the triple‐negative subtype (57 of 155 patients; 37%) and the HER2‐positive subtype (38 of 101 patients; 38%). The overall accuracy of MRI for predicting pCR was 74%. The variables sensitivity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value, and accuracy differed significantly among tumor subtypes, and the greatest negative predictive value was observed in the triple‐negative (60%) and HER2‐positive (62%) subtypes.CONCLUSIONS:The overall accuracy of MRI for predicting pCR in invasive breast cancer patients who were receiving NCT was 74%. The performance of MRI differed between subtypes, possibly influenced by differences in pCR rates between groups. Future studies will determine whether MRI in combination with directed core biopsy improves the predictive value of MRI for pathologic response. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.