bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sec-containing TrxR1 is essential for self-sufficiency of cells by control of glucose-derived H2O2
Authors: Peng X , Mandal P K , Kaminskyy V O , Lindqvist A , Conrad M , Arnér E S J 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIt is commonly recognized that diabetic complications involve increased oxidative stress directly triggered by hyperglycemia. The most important cellular protective systems against such oxidative stress have yet remained unclear. Here we show that the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1), encoded by the Txnrd1 gene, is an essential enzyme for such protection. Individually grown Txnrd1 knockout (Txnrd1−/−) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) underwent massive cell death directly linked to glucose-induced H2O2 production. This death and excessive H2O2 levels could be reverted by reconstituted expression of selenocysteine (Sec)-containing TrxR1, but not by expression of Sec-devoid variants of the enzyme. Our results show that Sec-containing TrxR1 is absolutely required for self-sufficient growth of MEFs under high-glucose conditions, owing to an essential importance of this enzyme for elimination of glucose-derived H2O2. To our knowledge, this is the first time a strict Sec-dependent function of TrxR1 has been identified as being essential for mammalian cells.
The heat-shock response co-inducer arimoclomol protects against retinal degeneration in rhodopsin retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Parfitt D A , Aguila M , McCulley C H , Bevilacqua D , Mendes H F , Athanasiou D , Novoselov S S , Kanuga N , Munro P M , Coffey P J , Kalmar B , Greensmith L , Cheetham M E 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRetinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited diseases that cause blindness due to the progressive death of rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina. There are currently no effective treatments for RP. Inherited mutations in rhodopsin, the light-sensing protein of rod photoreceptor cells, are the most common cause of autosomal-dominant RP. The majority of mutations in rhodopsin, including the common P23H substitution, lead to protein misfolding, which is a feature in many neurodegenerative disorders. Previous studies have shown that upregulating molecular chaperone expression can delay disease progression in models of neurodegeneration. Here, we have explored the potential of the heat-shock protein co-inducer arimoclomol to ameliorate rhodopsin RP. In a cell model of P23H rod opsin RP, arimoclomol reduced P23H rod opsin aggregation and improved viability of mutant rhodopsin-expressing cells. In P23H rhodopsin transgenic rat models, pharmacological potentiation of the stress response with arimoclomol improved electroretinogram responses and prolonged photoreceptor survival, as assessed by measuring outer nuclear layer thickness in the retina. Furthermore, treated animal retinae showed improved photoreceptor outer segment structure and reduced rhodopsin aggregation compared with vehicle-treated controls. The heat-shock response (HSR) was activated in P23H retinae, and this was enhanced with arimoclomol treatment. Furthermore, the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is induced in P23H transgenic rats, was also enhanced in the retinae of arimoclomol-treated animals, suggesting that arimoclomol can potentiate the UPR as well as the HSR. These data suggest that pharmacological enhancement of cellular stress responses may be a potential treatment for rhodopsin RP and that arimoclomol could benefit diseases where ER stress is a factor.
SPAG5 upregulation predicts poor prognosis in cervical cancer patients and alters sensitivity to taxol treatment via the mTOR signaling pathway
Authors: Yuan L-J , Li J-D , Zhang L , Wang J-H , Wan T , Zhou Y , Tu H , Yun J-P , Luo R-Z , Jia W-H , Zheng M 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPreviously, we found that sperm-associated antigen 5 (SPAG5) was upregulated in pelvic lymph node metastasis–positive cervical cancer. The aim of this study is to examine the role of SPAG5 in the proliferation and tumorigenicity of cervical cancer and its clinical significance in tumor progression. In our study, SPAG5 expression in cervical cancer patients was detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry; cervical cancer cell function with downregulated SPAG5 in vitro was explored using tetrazolium assay, flow cytometry, and colony formation and Transwell assays. SPAG5 was upregulated in tumor tissue compared with paired adjacent noncancerous tissues; SPAG5 upregulation in tumor tissues indicated poor disease-free survival, which was also an independent prognostic indicator for cervical cancer patients. In vitro study demonstrated that SPAG5 downregulation inhibited cell proliferation and growth significantly by G2/M arrest and induction of apoptosis, and hindered cell migration and invasion. Under SPAG5 downregulation, the sensitivity of cervical cancer cells differed according to taxol dose, which correlated with mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway activity. In general, SPAG5 upregulation relates to poor prognosis in cervical cancer patients, and SPAG5 is a regulator of mTOR activity during taxol treatment in cervical cancer.
Direct observation of ionic structure at solid-liquid interfaces: a deep look into the Stern Layer
Authors: Siretanu Igor , Ebeling Daniel , Andersson Martin P. , Stipp S. L. Svane , Philipse Albert , Stuart Martien Cohen , van den Ende Dirk , Mugele Frieder 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe distribution of ions and charge at solid-water interfaces plays an essential role in a wide range of processes in biology, geology and technology. While theoretical models of the solid-electrolyte interface date back to the early 20th century, a detailed picture of the structure of the electric double layer has remained elusive, largely because of experimental techniques have not allowed direct observation of the behaviour of ions, i.e. with subnanometer resolution. We have made use of recent advances in high-resolution Atomic Force Microscopy to reveal, with atomic level precision, the ordered adsorption of the mono- and divalent ions that are common in natural environments to heterogeneous gibbsite/silica surfaces in contact with aqueous electrolytes. Complemented by density functional theory, our experiments produce a detailed picture of the formation of surface phases by templated adsorption of cations, anions and water, stabilized by hydrogen bonding.
Approaching real‐time terahertz imaging with photo‐induced coded apertures and compressed sensing
Authors: Shams M.I.B. , Jiang Z. , Rahman S. , Qayyum J. , Cheng L.‐J. , Xing H. G. , Fay P. , Liu L. 
Published: May 2014

Photo‐induced coded‐aperture imaging (PI‐CAI) based on compressed sensing (CS) at 590 GHz using a WR‐1.5 (500–750 GHz) vector network analyser is demonstrated. For a 256‐pixel (16 × 16) frame, the acquisition time can be reduced by 40%, as compared with PI‐CAI without CS, while maintaining high imaging quality. On the basis of this approach, it is envisioned that real‐time (26 fps) THz imaging with 1000 pixels (32 × 32) can be realised using high‐speed digital micromirror device chipsets and optimised data‐acquisition software.
A Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Atlantoaxial Dislocations
Authors: Yang Sun Y. , Boniello Anthony J. , Poorman Caroline E. , Chang Andy L. , Wang Shenglin , Passias Peter G. 
Published: May 2014

Study Design Literature review. Objective Atlantoaxial dislocation (AAD) is a rare and potentially fatal disturbance to the normal occipital-cervical anatomy that affects some populations disproportionately, which may cause permanent neurologic deficits or sagittal deformity if not treated in a timely and appropriate manner. Currently, there is a lack of consensus among surgeons on the best approach to diagnose, characterize, and treat this condition. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive review of the literature to identify timely and effective diagnostic techniques and treatment modalities of AAD. Methods This review examined all articles published concerning “atlantoaxial dislocation” or “atlantoaxial subluxation” on the PubMed database. We included 112 articles published between 1966 and 2014. Results Results of these studies are summarized primarily as defining AAD, the normal anatomy, etiology of dislocation, clinical presentation, diagnostic techniques, classification, and recommendations for timely treatment modalities. Conclusions The Wang Classification System provides a practical means to diagnose and treat AAD. However, future research is required to identify the most salient intervention component or combination of components that lead to the best outcomes.
Communication: Nanosize-induced restructuring of Sn nanoparticles
Authors: Sabet Sareh , Kaghazchi Payam 
Published: May 2014

Stabilities and structures of β- and α-Sn nanoparticles are studied using density functional theory. Results show that β-Sn nanoparticles are more stable. For both phases of Sn, nanoparticles smaller than 1 nm (∼48 atoms) are amorphous and have a band gap between 0.4 and 0.7 eV. The formation of band gap is found to be due to amorphization. By increasing the size of Sn nanoparticles (1–2.4 nm), the degree of crystallization increases and the band gap decreases. In these cases, structures of the core of nanoparticles are bulk-like, but structures of surfaces on the faces undergo reconstruction. This study suggests a strong size dependence of electronic and atomic structures for Sn nanoparticle anodes in Li-ion batteries.
Molecular-crowding effects on single-molecule RNA folding/unfolding thermodynamics and kinetics
Authors: Dupuis Nicholas F. , Holmstrom Erik D. , Nesbitt David J. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
The cell cytoplasm is a multicomponent solution that is much more concentrated than typically sampled in conventional in vitro studies. The presence of cosolutes can strongly influence biomolecular folding due to “molecular-crowding” effects, which are poorly understood and yet crucial to understand. In this study, the thermodynamics/kinetics of “crowding” effects are probed at the single-molecule level for an isolated RNA tertiary interaction. We observe dramatic stabilization of the folded state and, for the first time (to our knowledge), establish the kinetic origin of molecular crowding to be dominated by entropic acceleration of folding.
Prokaryotic NavMs channel as a structural and functional model for eukaryotic sodium channel antagonism
Authors: Bagnéris Claire , DeCaen Paul G. , Naylor Claire E. , Pryde David C. , Nobeli Irene , Clapham David E. , Wallace B. A. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
Many drugs used to treat pain, epilepsy, and cardiac arrhythmias target human voltage-gated sodium-selective channels. Surprisingly, we found that a bacterial voltage-gated sodium channel is also inhibited by many eukaryotic sodium channel antagonists. This bacterial channel was crystallized with several brominated blocker compounds, and the high-resolution structures reveal a common antagonist binding site in the cavity of the pore. Electrophysiology studies of channels with mutations at adjacent residues validate the site. These results suggest that despite millions of years of evolution separating human and bacterial sodium channels, these simple bacterial channels can be a valuable tool for screening and rational design of human drugs.
Structural analysis and characterization of new small serum proteins from the serum of a venomous snake (Gloydius blomhoffii)
Authors: Shioi Narumi , Deshimaru Masanobu , Terada Shigeyuki 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Some snakes have several anti-toxic proteins in their sera that neutralize their own venom. Five new small serum proteins (SSPs) were isolated from Japanese mamushi (Gloydius blomhoffii) serum by gel-filtration and RP-HPLC, and their N-Terminal sequences were determined. The amino acid sequences of the precursor proteins were deduced from the nucleotide sequences of cDNAs encoding them. Due to the sequence similarity to those of SSPs in habu snake (Protobothrops flavoviridis) serum (&gt;75% identity), these proteins were designated mSSP-1 to mSSP-5 as the homologs of habu proteins. mSSP-1 was stable at 100 °C and in the pH range of 1–10, and inhibited the proteolytic activity of a certain snake venom metalloproteinase. The inhibitory activity was extinguished by modifying the amino groups of mSSP-1. mSSP-1 is the first prostate secretory protein of the 94 amino acid-family protein with a carbohydrate chain in the Asn37 residue.
Introduction
Authors: Raith Charles 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The introductory chapter lays the framework for understanding the significance and methodology of the analysis of Calvin’s and Aquinas’s commentaries on Romans. It engages current scholarship on Calvin and the topic of soteriological participation and demonstrates why the present book is a needed correction to this field of study. The chapter then provides necessary historical and theological qualifications for properly conducting a comparative analysis of Aquinas and Calvin on Romans. It then discusses the significance of Paul’s letter to the Romans for both Aquinas and Calvin and concludes with a summary of the chapters that follow.
Abraham
Authors: Raith Charles 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This chapter highlights the implications of Aquinas’s and Calvin’s readings of Romans 1–3 for their respective interpretations of father Abraham. Important for their interpretations of Romans 4 is whether justification enables the believer to participate in Christ’s justice according to the believer’s own mode of existence (Aquinas), or whether God’s forgiveness of sins and the imputation of Christ’s righteousness should be contrasted with the possession of the quality of justness (Calvin). The difference between these two interpretive moves means that Calvin draws a strong contrast between justification by faith and merit, as well as between justification by faith and by works, while Aquinas affirms justification by faith without drawing the contrast with merit and works. Informing Calvin’s criticisms against merit is his interpretation of meritorious acts in competitive-causal terms, with human willing occurring in autonomous terms, separate from God’s causal activity.
Defining prosody
Authors: Ladd D. Robert 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe term prosody has been used with greatly varying meanings. The term was coined in classical times to refer to the word accents of ancient Greek, but gradually spread to cover many phonetic features that were not represented in alphabetic writing, including intonation, rhythm, and pausing or phrasing, and then the structure of verse. In modern linguistics, the term (especially in the adjectival form prosodic) has undergone a comparable expansion since the early twentieth century, implicitly based on what is represented in IPA segmental transcription, and with few attempts to provide a serious definition. There are a number of oppositions that may provide defining criteria, including filter vs. source, verbal vs. non-verbal, short domain vs. long domain, and paradigmatic vs. syntagmatic. However, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that prosody consists of at least two distinct subsets of phenomena, the broadly autosegmental and the broadly metrical.
On duality of patterning
Authors: Ladd D. Robert 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLanguage is often said to exhibit ‘duality of patterning’ (Hockett) or ‘double articulation’ (Martinet): an open-ended inventory of meaningful elements (morphemes or words) is composed of a closed inventory of meaningless ones (phonemes). But the definition of this design feature is elusive, and it is often conflated with productivity or arbitrariness. These confusions betray the influence of widespread unexamined assumptions about phonology, including the idea that all distinctive phonetic properties of a language are exhaustively incorporated in a closed inventory of phonemes, and the idea that phonological structure is essentially linear. These ideas are incompatible with the nature of analogues to phonology in signed languages and Chinese writing. The essence of duality of patterning is a distinction between linguistic structures composed of meaningful elements (morphology and syntax) and the internal structure of meaningful elements themselves (phonology)
Knowing What To Do
Authors: Chappell Timothy 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis book develops a picture of what philosophical ethics can be like, once set from the idealizing and reductive pressures of conventional moral theory. Its question is ‘How are we to know what to do?’, and its answer is ‘By developing our moral imaginations’. The series of studies that constitute this book contribute to the case that the imagination is a key part of human excellence or virtue by showing that it plays a wide variety of different roles in our practical and evaluative lives. There is no short-cut or formulaic way of knowing what to do; but the longer and more painstaking approach is more rewarding anyway. This approach involves developing our repertoire of natural human capacities for imagination, open deliberation, and contemplative attention to the world, the people, and the reality of value around us.
Introduction
Authors: Chappell Sophie Grace 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIntroduces and summarizes the rest of the book. Introduces the central themes: in particular the contrast between negative critique of systematic moral theory, and the positive project of replacing it with something else. Connections are made with the previously-pursued project of making out the notion of an ‘ethical outlook’. Three particular defects of systematic moral theory are noted: intellectual imperialism, detail in the wrong place, and motivational dryness.
Beauty and Nobility in Ethics
Authors: Chappell Sophie Grace 
Published: May 2014

AbstractContinuing the project begun in Chapter 7, of suggesting ways in which we might expand our repertoire of (recognized) ethical concepts, this chapter develops the idea that tou kalou heneka, ‘for the sake of The Fine’, or ‘The Beautiful’, is a name for one important kind of practical-rational intelligibility. Or rather, several important kinds: there are plenty of complexities within the idea which it will be interesting to explore. One thing we can learn from these explorations is that our practical reasons are much less structured, much more piecemeal, particular, and bitty, than moral philosophers generally like to think. Another lesson is one way to answer the familiar question ‘Why be moral?’
A Conceptual Framework for Technology-Assisted Music Learning
Authors: Bauer William I. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This chapter serves as an introduction to the book and the Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) conceptual framework around which the book is designed. The discussion situates the use of technology for music learning within a context of technology’s role in general education, society, and our daily lives. Drawing on the research literature, the point is made that technology hasn’t become a truly integrated aspect of many music classrooms. Taking the position that a major reason for this is that most music teachers don’t have the complete knowledge and skill set (TPACK) necessary to effectively incorporate technology into classes and rehearsals, the TPACK model is introduced as an approach that may be advantageous. The model is explained, with applications to music provided.
Creating Music
Authors: Bauer William I. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractGrounded in the research and best practice literature, chapter 3 discusses concepts and skills, pedagogies, and technology related to musical creativity. Creativity is usually an assumed part of being musical. While there are creative aspects to a variety of musical activities – for instance developing an interpretation of a musical composition involves creative thinking – the focus in this chapter is on the development of original musical ideas through two primary musical processes, improvisation and composition. The chapter provides an overview of creativity, discusses the process of learning to improvise and compose, describes pedagogical strategies to use with students, and suggests technological tools that can support creative musical experiences. Contemporary approaches to musical creativity such as remixing and mashups are also addressed.
Responding to Music
Authors: Bauer William I. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractGrounded in the research and best practice literature, chapter 5 discusses concepts and skills, pedagogies, and technologies related to human response to music. All people respond to music in a variety of ways. Music educators strive to develop students’ abilities to listen to and describe music, analyze and evaluate it, understand its historical and cultural contexts, and appreciate its relationships to other disciplines, including other art forms. Numerous technological tools are capable of supporting student learning in these aspects of music. They may also provide a means to respond to musical stimuli. By aligning musical outcomes related to responding to music with appropriate pedagogies and supporting technologies, music educators can assist students in their continuing development of knowledge and skills essential for meaningful, lifelong involvement with music.
Instructional Design
Authors: Bauer William I. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Learning is contextual, active, social, and reflective. Learners construct their own understanding by connecting prior knowledge to new information. Technology, when properly utilized, can facilitate these natural learning processes. This chapter discusses fundamental principles of human learning as they apply to the design of lessons, units, and curricula that include technology. Design models described include project based learning and backwards design, two approaches that often utilize technology and value the development of student 21st century skills such as creativity, critical thinking, communication, and collaboration. Technology is also a tool music educators can use to differentiate instruction and to provide learning support to special needs students. Finally, when engaged in instructional design that includes technology, music educators and their students need to be cognizant of copyright laws, utilizing public domain and Creative Commons media and materials whenever possible.
Productivity and Professional Development
Authors: Bauer William I. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThere are numerous ways in which technology can improve the productivity of music educators, helping to make administrative and organizational tasks more efficient and effective. This chapter describes a variety of technological tools that can be used to facilitate overall organization, communication, public relations and advocacy, the creation and acquisition of instructional support materials, data management, travel, and maintenance of financial records, all of which are typical responsibilities of music teachers. Technology can also be useful for continuing professional development. From informal Personal Learning Networks to formalized graduate degree programs, technology can empower music educators with personalized, sustained, flexible, and social professional learning opportunities. Taken together, these approaches to professional development can help music educators continually develop and refine their TPACK, facilitating an ongoing upward spiral of the knowledge and skills necessary for music learning today.