bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Color reproduction with a various number of sub‐pixels
Authors: Kanazawa Masaru 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMonochrome reflective‐type displays are widely used for portable reading applications such as electric papers because this type does not need a back light unit and can be used outdoors for a long time. Color reflective‐type displays without back light units are desired to expand the market further. The current color reproduction is based on three sub‐pixel red, green and blue (RGB) methods, and when used in reflective type, its luminance is reduced to a third of that of monochrome type. Adding a white sub‐pixel to the current method can improve the luminance, making the sub‐pixel number four. However, in the case of a high resolution display with a four‐sub‐pixel method, the pixel structure is complex, and the luminance improvement may be limited. Instead of increasing the sub‐pixel number, two sub‐pixel methods are investigated. These methods can improve luminance with limited color gamut. The performances are compared with those of other methods quantitatively.
Protein structural ensembles are revealed by redefining X-ray electron density noise
Authors: Lang P. Therese , Holton James M. , Fraser James S. , Alber Tom 
Published: December 2013

Significance
This work presents computational solutions to two longstanding problems in protein structure determination using X-ray crystallography. Together, these methods reveal that the electron density threshold for discovering alternative protein and ligand conformations is much lower than the standard cutoff for structural modeling. Three broad applications illustrate that the features present in weak electron density can reveal important, unanticipated conformational heterogeneity in proteins. The methods introduced here help convert X-ray crystallography from the principal technique to obtain “snapshots” of biological molecules to an approach that also can reveal the signatures of molecular motions that are potentially important for function. These advances have broad implications for developing drugs and understanding protein mechanisms.
On Near Optimal Lattice Quantization of Multi‐Dimensional Data Points
Authors: Finckh M. , Dammertz H. , Lensch H. P. A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractOne of the most elementary application of a lattice is the quantization of real‐valued s‐dimensional vectors into finite bit precision to make them representable by a digital computer. Most often, the simple s‐dimensional regular grid is used for this task where each component of the vector is quantized individually. However, it is known that other lattices perform better regarding the average quantization error. A rank‐1 lattices is a special type of lattice, where the lattice points can be described by a single s‐dimensional generator vector. Further, the number of points inside the unit cube [0, 1)s is arbitrary and can be directly enumerated by a single one‐dimensional integer value. By choosing a suitable generator vector the minimum distance between the lattice points can be maximized which, as we show, leads to a nearly optimal mean quantization error. We present methods for finding parameters for s‐dimensional maximized minimum distance rank‐1 lattices and further show their practical use in computer graphics applications.
Novel Non-Concentrated Solar Collector for Solar-Powered Chemical Reactions
Authors: Real Daniel , Hotz Nico 
Published: December 2013

The purpose of this study is the proof that non-concentrating solar-thermal collectors can supply the thermal energy needed to power endothermic chemical reactions such as steam reforming of alcoholic (bio-) fuels. Traditional steam reformers require the combustion of up to 50% of the primary fuel to enable the endothermic reforming reaction. Our goal is to use a selective solar absorber coating on top of a collector-reactor surrounded by vacuum insulation. For methanol reforming, a reaction temperature of 220–250°C is required for effective methanol-to-hydrogen conversion. A multilayer absorber coating (TiNOX) is used, as well as a turbomolecular pump to reach ultra-high. The collector-reactor is made of copper tubes and plates and a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst is integrated in a porous ceramic structure towards the end of the reactor tube. The device is tested under 1000 W/m2 solar irradiation (using an ABB class solar simulator, air mass 1.5).
Numerical and experimental results show that convective and conductive heat losses are eliminated at vacuum pressures of <10−4 Torr. By reducing radiative losses through chemical polishing of the non-absorbing surfaces, the methanol-water mixture can be effectively heated to 240–250°C and converted to hydrogen-rich gas mixture. For liquid methanol-water inlet flow rates up to 1 ml/min per m2 of solar collector area can be converted to hydrogen with a methanol conversion rate above 90%.
This study will present the design and fabrication of the solar collector-reactor, its testing and optimization, and its integration into an entire hydrogen-fed Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cell system.
Flame-Made CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 Catalyst for Methanol Steam Reforming
Authors: Lim Emmanuel , Visutipol Teeravit , Peng Wen , Hotz Nico 
Published: December 2013

In the present study, a catalyst produced by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) was evaluated for its ability to produce hydrogen-rich gas mixtures. Catalyst particles fabricated by a novel flame spray pyrolysis method resulting in a highly active catalyst with high surface-to-volume ratio were compared to a commercially produced catalyst (BASF F3-01). Both catalysts consisted of CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 of identical composition (CuO 40wt%, ZnO 40wt%, Al2O3 20wt%). Reaction temperatures between 220 and 295 °C, methanol-water inlet flow rates between 2 and 50 μl/min, and reactor masses between 25 and 100 mg were tested for their effect on methanol conversion and the production of undesired carbon monoxide. 100% methanol conversion can be easily achieved within the operational conditions mentioned for this flame-made catalyst — at reactor temperatures of 255 °C (achievable with non-concentrating solar collectors) more than 80% methanol conversion can be reached for methanol-water inlet flow rates as high as 10 μl/min. The FSP catalyst demonstrates similar catalytic abilities as the BASF, produces a consistent gas composition and produces lower overall CO production. Furthermore, the FSP catalyst demonstrates a better suitability to fuel cell use through its higher resistance to degradation and smaller production of carbon monoxide over long-term use.
In the present study, the merits of using flame spray pyrolysis to produce CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 methanol steam reforming catalysts are examined, and directly compared to catalysts that are commercially produced in bulk pellet form, and then ground and sieved. The comparison is performed from several different perspectives: catalytic activity and CO production at various temperatures and fuel inlet flow rates; surface and structure characteristics are determined via scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy; surface area characteristics are determined via BET tests.
Disruption of STAT3 by Niclosamide Reverses Radioresistance of Human Lung Cancer
Authors: You Shuo , Li Rui , Park Dongkyoo , Xie Maohua , Sica Gabriel L. , Cao Ya , Xiao Zhi-Qiang , Deng Xingming 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A major challenge affecting the outcomes of patients with lung cancer is the development of acquired radioresistance. However, the mechanisms underlying the development of resistance to therapy are not fully understood. Here, we discovered that ionizing radiation induces phosphorylation of Janus-associated kinase (JAK)-2 and STAT3 in association with increased levels of Bcl2/Bcl-XL in various human lung cancer cells. To uncover new mechanism(s) of radioresistance of lung cancer, we established lung cancer cell model systems with acquired radioresistance. As compared with radiosensitive parental lung cancer cells (i.e., A549, H358, and H157), the JAK2/STAT3/Bcl2/Bcl-XL survival pathway is significantly more activated in acquired radioresistant lung cancer cells (i.e., A549-IRR, H358-IRR, and H157-IRR). Higher levels of STAT3 were found to be accumulated in the nucleus of radioresistant lung cancer cells. Niclosamide, a potent STAT3 inhibitor, can reduce STAT3 nuclear localization in radioresistant lung cancer cells. Intriguingly, either inhibition of STAT3 activity by niclosamide or depletion of STAT3 by RNA interference reverses radioresistance in vitro. Niclosamide alone or in combination with radiation overcame radioresistance in lung cancer xenografts. These findings uncover a novel mechanism of radioresistance and provide a more effective approach to overcome radioresistance by blocking the STAT3/Bcl2/Bcl-XL survival signaling pathway, which may potentially improve lung cancer outcome, especially for those patients who have resistance to radiotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(3); 606–16. ©2013 AACR.
Sensitization of human cancer cells to gemcitabine by the Chk1 inhibitor MK-8776: cell cycle perturbation and impact of administration schedule in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Montano Ryan , Thompson Ruth , Chung Injae , Hou Huagang , Khan Nadeem , Eastman Alan 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Background
Chk1 inhibitors have emerged as promising anticancer therapeutic agents particularly when combined with antimetabolites such as gemcitabine, cytarabine or hydroxyurea. Here, we address the importance of appropriate drug scheduling when gemcitabine is combined with the Chk1 inhibitor MK-8776, and the mechanisms involved in the schedule dependence.

Methods
Growth inhibition induced by gemcitabine plus MK-8776 was assessed across multiple cancer cell lines. Experiments used clinically relevant “bolus” administration of both drugs rather than continuous drug exposures. We assessed the effect of different treatment schedules on cell cycle perturbation and tumor cell growth in vitro and in xenograft tumor models.

Results
MK-8776 induced an average 7-fold sensitization to gemcitabine in 16 cancer cell lines. The time of MK-8776 administration significantly affected the response of tumor cells to gemcitabine. Although gemcitabine induced rapid cell cycle arrest, the stalled replication forks were not initially dependent on Chk1 for stability. By 18 h, RAD51 was loaded onto DNA indicative of homologous recombination. Inhibition of Chk1 at 18 h rapidly dissociated RAD51 leading to the collapse of replication forks and cell death. Addition of MK-8776 from 18–24 h after a 6-h incubation with gemcitabine induced much greater sensitization than if the two drugs were incubated concurrently for 6 h. The ability of this short incubation with MK-8776 to sensitize cells is critical because of the short half-life of MK-8776 in patients’ plasma. Cell cycle perturbation was also assessed in human pancreas tumor xenografts in mice. There was a dramatic accumulation of cells in S/G2 phase 18 h after gemcitabine administration, but cells had started to recover by 42 h. Administration of MK-8776 18 h after gemcitabine caused significantly delayed tumor growth compared to either drug alone, or when the two drugs were administered with only a 30 min interval.

Conclusions
There are two reasons why delayed addition of MK-8776 enhances sensitivity to gemcitabine: first, there is an increased number of cells arrested in S phase; and second, the arrested cells have adequate time to initiate recombination and thereby become Chk1 dependent. These results have important implications for the design of clinical trials using this drug combination.
Investigation of damping and toughness properties of epoxy-based nanocomposite using different reinforcement mechanisms: polymeric alloying, nanofiber, nanolayered, and nanoparticulate materials
Authors: Rostamiyan Yasser , Mashhadzadeh Amin Hamed , Fereidoon Abdolhossein 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn this study, structural damping and toughness characteristics of epoxy-based nanocomposite containing four different mechanisms of reinforcing investigated. These mechanisms are using multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) as nanofiber, clay as nanolayer, SiO2 as particulate nanofiller, and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) for polymeric alloying. The epoxy resin used was diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) cured by cycloaliphatic polyamine. Natural frequency and damping coefficient are computed from the Stochastic Subspace Identification-Data Driven (SSI-Data) method. These parameters measured by Laser Doppler Vibrometer. In addition, impact resistance of these four types of composites is tested. The test results are compared between different weight percent loading of each reinforcement and also between different mechanisms. Also, morphological properties of DGEBA/CNT, DGEBA/clay, DGEBA/SiO2, and DGEBA/HIPS were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Atypical clinic presentation of pandemic influenza A successfully rescued by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation — our experience and review of the literature
Authors: Bonacchi Massimo , Ciapetti Marco , Di Lascio Gabriella , Harmelin Guy , Sani Guido , Peris Adriano 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The novel pandemic influenza A (H1N1) caused an epidemic of critical illness, and some patients developed severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or severe cardiopulmonary failure despite the use of conventional management. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support may successfully rescue these severely ill patients. We demonstrate the causative role of H1N1 in refractory ARDS of a previously healthy 15-year-old man who presented to the intensive care unit with a hypoxic and persistent cardiogenic shock refractory to conventional management as the leading symptom of influenza A. Because of compromised cardiopulmonary function, venovenous ECMO was applied 24 h after admission. Despite that the patient was manifesting heart failure, we decided the placement of venovenous ECMO because we believed that the real problem was the uncontrollable hypoxia and hypercapnia. A normal left ventricular ejection fraction was documented on a 2D echocardiography on day 2. The patient, after 6 days of ECMO, recovered completely and was successfully weaned from the mechanical ventilator on the 9th day after admission. The patient was discharged from the hospital on the 15th day. This experience showed that ECMO can be lifesaving for severe H1N1 infection also in patients with atypical clinical presentation of influenza.
Synthesis of Geopolymer from Coal Fly Ash
Authors: Jha Vinay Kumar , Budhamagar Gautam Prasad 
Published: December 2013

In the present work, geopolymers have been synthesized from coal fly ash (CFA) using NaOH and Na2SiO3 as activators. Some parameters like alkali concentration, amount of Na2SiO3 and curing time have been varied in order to improve the quality of geopolymeric product. The geopolymerization process has been performed using 3-8M NaOH solutions, Na2SiO3 to CFA mass ratios of 0.25-1.25 and curing time variation from 5-15 days. The curing temperature was fixed at 40ºC in all cases. In the variation of NaOH concentration, the maximum compressive strength of 2.3 MPa was obtained with CFA treated with 6M NaOH solution. Similarly during the variation of amount of Na2SiO3, the maximum compressive strength of 17.6 MPa was obtained with Na2SiO3 to CFA mass ratio of 1.25. Furthermore, the compressive strength was found increasing up to 20.3 MPa with increasing curing time.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9331Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page: 24-28 Uploaded date: 12/16/2013
An Ecofriendly Alternative for the Removal of Cd (II) and Cu (II) from Aqueous Medium
Authors: Kour Jagjit , Cagnin M. , Homagai P. L. , Pokhrel M. R. , Ghimire K. N. , Masi A. 
Published: December 2013

Different types of agricultural waste materials have been explored for their efficiency in removing heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. A biomass of Desmostachya bipinnata (DB) was investigated as the potential bio-adsorbent for the removal of Cd (II)) and Cu (II) from wastewater. The surface of DB was chemically grafted with ethylenediamine. It was characterized by elemental, FTIR and SEM analysis. The maximum adsorption capacity of MDB in the removal of Cd (II) and Cu (II) were 30.4mg/g and 41.6 mg/g at their optimum pH 6 and 5, respectively. The experimental data followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic model The research results indicated that D. bipinnata can be an alternative, efficient and ecofriendly material for the removal of Cd (II) and Cu (II) from wastewater.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9333Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page: 37-44 Uploaded date: 12/16/2013
A New Process for the recovery of bio-accumulated cadmium from Scallops
Authors: Ghimire Kedar Nath 
Published: December 2013

A novel process for cadmium recovery from mid gut of scallops is investigated based on the systematic information of the process system. Adsorption of cadmium was accompanied according to the cation exchange mechanism and the equilibrium pH increased to around 7 due to the isomorphous substitution of cadmium with that calcium of SAJR. A complete recovery of cadmium has been achieved from the process that we have developed from this study.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9337Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page: 62-65 Uploaded date: 12/16/2013
Microwave-Induced Synthesis of Some Novel Fungicidal Pyrazole Derivatives
Authors: Mishra A. D. 
Published: December 2013

A series of novel pyrazole derivatives have been synthesized from propanoyl hydrazine and aromatic aldehydes under microwave irradiations. The reaction leads to condensation in ethanolic solution to give corresponding hydrazones which undergo subsequent cyclisation to furnish pyrazole derivatives in presence of formic acid. The reaction rate is enhanced considerably by using microwaves with excellent yield as compared to conventional heating method. The reactions took 4-7 minutes for completion with 78-92% yield. All the synthesized pyrazole derivatives showed promising antifungal activities against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus Flavus. Microwave-induced organic synthesis has been proved quite beneficial and eco-friendly method in terms of limited use of chemicals, short reaction time and good yield with higher degree of purity.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9385Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page: 138-142 Uploaded date: 12/20/2013
Photovoltaic Studies of Cd1-xCoxS Based Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Deshmukh L. P. , Mane S. T. , Lendave S. A. , Pingale P. C. , Suryawanshi R. V. , Pirgonde B. R. 
Published: December 2013

The Cd1-xCoxS (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) thin films were deposited on chemomechanically and ultrasonically cleaned stainless steel substrates by a liquid phase chemical bath deposition technique. The preparative parameters, (viz. growth temperature (56°C), deposition time (80 minutes), reaction pH (11±0.2) and the rate of mechanical churning (70±2)) and deposition conditions were used as optimized previously. The electrode/electrolyte interfaces were then set up between the n-type Cd1-xCoxS (0 ≤ x < 0.5) photosensing electrodes and a sulphide/polysulphide (0.25 M ) redox electrolyte in H-shaped corning glass cells. A graphite rod treated in a cobalt sulphate solution for 24 hours was employed as a counter electrode. The as- fabricated cells were then characterized through the voltage-current and voltage-capacitance characteristics in dark, photovoltaic power output characteristics under constant illumination, and different responses of the cells to incident light. The PV performance parameters such open-circuit photopotential (Vph), short circuit photocurrent (Iph), series and shunt resistances (Rs & Rsh), efficiency (η), form factor (ff), dark ideality factor (nd), ideality factor under illumination(nL), built-in potential (ΦB), dark current (ID), the flat band potential(Vfb), junction capacitance under flat band condition (cj), cut off wavelength(λc) and photogenerated carrier life time(τ) were evaluated for various cells with a special emphasis given to the electrode composition (x). In general, photovoltaic output performance of the Cd1-XCoXS based electrochemical cell is improved after Co implantation (x=0.1) in CdS.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9387Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page: 151-158 Uploaded date: 12/20/2013
The Isolation and Characterisation of Seco-phthalide Isoquinoline Alkaloid from Corydalis species
Authors: Jha Ram Narayan 
Published: December 2013

Chromatographic resolution of crude base fraction of the methanolic extract of the whole plant of Corydalis longipes on Silca-gel column yielded one Seco-phthalide isoquinoline alkaloid, N-methylhydrasteine hydroxyl lactam. Its structure was established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data analysis and comparison with spectroscopic data reported.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9389Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page: 165-167 Uploaded date: 12/20/2013
Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Features in Fellow Eyes of Patients with Idiopathic Macular Hole
Authors: Chhablani Jay , Kumar Kshitiz , Ali Tariq Reza , Narayanan Raja 
Published: December 2013

Purpose To describe the vitreomacular interface and foveal structural changes in fellow eyes of patients with idiopathic macular holes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods Retrospective analysis of consecutive medical records and SD-OCT images of the fellow eyes of patients with macular hole was done. Changes of the vitreoretinal interface and foveal structures on SD-OCT scan of the 101 fellow eyes of 101 subjects with full-thickness macular hole were studied and compared with 101 eyes of 101 age-matched healthy subjects. Results Sixty-four patients (57.65%) were female. Mean age at presentation was 60.44 ± 12.17 years. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in eyes with macular hole was 0.86 logMAR units and in fellow eyes was 0.41 logMAR units. Seven eyes had macular hole in the fellow eye at the time of presentation. The majority of the fellow eyes (87/101, 78.37%) were phakic. The average base diameter of macular hole was 1105 ± 451.63 μm. Incidence of vitreomacular traction, epiretinal membrane, lamellar hole, and inner foveal split was more common (<0.05) in fellow eyes in comparison to healthy eyes. In contrast, posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and perifoveal PVD was more common in age-matched control eyes. There was no statistically significant correlation between foveal abnormalities of fellow eyes with base diameter of eyes with macular hole, BCVA, and duration of symptoms. Conclusions Fellow eyes of patients with idiopathic macular hole have a high frequency of abnormal vitreoretinal interface and foveal abnormalities, which predisposes to formation of macular hole.
Interactions between externally forced climate signals from sunspot peaks and the internally generated Pacific Decadal and North Atlantic Oscillations
Authors: van Loon Harry , Meehl Gerald A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWhen the Pacific Decadal Oscillation is in phase with the 11 year sunspot cycle, there are positive sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies in the Gulf of Alaska, nearly no anomalous zonal SLP gradient across the equatorial Pacific, and a mix of small positive and negative sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies there. When the two indices are out of phase, positive SLP anomalies extend farther south in the Gulf of Alaska and west into eastern Russia, with a strengthened anomalous zonal equatorial Pacific SLP gradient and larger magnitude and more extensive negative SST anomalies along the equatorial Pacific. In the North Atlantic, when the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is in phase with the sunspot peaks, there is an intensified positive NAO SLP pattern. When the NAO is out of phase with the peaks, there is the opposite pattern (negative NAO). The relationships are physically consistent with previously identified processes and mechanisms and point the way to further research.