bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drug interactions with statins
Authors: Causevic-Ramosevac Anida , Semiz Sabina 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) are generally well tolerated as monotherapy. Statins are associated with two important adverse effects, asymptomatic elevation in liver enzymes and myopathy. Myopathy is most likely to occur when statins are administered with other drugs. Statins are substrates of multiple drug transporters (including OAT- -P1B1, BCRP and MDR1) and several cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (including CYP3A4, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9). Possible adverse effects of statins can occur due to interactions in concomitant use of drugs that substantially inhibit or induce their methabolic pathway. This review summarizes the most important interactions of statins.
Synthesis of the impurities during the manufacture of bulk drug midazolam and separation of these impurities by HPLC
Authors: Sati Bhawana , Sati Hemlata , Saklani Sarla ,   Ellamma, Bhatt Prakash Chandra , Mishra Ravinesh 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
During the manufacture of bulk drug midazolam various impurities arised that can be the related products or degradation products. Structures of eight impurities that can arise during the manufacture of bulk drug midazolam were proposed. In the present work, synthesis of these impurities and their characterization by different spectroscopic techniques have been done. HPLC method was developed for the separation of impurities from the bulk drug. The developed method separates midazolam from its eight impurities/degradation products within a run time of 45 min.
Methods of amorphization and investigation of the amorphous state
Authors: Einfalt Tomaž , Planinšek Odon , Hrovat Klemen 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The amorphous form of pharmaceutical materials represents the most energetic solid state of a material. It provides advantages in terms of dissolution rate and bioavailability. This review presents the methods of solid- -state amorphization described in literature (supercooling of liquids, milling, lyophilization, spray drying, dehydration of crystalline hydrates), with the emphasis on milling. Furthermore, we describe how amorphous state of pharmaceuticals differ depending on the method of preparation and how these differences can be screened by a variety of spectroscopic (X-ray powder diffraction, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance, atomic pairwise distribution, infrared spectroscopy, terahertz spectroscopy) and calorimetry methods.
Quantification of ascorbic acid and sodium ascorbate in powder blends for tableting and in vitamin C chewable tablets by NIR-chemometry
Authors: Tomuţă Ioan , Dudaş Dana , Vonica Andreea Loredana , Leucuţa Sorin E. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The paper proposes a near infrared method able to directly and simultaneously quantify ascorbic acid and sodium ascorbate in powder blends for tableting and in vitamin C chewable tablets without any sample preparation. In the first step, calibration models for the quantification of ascorbic acid and sodium ascorbate in powder blends for tableting and subsequently in chewable vitamin C tablets (corresponding to 80-120 % active substance) were developed according to an experimental design with 2 variables and 5 levels. Then, using the best calibration models, the methods were fully validated in terms of recovery, precision and accuracy for both powder blends and vitamin C chewable tablets. The validated concentration range was 15.14-18.51 % for ascorbic acid and 12.06-14.49 % for sodium ascorbate in powder blends and 91.85-111.03 mg per tablet for ascorbic acid and 71.01-84.50 mg per tablet for sodium ascorbate in tablets. Validation results showed good precision and accuracy.
Development and validation of RP HPLC method for determination of betamethasone dipropionate in gingival crevicular fluid
Authors: Bogdanovska Liljana , Popovska Mirjana , Dimitrovska Aneta , Petkovska Rumenka 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
A simple RP HPLC method for quantification of betamethasone dipropionate (BDP) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) has been developed and validated. GCF represents a valuable matrix for therapeutic monitoring of drugs used in the treatment of periodontal disease. The proposed method involves single step extraction for sample preparation. The calibration curve for BDP was linear over the concentration range of 0.10-2.00 μg mL-1 (R2 = 0.9971). RSD values of intra- and inter-day precision ranged 2.2-4.5 and 1.6-5.7 %, while accuracy values were higher than 96.6 and 97.0 %, respectively. The described method can be successfully applied for determination of betamethasone concentrations in GCF obtained from patients with chronic periodontitis after local treatment with BDP cream 0.5 mg g-1.
Thermal history of the Maramureş area (Northern Romania) constrained by zircon fission track analysis: Cretaceous metamorphism and Late Cretaceous to Paleocene exhumation
Authors: Gröger Heike R. , Tischler Matthias , Fügenschuh Bernhard , Schmid Stefan M. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This study presents zircon fission track data from the Bucovinian nappe stack (northern part of the Inner Eastern Carpathians, Rodna Mountains) and a neighbouring part of the Biharia nappe system (Preluca massif) in order to unravel the thermal history of the area and its structural evolution by integrating the fission track data with published data on the tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the area. The increase of metamorphic temperatures towards the SW detected by the zircon fission track data suggests SW-wards increasing tectonic overburden (up to at least 15 km) and hence top NE thrusting. Sub-greenschist facies conditions during the Alpine metamorphic overprint only caused partial annealing of fission tracks in zircon in the external main chain of the Central Eastern Carpathians. Full annealing of zircon points to at least 300 °C in the more internal elements (Rodna Mountains and Preluca massif). The zircon fission track central and single grain ages largely reflect Late Cretaceous cooling and exhumation. A combination of fission track data and stratigraphic constraints points to predominantly tectonic differential exhumation by some 7-11 km, connected to massive Late Cretaceous extension not yet detected in the area. Later events such as the latest Cretaceous (“Laramian”) juxtaposition of the nappe pile with the internal Moldavides, causing exhumation by erosion, re-burial by sedimentation and tectonic loading during the Cenozoic had no impact on the zircon fission track data; unfortunately it prevented a study of the low temperature part of the Late Cretaceous exhumation history.
Identity status and emotion regulation in adolescence and early adulthood
Authors: Jankowski Paweł 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The article presents the results of a study investigating the links between emotion regulation and identity. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the two variables. On the basis of neo-eriksonian theories, an attempt to specify the role of emotion regulation in the process of identity formation was made. The study involved 849 people (544 women, 304 men) aged 14-25. The participants attended six types of schools: lower secondary school, basic vocational school, technical upper secondary school, general upper secondary school, post-secondary school, and university. The research was conducted with the use of two questionnaires: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS). The analysis of the results points to a partial confirmation of the assumed hypotheses about the differences between people with different identity statuses in respect of the six investigated dimensions of emotion regulation. Also, the hypotheses about the links between the dimensions of emotion regulation and dimensions of identity in the subgroups with different identity statuses were partially confirmed.
Type of social participation and emotion regulation among upper secondary school students
Authors: Jankowski Paweł , Rękosiewicz Małgorzata 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The article presents the results of research on relationships between types of social participation and emotion regulation. In the study, Gratz’ and Roemer’s (2004) perspective on emotion regulation and Reinders’ and Butz’s (2001) concept of types of social participation were applied. Participants were 1151 students from three types of vocational schools: basic vocational school (n=266), technical upper secondary school (n=644), and specialized upper secondary school (n=241). The results of studies conducted with the use of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and Social Participation Questionnaire (SPQ-S 1) indicate that there are small, however, significant, differences in the levels of social participation dimensions and the frequency of particular types of social participation between students from the three investigated types of vocational schools. The level of transitive orientation turned out to be higher among students from the basic vocational schools than among students from the specialized upper secondary schools and the technical upper secondary schools. In each educational group, the level of transitive orientation was significantly higher than the level of moratorium orientation. The hypothesis about the relationship between dimensions of emotion regulation and types of social participation, particularly with respect to the dimension of “lack of emotional awareness”, was confirmed. The most effective style in terms of emotion regulation turned out to be the assimilation type. The highest level of emotion dysregulation proved to be connected with the segregation type.
Predictability of smoking onset among Romanian adolescents
Authors: Lotrean Lucia Maria , Mesters Ilse , Ionut Carmen , de Vries Hein 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Objectives: Research identifying reliable and country-specific predictors of smoking is needed in order to develop effective adolescent smoking prevention programmes. The objective of this study was to assess the cognitive and socio-demographic factors associated with smoking onset among Romanian teenagers, using both cross-sectional and longitudinal data.
Methods: The data were obtained from a two-wave, one-year longitudinal study carried out among 316 senior high school non-smokers from Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Questionnaires assessed smoking behaviour, attitudes, social influence, self-efficacy and intention regarding smoking (motivational variables) as well as different sociodemographic features.
Results: The cross-sectional analyses showed that socio-demographics and motivational variables were strongly associated with smoking behaviour; the explained variance was 76%. The longitudinal analyses revealed that four variables explained 33% of the variance in change of status from non-smoking to regular smoking over a period of one year. Regular smoking onset after one year was predicted by baseline low self-efficacy in refraining from smoking in different situations, having more smoking friends and playing truant from school. Having a brother was a protective factor.
Conclusion: The results suggest that smoking prevention programmes in Romania should strengthen self-efficacy beliefs and resistance against peer modelling and help Romanian young people to develop skills and action plans to cope with pressure to smoke and challenging situations.
Validation of Slovenian version of Jefferson scale of empathy for students
Authors: Šter Marija Petek , Šter Branko , Petek Davorina , Gorup Eva Cedilnik 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Objective: Empathy is the most frequently mentioned humanistic dimension of patient care and is considered to be an important quality in physicians. The importance of fostering the development of empathy in undergraduate students is continuously emphasised in international recommendations for medical education. Our aim was to validate and adapt the Slovenian version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy- Students version (JSE-S) on a sample of first-year medical students.
Methods: First-year students of the Medical faculty in Ljubljana participated in the research. JSE-S version, a selfadministered 20-item questionnaire, was used for collecting the data. Descriptive statistics at the item level and at the scale level, factor analysis, internal consistency and test-retest reliability (two weeks after the first administration) of the JSE-S were performed.
Results: 234 out of 298 (response rate 78.5%) students completed JSE-S. The mean score for the items on the 7-point Likert scale ranged from 3.27 (SD 1.72) to 6.50 (SD 0.82). The mean score for the scale (possible range from 20 to 140) was 107.6 (from 71 to 131, SD 12.6). Using factor analysis, we identified six factors, describing 57.2% of total variability. The Cronbach alpha as a measure of internal consistency was 0.79. The instrument has good temporal stability (test-retest reliability ICC = 0.703).
Conclusion: Findings support the construct validity and reliability of JSE-S for measuring empathy in medical students in Slovenia. Future research is required to evaluate factors contributing to empathy.
Current regulatory and market environment for biosimilars in Serbia
Authors: Pejović Gordana , Filipović Jovan 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Background: Biosimilars are currently a reality of the pharmaceutical market in the European Union. This paper describes the current regulatory policy for approving biosimilars both in the European Union and in Serbia, which is not a Member State. Also, a comprehensive analysis on biosimilars consumption data on the Serbian market has been performed.
Methods: The European Medicines Agency has established a series of biosimilar scientific guidelines that comprises a regulatory policy for biosimilars in the European Union. This has enabled different biosimilar products to be marketed, making the European Union biosimilar market the most developed one globally. In the paper, this regulatory environment has been analysed, emphasising all relevant biosimilar guidelines as well as marketed biosimilar medicines. Also, an analysis is performed on Serbian regulatory requirements for approving and marketing biosimilars, analysing the Serbian regulatory authority’s consumption data as well as data available from the National Health Insurance Institution.
Results: In the paper, the comprehensive analysis of the current European Union as well as Serbian regulatory environment has been presented, with a special emphasis on the Serbian market potential for biosimilar medicines. Detailed consumption data has been analysed for the period 2007-2011.
Conclusion: Serbia has good potential for biosimilar products, which is supported by national health insurance policy and the general trend of cutting the reimbursement costs for prescription medicines. Five year consumption data for biosimilars in Serbia shows that the Serbian biosimilars market is very small in terms of market share values, especially comparing to other large European biosimilar markets.
Magnitude of ocular trauma in a tertiary care hospital of western Nepal
Authors: Godar ST , Kaini KR , Amatya P , Joshi K , Singh L 
Published: October 2013

Background: Ocular injury is one of the major causes of monocular visual impairment and blindness worldwide, with significant socioeconomic impact. The present study was done to establish the incidence and identify the common causes of ocular trauma in a tertiary care hospital of western Nepal. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted at a teaching hospital in western Nepal from January 2012 to January 2013. All ocular trauma cases attending emergency and eye OPD were included in the study. A complete history and detailed ophthalmological evaluation was done. Results: Total number of cases was two hundred and nine. The incidence of ocular trauma was 1.74%. Average age of patients was 28.89±19.06 years. Maximum patients were from third decade of life and were males (66.5%). Majority of ocular trauma occurred in right eye and were sustained at the workplace. Only 2.4% of patients used protective agents. The cases presented to the hospital within 48 hours of injury were 71.8%. Maximum subjects didn’t use any medication before they presented to this hospital. Road traffic accident (RTA) was the commonest cause of ocular trauma followed by wood stick and fall injury. Conclusion: Males are more prone to ocular trauma. As the commonest cause is RTA and very few patients used protective devices so public awareness about eye health program and strict legislation for the use of protective devices may help to reduce the magnitude of ocular injury. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences | Volume 02 | Number 02 | July-December 2013 | Page 140-143 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v2i2.8964
Low Molecular Weight Antioxidants (LMWA) and their Orchestration
Authors: Lamichhane A , Chaudhary V , Sah NK , Singh M , Pandey R 
Published: October 2013

Every day we hear more and more about free radicals and how they are linked with innumerable diseases and health conditions from ageing to muscular degeneration and even some forms of cancer. The problem is not in knowing that these microscopic enemies exist. We know that they do! The problem is how to fight them so that they are rendered harmless. Under normal metabolic conditions each cell of human body is exposed to about 1010 molecules of superoxide anions (primary free radical) each day. For a person weighing 150 pounds, this amounts to about 4 pounds of superoxide per year, a substantial amount! Once formed, superoxide can react through catalytic pathways in the cell to form many other reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). The antioxidant defense system in the human body is extensive and consists of multiple layers, which protect against different types of ROS/RNS. Many of the biological effects of antioxidants appear to be related to their ability not only to scavenge the deleterious free radicals but also to modulate cell signalling pathways. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences | Volume 02 | Number 02 | July-December 2013 | Page 171-180 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v2i2.8971
Lomonosovfonna and Holtedahlfonna ice cores reveal east–west disparities of the Spitsbergen environment since AD 1700
Authors: Beaudon Emilie , Moore John C. , Martma Tõnu , Pohjola Veijo A. , Van de Wal Roderik S.W. , Kohler Jack , Isaksson Elisabeth 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAn ice core extracted from Holtedahlfonna ice cap, western Spitsbergen, record spanning the period 1700–2005, was analyzed for major ions. The leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) component is correlated with an index of summer melt (log([Na+]/[Mg2+]) from 1850 and shows that almost 50% of the variance can be attributed to seasonal melting since the beginning of the industrial revolution. The Holtedahlfonna δ18O value is less negative than in the more easterly Lomonosovfonna ice core, suggesting that moist air masses originate from a closer source, most likely the Greenland Sea. During the Little Ice Age the lower methanesulfonic acid (MSA) concentration and MSA non-sea-salt sulfate fraction are consistent with the Greenland Sea as the main source for biogenic ions in the ice cores. Both the melt index and the MSA fraction suggest that the early decades of the 18th century may have exhibited the coldest summers of the last 300 years in Svalbard. Ammonium concentrations rise from 1880, which may result from the warming of the Greenland Sea or from zonal differences in atmospheric pollution transport over Svalbard. During winter, neutralized aerosols are trapped within the tropospheric inversion layer, which is usually weaker over open seas than over sea ice, placing Holtedahlfonna within the inversion more frequently than Lomonosovfonna.
Inclusion of chloroplast genes that have undergone expansion misleads phylogenetic reconstruction in the Chlorophyta
Authors: Novis Phil M. , Smissen Rob , Buckley Thomas R. , Gopalakrishnan Kishore , Visnovsky Gabriel 
Published: October 2013

• Premise of the study: Chlorophytes comprise a substantial proportion of green plant diversity. However, sister‐group relationships and circumscription of the classes Chlorophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, and Ulvophyceae have been problematic to resolve. Some analyses support a sister relationship between the trebouxiophycean Leptosira and chlorophyceans, potentially altering the circumscription of two classes, also supported by a shared fragmentation in the chloroplast gene rpoB. We sought to determine whether the latter is a synapomorphy or whether the supporting analyses are vulnerable to systematic bias.• Methods: We sequenced a portion of rpoB spanning the fragmented region in strains for which it had not previously been sampled: four Chlorophyceae, six counterclockwise (CCW) group (ulvophyceans and trebouxiophyceans) and one streptophyte. We then explored the effect of subsampling proteins and taxa on phylogenetic reconstruction from a data set of 41 chloroplast proteins.• Key results: None of the CCW or streptophyte strains possessed the split in rpoB, including inferred near relatives of Leptosira, but it was found in all chlorophycean strains. We reconstructed alternative phylogenies (Leptosira + Chlorophyceae and Leptosira + Chlorellales) using two different protein groups (Rpo and Rps), both subject to coding‐region expansion. A conserved region of RpoB remained suitable for analysis of more recent divergences.• Conclusions: The Rps sequences can explain earlier findings linking Leptosira with the Chlorophyceae and should be excluded from phylogenetic analyses attempting to resolve deep nodes because their expansion violates the assumptions of substitution models. We reaffirm that Leptosira is a trebouxiophycean and that fragmentation of rpoB has occurred at least twice in chlorophyte evolution.
Voice recognition is here comma like it or not period
Authors: Fox Matthew A , Aschkenasi Carl J , Kalyanpur Arjun 
Published: October 2013

AbstractVoice recognition (VR) technology needs improvement, but is as integral to the current practice of radiology as Radiology Information Systems and Picture Archival and Communication Systems. In the 1990s, the radiology community gave VR technology a rather lukewarm reception, but since then it has emerged as the predominant method of radiology reporting in the United States. In this article, we examine how VR technology works, outline the positive and negative aspects of VR technology on work flow, identify common VR transcription errors and review the discussion on VR adoption in the recent literature. We add to the discussion our personal experiences in an international teleradiology group.
High-resolution ultrasound imaging of cutaneous lesions
Authors: Mandava Anitha , Ravuri Prabhakar Rao , Konathan Rajyalaxmi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractHigh-resolution variable frequency ultrasound imaging is increasingly being used in the noninvasive evaluation of various cutaneous diseases. It plays a complimentary role to physical examination in the assessment of cutaneous lesions. It is the only imaging modality useful in the evaluation of superficial cutaneous lesions that are too small to be evaluated on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and is helpful in reducing invasive procedures like biopsies and fine needle aspirations. In this article, we seek to describe the relevance and basic principles of cutaneous ultrasound, imaging findings of normal skin, current applications of high-resolution ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of various dermatological conditions, along with the features of some commonly encountered lesions.