bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turbocharging
Authors: Shahed Syed 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe primary purpose of turbocharging is to increase the air mass supplied to an internal combustion engine so that the engine can burn more fuel and generate more power. Turbocharging enables a gasoline engine to be downsized and improves fuel economy significantly. It allows high air–fuel ratios and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in diesel engines, which helps control emissions. It was invented in 1905 and the technology has seen continuous improvement to match similar improvements in the technology of internal combustion engines. These improvements include evolutionary but significant improvements in design, materials, and processing such that the same task (airflow and pressure ratio) is performed by a turbocharger with 80% reduction in size compared to early designs. Variable geometry mechanisms, EGR systems, multistage turbocharging in parallel, series, and sequential configurations, and multistage compression packaged on a single shaft have all advanced such that these technologies are now increasingly being applied. The benefits of turbocharging in both gasoline and diesel engines are very significant and there is a marked trend toward increased use of turbocharging worldwide.
Pistons
Authors: Kanungo Sanjeet 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Automobile engines have with time witnessed a favorable change with respect to fuel economy, passenger comfort, environment, and so on. The change continues with every manufacturer and researcher striving toward excellence.
Pistons and their ring assembly are one of the important elements in whole engine assembly, which have metamorphosed to suit the current requirement. Improvements in design, geometry, and material have not only reduced the inertia forces but also increased the time interval between overhauls. The modification of piston crowns to introduce swirl by squish effect and material coating techniques have enhanced the features of a piston. In fact, engines today last their useful life without any significant maintenance other than renewal of oil and filters. Piston rings too have reduced in numbers and are designed to meet its functional requirement.
The contents are essentially an overview and ode to the excellent work done by research teams and engine manufacturers worldwide, in optimizing the engine efficiency.
NO

x

Formation and Models
Authors: Bowman Craig T. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

The principal nitrogen oxides emitted from spark ignition and diesel engines are nitric oxide (
NO
), nitrogen dioxide (

NO
2

), collectively referred to as

NO
x

, and nitrous oxide (

N
2
O

). Accurate prediction of nitrogen oxide emissions from these engines requires knowledge of the important gas‐phase reaction pathways involving nitrogen species and the rate parameters for these pathways. In this chapter, the current state of understanding of the gas‐phase reaction mechanisms for nitrogen oxide chemistry in combustion, including the mechanisms for
NO
formation from molecular nitrogen in the air and from nitrogen present in fuel additives and the mechanism for
NO
removal via a gas‐phase reaction process termed

reburning

is discussed. In many combustion processes, these formation and removal pathways are coupled. In addition, the reaction mechanisms for the formation and removal of

NO
2

and

N
2
O

are described. The relative importance of the different
NO
formation and removal pathways in different combustion environments is presented.
Gas Aftertreatment Systems
Authors: Parks James E. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

The internal combustion engine serves a vast array of transportation needs, but pollutants produced during combustion can harm the environment and human health. Primary gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide (
CO
), oxides of nitrogen (NO

x

), and hydrocarbons (HC). These pollutants have the potential to harm human health directly or through the formation of ground‐level ozone by atmospheric reactions with sunlight. Regulations exist to insure that pollution from vehicles is limited, and vehicles are carefully designed and engineered to meet these regulations. Catalyst technologies are the primary means of reducing pollutants from engine exhaust. Various types of catalysts are used based on the engine combustion technique and other factors. The three‐way catalyst is the predominant catalyst used in spark‐ignited gasoline engine vehicles. Other catalyst technologies such as selective catalytic reduction and lean NO

x

traps help to reduce NO

x

from lean engine vehicles such as diesel vehicles. By the combination of nanoscale engineering of catalytically reactive surfaces and the coupling of catalyst to engine controls, the modern catalyst dramatically reduces pollutants from automobiles and enables cost‐effective transportation with minimal impact on the environment and human health.
Solid/Condensed Phase Aftertreatment Systems
Authors: Muntean George G. , Stewart Mark L. , Devarakonda Maruthi N. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractInternal combustion engines are a critical component of the transportation industry and a key contributor to urban air quality concerns. Of significant importance are the unavoidable emissions of particulate matter from these sources. This chapter examines the issues surrounding the nature of particulate matter, its regulation and the technology used for its control. The topic is introduced by first giving the legal and physical definitions of particulate matter, followed by a discussion of the impacts of particulates and a brief overview of the regulatory landscape. The discussion then turns to the primary control technology for particulates, that is, filtration. The mechanisms of filtration are described along with the physical description of real‐world approaches. Finally, this chapter concludes with a discussion of how particulate filtration devices are integrated into the overall vehicle system, the performance implications, and practical concerns regarding their reliability.
Material and Process Selection—Cylinder Blocks and Heads
Authors: Megel Marc C. , Bailey George E. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The choice of materials for engine structures is much more involved than considering strength and weight. Cylinder heads and blocks are highly and dynamically loaded structures that transfer a lot of heat; they must be manufactured economically and consistently, and they must be durable. These components may be reused when an engine is rebuilt, so weak structures can earn a bad reputation for an engine even past its original intended lifetime. Things that must be considered include material cost, specific weight, strength, ductility, fatigue life, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, castability, mold sticking, machinability, processing cycle time, required tooling, corrosion resistance, and requirements for heat treatment or other post processing.
Block and Head Analysis
Authors: Megel Marc C. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Analysis is a key component of engine design and development. While analysis is utilized in the design of many engine components, it is most prevalent and necessary for cylinder blocks and heads because of both their complex geometric structure and the compound loading mechanisms driving fatigue. Effective application of analysis is key to move the analysis process upstream to have a greater impact early in the design process. Affecting the design process earlier results in fewer prototype builds and less redesign during development. Proven analysis approaches have been developed to more effectively apply advanced computer‐aided engineering (
CAE
) analysis to cylinder blocks and heads. This analysis includes both
CFD
to determine boundary conditions for cooling and thermal loading and
FEA
for fatigue evaluation of the structure. Results of cylinder block and head analysis should be tied to real component durability measures through mechanical development testing on rigs and engines and field performance through warranty databases and field test activities.
Exhaust Emission Control Considerations for Diesel Engines
Authors: Johnson Timothy V. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter summarizes major recent developments in diesel emissions technologies and system design. Emissions challenges that are covered include particulate matter (PM) remediation using diesel particulate filters (DPFs), leanNOxremediation, and hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide controls.NOxcontrol technologies are summarized, includingSCR(selective catalytic reduction) with ammonia and HC‐based approaches.PMreduction technologies are evolving around newDPFmaterials for reduced back pressure andSCRintegration, and optimization of regeneration and control. Technologies forNOxcontrol are achieving >95%deNOxefficiency averaged over the certification test cycles.DOC(diesel oxidation catalyst) developments are used to precondition the exhaust for bothdeNOxandPMremediation systems and for removing unburned fuel components. They mainly involveNOoxidation toNO2as a function of catalyst formulation and HC oxidation parameters. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are also addressed. System layout and fundamental control strategies are outlined for integrated systems involving all three unit operations.
Logistics and Fleet Management
Authors: Kunze Oliver 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTelematics solutions for logistics and fleet management (LFMtelematics) are becoming an integral element of many transport operations. The key benefit ofLFMtelematics is to integrate the former “black box transport process” transparently into the processes of the shipper and the consignee. In addition to this, it allows the transport operator to plan, monitor, and adjust operations in accordance with the needs of its customers and in accordance with his or her own profitability needs. Finally,LFMtelematics helps to simplify the driver's workload.In this chapter, the process context ofLFMtelematics is discussed and a three‐tier model forLFMtelematics is introduced. With reference to this three‐tier model, the usage ofLFMtelematics in different vertical industries, for example, automotive, construction, courier, express, parcel, and mineral oil, is explained. Finally, technical components and data needed to build anLFMtelematics solution are outlined.
Tolling, Mobility Pricing
Authors: Chevreuil Martial 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

After a little bit of history, which is presented in Section 1, this chapter introduces some definitions and description of the variety of usages of tolling and pricing in Section 2. Tolling policies have played an important role in the development of new road infrastructures. During the last 20 years, thanks to the introduction of information and communication technologies in the transport sector leading to the concept of
ITS
(intelligent transport systems), the toll systems have largely benefited from this evolution by offering new possibilities for traffic managers and new services to the users. Tolling has, therefore, become a powerful tool for mobility management.

Section 3 presents the main features of electronic toll collection, how it is functioning, and the variety of technologies that are used: from automated systems with barriers to free‐flow systems often called
open road tolling
(

ORT

). Advantages and weaknesses of the various technical solutions are presented in relation with their usage.

Nowadays, a new phase, which is described in Section 4, is under development with the willingness of authorities and operators to go for interoperable systems. This has led also to the introduction of new actors in the field: the toll service providers. New opportunities are emerging in the domain of traffic. These new actors are now developing new services for the benefit of users and the transport system in general; for example, data collected from the toll systems allow better knowing the traffic situation, and, therefore, to better informing the user and giving more options for transport management strategies.
Applications: Emergency Services and eCall
Authors: Försterling Frank 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Emergency management services (EMSs)—as one class of applications within intelligent transportation systems—comprise a wide range of incident response, public safety management, and disaster management services. The emergency call service—commonly named
eCall
(service)—is one of the most important EMS. The use of
eCall
to deploy emergency assistance will save lives and reduce the social burden of road accidents by improving the notification of such accidents, speeding up the emergency service response and lowering the subsequent effects on fatalities, severity of injuries, and traffic flows. This chapter explains in detail different kinds of
eCall
services, its architecture and technical solutions. Furthermore, you will learn more about the standardized
eCall
solutions of the European Union and in Russia, their similarities and differences. This chapter concludes with an overview about standardization and an outlook on the next steps after a successfully deployed
eCall
service.
Body
ECU
Cluster
Authors: Sakurai Isamu 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

This chapter focuses on a body electronic control unit (
ECU
) cluster most commonly mounted on vehicles today and describes the four following topics: (i) meters and gauges included in a general body
ECU
cluster such as a speedometer, tachometer, fuel gauge, coolant temperature gauge, odometer, and tripmeter; (ii) history and development of the cluster; (iii) types of gauge readings (in analog or digital form); and (iv) parts or components that form the general body
ECU
cluster, including a display unit, hardware, software, and a movement.
Car Navigation
Authors: Yokoyama Shouji 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Since the launch of the first mass market automobile in the early twentieth century, many pioneers have tried to develop an apparatus that guides a driver to their destination. Their efforts resulted in the first practical car navigation systems that appeared in the 1990s and have now spread around the world. One of the driver's main concerns, “which way is better to get to the destination?” has now been greatly relieved. This article describes the history, basic technologies, advanced functions, and future prospects of car navigation systems.
Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles (Parallel
HEVs
)
Authors: Van Mierlo Joeri , Hegazy Omar 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

This chapter presents the state of the art of the parallel hybrid electric vehicles (
HEVs
) and gives a comprehensive review on their powertrain and power management strategy. In this chapter, different transmission systems (such as pretransmission, posttransmission, and split transmission) are presented. Furthermore, the hybridization rate of parallel
HEVs
is explained in this chapter. The advantages and the drawbacks of the parallel
HEVs
are presented. Moreover, the mechanical coupling is described.
UHCandCOFormation and Models
Authors: Wyszynski Miroslaw L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter presents an introduction to understanding the origins of emissions of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide from internal combustion engines, followed by a short review of the methods of modeling the formation of those pollutants. These methods range from simple thermodynamics models involving chemical equilibria through chemical kinetics of reactions to detailed chemistry of reactions, particularly for hydrocarbons. In the latter case, simplified reaction schemes are particularly important. Experimental methods of measuring engine‐out emissions are introduced, with emphasis on determining the individual chemical species in engine‐out emissions of hydrocarbons, particularly for the noxious and toxic aromatic and poly‐aromatic hydrocarbons and carbonyls.
Active Safety, Pre‐Collision Safety, and Other Safety Products (Millimeter‐Wave Radar, Image Recognition Sensors)
Authors: Teguri Yoshihiko 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Controls that support safe driving and help to alleviate damage in the event of a collision can be categorized in accordance with the driving scenario and degree of risk. These categories include driver assistance, active safety, precrash safety (PCS), and passive safety systems, as well as technologies for enhancing safety after the collision has occurred. Various driver assistance systems for providing information and alleviating driver burden in normal driving have been developed. These include adaptive front‐lighting systems (AFS), night vision, and back guide monitors that support the driver's field of view, corner sonar, and tire pressure monitoring systems for notifying the driver of potential danger, as well as adaptive cruise control (
ACC
) and lane keeping assistance systems (
LKAS
) for alleviating driver burden. Active safety systems have been developed to assist driver operation when a potentially dangerous situation can be avoided. These include brake controls such as anti‐lock brake systems (
ABS
), traction control systems (
TCS
), and electronic stability control (
ESC
), in addition to other active safety technologies. Some
PCS
systems also help to alleviate damage in more dangerous situations when the collision is unavoidable. Passive safety technologies are deployed in the event that an accident occurs. These include airbags for protecting the occupants of the vehicle, and fuel cut and emergency notification systems that aim to facilitate rescue after the accident. Developers are continuing to optimize driver assistance technologies in accordance with the situation by creating seamless combinations between safety systems with the ultimate goal of reducing traffic accident fatalities and injuries to zero. This chapter describes active safety systems and
PCS
, and the millimeter‐wave radar and image recognition sensors used in these systems.
The Wire Harness
Authors: Kawauchi Takafumi 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter describes a “wire harness,” which performs the power distribution function in a vehicle electrical system. The wire harness consists of wires, connectors, power supply blocks, and exterior parts. The chapter describes technological history, trends, types, and the role of this product, in addition to detailing all its components. The “wire,” which is the main component of the wire harness, is introduced in Section 3. The “connector,” another important component of the wire harness, is introduced in Section 4. The “power supply block” is an important component for the power distribution function and is introduced in Section 5. Section 6 introduces “exterior parts” that are used to protect the wire harness from damage.
Physics of Car Crashes: Design Concepts for Safer Cars
Authors: Viano David C. , Prasad Priya 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMotor vehicle crashes involve a rapid deceleration of the occupant compartment as kinetic energy is absorbed by crush of vehicle structures. In severe impacts with offset loading, intrusion of the occupant compartment can occur. This chapter summarizes injury risks in field accidents usingNASS‐CDSfor occupants with and without seat belt use by the vehicle and crash type. It also addresses ejection status (nonejected, partial, and complete ejection). The dynamics of a crash are explored assuming a Haversine acceleration to identify peak acceleration of the occupant compartment and stopping distance typical of government and consumer testing in front, side, and rear crashes. Injury criteria and human tolerances are provided for the family of HybridIIIadult, child, and infant dummies. The chapter includes a discussion of vehicle structures, stiffness, and compatibility. It concludes with an overview of occupant restraint systems and ride‐down benefits with belt pretensioners tightening the seat belts.
Use of multiple data sources for surveillance of work‐related amputations in Massachusetts, comparison with official estimates and implications for national surveillance
Authors: Davis Letitia K. , Grattan Kathleen M. , Tak Sangwoo , Bullock Lucy F. , Ozonoff Al , Boden Leslie I. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundAccurate surveillance of work‐related injuries is needed at national and state levels. We used multiple sources for surveillance of work‐related amputations, compared findings with Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) estimates, and assessed generalizability to national surveillance.MethodsThree data sources were used to enumerate work‐related amputations in Massachusetts, 2007–2008. SOII eligible amputations were compared with SOII estimates.Results787 amputations were enumerated, 52% ascertained through hospital records only, exceeding the SOII estimate (n = 210). The estimated SOII undercount was 48% (95% CI: 36–61%). Additional amputations were reported in SOII as other injuries, accounting for about half the undercount. Proportionately more SOII estimated than multisource cases were in manufacturing and fewer in smaller establishments.ConclusionMultisource surveillance enhanced our ability to document work‐related amputations in Massachusetts. While not feasible to implement for work‐related conditions nationwide, it is useful in states. Better understanding of potential biases in SOII is needed. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1120–1132, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Catalytic Allylation of Hypophosphorous Acid and H‐Phosphinic Acids with Primary Allylic Amines
Authors: Wu Xue‐Song , Zhou Meng‐Guang , Chen Yan , Tian Shi‐Kai 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPrimary allylic amines serve as suitable allylic electrophiles for the allylation reactions of hypophosphorous acid and H‐phosphinic acids. In the presence of tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) ([Pd2(dba)3], 0.1 mol %) and Xantphos (0.2 mol %), aqueous hypophosphorous acid was allylated by α‐unbranched primary allylic amines in a highly regioselective fashion to give structurally diverse allylic H‐phosphinic acids in good to excellent yields with exclusive E selectivity. Moreover, increasing the catalyst loading to 1 mol % and adding aqueous phosphoric acid (1.2 equiv.) permitted the allylation of H‐phosphinic acids with α‐unbranched primary allylic amines to proceed to give disubstituted phosphinic acids in good to excellent yields.
A new endoscopic staging system for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Authors: Reh Douglas D. , Yin Linda X. , Laaeq Kulsoom , Merlo Christian A. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundHereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is predominantly characterized by nasal telangiectases that cause severe epistaxis. Recently, the Epistaxis Severity Score (ESS) was developed and validated as a standardized measurement to evaluate epistaxis treatment efficacy. We propose a new endoscopic staging system to characterize nasal findings in HHT patients and correlate this to the ESS.MethodsThis is a prospective cohort study. A total of 33 individuals with HHT confirmed by Curaçao criteria were recruited and evaluated by a single otolaryngologist between August 2010 and February 2013. Endoscopic parameters including patterns and sites of telangiectases and degree of nasal crusting were used to construct an endoscopy score for each subject. Multiple linear regression models were used to correlate this endoscopy score to the ESS.ResultsA total of 33 subjects completed the study. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) age was 50.3 ± 13.2 years, and 20 (60.6%) were female. In the cohort, mean ± SD ESS was 4.05 ± 2.13 (range, 0.50 to 8.22). Most subjects (53.1%) had more than 4 nasal sites involved and (56.2%) had punctate telangiectases; 30.3% had mild crusting and 21.2% had moderate/severe crusting. These endoscopic findings were weighted by their correlation coefficients against epistaxis severity and normalized to create a new endoscopy score. After adjusting for confounding variables, the HHT Endoscopy Score (HES) was strongly associated with the ESS (r = 0.79, p < 0.001).ConclusionThe HES correlates highly with patient‐reported epistaxis severity and may provide a useful outcome measure in future studies.