bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Towards Antibiotics Use Among Medical Sector Final-Year Students in Egypt
Authors: Emera Nourhan M. , El-Baraky Iman A. , Abbassi Maggie M. , Sabry Nirmeen A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Introduction
Medical sector students must be well-educated and competent to spread public awareness of antibiotics among the public to combat antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of students regarding antibiotic use and resistance in Egypt.

Methodology
A cross-sectional questionnaire was specially designed and self-administered by final-year students (medicine (MS), pharmacy (PS), dentistry (DS), and nursing (NS)) during the last semester at nine universities.

Results
Among 1250 recruited students, with an 89% response rate, PS and MS showed the highest knowledge level, whereas NS scored the lowest. The study revealed some misconceptions and malpractices among students. Two-thirds of PS and NS, half of DS, and a third of MS believed antibiotics treat sore throats. Sixty percent of NS and DS were unaware that vancomycin treats methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Over half of MS and NS and a third of DS and PS lacked knowledge of amoxicillin safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The prevalence of antibiotics self-medication (ABSM) was highest among PS (30%), followed by NS (27%) and DS (25%), while MS reported the lowest rate (16.6%). One-third of students preferred to use newer and more expensive antibiotics. Seven percent of the students used the local guidelines, 12% used the international guidelines as sources of information, and only 8% received relevant formal training.

Conclusions
The study found misconceptions and injudicious antibiotic use among medical sector students. Effective educational interventions and relevant training are needed to enhance their KAP on rational antibiotic use to minimize antibiotic resistance.
Beyond finite additivity
Authors: Howson Colin 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThere is a Dutch Book argument for the axiom of countable additivity for subjective probability functions, but de Finetti famously rejected the axiom, arguing that it wrongly renders a uniform distribution impermissible over a countably infinite lottery. Dubins however showed that rejecting countable additivity has a strongly paradoxical consequence that a much weaker rule than countable additivity blocks. I argue that this rule, which also prohibits the de Finetti lottery, has powerful independent support in a desirable closure principle. I leave it as an open question whether countable additivity should be adopted.
Free Infragravity Waves on the Inner Shelf: Observations and Parameterizations at Two Southern California Beaches
Authors: Lange A. M. Z. , Fiedler J. W. , Merrifield M. A. , Guza R. T. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractNumerical predictions of nearshore waves and shoreline runup are usually initialized on the inner shelf, seaward of the surfzone, with sea‐swell (SS) waves from local wave buoys or regional wave models. Lower frequency infragravity (IG) waves are not reliably measured by buoys or included in regional models. Here, co‐located pressure and velocity observations are used to characterize IG waves in 10–15 m depth in southern California. Shoreward propagating IG waves are often dominated by free waves, with the boundwave energy fraction <30% for moderate and low energy incident SS waves. Only 5% of records, with energetic long swell, show primarily bound waves. The shoreline slope of concave beaches increases by ∼3 between spring high and low tides, and free seaward and shoreward IG energy in 10–15 m vary tidally. The observed linear dependency of free IG energy on SS energy and period is consistent with Ardhuin et al. (2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.02.006)'s parameterization (R2 = 0.71). Including the tide level as a proxy for beach slope and modifying the SS frequency dependency increases R2 to 0.91. The ratio of free seaward to shoreward propagating IG energy suggests between 50 and 100% of the energy radiated seaward in depths of 10–15 m is trapped offshore and redirected shoreward. Free (random phase) and bound (phase‐coupled) IG waves are combined to initialize the SWASH numerical model. SWASH predicted runup is only weakly influenced by waves at the offshore boundary. Nonlinear IG generation and dissipation in the shoaling and surfzone overwhelm the effects of shoreward propagating waves observed at the offshore boundary.
Source Levels of In‐Cloud Air in Shallow Cumulus: Consistency Between Paluch Diagram and Lagrangian Particle Tracking
Authors: Lamraoui Fayçal , Wei Xin , Kuang Zhiming 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe Paluch diagram is a widely used tool for interpreting aircraft measurements of shallow cumulus clouds. A prior study conducted by Heus et al. (2008, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2572.1) concluded that the source levels of in‐cloud air inferred from the Paluch diagram exhibit biases, sometimes of several hundred meters, in comparison to those derived from Lagrangian particle tracking. In this short study we revisit this comparison. The results indicate that the upper source levels of in‐cloud air determined from the Lagrangian Particle Tracking and the Paluch diagram are consistent, and the choice of statistical methods is crucial. The significance of this research lies in confirming the reliability of the Paluch analysis, enabling its confident application to aircraft data.
Wideband LP to CP Converter Using a Reflectarray Based on Modulated Admittance Surfaces Capable of Wide‐Range Beam‐Scanning for Ku/K Band Applications
Authors: Tahermanesh Hamid , Abrishamian Mohammad Sadegh , Ghattan Kashani Zahra , Salehi Mahdi 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis study provides the design and demonstration of a Ku/K band horn‐fed linear polarization (LP) to circular polarization (CP) converter using a reflectarray antenna based on the holographic technique and the generalized law of total reflection without any iterative algorithms. The proposed hologram performs wide‐range frequency beam scanning with minimum gain losses and cross‐polarization levels. It comprises 2,500 diagonal slotted octagonal subwavelength metasurfaces with a periodicity of 0.266λ0 = 4 mm at 20 GHz as the center frequency. Two equations are defined to compute Y11 of the proposed unit cell regarding its dimensions for TE(0,0) and TM(0,0) Floquet modes. They significantly simplify the coding procedure and reduce the computational time for synthesizing the hologram. The antenna is simulated using the CST software from 14 to 25 GHz. As a confirmation, a prototype is manufactured and measured at 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 GHz to verify its performance. The simulated and measured results are well‐matched. The presented hologram achieves 40% 1.8‐dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth (16–25 GHz), 40% 3.3‐dB gain bandwidth (16–24 GHz), and above 30% 2‐dB gain bandwidth (16–22 GHz). Moreover, the antenna can perform beam scanning from 42° to 24° by changing the frequency from 16 to 24 GHz with peak gain values greater than 20.33 dBi. The LHCP pencil beams are at least 24° off‐broadside, so the proposed hologram avoids the feed blockage. These achievements make the hologram one of the best candidates for satellite communications, radar applications, short‐range communication, and point‐to‐point communication.
Solar Wind Drivers of Auroral Omega Bands
Authors: Cribb V. , Pulkkinen T. I. , Kepko L. , Gallardo‐Lacourt B. , Donovan E. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractOmega bands are mesoscale auroral structures emerging as eastward moving quasi‐periodic poleward protrusions well within the closed field line region of the auroral oval. Neither specific conditions of their appearance nor their causes are well understood. We perform a superposed epoch analysis of OMNI and SuperMAG measurements taken during 28 omega band events recorded by auroral all‐sky imager observations from 2006 to 2013 to identify their solar wind drivers. We find local enhancements in the solar wind flow speed, magnetic field, pressure, and proton density at the time of the omega band observation. In the magnetosphere‐ionosphere, we see enhancements in the ring current, partial ring current, and auroral electrojets. These features are consistent with geomagnetic activity caused by stream interaction regions (SIRs). 19 of our events overlap with SIRs from published event catalogs. Our findings suggest that omega bands are driven by compression regions commonly associated with SIR events.
Orbital Observations Suggest Decoupled Olivine and Carbonate Enrichments in Jezero Crater
Authors: Ye Cheng , Edwards Christopher S. , Salvatore Mark R. , Rogers A. Deanne , Glotch Timothy D. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIt has been hypothesized that the olivine‐ and carbonate‐bearing units within Jezero crater are part of the broader olivine‐carbonate rock unit found in the Nili Fossae region. Further, it is commonly proposed that olivine and carbonate are closely associated with each other in Jezero crater based on visible/near‐infrared spectral data. In this work, we investigate the olivine‐ and carbonate‐rich units in Jezero crater using spectral, thermophysical, and morphological analyses to determine the relationship between olivine‐ and carbonate‐rich units. Thermal infrared spectral data indicate largely weak to absent olivine signatures in the marginal carbonates. Our analyses suggest a decoupled relationship between olivine and carbonate in Jezero. The distinct appearances of olivine and carbonate in Jezero crater compared to the regional olivine‐carbonate rocks in Nili Fossae may imply unique formation mechanisms for olivine and carbonate in Jezero or variable levels of olivine alteration across the broader region.
Retrieval of Aerosol and Surface Properties at High Spatial Resolution: Hybrid Approach and Demonstration Using Sentinel‐5p/TROPOMI and PRISMA
Authors: Chen Cheng , Litvinov Pavel , Dubovik Oleg , Fuertes David , Matar Christian , Miglietta Franco , Pepe Monica , Genesio Lorenzo , Busetto Lorenzo , Bindreiter Lukas , Lanzinger Verena , de Graaf Martin , Tilstra Gijsbert , Stammes Piet , Retscher Christian 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSatellite remote sensing of aerosol is largely conducted at moderate or coarse spatial resolution around 1–10 km. Nevertheless, at urban areas with high human activity, aerosol can originate from complex emission sources and may also vary strongly in space. Therefore, aerosol characterization at fine spatial resolution is essential for air quality study and assessment of anthropogenic pollution as well as climate effects. However, space‐borne instruments with high spatial resolution are usually limited in swath width or spectral coverage which result in lowering information content required for aerosol and surface retrieval. Based on the Generalized Retrieval of Atmosphere and Surface Properties (GRASP) algorithm, we propose a hybrid approach by combining fine and coarse spatial resolution measurements to retrieve aerosol and surface properties simulataneously at fine spatial resolution. The instruments with coarse spatial resolution and high revisting time can provide advanced aerosol characterization. At the same time, the instruments with fine spatial resolution are sensitive to spatial variability of aerosol nearby sources. In this study, the GRASP/Hybrid approach is demonstrated and tested based on the European Space Agency Sentinel‐5p/TROPOMI together with the Italian Space Agency PRISMA satellite data. Specifically, the detailed aerosol microphysical properties from Sentinel‐5p/TROPOMI 10 km retrievals are used as a priori information for PRISMA to derive aerosol loading and surface properties at 100 meter (m) spatial resolution. The PRISMA 100 m aerosol and surface retrieval based on the developed GRASP/Hybrid approach are evaluated using available ground‐based and satellite measurements, including AERONET, VIIRS/DB aerosol and PRISMA Level 2 surface reflectance products.
An Eigenvalue‐Based Framework for Constraining Anisotropic Eddy Viscosity
Authors: Bachman Scott D. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractEddy viscosity is employed throughout the majority of numerical fluid dynamical models, and has been the subject of a vigorous body of research spanning a variety of disciplines. It has long been recognized that the proper description of eddy viscosity uses tensor mathematics, but in practice it is almost always employed as a scalar due to uncertainty about how to constrain the extra degrees of freedom and physical properties of its tensorial form. This manuscript borrows techniques from outside the realm of geophysical fluid dynamics to consider the eddy viscosity tensor using its eigenvalues and eigenvectors, establishing a new framework by which tensorial eddy viscosity can be tested. This is made possible by a careful analysis of an operation called tensor unrolling, which casts the eigenvalue problem for a fourth‐order tensor into a more familiar matrix‐vector form, whereby it becomes far easier to understand and manipulate. New constraints are established for the eddy viscosity coefficients that are guaranteed to result in energy dissipation, backscatter, or a combination of both. Finally, a testing protocol is developed by which tensorial eddy viscosity can be systematically evaluated across a wide range of fluid regimes.
Normalization of Snai1-mediated vessel dysfunction increases drug response in cancer
Authors: Hoffmann Helene , Wartenberg Martin , Vorlova Sandra , Karl-Schöller Franziska , Kallius Matthias , Reinhardt Oliver , Öztürk Asli , Schuhmair Leah S. , Burkhardt Verena , Gätzner Sabine , Scheld Daniela , Nandigama Rajender , Zernecke Alma , Herterich Sabine , Ergün Süleyman , Rosenwald Andreas , Henke Erik 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBlood vessels in tumors are often dysfunctional. This impairs the delivery of therapeutic agents to and distribution among the cancer cells. Subsequently, treatment efficacy is reduced, and dose escalation can increase adverse effects on non-malignant tissues. The dysfunctional vessel phenotypes are attributed to aberrant pro-angiogenic signaling, and anti-angiogenic agents can ameliorate traits of vessel dysfunctionality. However, they simultaneously reduce vessel density and thereby impede drug delivery and distribution. Exploring possibilities to improve vessel functionality without compromising vessel density in the tumor microenvironment, we evaluated transcription factors (TFs) involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as potential targets. Based on similarities between EMT and angiogenic activation of endothelial cells, we hypothesized that these TFs, Snai1 in particular, might serve as key regulators of vessel dysfunctionality. In vitro, experiments demonstrated that Snai1 (similarly Slug and Twist1) regulates endothelial permeability, permissiveness for tumor cell transmigration, and tip/stalk cell formation. Endothelial-specific, heterozygous knock-down of Snai1 in mice improved vascular quality in implanted tumors. This resulted in better oxygenation and reduced metastasis. Notably, the tumors in Snai1KD mice responded significantly better to chemotherapeutics as drugs were transported into the tumors at strongly increased rates and more homogeneously distributed. Thus, we demonstrate that restoring vessel homeostasis without affecting vessel density is feasible in malignant tumors. Combining such vessel re-engineering with anti-cancer drugs allows for strategic treatment approaches that reduce treatment toxicity on non-malignant tissues.
Distinct mitochondrial respiration profiles in pediatric patients with febrile illness versus sepsis
Authors: Sartori Laura F. , Tsemberis Elena , Hernandez Tyne , Luchette Katherine , Zhang Donglan , Farooqi Sumera , Bush Jenny , McCann John C. , Balamuth Fran , Weiss Scott L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Objective
Mitochondrial dysfunction, linked to sepsis-related organ failure, is unknown in febrile illness.

Methods
Prospective study of children in an Emergency Department (ED) with febrile illness or without infection (ED controls); secondary analysis of ICU patients with sepsis or without infection (ICU controls). Mitochondrial oxygen consumption measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using respirometry, with primary outcome of spare respiratory capacity (SRC). Mitochondrial content measured as citrate synthase (CS: febrile illness and ED controls) and mitochondrial to nuclear DNA ratio (mtDNA:nDNA: all groups).

Results
SRC was lower in febrile illness (6.7 ± 3.0 pmol/sec/106 cells) and sepsis (5.7 ± 4.7) than ED/PICU controls (8.5 ± 3.7; both p < 0.05), but not different between febrile illness and sepsis (p = 0.26). Low SRC was driven by increased basal respiration in febrile illness and decreased maximal uncoupled respiration in sepsis. Differences were no longer significant after adjustment for patient demographics. Febrile illness demonstrated lower CS activity than ED controls (p = 0.07) and lower mtDNA:nDNA than both ED/PICU controls and sepsis (both p < 0.05).

Conclusion
Mitochondrial SRC was reduced in both febrile illness and sepsis, but due to distinct mitochondrial profiles and impacted by demographics. Further work is needed to determine if mitochondrial profiles could differentiate febrile illness from early sepsis.

Impact statement

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to organ failure in sepsis, but whether mitochondrial alterations are evident in febrile illness without sepsis is unknown.

In our study, while mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity (SRC), an index of cellular bioenergetic reserve under stress, was reduced in children with both febrile illness and sepsis compared to children without infections, low SRC was driven by increased basal respiration in febrile illness compared with decreased maximal uncoupled respiration in sepsis.

Additional research is needed to understand if distinct mitochondrial profiles could be used to differentiate febrile illness from early sepsis in children.
Intrinsic negative magnetoresistance from the chiral anomaly of multifold fermions
Authors: Balduini Federico , Molinari Alan , Rocchino Lorenzo , Hasse Vicky , Felser Claudia , Sousa Marilyne , Zota Cezar , Schmid Heinz , Grushin Adolfo G. , Gotsmann Bernd 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe chiral anomaly - a hallmark of chiral spin-1/2 Weyl fermions - is an imbalance between left- and right-moving particles that underpins phenomena such as particle decay and negative longitudinal magnetoresistance in Weyl semimetals. The discovery that chiral crystals can host higher-spin generalizations of Weyl quasiparticles without high-energy counterparts, known as multifold fermions, raises the fundamental question of whether the chiral anomaly is a more general phenomenon. Answering this question requires materials with chiral quasiparticles within a sizable energy window around the Fermi level that are unaffected by extrinsic effects such as current jetting. Here, we report the chiral anomaly of multifold fermions in CoSi, which features multifold bands within ~0.85 eV of the Fermi level. By excluding current jetting through the squeezing test, we measure an intrinsic, longitudinal negative magnetoresistance. We develop a semiclassical theory to show that the negative magnetoresistance originates in the chiral anomaly, despite a sizable and detrimental orbital magnetic moment contribution. A concomitant non-linear Hall effect supports the multifold-fermion origin of the magnetotransport. Our work confirms the chiral anomaly of higher-spin generalizations of Weyl fermions, currently inaccessible outside solid-state platforms.
PatCID: an open-access dataset of chemical structures in patent documents
Authors: Morin Lucas , Weber Valéry , Meijer Gerhard Ingmar , Yu Fisher , Staar Peter W. J. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe automatic analysis of patent publications has potential to accelerate research across various domains, including drug discovery and material science. Within patent documents, crucial information often resides in visual depictions of molecule structures. PatCID (Patent-extracted Chemical-structure Images database for Discovery) allows to access such information at scale. It enables users to search which molecules are displayed in which documents. PatCID contains 81M chemical-structure images and 14M unique chemical structures. Here, we compare PatCID with state-of-the-art chemical patent-databases. On a random set, PatCID retrieves 56.0% of molecules, which is higher than automatically-created databases, Google Patents (41.5%) and SureChEMBL (23.5%), as well as manually-created databases, Reaxys (53.5%) and SciFinder (49.5%). Leveraging state-of-the-art methods of document understanding, PatCID high-quality data outperforms currently available automatically-generated patent-databases. PatCID even competes with proprietary manually-created patent-databases. This enables promising applications for automatic literature review and learning-based molecular generation methods. The dataset is freely accessible for download.
Structural basis for VLDLR recognition by eastern equine encephalitis virus
Authors: Yang Pan , Li Wanyu , Fan Xiaoyi , Pan Junhua , Mann Colin J. , Varnum Haley , Clark Lars E. , Clark Sarah A. , Coscia Adrian , Basu Himanish , Smith Katherine Nabel , Brusic Vesna , Abraham Jonathan 
Published: August 2024

AbstractEastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is the most virulent alphavirus that infects humans, and many survivors develop neurological sequelae, including paralysis and intellectual disability. Alphavirus spike proteins comprise trimers of heterodimers of glycoproteins E2 and E1 that mediate binding to cellular receptors and fusion of virus and host cell membranes during entry. We recently identified very-low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) as cellular receptors for EEEV and a distantly related alphavirus, Semliki Forest virus (SFV). Here, we use single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine structures of the EEEV and SFV spike glycoproteins bound to the VLDLR ligand-binding domain and found that EEEV and SFV interact with the same cellular receptor through divergent binding modes. Our studies suggest that the ability of LDLR-related proteins to interact with viral spike proteins through very small footprints with flexible binding modes results in a low evolutionary barrier to the acquisition of LDLR-related proteins as cellular receptors for diverse sets of viruses.