bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intensification of premonsoon tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal and its impacts on Myanmar
Authors: Wang Shih‐Yu , Buckley Brendan M. , Yoon Jin‐Ho , Fosu Boniface 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWe analyze multiple global reanalysis and precipitation datasets in order to explain the dynamic mechanisms that lead to an observed intensification of the monsoon trough and associated tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the Bay of Bengal (BOB) during the premonsoon month of May. We find that post‐1979 increases in both premonsoon precipitation and TC intensity are a result of enhanced large‐scale monsoon circulation, characterized by lower‐level cyclonic and upper‐level anticyclonic anomalies. Such circulation anomalies are manifest of the tropospheric expansion that is caused by regional warming. The deepened monsoon trough in the BOB not only affects TC frequency and timing, but also acts to direct more cyclones towards Myanmar. We propose that increasing sea surface temperature in the BOB has contributed to an increase in cyclone intensity. Our analyses of the Community Earth System Model single‐forcing experiments suggest that tropospheric warming and a deepening of the monsoon trough can be explained by two discreet anthropogenic causes—an increase in absorption due to aerosol loading and an increase in the land‐ocean thermal contrast that results from increased greenhouse gases. The ensuing circulation changes provide favorable conditions for TCs to grow and to track eastward towards Myanmar.
Overview of the 2009 and 2011 Sayarim Infrasound Calibration Experiments
Authors: Fee David , Waxler Roger , Assink Jelle , Gitterman Yefim , Given Jeffrey , Coyne John , Mialle Pierrick , Garces Milton , Drob Douglas , Kleinert Dan , Hofstetter Rami , Grenard Patrick 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThree large‐scale infrasound calibration experiments were conducted in 2009 and 2011 to test the International Monitoring System (IMS) infrasound network and provide ground truth data for infrasound propagation studies. Here we provide an overview of the deployment, detonation, atmospheric specifications, infrasound array observations, and propagation modeling for the experiments. The experiments at the Sayarim Military Range, Israel, had equivalent TNT yields of 96.0, 7.4, and 76.8 t of explosives on 26 August 2009, 24 January 2011, and 26 January 2011, respectively. Successful international collaboration resulted in the deployment of numerous portable infrasound arrays in the region to supplement the IMS network and increase station density. Infrasound from the detonations is detected out to ~3500 km to the northwest in 2009 and ~6300 km to the northeast in 2011, reflecting the highly anisotropic nature of long‐range infrasound propagation. For 2009, the moderately strong stratospheric wind jet results in a well‐predicted set of arrivals at numerous arrays to the west‐northwest. A second set of arrivals is also apparent, with low celerities and high frequencies. These arrivals are not predicted by the propagation modeling and result from unresolved atmospheric features. Strong eastward tropospheric winds (up to ~70 m/s) in 2011 produce high‐amplitude tropospheric arrivals recorded out to >1000 km to the east. Significant eastward stratospheric winds (up to ~80 m/s) in 2011 generate numerous stratospheric arrivals and permit the long‐range detection (i.e., >1000 km). No detections are made in directions opposite the tropospheric and stratospheric wind jets for any of the explosions. Comparison of predicted transmission loss and observed infrasound arrivals gives qualitative agreement. Propagation modeling for the 2011 experiments predicts lower transmission loss in the direction of the downwind propagation compared to the 2009 experiment, consistent with the greater detection distance. Observations also suggest a more northerly component to the stratospheric winds for the 2009 experiment and less upper atmosphere attenuation. The Sayarim infrasound calibration experiments clearly demonstrate the complexity and variability of the atmosphere, and underscore the utility of large‐scale calibration experiments with dense networks for better understanding infrasound propagation and detection. Additionally, they provide a rich data set for future scientific research.
Improving bulk microphysics parameterizations in simulations of aerosol effects
Authors: Wang Yuan , Fan Jiwen , Zhang Renyi , Leung L. Ruby , Franklin Charmaine 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTo improve the microphysical parameterizations for simulations of the aerosol effects in regional and global climate models, the Morrison double‐moment bulk microphysical scheme presently implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting model is modified by replacing the prescribed aerosols in the original bulk scheme (Bulk‐OR) with a prognostic double‐moment aerosol representation to predict both aerosol number concentration and mass mixing ratio (Bulk‐2M). Sensitivity modeling experiments are performed for two distinct cloud regimes: maritime warm stratocumulus clouds (Sc) over southeast Pacific Ocean from the VOCALS project and continental deep convective clouds in the southeast of China. The results from Bulk‐OR and Bulk‐2M are compared against atmospheric observations and simulations produced by a spectral bin microphysical scheme (SBM). The prescribed aerosol approach (Bulk‐OR) produces unreliable aerosol and cloud properties throughout the simulation period, when compared to the results from those using Bulk‐2M and SBM, although all of the model simulations are initiated by the same initial aerosol concentration on the basis of the field observations. The impacts of the parameterizations of diffusional growth and autoconversion of cloud droplets and the selection of the embryonic raindrop radius on the performance of the bulk microphysical scheme are also evaluated by comparing the results from the modified Bulk‐2M with those from SBM simulations. Sensitivity experiments using four different types of autoconversion schemes reveal that the autoconversion parameterization is crucial in determining the raindrop number, mass concentration, and drizzle formation for warm stratocumulus clouds. An embryonic raindrop size of 40 µm is determined as a more realistic setting in the autoconversion parameterization. The saturation adjustment employed in calculating condensation/evaporation in the bulk scheme is identified as the main factor responsible for the large discrepancies in predicting cloud water in the Sc case, suggesting that an explicit calculation of diffusion growth with predicted supersaturation is necessary to improve the bulk microphysics scheme. Lastly, a larger rain evaporation rate below clouds is found in the bulk scheme in comparison to the SBM simulation, which may contribute to a lower surface precipitation in the bulk scheme.
Interannual variability in the surface energy budget and evaporation over a large southern inland water in the United States
Authors: Zhang Qianyu , Liu Heping 
Published: April 2013

AbstractUnderstanding how the surface energy budget and evaporation over inland waters respond to climate change and variability remains limited. Here we report 2 year measurements of the surface energy budget using the eddy covariance method over Ross Barnett Reservoir, Mississippi, USA, for 2008 and 2009. Annual mean sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes in 2008 were 9.5%, and 10.0% greater than in 2009, respectively. Most of the interannual variations in the surface energy fluxes and meteorological variables primarily occurred in the cool seasons from October to March, which was enhanced by frequent large wind events associated with cold front passages. These large wind events greatly promoted H and LE exchange and produced H and LE pulses that increased variations in H and LE between these two cool seasons. In the warm seasons from April to September, H and LE pulses were also present, which largely increased variations in LE and dampened those in H between the two warm seasons. The H and LE pulses contributed to approximately 50% of the annual H and 28% of the annual LE, although they only covered about 16% of the entire year. The interannual variations in H and LE pulses contributed to about 78% of the interannual variations in H and 40% of those in LE. Our results imply that the increased interannual variability in cold front activities as a result of climate change would amplify interannual variations in the evaporation and the surface energy exchange over inland waters in this region.
Modeling nutrient retention at the watershed scale: Does small stream research apply to the whole river network?
Authors: Aguilera Rosana , Marcé Rafael , Sabater Sergi 
Published: April 2013

AbstractNutrients are conveyed from terrestrial and upstream sources through drainage networks. Streams and rivers contribute to regulate the material exported downstream by means of transformation, storage, and removal of nutrients. It has been recently suggested that the efficiency of process rates relative to available nutrient concentration in streams eventually declines, following an efficiency loss (EL) dynamics. However, most of these predictions are based at the reach scale in pristine streams, failing to describe the role of entire river networks. Models provide the means to study nutrient cycling from the stream network perspective via upscaling to the watershed the key mechanisms occurring at the reach scale. We applied a hybrid process‐based and statistical model (SPARROW, Spatially Referenced Regression on Watershed Attributes) as a heuristic approach to describe in‐stream nutrient processes in a highly impaired, high stream order watershed (the Llobregat River Basin, NE Spain). The in‐stream decay specifications of the model were modified to include a partial saturation effect in uptake efficiency (expressed as a power law) and better capture biological nutrient retention in river systems under high anthropogenic stress. The stream decay coefficients were statistically significant in both nitrate and phosphate models, indicating the potential role of in‐stream processing in limiting nutrient export. However, the EL concept did not reliably describe the patterns of nutrient uptake efficiency for the concentration gradient and streamflow values found in the Llobregat River basin, posing in doubt its complete applicability to explain nutrient retention processes in stream networks comprising highly impaired rivers.
Characterizing farming systems around Kakamega Forest, Western Kenya, for targeting soil fertility–enhancing technologies
Authors: Diwani Thuweba N. , Asch Folkard , Becker Mathias , Mussgnug Frank 
Published: April 2013

AbstractKakamega district in Western Kenya represents the smallholder farming systems typical for much of the densely populated humid highlands in East Africa. A specific feature, however, is the presence of a protected forest reserve (Kakamega Forest National Park), covering some 20% of the district area. Year‐round crop production with little use of external inputs is resulting in declining soil fertility and crop yields. Technologies to counteract fertility constraints are rarely implemented, as they do not consider system diversity or farm‐specific characteristics. We surmised that farm type–specific targeting of technology options to address soil fertility–related production constraints would reduce the anthropogenic pressure on the resources of the adjacent Kakamega rainforest reserve. Based on Kenyan national census data, we selected 168 farms in physical proximity of the Kakamega forest and characterized them regarding production system and soil attributes. Cluster and principal component analyses identified five distinct farm categories. Three representative farms from each cluster group were subsequently selected to establish labor‐use patterns, draw resource‐flow maps, and determine NPK balances.Small subsistence‐oriented farms were most common (> 50%), with maize yields of 0.9 t ha–1 (Cluster 1). Most farmers relied on the forest to provide fire wood, animal feed, and medicinal plants. Mixed farms, combining subsistence maize with industrial crops, were differentiated by soil type, with tea being grown on Ferralsol (Cluster 3), and sugar cane being grown on Acrisol (cluster 4). The dependence on forest resources was limited to animal grazing and the collection of feed stuff (Cluster 3), or the extraction of medicinal plants (Cluster 4). Only few farms showed a high degree of market orientation of the food‐crop production. These comprised either small farms with high investments in fertilizer and maize yields close to 2 t ha–1 (Cluster 2), or larger farms (1.6–3.9 ha) with low fertilizer but high hired‐labor use (Cluster 5). Their reliance on forest resources was generally low. Resource flows showed mainly patterns of nutrient export in subsistence farms, and more complex flow patterns, involving several farm compartments, in the diversified farms. Partial nutrient balances were strongly negative for N and K, irrespective of soil or farm type. Soil‐fertility characteristics reflected the nutrient balances with generally low C and N in all farms on Acrisol, and low P in farms not applying mineral fertilizers or farmyard manure. The proposed typology is expected to improve the targeting of technologies addressing soil fertility–related production constraints, and to reduce the pressure on forest resources. This is of particular importance in the case of small‐scale subsistence and mixed farms close to the forest margin.
Improving potassium acquisition and utilisation by crop plants
Authors: White Philip J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTo avoid loss of yield, crops must maintain tissue potassium (K) concentrations above 5–40 mg K (g DM)–1. The supply of K from the soil is often insufficient to meet this demand and, in many agricultural systems, K fertilisers are applied to crops. However, K fertilisers are expensive. There is interest, therefore, in reducing applications of K fertilisers either by improving agronomy or developing crop genotypes that use K fertilisers more efficiently. Agronomic K fertiliser use efficiency is determined by the ability of roots to acquire K from the soil, which is referred to as K uptake efficiency (KUpE), and the ability of a plant to utilise the K acquired to produce yield, which is referred to as K utilisation efficiency (KUtE). There is considerable genetic variation between and within crop species in both KUpE and KUtE, and chromosomal loci affecting these characteristics have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana and several crop species. Plant traits that increase KUpE include (1) exudation of organic compounds that release more non‐exchangeable soil K, (2) high root K uptake capacity, (3) early root vigour, high root‐to‐shoot ratios, and high root length densities, (4) proliferation of roots throughout the soil volume, and (5) high transpiration rates. Plant traits that increase KUtE include (1) effective K redistribution within the plant, (2) tolerance of low tissue K concentrations, and, at low tissue K concentrations, (3) maintenance of optimal K concentrations in metabolically active cellular compartments, (4) replacement of K in its non‐specific roles, (5) redistribution of K from senescent to younger tissues, (6) maintenance of water relations, photosynthesis and canopy cover, and (7) a high harvest index. The development of crop genotypes with these traits will enable K fertiliser applications to be reduced.
Abrupt variability of the last 24 ka BP recorded by coccolithophore assemblages off the Iberian Margin (core MD03‐2699)
Authors: PALUMBO ELIANA , FLORES JOSÉ A. , PERUGIA CARMEN , EMANUELE DARIO , PETRILLO ZACCARIA , RODRIGUES TERESA , VOELKER ANTJE H. L. , AMORE FILOMENA O. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTA high‐resolution coccolithophore study allowed reconstructing sea surface conditions during the last 24 ka BP off the Iberian Margin. Variations in nannoplankton accumulation rate, cold‐water species, Florisphaera profunda, Umbilicosphaera sibogae and Coccolithus pelagicus ssp. azorinus trends suggest the occurrence of substantial changes in surface water dynamics. Palaeoproductivity shows changes during the glacial and the interglacial transition from intense glacial upwelling to persistent interglacial stratification. A drastic productivity decline occurred between ∼18 and 13 ka BP related to the arrival of subpolar waters indicated by the presence of the subarctic subspecies C. pelagicus pelagicus and increased percentages of tetra‐unsaturated alkenones. Abrupt variability at core MD03‐2699 during the last 24 ka BP was observed in palaeoproductivity and sea surface temperatures proxies. Increases of reworked species fluxes were observed during the Last Glacial Maximum and during the transition to the Holocene, likely connected to turbidity currents and/or contourites formed by Mediterranean outflow intensification. In addition, C. pelagicus ssp. pelagicus presence, Gephyrocapsa muellerae and tetra‐alkenone percentages reveal rapid coolings coeval with the Holocene Bond cycles and rapid climate coolings recognized for the Northern Hemisphere between 11.02 and 1.7 ka BP and associated with subpolar water arrival at the site. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality of life after transoral laser microresection of laryngeal cancer: A longitudinal study
Authors: Vilaseca Isabel , Ballesteros Ferran , Martínez‐Vidal Brígida Meritxell , Lehrer Eduardo , Bernal‐Sprekelsen Manuel , Blanch José Luis 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackground and MethodsIn the treatment of early to moderate laryngeal carcinoma, both, transoral laser surgery and radiation‐based protocols have demonstrated good survival and preservation rates. In this scenario, quality of life (QOL) may become an important tool for treatment planning. We aimed to evaluate QOL changes after transoral laser microsurgery (TLM). Prospective longitudinal study. Ninety‐three consecutive disease‐free patients were evaluated using UW‐QOL v4 and SF‐12, before and 12 months after treatment. Changes over time were assessed according to age, gender, location, tumor size, and adjuvant treatment.ResultsUW‐QOL improved from 1,051.5 ± 133.7 to 1,121.7 ± 92.1 (P = 0.000), suggesting that the impact of the treatment was favorable in most of the patients. Voice quality significantly improved after TLM, but speech was still the most important variable for 46% of the patients. Tumor location (P = 0.002) was an independent factor for preoperative total score of UW‐QOL, whereas adjuvant radiation (P = 0.03) and neck dissection (P = 0.02), were the only postoperative negative factors.ConclusionOne year after TLM patients present a very good QOL. Relevant voice impairment is detected especially in locally advanced tumors, reinforcing the necessity of preoperative counseling and postoperative rehabilitation. Adjuvant radiotherapy and neck dissection negatively influenced disease‐specific QOL. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013 108:52–56. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ideal Standards and Attitude Formation: A Tourism Destination Perspective
Authors: White Christopher J. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the way attributes of an individual's ideal destination influence attitudes towards a holiday destination. Traditionally, ideals are used as comparison standards or to weight perception measures, but literature from outside the tourism and business management domains suggest new possibilities exist. A conceptual model was developed and empirically tested using path analysis, and the results indicate that ideal attributes directly influence perceptions of a holiday destination and indirectly influence attitude components of emotion and conation. The implications of the findings are discussed from both a practical and theoretical perspective and raise a number of interesting future research possibilities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tunable Properties of Inclusion Complexes Between Amylose and Polytetrahydrofuran
Authors: Rachmawati Rachmawati , Woortman Albert J. J. , Loos Katja 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAmylose and polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) are mixed in an aqueous solution to form inclusion complexes. DSC shows that immediate mixing results in complexes having lower melting temperatures compared with complexes prepared with longer mixing times. The washed complexes melt at higher temperatures compared with the corresponding unwashed complexes. XRD indicates that amylose–PTHF complexes diffract similar to amylose–fatty acids complexes (V6I‐amylose helices), with additional diffractions correlating with amylose–alcohol complexes (V6II‐amylose helices). This suggests that the structure of amylose–PTHF complexes is an intermediate or a mixture between V6I‐ and V6II‐amylose. This shows that, besides residing inside the amylose helices, some PTHF chains are located in between the amylose helices. magnified image
Microstructuring of thermal sprayed Mo layers with fields of applications of friction and wear
Authors: Hübsch C. , Erne M. , Möhwald K. , Bach F.‐W. , Abo‐Namous O. , Kästner M. , Reithmeier E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDie Eigenschaften thermisch gespritzter Schichten sind von vielen Parametern wie der Spritzwerkstoff‐ und Substrateigenschaften als auch der Spritzparameter abhängig. In dieser Studie wird der Einfluss zweier variabler Spritzparameter (Spritzabstand und Stromstärke) auf Molybdän‐haltige thermische Spritzschichten untersucht. Dabei werden in erster Line werkstoffkundliche und oberflächencharakterisierende Eigenschaften analysiert und deren Abhängigkeit voneinander geprüft. Wichtige Oberflächenparameter stellen hierbei die Porosität und die Porentiefe der Schichten dar. Im Anschluss an die Korrelation zwischen Spritzparametern und Schichteigenschaften wird insbesondere auf den Einfluss der Schichteigenschaften auf deren tribologisches Verhalten im Vergleich zu einer unbeschichteten Stahloberfläche eingegangen.
Failure behaviour of metallic sleeves in riveted CFRP joints
Authors: Hasselbruch H. , Schimanski K. , von Hehl A. , Jendrny J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDie hervorragenden spezifischen, mechanischen Eigenschaften von Faserverbundkunststoffen (FVK) führen, insbesondere bei der Substitution primärer Metallstrukturen, zu einem steigenden Bedarf im Flugzeugbau. Gleichzeitig erhöhen sich die Anforderungen konventionell eingesetzter Nietverbindungen, wie etwa dem Schließringbolzensystem. Notwendige Nietbohrungen der Fügepartner stören allerdings die natürlichen Faserverläufe und bringen Imperfektionen in den Werkstoff ein. Zusätzlich können während des Einpressens der Schließringbolzen unerwünschte Delaminationen bzw. Faserausbrüche in der Bohrungsrandzone hervorgerufen werden, was einen weiteren negativen Einfluss auf die Verbindungsfestigkeit hat. Mit dem Einbringen einer Stahlhülse in die Nietbohrung weitet diese sich während des Einpressvorgangs radial, wodurch kritische Schub‐ und Scherspannungen beim Einpressen der Bolzen vermieden werden. Die gestiegene Komplexität des Systems führt allerdings zur Einhaltung engerer Prozessgrenzen, da anderenfalls Beschädigungen an der Hülse und somit an der gesamten Verbindung zu erwarten sind. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war daher die eingehende Charakterisierung des Hülsenwerkstoffs sowie des gesamten Prozesses mit seinen Prozessgrenzen. Die Methode der finiten Elemente dient dabei als wichtiges Instrument für die Wahl richtiger Prozessparameter. Aus Zugversuchen wurde ein Materialmodell mit Versagenskriterium für die Stahlhülse definiert und diese in die Simulation des Einpressvorgangs implementiert. Verglichen mit experimentellen Versuchen zeigen die numerischen Ergebnisse bei ungünstiger Kombination der Prozessparameter ein realitätsnahes Hülsenversagen.