bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation phylogeography: does historical diversity contribute to regional vulnerability in European tree frogs (Hyla arborea)?
Authors: Dufresnes Christophe , Wassef Jérôme , Ghali Karim , Brelsford Alan , Stöck Matthias , Lymberakis Petros , Crnobrnja‐Isailovic Jelka , Perrin Nicolas 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDocumenting and preserving the genetic diversity of populations, which conditions their long‐term survival, have become a major issue in conservation biology. The loss of diversity often documented in declining populations is usually assumed to result from human disturbances; however, historical biogeographic events, otherwise known to strongly impact diversity, are rarely considered in this context. We apply a multilocus phylogeographic study to investigate the late‐Quaternary history of a tree frog (Hyla arborea) with declining populations in the northern and western part of its distribution range. Mitochondrial and nuclear polymorphisms reveal high genetic diversity in the Balkan Peninsula, with a spatial structure moulded by the last glaciations. While two of the main refugial lineages remained limited to the Balkans (Adriatic coast, southern Balkans), a third one expanded to recolonize Northern and Western Europe, loosing much of its diversity in the process. Our findings show that mobile and a priori homogeneous taxa may also display substructure within glacial refugia (‘refugia within refugia’) and emphasize the importance of the Balkans as a major European biodiversity centre. Moreover, the distribution of diversity roughly coincides with regional conservation situations, consistent with the idea that historically impoverished genetic diversity may interact with anthropogenic disturbances, and increase the vulnerability of populations. Phylogeographic models seem important to fully appreciate the risks of local declines and inform conservation strategies.
Superficial dosimetry imaging based on Čerenkov emission for external beam radiotherapy with megavoltage x‐ray beam
Authors: Zhang Rongxiao , Glaser Adam K. , Gladstone David J. , Fox Colleen J. , Pogue Brian W. 
Published: September 2013

Purpose:Čerenkov radiation emission occurs in all tissue, when charged particles (either primary or secondary) travel at velocity above the threshold for the Čerenkov effect (about 220 KeV in tissue for electrons). This study presents the first examination of optical Čerenkov emission as a surrogate for the absorbed superficial dose for MV x‐ray beams.Methods:In this study, Monte Carlo simulations of flat and curved surfaces were studied to analyze the energy spectra of charged particles produced in different regions near the surfaces when irradiated by MV x‐ray beams. Čerenkov emission intensity and radiation dose were directly simulated in voxelized flat and cylindrical phantoms. The sampling region of superficial dosimetry based on Čerenkov radiation was simulated in layered skin models. Angular distributions of optical emission from the surfaces were investigated. Tissue mimicking phantoms with flat and curved surfaces were imaged with a time domain gating system. The beam field sizes (50 × 50–200 × 200 mm2), incident angles (0°–70°) and imaging regions were all varied.Results:The entrance or exit region of the tissue has nearly homogeneous energy spectra across the beam, such that their Čerenkov emission is proportional to dose. Directly simulated local intensity of Čerenkov and radiation dose in voxelized flat and cylindrical phantoms further validate that this signal is proportional to radiation dose with absolute average discrepancy within 2%, and the largest within 5% typically at the beam edges. The effective sampling depth could be tuned from near 0 up to 6 mm by spectral filtering. The angular profiles near the theoretical Lambertian emission distribution for a perfect diffusive medium, suggesting that angular correction of Čerenkov images may not be required even for curved surface. The acquisition speed and signal to noise ratio of the time domain gating system were investigated for different acquisition procedures, and the results show there is good potential for real‐time superficial dose monitoring. Dose imaging under normal ambient room lighting was validated, using gated detection and a breast phantom.Conclusions:This study indicates that Čerenkov emission imaging might provide a valuable way to superficial dosimetry imaging in real time for external beam radiotherapy with megavoltage x‐ray beams.
Evaluating the impact of air pollution on the incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the Perth Metropolitan Region: 2000–2010
Authors: Straney Lahn , Finn Judith , Dennekamp Martine , Bremner Alexandra , Tonkin Andrew , Jacobs Ian 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundOut-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains a major public health issue. Several studies have found that an increased level of ambient particulate matter (PM) smaller than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) is associated with an increased risk of OHCA. We investigated the relationship between air pollution levels and the incidence of OHCA in Perth, Western Australia.MethodsWe linked St John Ambulance OHCA data of presumed cardiac aetiology with Perth air pollution data from seven monitors which recorded hourly levels of PM smaller than 2.5 and 10 microns (PM2.5/PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3). We used a case-crossover design to estimate the strength of association between ambient air pollution levels and risk of OHCA.ResultsBetween 2000 and 2010, there were 8551 OHCAs that met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 5624 (65.8%) occurred in men. An IQR increase in the 24 and 48 h averages of PM2.5 was associated with 10.6% (OR 1.106, 95% CI 1.038 to 1.180) and 13.6% (OR 1.136, 95% CI 1.051 to 1.228) increases, respectively, in the risk of OHCA. CO showed a consistent association with increased risk of an OHCA. An IQR increase in the 4 h average concentration of CO was associated with a 2.2% (OR 1.022, 95% CI 1.002 to 1.042) increase in risk of an OHCA. When we restricted our analysis of CO to arrests occurring between 6:00 and 10:00, we found a 4.4% (95% CI 1.1% to 7.8%) increase in risk of an OHCA.ConclusionsElevated ambient PM2.5 and CO are associated with an increased risk of OHCA.
Diagnosing fossilization in the Nordic Renaissance: an investigation into the correspondence of Ole Worm (1588–1654)
Authors: Hoch Ella 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Ole Worm, Professor of Medicine at Copenhagen University 1624–1654, collected natural objects and artefacts with a view to letting students learn through observation and the touch of real things. Among the objects were fossils. Through Worm’s correspondence from 1607 to 1654, his growing understanding of petrifaction and petrifactions (fossilization and fossils) and its circumstantial background in the Nordic Renaissance has been investigated. Worm studied medicine with anatomy, botany and (iatro)chemistry at European universities. He began as Professor Pædagogicus and practising physician in Copenhagen in 1613 and he pursued interests in botany and in Nordic philology supported by King Christian IV. Objects for demonstrative instruction were obtained through his correspondents and were arranged systematically in Worm’s museum. The first fossils were identified chemically as petrified mollusc shells and wood, but without attention to species and original environment. With limited zoological knowledge and little field experience, but well trained in anatomical observation and description, and well read, Worm developed his understanding of fossils. He compared sharks’ teeth and
glossopetrae
, adding evidence to former comparisons. Christian orthodoxy was a barrier to geological and evolutionary thinking. Worm rejected superstition and prepared the way for the scientific comprehension of fossils in the Nordic cultural sphere.
Plasma Levels of Adiponectin and Primary Liver Cancer Risk in Middle-Aged Japanese Adults with Hepatitis Virus Infection: A Nested Case–Control Study
Authors: Michikawa Takehiro , Inoue Manami , Sawada Norie , Sasazuki Shizuka , Tanaka Yasuhito , Iwasaki Motoki , Shimazu Taichi , Yamaji Taiki , Mizokami Masashi , Tsugane Shoichiro ,   for the Japan Public Health Center–based Prospective Study Group
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackground: Excess body weight is an independent risk factor for primary liver cancer, and the role of adiponectin in the pathogenesis of obesity-related malignancies is a focus of research interest. Few prospective studies have examined the association between circulating adiponectin and liver cancer risk, so we investigated this association in a nested case–control study of a population-based prospective cohort in Japan.Methods: From 18,628 target participants of ages 40 to 69 years who returned the baseline questionnaire and provided blood samples, we selected those with either hepatitis B or C virus infection at baseline (n = 1,544). Among these, 90 were newly diagnosed with primary liver cancer from 1993 through 2006, and matched to 177 controls. The ORs of liver cancer development based on plasma levels of adiponectin were estimated with a conditional logistic regression model.Results: Median values of total and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin tended to be higher in the patients with liver cancer, and plasma levels of adiponectin were positively associated with liver cancer risk. Body mass index– and diabetes-adjusted ORs for the highest tertile of total and HMW adiponectin levels versus the lowest were 3.30 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.45–7.53; Ptrend &lt; 0.01] and 3.41 (95% CI, 1.50–7.73; Ptrend &lt; 0.01), respectively. There was no effect modification by body mass index and diabetes.Conclusions: Higher plasma adiponectin levels were associated with an increased risk of primary liver cancer in middle-aged Japanese adults with hepatitis virus infection.Impact: Circulating adiponectin levels may be a risk marker for primary liver cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(12); 2250–7. ©2013 AACR.
Prediagnostic Serum Tocopherol Levels and the Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: The Multiethnic Cohort
Authors: Morimoto Yukiko , Ollberding Nicholas J. , Cooney Robert V. , Wilkens Lynne R. , Franke Adrian A. , Le Marchand Loïc , Goodman Marc T. , Hernandez Brenda Y. , Kolonel Laurence N. , Maskarinec Gertraud 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackground: Compromised immunity and chronic inflammation are thought to contribute to the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Because tocopherols protect cells through antioxidant mechanisms, they may play a role in NHL etiology.Methods: This nested case–control study within the Multiethnic Cohort examined the association of prediagnostic serum tocopherols levels measured in 271 NHL cases and 538 matched controls by high-pressure liquid chromatography/photodiode array detection with NHL risk. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI).Results: We observed U-shaped associations with NHL for total and α-tocopherols [Ptrend &lt; 0.01 for polynomial terms (3 df)]. The ORs (95% CI) for total tocopherols, which consisted primarily of α-tocopherol, were 0.41 (0.25–0.68), 0.52 (0.32–0.85), 0.39 (0.23–0.65), and 0.78 (0.47–1.29) for the second to fifth quintiles as compared with the first. The risk estimates were similar for α-tocopherol but nonsignificant for β- and γ-tocopherol combined and for γ-tocopherol. Adjustment for serum lipids strengthened the nonlinear associations for total and α-tocopherols. Serum total tocopherol levels were higher for vitamin E supplement users at cohort entry than nonusers (21.32 ± 9.04 vs. 17.72 ± 7.43 μg/mL; P &lt; 0.0001), but supplement use was not associated with NHL risk. No heterogeneity in risk estimates was detected by sex, ethnicity, vitamin E supplement use, or NHL subtype.Conclusions: Circulating tocopherols, at levels likely reflecting adequate dietary intakes, may be protective against NHL, whereas higher intakes from supplementation may not be beneficial.Impact: The association between serum tocopherol levels and NHL risk provides possible new insights into the etiology of NHL. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(11); 2075–83. ©2013 AACR.
Collaborative Cancer Epidemiology in the 21st Century: The Model of Cancer Consortia
Authors: Burgio Michael R. , Ioannidis John P.A. , Kaminski Brett M. , DeRycke Eric , Rogers Scott , Khoury Muin J. , Seminara Daniela 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
During the last two decades, epidemiology has undergone a rapid evolution toward collaborative research. The proliferation of multi-institutional, interdisciplinary consortia has acquired particular prominence in cancer research. Herein, we describe the characteristics of a network of 49 established cancer epidemiology consortia (CEC) currently supported by the Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program (EGRP) at the National Cancer Institute (NCI). This collection represents the largest disease-based research network for collaborative cancer research established in population sciences. We describe the funding trends, geographic distribution, and areas of research focus. The CEC have been partially supported by 201 grants and yielded 3,876 publications between 1995 and 2011. We describe this output in terms of interdisciplinary collaboration and translational evolution. We discuss challenges and future opportunities in the establishment and conduct of large-scale team science within the framework of CEC, review future prospects for this approach to large-scale, interdisciplinary cancer research, and describe a model for the evolution of an integrated Network of Cancer Consortia optimally suited to address and support 21st-century epidemiology. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(12); 2148–60. ©2013 AACR.
Serum Biomarkers of Immune Activation and Subsequent Risk of Non-Hodgkin B-Cell Lymphoma among HIV-Infected Women
Authors: Hussain Shehnaz K. , Hessol Nancy A. , Levine Alexandra M. , Breen Elizabeth Crabb , Anastos Kathryn , Cohen Mardge , D'Souza Gypsyamber , Gustafson Deborah R. , Silver Sylvia , Martínez-Maza Otoniel 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Background: There is increasing evidence that chronic immune activation predisposes to non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Whether this association exists among women representative of the current HIV epidemic in the United States who are at high risk of HIV-associated NHL (AIDS-NHL), remains to be determined.
Methods: We conducted a nested case–control study within the Women's Interagency HIV Study with longitudinally collected risk factor data and sera. Cases were HIV-infected women with stored sera collected at three time-windows 3 to 5 years, 1 to 3 years, and 0 to 1 year before AIDS-NHL diagnosis (n = 22). Three to six HIV-infected controls, without AIDS-NHL, were matched to each case on age, race, CD4+ T-cell count, and study follow-up time (n = 78). ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between one unit increase in log-transformed biomarker levels and AIDS-NHL were computed using random effect multivariate logistic regression models.
Results: Elevated levels of sCD27 (OR = 7.21; 95% CI, 2.62–19.88), sCD30 (OR = 2.64; 95% CI, 1.24–5.64), and CXCL13 (OR = 2.56; 95% CI, 1.32–4.96) were associated with subsequent diagnosis of AIDS-NHL overall. Elevated sCD23 was associated with a two to three-fold increased risk of AIDS-NHL in certain subgroups, whereas elevated interleukin 6 was associated with a two-fold increased risk in the 0 to 1 year time-window, only.
Conclusions: These findings support the hypothesis that chronic B-cell activation contributes to the development of AIDS-NHL in women.
Impact: Soluble CD23 (sCD23), sCD27, sCD30, and CXCL13 may serve as biomarkers for AIDS-NHL. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(11); 2084–93. ©2013 AACR.
CD137 Accurately Identifies and Enriches for Naturally Occurring Tumor-Reactive T Cells in Tumor
Authors: Ye Qunrui , Song De-Gang , Poussin Mathilde , Yamamoto Tori , Best Andrew , Li Chunsheng , Coukos George , Powell Daniel J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractPurpose: Upregulation of CD137 (4-1BB) on recently activated CD8+ T cells has been used to identify rare viral or tumor antigen-specific T cells from peripheral blood. Here, we evaluated the immunobiology of CD137 in human cancer and the utility of a CD137-positive separation methodology for the identification and enrichment of fresh tumor-reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) or tumor-associated lymphocytes (TAL) from ascites for use in adoptive immunotherapy.Experimental Design: TILs from resected ovarian cancer or melanoma were measured for surface CD137 expression directly or after overnight incubation in the presence of tumor cells and homeostatic cytokines. CD137pos TILs were sorted and evaluated for antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo.Results: Fresh ovarian TILs and TALs naturally expressed higher levels of CD137 than circulating T cells. An HLA-dependent increase in CD137 expression was observed following incubation of fresh enzyme-digested tumor or ascites in IL-7 and IL-15 cytokines, but not IL-2. Enriched CD137pos TILs, but not PD-1pos or PD-1neg CD137neg cells, possessed autologous tumor reactivity in vitro and in vivo. In melanoma studies, all MART-1–specific CD8+ TILs upregulated CD137 expression after incubation with HLA-matched, MART-expressing cancer cells and antigen-specific effector function was restricted to the CD137pos subset in vitro. CD137pos TILs also mediated superior antitumor effects in vivo, compared with CD137neg TILs.Conclusions: Our findings reveal a role for the TNFR-family member CD137 in the immunobiology of human cancer where it is preferentially expressed on tumor-reactive subset of TILs, thus rationalizing its agonistic engagement in vivo and its use in TIL selection for adoptive immunotherapy trials. Clin Cancer Res; 20(1); 44–55. ©2013 AACR.
Does Socioeconomic Status or Acculturation Modify the Association Between Ethnicity and Hypertension Treatment Before Stroke?
Authors: Levine Deborah A. , Morgenstern Lewis B. , Langa Kenneth M. , Skolarus Lesli E. , Smith Melinda A. , Lisabeth Lynda D. 
Published: September 2013

Background and Purpose—
Socioeconomic status and acculturation may modify the association between ethnicity and hypertension treatment before stroke. We assessed prestroke treatment of hypertension by ethnicity, education (proxy for socioeconomic status), and English proficiency (EP; proxy for acculturation) in a population-based stroke surveillance project.

Methods—
Among 763 patients with first-ever stroke aged ≥45 years in the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi project from 2000 to 2006, we examined self-reported hypertension treatment at the time of the stroke by ethnicity (Mexican American [MA] versus non–Hispanic white [NHW]) in the overall sample, within education strata (<high school, high school, >high school), and after dichotomizing MAs by self-reported EP (limited versus proficient). Logistic regression adjusted associations for age, sex, education, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, hypercholesterolemia, and health insurance.

Results—

NHWs and MAs reported similar hypertension treatment (84% versus 86%;
P
=0.53). Hypertension treatment was 84% for NHWs and 90% for MAs (
P
=0.18) in <high school stratum, 87% for NHWs and 75% for MAs (
P
=0.07) in high school stratum, and 81% for NHWs and 78% for MAs (
P
=0.73) in >high school stratum (ethnicity-by-education interaction,
P
=0.09). Hypertension treatment was 83% for NHWs, 87% for MAs with EP (
P
vsNHWs
=0.35), and 90% for MAs with limited EP (
P
vsNHWs
=0.13; ethnicity-by-EP interaction,
P
=0.22). Hypertension treatment was lower in uninsured patients (adjusted odds ratio, 0.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.03-0.60) or those with no physician visit ≤6 months (adjusted odds ratio, 0.09; 95% confidence interval, 0.03-0.24).

Conclusions—
We found no evidence that socioeconomic status or acculturation modifies the association between ethnicity and hypertension treatment before stroke.
Not Lost in Translation: Generalization of the Primary Systems Hypothesis to Japanese-specific Language Processes
Authors: Ueno Taiji , Saito Satoru , Saito Akie , Tanida Yuki , Patterson Karalyn , Lambon Ralph Matthew A. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The emergentist-connectionist approach assumes that language processing reflects interaction between primary neural systems (Primary Systems Hypothesis). This idea offers an overarching framework that generalizes to various kinds of (English) language and nonverbal cognitive activities. The current study advances this approach with respect to language in two new and important ways. The first is the provision of a neuroanatomically constrained implementation of the theory. The second is a test of its ability to generalize to a language other than English (in this case Japanese) and, in particular, to a feature of that language (pitch accent) for which there is no English equivalent. A corpus analysis revealed the presence and distribution of typical and atypical accent forms in Japanese vocabulary, forming a quasiregular domain. Consequently, according to the Primary Systems Hypothesis, there should be a greater semantic impact on the processing of words with an atypical pitch accent. In turn, when word meaning is intrinsically less rich (e.g., abstract words), speakers should be prone to regularization errors of pitch accent. We explored these semantic-phonological interactions, first, in a neuroanatomically constrained, parallel-distributed processing model of spoken language processing. This model captured the accent typicality effect observed in nonword repetition in Japanese adults and children and exhibited the predicted semantic impact on repetition of words with atypical accent patterns. Second, also as predicted, in word repetition and immediate serial recall of spoken words, human participants exhibited reduced pitch–accent accuracy and/or slower RT for low imageability words with atypical accent patterns, and they generated accent errors reflecting the more typical accent patterns found in Japanese.