bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The photobiology of Heterosigma akashiwo. Photoacclimation, diurnal periodicity, and its ability to rapidly exploit exposure to high light
Authors: Hennige Sebastian J. , Coyne Kathryn J. , MacIntyre Hugh , Liefer Justin , Warner Mark E. 
Published: January 2013

Periodic and seasonal exposure to high light is a common occurrence for many near‐shore and estuarine phytoplankton. Rapid acclimatization to shifts in light may provide an axis by which some species of phytoplankton can outcompete other microalgae. Patterns of photoacclimation and photosynthetic capacity in the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada ex Hara et Chihara isolated from the mid‐Atlantic of the United States were followed in continuous cultures at low‐ and high‐light intensities, followed by reciprocal shifts to the opposite light level. The maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) as well as the photosynthetic cross‐section (σPSII) of photosystem II was higher in high‐light cultures compared to low‐light cultures. Significant diurnal variability in photochemistry and photoprotection was noted at both light levels, and high‐light‐acclimated cultures displayed greater variability in photoprotective pathways. When shifted from low to high light, there was only a slight and temporary decline in maximum quantum yield, while cell specific growth more than doubled within 24 h. Rapid acclimation to high light was facilitated by short‐term photoprotection (nonphotochemical quenching), reduced PSII reaction center connectivity, and electron transport. Short‐term increases in de‐epoxidated xanthophyll pigments contributed to nonphotochemical protection, but lagged behind initial increases in nonphotochemical quenching and were not the primary pathway of photoprotection in this alga. By 48 h, photochemistry of cultures shifted from low to high light resembled long‐term high‐light‐acclimated cultures. This isolate of H. akashiwo appears well poised to exploit rapid shifts in light by using unique cellular adjustments in light harvesting and photochemistry.
Myosin‐Binding Protein C DNA Variants in Domestic Cats (A31P, A74T, R820W) and their Association with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Longeri M. , Ferrari P. , Knafelz P. , Mezzelani A. , Marabotti A. , Milanesi L. , Pertica G. , Polli M. , Brambilla P.G. , Kittleson M. , Lyons L.A. , Porciello F. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundTwo mutations in the MYBPC3 gene have been identified in Maine Coon (MCO) and Ragdoll (RD) cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).ObjectiveThis study examined the frequency of these mutations and of the A74T polymorphism to describe their worldwide distribution and correlation with echocardiography.Animals: 1855 cats representing 28 breeds and random‐bred cats worldwide, of which 446 underwent echocardiographic examination.MethodsThis is a prospective cross‐sectional study. Polymorphisms were genotyped by Illumina VeraCode GoldenGate or by direct sequencing. The disease status was defined by echocardiography according to established guidelines. Odds ratios for the joint probability of having HCM and the alleles were calculated by meta‐analysis. Functional analysis was simulated.ResultsThe MYBPC3 A31P and R820W were restricted to MCO and RD, respectively. Both purebred and random‐bred cats had HCM and the incidence increased with age. The A74T polymorphism was not associated with any phenotype. HCM was most prevalent in MCO homozygote for the A31P mutation and the penetrance increased with age. The penetrance of the heterozygote genotype was lower (0.08) compared with the P/P genotype (0.58) in MCO.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceA31P mutation occurs frequently in MCO cats. The high incidence of HCM in homozygotes for the mutation supports the causal nature of the A31P mutation. Penetrance is incomplete for heterozygotes at A31P locus, at least at a young age. The A74T variant does not appear to be correlated with HCM.
The construction of power in family medicine bedside teaching: a video observation study
Authors: Rees Charlotte E , Ajjawi Rola , Monrouxe Lynn V 
Published: January 2013

Introduction  Bedside teaching is essential for helping students develop skills, reasoning and professionalism, and involves the learning triad of student, patient and clinical teacher. Although current rhetoric espouses the sharing of power, the medical workplace is imbued with power asymmetries. Power is context‐specific and although previous research has explored some elements of the enactment and resistance of power within bedside teaching, this exploration has been conducted within hospital rather than general practice settings. Furthermore, previous research has employed audio‐recorded rather than video‐recorded observation and has therefore focused on language and para‐language at the expense of non‐verbal communication and human–material interaction.Methods  A qualitative design was adopted employing video‐ and audio‐recorded observations of seven bedside teaching encounters (BTEs), followed by short individual interviews with students, patients and clinical teachers. Thematic and discourse analyses of BTEs were conducted.Results  Power is constructed by students, patients and clinical teachers throughout different BTE activities through the use of linguistic, para‐linguistic and non‐verbal communication. In terms of language, participants construct power through the use of questions, orders, advice, pronouns and medical/health belief talk. With reference to para‐language, participants construct power through the use of interruption and laughter. In terms of non‐verbal communication, participants construct power through physical positioning and the possession or control of medical materials such as the stethoscope.Conclusions  Using this paper as a trigger for discussion, we encourage students and clinical teachers to reflect critically on how their verbal and non‐verbal communication constructs power in bedside teaching. Students and clinical teachers need to develop their awareness of what power is, how it can be constructed and shared, and what it means for the student–patient–doctor relationship within bedside teaching.
Academic disintegrity among medical students: a randomised response technique study
Authors: Mortaz Hejri Sameh , Zendehdel Kazem , Asghari Fariba , Fotouhi Akbar , Rashidian Arash 
Published: January 2013

Objectives  Medical students, as tomorrow’s doctors, are responsible for their patients’ health; cheating may affect their academic knowledge and clinical skills. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of and attitudes towards academic disintegrity among medical students at Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS).Methods  Anonymous questionnaires including questions about various types of academic disintegrity were distributed among medical students during the clerkship and internship phases of the curriculum. Randomised response technique (RRT) was used to maintain the responders’ privacy. Because the study design guaranteed the confidentiality of respondents, the TUMS Institutional Review Board declared that formal ethical approval was not required.Results  A total of 124 students were enrolled in this study, of whom 63 were in the clerkship phase and 61 were in the internship phase. Of these respondents, 29% (n = 36) were male. The most frequently reported type of academic disintegrity was found to be ‘impersonating an absent student in a class’ (93%) and the least frequent to be ‘legitimising absences by using bribes’ (5%). Only a small number of interns considered ‘buying hospital shifts’, ‘selling hospital shifts’, ‘impersonating an absent student’ and ‘helping others to cheat in examinations’ as representing academic disintegrity. Approximately one third of participants stated that the RRT increased their confidence in anonymity and 90% of students found the use of RRT not difficult.Conclusions  Academic integrity is widely disrespected in different ways among medical students. Effective policies and interventions are required to control these misbehaviours in future doctors in order to optimise medical practice. Almost all respondents found it not difficult to use the RRT; the technique proved to be an effective and easily applied method of eliciting truthful responses to sensitive questions and represents an alternative to conventional anonymising techniques.
P2Y1 knockout mice lack purinergic neuromuscular transmission in the antrum and cecum
Authors: Gil V. , Martínez‐Cutillas M. , Mañé N. , Martín M. T. , Jiménez M. , Gallego D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackground  Pharmacological studies using selective P2Y1 antagonists, such as MRS2500, and studies with P2Y1−/− knockout mice have demonstrated that purinergic neuromuscular transmission is mediated by P2Y1 receptors in the colon. The aim of the present study was to test whether P2Y1 receptors are involved in purinergic neurotransmission in the antrum and cecum.Methods  Microelectrode recordings were performed on strips from the antrum and cecum of wild type animals (WT) and P2Y1−/− mice.Key Results  In the antrum, no differences in resting membrane potential and slow wave activity were observed between groups. In WT animals, electrical field stimulation elicited a MRS2500‐sensitive inhibitory junction potential (IJP). In P2Y1−/− mice, a nitrergic IJP (Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine‐sensitive), but not a purinergic IJP was recorded. This IJP was equivalent to the response obtained in strips from WT animals previously incubated with MRS2500. Similar results were obtained in the cecum: 1‐ the purinergic IJP (MRS2500‐sensitive) recorded in WT animals was absent in P2Y1−/− mice 2‐ nitrergic neurotransmission was preserved in both groups. Moreover, 1‐ spontaneous IJP (MRS2500‐sensitive) could be recorded in WT, but not in P2Y1−/− mice 2‐ MRS2365 a P2Y1 agonist caused smooth muscle hyperpolarization in WT, but not in P2Y1−/− animals, and 3‐ β‐NAD caused smooth muscle hyperpolarization both in WT and P2Y1−/− animals.Conclusions & Inferences  1‐ P2Y1 receptor is the general mechanism of purinergic inhibition in the gastrointestinal tract, 2‐ P2Y1−/− mouse is a useful animal model to study selective impairment of purinergic neurotransmission and 3‐ P2Y1−/− mouse might help in the identification of purinergic neurotransmitter(s).
Editors' Introduction: Why Formal Learning Theory Matters for Cognitive Science
Authors: Fulop Sean , Chater Nick 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article reviews a number of different areas in the foundations of formal learning theory. After outlining the general framework for formal models of learning, the Bayesian approach to learning is summarized. This leads to a discussion of Solomonoff's Universal Prior Distribution for Bayesian learning. Gold's model of identification in the limit is also outlined. We next discuss a number of aspects of learning theory raised in contributed papers, related to both computational and representational complexity. The article concludes with a description of how semi‐supervised learning can be applied to the study of cognitive learning models. Throughout this overview, the specific points raised by our contributing authors are connected to the models and methods under review.
Phagocytosis and Cytokinesis: Do Cells Use Common Tools to Cut and to Eat? Highlights on Common Themes and Differences
Authors: Deschamps Chantal , Echard Arnaud , Niedergang Florence 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEukaryotic cells with specialized functions often use and adapt common molecular machineries. Recent findings have highlighted that actin polymerization, contractile activity and membrane remodelling with exocytosis of internal compartments are required both for successful phagocytosis, the internalization of particulate material and for cytokinesis, the last step of cell division. Phagocytosis is induced by the triggering of specific cell surface receptors, which leads to membrane deformation, pseudopod extension and contraction to engulf particles. Cytokinesis relies on intense contractile activity and eventually leads to the physical scission of sister cells. In this review, shared features of signalling, cytoskeletal reorganization and vesicular trafficking used in both phagocytosis and cytokinesis will be described, but non‐common mechanisms and questions that remain open in these dynamic areas of research are also highlighted.
Measuring the World Economy
Authors: Badinger Harald 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article provides an empirical assessment of whether the world economy has become smaller in terms of economic distance over the last decades. We adopt a cross‐sectional spatial econometric approach, relating domestic output volatility to (distance‐weighted averages of) other countries’ output volatility, using a sample of 135 countries and rolling 10‐year time windows over the period from 1955 to 2006. Using descriptive measures, test statistics and spatial econometric estimates, we find that cross‐country interdependence was virtually insignificant in the early post‐war period but has increased strongly from the mid‐1960s to the mid‐1980s and remained at a high level since then. Results for the most recent period suggest that common shocks to output volatility have a magnified impact and roughly quadruplicate through international spillover effects, which are transmitted through both trade and financial openness.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis of the RD
Rio
Genotype Is the Predominant Cause of Tuberculosis and Associated with Multidrug Resistance in Porto Alegre City, South Brazil
Authors: Dalla Costa Elis Regina , Lazzarini Luiz Claudio Oliveira , Perizzolo Paulo Fernado , Díaz Chyntia Acosta , Spies Fernanda S. , Costa Lucas Laux , Ribeiro Andrezza W. , Barroco Caroline , Schuh Sandra Jungblut , da Silva Pereira Marcia Aparecida , Dias Claudia F. , Gomes Harrison M. , Unis Gisela , Zaha Arnaldo , Almeida da Silva Pedro E. , Suffys Philip N. , Rossetti Maria L. R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Spoligotyping has shown
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
strains to be composed of different lineages, and some of them are not just geographically restricted but also affect specific ethnic populations and are associated with outbreaks and drug resistance. We recently described a particular subtype within the Latin American-Mediterranean (LAM) family, called RD
Rio
, widespread in Brazil. Moreover, recent data also indicate that RD
Rio
is present in many countries on all continents and is associated with cavitary disease and multidrug resistance (MDR). To further explore the relationship between RD
Rio
and MDR, we conducted a study in a tuberculosis (TB) reference center responsible for the care of MDR patients in Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost Brazilian state. From a collection of 237 clinical isolates, RD
Rio
alone was responsible for one-half of all MDR cases, including one large group composed of strains with identical IS
6110
-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and having the LAM5 signature. We additionally had complete data records for 96 patients and could make comparisons between the presence and absence of RD
Rio
. No difference in clinical, radiological or laboratory features was observed, but a significantly greater number of cases with MDR were described in patients infected with an RD
Rio
strain (
P
= 0.0015). Altogether, RD
Rio
was responsible for 38% of all TB cases. These data support and confirmed previous findings that RD
Rio
is the main agent responsible for TB in Brazil and is associated with drug resistance. Considering that RD
Rio
is a globally distributed genotype, such findings raise concern about the increase in MDR in certain human populations.
The Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HCV Test, Version 2.0, Real-Time PCR Assay Accurately Quantifies Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 4 RNA
Authors: Chevaliez Stéphane , Bouvier-Alias Magali , Rodriguez Christophe , Soulier Alexandre , Poveda Jean-Dominique , Pawlotsky Jean-Michel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Accurate hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA quantification is mandatory for the management of chronic hepatitis C therapy. The first-generation Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HCV test (CAP/CTM HCV) underestimated HCV RNA levels by >1-log
10
international units/ml in a number of patients infected with HCV genotype 4 and occasionally failed to detect it. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HCV test, version 2.0 (CAP/CTM HCV v2.0), to accurately quantify HCV RNA in a large series of patients infected with different subtypes of HCV genotype 4. Group A comprised 122 patients with chronic HCV genotype 4 infection, and group B comprised 4 patients with HCV genotype 4 in whom HCV RNA was undetectable using the CAP/CTM HCV. Each specimen was tested with the third-generation branched DNA (bDNA) assay, CAP/CTM HCV, and CAP/CTM HCV v2.0. The HCV RNA level was lower in CAP/CTM HCV than in bDNA in 76.2% of cases, regardless of the HCV genotype 4 subtype. In contrast, the correlation between bDNA and CAP/CTM HCV v2.0 values was excellent. CAP/CTM HCV v2.0 accurately quantified HCV RNA levels in the presence of an A-to-T substitution at position 165 alone or combined with a G-to-A substitution at position 145 of the 5′ untranslated region of HCV genome. In conclusion, CAP/CTM HCV v2.0 accurately quantifies HCV RNA in genotype 4 clinical specimens, regardless of the subtype, and can be confidently used in clinical trials and clinical practice with this genotype.
Persistent Infection Caused by Hobi-Like Pestivirus
Authors: Decaro Nicola , Losurdo Michele , Lucente Maria Stella , Sciarretta Rossana , Mari Viviana , Larocca Vittorio , Elia Gabriella , Cavaliere Nicola , Martella Vito , Fasanella Antonio , Buonavoglia Canio 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A calf persistently infected by Hobi-like pestivirus was monitored for about 6 months, displaying clinical signs typical of bovine viral diarrhea virus persistent infection and shedding the virus through all body secretions, with maximal titers detected in urine. This report provides new insights into the pathogenesis of the emerging pestivirus.
Rapid and Simultaneous Detection of
bla
KPC
and
bla
NDM
by Use of Multiplex Real-Time PCR
Authors: Milillo Michael , Kwak Yoon I. , Snesrud Erik , Waterman Paige E. , Lesho Emil , McGann Patrick 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

The increasing incidence of carbapenem nonsusceptibility among clinically important species is of global concern. Identification of the molecular mechanisms underlying carbapenem nonsusceptibility is critical for epidemiological investigations. In this report, we describe a real-time PCR-based assay capable of simultaneously detecting
bla
KPC
and
bla
NDM
, two of the most important carbapenemases, directly from culture in less than 90 min. The assay was validated with
bla
KPC
- and
bla
NDM
-carrying clinical isolates and demonstrated 100% concordance with the Carba NP test.
Circulating Antibodies and Macrophages as Modulators of Adenovirus Pharmacology
Authors: Khare Reeti , Hillestad Matthew L. , Xu Zhili , Byrnes Andrew P. , Barry Michael A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) naturally infects the liver after intravenous injection, making it a candidate for hepatocyte-directed gene transfer. While Ad5 can be efficient, most of the dose is destroyed by liver Kupffer cells before it can reach hepatocytes. In contrast, Ad5 bearing the hexon from Ad6 (Ad5/6) evades Kupffer cells. While Ad5/6 dramatically increases hepatocyte transduction in BALB/c mice, it has surprisingly little effect on C57BL/6 mice. To determine the source of this strain-specific difference, the roles of Kupffer cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), hepatocytes, scavenger receptors, clotting factors, and immunoglobulins were analyzed. The numbers of Kupffer cells and LSECs, the level of clotting factor X, and hepatocyte infectibility did not differ between different strains of mice. In contrast, high levels of immunoglobulins correlated negatively with Ad5 liver transduction in different mouse strains. Removal of immunoglobulins by use of Rag-deficient mice restored Ad5 transduction to maximal levels. Removal of Kupffer cells by predosing or by testing in colony-stimulating factor knockout mice restored Ad5 transduction in the presence of immunoglobulins. Partial reconstitution of IgM in Rag mice resulted in significant reductions in liver transduction by Ad5 but not by Ad5/6. These data suggest a role for IgM-mediated clearance of Ad5 via Kupffer cells and may explain the mechanism by which Ad5/6 evades these cells. These mechanisms may play a vital role in Ad pharmacology in animals and in humans.
Twist1 Induces CCL2 and Recruits Macrophages to Promote Angiogenesis
Authors: Low-Marchelli Janine M. , Ardi Veronica C. , Vizcarra Edward A. , van Rooijen Nico , Quigley James P. , Yang Jing 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The transcription factor Twist1 induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix degradation to promote tumor metastasis. Although Twist1 also plays a role in embryonic vascular development and tumor angiogenesis, the molecular mechanisms that underlie these processes are not as well understood. Here, we report a novel function for Twist1 in modifying the tumor microenvironment to promote progression. We found that expression of Twist1 in human mammary epithelial cells potently promoted angiogenesis. Surprisingly, Twist1 expression did not increase the secretion of the common proangiogenic factors VEGF and basic fibroblast growth factor but rather induced expression of the macrophage chemoattractant CCL2. Attenuation of endogenous Twist1 in vivo blocked macrophage recruitment and angiogenesis, whereas exogenous CCL2 rescued the ability of tumor cells lacking Twist1 to attract macrophages and promote angiogenesis. Macrophage recruitment also was essential for the ability of Twist1-expressing cells to elicit a strong angiogenic response. Together, our findings show that how Twist1 recruits stromal macrophages through CCL2 induction to promote angiogenesis and tumor progression. As Twist1 expression has been associated with poor survival in many human cancers, this finding suggests that anti-CCL2 therapy may offer a rational strategy to treat Twist1-positive metastatic cancers. Cancer Res; 73(2); 662–71. ©2012 AACR.