bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigen-Conjugated Human IgE Induces Antigen-Specific T Cell Tolerance in a Humanized Mouse Model
Authors: Baravalle Günther , Greer Alexandra M. , LaFlam Taylor N. , Shin Jeoung-Sook 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in immune homeostasis through their ability to present Ags at steady state and mediate T cell tolerance. This characteristic renders DCs an attractive therapeutic target for the induction of tolerance against auto-antigens or allergens. Accordingly, Ag-conjugated DC–specific Abs have been proposed to be an excellent vehicle to deliver Ags to DCs for presentation and tolerance induction. However, this approach requires laborious reagent generation procedures and entails unpredictable side effects resulting from Ab-induced crosslinking of DC surface molecules. In this study, we examined whether IgE, a high-affinity, non–cross-linking natural ligand of FcεRI, could be used to target Ags to DCs and to induce Ag-specific T cell tolerance. We found that Ag-conjugated human IgE Fc domain (Fcε) effectively delivered Ags to DCs and enhanced Ag presentation by 1000- to 2500-fold in human FcεRIα-transgenic mice. Importantly, this presentation resulted in a systemic deletion of Ag-specific T cells and prevented these mice from developing delayed-type hypersensitivity, which is critically dependent on Ag-specific T cell immunity. Thus, targeting FcεRI on DCs via Ag-Fcε fusion protein may serve an alternative method to induce Ag-specific T cell tolerance in humans.
B Cells in T Follicular Helper Cell Development and Function: Separable Roles in Delivery of ICOS Ligand and Antigen
Authors: Weinstein Jason S. , Bertino Sarah A. , Hernandez Sairy G. , Poholek Amanda C. , Teplitzky Taylor B. , Nowyhed Heba N. , Craft Joe 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
B cells are required for follicular Th (Tfh) cell development, as is the ICOS ligand (ICOS-L); however, the separable contributions of Ag and ICOS-L delivery by cognate B cells to Tfh cell development and function are unknown. We find that Tfh cell and germinal center differentiation are dependent on cognate B cell display of ICOS-L, but only when Ag presentation by the latter is limiting, with the requirement for B cell expression of ICOS-L overcome by robust Ag delivery. These findings demonstrate that Ag-specific B cells provide different, yet compensatory, signals for Tfh cell differentiation, while reconciling conflicting data indicating a requirement for ICOS-L expression on cognate B cells for Tfh cell development with those demonstrating that the latter requirement could be bypassed in lieu of that tendered by noncognate B cells. Our findings clarify the separable roles of delivery of Ag and ICOS-L by cognate B cells for Tfh cell maturation and function, and have implications for using therapeutic ICOS blockade in settings of abundantly available Ag, such as in systemic autoimmunity.
Dendritic Cell–MHC Class II and Itk Regulate Functional Development of Regulatory Innate Memory CD4+ T Cells in Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Huang Weishan , Qi Qian , Hu Jianfang , Huang Fei , Laufer Terri M. , August Avery 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
MHC class II (MHCII)–influenced CD4+ T cell differentiation and function play critical roles in regulating the development of autoimmunity. The lack of hematopoietic MHCII causes autoimmune disease that leads to severe wasting in syngeneic recipients. Using murine models of bone marrow transplantation (BMT), we find that MHCII−/−→wild-type BMT developed disease, with defective development of innate memory phenotype (IMP, CD44hi/CD62Llo) CD4+ T cells. Whereas conventional regulatory T cells are unable to suppress pathogenesis, IMP CD4+ T cells, which include conventional regulatory T cells, can suppress pathogenesis in MHCII−/−→wild-type chimeras. The functional development of IMP CD4+ T cells requires hematopoietic but not thymic MHCII. B cells and hematopoietic CD80/86 regulate the population size, whereas MHCII expression by dendritic cells is sufficient for IMP CD4+ T cell functional development and prevention of pathogenesis. Furthermore, the absence of Tec kinase IL-2–inducible T cell kinase in MHCII−/− donors leads to preferential development of IMP CD4+ T cells and partially prevents pathogenesis. We conclude that dendritic cells-MHCII and IL-2–inducible T cell kinase regulate the functional development of IMP CD4+ T cells, which suppresses the development of autoimmune disorder in syngeneic BMTs.
Challenges with couples, serodiscordance and HIV disclosure: healthcare provider perspectives on delivering safer conception services for HIV‐affected couples, South Africa
Authors: Crankshaw Tamaryn L , Mindry Deborah , Munthree Chantal , Letsoalo Thabo , Maharaj Pranitha 
Published: March 2014

IntroductionIntroduction Safer conception interventions should ideally involve both members of an HIV‐affected couple. With serodiscordant couples, healthcare providers will need to manage periconception risk behaviour as well tailor safer conception strategies according to available resources and the HIV status of each partner. Prior to widespread implementation of safer conception services, it is crucial to better understand provider perspectives regarding provision of care since they will be pivotal to the successful delivery of safer conception. This paper reports on findings from a qualitative study exploring the viewpoints and experiences of doctors, nurses, and lay counsellors on safer conception care in a rural and in an urban setting in Durban, South Africa.MethodsWe conducted six semistructured individual interviews per site (a total of 12 interviews) as well as a focus group discussion at each clinic site (a total of 13 additional participants). All interviews were coded in Atlas.ti using a grounded theory approach to develop codes and to identify core themes and subthemes in the data.ResultsManaging the clinical and relationship complexities related to serodiscordant couples wishing to conceive was flagged as a concern by all categories of health providers. Providers added that, in the HIV clinical setting, they often found it difficult to balance their professional priorities, to maintain the health of their clients, and to ensure that partners were not exposed to unnecessary risk, while still supporting their clients’ desires to have a child. Many providers expressed concern over issues related to disclosure of HIV status between partners, particularly when managing couples where one partner was not aware of the other's status and expressed the desire for a child. Provider experiences were that female clients most often sought out care, and it was difficult to reach the male partner to include him in the consultation.ConclusionsProviders require support in dealing with HIV disclosure issues and in becoming more confident in dealing with couples and serodiscordance. Prior to implementing safer conception programmes, focused training is needed for healthcare professionals to address some of the ethical and relationship issues that are critical in the context of safer conception care.
Sample Treatment Strategies for Capillary Electrophoresis Analysis
Authors: Arce Lourdes , Carpio Azahara 
Published: March 2014

The determination of analytes included in different types of samples by capillary electrophoresis (CE) requires their prior extraction from the sample matrix. The extraction steps are the bottleneck of many analytical processes, which should ideally involve as few operations as possible in order to minimize potential errors and shorten analysis times. In addition, there is a growing search for more environmental‐friendly approaches capable of using smaller amounts of solvents and sample sizes.
Sample treatment in CE is of great practical relevance by virtue of its inherent shortcomings, which include low sensitivity, small sample volume, and a marked influence of matrix components. The main types of coupling (on‐line, in‐line, and at‐line) are systematically dealt with and compared to manually implemented approaches in order to derive practical conclusions with a view to facilitate the use of CE for the determination of analytes present in complex samples.
The more suitable approaches for sample treatment before CE analysis are presented in this article. Although solid‐phase extraction (SPE) continues to be the most widely used extraction technique, some other clean‐up/concentration methodologies involving the use of membranes, microdialysis (MD), solid‐phase microextraction (SPME), hollow fibers (HFs), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and among others have proved effective alternatives for extraction, clean‐up, and sometimes preconcentration purposes.
Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (
HILIC
) of Small Molecules
Authors: Gama Mariana R. , Bottoli Carla B.G. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (
HILIC
) provides an alternative approach to separation of mixtures of polar and hydrophilic compounds that are poorly resolved by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography. This separation mode involves polar stationary phases and an aqueous mobile phase, usually rich in an organic solvent such as acetonitrile. In addition to the commonly accepted mechanism of analyte liquid–liquid partitioning between the mobile phase and the water‐enriched solvent layer, which is partially immobilized onto the surface of the stationary phase, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction, and ion‐exchange interactions may also be involved.

HILIC applications for the analysis of small polar molecules can be found in pharmaceutical, medicinal, food, and agricultural chemistry. Carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleotides, polar drugs, metabolites, toxins, and other small polar or ionizable compounds are typical HILIC analytes.
The Admissibility of Laboratory Reports: TheMelendez‐Diaz,Bullcoming, andWilliamsCases
Authors: DesPortes Betty Layne 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides seven basic rights to the accused in criminal prosecutions, including the right “to be confronted with the witnesses against him.” This right is referred to as the right to confrontation and the provision is known as “the Confrontation Clause.” In 2009, throughMelendez‐Diaz v. Massachusettsthe United States Supreme Court continued the reformation of the Confrontation Clause begun four years before inCrawford v. Washingtonwhich severed the right to confrontation from the rules of evidence concerning hearsay. InCrawford, the Court had held that the constitutional protections of the Confrontation Clause extended to all “testimonial statements.” InMelendez‐Diaz, the Court continued to define “testimonial statements,” holding that laboratory reports of forensic analysis were “testimonial” in nature. This holding meant that for the forensic reports to be admissible over defense objection, the Confrontation Clause required the presentation of the forensic analyst for in‐court testimony with the opportunity for cross‐examination. By 2012, the Supreme Court issued two more opinions inBullcoming v. New MexicoandWilliams v. Illinois, the Court addressed ancillary questions that arose, including the identity of the required live witness and extent to which the testimony of expert witnesses could rely on the work of non‐testifying analysts.
Friction Ridge Opinion Evidence afterDaubertand theNASReport
Authors: DesPortes Betty Layne 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFriction ridge opinion evidence—in particular, fingerprint identification testimony—has been admitted in courts in the United States for over a century, but the milestones ofDaubertand the “NASReport” mark changes in the legal landscape concerning the admission of friction ridge opinion evidence. The seminal events of the 1993 United States Supreme Court opinion inDaubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticalsand the 2009 publication of the National Academy of Sciences Report “Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward” sparked challenges to the admission of friction ridge opinion testimony and the conclusions offered by experts. In this article, the “post‐Daubert” and “post‐NAS Report” decisions concerning the admission of friction ridge opinion evidence will be discussed. As with other areas of forensic science, neitherDaubertnor theNASReport resulted in the widespread exclusion of friction ridge opinion evidence, but the legal landscape has been altered. Admissibility hearings concerning friction ridge comparison evidence, once unheard of with respect to “the gold standard” of forensic science, became more frequent and prompted legal discussions of the subjectivity of the analytical processes. Although the courts have primarily considered any “limitations” in friction ridge comparison methodologies and opinions to be properly addressed through the crucible of cross‐examination, a few courts have barred some phrasings of conclusions and representations of absolute certainty.
Anthropology: Skeleton; Estimating Juvenile Age
Authors: Cunningham Craig A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAssessment of age from the juvenile skeleton in deceased and living individuals is a task that is frequently requested of the forensic anthropologist when an individual's biological identity is unknown. It is the only biological parameter of identity that can be assessed with any degree of accuracy from the subadult skeleton and is generally estimated by considering the well‐defined milestones that the skeleton undergoes throughout the juvenile developmental period. These developmental milestones have resulted in the formulation of literature standards that are available to aid with the assessment of age. The common methods of age estimation range from the assessment of the appearance, changing morphology and ultimate fusion of ossification centers (in dry bone assemblages and imaging studies), to the assessment of bone metrics and comparison with published standards. Each of these methods enables the formulation of an age estimate that is more accurate than can be achieved in an adult, but has limitations. This article provides a background to juvenile age assessment by discussing the growth and development of the skeleton, the common terminology associated with age estimation, and the general principles and key methods used in the establishment of skeletal age.
Hair: Animal
Authors: Tridico Silvana 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

The forensic examination of animal hair is a well‐established discipline and has been so for over a century. The basis of all animal hair examination is microscopy, which may enable the hair analyst to identify a hair as animal in origin, characterize the hair to a particular family or species, and conduct comparative examinations. Animal hairs bear microscopic features or characteristics that may assist in their identification. These features can be external, such as the roots and the scale pattern present along the shaft of the hair, and internal, such as the medulla. Over the last century, microscopy was the mainstay for the examination of animal hairs; however, research in relation to the transfer and persistence of animal hairs and
DNA
profiling increased data that may be obtained from these sample types. Preliminary studies conducted specifically on the transfer and persistence of animal hairs have shown that the results are comparable to the studies conducted on textile fibers. The advent of
DNA
profiling of animal hairs provided a degree of individualization that has not been possible with comparative microscopy.
Laboratory Analysis of Explosion Debris
Authors: Lancaster Sarah L. , Marshall Maurice , Oxley Jimmie C. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe forensic scientist investigating the scene of an explosion must start with the determination of whether a bomb or some mishap caused the event. Locating pieces of the explosive device or explosive residue aids in confirming the event as a bombing. The investigator is advised that proper evidence collection requires preparation before the bombing as to how to locate the most useful evidence, how to avoid contamination, how to sift explosion debris, how to conduct the chemical analyses, and what questions he must answer in a court of law. Examples from actual bombings are given and a compendium of literature references is offered.
Alkali Metals: Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Harvey Melanie J. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Organolithium complexes, such as the organomagnesium Grignard reagents, are important reactants in organic synthesis. The similarity in structure, bonding, and reactivity of organolithium and ‐magnesium compounds exemplifies the common chemistry exhibited by representative elements that appear in the same diagonal in the periodic table. Although much debate exists over the degree of covalency within lithium–carbon bonding interactions—the presence of some covalent characters in Li–C bonds of alkyllithium compounds is widely accepted. The bonding interactions within organoalkali metal complexes of the heavier alkali metals are generally considered to be strongly electrostatic or ionic in nature. This is supported by a large collection of evidence, consisting primarily of solution
NMR
data, single‐crystal X‐ray analyses, and gas‐phase computational studies. Many of the organolithium compounds are soluble in hydrocarbons, but organometallic compounds of the heavier Group 1 metals generally require more polar media to dissolve. In general, the reactivity of the alkali metals and the reactivity of the organometallic compounds of these metals increase as the group descends. Although organoalkali metal compounds are similar to Grignard reagents, they are more reactive and are both air‐ and moisture‐sensitive and sometimes pyrophoric. In addition, organoalkali metal compounds will react as Brønsted bases with protic reagents. Specific details regarding the synthesis, reactivity, and structures of various types of organoalkali metal compounds are discussed.
Heterogeneous Catalysis by Metals
Authors: Ma Zhen , Zaera Francisco 
Published: March 2014

AbstractNowadays, over 90% of the processes in the chemical industries require the use of catalysts, and catalysis contributes directly or indirectly to approximately 35% of the world'sGDP. Most catalytic processes are heterogeneous in nature and often rely on the use of transition metal particles dispersed on high‐surface‐area supports. Herein, the basic chemical concepts behind heterogeneous metal catalysis are introduced. Examples are then provided for typical practical catalytic systems used in the generation of energy, the production of chemicals, the preparation of materials, and the cleaning of the environment. Finally, several promising new research directions related to the future development of heterogeneous metal catalysis are highlighted, in particular those associated with the designing of novel catalytic materials, the surface science of catalysis, high‐throughput catalyst testing, improved selectivities, and green chemistry.
Solids: Characterization by Powder Diffraction
Authors: Vogt Thomas 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

This review article covers developments in X‐ray and neutron powder diffraction with an emphasis on the complementary nature of these two condensed matter probes. After a brief overview of the basics of X‐ray and neutron scattering, examples of “mesoscopic” structure investigations (i.e., particle size, strain) are followed by a state‐of‐the‐art combined neutron, X‐ray high‐resolution, and scanning transmission electron microscopy powder diffraction study of a compositionally and structurally complex metal oxide catalyst. Neutron and X‐ray powder diffraction studies in magnetic fields are highlighted and the utility of the total scattering approach using pair‐distribution function (
PDF
) analysis within the context of “nanocrystallography” is discussed. Examples of high‐pressure crystallography using X‐ray and neutrons are given. A short outlook considers future directions in light of the emergence of new X‐ray and neutron sources and the in situ revolution in electron microscopy.
Oxygen‐evolving PhotosystemII
Authors: Pantazis Dimitrios A , Cox Nicholas , Lubitz Wolfgang , Neese Frank 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPhotosystemIIis the enzyme that catalyzes the thermodynamically demanding splitting of water, yielding dioxygen, protons, and electrons, a sunlight‐driven reaction that forms the foundation of oxygenic photosynthesis. The latest results from high‐resolution crystallographic models have led to a refined view of the overall structure of the enzyme and the arrangement of the cofactors involved in light harvesting, charge separation, and electron transfer. In addition, combined efforts from protein crystallography, spectroscopy, and computational chemistry have greatly improved the understanding of the tetramanganese–calcium cluster of the oxygen‐evolving complex, the site of water oxidation. The most important features of the geometric and electronic structures of the oxygen‐evolving complex for the earlier reaction cycle intermediates are now sufficiently well understood such that connections between several structural features and spectroscopic observables can be made with confidence. Advanced spectroscopic techniques have also identified possible sites where the substrate water binds. Although the details of the actual mechanism of biological water oxidation remain elusive, experimental and theoretical studies impose an increasing number of constraints that significantly limit the number of mechanistic possibilities for O–O bond formation.
Electrets
Authors: Kaufman George K. , Gooding Diana M. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Electrets are materials that have a permanent electric field at their surface, analogous to how magnets have a permanent magnetic field. Their electric field arises from a net electrical charge or polarization. This article focuses on the former: electrets that bear a net charge. This charge can develop and dissipate in various ways; this article briefly describes advances in our understanding of how charge develops by contact electrification, corona charging, and direct charging from electrodes, and how charge dissipates by electrostatic discharge and charge decay. We also describe ways to pattern charge, including electrostatic microcontact printing, atomic force microscope‐assisted nanolithography, and new techniques for forming three‐dimensional structures. Lastly, we highlight several relatively new or still‐developing uses for electrets, including electrostatic self‐assembly for sub‐micron xerography, electrostatic generators for harvesting energy or for self‐powered sensing, sources of X‐rays that do not require high‐voltage sources of power, bioactive materials for implants, and electret‐driven chemical reactions.
Relationship between Corporate Climate Change Disclosures and Firm Factors
Authors: Eleftheriadis Iordanis M. , Anagnostopoulou Evgenia G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAs carbon regulation evolves and becomes specialized in addressing carbon reduction issues, stakeholders will demand that firms provide increased information regarding corporate climate change practices. This paper contributes to the international research that examines the relationship between environmental information disclosures and additional firm factors. To do so, we have conducted an empirical analysis of the relationship between the corporate climate change disclosure practices of firms listed in the Athens Stock Exchange and firm factors, such as size, profitability, leverage and activity sector. Our results indicate there is a significant positive relationship between size and increased corporate disclosures regarding climate change practices. However, no significant relationship is detected between profitability or leverage and corporate climate change disclosures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment