bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of the Oil Spill Preparedness for the Goliat Offshore Oil Field Development – The First Oil Field Development in the Barents Sea
Authors: Bjørnbom Erik , Hansen Ole , Engen Frode , Knudsen Sjur W. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The Goliat field operated by Eni Norge AS (Eni Norge), with Statoil Petroleum AS (Statoil) as only partner, will be the first offshore oil field in the Barents Sea and the world's northernmost offshore oil field. The production will commence during the last quarter of 2013. The field is located in the south western part of the Barents Sea, relatively close to the coastline in an area perceived to be environmentally sensitive. The area has high political focus, especially on oil spill preparedness, and strict environmental requirements.
The implementation of the Goliat oil spill preparedness will introduce new technologies and methods, which are the results of R&D projects and initiatives developed in cooperation with Statoil and the Norwegian Clean Seas Association for Operating Companies (NOFO). This will give an increased oil spill response capability, especially for the coastal zone, both for the Goliat field and for other oil and gas activities on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). It is also expected that this implementation will have a positive impact on oil spill preparedness in general and for access to new acreage on the NCS.
This paper will address how the oil spill preparedness for Goliat will bring the coastal oil spill preparedness on the NCS up to a new level. Goliat will be the first field in Norway to implement permanent use of fishing vessels, a special acute phase task force, and an integrated field oil spill detection and surveillance system. The oil spill preparedness focuses on locally adapted solutions for quick and effective response.
This paper will in addition, illustrate how the oil spill response planning and development has been conducted over several years and how the oil spill preparedness is being implemented for both the production drilling and production phase at Goliat.
The paper is closely linked to the SPE paper 156795-PP "Coastal Oil Spill Preparedness Improvement Programme (COSPIP) and Memorandum of Understanding – Comprehensive Joint&Industrial project focusing on coastal oil spill challenges" (1). It is also related to the SPE paper 98593 "High resolution oil spill response planning for operations in a sensitive Arctic environment. Sharing information between operators, national authorities, local oil spill response groups, and the general public" from 2006 (2) and SPE paper 126598 "IA for the Goliat Offshore Oil Field Development. World's northernmost offshore oil development?" from 2010 (3).
Changes in Dissolved Hydrocarbon Content of Shallow Waters During and Shortly After the Deepwater Horizon Incident
Authors: Ross Andrew S , Stalvies Charlotte , Qi Xiubin , Crooke Emma , Fuentes David , Armand Stephane , Revill Andy T , Talukder Asrar 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The Deepwater Horizon incident began on April 20th 2010 and oil was released into the Gulf of Mexico until July 15th 2010. Over the 1,500 m ascent to the surface, mixing between the rising hydrocarbons and seawater, as well as mixing between the surface slick and seawater resulted in dissolution of components susceptible to partitioning into the aqueous phase. Such compounds include benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, naphthalenes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. This paper focuses on the dissolved hydrocarbon compounds and oil droplets detected and measured in the surface waters of the Gulf of Mexico during and shortly after the release.
Between the 5th of June and 14th of September 2010 the abundance and distribution of these compounds using a prototype hydrocarbon sensor array tuned to detect the presence of dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons in waters 1–2 meters below the sea surface. The aim of the survey was to perform continuous monitoring of the surface coastal waters in transects parallel to the coastlines of Mississippi, Alabama and Northwestern Florida to determine and map hydrocarbon levels associated with the Block MC252 oil spill
The prototype hydrocarbon sensor array used to understand the dissolved hydrocarbon content in shallow waters of the Gulf of Mexico is shown in Figure 1. The system comprised an underwater pump which was towed between 1–2m below the surface. Water was pumped through a food grade tube into a stainless steel tank located on the vessel's deck. Into this tank, four commercially available hydrocarbon sensors were mounted, past which the water continuously flowed. The Chelsea Aquatracker (S1), Contros (S2) and Trios (S3) fluorometer sensors have excitation and emission wavelengths specifically chosen to detect polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s, Table 1). The fourth sensor (S4) is a metal oxide (MOS) sensor which has a partitioning membrane in front it to allow volatile hydrocarbons, but not water, to pass into the measurement chamber. These sensors were chosen for their range in detection (Table 1) and to provide redundancy in measurement, and were operated continuously while the survey vessel was underway. The sensor signals were logged every 2 seconds via a logging station, with a GPS location appended to each record. During normal operation, the water pumped through the tank passed directly back into the ocean via an outlet hose. However, periodically or when there are changes in the sensor readings a valve is opened at the rear of the tank allowing the collection of a water sample. These 1 litre samples were then subjected to liquid-liquid extraction using dichloromethane and the extract obtained was analysed using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) instrumentation on board.
Simulation Of Concentrations and Depositions of Particle Matter Caused by Drilling Discharges. Comparison Between Field Measurements and Simulation Results at Coral Locations
Authors: Rye Henrik , Ditlevsen May Kristin , Moe Jannecke A. , Løkken Morten 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Deepwater corals (Lophelia) was identified in the vicinity of the location of the exploration well Pumbaa on the Norwegian Continental Shelf where a drilling operation was carried out by the GDF SUEZ E&P Norge AS (GDF SUEZ). When drilling in sensitive areas, it is a requirement from the Norwegian authorities that the operator shall monitor the drilling operation. Possible impacts on the corals were simulated prior to the drilling operation. In addition, monitoring of the discharges during drilling was carried out in order to document effects on the corals. The paper considers a comparison between measured and simulated discharges of drill cuttings and mud to the sea on the Pumbaa field in the Norwegian Sea.
The actual monitoring program is presented in a separate paper on this conference (Moskeland et al. 2012). The main objective of the monitoring was to assess effects from the drilling activities on the corals south (and nearest) of the drilling location. The monitoring program included measurements of current, turbidity and sedimentation, as well as sampling of sediments from the seafloor. The data collected in the monitoring program turned out to be useful as well to validate numerical models for simulations of the discharges. In the present case, corals are located close to the drilling site, and the simulation tool could then be validated for prediction of potential exposure of the corals.
The actual comparison between model simulations and measurements is carried out by comparing the actual depositions of barite on the sea floor. In addition, turbidity recordings close to the sea floor are compared with simulated concentrations of particle matter at the locations of the turbidity recordings.
Good correspondence is obtained between model results and measurements on the occurrence of events of particle matter present in the water column at selected locations. A good similarity is found between measured/simulated depositions of barite at the sea floor, and measured/simulated concentrations of particle matter in the water column.
Use of the model validated will strengthen the operator's ability to predict exposure (and consequently potential damage) on corals (and other biological resources) prior to the drilling operation. The operator may then obtain an "early warning" on exposure (potential damage). Measures can then be initiated to eliminate or reduce environmental impact.
Innovative Approach on Water Management
Authors: Boccitto Luigi , Buttini Patrizia , Cova Carlo Alberto , Sandri Simonetta , Nardella Alessandro , Palermo Franco , Mollica Sara , Deffis Juan Manuel , Mariani Maurizio 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
eni's approach to effectively manage freshwater in the oil and gas industry and to develop sustainable strategies on water issues is presented. The approach combines the use of different tools in order to identify, evaluate and manage water related risks in the operational sites taking into consideration social, ethical, environmental and industrial issues.
The first level of assessment is performed using the IPIECA Global Water Tool for Oil&Gas to map supply of freshwater, according to international databases, and to identify areas of water stress, or at risk for health conditions or lacking the infrastructure for water treatment and distribution. The percentage of sites in water stressed areas is 13% according to the screening carried out in 2011.
22% of the sites is at water stress for improved sanitation; sites without improved water are 14%.
At the high risk sites, eni has started local assessments using a questionnaire developed by GEMI, to assess the facility's specific water uses/needs in comparison to the availability of water in the region in a more local context; to evaluate the impacts of the operations on the available water resources and to identify the factors that may pose a risk on the local operations. Alternative local water risk assessment methodology including biodiversity and ecosystem impact and water quality discharges are also used for comparison.
Projects for the optimization of water resources and quantitative targets are set on the basis of the assessment in order to drive forward policy and strategy implementation, both at the corporate and site level.
Eni applied this new approach in Algeria and other water stressed countries. Algerian case study is presented.
Coastal Oil Spill Preparedness Improvement Programme (COSPIP) and Memorandum of Understanding – Comprehensive Joint&Industrial Project Focusing on Coastal Oil Spill Challenges
Authors: Buffagni M. , Bjørnbom E. , Hansen O. , Foldnes G. E. , Thorbjørnsen S. , Aiello G. , Engen F. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In the first "Integrated Management Plan for the Barents Sea and the Sea Areas off the Lofoten Islands", issued by the Norwegian government in 2006, oil spill preparedness was one of the main significant issues to be addressed, with a relevant political focus for near shore petroleum activities and environmental vulnerable resources.
A need to improve the coastal oil spill response capability was therefore identified early in relation to the planning and development of the Goliat oil field, located in the south western part of the Barents Sea, and consequently a strategy was developed.
Eni Norge and eni e&p joined forces to substantially contribute to the development of this strategy through the COSPIP JIP and a Memorandum of Understanding issued with Statoil, the only license partner in Goliat.
More than 30 Research & Development projects were carried out in order to get new technologies and knowledge that could improve the coastal oil spill capability.
This paper describes the comprehensive approach adopted in the JIP. Focus has been on coastal clean-up and protection, strategy development, equipment and software improvement, spill detection and monitoring technologies, logistics and local operations as well as on the study of behaviour of oil spilled in proximity of the coast. The main obtained results, which will be applied in the Goliat Oil Spill Preparedness, are presented.
This paper also illustrates how the stakeholder management and the communication strategy were carried out successfully during the project, mainly through the participation at public meetings and the development of an oil spill preparedness website, with the aim to transfer the acquired knowledge by mean of articles and video presentation to local communities and general public.
The paper is closely related to the SPE paper 156773-PP "Implementation of the oil spill preparedness for the Goliat offshore oil field development – The first oil field development in the Barents Sea" (1).
Tool and Case Study on the Application and Benefits of Alternate Energy Supply Technologies
Authors: Rowbottom Ronald , Kuykendall Dina 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The global issues related to greenhouse gas emissions, cost of electricity, and reliability of electrical supply are driving companies to evaluate options for alternative energy sources to power facilities. A robust screening tool was necessary to identify whether more environmentally sound and cost effective options were available to meet facility energy needs. This paper outlines the development, application and advantages of an alternate energy generation assessment tool for determining the feasibility of installing co generation and/or self generation to provide electrical power at company owned facilities. This tool, which is quick and easy to use, provides significant advantages over the traditional approach of engineering studies, which are often time consuming and expensive.
The tool evaluates various factors to compare utility provided power to other options including fuel cells, photovoltaic, and natural gas turbines. The power supply types are evaluated against a number of criteria including feasibility, energy quality, greenhouse gas emissions, cost, payback period and other factors.
To be a global assessment tool, the format needs to be adaptable to various conditions regarding supply and reliability in diverse power supply markets.
The application of the "alternate energy cogeneration tool" to various operation facilities in a global setting will be discussed. A case study will be outlined that concluded with the selection of a 300kW natural gas fuel cell at a facility. This resulted in annual savings of $477K in purchased electrical power and reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 1,578 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e).
Calculations of greenhouse gas emissions (CO2e) will be detailed to show how to capture the environmental advantages of co-generation and self generation applications utilizing an internal carbon reporting system. These environmental benefits can be incorporated in overall sustainability reporting by the user, both internally and externally.
From Research to Practice: A Story of an Actionable Safety Leading Indicator Index
Authors: Stough Joe 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
For the past several years, a group of global Energy companies, including nearly all of the super majors, has been working on a research initiative with a common mission to find an actionable leading indicator index to drive Safety and eventually overall Operational Excellence performance.
This group has been collaborating to provide a large multi-year data set, which contains millions of data records from events such as incidents, investigations, near misses, audits, observations, assessments, and many other routine field-level activities. Since 2008, a rigorous statistical analysis process has been iteratively applied to this data to identify the mix of leading metrics which most effectively predict Safety performance outcomes.
This paper will review the leading indicator research findings drawn from analyzing this large Energy industry data set. It will reveal the key components of an actionable leading index which has been found to be uniquely strong in organizations who continue to sustain top-level Safety lagging performance.
From the analytical research and careful review with this consortium of industry QHSE executives and Subject Matter Experts, the index that was found to best predict the Safety outcome performance of an organization included measurements of (a) proactive event reporting (Reporting Culture), (b) the discipline and consistency in execution of QHSE business processes, (c) the timeliness in closure of important corrective / preventive actions, and finally (d) the responsiveness of supervisors and line managers.
The paper will provide an overview of the analytical process that produced these results and will outline alternatives for applying these insights on leadership performance dashboards. Although the leading indicator research and analytics activities continue annually to strengthen the effectiveness of the leading indices, companies are applying the index to provide actionable leading metrics on executive scorecards. We will outline a sample process for implementing practical, "actionable" leading metrics in each key area to drive line manager / leadership behaviour and ultimately improve QHSE performance outcomes.
Environmental Risk Assessment Utilizing Bow-Tie Methodology
Authors: Jones Fredrick V. , Israni Kumar (Chris) 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Environmental risk assessment has become a recognized tool to assess the impact of projects and production operations around the world. However, the methodology utilized to assess environmental risks range from simple workshops listing the various project or operational stages and potential environmental impacts to complex HAZIDS/HAZOP workshops. In most cases the workshop and risk assessment success can be based on the number and experience of the professionals present and the level of detail and time allowed for the assessment. The Bow-Tie methodology in risk assessment has been utilized in safety assessments for some time; however, it has not been utilized to any degree with environmental assessment.
The Bow-Tie method can significantly reduce the variability of results, which helps to increase the confidence in the findings from the assessment. The Bow-Tie method is a systematic approach to reviewing, selecting and ranking potential risks that provides a foundation for future efforts in control and mitigation. A procedure has been developed to assess environmental risk utilizing the Bow-Tie method similar to the approach applied in safety risk assessments. The Bow-Tie methodology has not been widely utilized in the environmental assessment of upstream operations to date. This paper reviews the process and results of such an effort.
The authors have utilized this method to assess the environmental aspects of an engineering design stage for an offshore platform and drilling program and discuss the lessons learned from this experience. Based on the results from this application, the Bow-tie method can be adapted for the evaluation of environmental impacts associated with early-phase development activities, including design phases, project start up and review of changes and new events, and startup operations.
New Country Entry: Effective Engagement of HES and Medical Professionals
Authors: Strong Jim , Khalsa Atma S. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Exploration and production (E&P) in increasingly remote areas present challenges to addressing both worker health and other HES issues. This trend drives a need to integrate health, environment, safety (HES) and medical professionals earlier in the business planning stages to conduct in-depth risk assessments.
As new country entry organizational capability models typically include management personnel and representatives from finance, supply chain and legal, but tend to inadequately address unique HES and medical challenges such as extreme medical exposures (i.e. cholera, typhoid, malaria, hepatitis, and HIV), sub-standard medical infrastructure and HES workforce environments (i.e. clean water, medivacs capabilities, logistics and lodging) which are key risks for new investment opportunities.
This paper proposes a simple, phased process that brings in HES and medical professionals during initial conception of new venture profiling and builds on early assessments to position companies to successfully manage new international developments.
Sensor System for Directly Detecting and Identifying Hydrocarbons in Water
Authors: Cooper James S. , Wieczorek Lech , Raguse Burkhard , Müller Karl-Heinz , Chow Edith , Hubble Lee J. , Ross Andrew , Mohler Rachel , Synowiec Karen , Bild Elaine , Kelmser Urmas , Thomas Dave 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
We report on the development of a sensor system for the detection of hydrocarbons in water. The sensor system is based on functionalized gold nanoparticle chemiresistors that change their electrical resistance when exposed to chemical compounds. We fabricated arrays with sixteen chemiresistors, where each chemiresistor can contain gold nanoparticles functionalized with a different linker. The array of semi-selective sensors was exposed to solutions containing benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) dissolved in water. Using linear discriminant analysis we demonstrated that each one of the BTEX compounds could be distinguished.
Tools for Standardizing Environmental Designs for Capital Projects
Authors: Monahan Margaret , Blackwell Veronica , Hoffmann Robert , Julliand Marine , lannuzzi Morgan , Conrad Dwayne , Craig Amy 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Chevron has recently developed and improved tools to promote consistency in environmental designs across the company. The objectives of the tools are to leverage institutional knowledge and best practices in environmental engineering design; to select the most appropriate treatment/control equipment; and to provide design recommendations that can be incorporated into engineering specifications. The tools are: 1) the Environmental Basis of Design (BoD) Template; and 2) the Environmental Design Manual.
The purpose of an Environmental BoD is to identify key design requirements related to environmental performance that must be addressed in pre-Front End Engineering and Design (pre-FEED), FEED and included in the final detailed design. The Environmental BoD Template includes company internal standards, and references to international conventions, codes, standards, project-specific compliance requirements and best practice design considerations.
The Environmental Design Manual promotes consistent design of environmental technologies and complements the BoD Template as a bridge between the Health, Environment and Safety (HES) and Facility Engineering (FE) functions by helping HES staff set appropriate design targets and helping facilty engineers design equipment to meet those targets. The Environmental Design Manual is incorporated into the Company's Engineering Standards and is comprised of individual guidelines on specific environmental effluents, emissions or management technologies. The guidelines summarize environmental requirements and provide suggestions on the best engineering designs to meet those requirements. The Environmental Design Manual builds engineering excellence by sharing company experience, lessons learned, and key design recommendations. The Environmental Design Manual now includes guidelines for sanitary wastewater, incinerators, drilled cuttings, and stationary point source control technologies. Guidelines for produced water, onsite waste storage, and flaring are in development. Existing guidelines will also be refreshed periodically to remain current on best-available technologies and company expectations.