bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Periodontology: past, present, perspectives
Authors: Slots Jørgen 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPeriodontitis is an infectious disease that affects the tooth‐supporting tissues and exhibits a wide range of clinical, microbiological and immunological manifestations. The disease is associated with and is probably caused by a multifaceted dynamic interaction of specific infectious agents, host immune responses, harmful environmental exposure and genetic susceptibility factors. This volume of Periodontology 2000 covers key subdisciplines of periodontology, ranging from etiopathogeny to therapy, with emphasis on diagnosis, classification, epidemiology, risk factors, microbiology, immunology, systemic complications, anti‐infective therapy, reparative treatment, self‐care and affordability issues. Learned and unlearned concepts of periodontitis over the past 50 years have shaped our current understanding of the etiology of the disease and of clinical practice.
Periodontal self‐care: evidence‐based support
Authors: Drisko Connie L. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe focus of this review on periodontal self‐care will be based primarily on the results of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses. Based on the evidence gleaned from systematic reviews, it is notable that most authors of these reviews commented on the relatively small number of trials that could pass the quality‐assessment inclusion in the systematic review. Interproximal devices, namely interproximal brushes, are more effective for reducing interproximal plaque and gingivitis than are flossing or brushing alone. Some added benefit may be attributed to the use of rotational oscillation powered toothbrushes over manual toothbrushes. Recommendations by the dentist and dental hygienist to add one or more chemotherapeutic agents to the typical oral hygiene regimen has been shown, in systematic reviews and meta‐analyses, to reduce the level of plaque and gingival inflammation in patients. Oral irrigation does not seem to reduce visible plaque but does tend to reduce inflammation, determined by the presence of bleeding on probing, the gingival index score and probing depth measurements. To date, high‐quality evidence is either lacking or weak in some areas regarding the efficacy of self‐care and periodontal disease. Low educational attainment, smoking and socio‐economic status are related to adverse periodontal health outcomes. Variation in self‐esteem, self‐confidence and perfectionism are associated with oral health status and oral health behaviors. Better understanding of the psychological factors associated with oral hygiene would be of benefit in further developing strategies to help patients improve their oral hygiene in addition to helping professionals design better programs on prevention and education.
Transcription Profile of Candidate Genes for the Acquisition of Competence During Oocyte Growth in Cattle
Authors: Bessa IR , Nishimura RC , Franco MM , Dode MAN 
Published: April 2013

ContentsThe aim of this study was to investigate the expression profile of candidate genes involved in competence during oocyte growth. The candidate genes (BMP15, OOSP1, H1FOO, H2A, H3A, H4, SLBP, DNMT1, DNMT3B, HAT1, HDAC2 and SUV39H1) were selected because of their possible involvement in determining oocyte developmental competence. Pre‐antral and antral follicles were isolated from the ovaries of Zebu (Bos indicus) cows, measured and classified into the following categories according to their diameter: (i) oocytes from primordial follicles: diameter <20 μm, (ii) oocytes from primary follicles: 25–35 μm, (iii) oocytes from small secondary follicles: 40–60 μm, (iv) oocytes from large secondary follicles: 65–85 μm, (v) oocytes from small antral follicles: 100–120 μm, and (vi) oocytes from large antral follicles: >128 μm. Total RNA was extracted from four pools of 25 oocytes for each category of follicles, and the genes were quantified by qPCR. Target gene expression was normalized using the gene PPIA. The results suggest that stocks of the studied transcript genes accumulate before the final phase of folliculogenesis. The HDAC2 gene was the only gene in which a differential expression was observed at stage associated with competence acquisition.
Effects of Light, Flooding, and Weeding on Experimental Restoration of an Endangered Hawaiian Fern
Authors: Chau Marian M. , Reyes Whitney R. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractConservation of rare plants can be accomplished by the restoration practice of reintroduction, but subsequent management is often required. In species with narrow habitat requirements, it is especially difficult to predict which management methods will be successful at new locations. Marsilea villosa is an endangered endemic Hawaiian fern with only seven remaining populations in ephemerally flooding drylands. Among its uncommon traits are long‐lived sporocarps, a requirement of flood and drought to complete its sexual life cycle, and the potential for extensive vegetative growth. An experiment was performed to determine which restoration techniques might best facilitate growth of outplanted M. villosa. The following effects were tested in a split‐plot factorial design: flooding (once/none), light (50% shade/full sun), weeding (bi‐monthly/none), and all interactions. We hypothesized that flooding would have the largest single‐factor effect and that there would be interactions among treatments. As hypothesized, flooding had the greatest positive effect on percent cover and sporocarp production. However, shade also increased cover over full sun when the plants began to experience drought. There was an interaction of light × flooding because M. villosa grew best in flooded, shaded plots. Weeding had no significant effect except in combination with flooding. Beyond protected status, current management of M. villosa only includes weed management at some populations. This study shows that if reintroducing new populations, the need for labor‐intensive weed management might be reduced if M. villosa is planted under conditions of flooding and moderate shade.
The Chilean Espinal: Restoration for a Sustainable Silvopastoral System
Authors: Root‐Bernstein Meredith , Jaksic Fabián 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe mediterranean habitats of central Chile are rich in endemic species, but threatened by land‐use changes. In this context, we suggest that restoration of the traditional espinal silvopastoral system could improve its sustainability and conservation value. Past research on the espinal embraced negative stereotypes of peasants, the tree Acacia caven, and the semiarid landscape to recommend abandoning the silvopastoral system. We think that recommendation is premature and ignores the value of the espinal as a classical Chilean cultural landscape. Drawing on lessons from silvopastoral systems in Latin America and the Mediterranean, here we suggest several management interventions and incentives that could be developed to restore the espinal. Particular challenges in espinal include low biomass production due to the semiarid climate and the lack of a traditional sustainable timber or non‐timber product of A. caven. Our recommendations include sustainable production and use of biochar and bark extracts from A. caven to improve espinal soils, the promotion of shrubs and the use of small mammal disturbances, and their artificial analogs to improve A. caven reproduction, and rotational livestock herding to form mosaic landscapes. These techniques could lead to higher forage biomass and increased livestock weights. Incentive structures to implement these management activities could include tax benefits for private protected area (IUCN category VI) creation, REDD+ and PES programs, along with promotion of the cultural value of the espinal. Further research is urgently called for on ecosystem services, ecological baselines, biochar, and other management and incentive structures that could be applied in the espinal.
Establishment and Management of Native Functional Groups in Restoration
Authors: Kimball Sarah , Lulow Megan E. , Mooney Kailen A. , Sorenson Quinn M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe limiting similarity hypothesis predicts that communities should be more resistant to invasion by non‐natives when they include natives with a diversity of traits from more than one functional group. In restoration, planting natives with a diversity of traits may result in competition between natives of different functional groups and may influence the efficacy of different seeding and maintenance methods, potentially impacting native establishment. We compare initial establishment and first‐year performance of natives and the effectiveness of maintenance techniques in uniform versus mixed functional group plantings. We seeded ruderal herbaceous natives, longer‐lived shrubby natives, or a mixture of the two functional groups using drill‐ and hand‐seeding methods. Non‐natives were left undisturbed, removed by hand‐weeding and mowing, or treated with herbicide to test maintenance methods in a factorial design. Native functional groups had highest establishment, growth, and reproduction when planted alone, and hand‐seeding resulted in more natives as well as more of the most common invasive, Brassica nigra. Wick herbicide removed more non‐natives and resulted in greater reproduction of natives, while hand‐weeding and mowing increased native density. Our results point to the importance of considering competition among native functional groups as well as between natives and invasives in restoration. Interactions among functional groups, seeding methods, and maintenance techniques indicate restoration will be easier to implement when natives with different traits are planted separately.
Three‐dimensional gravity‐current flow within a subaqueous bend: Spatial evolution and force balance variations
Authors: Wei Taoyuan , Peakall Jeff , Parsons Daniel R. , Chen Zhongyuan , Zhao Baocheng , Best Jim 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe nature of three‐dimensional flow in submarine channel bends is poorly understood, largely due to the absence of detailed data from natural channels. Herein, data from density‐driven flows in a large reservoir on the Huanghe (Yellow) River are presented showing the spatio‐temporal variation of flow around a subaqueous bend. The data demonstrate for the first time that reversed helical flow, relative to that found in river channel bends, can occur from the centrifugal forcing of flow, even when the Coriolis force acts in the opposite direction. The data also suggest that reversed helical flow fields in submarine channels may be more frequent than currently estimated, notably for bends where Coriolis and centrifugal forces combine in the same direction. In addition, this study provides the first field evidence suggesting that sinuous submarine channels can exhibit an asymmetry in helical flow orientation between left and right‐turning bends, which will have major implications for the morphodynamics of submarine channels, their resultant patterns of sedimentation and, ultimately, the distribution of depositional units across submarine fan systems.
Confessional Identity as National Boundary in National Historical Narratives: Ireland and Germany Compared
Authors: Nagle Shane 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis article explores the question of ‘boundary‐formation’ by examining the significance of historical narratives for defining the nation. Specifically, it compares the historical construction of religious or confessional identity as national boundary in the cases of Ireland and Germany in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The article examines the importance of this historically constructed national identity for rendering continuity to the nation's history and delineating the national ‘Other’, thereby establishing national particularity. The historical ‘joining’ of ‘Irishness’ to Catholic identity and ‘Germanness’ to Protestant identity, as well as providing cultural ‘cement’ for the nation, also had exclusionary implications.
Preferential expression of cancer/testis genes in cancer stem‐like cells: proposal of a novel sub‐category, cancer/testis/stem gene
Authors: Yamada R. , Takahashi A. , Torigoe T. , Morita R. , Tamura Y. , Tsukahara T. , Kanaseki T. , Kubo T. , Watarai K. , Kondo T. , Hirohashi Y. , Sato N. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractCancer/testis (CT) antigens encoded by CT genes are immunogenic antigens, and the expression of CT gene is strictly restricted to only the testis among mature organs. Therefore, CT antigens are promising candidates for cancer immunotherapy. In a previous study, we identified a novel CT antigen, DNAJB8. DNAJB8 was found to be preferentially expressed in cancer stem‐like cells (CSCs)/cancer‐initiating cells (CICs), and it is thus a novel CSC antigen. In this study, we hypothesized that CT genes are preferentially expressed in CSCs/CICs rather than in non‐CSCs/‐CICs and we examined the expression of CT genes in CSCs/CICs. The expression of 74 CT genes was evaluated in side population (SP) cells (=CSC) and main population (MP) cells (=non‐CSC) derived from LHK2 lung adenocarcinoma cells, SW480 colon adenocarcinoma cells and MCF7 breast adenocarcinoma cells by RT‐PCR and real‐time PCR. Eighteen genes (MAGEA2, MAGEA3, MAGEA4, MAGEA6, MAGEA12, MAGEB2, GAGE1, GAGE8, SPANXA1, SPANXB1, SPANXC, XAGE2, SPA17, BORIS, PLU‐1, SGY‐1, TEX15 and CT45A1) showed higher expression levels in SP cells than in MP cells, whereas 10 genes (BAGE1, BAGE2, BAGE4, BAGE5, XAGE1, LIP1, D40, HCA661, TDRD1 and TPTE) showed similar expression levels in SP cells and MP cells. Thus, considerable numbers of CT genes showed preferential expression in CSCs/CICs. We therefore propose a novel sub‐category of CT genes in this report: cancer/testis/stem (CTS) genes.
The Influence of Digital Surface Model Choice on Visibility‐based Mobile Geospatial Applications
Authors: Meek Sam , Goulding James , Priestnall Gary 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this work we investigate the effectiveness of different types of visibility models for use within location‐based services. This article outlines the methodology and results for our experiments, which were designed to understand the accuracy and effects of model choices for mobile visibility querying. Harnessing a novel mobile media consumption and authoring application called Zapp, the levels of accuracy of various digital surface representations used by a line of sight visibility algorithm are extensively examined by statistically assessing randomly sampled viewing sites across the 1 km2 study area, in relation to points of interest (POI) across the University of Nottingham campus. Testing was carried out on three different surface models derived from 0.5 m LiDAR data by visiting physical sites on each surface model with 14 random point of interest masks being viewed from between 10 and 16 different locations, totalling 190 data points. Each site was ground‐truthed by determining whether a given POI could be seen by the user and could also be identified by the mobile device. Our experiments in a semi‐urban area show that choice of surface model has important implications for mobile applications that utilize visibility in geospatial query operations.
Developments in Research on Mathematical Practice and Cognition
Authors: Pease Alison , Guhe Markus , Smaill Alan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWe describe recent developments in research on mathematical practice and cognition and outline the nine contributions in this special issue of topiCS. We divide these contributions into those that address (a) mathematical reasoning: patterns, levels, and evaluation; (b) mathematical concepts: evolution and meaning; and (c) the number concept: representation and processing.
Perception of low red:far‐red ratio compromises both salicylic acid‐ and jasmonic acid‐dependent pathogen defences in Arabidopsis
Authors: de Wit Mieke , Spoel Steven H. , Sanchez‐Perez Gabino F. , Gommers Charlotte M. M. , Pieterse Corné M. J. , Voesenek Laurentius A. C. J. , Pierik Ronald 
Published: April 2013

SummaryIn dense stands of plants, such as agricultural monocultures, plants are exposed simultaneously to competition for light and other stresses such as pathogen infection. Here, we show that both salicylic acid (SA)‐dependent and jasmonic acid (JA)‐dependent disease resistance is inhibited by a simultaneously reduced red:far‐red light ratio (R:FR), the early warning signal for plant competition. Conversely, SA‐ and JA‐dependent induced defences did not affect shade‐avoidance responses to low R:FR. Reduced pathogen resistance by low R:FR was accompanied by a strong reduction in the regulation of JA‐ and SA‐responsive genes. The severe inhibition of SA‐responsive transcription in low R:FR appeared to be brought about by the repression of SA‐inducible kinases. Phosphorylation of the SA‐responsive transcription co‐activator NPR1, which is required for full induction of SA‐responsive transcription, was indeed reduced and may thus play a role in the suppression of SA‐mediated defences by low R:FR‐mediated phytochrome inactivation. Our results indicate that foraging for light through the shade‐avoidance response is prioritised over plant immune responses when plants are simultaneously challenged with competition and pathogen attack.
Self‐rescue of an EXTENSIN mutant reveals alternative gene expression programs and candidate proteins for new cell wall assembly in Arabidopsis
Authors: Saha Prasenjit , Ray Tui , Tang Yuhong , Dutta Indrajit , Evangelous Nicole R. , Kieliszewski Marcia J. , Chen Yuning , Cannon Maura C. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryPlants encode a poorly understood superfamily of developmentally expressed cell wall hydroxyproline‐rich glycoproteins (HRGPs). One, EXTENSIN3 (EXT3) of the 168 putative HRGPs, is critical in the first steps of new wall assembly, demonstrated by broken and misplaced walls in its lethal homozygous mutant. Here we report the findings of phenotypic (not genotypic) revertants of the ext3 mutant and in‐depth analysis including microarray and qRT‐PCR (polymerase chain reaction). The aim was to identify EXT3 substitute(s), thus gaining a deeper understanding of new wall assembly. The data show differential expression in the ext3 mutant that included 61% (P ≤ 0.05) of the HRGP genes, and ability to self‐rescue by reprogramming expression. Independent revertants had reproducible expression networks, largely heritable over the four generations tested, with some genes displaying transgenerational drift towards wild‐type expression levels. Genes for nine candidate regulatory proteins as well as eight candidate HRGP building materials and/or facilitators of new wall assembly or maintenance, in the (near) absence of EXT3 expression, were identified. Seven of the HRGP fit the current model of EXT function. In conclusion, the data on phenotype comparisons and on differential expression of the genes‐of‐focus provide strong evidence that different combinations of HRGPs regulated by alternative gene expression networks, can make functioning cell walls, resulting in (apparently) normal plant growth and development. More broadly, this has implications for interpreting the cause of any mutant phenotype, assigning gene function, and genetically modifying plants for utilitarian purposes.
GammaPod—A new device dedicated for stereotactic radiotherapy of breast cancer
Authors: Yu Cedric X. , Shao Xinyu , Zhang Jin , Regine William , Zheng Mike , Yu Ying S. , Deng Jianchun , Duan Zhengcheng 
Published: April 2013

Purpose:This paper introduces a new external beam radiotherapy device named GammaPod that is dedicated for stereotactic radiotherapy of breast cancer.Methods:The design goal of the GammaPod as a dedicated system for treating breast cancer is the ability to deliver ablative doses with sharp gradients under stereotactic image guidance. Stereotactic localization of the breast is achieved by a vacuum‐assisted breast immobilization cup with built‐in stereotactic frame. Highly focused radiation is achieved at the isocenter due to the cross‐firing from 36 radiation arcs generated by rotating 36 individual Cobalt‐60 beams. The dedicated treatment planning system optimizes an optimal path of the focal spot using an optimization algorithm borrowed from computational geometry such that the target can be covered by 90%–95% of the prescription dose and the doses to surrounding tissues are minimized. The treatment plan is intended to be delivered with continuous motion of the treatment couch. In this paper the authors described in detail the gamma radiation unit, stereotactic localization of the breast, and the treatment planning system of the GammaPod system.Results:A prototype GammaPod system was installed at University of Maryland Medical Center and has gone through a thorough functional, geometric, and dosimetric testing. The mechanical and functional performances of the system all meet the functional specifications.Conclusions:An image‐guided breast stereotactic radiotherapy device, named GammaPod, has been developed to deliver highly focused and localized doses to a target in the breast under stereotactic image guidance. It is envisioned that the GammaPod technology has the potential to significantly shorten radiation treatments and even eliminate surgery by ablating the tumor and sterilizing the tumor bed simultaneously.
The Alveolar Microenvironment of Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Does Not Modify Alveolar Macrophage Interactions with Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Gordon Stephen B. , Jagoe R. Thomas , Jarman Elizabeth R. , North James C. , Pridmore Alison , Musaya Janelisa , French Neil , Zijlstra Eduard E. , Molyneux Malcolm E. , Read Robert C. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTWe tested the hypothesis that HIV infection results in activation of alveolar macrophages and that this might be associated with impaired defense against pneumococcus. We compared alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes in 131 bronchoalveolar lavage samples from HIV-infected and healthy controls using inflammatory gene microarrays, flow cytometry, real-time PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the pattern of macrophage activation associated with HIV infection and the effect of this activation on defense against pneumococcus. We used gamma interferon (IFN-γ) priming to mimic the cellular milieu in HIV-infected lungs. InnateDB and BioLayout 3D were used to analyze the interactions of the upregulated genes. Alveolar macrophages from HIV-infected adults showed increased gene expression and cytokine production in a classical pattern. Bronchoalveolar lavage from HIV-infected subjects showed excess CD8+lymphocytes with activated phenotype. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression was increased in macrophages from HIV-infected subjects, but function was similar between the groups; lung lavage fluid did not inhibit TLR function in transfected HeLa cells. Alveolar macrophages from HIV-infected subjects showed normal binding and internalization of opsonized pneumococci, with or without IFN-γ priming. Alveolar macrophages from HIV-infected subjects showed classical activation compared to that of healthy controls, but this does not alter macrophage interactions with pneumococci.
A Novel High-Resolution Melt PCR Assay Discriminates Anaplasma phagocytophilum and “Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis”
Authors: Krücken Jürgen , Schreiber Cécile , Maaz Denny , Kohn Mareen , Demeler Janina , Beck Stefanie , Schein Eberhard , Olias Philipp , Richter Dania , Matuschka Franz-Rainer , Pachnicke Stefan , Krieger Klemens , Kohn Barbara , von Samson-Himmelstjerna Georg 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

“
Candidatus
Neoehrlichia mikurensis” (
Anaplasmataceae
) is an emerging pathogen transmitted by
Ixodes
ticks. Conventional PCR and the newly developed high-resolution melt PCR were used to detect and discriminate “
Candidatus
Neoehrlichia mikurensis” and
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
. Both bacterial species were frequently found in
Ixodes ricinus
and
Ixodes hexagonus
but virtually absent from
Dermacentor reticulatus
. In rodents, “
Candidatus
N. mikurensis” was significantly more prevalent than
A. phagocytophilum
, whereas in cats, only
A. phagocytophilum
was found.