bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and investigation of the optoelectrical properties of MoS2/CdS heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Gu Weixia , Yang Fan , Wu Chen , Zhang Yi , Shi Miaoyuan , Ma Xiying 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)/cadmium sulfide (CdS) heterojunction solar cells were successfully synthesized via chemical bath deposition (CBD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The as-grown CdS film on a fluorine tin oxide (FTO) substrate deposited by CBD is continuous and compact. The MoS2 film deposited by CVD is homogeneous and continuous, with a uniform color and a thickness of approximately 10 nm. The optical absorption range of the MoS2/CdS heterojunction covers the visible and near-infrared spectral regions of 350 to 800 nm, which is beneficial for the improvement of solar cell efficiency. Moreover, the MoS2/CdS solar cell exhibits good current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and pronounced photovoltaic behavior, with an open-circuit voltage of 0.66 V and a short-circuit current density of 0.227 × 10-6 A/cm2, comparable to the results obtained from other MoS2-based solar cells. This research is critical to investigate more efficient and stable solar cells based on graphene-like materials in the future.
The roots of future rice harvests
Authors: Ahmadi Nourollah , Audebert Alain , Bennett Malcolm J , Bishopp Anthony , de Oliveira Antonio Costa , Courtois Brigitte , Diedhiou Abdala , Diévart Anne , Gantet Pascal , Ghesquière Alain , Guiderdoni Emmanuel , Henry Amelia , Inukai Yoshiaki , Kochian Leon , Laplaze Laurent , Lucas Mikael , Luu Doan Trung , Manneh Baboucarr , Mo Xiaorong , Muthurajan Raveendran , Périn Christophe , Price Adam , Robin Sabariappan , Sentenac Hervé , Sine Bassirou , Uga Yusaku , Véry Anne Aliénor , Wissuwa Matthias , Wu Ping , Xu Jian 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Rice production faces the challenge to be enhanced by 50% by year 2030 to meet the growth of the population in rice-eating countries. Whereas yield of cereal crops tend to reach plateaus and a yield is likely to be deeply affected by climate instability and resource scarcity in the coming decades, building rice cultivars harboring root systems that can maintain performance by capturing water and nutrient resources unevenly distributed is a major breeding target. Taking advantage of gathering a community of rice root biologists in a Global Rice Science Partnership workshop held in Montpellier, France, we present here the recent progresses accomplished in this area and focal points where an international network of laboratories should direct their efforts.
Acute kidney injury survivors should have long-term follow-up
Authors: Vandenberghe Wim , Hoste Eric AJ 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequently occurring complication in ICU patients and is associated with decreased short- and long-term survival. Gammelager and colleagues showed that AKI patients are at increased risk for developing heart failure and myocardial infarction at long-term follow-up. Their study provides strong epidemiological data on cardiorenal syndrome type 3, and their findings help explain the worse long-term survival of AKI patients. Finally, it also highlights the need for specific follow-up programs for ICU survivors.
Nanomechanics of phospholipid LB film studied layer by layer with AFM
Authors: Li Yinli , Zhu Changjiang , Zhu Jichun , Liang Hao , Chen Dong , Zhao Huiling , Liu Bo 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Background
Phospholipid, a main component of cell membrane, has been explored as a model system of the cell membrane and temporary scaffold materials in recent studies. The mechanical properties of phospholipid layers are essentially interesting since it is involved in several biological processes.

Results
Here, the nanomechanical properties such as indentation force, adhesion force and DMT (Derjaguin-Müller-Toporov) modulus of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films were analyzed layer by layer with Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) under deionized water condition.

Conclusions
The penetration distances in the indentation force curves are equal to the thicknesses of phospholipid films, and the yield forces of DSPC LB films in deionized water are smaller than that of similar lipid films in buffered solutions due to the influence of ions. Moreover, the DMT modulus of upper layer DSPC LB film is different from that of monolayer DSPC LB film due to the influence of their different substrates. Our results suggest that environment such as surrounding ions and substrate will strongly influence the measured nano-mechanical properties of the lipid bilayer, especially that of the down layer.
Patients reported outcome post-cochlear implantation: How severe is their dizziness?
Authors: Zawawi Faisal , Alobaid Faisal , Leroux Tony , Zeitouni Anthony G 
Published: December 2014

Objectives The reported prevalence of vestibular dysfunction after cochlear implantation (CI) is varies between different scientific papers. The aim of this study is to determine the reported post-implantation outcome in terms of dizziness, and to measure its impact on quality of life using the Dizziness handicap inventory (DHI). Methods This was a prospective questionnaire based study of postoperative cochlear implant patients. The questionnaire assessed the type and onset of dizziness in addition to the DHI. Results 122 patients were recruited in this study, which is the largest sample size in the literature reported so far. Dizziness was evident in 45.9% of the population post-CI and in 27% pre-CI. The commonest subtype of the dizziness was unsteadiness followed by lightheadedness. The dizziness was mild in most of the patients. Conclusion Although mild, dizziness is a common complaint post-cochlear implantation. An understanding of symptoms helps counsel patients preoperatively.
Overview of major salivary gland cancer surgery in Ontario (2003–2010)
Authors: Eskander Antoine , Irish Jonathan , Freeman Jeremy , Gullane Patrick , Gilbert Ralph , Groome Patti A , Hall Stephen F , Urbach David R , Goldstein David P 
Published: December 2014

Background The primary objective of this study is to describe variations in incidence rates, resection rates, and types of surgical ablations performed on patients diagnosed with major salivary gland cancers in Ontario. Methods All major salivary gland cancer cases in Ontario (2003–2010) were identified from the Ontario Cancer Registry (n = 1,241). Variations in incidence rates, resection rates, and type of surgical therapy were compared by sex, age group, neighbourhood income, community population, health region, and physician specialty. Results Eight-year incidence rates per 100,000 vary significantly by sex (male: 15.5, female: 9.7), age (18–54 years: 6.7, 75+ years: 53.4), neighborhood income (lowest quintile: 11.8, highest quintile: 13.7), and community size (cities with a population greater than 1.5 million: 10.6, cities with a population of less than 100,000: 14.7). There was a significant correlation between the likelihood to receive a resection and age with the elderly (75+ years) being the least likely to receive resection (69%). Large differences in incidence and resection rates were observed by health region. Otolaryngology-Head & Neck surgeons provide the majority of total/radical resections (95%). Conclusions Major salivary gland cancer incidence rates vary by sex, age, neighborhood income, community size, and health region. Resection rates vary by age and health region. These disparities warrant further evaluation. Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgeons provide the majority of major salivary gland cancer surgical care.
Evaluation of the Stage IB Designation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System in Breast Cancer
Authors: Mittendorf Elizabeth A. , Ballman Karla V. , McCall Linda M. , Yi Min , Sahin Aysegul A. , Bedrosian Isabelle , Hansen Nora , Gabram Sheryl , Hurd Thelma , Giuliano Armando E. , Hunt Kelly K. 
Published: December 2014

Purpose The seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for breast cancer differentiates patients with T1 tumors and lymph node micrometastases (stage IB) from patients with T1 tumors and negative nodes (stage IA). This study was undertaken to determine the utility of the stage IB designation. Patients and Methods The following two cohorts of patients with breast cancer were identified: 3,474 patients treated at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center from 1993 to 2007 and 4,590 patients from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0010 trial. Clinicopathologic and outcomes data were recorded, and disease was staged according to the seventh edition AJCC staging system. Recurrence-free survival (RFS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS) were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Results Median follow-up times were 6.1 years and 9.0 years for the MD Anderson Cancer Center and ACOSOG cohorts, respectively. In both cohorts, there were no significant differences between patients with stage IA and stage IB disease in 5- or 10-year RFS, DSS, or OS. Estrogen receptor (ER) status and grade significantly stratified patients with stage I disease with respect to RFS, DSS, and OS. Conclusion Among patients with T1 breast cancer, individuals with micrometastases and those with negative nodes have similar survival outcomes. ER status and grade are better discriminants of survival than the presence of small-volume nodal metastases. In preparing the next edition of the AJCC staging system, consideration should be given to eliminating the stage IB designation and incorporating biologic factors.
High‐performance digitization of natural history collections: Automated imaging lines for herbarium and insect specimens
Authors: Tegelberg Riitta , Mononen Tero , Saarenmaa Hannu 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe digitization of natural history collections calls for new, efficient solutions. Digitization of millions of specimens, with reasonable digitization costs and high statistical repeatability requires increased automation and industrial‐scale work‐flows. However, the variation in specimen form, size and coloring creates challenges for digitization methodology, pushing development towards optional actions. In this paper, we report the results of the digitization of herbarium and beetle collections using automated imaging lines. The technology of the imaging lines was based on a common innovation, but the versions used were applied to either 2‐D sheets or small 3‐D objects. The aim was to develop processes for enhancing the digitization of natural history specimens, but at the same time, to produce end products with high quality. Results showed that the herbarium and beetle collections could be digitized by using automation at the rate of hundreds or thousands of individual specimens per day. This is 5–10 times faster than the more manual methods of digitization which were previously used. The produced data, images and specimen label data were uniform in quality and could be viewed within minutes after being produced. Results indicate that the efficiency of digitization can be raised for different types of natural history specimens by use of automation and well‐defined processes, and the increase in production rate does not reduce the quality of the end‐results.
The profile of journalist and the discourses on journalism: Investigating the changes in the working world of professional journalists in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Fígaro Roseli , Nonato Cláudia , Grohmann Rafael 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This article discusses the quantitative and qualitative results from the research ‘The journalist profile and the discourses on journalism: Investigating the changes in the working world of professional journalists in São Paulo, Brazil’, which has as objective to understand the changes in the working world, in the professional profile of journalists and in theirs discourses. In the first part, we contextualize the research in these changes from the rise of capitalism, from media convergence and from the deep cultural changes introduced by the use of new technologies. In the second part, we report the methodological procedures that justify the composition of the sample of our research (the journalists). In the last part, we present the results of the research and the observations on the analysis of the professional profile of journalists from São Paulo, the Brazilian state that has the highest number of journalists, besides the challenges of the profession.
Pharmacogenetics in Central American healthy volunteers: interethnic variability
Authors: Céspedes-Garro Carolina , Naranjo María-Eugenia G. , Ramírez Ronald , Serrano Víctor , Fariñas Humberto , Barrantes Ramiro , LLerena Adrián , for CEIBA Consortium of the Ibero-American Network of Pharma  
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Ethnicity is one of the major factors involved in interindividual variability to drug response. This study aims to describe the frequency of the most relevant pharmacogenetic biomarkers and metabolic phenotypes in Central American healthy volunteers and to determine its interethnic variability. Twenty-six original research articles on allelic, genotypes or metabolic phenotype frequencies were analyzed, in which a total number of 7611 Central American healthy volunteers were included (6118 were analyzed for genotype and 1799 for metabolic phenotype). No reports were available for population from Belize and Honduras. The CYP2D6*4 and *5 frequencies in Amerindian populations from Costa Rica have shown to be among the highest frequencies so far reported in the world. Furthermore, NAT2*5 and *6 presented higher frequencies in admixed populations than in Amerindians, but, inversely, the NAT2*7 was more frequent in Amerindians compared to an admixed population. Likewise, different patterns of distribution have been shown in HLA-A*02, *03 and HLA-B*07 among Native populations from Latin America. Reports on Central American populations were also found for the CYP2C19, LDLR, CYP2E1, MDR1, G6PD, TP53, CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 biomarkers, but no data were available for the other 91 pharmacogenetic biomarkers revised in Central American populations. Differences in the frequency of some pharmacogenetic biomarkers and metabolic phenotypes were found, showing interethnic variability within Central American and with other Latin American populations.
Consideration of Internal Board Camera Optics for Triaxial Testing Applications
Authors: Salazar Sean E. , Coffman Richard A. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The application of small board cameras, located within a triaxial cell to determine radial and axial strain, was investigated. Specifically, charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors were utilized in conjunction with precision pinhole apertures to capture images from within the triaxial cell. The cameras were fully immersed in electronics-grade silicone oil and were able to withstand cell pressures that are common to triaxial testing (up to 1034 kPa (150 psi)). The small size of the cameras allowed for implementation within the triaxial cell, thereby avoiding: (1) the cumbersome corrections that are required to account for refraction at the confining fluid–cell wall–air interfaces and magnification due to cell wall curvature, and (2) the amount of space required for outside-of-the-cell monitoring systems that utilize cameras. The final design of the cameras was based on an iterative testing process in which various types of small board cameras, lenses, and finally pinhole apertures were investigated. The advantages of the lensless pinhole aperture camera design included: (1) lack of optical aberrations, such as those encountered in traditional lensed camera systems, (2) practically infinite depth of field, allowing for sharp, close-up images, and (3) wide-angle field of view without the distortions that are associated with the use of wide-angle lenses. As discussed herein, the pinhole cameras were optimized for optical resolution and light entry to minimize the effect of diffraction patterns that are commonly associated with pinhole apertures. The resolution of the cameras was determined to be sufficient for the potential application of the cameras (volume measurements). The instrumentation presented herein provides a novel alternative to the state-of-the-art outside-of-the-cell photogrammetric instrumentation that is currently employed to monitor soil specimens during triaxial tests.
Performance Evaluation of a Plastic Foundation for Sewage Pipeline
Authors: Kim Seong-Kyum , Lee Dong-Hang , Lee Kwan-Ho 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Earth pressure (i.e., the overburden pressure caused by hydraulic pressure and vehicle traffic loads) affects sewage pipelines. In particular, backfill materials and the execution of works considerably affect the amount of damage to sewage pipelines. A plastic foundation has been developed to reduce this damage. The load-deformation test results obtained using a universal testing machine show that the load of a rigid concrete pipe (a typical rigid pipe) increased when the contact angle of the lightweight plastic foundation increased. When the contact angle was 135°, as in case A1 in this study, 4.1 tons and 3.4 tons were measured at the sockets and pipe body, respectively. For a contact angle of 90° (case A2), the destructive strength was measured as 3.7 tons at the sockets and 2.9 tons at the pipe body. Overall, the deformation of the pipe resulted in tensile strain in the diametrical direction, and slight shrinkage occurred in the longitudinal direction of the pipe as a result of loading on a prefabricated lightweight plastic foundation. For the foundation of the polyethylene triple-wall corrugated pipe, 100 % new plastic was used for case B1, whereas 50 % recycled plastic was used for case B2. The results show that 1.49 tons were observed at 5 % of pipe strain for case B1, whereas 1.35 tons were observed at 5 % of pipe strain for case B2. The recycled plastic foundation showed a tendency to somewhat reduce the load relative to the foundation that consisted of original materials. The results of destructive strength tests on a plastic foundation show that case B1 featured 13.78 tons of loading and 5.16 mm of deformation, whereas case B2 showed 9.66 tons of loading and 5.41 mm of deformation.
Assessment of Physiological Load Testing of Total Knee Implants
Authors: Van Valkenburg Scott M. , Werner Frederick W. , Bhimji Safia , White Bruce F. , Asseman François B. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAs the demands for total knee arthroplasty continue to rise, the methodologies for testing current and future devices may require refinement. Current standards have not been shown to simulate wear rates and patterns seen in explanation studies. The purpose of this study was to assess a combination of potentially more physiological testing protocols. Four identical TKAs were implanted into four fresh cadaver knees and tested in a knee simulator. Each knee was tested using the ISO load control testing standard (ISO 14243-1) and five novel testing protocols representing different activities of daily living. Motions were recorded between the tibia and femur (tibial rotation, anterior–posterior (AP) motion) and between the implant and bone (superior-inferior femoral condylar motion, tibial tray vertical motion). The total tibial AP cadaver motion varied from a total of 6.2 to 7.6 mm for the six loading protocols during a cycle of motion. For the ISO gait profile and the new gait, stair ascent and stair descent profiles, the range of tibial cadaver rotation varied from 9.2° with the ISO gait to 10.2° with the stair ascent. The crossover turn had a range of 16.3° and the pivot turn a range of 18.7°. Larger tibial tray AP motion, relative to the tibia, occurred with the pivot turn and crossover turn motions, compared to the gait motions or stair activities. This study supports the viability of new and alternative loading profiles. We suggest that these novel profiles should be considered by the ASTM or ISO as they seek to supplement or replace the profiles currently in use.
Experimental Research of Crack Propagation in Polymethyl Methacrylate Material Containing Flaws Under Explosive Stress Waves
Authors: Renshu Yang , Yanbing Wang , Dongming Guo , Huajun Xue 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The crack propagation behavior of the material polymethyl methacrylate with flaws under the effects of explosive stress waves were studied using a digital laser dynamic caustics method. Four different kinds of experimental conditions were set: open joints, closed joints, confined pressure around the specimen, and double boreholes. A digital high-speed camera was utilized to record a series of dynamic caustics spots at the tip of the propagation wing cracks. The cracks' paths and the dynamic stress intensity factor (DSIF) at the tip of the two wing cracks are evaluated. Crack patterns, variation of DSIF, and the mechanisms of the wing cracking process are analyzed and discussed. The results provided an effective experimental basis for evaluating and designing directional controlled blasting for excavating rock faces and tunnels.
Experimental Assessment of Fly-Ash Stabilized and Recycled Mixes
Authors: Mráz Václav , Valentin Jan , Suda Jan , Kopecký Lubomír 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The use of fly-ash stabilizers, materials from fluidized combustion fly-ash, and other solid coal-burning residues, which are called coal combustion by-products (CCB), have good potential for application in subgrade structures and roadbed materials of roads as well as in the structural pavement layers. One of the many factors limiting the application of some CCB sorts is the relatively low resistance in repetitive contact with water, volumetric changes, and the risk of partly unsatisfactory hygienic and environmental parameters. With respect to the aforementioned negative characteristics of CCB, which occurred primarily under the repetitive impact of water and freezing, the experimental examination focused on improving CCB resistance to frost and water, verification of volumetric changes, and improvement of pozzolana characteristics of CCB by increasing the percentage of fine particles in the original material (e.g., by means of mechanical and/or chemical activation, including combination of both types). At the same time, the road construction industry strives to find a suitable substitute for the traditionally applied hydraulic binders as well as expand the existing base of the binders applied. The experience with using CCB as a binder or binder component has not been as extensive so far as to allow any generalisation of conclusions. Therefore, the possibilities of applying alternative additives as a replacement for the binders traditionally applied have been researched. Another application of the coal combustion by-products tested was in cold recycling mixes. In this case, the fly-ash from fluidized combustion is used as a substitute for the hydraulic binder. The fly-ash tested was subjected to mechanical activation, while the parameters of the mix under scrutiny reflected the impact on the strength and deformation parameters of the mix; last but not least, the water susceptibility indicator was also monitored. From the environmental perspective of practical applicability of the mixes a chemical analysis and leaching tests have been done.