bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflectarray with EBG elements for improved radiation characteristics
Authors: Yoon Ji Hwan , Kim Eunyoung , Yoon Young Joong , Lee Woo‐sang , So Joon‐ho 
Published: July 2013

A reflectarray composed of elements with electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) characteristics to improve radiation performances is proposed. The EBG elements are composed of patches and multiple via‐holes to provide required reflection phase and bandgap characteristics at target frequency of 10 GHz. Compared with a normal patch reflectarray without EBG elements, the gain is improved by 1.4 dB, and the SLLs are suppressed by 1.5 dB (E‐plane) and 5.3 dB (H‐plane), respectively.
Short terminal load with broad bandwidth
Authors: Zhang Y.B. , Wang Q.Y. , Ding J.Y. 
Published: July 2013

A novel short waveguide terminal load (patent pending) with broad bandwidth is proposed and demonstrated. A simple design procedure is developed for the proposed terminal load. For verification purposes, a terminal load over the frequency range from 6.57 to 9.99 GHz was designed, manufactured and measured. The simulated results are compared with the measured data, and good agreement is reported. The measured return loss is greater than 20 dB over the full waveguide operating band (R84 standard waveguide), its total length is less than 35 mm, which is about a half of a commercial load with the same performance.
Design of compact circular resonator for electrodeless microwave plasma lamp
Authors: Yuan Jiade , Lin Guoqing , Chen Heping , Su Kaixiong 
Published: July 2013

A compact circular resonator for a microwave plasma lamp is designed. A disc‐shaped metal sheet is loaded in the coaxial resonant cavity to reduce the volume by increasing its equivalent capacitance. The operating centre frequency of the proposed circular resonator is 444.5 MHz with a radius of 25 mm and height of 40 mm. The proposed compact resonator does not need to be filled with dielectric material, therefore it is very easy to manufacture with low cost. The test results show that the proposed resonator exhibits good performance.
Compact CMOS IR‐UWB transmitter using variable‐order Gaussian pulse generator
Authors: Reja M.M. , Hameed Z. , Moez K. , Shamsadini S. 
Published: July 2013

An area‐efficient CMOS impulse radio ultra‐wideband (IR‐UWB) transmitter capable of generating variable orders of Gaussian pulses is presented. The core of the pulse generator is constructed using the cascade connection of RC differentiator networks separated by tunable amplifiers. Tuning the bias current of the amplifier using a voltage‐controlled current‐source allows for generation of varying orders of Gaussian pulses, which in turn allows for controlling the power and spectral mask of transmitted signals. Fabricated in a TSMC 90 nm digital CMOS process, the measurement shows that the fully integrated transmitter can generate fifth‐ to sixth‐order Gaussian pulses. The core transmitter consumes 10.0–12.0 mW at 200 MHz pulse repeating frequency and occupies a chip area of 0.008 mm2 only.
High‐speed 850 nm VCSELs operating error free up to 57 Gbit/s
Authors: Westbergh P. , Haglund E.P. , Haglund E. , Safaisini R. , Gustavsson J.S. , Larsson A. 
Published: July 2013

Error‐free transmission is demonstrated at bit rates up to 57 Gbit/s back‐to‐back, up to 55 Gbit/s over 50 m fibre and up to 43 Gbit/s over 100 m fibre using an oxide‐confined 850 nm high‐speed vertical cavity surface‐emitting laser with a photon lifetime optimised for high‐speed data transmission.
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate internalization and propagation of specific proteopathic seeds
Authors: Holmes Brandon B. , DeVos Sarah L. , Kfoury Najla , Li Mei , Jacks Rachel , Yanamandra Kiran , Ouidja Mohand O. , Brodsky Frances M. , Marasa Jayne , Bagchi Devika P. , Kotzbauer Paul T. , Miller Timothy M. , Papy-Garcia Dulce , Diamond Marc I. 
Published: July 2013

Significance
Prion-like propagation of proteopathic seeds may underlie the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including the tauopathies and synucleinopathies. Aggregate entry into the cell is a crucial step in transcellular propagation. We used chemical, enzymatic, and genetic methods to identify heparan sulfate proteoglycans as critical mediators of tau aggregate binding and uptake, and subsequent seeding of normal intracellular tau. This pathway mediates aggregate uptake in cultured cells, primary neurons, and brain. α-Synuclein fibrils use the same entry mechanism to seed intracellular aggregation, whereas huntingtin fibrils do not. This establishes the molecular basis for a key step in aggregate propagation.
Prereplicative repair of oxidized bases in the human genome is mediated by NEIL1 DNA glycosylase together with replication proteins
Authors: Hegde Muralidhar L. , Hegde Pavana M. , Bellot Larry J. , Mandal Santi M. , Hazra Tapas K. , Li Guo-Min , Boldogh Istvan , Tomkinson Alan E. , Mitra Sankar 
Published: July 2013

Significance
Repair of mutagenic oxidized bases in the genome is required before replication to prevent mutations. It is unknown how such base lesions, which do not block replication, are flagged for repair in the single-stranded replicating template. We demonstrate here that the repair-initiating, S-phase–activated Nei-like (NEIL) 1 DNA glycosylase binds to but does not excise the base lesion and cleave the template DNA strand, which would lead to a lethal double-strand break. Instead, NEIL1 blocks progression of the replication fork, which then regresses to allow lesion repair. In the absence of NEIL1, the related glycosylase NEIL2 serves as a backup enzyme.
Musings on the Architecture and Molecular Arrangement of Polymers in Starch Granules Based on Iodine
Authors: Seetharaman Koushik , Bertoft Eric 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe molecular architecture of starch has been the focus of research for over two centuries. However, studies toward understanding the granular architecture of starch have been limited to the crystalline lamellae, and the composition, structure, and organization of polymers in the amorphous background still remain unclear. This essay summarizes some recent results based on novel experiments with iodine vapor–granular starch interactions that occur in the amorphous regions of the granule. In combination with atomic force microscopy, light microscopy, powder spectrophotometry, and X‐ray diffractometry, iodine binding was used to explore the amorphous structures and the architecture of the granule. Results based on heating starch granules in the presence of iodine and their implications are also presented.
The Performing Protein: Beyond Wheat Proteomics?
Authors: Bonomi Francesco , Iametti Stefania , Mamone Gianfranco , Ferranti Pasquale 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTSubstantial progress has been made in breaking down the complex pattern of proteins in wheat, and the constant improvement of “‐omics” approaches has allowed relating the abundance of selected wheat proteins to flour and semolina performance during processing. This strategy has provided some sound molecular basis for the work of geneticists, breeders, and growers. Along with an update on work in this area, this review is meant to highlight that performance‐relevant proteins may need specific structural features to carry out performance‐relevant functions during processing. In this frame, some of the approaches used to investigate structural features of wheat proteins are discussed, with a focus on water‐insoluble gluten proteins and on those approaches that allow minimal disturbance of the protein structure itself. Selected examples of the application of some of these approaches to the study of starting materials and of structural modifications that occur at various processing stages are presented. The effects of process‐induced modifications on the various interactions among macromolecules that govern the physical and sensory features of wheat‐based foods are also briefly discussed.
Developments in the Science of Zein, Kafirin, and Gluten Protein Bioplastic Materials
Authors: Taylor Janet , Anyango Joseph O. , Taylor John R. N. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTDespite much research, there are very few commercial prolamin bioplastics. The major reason, apart from their high cost, is that they have inferior functional properties compared with synthetic polymer plastics. The inferior functional properties are because the prolamins are complex, each consisting of several classes and subclasses, and the functional properties of their bioplastics are greatly affected by water. Prolamin bioplastics are produced by controlled protein aggregation from a solvent or by thermoplastic processing. Recent research indicates that aggregation occurs by polypeptide self‐assembly into nanostructures. Protein secondary structure in terms of α‐helical and β‐sheet structure seems to play a key but incompletely understood role in assembly. Also, there is inadequate knowledge as to how these nanostructures further assemble and organize into the various forms of prolamin bioplastics such as films, fibers, microparticles, and scaffolds. Many methods have been investigated to improve prolamin bioplastic functionality, including better solvation of the prolamins, plasticization, physical and chemical cross‐linking, derivatization, and blending with synthetic and natural polymers, and some success has been achieved. The most promising area of commercialization is the biomedical field, in which the relative hydrophilicity, compatibility, and biodegradability of, particularly, zein and kafirin are advantageous. With regard to biomedical applications, “supramolecular design” of prolamin bioplastics through control over inter‐ and intramolecular weak interactions and disulfide/sulfhydryl interchange appears to have considerable potential.
Introduction to the Focus Issue
Authors: Hamaker Bruce , Seetharaman Koushik , Bertoft Eric 
Published: July 2013

Cereal biomacromolecules are an important source not just of calories but also of functional ingredients in foods and as raw materials for biodegradable nonfood applications. Their important role is evidenced by an ever‐increasing number of peer‐reviewed publications on these topics. Current research is increasingly focused on understanding the fine structure of the macromolecules and their interactions with other ingredients within a food matrix for their impact on health. Furthermore, these learnings about the fine structure and interactions have relevance to functionality in nonfood applications. This focus issue attempts to summarize the state of the knowledge and research gaps related to the three major biomacromolecules in cereals: starch, proteins, and nonstarch polysaccharides (dietary fiber).Click on Current Issues on left and then July/August 2013 to view the articles in this Focus Issue. (From the Mobile site, go to the July/August 2013 issue.)
Application of the continuous wavelet transform of gravity and magnetic data to estimate sub‐basalt sediment thickness
Authors: Goyal Palkesh , Tiwari V.M. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe Continuous Wavelet Transform was recently proposed for the interpretation of gravity and magnetic potential data. We utilize the Continuous Wavelet Transform of gravity and magnetic data to address one of the most common issues in exploration geophysics: mapping of sub‐basaltic sedimentary strata. We observe that the magnetic response of the basaltic layer is dominant in a three‐layer case of a basalt‐sediment‐basement, whereas the gravity signal is dominated by the base of the sediment. Thus the Continuous Wavelet Transform of the magnetic data is related to the thickness of the basalt and the Continuous Wavelet Transform of the gravity data is related mostly to the bottom of the sediment. These observations are demonstrated with a synthetic model and a few field examples. Derived depths using Continuous Wavelet Transform are in good agreement with known vertical cross‐sections. Therefore, Continuous Wavelet Transform analysis of both gravity and magnetic data offers a possibility for primary information of sub‐basaltic sediment thickness, which can provide a basis for further detailed modelling.
Climate and exotic pasture area in landscape determines invasion of forest fragments by two invasive grasses
Authors: Butler Sarah , McAlpine Clive , Fensham Rod , House Alan 
Published: July 2013

Summary

To date, there has been a focus on biological aspects of invasion rather than landscape‐scale processes within human‐modified landscapes. Applying a multi‐scale approach may improve predictive models of invasion in fragmented landscapes as well as management.

We tested a priori models of the relative importance of landscape (10 000 to 30 000 ha), site‐scale (<0·3 ha) factors and climate gradients, and their interactions, on the cover of exotic grasses in forest fragments. We tested the models for two exotic pasture grasses Cenchrus ciliaris and Panicum maximum in fragmented agricultural landscapes of subtropical eastern Australia. Mixed‐effect models were applied to quantify the multi‐scale effects of land use, forest area and fragmentation, vegetation structure, soil and climate attributes and their interactions on the ground cover of the two exotic grasses.

We used model averaging to account for model and parameter uncertainty and tested for spatial autocorrelation and the model fit in model residuals.

There was strong evidence that the area of exotic pasture grass in the landscape and climate gradients had a strong influence on cover observed at the site scale, but the climate influence was species specific. Cenchrus ciliaris cover was higher in forest sites within landscapes converted to exotic pastures and with high mean minimum temperatures and sites with low canopy cover. In contrast, P. maximum cover was primarily influenced by high mean annual rainfall, with moderate positive effects from area of exotic pasture in the landscape and high minimum temperatures.

Synthesis and applications. This study highlights several key issues that need to be considered when prioritizing management of invasive species in fragmented landscapes. First, the propagule supply in the landscape and climate gradients are key factors influencing the spread of exotic grasses into forest fragments. Second, managing canopy cover is critical to enhancing C. ciliaris invasion resistance, but not for P. maximum. We conclude that a multi‐scale approach provides the conceptual and applied basis for an improved understanding and management of plant invasions in fragmented landscapes.
Contesting the International Illegitimacy of Torture: The Bush Administration's Failure to Legitimate its Preferences within International Society
Authors: Keating Vincent Charles 
Published: July 2013

Research Highlights and Abstract This article, is a contribution to the theoretical debate over whether the Bush administration's defection from international torture norms led to a norm cascade favouring the Bush administration's preference for a more lenient definition of torture; is a contribution to the theoretical debate over the relationship between material power and the ability to legitimate preferences in international society; is a clarification of the utility of material capabilities with respect to legitimacy; is a detailed historical presentation of the discursive interactions between the United States and other states within international society over the defection of the United States from the torture norm which is currently not present in the literature. This article examines the effect of Bush administration's human rights preferences during the war on terror with respect to torture by analysing a large-n sample of public legitimation strategies of both the United States and other members of international society. The article asks two questions: first, has the defection of the United States from these human rights norms led to a ‘norm cascade’ that delegitimized the norms? Second, did the material preponderance of the United States help it to legitimate its preferences in international society? The article argues that despite initial ambiguity in the response to the Bush administration's preferences from key liberal states, there is little evidence by the end of the Bush administration's term that a core group of states supported their preferences, nor did its material preponderance help the Bush administration to legitimate its position.
Suicidal Nitrogen Inhalation by use of Scuba Full‐Face Diving Mask
Authors: Straka Lubomir , Novomesky Frantisek , Gavel Anton , Mlynar Juraj , Hejna Petr 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA 29‐year‐old man was found dead lying on the bed in a hotel room in a famous Slovak mountain resort. He had a full‐face diving mask on his face, connected through a diving breath regulator to a valve of an industrial (nondiving) high‐pressure tank containing pure 100% nitrogen. The breath regulator (open‐circuit type) used allowed inhalation of nitrogen without addition of open air, and the full‐face diving mask assured aspiration of the gas even during the time of unconsciousness. At autopsy, we found the typical signs of suffocation. Toxicological analysis revealed 94.7% content of nitrogen in alveolar air. Following the completion of the police investigation, the manner of death was classified as a suicide. Within the medico‐legal literature, there has been only one similar case of suicidal nitrogen inhalation described (1).
Elevated serum uric acid levels are independent risk factors for diabetic foot ulcer in female Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes (血尿酸水平升高是中国女性2型糖尿病患者糖尿病足溃疡的独立危险因素)
Authors: Ye Xiao , Cao Ying , Gao Fang , Yang Qunying , Zhang Qian , Fu Xiajun , Li Jimin , Xue Yaoming 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundTo investigate the relationship between elevated serum uric acid levels and the presence of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).MethodsA retrospective study was performed on 829 outpatients with T2D (478 men, 351 women) who visited the Diabetes Clinic (Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University) from January 2007 to December 2009. Information regarding their clinical history, anthropometric measurements, and laboratory data were collected. Potential confounding variables with P < 0.10 were adjusted for in multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsIn univariate analyses, there was a significant difference in serum uric acid levels between female patients with and without DFU (370 ± 128 vs. 313 ± 107 μmol/L, respectively; P < 0.05), but not between male patients with and without DFU (317 ± 100 vs. 348 ± 111 μmol/L, respectively; P = 0.643). The prevalence of DFU among quintiles of uric acid levels (from 1–20% to 80–100%) was 5.3%, 3.9%, 7.7%, 5.5%, and 16.7%, respectively. Using uric acid level as a continuous variable, the multivariate‐adjusted odds ratio for diabetic foot ulcer in female patients was 1.004 (95% confidence interval 1.001–1.008; P < 0.05).ConclusionsElevated uric acid levels are a significant and independent risk factor for diabetic foot ulcer in female Chinese patients with T2D. Whether serum uric acid is involved in the pathogenesis of DFU in female patients remains to be investigated.
Longevity effect of IGF‐1R+/− mutation depends on genetic background‐specific receptor activation
Authors: Xu Jie , Gontier Géraldine , Chaker Zayna , Lacube Philippe , Dupont Joëlle , Holzenberger Martin 
Published: July 2013

SummaryGrowth hormone (GH) and insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) signaling regulates lifespan in mice. The modulating effects of genetic background gained much attention because it was shown that life‐prolonging effects in Snell dwarf and GH receptor knockout vary between mouse strains. We previously reported that heterozygous IGF‐1R inactivation (IGF‐1R+/−) extends lifespan in female mice on 129/SvPas background, but it remained unclear whether this mutation produces a similar effect in other genetic backgrounds and which molecules possibly modify this effect. Here, we measured the life‐prolonging effect of IGF‐1R+/− mutation in C57BL/6J background and investigated the role of insulin/IGF signaling molecules in strain‐dependent differences. We found significant lifespan extension in female IGF‐1R+/− mutants on C57BL/6J background, but the effect was smaller than in 129/SvPas, suggesting strain‐specific penetrance of longevity phenotypes. Comparing GH/IGF pathways between wild‐type 129/SvPas and C57BL/6J mice, we found that circulating IGF‐I and activation of IGF‐1R, IRS‐1, and IRS‐2 were markedly elevated in 129/SvPas, while activation of IGF pathways was constitutively low in spontaneously long‐lived C57BL/6J mice. Importantly, we demonstrated that loss of one IGF‐1R allele diminished the level of activated IGF‐1R and IRS more profoundly and triggered stronger endocrine feedback in 129/SvPas background than in C57BL/6J. We also revealed that acute oxidative stress entails robust IGF‐1R pathway activation, which could account for the fact that IGF‐1R+/− stress resistance phenotypes are fully penetrant in both backgrounds. Together, these results provide a possible explanation why IGF‐1R+/− was less efficient in extending lifespan in C57BL/6J compared with 129/SvPas.
Does rearing an aphid parasitoid on one host affect its ability to parasitize another species?
Authors: Vafaie Erfan K. , Fitzpatrick Sheila M. , Cory Jenny S. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Generalist parasitoids are commonly used for the biological control of insect pests; however, they are often reared on a single host species because this is more practical for commercial production. Few studies have investigated the consequences of rearing a generalist parasitoid on a single host species in terms of performance on other target pests.
We investigated the impact of rearing the generalist parasitoid Praon unicum Smith (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) on an alternative aphid host Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) with respect to its ability to perform on Ericaphis fimbriata Richards (Hemiptera: Aphididae), a pest of highbush blueberries.
Parasitoids reared on the two aphid hosts did not differ in physical size measurements.
Praon unicum reared on M. persicae had a lower oviposition success over 6 days compared with insects reared on E. fimbriata, mainly as a result of differences early in life.
There was no difference in parasitoid egg size, lifetime fertility, age‐specific fertility, female offspring ratio, development time or calculated intrinsic rate of increase from the two aphid hosts.
We conclude that there were no negative consequences of rearing P. unicum on M. persicae on its ability to parasitize E. fimbriata, although further field studies would need to be performed to investigate whether natal host influences parasitoid preference.