bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Religion and Nonviolence in American History”
Authors: Kosek Joseph Kip 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNonviolence has long been an important aspect of American religion. Understanding the tradition of religious nonviolence helps illuminate such subjects as the growth and limits of state power, the character of political dissent, and the significance of race in the nation’s history. In the colonial period, Quakers tried to square the nonviolent ideal with the vagaries of pluralism and cultural conflict. Nineteenth‐century nonresistants led by William Lloyd Garrison tied the problem of violence to the injustice of slavery. The connections between peace and justice were revitalized in the decades after the First World War, when Mohandas Gandhi’s efforts in India suggested the viability of nonviolent direct action as a practical strategy for social change. That modern form of nonviolence achieved great success in the civil rights movement, as Martin Luther King, Jr. and other African American innovators used it to defeat white supremacy. Religious nonviolence was also at the center of antinuclear protests and the campaign to end the Vietnam War. More recently, nonviolence has appeared in the prolife movement and the opposition to United States military action in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Gender and Sexuality in Contemporary Paganism
Authors: Kraemer Christine Hoff 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDeclaring that all acts of love and pleasure are the rituals of the Goddess, contemporary Pagans widely affirm the sacredness of the body and of sexuality. Much of this belief stems from the erotic theology that entered Paganism through British Wicca, in which celebrants use symbolic or literal sexual ritual to participate in the ongoing creation of the universe. Pagans tend to be relatively accepting of same‐sex relationships, BDSM, polyamory, transgender, and other expressions of gender and sexuality that are marginalized by mainstream society. Accordingly, sexual minorities have flocked to the movement and have begun to articulate a distinctively queer Pagan spirituality. Pagans continue to struggle with essentialist notions of gender, however, which has caused conflicts around how and whether to include transgender individuals in single‐gender groups. Additionally, in some more politically conservative Pagan traditions, gender transgression continues to draw homophobic harassment. Although sexuality and gender are central theological concerns for many Pagans, more scholarship that moves beyond descriptive approaches is needed, as are more scholarly treatments of the alternative sexualities that garner so much attention in Pagan circles. Christian and Jewish feminist theologians have already found Paganism to be a valuable dialogue partner; as queer theologies increasingly challenge mainstream religions’ notions of gender and sexuality, Paganism has much to add to the discussion.
Efficacy of third‐generation chemotherapeutic agents combined with cisplatin or carboplatin in 3100 Chinese patients with advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Li Bing , Ren Shengxiang , Wang Yongsheng , Zhou Caicun , Schmid‐Bindert Gerald 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundRecently, differences in tumor biology have been observed between Asian and Caucasian lung cancer patients, resulting in different sensitivities to targeted therapy. To date, all registered third‐generation chemotherapeutic agents have been investigated mainly in Caucasians, but little is known whether this data can be transferred to an Asian population. The aim of this study was to provide evidence about the efficacy of chemotherapy in a Chinese population.MethodsThree thousand one hundred patients with advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer NSCLC, treated between 2002 and 2009 with a platinum‐based doublet first‐line chemotherapy, including vinorelbine, gemcitabine, docetaxel or paclitaxel, were included for retrospective survival analysis.ResultsOverall survival (OS) was 12.1 months and progression free survival (PFS) was four months for all patients. No advantage in OS was seen for any of the four compounds. Gemcitabine was associated with a better PFS compared to the other three (P < 0.001). Docetaxel led to higher response rates, but this finding didn't reach statistical significance (P = 0,054). Chinese patients appear to have longer survival times compared to historical data in Caucasians.ConclusionOur retrospective analysis suggests, that there is no difference in efficacy of third‐generation chemotherapy between Asians and Caucasians.
Predicting having condoms available among adolescents: The role of personal norm and enjoyment
Authors: Jellema Ilke J. , Abraham Charles , Schaalma Herman P. , Gebhardt Winifred A. , van Empelen Pepijn 
Published: September 2012

ObjectivesHaving condoms available has been shown to be an important predictor of condom use. We examined whether or not personal norm and goal enjoyment contribute to predicting having condoms available in the context of cognition specified by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB).DesignProspective survey study, with a baseline and follow‐up measurement (at 3 months).MethodsData were gathered using an online survey. In total 282 adolescents (mean age = 15.6, 74% female adolescents) completed both questionnaires. At baseline, demographics, sexual experience, condom use, TPB variables, descriptive norm, personal norm, and enjoyment towards having condoms available were measured. At T2 (3 months later) having condoms available was measured. Direct and moderating effects of personal norm and goal enjoyment were examined by means of hierarchical linear regression analyses.ResultsRegression analyses yielded a direct effect of self‐efficacy and personal norm on condom availability. In addition, moderation of the intention‐behaviour relation by goal enjoyment added to the variance explained. The final model explained approximately 35% of the variance in condom availability.ConclusionsPersonal norm and goal enjoyment add to the predictive utility of a TPB model of having condoms available and may be useful intervention targets.Statement of contributionWhat is already known about this subject?

Having condoms available is an important prerequisite for actual condom use. The theory of planned behaviour has successfully been applied to explain condom availability behaviour. The theory of planned behaviour has been criticized for not adequately taking into account affective motivation.What does this study add?

Personal norm and goal enjoyment add to the predictive utility of the model. Personal norm explains condom availability directly, enjoyment increases intention enactment. Personal norm and goal enjoyment therefore are useful intervention targets.
Constructing multiplicative measures of beliefs in the theory of planned behaviour
Authors: Hardeman Wendy , Prevost Andrew Toby , Parker Richard A. , Sutton Stephen 
Published: September 2012

ObjectiveCommonly used theories in health psychology involve multiplicative composites of measures, which have been used as predictors, mediators, and outcomes. The chosen scaling system can affect correlations with other variables. This study evaluated how best to construct composites in the context of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), using hierarchical linear regression, a priori defined scaling systems, and optimal scaling.DesignLongitudinal.MethodsAt baseline, 6 and 12 months, 365 trial participants (ProActive) completed questionnaires assessing salient beliefs, which were used to construct composites (indirect measures), and direct measures of instrumental and affective attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control towards becoming more physically active over the next 12 months.ResultsLinear regression supported a multiplicative model for indirect instrumental attitude and perceived control. Except for perceived control, associations between composites and direct measures were unaffected by different a priori scaling systems. Optimal scaling produced widely differing composites over time for subjective norm and affective attitude and a negative association between composite and direct measure for subjective norm.ConclusionsWe recommend that researchers who use multiplicative composites first establish clear support for a multiplicative model, before they examine a range of meaningful scaling systems on theoretical and empirical grounds. Caution is needed when using optimal scaling without checking that a multiplicative model is supported and the resulting scaling system meaningful.Statement of contributionWhat is already known on this subject? Multiplicative composites are included in commonly used theories in health psychology (e.g., theory of planned behaviour). Valid measures are needed as the choice of scaling system (e.g., unipolar or bipolar) can affect estimates of associations between composites and other variables. Ajzen has advocated the use of optimal scaling.What does this study add? The study shows that optimal scaling can result in meaningless measures. We recommend that health psychologists use optimal scaling with great caution and we provide alternative recommendations for constructing composites.
Ecological and evolutionary genomics of marine photosynthetic organisms
Authors: Coelho Susana M. , Simon Nathalie , Ahmed Sophia , Cock J. Mark , Partensky Frédéric 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEnvironmental (ecological) genomics aims to understand the genetic basis of relationships between organisms and their abiotic and biotic environments. It is a rapidly progressing field of research largely due to recent advances in the speed and volume of genomic data being produced by next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. Building on information generated byNGS‐based approaches, functional genomic methodologies are being applied to identify and characterize genes and gene systems of both environmental and evolutionary relevance. Marine photosynthetic organisms (MPOs) were poorly represented amongst the early genomic models, but this situation is changing rapidly. Here we provide an overview of the recent advances in the application of ecological genomic approaches to both prokaryotic and eukaryoticMPOs. We describe how these approaches are being used to explore the biology and ecology of marine cyanobacteria and algae, particularly with regard to their functions in a broad range of marine ecosystems. Specifically, we review the ecological and evolutionary insights gained from whole genome and transcriptome sequencing projects applied toMPOs and illustrate how their genomes are yielding information on the specific features of these organisms.
Divergence of the systemic immune response following oral infection with distinct strains of Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Marchesan J.T. , Morelli T. , Lundy S.K. , Jiao Y. , Lim S. , Inohara N. , Nunez G. , Fox D.A. , Giannobile W.V. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryPeriodontitis is a polymicrobial oral infection characterized by the destruction of tooth‐supporting structures that can be linked to systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a bacterium implicated in the etiology of periodontitis, has shown variation in inducing T‐cell responses among different strains. Therefore, in this study we investigated the strain‐specific immune response using a murine experimental model of periodontitis. Periodontitis was induced by P. gingivalis strains A7A1‐28, W83 and W50, and later confirmed by the presence of P. gingivalis in the oral microflora and by alveolar bone resorption. Splenocytes were evaluated for gene expression, cellular proteins and cytokine expression. Dendritic cells were stimulated in vitro for T helper cell–cytokine profiling. Results showed that P. gingivalis had the ability to alter the systemic immune response after bacterial exposure. Strains W50 and W83 were shown to induce alveolar bone loss, whereas the A7A1‐28 strain did not significantly promote bone resorption in mice. Splenocytes derived from mice infected with strains W50 and W83 induced expression of high levels of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) but A7A1‐28 stimulated increased IL‐10. Stimulation of dendritic cells in vitro showed a similar pattern of cytokine expression of IL‐12p40, IL‐6 and transforming growth factor‐β among strains. A distinct systemic response in vivo was observed among different strains of P. gingivalis, with IL‐10 associated with the least amount of alveolar bone loss. Evaluation of pathogen‐driven systemic immune responses associated with periodontal disease pathogenesis may assist in defining how periodontitis may impact other diseases.
Cuff filling volumes for pediatric classic laryngeal mask airways: comparison of clinical end points versus adjusted cuff pressure
Authors: Ghai Babita , Sethi Sameer , Ram Jagat , Wig Jyotsna 
Published: September 2012

SummaryBackgroundClinical end points are often used to guide inflation and adequacy of cuff seal after laryngeal mask airway placement. However, clinical end points for cuff inflation have been shown to have significantly higher intracuff pressure. The adjusted cuff pressure between 55 and 60 cm H2O causes significantly better seal of laryngeal mask airway. We prospectively assessed the cuff pressures generated by cuff inflation guided by clinical end points, and the actual volume of air required to achieve cuff pressures between 55 and 60 cm H2O for sizes 1–2.5 reusable classic laryngeal mask airway.MethodsTwo hundred and three ASA I and II children undergoing elective cataract surgery requiring general anesthesia receiving laryngeal mask airway sizes 1–2.5 were recruited to this study. The laryngeal mask airway was placed using standard technique. After insertion of laryngeal mask airway, the cuff was slowly inflated until a slight outward shift of device was noted. Cuff pressures were measured using calibrated hand held Portex Cuff Inflator Pressure Gauge (Portex Limited, Hythe, Kent, UK). If the cuff pressure was >60 cm H2O, the cuff was deflated to achieve a cuff pressure of 55–60 cm H2O. The volume of air required to achieve this pressure was recorded.ResultsThe volume of air required to achieve the pressure between 55 and 60 cm H2O in laryngeal mask airway size 1, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 were 2.750 ± 0.2565, 4.951 ± 0.5378, 6.927 ± 0.6328, and 10.208 ± 1.4535 ml, respectively. The difference between the initial and the final cuff volumes and pressures in all laryngeal mask airway sizes were statistically significant(P = 0.000).ConclusionLower cuff volumes are required to achieve a pressure of 60 cm H2O than those required if clinical end points are used as a sole guide for determining cuff inflation for patients receiving pediatric laryngeal mask airways.
A neurosteroid potentiation site can be moved among GABAA receptor subunits
Authors: Bracamontes John R. , Li Ping , Akk Gustav , Steinbach Joe Henry 
Published: September 2012

Key points
Neuroactive steroids are endogenous compounds that are potent and efficacious potentiators of GABAA receptors.
Neuroactive steroids have been shown to act after interacting with amino acids in the first transmembrane‐spanning region (TM1 region) of the α subunit.
We show that the TM1 region can be moved from the α1 subunit to other subunits of the GABAA receptor (the β2 or γ2 subunits) and confer potentiation.
Our data show that neurosteroid potentiation does not require that the steroid interacts with a particular subunit of the GABAA receptor, nor that it interacts with a subunit that also binds GABA.
Our data also indicate that a steroid binding site is located in the TM1 region.
Abstract  Endogenous neurosteroids are among the most potent and efficacious potentiators of activation of GABAA receptors. It has been proposed that a conserved glutamine residue in the first membrane‐spanning region (TM1 region) of the α subunits is required for binding of potentiating neurosteroids. Mutations of this residue can reduce or remove the ability of steroids to potentiate function. However, it is not known whether potentiation requires that a steroid interact with the α subunit, or not. To examine this question we mutated the homologous residue in the β2 and γ2L subunits to glutamine, and found that these mutations could not confer potentiation by allopregnanolone (3α5αP) when expressed in receptors containing ineffective α1 subunits. However, potentiation is restored when the entire TM1 region from the α1 subunit is transferred to the β2 or γ2L subunit. Mutations in the TM1 region that affect potentiation when made in the α1 subunit have similar effects when made in transferred TM1 region. Further, the effects of 3α5αP on single‐channel kinetics are similar for wild‐type receptors and receptors with moved TM1 regions. These results support the idea that steroids bind in the transmembrane regions of the receptor. The observations are consistent with previous work indicating that neurosteroid potentiation is mediated by an action that affects the receptor as a whole, rather than an individual subunit or pair of subunits, and in addition demonstrate that the mechanism is independent of the nature of the subunit that interacts with steroid.
Association of TMEM16A chloride channel overexpression with airway goblet cell metaplasia
Authors: Scudieri Paolo , Caci Emanuela , Bruno Silvia , Ferrera Loretta , Schiavon Marco , Sondo Elvira , Tomati Valeria , Gianotti Ambra , Zegarra‐Moran Olga , Pedemonte Nicoletta , Rea Federico , Ravazzolo Roberto , Galietta Luis J. V. 
Published: September 2012

Key Points
Chloride channels are important for proper hydration of the airway surface.
TMEM16A protein is an important component of calcium‐activated chloride channels.
Interleukin‐4, a cytokine that induces mucous cell metaplasia, also upregulates calcium‐dependent chloride secretion in human bronchial epithelial cells.
In bronchial epithelial cells treated with interleukin‐4, we found that TMEM16A protein becomes highly expressed in goblet but not in ciliated cells.
Upregulation of TMEM16A by interleukin‐4 may be important for secretion and proper expansion of mucins.
Abstract  The TMEM16A protein has a potential role as a Ca2+‐activated Cl− channel (CaCC) in airway epithelia where it may be important in the homeostasis of the airway surface fluid. We investigated the function and expression of TMEM16A in primary human bronchial epithelial cells and in a bronchial cell line (CFBE41o–). Under resting conditions, TMEM16A protein expression was relatively low. However, TMEM16A silencing with short‐interfering RNAs caused a marked inhibition of CaCC activity, thus demonstrating that a low TMEM16A expression is sufficient to support Ca2+‐dependent Cl− transport. Following treatment for 24–72 h with interleukin‐4 (IL‐4), a cytokine that induces mucous cell metaplasia, TMEM16A protein expression was strongly increased in approximately 50% of primary bronchial epithelial cells, with a specific localization in the apical membrane. IL‐4 treatment also increased the percentage of cells expressing MUC5AC, a marker of goblet cells. Interestingly, MUC5AC was detected specifically in cells expressing TMEM16A. In particular, MUC5AC was found in 15 and 60% of TMEM16A‐positive cells when epithelia were treated with IL‐4 for 24 or 72 h, respectively. In contrast, ciliated cells showed expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Cl− channel but not of TMEM16A. Our results indicate that TMEM16A protein is responsible for CaCC activity in airway epithelial cells, particularly in cells treated with IL‐4, and that TMEM16A upregulation by IL‐4 appears as an early event of goblet cell differentiation. These findings suggest that TMEM16A expression is particularly required under conditions of mucus hypersecretion to ensure adequate secretion of electrolytes and water.
Implementation of dual‐energy technique for virtual monochromatic and linearly mixed CBCTs
Authors: Li Hao , Giles William , Ren Lei , Bowsher James , Yin Fang‐Fang 
Published: September 2012

Purpose:To implement dual‐energy imaging technique for virtual monochromatic (VM) and linearly mixed (LM) cone beam CTs (CBCTs) and to demonstrate their potential applications in metal artifact reduction and contrast enhancement in image‐guided radiation therapy (IGRT).Methods:A bench‐top CBCT system was used to acquire 80 kVp and 150 kVp projections, with an additional 0.8 mm tin filtration. To implement the VM technique, these projections were first decomposed into acrylic and aluminum basis material projections to synthesize VM projections, which were then used to reconstruct VM CBCTs. The effect of VM CBCT on the metal artifact reduction was evaluated with an in‐house titanium‐BB phantom. The optimal VM energy to maximize contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) for iodine contrast and minimize beam hardening in VM CBCT was determined using a water phantom containing two iodine concentrations. The LM technique was implemented by linearly combining the low‐energy (80 kVp) and high‐energy (150 kVp) CBCTs. The dose partitioning between low‐energy and high‐energy CBCTs was varied (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% for low‐energy) while keeping total dose approximately equal to single‐energy CBCTs, measured using an ion chamber. Noise levels and CNRs for four tissue types were investigated for dual‐energy LM CBCTs in comparison with single‐energy CBCTs at 80, 100, 125, and 150 kVp.Results:The VM technique showed substantial reduction of metal artifacts at 100 keV with a 40% reduction in the background standard deviation compared to a 125 kVp single‐energy scan of equal dose. The VM energy to maximize CNR for both iodine concentrations and minimize beam hardening in the metal‐free object was 50 keV and 60 keV, respectively. The difference of average noise levels measured in the phantom background was 1.2% between dual‐energy LM CBCTs and equivalent‐dose single‐energy CBCTs. CNR values in the LM CBCTs of any dose partitioning are better than those of 150 kVp single‐energy CBCTs. The average CNR for four tissue types with 80% dose fraction at low‐energy showed 9.0% and 4.1% improvement relative to 100 kVp and 125 kVp single‐energy CBCTs, respectively. CNRs for low‐contrast objects improved as dose partitioning was more heavily weighted toward low‐energy (80 kVp) for LM CBCTs.Conclusions:Dual‐energy CBCT imaging techniques were implemented to synthesize VM CBCT and LM CBCTs. VM CBCT was effective at achieving metal artifact reduction. Depending on the dose‐partitioning scheme, LM CBCT demonstrated the potential to improve CNR for low contrast objects compared to single‐energy CBCT acquired with equivalent dose.