bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation
Authors: Dürler Reto A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the legal instrument known as the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation 1988 (SUA Convention 1988). The Convention protects ships, their passengers, and their cargo from terrorist attacks. The States which have subscribed to the Convention are obliged to punish or to extradite persons who perpetrate terrorist acts. The SUA Convention (and its succeeding Protocol) was amended in April 2005 with two new core provisions, constituting two independent instruments called the 2005 Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA Convention 2005) and the 2005 Protocol to the 1988 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf (SUA Protocol 2005).
Ship and Port Facility Security
Authors: Kraska James 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines ship and port facility security and the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea 1974 (SOLAS)-a landmark treaty that is key to constructing and maintaining a global system of oceans governance. The SOLAS Convention sets forth the major provisions on ship and port security for ships on international voyages. SOLAS, with its 1978 protocol and many amendments-including the International Safety Management Code (ISM Code) and the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code)-as well as the terms of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), contain comprehensive measures for securing ship and shore installations.
Principle 5
Authors: Karimova Takhmina , Golay Christophe 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the rationale, travaux préparatoires, conceptual scope, and normative and jurisprudential influence of Principle 5 of the Rio Declaration. It places the objective of poverty eradication stated in Principle 5 within the broader context of human rights, particularly economic, social and cultural rights, as well as of the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals.
Principle 14
Authors: Mbengue Makane Moïse 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the rationale, travaux préparatoires, conceptual scope, and normative and jurisprudential influence of Principle 14 of the Rio Declaration. The analysis focuses on how the prior informed consent principle underpinning Principle 14 has shaped the international regimes applicable to dangerous chemicals, pesticides, hazardous waste or living modified organisms.
Principle 19
Authors: Boisson de Chazournes Laurence , Sangbana Komlan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the rationale, travaux préparatoires, conceptual scope, and normative and jurisprudential influence of Principle 19 of the Rio Declaration. It focuses on the duty of environmental cooperation in a transboundary context, paying particular attention to the law of international watercourses.
Jurisdiction in International Law
Authors: Ryngaert Cedric 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This book examines the international law of jurisdiction, focusing on the areas of law where jurisdiction is most contentious: criminal, antitrust, securities, discovery, and international humanitarian and human rights law. Since F A Mann’s work in the 1980s, no analytical overview has been attempted of this crucial topic in international law: prescribing the admissible geographical reach of a State’s laws. The need for such an overview has grown more pressing in recent years as the traditional framework of the law of jurisdiction, grounded in the principles of sovereignty and territoriality, has been undermined by piecemeal developments. Antitrust jurisdiction is heading in new directions, influenced by law and economics approaches; new EC rules are reshaping jurisdiction in securities law; the US is arguably overreaching in the field of corporate governance law; and the universality principle has gained ground in European criminal law and US tort law. Such developments have given rise to conflicts over competency that struggle to be resolved within traditional jurisdiction theory. This book proposes an innovative approach that departs from the classical solutions and advocates a general principle of international subsidiary jurisdiction. Under the new proposed rule, States would be entitled, and at times even obliged, to exercise subsidiary jurisdiction over internationally relevant situations in the interest of the international community if the State having primary jurisdiction fails to assume its responsibility.
Political Risk Insurance
Authors: Dolzer Rudolf , Schreuer Rudolf 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the emergence of a market for investment insurance schemes. The first phase of insurance programmes commenced in the 1950s and was entirely dominated by insurers run by national governments, which sought to promote outgoing investments of their nationals. In 1985, the member states of the World Bank established an international organization, the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) for the same purpose. Private companies entered the investment insurance market on the assumption of higher efficiency and an acceptable margin of profit. The main difference between private and public insurers concerns the time horizon of the insurance offered: whereas the public sector has been prepared to offer coverage for up to twenty years, private companies typically limit their risk by offering protection for much shorter periods. While some private market political risk insurers offer coverage for up to fifteen years, others limit themselves to much shorter periods, sometimes only for three years, subject to renewal. The existence, side by side, of these actors presents a unique panorama of competitive and complementary services by the private sector, by national governmental agencies, and by international actors.
Umbrella Clauses
Authors: Dugan Christopher F , Wallace Jr , Rubins Noah , Sabahi Borzu 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Most bilateral and multilateral investment treaties provide investors with a relatively standard set of protections, including the rights to national treatment, most-favored-nation treatment, fair and equitable treatment, and compensation for expropriation. However, some treaties provide investors with an additional layer of protection by specifically requiring host states to observe the obligations and honor the commitments they have undertaken vis-à-vis foreign investments. Known as “umbrella clauses,” these provisions appear to provide a route through which investors can seek to transform their contractual claims into treaty claims, although their interpretation and application has thus far been uncertain. This chapter presents a historical background and describes the various formulations of umbrella clauses. It then discusses arbitral decision involving umbrella clauses.
How the EU and US Antitrust Regimes Differ
Authors: Devlin Alan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter first explains the reasons why Europe’s and America’s antitrust rules diverge, including competing narratives on the meaning of consumer welfare; the European pursuit of integration vs. the US open economy; the different role of economics in EU and US competition law; and different sociopolitical views on dominant firms. It discusses how EU and US competition laws diverge, covering issues such as asymmetric spheres of coverage, vertical restraints, dominance, predatory pricing, product typing, refusals to deal, and bundled and loyalty discounts. It argues that distinctions between US and EU law matter for international firms formulating business strategies. Potentially dominant undertakings in Europe must tread cautiously since actions that fetter their rivals’ access to markets, customers, or inputs invite trouble. This is not to say, of course, that firms have nothing to worry about in the United States. Plaintiffs accusing companies of antitrust wrongdoing must satisfy more exacting legal standards under US law.
The Noerr-Pennington Doctrine
Authors: Devlin Alan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the Noerr-Pennington doctrine. Noerr-Pennington is a US doctrine with quasi-constitutional dimensions founded in the First Amendment. It immunizes a firm in petitioning the government, even when the firm asks the state to eliminate competition. Noerr is a corollary of the right to participate in the democratic process, and reflects the state’s freedom to hinder competition and the citizens’ right to drive government policy. As Noerr immunizes non-sham litigation, it carves out broad immunity for patentees that sue technology users. For US antitrust lawyers, Noerr is critical. Often dispositive, but misunderstood, it gives patentees a powerful defence. For plaintiffs who challenge anticompetitive patent assertion, overcoming the doctrine is also crucial. The chapter also explores analogous EU law founded in the General Court’s ITT Promedia decision of 1998.
Targeted Patent Aggregation
Authors: Devlin Alan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses a different form of offensive patent use—targeted patent acquisitions. Two forms of targeted patent aggregation are examined. The first involves the purchase of intellectual property rights (IPRs) by a firm in a product market to exclude competitors or raise its rivals’ costs. The second concerns non-practising entities (NPEs) that do not operate in any good market and thus cannot eliminate competition there. The question in the latter case is whether harm to an upstream licensing market can itself violate antitrust law. In both cases, ‘targeted’ means that the firm acquires a patent to attack an already-marketed technology. The aim of such an asset purchase may be to restrict competition in a manner that would not have occurred but for the acquisition, or simply to take advantage of lock-in to command a larger royalty.
ATOMS: ALMA three-millimetre observations of massive star-forming regions – XVI. Neutral versus ion line widths
Authors: Zhang C , Liu Tie , Ren Z -Y , Zhu Feng-Yao , Liu H -L , Wang Ke , Wu J -W , Li D , Jiao Sihan , Tatematsu K , Juvela Mika , Lee Chang Won , Jiao Wenyu , Bronfman Leonardo , Zhou Jianwen , Xu Feng-Wei , Tej Anandmayee , Hwang Jihye , Soam Archana , Das Swagat , Chibueze James O 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
It has been suggested that the line width of ions in molecular clouds is narrower than that of the co-existing neutral particles, which has been interpreted as an indication of the decoupling of neutral turbulence from magnetic fields within a partially ionized environment. We calculate the principal component analysis (PCA) correlation coefficients of CCH versus H$^{13}$CO$^{+}$ and H$^{13}$CN versus H$^{13}$CO$^{+}$. We find aside from H$^{13}$CN, CCH could also be strongly spatial correlated with H$^{13}$CO$^{+}$ in high-mass star-forming regions. CCH and H$^{13}$CO$^{+}$ line emissions are strongly spatial correlated with each other in 48 per cent sources with a PCA correlation coefficient over 0.7. So, we investigate the ambipolar diffusion (AD) effect using CCH and H$^{13}$CO$^{+}$ lines as a neutral/ion pair in a sample of 129 high-mass star-forming clumps. We conduct a careful analysis of line widths of the CCH–H$^{13}$CO$^{+}$ pair pixel-by-pixel in 12 sources, which show a strong correlation in CCH–H$^{13}$CO$^+$ emission and no obvious outflows or multiple velocity components. The mean velocity dispersion of CCH is about the same as H$^{13}$CO$^{+}$ in 12 sources. In low-density regions of most sources, CCH shows a broader velocity dispersion than H$^{13}$CO$^{+}$. However, the AD effect is not significant from a statistical point of view.
Meiotic chromatin-associated HSF5 is indispensable for pachynema progression and male fertility
Authors: Luo Chunhai , Xu Haoran , Yu Ziqi , Liu Dalin , Zhong Danyang , Zhou Shumin , Zhang Beibei , Zhan Junfeng , Sun Fei 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Pachynema progression contributes to the completion of prophase I. Nevertheless, the regulation of this significant meiotic process remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified a novel testis-specific protein HSF5, which regulates pachynema progression during male meiosis in a manner dependent on chromatin-binding. Deficiency of HSF5 results in meiotic arrest and male infertility, characterized as unconventional pachynema arrested at the mid-to-late stage, with extensive spermatocyte apoptosis. Our scRNA-seq data confirmed consistent expressional alterations of certain driver genes (Sycp1, Msh4, Meiob, etc.) crucial for pachynema progression in Hsf5−/− individuals. HSF5 was revealed to primarily bind to promoter regions of such key divers by CUT&Tag analysis. Also, our results demonstrated that HSF5 biologically interacted with SMARCA5, SMARCA4 and SMARCE1, and it could function as a transcription factor for pachynema progression during meiosis. Therefore, our study underscores the importance of the chromatin-associated HSF5 for the differentiation of spermatocytes, improving the protein regulatory network of the pachynema progression.
Dispensability of HPF1 for cellular removal of DNA single-strand breaks
Authors: Hrychova Kristyna , Burdova Kamila , Polackova Zuzana , Giamaki Despoina , Valtorta Beatrice , Brazina Jan , Krejcikova Katerina , Kuttichova Barbora , Caldecott Keith W , Hanzlikova Hana 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In response to DNA damage, the histone PARylation factor 1 (HPF1) regulates PARP1/2 activity, facilitating serine ADP-ribosylation of chromatin-associated factors. While PARP1/2 are known for their role in DNA single-strand break repair (SSBR), the significance of HPF1 in this process remains unclear. Here, we investigated the impact of HPF1 deficiency on cellular survival and SSBR following exposure to various genotoxins. We found that HPF1 loss did not generally increase cellular sensitivity to agents that typically induce DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) repaired by PARP1. SSBR kinetics in HPF1-deficient cells were largely unaffected, though its absence partially influenced the accumulation of SSB intermediates after exposure to specific genotoxins in certain cell lines, likely due to altered ADP-ribosylation of chromatin. Despite reduced serine mono-ADP-ribosylation, HPF1-deficient cells maintained robust poly-ADP-ribosylation at SSB sites, possibly reflecting PARP1 auto-poly-ADP-ribosylation at non-serine residues. Notably, poly-ADP-ribose chains were sufficient to recruit the DNA repair factor XRCC1, which may explain the relatively normal SSBR capacity in HPF1-deficient cells. These findings suggest that HPF1 and histone serine ADP-ribosylation are largely dispensable for PARP1-dependent SSBR in response to genotoxic stress, highlighting the complexity of mechanisms that maintain genomic stability and chromatin remodeling.
Efficient circularization of protein-encoding RNAs via a novel cis-splicing system
Authors: Qi Shaojun , Wang Huiming , Liu Guopeng , Qin Qianshan , Gao Peng , Ying Bo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as a promising alternative to linear mRNA, owing to their unique properties and potential therapeutic applications, driving the development of novel approaches for their production. This study introduces a cis-splicing system that efficiently produces circRNAs by incorporating a ribozyme core at one end of the precursor, thereby eliminating the need for additional spacer elements between the ribozyme and the gene of interest (GOI). In this cis-splicing system, sequences resembling homologous arms at both ends of the precursor are crucial for forming the P9.0 duplex, which in turn facilitates effective self-splicing and circularization. We demonstrate that the precise recognition of the second transesterification site depends more on the structural characteristics of P9.0 adjacent to the ωG position than on the nucleotide composition of the P9.0-ωG itself. Further optimization of structural elements, like P10 and P1-ex, significantly improves circularization efficiency. The circRNAs generated through the cis-splicing system exhibit prolonged protein expression and minimal activation of the innate immune response. This study provides a comprehensive exploration of circRNA generation via a novel strategy and offers valuable insights into the structural engineering of RNA, paving the way for future advancements in circRNA-based applications.
NucleoFind: a deep-learning network for interpreting nucleic acid electron density
Authors: Dialpuri Jordan S , Agirre Jon , Cowtan Kathryn D , Bond Paul S 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Nucleic acid electron density interpretation after phasing by molecular replacement or other methods remains a difficult problem for computer programs to deal with. Programs tend to rely on time-consuming and computationally exhaustive searches to recognise characteristic features. We present NucleoFind, a deep-learning-based approach to interpreting and segmenting electron density. Using an electron density map from X-ray crystallography obtained after molecular replacement, the positions of the phosphate group, sugar ring and nitrogenous base group can be predicted with high accuracy. On average, 78% of phosphate atoms, 85% of sugar atoms and 83% of base atoms are positioned in predicted density after giving NucleoFind maps produced following successful molecular replacement. NucleoFind can use the wealth of context these predicted maps provide to build more accurate and complete nucleic acid models automatically.
Distribution of specific prokaryotic immune systems correlates with host optimal growth temperature
Authors: Olijslager Lisa H , Weijers Dolf , Swarts Daan C 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Prokaryotes encode an arsenal of highly diverse immune systems to protect themselves against invading nucleic acids such as viruses, plasmids and transposons. This includes invader-interfering systems that neutralize invaders to protect their host, and abortive-infection systems, which trigger dormancy or cell death in their host to offer population-level immunity. Most prokaryotic immune systems are found across different environments and prokaryotic phyla, but their distribution appears biased and the factors that influence their distribution are largely unknown. Here, we compared and combined the prokaryotic immune system identification tools DefenseFinder and PADLOC to obtain an expanded view of the immune system arsenal. Our results show that the number of immune systems encoded is positively correlated with genome size and that the distribution of specific immune systems is linked to phylogeny. Furthermore, we reveal that certain invader-interfering systems are more frequently encoded by hosts with a relatively high optimum growth temperature, while abortive-infection systems are generally more frequently encoded by hosts with a relatively low optimum growth temperature. Combined, our study reveals several factors that correlate with differences in the distribution of prokaryotic immune systems and extends our understanding of how prokaryotes protect themselves from invaders in different environments.
Assessing Nicotine Pharmacokinetics of New-Generation Tobacco Products and Conventional Cigarettes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Cao Yue , Liu Xinru , Hu Zhongyi , Li Jiaxuan , Chen Xi , Xiong Yuming , Zheng Fangzhen , Zhang Jianqiang , Zhang Lin , Liu Xiaona 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Introduction
New-generation tobacco products (NGPs) hold promises as modified-risk alternatives to conventional cigarettes (CCs), given their comparable characteristics. This study investigated the nicotine pharmacokinetics (PK) of NGPs, encompassing closed pod systems, refillable e-cigarettes (ECs), and heated tobacco products (HTPs), in comparison to CCs through systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aims and Methods
A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for articles published between January 2013 and July 2023. Maximum nicotine concentration (Cmax), time to peak concentration (Tmax), and total nicotine exposure (area under the concentration-time curve, AUC) were extracted to evaluate nicotine delivery PK. Random effects meta-analyses were performed to determine pooled standardized mean differences, facilitating a comparison of PK profiles between NGPs and CCs. Subgroup analyses exploring flavors and nicotine concentrations across NGPs, and CCs were also conducted.

Results
The meta-analysis incorporated 30 articles with 2728 participants. Cmax and AUC were significantly lower for NGPs, while Tmax demonstrated statistical similarity compared to CCs. Among three NGPs, Cmax, and AUC were lower for closed pod systems and refillable ECs. In HTPs, Cmax was statistically similar while AUC was lower compared to CCs. Tmax was statistically similar in closed pod systems and HTPs compared to that of CCs. No significant difference was observed in the comparisons of PK between each type of NGPs versus CCs.

Conclusions
NGPs delivered less nicotine than CCs but reached Cmax over a similar timeframe, indicating that NGPs may serve as modified-risk alternatives with lower nicotine delivery to CCs for craving relief and smoking cessation.

Implications
This study suggested that NGPs, such as the closed pod systems, the refillable ECs, and the HTPs, delivered either lower or comparable nicotine levels and achieved peak nicotine concentration at a similar rate as CCs. Our findings carry implications that NGPs can serve as modified-risk nicotine alternatives to CCs in helping smokers manage cravings and potentially quit smoking, thereby highlighting their value in the field of tobacco harm reduction.
The rules and aims of inquiry
Authors: González de Prado Javier 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Are norms of inquiry in tension with epistemic norms? I provide a (largely) negative answer, turning to a picture of epistemic practices as rule-governed games. The idea is that, while epistemic norms are correctness standards for the attitudes involved in epistemic games, norms of inquiry derive from the aims of those games. Attitudes that, despite being epistemically correct, are inadvisable regarding the goals of some inquiry are just like bad (but legal) moves in basketball or chess. I further consider cases in which the aims of inquiry recommend breaking epistemic norms. I compare them to strategic infractions, which are common in many coherent games. Finally, I explore the connections between rules and aims in games and in inquiry. I show that in both cases respecting the rules is constitutively required for satisfying the aims of the practice.