bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short, Long, and Segmented Learning Videos: From YouTube Practice to Enhanced Video Players
Authors: Seidel Niels 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn the literature, one can find many claims about how long a learning video should be, but only a few valid reasons and even less empirical evidence. It is argued that a video should be as short as possible according to the learners’ attention span. Short videos shall prevent the learner from becoming too passive. The Segmenting Principle postulates the division of longer passages into smaller, separate sections as an alternative to shortening. In this article, we present two studies. In the first study, we examined the video length and segmentations of the entire 895 German and a sample of 524 English channels from YouTube Education (83,558/154,370 videos). We clustered the videos by length into three groups and identified a series of videos by their titles. Short Videos with up to 14 or 22 min of playing time can be considered common practice. About 8 % of the videos with short lengths were part of a series of segmented videos. Videos of medium length were part of a series in 21 % and 14 % of the cases. We conclude that dividing comprehensive video-based learning resources into multiple segments is a common practice. In the second study, we investigate two design variants for structuring longer videos into segments: (i) video with an additional chapter overview, visible chapter boundaries, and navigation options for the segments, and (ii) sequence of segmented videos of suitable length. An online user study compared these two variants with non-segmented video players (N=22). Segmented videos resulted in higher learning gains than the non-segmented version of the same video. The participants perceived the segmented videos in conditions (i) and (ii) better structured. The question of video length is not crucial for learning outcomes as long as the video can be provided in meaningful segments within the video player.
On the cardinality of irredundant and minimal bases of finite permutation groups
Authors: Dalla Volta Francesca , Mastrogiacomo Fabio , Spiga Pablo 
Published: July 2024

AbstractGiven a finite permutation group G with domain $$\Omega $$
Ω
, we associate two subsets of natural numbers to G, namely $${\mathcal {I}}(G,\Omega )$$

I
(
G
,
Ω
)

and $${\mathcal {M}}(G,\Omega )$$

M
(
G
,
Ω
)

, which are the sets of cardinalities of all the irredundant and minimal bases of G, respectively. We prove that $${\mathcal {I}}(G,\Omega )$$

I
(
G
,
Ω
)

is an interval of natural numbers, whereas $${\mathcal {M}}(G,\Omega )$$

M
(
G
,
Ω
)

may not necessarily form an interval. Moreover, for a given subset of natural numbers $$X \subseteq {\mathbb {N}}$$

X
⊆
N

, we provide some conditions on X that ensure the existence of both intransitive and transitive groups G such that $${\mathcal {I}}(G,\Omega ) = X$$

I
(
G
,
Ω
)
=
X

and $${\mathcal {M}}(G,\Omega ) = X$$

M
(
G
,
Ω
)
=
X

.
Transitive generalized toggle groups containing a cycle
Authors: Bloom Jonathan S. , Saracino Dan 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn (Striker in Discret Math Theor Comput Sci 20, 2018), Striker generalized Cameron and Fon-Der-Flaass’s notion of a toggle group. In this paper, we begin the study of transitive generalized toggle groups that contain a cycle. We first show that if such a group has degree n and contains a transposition or a 3-cycle, then the group contains $$A_n$$

A
n

. Using the result about transpositions, we then prove that a transitive generalized toggle group that contains a short cycle must be primitive. Employing a result of Jones (Bull Aust Math Soc 89(1):159-165, 2014), which relies on the classification of the finite simple groups, we conclude that any transitive generalized toggle group of degree n that contains a cycle with at least 3 fixed points must also contain $$A_n$$

A
n

. Finally, we look at imprimitive generalized toggle groups containing a long cycle and show that they decompose into a direct product of primitive generalized toggle groups each containing a long cycle.
Game Changer: Exploring the Role of Board Games in the Lives of Autistic People
Authors: Cross Liam , Belshaw Francesca , Piovesan Andrea , Atherton Gray 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis mixed methods paper reports findings from three studies examining the overlap between autism and hobbyist board gaming. The first was a quantitative survey of over 1600 board gamers, showing that autistic individuals are overrepresented in this hobby compared to the general population and that autistic traits measured by the AQ are significantly elevated amongst board gamers. Study 1 also assessed gamers’ motivations and preferences and reported key differences as well as similarities between autistic and non-autistic gamers. The second was a qualitative study that reported the results of 13 interviews with autistic individuals who are hobbyist board gamers. Using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), four key themes were uncovered, including a preference for systemising, escapism and passions, the social lubrication effect of games and difficulties with deception. In the third, 28 autistic individuals were introduced to board games in groups of 5–10 over an afternoon. Subsequent focus groups were then analysed using IPA. This analysis uncovered themes around how board games are challenging but encouraged growth and how they were an alternative vehicle for forging social relationships. Through this paper, we discuss how and why board games may be a popular hobby amongst the autistic population, and its potential utility for improving autistic wellbeing.
Spontaneous Generation of Unconventional Language and Its Link with Grammatical Performance in Chinese Adults With and Without ASD
Authors: Wu Zixuan , Lam Cherry , To Carol K. S. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis study investigated the generation of unconventional language in the spontaneous speech of Chinese adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and how it was related to their grammatical performance, when compared to neurotypical (NT) controls. Twenty Cantonese-speaking adults with ASD and 20 NT controls completed three interview tasks in the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2), and their spontaneous speech was recorded and transcribed. Utterances containing unconventional language (neologisms, idiosyncratic phrases, and pedantic language), morphosyntactic errors, mean length of utterance (MLU), and mazes were computed. The ASD group produced more neologisms, idiosyncratic phrases, and pedantic language than the NT group and their grammatical difficulties were shown in shorter MLU but not morphosyntactic errors. Mazes were more frequent in the ASD than the NT group. While the use of unconventional language increased with MLU in the NT group, it correlated positively with mazes in the ASD group. Generation of unconventional language, particularly pedantic language, in Cantonese-speaking NT adults is linked to more advanced grammar, while it appears to be a common speech characteristic among autistic speakers regardless of individual grammatical performance.
“It Just Makes You Feel Horrible”: A Thematic Analysis of the Stigma Experiences of Youth with Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Ansell Megan E. , Finlay-Jones Amy L. , Bayliss Donna M. , Ohan Jeneva L. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractExperiencing stigma is associated with a range of negative outcomes for people with mental health disorders. However, little is understood about the contemporary stigma experiences of young people with anxiety and depression. This study aimed to describe these experiences using semi-structured qualitative interviews. Thirteen young people (aged 16–24 years) who self-reported a primary diagnosis of depression and/or anxiety were interviewed about their stigma experiences. Many experiences and perceptions of stigma were common to all participants. Six themes were developed through thematic analysis of participants’ descriptions. The first theme, ‘stigma is pervasive’, pertains to the way that stigma is expressed to and experienced by all young people with anxiety and depression. Three themes describe the content of stigma experienced by participants: they felt denied, minimised, and blamed (e.g., seen as ‘faking it’ for attention, to avoid responsibility or to follow trends); seen as less than others; and treated as socially undesirable. Finally, two themes describe stigma’s consequences: self-doubt and internalisation; and withdrawal. Some of these themes differ from prior accounts of the stigma experienced by people with anxiety and depression, indicating that the conceptualisation and measurement of stigma in young people need updating to remain relevant.
Formulation of mixture proportions and experimental study of heavyweight self-compacting concrete based on magnetite and barite
Authors: Palou Martin T. , Podhorská Janette , Ju Mikwan , Park Kyoungsoo , Čepčianska Jana , Žemlička Matúš , Koplík Jan , Novotný Radoslav 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe present study aims to determine the mix proportion of binder, heavyweight aggregates, water-to-binder ratio, and additives to develop self-compacting concrete with a bulk density higher than 2600 kg m−3. It also aims to evaluate the engineering properties, pore structure, and microstructure of established heavyweight self-compacting concrete. Barite (BA), magnetite (MAG) or their mix (MIX) were used as fillers, while binder was composed of Portland cement, blast furnace slag, metakaolin, and limestone at a ratio of 65:15:5:15. Based on text results of V-funnel, S-Cone diameter and S-Cone time, the proportion mix and binder: filler: binder to cement ration was optimized as follows: 1) BA 1: 3.5: 0.42, 2) MAG 1: 4: 0.42, and 3) MIX 1: 3.75: 0.42 with maximal aggregate size not exceeding 2 mm. Not only the bulk density was influenced by aggregate, but also, the mechanical properties, shrinkage, dynamic modulus of elasticity pore structure, and microstructure were also found to be dependent on fillers.
Frozen orbits around a variable mass
Authors: El-Saftawy M. I. , Abd El-Salam F. A. , Yousef M. A. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractOur work is concerning to find the frozeen orbit conditions for the motion about an oblate varying mass centeral body. The Hamiltonians due to the vriation of the centeral body mass and J2 zonal harmonics, were constructed in terms of the Delaunay canonical variables. Since the time is appearing exeplicitly in the Hamiltonian function, the phase space was extended by introducing a new pair of canonical variables, $$\left({l}_{4}, {L}_{4}\right)$$

l
4

,

L
4

. The first one is, $${l}_{4}$$

l
4

, assigned as the variable mass while the second, $${L}_{4}$$

L
4

, is its conjugate momentum. The Hamiltonian of the problem was developed in the expandable form, in terms of J2 as small parameter, to be suitable for the used transformation method. Short and long periodic terms were eliminated, in successive, to obtain the secular perturbation effects. The conditions to freeze the orbital elements were derived and graphically illustrated.
Pothole detection in adverse weather: leveraging synthetic images and attention-based object detection methods
Authors: Jakubec Maros , Lieskovska Eva , Bucko Boris , Zabovska Katarina 
Published: July 2024

AbstractPotholes are a pervasive road hazard with the potential to cause accidents and vehicle damage. Detecting potholes accurately is essential for timely repairs and ensuring road safety. However, existing detection methods often struggle to perform in adverse weather conditions, including rain, snow, and low visibility. This work aims to improve pothole detection across diverse weather and lighting scenarios, employing a two-phase strategy that integrates data augmentation with images generated by Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and the deployment of visual attention techniques. For this purpose, advanced models such as YOLOv8, RT-DETR, and our modified version of YOLOv8 were employed. In the first phase, multiple image-to-image translation models were trained and applied to a real-world dataset to generate synthetic images of potholes under different weather conditions, including rain, fog, overcast, dawn, and night. The detection accuracy results show improvements in all monitored metrics across most tested conditions following the incorporation of augmentation. The most significant improvement resulting from augmentation was observed in low-visibility conditions, captured during evening and night, with an increase of up to 11% and 19% in mean Average Precision (mAP@.5) across all models. The second phase employed different modifications of YOLOv8 with modules such as Attention-Based Dense Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling, Vision Transformer and Global Attention Mechanism to enhance the detection of potholes in challenging visual conditions. The compensation for increased model complexity, such as the utilization of depthwise convolutions, was also employed. To evaluate the effectiveness of this approach, a publicly available pothole dataset with images captured in diverse weather conditions is used. The results indicate that the proposed method achieved an 8.4% improvement pre-augmentation and a 5.3% improvement post-augmentation compared to the original YOLOv8, surpassing existing approaches in terms of accuracy and enhancing pothole detection in adverse weather conditions.
Image encryption framework based on multi-chaotic maps and equal pixel values quantization
Authors: Kolivand Hoshang , Hamood Sabah Fadhel , Asadianfam Shiva , Mohd Rahim Mohd Shafry , Hurst William 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe importance of image encryption has considerably increased, especially after the dramatic evolution of the internet and network communications, due to the simplicity of capturing and transferring digital images. Although there are several encryption approaches, chaos-based image encryption is considered the most appropriate approach for image applications because of its sensitivity to initial conditions and control parameters. Confusion and diffusion methods have been used in conventional image encryption methods, but the ideal encrypted image has not yet been achieved. This research aims to generate an encrypted image free of statistical information to make cryptanalysis infeasible. Additionally, the motivation behind this work lies in addressing the shortcomings of conventional image encryption methods, which have not yet achieved the ideal encrypted image. The proposed framework aims to overcome these challenges by introducing a new method, Equal Pixel Values Quantization (EPVQ), along with enhancing the confusion and diffusion processes using chaotic maps and additive white Gaussian noise. Key security, statistical properties of encrypted images, and withstanding differential attacks are the most important issues in the field of image encryption. Therefore, a new method, Equal Pixel Values Quantization (EPVQ), was introduced in this study in addition to the proposed confusion and diffusion methods to achieve an ideal image encryption framework. Generally, the confusion method uses Sensitive Logistic Map (SLM), Henon Map, and additive white Gaussian noise to generate random numbers for use in the pixel permutation method. However, the diffusion method uses the Extended Bernoulli Map (EBM), Tinkerbell, Burgers, and Ricker maps to generate the random matrix. Internal Interaction between Image Pixels (IIIP) was used to implement the XOR (Exclusive OR) operator between the random matrix and scrambled image. Basically, the EPVQ method was used to idealize the histogram and information entropy of the ciphered image. The correlation between adjacent pixels was minimized to have a very small value (×10−3). Besides, the key space was extended to be very large (2450) considering the key sensitivity to hinder brute force attacks. Finally, a histogram was idealized to be perfectly equal in all occurrences, and the resulting information entropy was equal to the ideal value (8), which means that the resulting encrypted image is free of statistical properties in terms of the histogram and information entropy. Based on the findings, the high randomness of the generated random sequences of the proposed confusion and diffusion methods is capable of producing a robust image encryption framework against all types of cryptanalysis attacks.
A novel seismic vulnerability assessment for the urban roadway by using interval valued fermatean fuzzy analytical hierarchy process
Authors: Yildirim Ahmet Kaan , Kavus Bahar Yalcin , Karaca Tolga Kudret , Bozbey İlknur , Taskin Alev 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSeismic activity poses significant challenges to urban road infrastructure, often resulting in road closures due to the combined effects of damaged buildings and affected road networks. In contrast, the resilience of roads is crucially important for all kinds of relief activities after an earthquake in this context, this study outlines a methodological framework for assessing the vulnerability of urban road infrastructure to seismic activity. By integrating various criteria within an Interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process framework, the approach offers a comprehensive analysis of vulnerability, considering both quantitative and qualitative factors. This method is a weighting method that has not been used before in MCDM studies in the field of earthquakes. A risk factor is obtained for each road section by using this comprehensive analysis of the vulnerability. This integrated approach considers the interplay between damaged buildings, road networks, and disaster response mechanisms, thereby enhancing the ability to anticipate and respond to seismic events effectively. The study conducts a case study in Istanbul, Turkey, a seismic-prone area, to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Key findings indicate that the approach can identify and quantify vulnerabilities within the transport network, enabling the identification of high-risk areas for necessary mitigation measures. Moreover, the methodology’s validity is confirmed through a validation study in Gölbaşı district, Adıyaman, Türkiye, which experienced severe damage during earthquakes on 6 February 2023 earthquakes. By providing a structured and comprehensive vulnerability analysis, the research aims to contribute to the resilience of urban infrastructure, particularly in earthquake-prone regions.
Salix species and varieties affect the molecular composition and diversity of soil organic matter
Authors: Dufour Louis J. P. , Wetterlind Johanna , Nunan Naoise , Quenea Katell , Shi Andong , Weih Martin , Herrmann Anke M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Background and aims
Most studies of the relationships between the composition of soil organic matter and plant cover have been carried out at the plant genera level. However, they have largely overlooked the potential effects that plant varieties, belonging to the same genus, can have on soil organic matter.

Methods
We investigated whether plant varieties belonging to different Salix species (S. dasyclados and S. viminalis) impacted the composition of organic matter using mid-infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis GC/MS. Top-soils were taken from an 18 year-old long-term field trial where six Salix varieties were grown as short-rotation coppice under two fertilisation regimes.

Results
Significant differences in the molecular composition and diversity of the soil organic matter were observed in the fertilised plots. The effects were mostly visible at the species level, i.e. the organic matter in soil under S. dasyclados varieties had higher molecular diversity and lignin content than under S. viminalis, potentially due to differences in the amount and composition of their litter inputs. Smaller differences among varieties from the same species were also observed. No significant effects of Salix varieties were observed in the unfertilised plots. The relatively high degree of spatial variability of several soil properties found in these plots may have masked plant variety and/or species effects.

Conclusion
This study provides evidence that the identity of Salix species or varieties can affect the molecular composition and diversity of soil organic matter. The corresponding traits should be considered in breeding programmes to enhance soil organic C accumulation and persistence.
Journal self-citations trends in sport sciences: an analysis of disciplinary journals from 2013 to 2022
Authors: Bennett Hunter , Singh Ben , Slattery Flynn 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis study reports on the yearly rate of journal self-citation (JSC) in sport sciences, how it changes over time, and its association with journal impact factor (JIF). Citations made by all 87 journals in “sport sciences” from 2013 to 2022 were extracted, as was their 2022 JIF. JSC rates were calculated using a Poisson distribution method. A mixed-effects negative binomial regression examined changes in yearly JSC rates over time. The association between average JSC rates and JIF were compared using a negative binomial regression. The median JSC rate was 6.3 self-citations per 100 citations. JSC rates are increasing in sport sciences by ~ 10% per year (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.1, 95% CI 1.1–1.2; trivial effect). There was a significant negative association between JSC rate and JIF (IRR = 0.9, 95% CI 0.9, 1.0; trivial effect). Contrary to observations made in prior literature examining broader disciplines, the increasing JSC rate in sport sciences may be attributed to the growing maturity of this novel discipline. As sport-science topic areas become more established and appear in discipline specific journals, more JSCs may occur due to an increasing body of literature in these journals. The negative association between JSC rate and JIF may be due to specialized and less visible journals having a naturally lower JIF, as their impact is confined to a narrower field.
New Anisotropic Cosmic-Ray Enhancement (ACRE) Event on 5 November 2023 Due to Complex Heliospheric Conditions
Authors: Gil Agnieszka , Asvestari Eleanna , Mishev Alexandar , Larsen Nicholas , Usoskin Ilya 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe variability of galactic cosmic rays near Earth is nearly isotropic and driven by large-scale heliospheric modulation but rarely can very local anisotropic events be observed in low-energy cosmic rays. These anisotropic cosmic-ray enhancement (ACRE) events are related to interplanetary transients. Until now, two such events have been known. Here, we report the discovery of the third ACRE event observed as an increase of up to 6.4% in count rates of high- and midlatitude neutron monitors between ca. 09 – 14 UT on 5 November 2023 followed by a moderate Forbush decrease and a strong geomagnetic storm. This is the first known observation of ACRE in the midrigidity range of up to 8 GV. The anisotropy axis of ACRE was in the nearly anti-Sun direction. Modeling of the geomagnetic conditions implies that the observed increase was not caused by a storm-induced weakening of the geomagnetic shielding. As suggested by a detailed analysis and qualitative modeling using the EUHFORIA model, the ACRE event was likely produced by the scattering of cosmic rays on an intense interplanetary flux rope propagating north of the Earth and causing a glancing encounter. The forthcoming Forbush decrease was caused by an interplanetary coronal mass ejection that hit Earth centrally. A comprehensive analysis of the ACRE and complex heliospheric conditions is presented. However, a full quantitative modeling of such a complex event is not possible even with the most advanced models and calls for further developments.