bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Case of Upper Karnali Hydroelectric Project
Authors: Shrestha Hari Man 
Published: March 2015

The Upper Karnali Hydroelectric Project, being one of the most attractive and suitable run-of-river hydropower projects for consumption of the energy in Nepal, should have been developed by Nepal for self consumption through self-construction and self-financing. The author describes that in Nepal things are not happening in a way to safeguard Nepal’s long-term national interest through deriving multiple benefits from modest and gradual way of utilization of better hydropower sites for own sake. Even the meager free entitlements are highly exaggerated in a falsified way to please India instead of striving hard for fulfilling its own need by own efforts.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v16i0.12213 HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue. 16, 2015 January Page: 14-17 Upload date: March 1, 2015
Analysis of Sediment Samples and Erosion Potential: A Case Study of Upper Tamakoshi Hydroelectric Project
Authors: Koirala Ravi , Chitrakar Sailesh , Regmi Surya Nath , Khadka Manisha , Neopane Hari Prasad , Thapa Bhola 
Published: March 2015

Hydropower can be an effective green solution for meeting the current energy demand in Nepal. However, despite having tremendous water resources, only 2% of Nepal’s hydroelectricity potential has been tapped. Of the challenges that Nepali hydro faces, sediment erosion is a major one. Sediment erosion refers to an erosive tendency of sediment particles flowing with water over the exposed turbine parts including the runner. This paper deals with a sample analysis of sediment particles from the Upper Tamakoshi Hydroelectric Project. In this paper, we test for particle size distribution, particle count, mineral composition, and erosion potential analysis. For the mineral and erosion potential analysis, the sand samples range from 75 ìm to 200 ìm because the Tamakoshi plant consists of sediment traping system for particles larger than 150 ìm. The sediment samples were collected from three different points in the headrace and the severity of the effect of erosion has been analyzed in terms of depending variables like particle size, concentration, and mineral composition.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v16i0.12216 HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue. 16, 2015, January Page: 28-31 Upload date: March 1, 2015
FDI in Hydropower and Choice of Jurisdiction
Authors: Shrestha Ratna Sansar 
Published: March 2015

Not Available.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v16i0.12219 HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue. 16, 2015, January Page: 32-33 Upload date: March 1, 2015
Study of Climate Change using GCM Downscaling: Special Reference to Indian Subcontinent
Authors: Gautam Narayan P. , Arora Manohar 
Published: March 2015

Climate change refers to a change in a state of the climate and it is one of the emerging issues in the 21st century. General Circulation Model (GCM) represents physical processes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and land surface. It is one of the advanced tools for simulating the response of the global climate system to increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations. The application of GCMs and its downscaling outputs helps to fill up the gap existing between large-scale and local-scale variables. This study clearly showed that GCM downscaling has been increasingly applied to the study of climate change in many parts of the world including the Indian sub-continent and their results are utilized to enhance planning and management purposes. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v16i0.12222 HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and Environment Issue. 16, 2015, January Page: 36-39 Upload date: March 1, 2015
Cost-Effective and Eco-Friendly Methods for Lake Water- Purification
Authors: Dixit Savita , Dixit Shlok 
Published: March 2015

Lakes and reservoirs are very important property for people’s life, industrial activities and so on. They provide various benefits to us, such as securing water resources for drinking, agriculture and industrial use, fishery resource, flood control functions and ecosystem integrities. However, because of the closed nature of lakes’ water system, pollution tends to accumulate therein, once water is polluted, it is difficult to improve the water quality. In Addition, the situation is that a remarkable improving tendency of the water quality of lakes is not seen due to the increase of the pollutant load by the economic change and the increase of the Industrialization and population as well as the change in the lake environment. Bhopal city popularly known as the city of lakes, have more than eighteen water bodies. Out of eighteen water bodies, few are source of drinking water after preliminary treatment. Rest of the water bodies serves secondary purposes like irrigation, fisheries and recreational activities etc. These two lakes are Shahpura Lakeand Lower Lake. Shahpura Lake is situated in new Bhopal city where as Lower Lake is situated in old city. Both are eutrophic and sewage fed lake. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v16i0.12223 HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and Environment Issue. 16, 2015, January Page: 40-43 Upload date: March 1, 2015
Combination of Francis and Pelton Turbines on a Pressure Pipe Line for an Optimal Utilization of Highly Variable Water Volumes
Authors: Sageder Thomas 
Published: March 2015

Not Available.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v16i0.12224 HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and Environment Issue. 16, 2015, January Page: 44-45 Upload date: March 1, 2015
Neurosurgery Education and Development program to treat hydrocephalus and to develop neurosurgery in Africa using mobile neuroendoscopic training
Authors: Piquer José , Qureshi Mubashir Mahmood , Young Paul H. , Dempsey Robert J. 
Published: March 2015

OBJECT
A shortage of neurosurgeons and a lack of knowledge of neuroendoscopic management of hydrocephalus limits modern care in sub-Saharan Africa. Hence, a mobile teaching project for endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) procedures and a subsequent program to develop neurosurgery as a permanent specialty in Kenya and Zanzibar were created and sponsored by the Neurosurgery Education and Development (NED) Foundation and the Foundation for International Education in Neurological Surgery. The objective of this work was to evaluate the results of surgical training and medical care in both projects from 2006 to 2013.

METHODS
Two portable neuroendoscopy systems were purchased and a total of 38 ETV workshops were organized in 21 hospitals in 7 different countries. Additionally, 49 medical expeditions were dispatched to the Coast General Hospital in Mombasa, Kenya, and to the Mnazi Moja Hospital in Zanzibar.

RESULTS
From the first project, a total of 376 infants with hydrocephalus received surgery. Six-month follow-up was achieved in 22%. In those who received follow-up, ETV efficacy was 51%. The best success rates were achieved with patients 1 year of age or older with aqueductal stenosis (73%). The main causes of hydrocephalus were infection (56%) and spina bifida (23%). The mobile education program interacted with 72 local surgeons and 122 nurses who were trained in ETV procedures. The second project involved 49 volunteer neurosurgeons who performed a total of 360 nonhydrocephalus neurosurgical operations since 2009. Furthermore, an agreement with the local government was signed to create the Mnazi Mmoja NED Institute in Zanzibar.

CONCLUSIONS
Mobile endoscopic treatment of hydrocephalus in East Africa results in reasonable success rates and has also led to major developments in medicine, particularly in the development of neurosurgery specialty care sites.
Multimodal evaluation of CSF dynamics following extradural decompression for Chiari malformation Type I
Authors: Quon Jennifer L. , Grant Ryan A. , DiLuna Michael L. 
Published: March 2015

OBJECT
Extradural decompression is a minimally invasive technique for treating Chiari malformation Type I (CM-I) that avoids the complications of dural opening. While there is no agreement on which surgical method is optimal, mounting evidence demonstrates that extradural decompression effectively treats clinical symptoms, with a minimal reoperation rate. Neurological symptoms such as headache may be related to obstructed flow of CSF, and one aspect of successful extradural decompression is improved CSF dynamics. In this series, the authors report on their use of phase-contrast cine flow MRI to assess CSF flow as well as satisfactory decompression.

METHODS
The authors describe their first surgical series of 18 patients with CM-I undergoing extradural decompression and correlate clinical improvement with radiological changes. Patients were categorized as having complete, partial, or no resolution of their symptoms. Posterior fossa area, cisterna magna area, and tonsillar herniation were assessed on T2-weighted MRI, whereas improvement of CSF flow was evaluated with phase-contrast cine flow MRI. All patients received standard pre- and postoperative MRI studies; 8 (44.4%) patients had pre- and postoperative phase-contrast cine, while the rest underwent cine studies only postoperatively.

RESULTS
All 18 patients presented with symptomatic CM-I, with imaging studies demonstrating tonsillar herniation ≥ 5 mm, and 2 patients had associated syringomelia. All patients underwent suboccipital decompression and C-1 laminectomy with splitting of the dura. Patients with complete resolution of their symptoms had a greater relative increase in cisterna magna area compared with those with only partial improvement (p = 0.022). In addition, in those with complete improvement the preoperative cisterna magna area was smaller than in those who had either partial (0.020) or no (0.025) improvement. Ten (91%) of the 11 patients with improved flow also had improvement in their symptoms. There was 1 postoperative complication of dysphagia and dysphonia. None of the patients have required a second operation.

CONCLUSIONS
Extradural decompression has the potential to be the first-line treatment for CM-I but has been lacking an objective measure by which to assess surgical success as well as the need for reoperation. An increase in the CSF spaces and improved CSF dynamics may be associated with resolution of clinical symptoms. Including cine imaging as part of routine pre- and postoperative evaluation can help identify which patients are most likely to benefit from surgery.
Risk factors for traumatic blunt cerebrovascular injury diagnosed by computed tomography angiography in the pediatric population: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ravindra Vijay M. , Riva-Cambrin Jay , Sivakumar Walavan , Metzger Ryan R. , Bollo Robert J. 
Published: March 2015

OBJECT
Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is frequently used to examine patients for blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) after cranial trauma, but the pediatric population at risk for BCVI is poorly defined. Although CTA is effective for BCVI screening in adults, the increased lifetime risk for malignant tumors associated with this screening modality warrants efforts to reduce its use in children. The authors' objective was to evaluate the incidence of BCVI diagnosed by CTA in a pediatric patient cohort and to create a prediction model to identify children at high risk for BCVI.

METHODS
Demographic, clinical, and radiographic data were collected retrospectively for pediatric patients who underwent CTA during examination for traumatic cranial injury from 2003 through 2013. The primary outcome was injury to the carotid or vertebral artery diagnosed by CTA.

RESULTS
The authors identified 234 patients (mean age 8.3 years, range 0.04–17 years, 150 [64%] boys) who underwent CTA screening for BCVI. Of these, 24 (10.3%) had a focal neurological deficit, and 153 (65.4%) had intracranial hemorrhage on a head CTA. Thirty-seven BCVIs were observed in 36 patients (15.4%), and 16 patients (6.8%) died. Multivariate regression analysis identified fracture through the carotid canal, petrous temporal bone fracture, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of < 8, focal neurological deficit, and stroke on initial CT scan as independent risk factors for BCVI. A prediction model for identifying children at high risk for BCVI was created. A score of ≤ 2 yielded a 7.9% probability of BCVI and a score of ≥ 3 a risk of 39.3% for BCVI.

CONCLUSIONS
For cranial trauma in children, fracture of the petrous temporal bone or through the carotid canal, focal neurological deficit, stroke, and a GCS score of < 8 are independent risk factors for BCVI.
Augmented reality–guided neurosurgery: accuracy and intraoperative application of an image projection technique
Authors: Besharati Tabrizi Leila , Mahvash Mehran 
Published: March 2015

OBJECT
An augmented reality system has been developed for image-guided neurosurgery to project images with regions of interest onto the patient's head, skull, or brain surface in real time. The aim of this study was to evaluate system accuracy and to perform the first intraoperative application.

METHODS
Images of segmented brain tumors in different localizations and sizes were created in 10 cases and were projected to a head phantom using a video projector. Registration was performed using 5 fiducial markers. After each registration, the distance of the 5 fiducial markers from the visualized tumor borders was measured on the virtual image and on the phantom. The difference was considered a projection error. Moreover, the image projection technique was intraoperatively applied in 5 patients and was compared with a standard navigation system.

RESULTS
Augmented reality visualization of the tumors succeeded in all cases. The mean time for registration was 3.8 minutes (range 2–7 minutes). The mean projection error was 0.8 ± 0.25 mm. There were no significant differences in accuracy according to the localization and size of the tumor. Clinical feasibility and reliability of the augmented reality system could be proved intraoperatively in 5 patients (projection error 1.2 ± 0.54 mm).

CONCLUSIONS
The augmented reality system is accurate and reliable for the intraoperative projection of images to the head, skull, and brain surface. The ergonomic advantage of this technique improves the planning of neurosurgical procedures and enables the surgeon to use direct visualization for image-guided neurosurgery.
Combined noninvasive language mapping by navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional MRI and its comparison with direct cortical stimulation
Authors: Ille Sebastian , Sollmann Nico , Hauck Theresa , Maurer Stefanie , Tanigawa Noriko , Obermueller Thomas , Negwer Chiara , Droese Doris , Zimmer Claus , Meyer Bernhard , Ringel Florian , Krieg Sandro M. 
Published: March 2015

OBJECT
Repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is now increasingly used for preoperative language mapping in patients with lesions in language-related areas of the brain. Yet its correlation with intraoperative direct cortical stimulation (DCS) has to be improved. To increase rTMS's specificity and positive predictive value, the authors aim to provide thresholds for rTMS's positive language areas. Moreover, they propose a protocol for combining rTMS with functional MRI (fMRI) to combine the strength of both methods.

METHODS
The authors performed multimodal language mapping in 35 patients with left-sided perisylvian lesions by using rTMS, fMRI, and DCS. The rTMS mappings were conducted with a picture-to-trigger interval (PTI, time between stimulus presentation and stimulation onset) of either 0 or 300 msec. The error rates (ERs; that is, the number of errors per number of stimulations) were calculated for each region of the cortical parcellation system (CPS). Subsequently, the rTMS mappings were analyzed through different error rate thresholds (ERT; that is, the ER at which a CPS region was defined as language positive in terms of rTMS), and the 2-out-of-3 rule (a stimulation site was defined as language positive in terms of rTMS if at least 2 out of 3 stimulations caused an error). As a second step, the authors combined the results of fMRI and rTMS in a predefined protocol of combined noninvasive mapping. To validate this noninvasive protocol, they correlated its results to DCS during awake surgery.

RESULTS
The analysis by different rTMS ERTs obtained the highest correlation regarding sensitivity and a low rate of false positives for the ERTs of 15%, 20%, 25%, and the 2-out-of-3 rule. However, when comparing the combined fMRI and rTMS results with DCS, the authors observed an overall specificity of 83%, a positive predictive value of 51%, a sensitivity of 98%, and a negative predictive value of 95%.

CONCLUSIONS
In comparison with fMRI, rTMS is a more sensitive but less specific tool for preoperative language mapping than DCS. Moreover, rTMS is most reliable when using ERTs of 15%, 20%, 25%, or the 2-out-of-3 rule and a PTI of 0 msec. Furthermore, the combination of fMRI and rTMS leads to a higher correlation to DCS than both techniques alone, and the presented protocols for combined noninvasive language mapping might play a supportive role in the language-mapping assessment prior to the gold-standard intraoperative DCS.
Wie viel Wildnis für die Schweiz? Ein Diskussionsbeitrag (Essay)
Authors: Broggi Mario F. 
Published: March 2015

How much wilderness in Switzerland? A contribution to the debate (essay)
In national biodiversity strategies, various goals are proposed for how much wilderness there should be, and how much forest should be left to develop according to natural ecosystem processes. This article aims to quantify these objectives. It presents and discusses the state of knowledge about the need for wilderness, the potential to satisfy this need, and the necessary minimum size for wilderness areas. On this basis, it calculates how much wilderness is desirable and possible in Switzerland. For wilderness areas in category Ib of the World Conservation Union (IUCN), a minimum size of 1,000 ha in the Alpine region and 500 ha in the rest of the country is proposed. These areas should be distributed according to ecosystem type and cover about 8% of the land area.
Unterirdische Kontinuität und Pilzvielfalt alter Waldstandorte
Authors: Winter Susanne , Lüderitz Matthias , Rzanny Michael 
Published: March 2015

Underground continuity and fungi diversity of old forest sites
Old-growth forests (old stands) and ancient forests (historically old forest sites) in general provide a higher biodiversity (number of species) than comparable younger ones. Thus the forest and forest site history in terms of continuity is fundamental for the biodiversity status. Underground continuity comprises several aspects, each of which impacts the biodiversity: continuity of carbon and nitrogen storage, undisturbed ageing of the ground surface (large terrestrial bryophyte cushions and lichen turfs), uninterrupted soil hydrological processes, continuity of natural processes such as bio- and cryoturbation, continuity of soil development and geological layers as well as underground and above ground structural diversity. We describe two approaches for assessing underground continuity. The first is based on records of indicator fungi species (signal species), and the second considers structural surface components. We show the relation between fungi species indicating forest continuity and total fungi diversity without signal species at plot level (500 m2) considering a continuity index and the classification of a regression tree. Finally we conclude that 1) the conservation of forests with long continuity should be prioritized as the high fungi species diversity of these sites contributes greatly to biodiversity, and 2) the underground diversity should be markedly considered in forest monitoring schemes.
Une bibliothèque de couvent à l'époque moderne : les livres des Franciscains de Sospel
Authors: Cousin Bernard 
Published: March 2015

Diese Bibliothek setzt sich fast ganz aus Büchern religiösen Charakters zusammen, die im 17. Jahrhundert in Frankreich und Italien erschienen sind. Gelehrte Schriften der Exegese, der Theologie und der Philosophie befinden sich darunter ; den Hauptteil jedoch machen leicht verständliche Handbücher aus, die für Volksprediger und Beichtväter gedacht sind.
Zusätzliche Begebenheit : Thematische Gruppierung und « Gefühlsgrenzen». Methodologische Bemerkungen zur Einteilung von F. Furet.
L'armée provençale en 1374
Authors: Hébert Michel 
Published: March 2015

Прованская Армия в 1364 г.
Этот очерк основан на "реестре парада" , протоколе военного парада, составленного а Экс-ен-Провано осенью 1374 г. Войско о котором в нем говорится состоит из двух элементов : с одной стороны, новобранцы созванные в городах и деревнях согласно фео дальнему праву "кавалькады", с другой стороны оплачиваемые воины главным образом итальянцы, прованцы и венгры. Очерк дает массу сведений о внешности и возрасте бойцов ( часто очень молодых) их вооружении и коммандном составе*
La milice garde-côtes en Languedoc
Authors: Vitoux Marie-Claire 
Published: March 2015

Милиция береговой охраны в Лангедоке
Милиция, созданная в Лангедоке для охраны побережья во второй половине XVIII века, никогда не сумела cтать высокоэффективной и не пользовалась большим престижем, что явствует из из ее офицерского состава. Тем не менее, прибрежное населенье мирилось с ней легче, чем проживающие в глубине страны, поскольку служба в этой милиции не требовала переселения.
Le programme de l'insurrection d'Agen en 1514
Authors: Raytses Vladimir I. 
Published: March 2015

Программа восстания в Ажене в 1514 г.
Анализ "Жалобы" синдиков восставшей коммуны показывает, что изучаемое восстание представляло собой острый внутригородской конфликт между молодой муниципальной олигархией и всем остальным коллективом горожан. В тоже время оно было лишено самой характерной черты городских народных движений в позднее средневековье и в эпоху абсолютизма : направленности против королевского фиска, В статье ставится проблема своеобразия социально-политической борьбы в южнофранцузском городе "аграрного типа".
Langage médical et politique locale : l'urbanisme et la santé à Marseille à la fin de l'Ancien Régime
Authors: Pringle James K. , Saba Steven J. 
Published: March 2015

Голос врачей и местная политика: урбанизм и здравоохранение в Марселе к концу Старого режима
Активное участие многих врачей в трех конфликтах по поводу использования городской территории в Марселе в ХVIII в. показывает их важную к тому моменту роль в качестве арбитра в ходе городских дебатов между муниципалитетом и частными лицами.
L'image du baron au début du XVIe siècle : Caumont contre Thémines
Authors: Lartigaut Jean 
Published: March 2015

Портрет барона в начале 16-го в. : Крмон против Темины.
Из анкеты проведенной у 16 свидетелей, подчас очень скромного происхождения, по случаю процесса по вопросу чести между двумя вельможами из Аквитании мало по малу выступает идеальный портрет барона, превосходство которого зависит от древности рода, символического богатства герба, знат«* ности союзников, престижа основанных монастырей, роскоши надгобных памятников, когорты подвластных дворян как и обширности владений, неприступности крепостей и наконец но не последней важности денежных доходах исчисляемых в турских фунтах. Портрет, кстати, весьма архаический.
Les relations entre les troubadours et les comtes de Toulouse (1112-1229)
Authors: Loeb Ariane 
Published: March 2015

Отношения между трубадурами и Тулузскими графами (1112-1229)
В XII веке двор тулузского графства заслуживает внимания как местопребывание трубадуров. Многочисленны упоминания тулузских графов в их галантной лирике. Особенно интересно изучение феодально-вассальной терминологии, указывающей на связи трубадуров с их покровителем. Настойчивое повторение терминов феодо-вассального контракта указывает, насколько трубадуры включаются или стараются включиться в игру феодало-вассальных отношений.