bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Instruction and Jump-Landing Kinematics in College-Aged Female Athletes Over Time
Authors: Etnoyer Jena , Cortes Nelson , Ringleb Stacie I. , Van Lunen Bonnie L. , Onate James A. 
Published: March 2013

Context:
Instruction can be used to alter the biomechanical movement patterns associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries.

Objective:
To determine the effects of instruction through combination (self and expert) feedback or self-feedback on lower extremity kinematics during the box–drop-jump task, running–stop-jump task, and sidestep-cutting maneuver over time in college-aged female athletes.

Design:
Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Setting:
Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Forty-three physically active women (age = 21.47 ± 1.55 years, height = 1.65 ± 0.08 m, mass = 63.78 ± 12.00 kg) with no history of ACL or lower extremity injuries or surgery in the 2 months before the study were assigned randomly to 3 groups: self-feedback (SE), combination feedback (CB), or control (CT).

Intervention(s):
Participants performed a box–drop-jump task for the pretest and then received feedback about their landing mechanics. After the intervention, they performed an immediate posttest of the box–drop-jump task and a running–stop-jump transfer test. Participants returned 1 month later for a retention test of each task and a sidestep-cutting maneuver. Kinematic data were collected with an 8-camera system sampled at 500 Hz.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
The independent variables were feedback group (3), test time (3), and task (3). The dependent variables were knee- and hip-flexion, knee-valgus, and hip- abduction kinematics at initial contact and at peak knee flexion.

Results:
For the box–drop-jump task, knee- and hip-flexion angles at initial contact were greater at the posttest than at the retention test (P &lt; .001). At peak knee flexion, hip flexion was greater at the posttest than at the pretest (P = .003) and was greater at the retention test than at the pretest (P = .04); knee valgus was greater at the retention test than at the pretest (P = .03) and posttest (P = .02). Peak knee flexion was greater for the CB than the SE group (P = .03) during the box–drop-jump task at posttest. For the running–stop-jump task at the posttest, the CB group had greater peak knee flexion than the SE and CT (P ≤ .05).

Conclusions:
Our results suggest that feedback involving a combination of self-feedback and expert video feedback with oral instruction effectively improved lower extremity kinematics during jump-landing tasks.
Challenges to the Multilateral Trading System and Possible Responses
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This paper develops three major themes. First, the atmosphere of gloom around the multilateral trading system due to dim prospects of a successful conclusion of the Doha Round notwithstanding, global trade regime remains open and the institution in charge of it, the World Trade Organization, is in sound health. If anything, the Doha Round has been a victim of its own success: considerable de facto liberalization in agriculture has been achieved since the launch of the round. Second, to secure the future of the multilateral trading system, it is nevertheless crucial that the Doha Round is brought to a conclusion even if in a highly diluted form. The damage to the system from an outright failure will be very substantial. Finally, closing the Doha Round will require the United States leading the negotiations. Suggestions that as the largest merchandise exporter, China should now take the lead are frivolous.
Multilateralism and Regionalism from an American Perspective: Parallels and Contrasts with the Langhammer Vision
Authors: Hufbauer Gary Clyde 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe paper discusses various milestones in the process of multilateral trade negotiations, pinpoints current challenges facing the world trading order, and proposes possible ways out of the persistent impasse. Hufbauer argues that the success of the multilateral approach is at least partly because the GATT departed from the strictly unconditional definition of the most-favored nation (MFN) rule in the late 1970s already. Regional agreements such as NAFTA complemented, rather than hindered, multilateral trade liberalization in the past. The political economy of further multilateral liberalization has become increasingly complicated since countries such as Brazil, China, and India have emerged as relevant players. Against this backdrop, Hufbauer expects regionalism to become the strongest vehicle for delivering liberalization in the future. This could still leave a bright future for the WTO as a “house of plurilaterals”, i.e., agreements on specific issues such as services liberalization with conditional MFN treatment of varying membership.
Attenuated Total ReflectionFourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Ramer Georg , Lendl Bernhard 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAttenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy is now the most widespread implementation of mid‐infrared (MIR) spectroscopy. While the FTIR technique allows the fast and stable collection of MIR spectra, the ATR technique allows mechanically stable, robust, and quick sampling. ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy is routinely used in industrial and research laboratories. The ATR‐FTIR technique finds application in, e.g. biology, medicine, forensics, process analytical chemistry and organic chemistry. Even though ATR spectroscopy is often treated as a routine technique, it has several intricacies that users should be aware of to avoid measurement errors and artifacts.In this article, starting from the theoretical underpinnings of ATR spectroscopy, we aim to give novices in ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy the knowledge to successfully use this technique and to avoid common errors. The theoretical treatment of ATR spectroscopy is complemented by practical information about the routine and advanced uses of ATR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the reader will find descriptions of future trends in ATR‐FTIR and evanescent wave spectroscopy. Finally, a list of literature for further reading and a list of vendors of ATR accessories and their product lines are given to facilitate using the ATR technique.
Ion Mobility‐Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Jiang Wentao , Robinson Renã A.S. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) separates ions based on their mobility in an inert buffer gas in the presence of an electric field. The mobility of ions is based on their size, shape, and charge, thus IMS provides insights into structure. In addition to being used for structural information, IMS can also be used as a separation device for complex mixtures. When coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), IMS–MS offers a powerful hybrid analytical technique that has many biological, pharmaceutical, structural, environmental, and other applications. This article provides an overview of IMS–MS, which focuses on principles of drift‐time ion mobility spectrometry (DTIMS), high‐field‐asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS), and traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS) methods. Several IMS–MS instruments are discussed and examples of the current applications of the technology are provided.
Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry in Biodistribution Studies of (Engineered) Nanoparticles
Authors: Krystek Petra , Braakhuis Hedwig , Park Margriet , de Jong Wim H. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe biodistribution of engineered inorganic nanomaterials with size characteristics of one, two, or three dimensions smaller than 100 nm is a fast‐growing analytical and toxicological research field. This review gives a detailed overview about biodistribution studies with gold (Au), silver (Ag), and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs).Exposure to NPs is possible via inhalation, injection, ingestion, and skin contact. The distribution of NPs in the body is affected by their chemical/elemental composition, size and size distribution, shape, coatings, surface properties, and their stability under the selected circumstances.The evaluation of the presence of NPs to determine their tissue distribution is not easy. NP presence can be identified by electron microscopy (EM) but this is a time‐ and labor‐consuming technique. So, instead of determining the presence of the NPs themselves, distribution studies can use elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) as indication for the tissue distribution of NPs. In the field of analytical research, the suitable application of ICPMS is crucial and discussed in detail. Other relevant analytical techniques, the obtained results as well as the evaluations, are presented too.
Custody and Visitation Evaluations
Authors: Bernet William 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis article summarizes the procedure for how a mental health professional should conduct a child custody evaluation. The author addresses the format for the evaluation, including the initial conference with both parents together, the individual meetings with each parent, the meetings with the child(ren), outside information that should be collected, psychological testing, and the wrap‐up conference with the parents and their attorneys. The article also discusses the critical factors that should be considered in drawing conclusions and making recommendations such as the child's attachment to the parents, the child's preference, and the possibility of indoctrination and parental alienation. An outline is provided for the written report of the child custody evaluation.
Children: As Witnesses
Authors: Perry Sylvia , York Catherine , Block Stephanie D. , Johnson Hannah M. , Bottoms Bette L. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Child witness accuracy is of great concern to psychologists, legal and social service authorities, attorneys, judges, and society as a whole. In this article, we summarize scientific research on children's eyewitness testimony, including child factors, social circumstances, and interview characteristics that affect children's memory and suggestibility; interview techniques that encourage accurate eyewitness reports; courtroom accommodations to reduce stress and increase accuracy for child witnesses; jurors' reactions to children's testimony; and future directions in child witness research.
Temporary Insanity
Authors: Stankowski Joy E. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractInsanityis a legal, not medical, term often used to justify a defendant's lack of criminal responsibility for an act. Temporary insanity implies that this lack of criminal responsibility might be the product of a temporary or transient mental illness. Pleading temporary insanity is difficult, controversial, and often unsuccessful. This article examines the definition of temporary insanity more closely and reviews the history of the plea through various cases.
Mental Health Courts
Authors: Schneider Richard D. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractTo bring the reader up to date on the empirical research and commentary regarding mental health courts, which has been produced over the past few years and to suggest where we might go in the future. This article is an update of the original published in theEncyclopediain 2009. Although not flawless, mental health courts represent an innovative approach to addressing the needs of individuals within our society who have historically been alienated by both the justice system and the increasingly debilitated and diluted mental health care system. New data suggest that mental health courts are efficacious in reducing recidivism rates, reducing substance abuse, and result in reduced costs to governments. Although recent reports are encouraging, there is still a great need for further study regarding the efficacy of mental health courts. In particular, we need to know who (along a variety of dimensions) are likely to benefit from participation in mental health courts, of what sort, and under what circumstances. In particular, we need to determine what are the “active ingredients” in the mental health court process.
Intellectual Disability
Authors: Salekin Karen L. , Olley J. Gregory , Chen Debra R. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Intellectual disability is a construct that has existed for many years and has evolved with the changing political climate and advances in knowledge. At the time of writing, there are three primary definitions for intellectual disability that, although similar, are disparate enough to result in different perceptions of the disorder. This article reviews the current definitions of the disorder and briefly touches upon issues that pertain to the assessment of intellectual disability, its etiologies, the functional abilities of individuals who have the disability, and the critical role that support and services play in their day‐to‐day existence.
Head Injury: Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Bresler Scott A. , Martell Daniel A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis article presents a concise overview of issues arising in forensic neuropsychological assessments of traumatic brain injury. After a review of the definitions and epidemiology of head injuries, methods for rating their severity and outcome prognosis are discussed. Referral issues arising in both civil and criminal litigation are then presented, followed by an overview of the forensic neuropsychological examination process. Special attention is devoted to issues arising in the assessment of malingering, and to the forensic interpretation of neuropsychological test data. The article concludes by looking ahead to future developments in this field of expertise.
Eyewitness: Adult's Vulnerability to Suggestion
Authors: Toglia Michael P. , Neuschatz Jeffrey S. , Goodwin Kerri A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe accuracy of eyewitness accounts is critical in the criminal justice system. Numerous studies over the past 100 years have produced a variety of results on the processes that enhance and impair eyewitness memory. Groundbreaking advances include Binet's distinction between suggestion and autosuggestion, Bartlett's theory that memory is reconstructive, Loftus' pivotal work that produced the misinformation effect, and Brainerd and Reyna's fuzzy trace theory. Although eyewitness memory can be quite accurate, a variety of factors can interfere with accurate retention. For example, conversing among witnesses, co‐witness contamination, and autosuggestion are potential sources of misinformation that can adversely affect the accuracy of eyewitness memory. Time delays, such as those between experiencing an event and a subsequent police interview, and false memories, due to autosuggestion or overt implantation, must also be considered when evaluating the memory of a witness. Fortunately, warnings against both misinformation and the potential for false memories can improve accuracy. DNA testing has resulted in many exonerations of those convicted because of inaccurate eyewitness memories recounted before a court, and, as a result, those in the criminal justice system have become increasingly aware of the importance of improving eyewitness accuracy. In this article we identify some of the key factors that affect adult eyewitness memory in forensically meaningful ways.
Image Processing and Analysis
Authors: Geradts Zeno 
Published: March 2013

AbstractForensic image processing is a field that has developed rapidly. The old‐fashioned analog photography has disappeared for most parts in the last decades, and has been replaced with digital imaging. In analog photo and video, editing methods, such as contrast enhancement and color filtering, are available. However, with digital imaging, these methods and more are available to a much broader user group, who can edit these images, for example, on their mobile phones, or personal computers. For forensic science, we see that digital images and closed circuit television (CCTV) streams are used as evidence in court. For this reason, it is important to do a proper forensic investigation. Crime scenes are visualized on CCTV. Forensic evidence image processing is used to visualize the fingerprint, handwriting, or shoe print more clearly. In this article, an overview is given of the methods that are available for digital image processing, and some examples with CCTV and fingerprints are shown, with the risks. The risks can be minimized by having a good validation process, in which representative test samples are used.
Elder Abuse: Policy and Procedure
Authors: Nerenberg Lisa 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis article describes how elder abuse has been conceptualized and defined in public policy at the state and national levels. It focuses on the development of abuse reporting laws, criminal and civil remedies, services to prevent abuse and treat its effects, and the use of multidisciplinary teams. It further describes such complexities as evaluating and defining cognitive capacity and undue influence in policy and practice.
Elder Abuse: Risk
Authors: Anetzberger Georgia J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBecause the causes for elder abuse are unknown, we look to risk factors to help us better understand this problem and conditions leading to its occurrence. Risk factors are critical to elder abuse detection, assessment, and prevention. They are most salient in combination and with longer exposure. They also may vary by elder abuse form or setting. Risk factors for which there is substantial supporting research are found in characteristics of the perpetrator (i.e., pathology and dependency), victim (i.e., dementia and problem behaviors), and perpetrator/victim environment (i.e., shared living arrangements, social isolation, or lack of social support). Characteristics of the cultural milieu (e.g., ageism and stereotyping of persons with disabilities) are seen as providing the backdrop for abusive actions.
Addictions
Authors: Gitlow Stuart 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis article reviews the nature of addictive disease and its differentiation from substance use. Many studies of legal issues associated with substance use focus upon whether the subjects were intoxicated, were in withdrawal, had been using an illicit substance, or had been using intoxicants on a regular basis, rather than upon whether subjects suffered from addictive disease specifically. From a forensic perspective, it is critical to properly determine whether an individual is using addictive substances as a social activity, in which a majority of our population participate at least on an occasional basis, or as a manifestation of a disease state. The first represents a lifestyle choice, one fraught with the possibility of hardship: medical sequelae of addictive substance use, accidents, and functional impairment can all take place without a disease being present. The second represents a medical illness with known epidemiology, characteristic disease course, and appropriate and effective forms of treatment. The disease state, because it often involves the use of substances, also involves the morbidity and mortality directly associated with use in addition to the morbidity directly associated with the disease state itself. The analysis of a forensic scenario in which substance use is material requires an understanding of the differences between lifestyle choice and disease state.
Sex Offenders: Treatment of
Authors: Sorrentino Renee 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe psychiatric treatment of sex offenders is distinct from other clinical populations. The efficacy of sex offender treatment is unknown. Although studies comparing treated and untreated sex offenders have been done, measurement of outcome is flawed. The methodological challenges inherent in the study of sex offender treatment, the treatability of sex offenders, biological and psychological modalities of treatment, and the legal and ethical issues surrounding the treatment of sex offenders are reviewed in this article.
Therapeutic Jurisprudence
Authors: West Sara G. , Friedman Susan H. , Shand John P. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractTherapeutic jurisprudence is an idea that calls for the investigation of the law as a therapeutic agent. This term was first introduced by David Wexler, following the major paradigm shifts in mental‐health care that had occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. Although recently introduced, this concept is reflected in a number of processes used in the management of the mentally ill, including specialized courts. Other authors have theorized that even more proceedings would benefit from the application of this concept.
Iron‐Catalysed Reduction of Olefins using a Borohydride Reagent
Authors: Carter Tom S. , Guiet Léa , Frank Dominik J. , West James , Thomas Stephen P. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe iron‐catalysed reduction of olefins has been achieved using a simple iron salt and sodium triethylborohydride. A wide range of mono‐ and trans‐1,2‐disubstituted alkenes have been reduced (91–100%) using 25 mol% iron(II) triflate, 1 mol% N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone and 4 equivalents of sodium triethylborohydride. The reduction of alkynes to alkanes is also reported (up to 84%). Significantly, the reduction of trisubstituted alkenes has also been achieved (60–86%).
Facile Reduction of Nitroarenes into Anilines and Nitroalkanes into Hydroxylamines via the Rapid Activation of Ammonia⋅ Borane Complex by Supported Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Vasilikogiannaki Eleni , Gryparis Charis , Kotzabasaki Vasiliki , Lykakis Ioannis N. , Stratakis Manolis 
Published: March 2013

AbstractGold nanoparticles supported on titania catalyse, even at a ppm loading level, the quantitative reduction of nitroarenes into anilines and nitroalkanes into alkylhydroxylamines by the ammonia⋅ borane complex. No dehalohalogenation was seen in the case of chloro‐ or bromonitroarenes, while ester, cyano, or carboxylic acid functionalities also remain intact. The nitroarene to aniline reduction pathway does not require nitrosoarenes as intermediate products.
Chiral Phosphoric Acid‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Aza‐Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with γ‐Hydroxy‐γ‐lactams
Authors: Courant Thibaut , Kumarn Sirirat , He Long , Retailleau Pascal , Masson Géraldine 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAn enantioselective aza‐Friedel–Crafts reaction of indoles with γ‐hydroxy‐γ‐lactams using a chiral phosphoric acid catalyst is reported. The approach described herein provides an efficient access to 5‐indolylpyrrolidinones in good to quantitative yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee). The results suggest that the reaction may proceed via N‐acyliminium intermediates associated with the chiral phosphoric acid anion.
Trifluoromethylation of 1‐Aryl‐3,3‐diisopropyltriazenes
Authors: Hafner Andreas , Bräse Stefan 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA new method for the trifluoromethylation of functionalized aromatic diisopropyltriazenes is described. In a facile two‐step, one‐pot synthesis, various functionalized trifluoromethyl‐substituted arenes are accessible in mostly good yields by using methyl iodide as iodination agent and the trifluoromethylation system (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane/potassium fluoride/copper iodide. This concept could be expanded to perfluoroethylation as well as ethoxycarbonyldifluoromethylation reactions.
Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Aryloxide/N,O‐Bis(trimethyl‐ silyl)acetamide Combination as Efficient Organocatalytic System for the Direct Vinylogous Aldol Reaction of (5H)‐Furan‐2‐one Derivatives
Authors: Claraz Aurélie , Oudeyer Sylvain , Levacher Vincent 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA chiral quaternary ammonium amide was generated in situ from N,O‐bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA) as non‐nucleophilic Brønsted base precursor and the combination of chiral quaternary ammonium halide/sodium aryloxide as chiral Lewis base. This system was applied to an anti‐selective organocatalytic direct vinylogous aldol (ODVA) reaction of (5H)‐furan‐2‐one derivatives with aldehydes. Several 5‐(1′‐hydroxy)‐γ‐butenolides were obtained in good diastereomeric ratios (up to 95/5) and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 94%) with both aliphatic or (hetero)aromatic aldehydes, so providing a rare example of general and efficient conditions for the ODVA reaction.