bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal bibliometric investigation of published orthodontic research 2013–23: are we investigating patient-reported outcomes?
Authors: Liu Catherine , Seehra Jadbinder , Cobourne Martyn T 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
The published literature represents the fundamental basis of any academic specialty, including orthodontics. Orthodontic research outputs provide useful insight into clinical and research priorities, which can help inform future research efforts and resource outputs. In recent years, the need for more patient-reported outcomes in orthodontic research has been highlighted.

Objectives
To identify the most common reported research subjects in orthodontics between 2013–23; (2) identify the main outcomes and types of study design associated with this research, including study design related to patient-reported outcomes; and (3) identify trends in this research activity based upon these findings.

Material and methods
A literature search was performed in a single electronic database (Scopus) to return all indexed publications with relevance to orthodontics published from 2013 to 2023. The 50 most-cited publications per year were then identified. Publication characteristics were extracted using a data collection sheet. Descriptive statistics including frequency distributions were calculated.

Results
A total of 14 397 publications were identified. Publications on orthodontic bonding made up 7.02% of all output, followed by materials (5.88%) and tooth movement (5.42%). Subsequent analysis of the most-cited publications per year revealed the most frequently published subjects were aligners (12.5%), orthodontic tooth movement (9.45%), and digital workflow (9.09%), and the most common study designs were in vitro (19.09%) and retrospective observational studies (15.45%). The most common outcome type was morphological features of malocclusion (26.9%). Conversely, patient-focused measures were only reported in 12.7% of studies.

Conclusions
Orthodontic research outputs are dynamic but do show consistent research interest in certain subjects. There is a predilection for the reporting of clinician-focused outcomes; whilst these have some value, more efforts should be focused on conducting rigorous and robust studies that include patient-reported outcomes.
High expression of B3GALT5 suppresses the galectin-4-mediated peritoneal dissemination of poorly differentiated gastric cancer cells
Authors: Tsuchida Akiko , Hachisu Kazuko , Mizuno Mamoru , Takada Yoshio , Ideo Hiroko 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis frequently accompanies metastatic and/or recurrent gastric cancer, leading to a poor prognosis owing to a lack of effective treatment. Hence, there is a pressing need to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms and molecules driving peritoneal metastasis. In a previous study, galectin-4 inhibition impeded peritoneal metastasis in a murine model. This study examined the glycan profiles of cell surface proteins and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) in cells with varying tumorigenic potentials to understand the intricate mechanisms underlying galectin-4-mediated regulation, particularly glycosylation. Detailed mass spectrometry analysis showed that galectin-4 knockout cells exhibit increased expression of lacto-series GSLs with β1,3-linked galactose while showing no significant alterations in neolacto-series GSLs. We conducted real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis to identify candidate glycosyltransferases that synthesize increased levels of GSLs. Subsequently, we introduced the candidate B3GALT5 gene and selected the clones with high expression levels. B3GALT5 gene-expressing clones showed GSL glycan profiles like those of knockout cells and significantly reduced tumorigenic ability in mouse models. These clones exhibited diminished proliferative capacity and showed reduced expression of galectin-4 and activated AKT. Moreover, co-localization of galectin-4 with flotillin-2 (a raft marker) decreased in B3GALT5-expressing cells, implicating GSLs in galectin-4 localization to lipid rafts. D-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (a GSL synthase inhibitor) also affected galectin-4 localization in rafts, suggesting the involvement of GSL microdomains. We discovered that B3GALT5 plays a crucial role in regulating peritoneal metastasis of malignant gastric cancer cells by suppressing cell proliferation and modulating lipid rafts and galectin-4 via mechanisms that are yet to be elucidated.
A potential usefulness of ultra-high-resolution computed tomography in quality assurance of remote after-loading system for cervical cancer
Authors: Kinjyo Masashi , Nishie Akihiro , Kudaka Ryo , Nakano Shota , Ariga Takuro 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Intracavitary brachytherapy with a remote after-loading system (RALS) is performed as a part of radical radiation therapy in cervical cancer. The radiation source is delivered directly through an applicator placed inside the uterus or vagina. Thorough quality control is important to prevent accidents that can lead to serious irradiation error, and an applicator check is one such quality control measure. We experienced a clinical situation in which a small volume of water was observed in the lumen of a post-sterilized applicator on treatment-planning CT. Although the submersion test was negative and no air bubbles emerged from the applicator, ultra-high-resolution computed tomography (U-HRCT) showed a linear crack reaching the inside of the applicator. This abnormality was not identified on treatment-planning CT, which has lower spatial resolution than U-HRCT. In addition, no linear cracks were seen on U-HRCT images of eight other applicators considered to be free from damage. U-HRCT may have superior potential to detect applicator damage and could be useful for quality assurance of the RALS procedure.
The Scope of the Joint Venture
Authors: Timothy A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how the scope of a joint venture agreement is written so that it addresses the execution of all the activities that are directly and necessarily consequent to the joint venture. |It might seem obvious, but the parties to a joint venture should ensure that the scope of their joint venture agreement sufficiently addresses all of the activities that are intended (and not intended) to be undertaken in respect of the joint venture, and that the scope of the joint venture agreement does not overlook any particular activity that the agreement should (whether now or later) address. More particularly, this chapter addresses how disputes arise in respect of the scope of a joint venture.
Miscellaneous Disputes
Authors: Timothy A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines a number of other issues that arise in joint venture agreements, which are the cause of or are related to disputes. This includes disputes in relation to force majeure claims, fraud, and misrepresentation, and the partition of leases. There is a lack of reported cases arising in relation to force majeure under joint venture agreements directly, but careful consideration is required when drafting force majeure provisions for inclusion in a joint venture agreement because of the potential impact on the obligations between the parties. There are a number of cases concerning fraud and misrepresentation, particularly in the formation and early stages of joint ventures. Partition of leases is an issue that will only arise in relation to certain states in the United States.
Managing Joint Venture Disputes
Authors: Timothy A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights some of the issues to which particular attention may be required when considering joint venture disputes in the energy and natural resource sectors, including joint venture dispute resolution provisions and dispute management. It discusses the importance of selecting effective dispute resolution mechanisms that are well-suited to the types of disputes that may arise. It also considers aspects of disputes in the energy and natural resources sector which make them more complex to manage and resolve. It suggests steps that can be taken if a dispute arises to ensure that it is managed effectively and highlights particular issues that can arise in connection with disputes in relation to the sector.
Conclusion
Authors: Timothy A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter gives a short conclusion to the preceding chapters of the book, which covers the range of issues that arise in joint ventures in the energy and natural resource sectors. There is a wealth of jurisprudence on joint venture disputes from a number of these sectors and jurisdictions, which can provide extensive guidance to companies, legal counsel, courts, and tribunals dealing with joint venture disputes arising in the global energy and natural resource sectors. This book captures that jurisprudence and provides many lessons to be learned to effectively manage a joint venture.
The Meaning of Investment Under Art 25 ICSID Convention
Authors: Petsche Markus 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
As has been explained in Chapter 3, most tribunals and scholars consider that the term ‘investment’ in Art 25 ICSID Convention has an ‘independent’ or ‘objective’ meaning. This chapter explores what that meaning is. Section II discusses the prevailing arbitral approach, the so-called ‘Salini test’. It examines (a) the history, evolution, and nature of this test; (b) the three core Salini requirements (contribution, duration, and risk); (c) the controversial criterion of a contribution to the economic development of the host State; and (d) other criteria occasionally applied in arbitral practice. It also offers a critical assessment of the Salini test, highlighting its various flaws and inconsistencies. Sections III and IV examine two alternative, less widely followed, approaches, namely, the permissibility test and the commercial-transaction test. Section V provides an overview of the principal scholarly debates and viewpoints.Please suggest 5—10 keywords that can be used for describing the content of the chapter.
Investment Status of Specific Categories of Assets and Operations
Authors: Petsche Markus 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the investment status of several specific categories of assets and operations. These include construction and service contracts concluded with the host State or a host State entity (Section II), debt instruments and, more particularly, sovereign bonds and loans (Section III), arbitral awards and court judgments obtained by the presumed investor (Section IV), and funds ‘invested’ (or expenses incurred) in connection with an alleged investment (Section V). Debt instruments and awards and judgments are discussed primarily because of the controversy surrounding their investment status. As far as construction and service contracts concluded between the presumed investor and the host State are concerned, there is no such controversy—on the contrary, there seems to be quasi-universal agreement among tribunals that such contracts generally qualify as investments. This conclusion is not, however, as self-evident as one may think, and it is thus appropriate to examine the relevant decisions more closely (and critically), as other writers have done. Lastly, there appears to be latent ambiguity as to the relevance of funds ‘invested’, ie the money spent, by the alleged investor, for the existence of an investment, including the question of whether those funds may, in and of themselves, constitute an investment. It is thus useful to attempt to shed some light on these issues.
Bretton Woods and the Creation of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank
Authors: Bradlow Daniel D 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 discusses the Bretton Woods Conference, the purpose of which is to get other countries to buy into the principles for the new institutions agreed by the US and the UK. The Bretton Woods Conference ended with the participants signing two new treaties, one of which established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the other the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). The IMF was established as a fund to which each member state would contribute resources and from which each member state was entitled to temporarily withdraw resources to deal with its balance of payments problems, provided it was complying with the obligations specified in the IMF’s Articles of Agreement. Meanwhile, the IBRD was established to be a bank that would help finance the reconstruction of Europe after the Second World War and the development of its poorer member states. The chapter then considers the international legal achievements of these institutions and the agreements reached at Bretton Woods.
The Articles of Agreement of the International Financial Institutions
Authors: Bradlow Daniel D 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the treaties that created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). The organizations’ Articles of Agreement set out both the mandates, functions, and governance arrangements for each organization and the rights and responsibilities of their member states. They are also an expression of the vision of the Bretton Woods Conference delegates for the governance of the post-Second World War international monetary and financial system and the role that the IMF and the IBRD should play in it. The chapter begins by looking at some general international legal issues that are relevant to these two treaties. It then considers in detail the IMF’s Articles and the IBRD’s founding treaty. The chapter discusses the purpose of the institutions, membership issues, governance, financial resources, functions, and general issues.
The Challenges Facing the International Financial Institutions
Authors: Bradlow Daniel D 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 highlights the challenges that the international financial institutions (IFIs) are facing. It focuses on the World Bank Group (WBG) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which will be referred to collectively as the IFIs. It should be noted, however, that some of the challenges and the international legal developments discussed in the chapter are also likely to also apply, mutatis mutandis, to the regional development banks and regional financial arrangements. The chapter begins by explaining how the context in which the IFIs are having to conduct their operations has changed. It then describes in more detail the specific challenges confronting the IFIs that have international legal implications. International law on its own cannot help the IFIs overcome the demanding challenges they face in an ever-changing global political economy. However, it can help them manage these challenges and avoid the pitfalls that they will face as they navigate this ongoing evolution in their roles in international finance and global economic governance.
The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Authors: Lord Janet E , Stein Michael Ashley 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), the establishment of which was triggered by the entry into force of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). Long pushed to the margins of society, historically neglected even within the UN human rights system and mainstream human rights practice, persons with disabilities have faced systemic discrimination in every aspect of life. Their rights ignored or gravely abused, disability advocates made the case for the development of a core human rights convention that would address in detail the barriers they face and provide guidance on how to systematically remove these artificial impediments and facilitate full inclusion. The UNCRPD protects the rights of the world’s largest minority, more than one billion persons with disabilities. The chapter outlines the intended purposes and functions of the CRPD as set forth in the UNCRPD and its Optional Protocol.
Investor–State Dispute Settlement and Review of New IP-Related Investment Cases
Authors: Klopschinski Simon , Gibson Christopher S , Grosse Ruse-Khan Henning 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the basic mechanism of investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS), including consent, jurisdiction, and options for investors to bring their cases. The ISDS framework introduces a different type of enforcement mechanism for intellectual property (IP) owners engaged in foreign investment. For a claim arising from government conduct that has a harmful impact on the IP-based investment, legal grounds may exist under an international investment agreement (IIA) to support a claim that may be brought directly against the host state in investor–state arbitration. The vast majority of IIAs, whether bilateral investment treaties (BITs) or regional free trade agreements (FTAs) containing investment protection chapters, include ISDS provisions in which governments have given their consent that, should an investment dispute arise with a private investor from another contracting state, they will submit to international arbitration. The chapter then looks at non-IIA options for investors and explores pre-arbitral steps and the relationship between IP-specific proceedings on a national level and the ‘fork in the road’ clauses in IIAs, along with newly proposed appellate mechanisms for ISDS and the costs of ISDS proceedings. It also considers the four IP-based investment cases that have emerged at the time of writing. Finally, the chapter highlights the overlapping points of IP rights and IIAs in this new multidisciplinary arena of intellectual property.
Introduction to the Specialized Agencies Convention
Authors: Reinisch August 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies, or the Specialized Agencies Convention. The Specialized Agencies Convention serves as an important treaty clarifying the rights and obligations of the covered international organizations in relation to their member States that have ratified it. In addition, and particular with regard to non-parties of the Specialized Agencies Convention, the privileges and immunities of the Specialized Agencies are governed by bilateral headquarters or seat agreements as well as specific legislation in some States. Specialized agencies are universally open international organizations, ‘established by intergovernmental agreement and having wide international responsibilities, as defined in their basic instruments, in economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related fields...’. The remainder of the chapter discusses the drafting history, structure, and provisions of the Specialized Agencies Convention.
Juridical Personality (Article I Section 1 General Convention)
Authors: Blokker Niels 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article I Section 1 of the General Convention entitled ‘Juridical Personality’, which deals with the legal status of the UN in the national legal order. Art. I Section 1 gives the UN the capacity to contract, to acquire and dispose of immovable and movable property, and to institute legal proceedings. This capacity is not only exercised by the UN, but also by some subsidiary organs of the UN in their own name. It is not immediately clear from the text of Art. I Section 1 and from its travaux préparatoires whether the three specifically mentioned capacities encompass an exhaustive list, or whether the UN may also use other capacities. In practice this has not been an issue. The UN has been able to operate effectively under national law using these three capacities.
Inviolability of Archives (Article III Section 6 Specialized Agencies Convention)
Authors: Burci Gian Luca 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article III Section 6 of the Specialized Agencies Convention, which is identical to Art. II Section 4 of the General Convention. The sole obvious difference is the reference to ‘specialized agencies’ rather than ‘United Nations’. Not all Specialized Agencies are in the same situation with regard to the regulation of access to their information and records. While on the one hand the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have adopted and revised extremely detailed and elaborate policies and implementation plans, other agencies rely on older and more basic statements of policy or practice, while yet others are as of mid-2015 at different stages of revision and reform of their policies. In yet other cases, it proved impossible to obtain evidence as to the existence and content of a dedicated information disclosure policy. The overall picture is therefore quite fragmented and heterogeneous and does not lend itself to a coherent analysis.
Financial Operations (Article III Sections 7–8 Specialized Agencies Convention)
Authors: Pavoni Riccardo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article III Section 7–8 of the Specialized Agencies Convention, which lays down a privileged treatment for the financial transactions involving ‘funds, gold, or currency’ held by the Specialized Agencies. Sections 7 and 8 are only concerned with the funds controlled by the agencies themselves, and do not cover the personal funds and bank accounts held by the representatives of their members or by their officials. The wording of Sections 7 and 8 is almost identical to the parallel norms of Art. II Sections 5 and 6 of the General Convention. The chapter first draws attention to the peculiarities of Sections 7 and 8 concerning their context, historical background, and terminological deviations vis-à-vis the provisions in the General Convention. It then outlines insights arising from the practice involving the financial privileges of the specialized agencies.
Experts on Missions (Article VI Sections 22–23 General Convention)
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Ronja , Iwata Tomoko 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article VI Sections 22–23 of the General Convention, which outlines the privileges and immunities for individuals falling within the category ‘experts on missions for the United Nations’. Experts on mission enjoy what are known as ‘quasi-diplomatic’ privileges and immunities, insofar as they enjoy certain immunities that are typically enjoyed by diplomatic envoys. These include the immunity from personal arrest and the same immunities and facilities in respect of their personal baggage as are accorded to diplomatic envoys. But unlike UN officials, they are not exempted from taxation on the salaries and emoluments paid to them by the UN or immunity from national service obligations. The primary issue with respect to the application of Art. VI is the question of who may be considered as an expert on mission.
Annex VI—International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
Authors: Okeke Edward Chukwuemeke 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Annex VI of the Specialized Agencies Convention, which modifies the standard clauses of the Convention with regard to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). Under the Convention, the privileges and immunities of the Bank are complementary to those under its Articles of Agreement. Except for the special carve-out on the Bank's jurisdictional immunity, which substitutes Art. VII Section 3 of the Articles for Section 4 of the Specialized Agencies Convention, the privileges and immunities of the Bank are not curtailed but augmented by the Convention. Thus, where necessary both the Convention and the Articles must be construed in tandem as a corpus of law governing the privileges and immunities of the Bank. For the most part, the privileges and immunities of the Bank are respected, even though in the few instances where there are challenged the Bank must participate in proceedings to invoke and uphold them.