bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Techbits: Sustainable Development of Natural Gas Explored in Trinidad
Authors: JPT staff _ 
Published: February 2015

Techbits
SPE's Applied Technology Workshop (ATW) titled "Natural Gas: Development in a Sustainable Manner" and held earlier this year in Port of Spain, Trinidad, served as a catalyst for discussions about the prudent development and use of the natural-gas resources of Trinidad and Tobago.
Sustainable development, defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, was at the forefront of each session of the workshop. Presenters shared both local and international experiences on a variety of topics across the natural-gas value chain, from upstream to downstream, and highlighted sustainable solutions for long-term development of the resource.

Growing Global Gas Demand
BHP Billiton's Nigel Sookdeo, cochair of the ATW's technical program, began with an overview of the importance of natural gas, stressing that it will continue to be a key energy source for the downstream industrial sector and power generation for decades to come. He pointed to estimates from the US Department of Energy and others that natural-gas demand is expected to increase from its present rate of 106 to 158 Tcf per annum by 2030—an average increase of 2% per year. This demand growth is partially tied to the relative cleanliness of natural gas vs. other fossil fuels in terms of lower CO2 emissions—a factor that is expected to become more important for regulatory agencies charged with enforcing ever-stricter standards for greenhouse-gas emissions.
For Trinidad and Tobago, natural-gas production is at approximately 4 Bcf/D, which is 85% of the country's daily BOE production and makes it the world's 20th-largest gas producer. Gas and the rest of the upstream sector generate up to 55% of the country's revenue in the form of petroleum taxation. The country has monetized its vast gas resource by developing a large downstream petrochemical sector in the form of feedstock for local petrochemical and power plants, and for liquefied-natural-gas (LNG) export. Trinidad and Tobago is now one of the largest producers of methanol and ammonia, and the fifth-largest exporter of LNG.
In terms of local consumption, approximately 60% of the total natural gas produced is used for LNG production and export, and 15% each for ammonia and methanol manufacture. Despite the global financial crisis of the past year, further expansion of the downstream petrochemical sector is planned—including new plants for aluminum, gas to liquids, polyethylene, and polypropylene—all requiring natural gas as a feedstock and fuel source. The projected increase in demand is forecast at 550 MMscf/D, which translates to a reserves replacement of 1.5 Tcf required annually to feed this demand. Recent reserves replacement has been on average only 0.75 Tcf per annum.
Massive Milestone Qatar LNG Project Goes Forward
Authors: Sheehan John 
Published: February 2015

Qatar Petroleum and ExxonMobil officially inaugurated Train 6 of their Rasgas liquefied-natural-gas (LNG) project in Qatar in late October, boosting plans to produce 77 million tonnes per annum (t/a) of LNG from the Middle East state by the end of the decade.
The train, which has a capacity of 7.8 million t/a, is one of the largest in the world and brings the overall LNG production capacity of RasGas to 28.5 million t/a. The milestone, which was marked by an inauguration ceremony on 27 October, was the result of a long-term development project involving major offshore and onshore construction, subsurface drilling, and engineering works.
Train 6 is one of a new generation of LNG "mega trains," which are each capable of producing 7.8 million t/a of LNG. Its startup is expected to be followed by the coming on stream of Train 7, which also has a capacity of 7.8 million t/a, before the end of this year.
The two new mega trains have been built at the RasGas site adjacent to its existing facilities at Ras Laffan Industrial City in Qatar. Both Trains 6 and 7 will be supplied with natural gas from Qatar's giant North Field, which is estimated to contain in excess of 900 Tcf of natural gas.
The startup of Trains 6 and 7, which are owned by Ras Laffan Natural Gas Company 3 (in which Qatar Petroleum has a 70% share and ExxonMobil 30%), will allow RasGas to begin supplying LNG to new customers around the world, including the US and Asian markets.
"Working in partnership with Qatar Petroleum, Ras Laffan 3 Train 6 represents yet another technological milestone that will help supply the growing global demand for clean-burning natural gas," said Neil Duffin, president of ExxonMobil Development Company. "Advanced technologies, strong project-execution skills, and economies of scale have reduced the cost of producing and transporting LNG, thereby extending our ability to bring LNG to more people around the world."
The large production capacity is a big step up from the 4.7 million t/a that RasGas Trains 3, 4, and 5 each produced.
"Train 6 is a clear demonstration of RasGas’ confidence and ambition," said Hamad Rashid Al Mohannadi, managing director and chief executive officer of RasGas. "It is time to recognize the skill, determination, and sheer hard work of everyone involved in delivering, safely and within budget, a very successful project outcome.
"At this time, special recognition must also be made to our shareholders, Qatar Petroleum and ExxonMobil, who continue to demonstrate commitment and support each step of the way. Together, we can look to the future with great confidence."
Al Mohannadi said that every aspect of the new train had to be scaled up, from pipeline diameters to power supply and everything in between. "RasGas’ project teams embraced these challenges and delivered excellent results," he added.
Bit Selection Using Mathematically Modeled Indices
Authors: Bybee Karen 
Published: February 2015

This article, written by Assistant Technology Editor Karen Bybee, contains highlights of paper OTC 19915, "Bit Selection Using Mathematically Modeled Indices Deliver Significant Improvement in Directional-Drilling Performance," by Steve Barton, SPE, Kirk Card, SPE, and David Nwachukwu, SPE, NOV ReedHycalog; Bertrand Cozon, SPE, and Cristina Marinho, Schlumberger; and Adebowale Solarin, SPE, ADDAX, originally prepared for the 2009 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, 4-7 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Despite the development of models describing fixed-cutter (FC) bit performance, selection still is made on the basis of visible geometric features. Optimal selection is complicated further by the large variation in characteristics of cutting structures, in combination with a diverse range of gauge lengths and geometries. The full-length paper presents a set of performance indices for FC bits that are derived from a sophisticated mathematical model and describe performance in terms of rate of penetration (ROP), durability, stability, and steerability.

Introduction
Offshore drilling in West Africa poses several drilling challenges that have limited drilling performance and build-rate capabilities in directional applications. The extremely soft sandstone and shale lithologies in the vertical intermediate section are prone to erosion and hole enlargement with high hydraulic energy. Hole enlargement reduces deflection forces for commercial rotary-steerable (RS) tools as well as mud motors, which significantly decreases build-rate capabilities and limits directional plans and capabilities. The associated hole enlargement in the vertical section creates a drilling environment that is subject to increased risk of lateral vibration (bit whirl), which even in soft formations is capable of catastrophic damage to bottomhole-assembly (BHA) components and the bit cutting structure.
Compromising mud flow and hydraulic energy in these soft and fast drilling sections increases risk of loading the hole with cuttings, of increased equivalent circulating density (ECD), and of stuck pipe. As depth increases, formation integrity increases, which helps to improve directional response because the increased weight on bit (WOB) provides flex to the BHA and improves control. However, in many of these applications, high hole angle, limited drilling parameters, and interbedded lithologies (with high compressive-strength variability) combine to increase risk of torsional vibration. Aside from mechanical damage to the components of the BHA, this also will lead to unpredictable directional response and reduced directional capabilities. As such, it is extremely important to select a drill bit that is matched to the specific requirements of the system, thus maximizing directional efficiency. Unfortunately, the ideal design can be difficult to identify visually.
Modernization of the SEC Oil and Gas Reserves Reporting Requirements
Authors: Denney Dennis 
Published: February 2015

This article, written by Senior Technology Editor Dennis Denney, contains highlights of paper SPE 123793, "Modernization of the SEC Oil and Gas Reserves Reporting Requirements," by W. John Lee, SPE, Texas A&M University, prepared for the 2009 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, 4-7 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Modernized US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) rules for reporting oil/gas reserves are now broadly consistent with SPE definitions and generally reflect public requests for specific changes in the previous rules. Disclosure requirements based on the revised definitions use annual average prices and allow wider use of reliable technologies. They also allow broader recognition of nontraditional resources, including those from oil sands, shales, and coal; optional disclosure of probable and possible reserves; and replacement of the "certainty" criterion for some reserves with a "reasonably certain" criterion. Official clarification of some of the new terms may be forthcoming. Here, the author provides his opinion of their intent.

Introduction
The SEC oil/gas reserves-reporting requirements in effect until the end of 2009 were adopted in 1978, with some associated requirements adopted through 1982. In the three decades since adoption of these requirements, the petroleum industry has experienced many changes. As examples, technology associated with recovery and characterization of petroleum accumulations has advanced dramatically; spot markets and transportation of sales products to market have grown and improved substantially; and economic production of nontraditional resources, such as bitumen from oil sands, has been established. These developments, and others, caused the SEC's reporting requirements to lag increasingly behind the capabilities of the petroleum industry.
In 2007, the SEC created the position of "Academic Engineering Fellow" to help the commission's staff examine the need for modernizing its rules and to help the staff coordinate a project to propose modifications. In October 2007, the author was retained to fill this position. After review of public comments, the SEC approved and released final rules in December 2008. The new rules were published in the Federal Register of the National Archives and Records Administration on 14 January 2009.
Official guidance clarifying the intent of unclear phrases that appear in the rules may come, eventually, from the SEC. Below are comments on some possible interpretations of these guidelines, although final interpretations lie only with the SEC. See the full-length paper for references and Web addresses to view them.

Major Rules Changes
These rules include revised reserves definitions, which are broadly consistent with the SPE/World Petroleum Council/American Association of Petroleum Geologists/Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers-Petroleum Resources Management System (SPE-PRMS) definitions (although important differences remain). Disclosure requirements based on the revised definitions include the following.
A Screening Protocol for Vegetative‐stage Tolerance to Phosphorus Deficiency in Upland Rice
Authors: Saito Kazuki , Vandamme Elke , Segda Zacharie , Fofana Mamadou , Ahouanton Kokou 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTPhosphorus deficiency is a major soil‐related constraint to upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Rice varieties adapted to low soil P and also respond well to added P fertilizer are needed. Simple and cost‐effective screening protocols could help to identify varieties with superior growth at the vegetative stage. This would be particularly useful in weed‐prone uplands where early vigor is an important trait. The objectives of this study were to (i) assess variation in aboveground biomass of 12 upland rice varieties, including the popular ‘NERICA’ varieties, with and without P supply using a double pot technique; (ii) examine if aboveground biomass measured using this technique can predict aboveground biomass at the vegetative stage under field conditions with and without P; and (iii) identify new donors for breeding for P deficiency tolerance. At 5 to 7 wk after sowing, aboveground biomass and root biomass were determined in pot and field experiments. In the pot experiment, there was significant varietal variation in aboveground biomass with and without P. Results from the pot experiment corresponded with varietal performance in the field experiments. ‘Mugdo’ generally produced the highest aboveground biomass with and without P across both experiments, followed by ‘DJ123’. Aboveground biomass without P relative to the biomass with P was consistently low in ‘Santhi Sufaid’ across both experiments. The double pot technique offers a promising, effective, and reliable approach for screening for P deficiency tolerance and Mudgo can be used as donor for improving early growth under P‐deficient soil conditions.
Identification of a New Allele at the Rsv3 Locus for Resistance to Soybean Mosaic Virus in PI 61944 Soybean Accession
Authors: Cervantes‐Martinez Innan , Chen Pengyin , Orazaly Moldir , Klepadlo Mariola 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTSoybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a prevalent pathogen in soybean [Glycine max, (L.) Merr.]. Several SMV resistance genes have been discovered, but most of them do not provide resistance to all strains of SMV. The objective of this research was to identify new genes or alleles displaying differential reactions to SMV strains in the SMV‐resistant soybean genotype, PI 61944. Cross combinations were made to develop F2 and F2:3 populations, followed by mapping analyses and greenhouse screenings using G1 and G7 virus strains. A resistant parent, PI 61944 (Rsv‐?), was crossed with a susceptible parent, Essex (rsv), and with differential parents, PI 96983 (Rsv1), L29 (Rsv3), V94‐5152 (Rsv4), and PI 507389 (Rsv1‐n), for allelism tests. Results indicated that resistance to SMV in PI 61944 was controlled by a single, dominant gene. This gene did not appear to be allelic to the Rsv1 locus as was previously reported. Allelism test revealed that the resistance allele in PI 61944 is located at the Rsv3 locus. A molecular marker analysis further revealed that the resistance allele in PI 61944 is located at linkage group B2 (chromosome 14). Additionally, PI 61944 exhibited unique SMV reaction patterns when compared with the reported Rsv3 allele in L29. Therefore, we propose that the new allele, Rsv3‐n, be assigned to the SMV resistance locus in PI 61944. The Rsv3 alleles are rare to find among the soybean germplasm, but can confer resistance to aggressive SMV strains; therefore, we expect PI 61944 to be useful in future breeding efforts.
Hydridothiazole Rhodium Complexes as a Result of C-H Bond Activation in Iminothiazoles Chelating Ligands
Authors: Al-hamidi Jehan , Alsaygh Abdulhamid , Al-Najjar Ibrahim 
Published: February 2015

A series of 20 Schiff base ligands derived from 2-aminothiazole and its derivatives and aryl aldehydes with either [RhCl(PPh3)3] or [Rh(µ-Cl)(COD)]2 in the presence of 4 equivalents of PPh3 lead to an Rh(III) cyclometallated complex and the imine ligand (C-H) bond has been added to the metal (C-M-H). The complexes were investigated by using I.R., 1H, 13C and 31P NMR Spectroscopic techniques. The signal of the (C-H) ligand was observed as trans to the nitrogen atom in the complex which is a donor ligand.

Graphical Abstract:
Total synthesis of hydridothiazole rhodium complexes possessing rhodium hydride signal at δ (-14.60 to-15.04) ppm, trans to N-donor ligand and iminoyl carbon (7C=N) signal in Rh (III) observed at δ (220.1-237.6)ppm, lower field and suggestive of carbine like properties.
Magnetic resonance imaging as an alternative to computed tomography in select patients with traumatic brain injury: a retrospective comparison
Authors: Roguski Marie , Morel Brent , Sweeney Megan , Talan Jordan , Rideout Leslie , Riesenburger Ron I. , Madan Neel , Hwang Steven 
Published: February 2015

OBJECT
Traumatic head injury (THI) is a highly prevalent condition in the United States, and concern regarding excess radiation-related cancer mortality has placed focus on limiting the use of CT in the evaluation of pediatric patients with THI. Given the success of rapid-acquisition MRI in the evaluation of ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction in pediatric patient populations, this study sought to evaluate the sensitivity of MRI in the setting of acute THI.

METHODS
Medical records of 574 pediatric admissions for THI to a Level 1 trauma center over a 10-year period were retrospectively reviewed to identify patients who underwent both CT and MRI examinations of the head within a 5-day period. Thirty-five patients were found, and diagnostic images were available for 30 patients. De-identified images were reviewed by a neuroradiologist for presence of any injury, intracranial hemorrhage, diffuse axonal injury (DAI), and skull fracture. Radiology reports were used to calculate interrater reliability scores. Baseline demographics and concordance analysis was performed with Stata version 13.

RESULTS
The mean age of the 30-patient cohort was 8.5 ± 6.7 years, and 63.3% were male. The mean Injury Severity Score was 13.7 ± 9.2, and the mean Glasgow Coma Scale score was 9 ± 5.7. Radiology reports noted 150 abnormal findings. CT scanning missed findings in 12 patients; the missed findings included DAI (n = 5), subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 6), small subdural hematomas (n = 6), cerebral contusions (n = 3), and an encephalocele. The CT scan was negative in 3 patients whose subsequent MRI revealed findings. MRI missed findings in 13 patients; missed findings included skull fracture (n = 5), small subdural hematomas (n = 4), cerebral contusions (n = 3), subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 3), and DAI (n = 1). MRI was negative in 1 patient whose preceding CT scan was read as positive for injury. Although MRI more frequently reported intracranial findings than CT scanning, there was no statistically significant difference between CT and MRI in the detection of any intracranial injury (p = 0.63), DAI (p = 0.22), or intracranial hemorrhage (p = 0.25). CT scanning tended to more frequently identify skull fractures than MRI (p = 0.06).

CONCLUSIONS
MRI may be as sensitive as CT scanning in the detection of THI, DAI, and intracranial hemorrhage, but missed skull fractures in 5 of 13 patients. MRI may be a useful alternative to CT scanning in select stable patients with mild THI who warrant neuroimaging by clinical decision rules.
Sir Victor Horsley: pioneer craniopharyngioma surgeon
Authors: Pascual José M. , Prieto Ruth , Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: February 2015

Sir Victor Horsley (1857–1916) is considered to be the pioneer of pituitary surgery. He is known to have performed the first surgical operation on the pituitary gland in 1889, and in 1906 he stated that he had operated on 10 patients with pituitary tumors. He did not publish the details of these procedures nor did he provide evidence of the pathology of the pituitary lesions operated on. Four of the patients underwent surgery at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (Queen Square, London), and the records of those cases were recently retrieved and analyzed by members of the hospital staff. The remaining cases corresponded to private operations whose records were presumably kept in Horsley's personal notebooks, most of which have been lost.
In this paper, the authors have investigated the only scientific monograph providing a complete account of the pituitary surgeries that Horsley performed in his private practice, La Patologia Chirurgica dell'Ipofisi (Surgical Pathology of the Hypophysis), written in 1911 by Giovanni Verga, Italian assistant professor of anatomy at the University of Pavia. They have traced the life and work of this little-known physician who contributed to the preservation of Horsley's legacy in pituitary surgery. Within Verga's pituitary treatise, a full transcription of Horsley's notes is provided for 10 pituitary cases, including the patients' clinical symptoms, surgical techniques employed, intraoperative findings, and the outcome of surgery. The descriptions of the topographical and macroscopic features of two of the lesions correspond unmistakably to the features of craniopharyngiomas, one of the squamous-papillary type and one of the adamantinomatous type. The former lesion was found on necropsy after the patient's sudden death following a temporal osteoplastic craniectomy. Surgical removal of the lesion in the latter case, with the assumed nature of an adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma, was successful. According to the evidence provided in Giovanni Verga's monograph, it can be claimed that Sir Victor Horsley was not only the pioneer of pituitary gland surgery but also the pioneer of craniopharyngioma surgery.
Neurosurgical patties: adhesion and damage mitigation
Authors: Stratton-Powell Ashley A. , Anderson Ian A. , Timothy Jake , Kapur Nikil , Culmer Peter 
Published: February 2015

OBJECT
Neurosurgical patties are textile pads used during most neurosurgical operations to protect tissues, manage the fluid environment, control hemostasis, and aid tissue manipulation. Recent research has suggested that, contrary to their aim, patties adhere to brain tissue and cause damage during removal. This study aimed to characterize and quantify the degree of and consequences resulting from adhesion between neurosurgical patties and brain tissue.

METHODS
Using a customized peel apparatus, the authors performed 90° peel tests on 5 patty products: Policot, Telfa, Americot, Delicot, and Ray-Cot (n = 247) from American Surgical Company. They tested 4 conditions: wet patty on glass (control), wet patty on wet brain peeled at 5 mm/sec (wet), dry patty on wet brain peeled at 5 mm/sec (dry), and wet patty on wet brain peeled at 20 mm/sec (speed). The interaction between patty and tissue was analyzed using peel-force traces and pre-peel histological analysis.

RESULTS
Adhesion strength differed between patty products (p < 0.001) and conditions (p < 0.001). Adhesion strength was greatest for Delicot patties under wet (2.22 mN/mm) and dry (9.88 mN/mm) conditions. For all patties, damage at the patty-tissue interface was proportional to the degree of fiber contact. When patties were irrigated, mechanical adhesion was reduced by up to 550% compared with dry usage.

CONCLUSIONS
For all patty products, mechanical (destructive) and liquid-mediated (nondestructive) adhesion caused damage to neural tissue. The greatest adhesion occurred with Delicot patties. To mitigate patty adhesion and neural tissue damage, surgeons should consider regular irrigation to be essential during neurosurgical procedures.