bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osmolyte accumulation, antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression patterns in leaves of orchardgrass during drought stress and recovery
Authors: Ji Yang , Zhang Xinquan , Peng Yan , Huang Linkai , Liang Xiaoyu , Wang Kehua , Yin Guohua , Zhao Xinxin 
Published: August 2014

AbstractOrchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) grows on marginal soils that could be frequently subjected to water‐deficit conditions. Mechanisms of grass plants in response to drought stress and rewatering remain largely unknown. The study was designed to investigate the different physiological and molecular responses of two genotypes of orchardgrass (drought‐tolerant ‘Baoxing’ and drought‐sensitive ‘01998’) to drought stress and rewatering. The ‘Baoxing’ and ‘01998’ were exposed to drought stress for 24 and 21 days in a growth chamber, respectively, allowing the leaf relative water content of both genotypes to drop to the same level (20%). ‘Baoxing’ exhibited higher net photosynthetic rate, free proline content, total soluble sugar (TSS) content and ornithine aminotransferase activity as well as lower electrolyte leakage compared with ‘01998’. After rewatering, ‘Baoxing’ recovered more rapidly in all parameters than ‘01998’ except for TSS. In addition, significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and guaiacol peroxidase (POD) as well as lower malondialdehyde levels were observed in the ‘Baoxing’ when compared with the ‘01998’ under drought stress and rewatering. Maintenance of higher transcripts levels of SOD and POD in ‘Baoxing’ suggests that SOD and POD could be involved in scavenging oxidative stress‐induced reactive oxygen and removing hydrogen peroxide in orchardgrass through changes in the level of gene expression. Combined with antioxidant enzyme activity and gene expression levels, our results indicate that POD could play critical roles in recovery from drought damages. The results indicated both osmolyte accumulation and antioxidant enzymes could contribute to a better drought tolerance of ‘Baoxing’ than ‘01998’.
A hydrothermal simulation approach to modelling spatial patterns of adaptive genetic variation in four stream insects
Authors: Nukazawa Kei , Kazama So , Watanabe Kozo 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimA central question in landscape genetics is how local adaptation among heterogeneous environments leads to genetic variation in natural populations. This article has two aims: (1) to examine associations between non‐neutral genetic diversity of stream insect populations and environmental heterogeneity simulated by a hydrothermal model; and (2) to establish a novel framework for simulating the spatial distribution of adaptive genetic variation at catchment scale.LocationNatori River basin, north‐eastern Japan.MethodsA distributed hydrothermal model was used to simulate current velocity, water depth and water temperature throughout the basin. We used empirical genetic data from 6–21 non‐neutral amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci in four target stream insect species found at 45 sampling sites. We constructed multiple regression models using allele frequencies at the non‐neutral loci as objective variables and the hydrothermal and geographical parameters as candidate explanatory variables.ResultsOf the four species, one caddisfly species provided strong evidence of local adaptation to the annual maximum water temperature. Assuming a priori that the regression models were applicable throughout the study area, we visualized the geographical distributions of genetically similar groups – UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) clusters based on genetic distance – and local genetic diversity along the simulated hydrothermal gradients. The UPGMA clusters of two caddisfly species (Hydropsyche orientalis and Stenopsyche marmorata) showed clear spatial turnover along an elevational gradient. Local genetic diversities of these species showed lower genetic diversity in lowland areas.Main conclusionsThe predicted spatial patterns along an elevational gradient could be explained by a hypothetical mechanism whereby lowland habitats only accommodate genotypes adapted to severe thermal conditions. Our approach of combining a hydrothermal simulation with genome‐wide scans of non‐neutral loci is promising for the identification of evolutionary associations of adaptive loci to the temporal regime of hydrothermal conditions, such as maxima and temporal variability.
Homotopic connectivity in drug‐naïve, first‐episode, early‐onset schizophrenia
Authors: Li Hui‐Jie , Xu Yong , Zhang Ke‐Rang , Hoptman Matthew J. , Zuo Xi‐Nian 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundThe disconnection hypothesis of schizophrenia has been extensively tested in adults. Recent studies have reported the presence of brain disconnection in younger patients, adding evidence to support the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. Because of drug confounds in chronic and medicated patients, it has been extremely challenging for researchers to directly investigate abnormalities in the development of connectivity and their role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The present study aimed to examine functional homotopy – a measure of interhemispheric connection – and its relevance to clinical symptoms in first‐episode drug‐naïve early‐onset schizophrenia (EOS) patients.MethodsResting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 26 first‐episode drug‐naïve EOS patients (age: 14.5 ± 1.94, 13 males) and 25 matched typically developing controls (TDCs) (age: 14.4 ± 2.97, 13 males). We were mainly concerned with the functional connectivity between any pair of symmetric interhemispheric voxels (i.e., functional homotopy) measured by voxel‐mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC).ResultsEarly‐onset schizophrenia patients exhibited both global and regional VMHC reductions in comparison with TDCs. Reduced VMHC values were observed within the superior temporal cortex and postcentral gyrus. These interhemispheric synchronization deficits were negatively correlated with negative symptom of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Moreover, regions of interest analyses based on left and right clusters of temporal cortex and postcentral gyrus revealed abnormal heterotopic connectivity in EOS patients.ConclusionsOur findings provide novel neurodevelopmental evidence for the disconnection hypothesis of schizophrenia and suggest that these alterations occur early in the course of the disease and are independent of medication status.
Barriers to evidence‐based medicine: a systematic review
Authors: Sadeghi‐Bazargani Homayoun , Tabrizi Jafar Sadegh , Azami‐Aghdash Saber 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIntroductionEvidence‐based medicine (EBM) has emerged as an effective strategy to improve health care quality. The aim of this study was to systematically review and carry out an analysis on the barriers to EBM.MethodsDifferent database searching methods and also manual search were employed in this study using the search words (‘evidence‐based’ or ‘evidence‐based medicine’ or ‘evidence‐based practice’ or ‘evidence‐based guidelines’ or ‘research utilization’) and (barrier* or challenge or hinder) in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Cochrane library, Pro Quest, Magiran, SID.ResultsOut of 2592 articles, 106 articles were finally identified for study. Research barriers, lack of resources, lack of time, inadequate skills, and inadequate access, lack of knowledge and financial barriers were found to be the most common barriers to EBM. Examples of these barriers were found in primary care, hospital/specialist care, rehabilitation care, medical education, management and decision making. The most common barriers to research utilization were research barriers, cooperation barriers and changing barriers. Lack of resources was the most common barrier to implementation of guidelines.ConclusionThe result of this study shows that there are many barriers to the implementation and use of EBM. Identifying barriers is just the first step to removing barriers to the use of EBM. Extra resources will be needed if these barriers are to be tackled.
Early Neoproterozoic granulite facies metamorphism of mafic dykes from the Vestfold Block, east Antarctica
Authors: Liu X. C. , Wang W.‐(R. Z.) , Zhao Y. , Liu J. , Song B. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractProterozoic mafic dykes from the southwestern Vestfold Block experienced heterogeneous granulite facies metamorphism, characterized by spotted or fractured garnet‐bearing aggregates in garnet‐absent groundmass. The garnet‐absent groundmass typically preserves an ophitic texture composed of lathy plagioclase, intergranular clinopyroxene and Fe–Ti oxides. Garnet‐bearing domains consist mainly of a metamorphic assemblage of garnet, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, hornblende, biotite, plagioclase, K‐feldspar, quartz and Fe–Ti oxides. Chemical compositions and textural relationships suggest that these metamorphic minerals reached local equilibrium in the centre of the garnet‐bearing domains. Pseudosection calculations in the model system NCFMASHTO (Na2O–CaO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–Fe2O3) yield P–T estimates of 820–870 °C and 8.4–9.7 kbar. Ion microprobe U–Pb zircon dating reveals that the NW‐ and N‐trending mafic dykes were emplaced at 1764 ± 25 and 1232 ± 12 Ma, respectively, whereas their metamorphic ages cluster between 957 ± 7 and 938 ± 9 Ma. The identification of granulite facies mineral inclusions in metamorphic zircon domains is also consistent with early Neoproterozoic metamorphism. Therefore, the southwestern margin of the Vestfold Block is inferred to have been buried to depths of ~30–35 km beneath the Rayner orogen during the late stage of the late Mesoproterozoic/early Neoproterozoic collision between the Indian craton and east Antarctica (i.e. the Lambert Terrane or the Ruker craton including the Lambert Terrane). The lack of penetrative deformation and intensive fluid–rock interaction in the rigid Vestfold Block prevented the nucleation and growth of garnet and resulted in the heterogeneous granulite facies metamorphism of the mafic dykes.
Systematic Review: Internet‐Based Program for Youth Smoking Prevention and Cessation
Authors: Park Eunhee , Drake Emily 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurposeTo review the characteristics and effects Internet‐based youth smoking prevention and cessation programs.DesignSystematic review of published articles in peer‐reviewed journals in the past 10 years, focused on Internet‐based youth smoking prevention and cessation programs.MethodsTwelve articles were selected based on the following criteria: studies reporting the outcomes of Internet‐based smoking cessation or prevention intervention programs for adolescents who are younger than 24 years.FindingsThe components of youth Internet‐based smoking intervention programs are analyzed based on study features (i.e., sample, design, theoretical basis, analysis, outcome measures) and program characteristics (i.e., focus, setting, frequency, duration, intensity, and different components) that make the programs effective. The most common components of effective Internet‐based programs are identified as the following: the use of multimedia, tailored approaches, personalized feedback, and interactive features.ConclusionsThe characteristics and effects of the programs vary, but most programs show positive results in youth smoking prevention and cessation in spite of the studies’ limitations.Clinical RelevanceThe evidence from this review provides useful information of recent efforts related to Internet‐based youth smoking prevention and cessation programs, which can have significant clinical implications in developing future innovative youth smoking prevention and intervention programs.
A Randomized Trial Comparing Dual Axis Rotational Versus Conventional Coronary Angiography in a Population with a High Prevalence of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: GIUBERTI RAFAEL S. O. , CAIXETA ADRIANO , CARVALHO ANTÔNIO C. , SOARES MILTON M. , ABREU‐SILVA ERLON O. , PESTANA JOSÉ O. MEDINA , SILVA JÚNIOR HÉLIO T. , VAZ MARIA LÚCIA , GÉNÉREUX PHILIPPE , FERNANDES ROSLEY W. A. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesTo compare the safety, radiation dose, and contrast volume between dual axis rotational coronary angiography (DARCA) and conventional coronary angiography (CCA).BackgroundCCA is performed in multiple, predefined stationary views, at different angulations around the patient, for both the left and right coronary arteries. DARCA (AlluraXperSwing™, Philips, the Netherlands) involves a pre‐set rotation of the C‐arm around the patient and allows for the visualization of each coronary artery in different views, using a single automatic pump contrast injection.MethodsFrom November 2012 to February 2013, 201 patients were randomly assigned to either CCA (n = 100) or DARCA (n = 101). Exclusion criteria included acute coronary syndrome (ACS), prior PCI or CABG. CCAs were performed in 4 acquisition runs for the left coronary artery and 2 to 3 acquisition runs for the right coronary artery, whereas DARCAs were performed in a single run for each coronary artery.ResultsBaseline demographics and clinical characteristics were similar for both groups. The overall prevalence of CAD was 77.6%. The DARCA group had a significant reduction in the amount of contrast, 60 ml (IQR: 52.5–71.5 ml) versus 76 ml (IQR: 68–87 ml), P < 0.0001; and radiation dose by Air Kerma, 269.5 mGy (IQR: 176–450.5) versus 542.1 mGy (IQR: 370.7–720.8), P < 0.0001. There were fewer patients requiring additional projections in the DARCA group: 54.0% versus 75.0%; P = 0.002.ConclusionsIn a population with a high prevalence of CAD, DARCA was safe and resulted in a significant decrease in contrast volume and radiation dose. (J Interven Cardiol 2014;27:456–464)
Adolescent Motivations to Engage in Pro‐Social Behaviors and Abstain From Health‐Risk Behaviors: A Self‐Determination Theory Approach
Authors: Hardy Sam A. , Dollahite David C. , Johnson Natalie , Christensen Justin B. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe present study used self‐determination theory to examine adolescents' motivations to engage in charitable donating and community volunteering and to abstain from sexual intercourse and marijuana use. The sample consisted of 419 late adolescents recruited from across the country through an online survey panel. Participants completed online measures of motivations to engage in donating and volunteering, motivations to abstain from sex and marijuana, and single‐item indexes of the four behaviors. Variable‐centered analyses (correlation and regression) found evidence for a general motivational factor, motivational specificity by behavioral domain (positive and negative behaviors), motivational specificity by particular behavior (charitable donating, volunteering, sexual risk‐taking, and marijuana use), and a stronger relative role for autonomous motivations than controlled motivations. Person‐centered analyses (cluster analysis) found four motivation profiles (low motivation, medium motivation, high motivation, and mixed motivation) for all four behaviors and suggested that level of autonomous motivation was a key factor differentiating the groups on levels of behavior. The findings suggest different levels of motivational specificity and highlight the importance of autonomous motivations in predicting behaviors as compared to controlled motivations. Further, similar patterns were found for motivations to engage and to abstain.
Variation in Orgasm Occurrence by Sexual Orientation in a Sample of U.S. Singles
Authors: Garcia Justin R. , Lloyd Elisabeth A. , Wallen Kim , Fisher Helen E. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Despite recent advances in understanding orgasm variation, little is known about ways in which sexual orientation is associated with men's and women's orgasm occurrence.

Aim
To assess orgasm occurrence during sexual activity across sexual orientation categories.

Methods
Data were collected by Internet questionnaire from 6,151 men and women (ages 21–65+ years) as part of a nationally representative sample of single individuals in the United States. Analyses were restricted to a subsample of 2,850 singles (1,497 men, 1,353 women) who had experienced sexual activity in the past 12 months.

Main Outcome Measures
Participants reported their sex/gender, self-identified sexual orientation (heterosexual, gay/lesbian, bisexual), and what percentage of the time they experience orgasm when having sex with a familiar partner.

Results
Mean occurrence rate for experiencing orgasm during sexual activity with a familiar partner was 62.9% among single women and 85.1% among single men, which was significantly different (F1,2848 =370.6, P &lt;0.001, η2 =0.12). For men, mean occurrence rate of orgasm did not vary by sexual orientation: heterosexual men 85.5%, gay men 84.7%, bisexual men 77.6% (F2,1494 =2.67, P =0.07, η2 =0.004). For women, however, mean occurrence rate of orgasm varied significantly by sexual orientation: heterosexual women 61.6%, lesbian women 74.7%, bisexual women 58.0% (F2,1350 =10.95, P &lt;0.001, η2 =0.02). Lesbian women had a significantly higher probability of orgasm than did either heterosexual or bisexual women (P &lt;0.05).

Conclusions
Findings from this large dataset of U.S. singles suggest that women, regardless of sexual orientation, have less predictable, more varied orgasm experiences than do men and that for women, but not men, the likelihood of orgasm varies with sexual orientation. These findings demonstrate the need for further investigations into the comparative sexual experiences and sexual health outcomes of sexual minorities.
Setting the stage for development of a program for adolescent heart transplant recipients to transition to adult providers: An integrative review of the literature
Authors: Hallowell Sara C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurposeThis integrative review of the literature was undertaken to determine if there was a body of knowledge to support a transition program in an adolescent heart transplant population.ConclusionsNo studies were found involving a heart transplant transition program for adolescents. A literature review for transition in other chronic illness areas was undertaken. Youth with chronic illness are inadequately prepared to transfer to adult providers. Transition programs should be developed. These programs should be tailored to suit individual needs. They should teach disease knowledge and encourage participation in self‐management skills. Participation in a transition program improved patients' quality of life and improved their knowledge about their disease.Practice ImplicationsNurses are in a unique position with chronically ill adolescents to promote positive behaviors at every interaction. Encouraging self‐management behaviors will support these youth as they prepare to become adults.
Impact of hepatitis C virus infection on the risk of death of alcohol‐dependent patients
Authors: Fuster D. , Sanvisens A. , Bolao F. , Serra I. , Rivas I. , Tor J. , Muga R. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is frequent among patients with alcohol use disorders. We aimed to analyse the impact of HCV infection on survival of patients seeking treatment for alcohol use. This was a longitudinal study in a cohort of patients who abused alcohol recruited in two detoxification units. Socio‐demographic and alcohol use characteristics, liver function tests for the assessment of alcohol‐related liver disease and HCV and HIV infection serologies were obtained at admission. Patients were followed until December 2008; causes of death were ascertained through clinical records and death registry. Cox models were used to analyse predictors of death. A total of 675 patients (79.7% men) were admitted; age at admission was 43.5 years (IQR: 37.9–50.2 years), duration of alcohol abuse was 18 years (IQR: 11–24 years), and median alcohol consumption was 200 g/day (IQR: 120–275 g/day). Distribution of patients according to viral infections was as follows: 75.7% without HCV or HIV infection, 14.7% HCV infection alone and 8.1% HCV/HIV coinfection. Median follow‐up was 3.1 years (IQR: 1.5–5.1 years) accounting for 2,345 person‐years. At the end of study, 78 patients (11.4%) had died. In the multivariate analysis, age at admission (HR = 1.71, 95%CI: 1.05–2.80), alcohol‐related liver disease (HR = 3.55, 95%CI: 1.93–6.53) and HCV/HIV co‐infection (HR = 3.86 95%CI: 2.10–7.11) were predictors of death. Younger patients (≤43 years) with HCV infection were more likely to die than those without viral infections (HR = 3.1, 95%CI: 1.3–7.3; P = 0.007). Among patients with alcohol‐related liver disease, mortality rate was high, irrespective of viral infections. These data show that HCV infection confers a worse prognosis in patients with alcohol use disorders.
Hepatitis C virus infection in China: an emerging public health issue
Authors: Qin Qianqian , Smith M. Kumi , Wang Lu , Su Yingying , Wang Liyan , Guo Wei , Wang Lan , Cui Yan , Wang Ning 
Published: August 2014

SummaryHepatitis C virus now represents a global viral pandemic and is the fourth most commonly reported infectious disease in China. Information on China's national HCV epidemic was limited to cross ‐sectional seroprevalence studies of special populations, and a national surveillance effort had been launched to inform prevention and control. We analysed novel data from two national databases: (i) China's national medical HCV case report system and (ii) the national disease sentinel surveillance system. Between 1997 and 2012, reporting incidence of medical cases for HCV infection rose from 0.7 to 15.0 cases per 100 000 with the largest burden of disease concentrated among individuals over 35 years of age, rural residents and those tested as part of routine screening. Between 2010 and 2012, disease sentinel surveillance identified the highest HCV seropositive rates among persons who use drugs and haemodialysis patients, with far lower but not negligible rates among sexually active population. The concentration of cases among older age groups is consistent with past studies of age‐specific prevalence rates in Asia. Differences across regions and testing modes suggest diverse biological and social forces driving the spread of HCV in China. Surveillance data show ongoing transmission, particularly among persons who use drugs and persons undergoing invasive medical treatments, particularly haemodialysis. Improvements in case detection and data reporting systems will be critical for understanding current drivers of transmission and identifying key areas for prevention.