bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of a veterinary urine dipstick paddle system for diagnosis and identification of urinary tract infections in dogs and cats
Authors: Ybarra Winnie L. , Sykes Jane E. , Wang Yenlie , Byrne Barbara A. , Westropp Jodi L. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the performance of a veterinary urine dipstick paddle (UDP) for diagnosis and identification of urinary tract infection (UTI) in dogs and cats.
Design—Prospective, randomized, blinded study.
Sample—207 urine specimens.
Procedures—UDPs were inoculated by 2 investigators and incubated according to manufacturer's instructions. Results, including presence or absence of bacterial growth, organism counts, and identification of uropathogens, were compared between investigators and with microbiology laboratory results. A subset of UDPs with bacterial growth was submitted to the laboratory for confirmation.
Results—The laboratory reported 64 (30.9%) specimens had growth of bacteria. Bacterial growth was reported for 63 (30.4%) and 58 (28.0%) of the UDPs by investigators 1 and 2, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of the UDP for detection of bacterial growth were 97.3% and 98.6%, respectively, for investigator 1 and 89.1% and 99.3%, respectively, for investigator 2. For UPDs with ≥ 105 colony-forming units/mL, organism counts correlated well between the laboratory and investigators 1 (r = 0.95) and 2 (r = 0.89). Pathogen identification was not always accurate. Only 25 of 33 (75.8%) UDPs submitted for confirmation yielded bacteria consistent with those isolated from the original bacterial culture of urine.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The veterinary UDP system was a sensitive test for screening patients for bacterial UTI, but uropathogen identification was not always accurate. When UDPs have bacterial growth, a fresh urine specimen should be submitted to the laboratory to confirm the identity of the organisms and to permit antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
Character association and path analysis in garlic (Allium sativum L) for yield and its attributes
Authors: Singh SR , Ahmed NA , Lal S , Amin Asima , Amin Mudasir , Ganie SA , Jan Nusrat 
Published: March 2014

Character association and path analysis in twenty genotypically diverse indigenous genotypes of garlic (Allium sativum L.) were studied at the Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar during the years 2010 and 2011 for nine important characters. Total bulb yield showed positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic associations with plant height, number of leaves per plant, pseudo-stem length, bulb weight and number of cloves per bulb, indicating that selection based on these traits will help increasing the yield of garlic. Path coefficient analysis provides an effective means of a critical examination of specific force action to produce a given correlation and measure the relative importance of each factor. In this analysis bulb yield was taken as dependant variable and rest characters were considered as independent variable. Bulb weight showed high positive and direct effect and significant positive correlation with total bulb yield. Therefore, bulb with higher weight should be considered in selection criteria for increasing the total bulb yield and emphasis should be given for selecting the genotypes with higher bulb weight. Overall path analysis indicated that direct effect of bulb weight and equatorial bulb diameter and indirect effect of plant height, number of leaves per plant, pseudo stem length, polar bulb diameter, equatorial bulb diameter, number of cloves per bulb and average weight of 50 cloves should be considered simultaneously for amenability of total bulb yield. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v11i1.18374 SAARC J. Agri., 11(1): 45-52 (2013)
Research priorities in Bangladesh: analysis of crop production trends
Authors: Golder PC , Sastry RK , Srinivas K 
Published: March 2014

Agriculture in Bangladesh is at a stage where there is a need for research priority setting. Given the physical, financial and human resource base, there is a need for proper allocation of these resources for higher and sustainable growth in production and productivity. On the other hand, resource allocation is needed to be distributed based on the commodity and regional importance. The study generates indices of research priorities for the crop sector of Bangladesh in terms of commodities and regions keeping in view the national developmental goals. Growth rates were calculated and compared share of different sectors, commodities were used to determine the priorities which is basically initial base of the congruence analysis method. Literature survey was carried out to understand the priorities at different point of times given the grand realities based on the secondary data. Division wise share analysis was done to determine the regional priority. The study concludes and emphasizes the need for (a) the increased allocation in agricultural research (b) strengthening of rice research activities (c) proportional allocation of research budget for pulses, oilseeds, cash crops, fruits and vegetables, (d) reduction of improper trade balance in export-import, and (e) regional importance for research resource allocation.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v11i1.18375 SAARC J. Agri., 11(1): 53-70 (2013)
Characterization and genetic variability analysis in Capsicum annuum L. germplasm
Authors: Datta S , Das L 
Published: March 2014

Fifty three genotypes of Capsicum annuum L. collected from different parts of the West Bengal, India were characterized for 23 characters namely, stem colour, plant growth habit, branching habit, leaf size, leaf shape, leaf margin, leaf colour, leaf pubescence, pigment at node, flower per axil, corolla colour, anther colour, calyx margin, mature fruit colour at intermediate stage, fruit shape, fruit position, fruit adherence to the calyx, fruit shape at pedicel attachment, blossom end fruit shape, ascorbic acid content of the fruit, capsaicin in red fruit and colour value of the ripe fruit. These genotypes upon cataloguing showed distinct variations with respect to vegetative, inflorescence, fruit and quality characters. A wide range of variation was also observed among the genotypes for several morphological, fruit and quality characters. Among the different characters, white corolla colour showed 100 % frequency and higher frequency was also recorded in single flower per axil (86.79 %), number pigmentation at node (83.02 %) and green fruit colour (69.81%) at intermediate stage. Predominance of single descriptor state was found in more than 50 % genotypes for 15 characters. Based on the D2 value 53 genotypes were grouped into 17 clusters and results indicated that Cluster I and Cluster VII comprised with 29 and 9 genotypes respectively. Rest of clusters consisted of one genotype in each case. Variability studies revealed that there was a wide range of variability for all the characters studied. High heritability along with higher genetic advance (as a %age of mean) was found in capsaicin content in fruit, number of fruits per plant, yield per plant and primary branches per plant. These characters may be considered as reliable selection indices as they are possibly governed by additive gene effect. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v11i1.18387 SAARC J. Agri., 11(1): 91-103 (2013)
Response of nitrogen fertilization on Bt and non-Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) hybrids
Authors: Gangaiah B , Ahlawat IPS , Babu MBBP 
Published: March 2014

A field experiment was conducted during 2006 and 2007 (June- December) at New Delhi to assess the performance of three cotton hybrids of which two Bt (MRC 6304 & RCH 317) and one non-Bt cotton hybrid LHH 144 (North zone check) in response to nitrogen fertilization (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1). Based on pooled analysis, both Bt hybrids produced similar seed cotton yield (SCY). Bt hybrid have produced 7.1 bolls/plant (on an average) and bolls 0.48 g heavier than non Bt hybrid LHH 144 that lead to 1.07 t ha-1 higher SCY of Bt hybrids than non-Bt hybrid (1.93 t ha-1). Though the N uptake by cotton hybrids was statistically similar N harvest index (NHI) was higher in Bt hybrid (57.85) as compared to non-Bt hybrid (40.5). The agronomic N use efficiency (ANUE) was highest in MRC 6304 Bt (6.44) and least in LHH 144 non-Bt cotton (3.91). Cotton growth, yield attributes, SCY, and N uptake increased with each successive increase to the highest level of 180 kg ha-1 however, the N response of cotton was quadratic in nature with optimum dose of 173.0 kg ha-1. The NHI decreased with increase in N dose i.e. from the highest of 56.3 in control to the lowest of 48.8 with 180 kg ha-1 N fertilization. ANUE and physiological NUE that was highest with 60 (5.73) and 120 kg N fertilization (17.05), respectively and decreased with further increase in N dose. The cotton hybrid x N interaction effect revealed that Bt cottons have quadratic N response while non-Bt cotton has linear N response. From the economic point of view, Bt hybrids with 120 kg Nha-1 could be optimum dose for cotton cultivation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v11i1.18389 SAARC J. Agri., 11(1): 121-132 (2013)
B Cell Antigen Presentation in the Initiation of Follicular Helper T Cell and Germinal Center Differentiation
Authors: Barnett Lisa G. , Simkins Helen M. A. , Barnett Burton E. , Korn Lisa L. , Johnson Andy L. , Wherry E. John , Wu Gregory F. , Laufer Terri M. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
High-affinity class-switched Abs and memory B cells are products of the germinal center (GC). The CD4+ T cell help required for the development and maintenance of the GC is delivered by follicular Th cells (TFH), a CD4+ Th cell subset characterized by expression of Bcl-6 and secretion of IL-21. The cellular interactions that mediate differentiation of TFH and GC B cells remain an important area of investigation. We previously showed that MHC class II (MHCII)–dependent dendritic cell Ag presentation is sufficient for the differentiation of a TFH intermediate (termed pre-TFH), characterized by Bcl-6 expression but lacking IL-21 secretion. In this article, we examine the contributions of MHCII Ag presentation by B cells to TFH differentiation and GC responses in several contexts. B cells alone do not efficiently prime naive CD4+ T cells or induce TFH after protein immunization; however, during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, B cells induce TFH differentiation despite the lack of effector CD4+ T cell generation. Still, MHCII+ dendritic cells and B cells cooperate for optimal TFH and GC B cell differentiation in response to both model Ags and viral infection. This study highlights the roles for B cells in both CD4+ T cell priming and TFH differentiation, and demonstrates that different APC subsets work in tandem to mediate the GC response.
Iddm30 Controls Pancreatic Expression of Ccl11 (Eotaxin) and the Th1/Th2 Balance within the Insulitic Lesions
Authors: Chao Gary Y. C. , Wallis Robert H. , Marandi Leili , Ning Terri , Sarmiento Janice , Paterson Andrew D. , Poussier Philippe 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The autoimmune diabetic syndrome of the BioBreeding diabetes–prone (BBDP) rat is a polygenic disease that resembles in many aspects human type 1 diabetes (T1D). A successful approach to gain insight into the mechanisms underlying genetic associations in autoimmune diseases has been to identify and map disease-related subphenotypes that are under simpler genetic control than the full-blown disease. In this study, we focused on the β cell overexpression of Ccl11 (Eotaxin), previously postulated to be diabetogenic in BBDR rats, a BBDP-related strain. We tested the hypothesis that this trait is genetically determined and contributes to the regulation of diabetes in BBDP rats. Similar to the BBDR strain, we observed a time-dependent, insulitis-independent pancreatic upregulation of Ccl11 in BBDP rats when compared with T1D-resistant ACI.1u.lyp animals. Through linkage analysis of a cross-intercross of these two parental strains, this trait was mapped to a region on chromosome 12 that overlaps Iddm30. Linkage results were confirmed by phenotypic assessment of a novel inbred BBDP.ACI-Iddm30 congenic line. As expected, the Iddm30 BBDP allele is associated with a significantly higher pancreatic expression of Ccl11; however, the same allele confers resistance to T1D. Analysis of islet-infiltrating T cells in Iddm30 congenic BBDP animals revealed that overexpression of pancreatic Ccl11, a prototypical Th2 chemokine, is associated with an enrichment in Th2 CD4+ T cells within the insulitic lesions. These results indicate that, in the BBDP rat, Iddm30 controls T1D susceptibility through both the regulation of Ccl11 expression in β cells and the subsequent Th1/Th2 balance within islet-infiltrating T lymphocytes.
Humoral Immunity and CD4+ Th1 Cells Are Both Necessary for a Fully Protective Immune Response upon Secondary Infection with Brucella melitensis
Authors: Vitry Marie-Alice , Hanot Mambres Delphine , De Trez Carl , Akira Shizuo , Ryffel Bernhard , Letesson Jean-Jacques , Muraille Eric 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Brucella spp are intracellular bacteria that cause brucellosis, one of the most common zoonoses in the world. Given the serious medical consequences of this disease, a safe and effective human vaccine is urgently needed. Efforts to develop this vaccine have been hampered by our lack of understanding of what constitutes a protective memory response against Brucella. In this study, we characterize the cells and signaling pathways implicated in the generation of a protective immune memory response following priming by the injection of heat-killed or live Brucella melitensis 16M. Using a panel of gene-deficient mice, we demonstrated that during a secondary recall response, both the Brucella-specific humoral response and CD4+ Th1 cells must act together to confer protective immunity in the spleen to B. melitensis infection. Humoral protective immunity is induced by the inoculation of both heat-killed and live bacteria, and its development does not require T cells, MyD88/IL-12p35 signaling pathways, or an activation-induced deaminase–mediated isotype switch. In striking contrast, the presence of memory IFN-γ–producing CD4+ Th1 cells requires the administration of live bacteria and functional MyD88/IL-12p35 pathways. In summary, our work identifies several immune markers closely associated with protective immune memory and could help to define a rational strategy to obtain an effective human vaccine against brucellosis.
La cooperación transfronteriza en la región del Trifinio y la difusión de modelos europeos de gobernanza de las fronteras en América Latina
Authors: Celata Filippo , Coletti Raffaella , Sanna Venere Stefania 
Published: March 2014

En la región del Trifinio se concentran algunas de las experiencias más avanzadas de cooperación transfronteriza de América Latina. Dichas experiencias son promovidas por las instituciones europeas y se han inspirado fuertemente en el modelo europeo de gobernanza de las regiones transfronterizas. Al mismo tiempo, este modelo no ha sido simplemente trasladado de la Unión Europea a la América Latina, sino que también se ha adaptado a las condiciones del contexto y a las características específicas de los procesos de reterritorialización e integración macrorregional que tienen lugar en la región y, más en general, en América Latina. A la luz del debate relativo a la europeización, el artículo pretende mostrar cómo el potencial y los límites de este tipo de iniciativas pueden ser adecuadamente comprendidos solo a través del balance que se crea, caso por caso, entre contaminación transnacional y adaptación local, y entre la transferencia de modelos y narrativas (que son típicos de la Unión Europea), y la apropiación de estos por parte delos actores locales
THE CHARACTER OF PLANAR TESSELLATIONS WHICH ARE NOT SIDE-TO-SIDE
Authors: Cowan Richard , Thäle Christoph 
Published: March 2014

This paper studies stationary tessellations and tilings of the plane in which all cells are convex polygons. The focus is on the class of tessellations which are not side-to-side. The character of these tessellations is explored, with special attention paid to the relationship between edges of the tessellation and sides of the polygonal cells and to the combinatorial topology between the ‘adjacent’ geometric elements of the tessellation. Three new parameters, e0,e1 and e2 summing to unity, are introduced. These capture the essence of non side-to-side tessellations and play a role in understanding the adjacency of sides and cells. Examples illustrate the theory.
The lichen genus Stereocaulon (Schreb.) Hoffm. in Poland – a taxonomic and ecological study
Authors: Oset Magdalena 
Published: March 2014

The monograph includes the results of research of the taxonomy, chemistry, ecology and distribution of <em>Stereocaulon alpinum</em>, <em>S. botryosum</em>, <em>S. condensatum</em>, <em>S. dactylophyllum</em>, <em>S. evolutum</em>, <em>S. incrustatum</em>, <em>S. nanodes</em>, <em>S. paschale</em>, <em>S. pileatum</em>, <em>S. saxatile</em>, <em>S. subcoralloides</em>, <em>S. spathuliferum</em>, <em>S. taeniarum</em>, <em>S. tomentosum</em> and <em>S. vesuvianum</em> in Poland. 1823 specimens from Polish and some European herbaria were examinated. The occurrance of <em>S. spathuliferum</em> has not been confirmed during this study, therefore its status in Poland remains unknown. During the study three lectotypes were designated. The lichenicolous fungi, <em>Cercidospora stereocaulorum</em> and <em>Roselliniella stereocaulorum</em> on <em>Stereocaulon</em> were also noted. A key to known <em>Stereocaulon</em> taxa in Poland, including <em>S. spathuliferum</em> is provided.
Le jugement des enseignants sur la préparation scolaire des enfants à la maternelle durant les années 1990 et 2000
Authors: Lapointe Pierre , Japel Christa , Belleville Maude 
Published: March 2014

Cette étude illustre la diversité des modes d’adaptation des enfants à une période critique de leur développement. La préparation scolaire de 10 867 enfants a été évaluée par des enseignants de la maternelle en 1998 et 2005. L’analyse typologique distingue quatre profils d’enfants : mature, en difficulté d’adaptation, en difficulté d’apprentissage et à risque. Le jugement des enseignants varie selon les caractéristiques personnelles, familiales et scolaires des enfants. L’examen comparatif d’évaluations réalisées auprès d’enfants de milieux socioéconomiques défavorisés durant les années 1998 et 2005 tend à démontrer la stabilité de ces profils de préparation scolaire. Les résultats de cette étude sont discutés en regard des travaux sur le développement de l’enfant en milieu scolaire.
Comparison of the extended solar minimum of 2006–2009 with the Spoerer, Maunder, and Dalton Grand Minima in solar activity in the past
Authors: McCracken K. G. , Beer J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe use cosmic radiation records (neutron monitor and the cosmogenic radionuclides, 10Be and 14C) as a proxy to compare the solar activity during the extended solar minimum 2006–2009, with that during the Grand Solar Minima and Maxima that occurred between 1391 and 2010. The inferred cosmic ray intensities during the Spoerer, Maunder, and Dalton Grand Minima were significantly greater than those during 2006–2009. The onset phases of the three Grand Minima extended over between two and five Schwabe (sunspot) cycles, the cosmic ray intensity at the Schwabe minima increasing from a value approximating that of 2006–2009, to substantially higher values later in the Grand Minimum. The minimum estimated strengths of the heliospheric magnetic field near Earth during the Grand Minima were 2.4 nT (Spoerer), <2.0 nT (Maunder), and 2.6 nT (Dalton), compared to 3.9 nT in 2009. We conclude that the periods of highest solar activity during the Maunder Minimum approximated those near the sunspot minima between 1954 and 1996. The average ratio of the maximum to minimum estimated HMF in the six Schwabe cycles in the Maunder Minimum is 1.54 (range 1.30–1.85) compared to 1.52 (1.31–1.63) for the modern epoch suggesting similar operation of the solar dynamo in both intervals. The onset phase of the Maunder Minimum extending over five Schwabe cycles, and the large increase in cosmic ray flux (and decrease in estimated heliospheric magnetic field), leads us to speculate that the magnetohydrodynamic amplification in the solar dynamo exhibits a relaxation time well in excess of the 11 year period of the Schwabe cycle.
Rapid rotation of normal faults due to flexural stresses: An explanation for the global distribution of normal fault dips
Authors: Olive Jean‐Arthur , Behn Mark D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe present a mechanical model to explain why most seismically active normal faults have dips much lower (30–60°) than expected from Anderson‐Byerlee theory (60–65°). Our model builds on classic finite extension theory but incorporates rotation of the active fault plane as a response to the buildup of bending stresses with increasing extension. We postulate that fault plane rotation acts to minimize the amount of extensional work required to sustain slip on the fault. In an elastic layer, this assumption results in rapid rotation of the active fault plane from ~60° down to 30–45° before fault heave has reached ~50% of the faulted layer thickness. Commensurate but overall slower rotation occurs in faulted layers of finite strength. Fault rotation rates scale as the inverse of the faulted layer thickness, which is in quantitative agreement with 2‐D geodynamic simulations that include an elastoplastic description of the lithosphere. We show that fault rotation promotes longer‐lived fault extension compared to continued slip on a high‐angle normal fault and discuss the implications of such a mechanism for fault evolution in continental rift systems and oceanic spreading centers.
Autofluidization of pyroclastic flows propagating on rough substrates as shown by laboratory experiments
Authors: Chedeville Corentin , Roche Olivier 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis study investigates the influence of the substrate surface roughness on the emplacement mechanisms of pyroclastic flows. We carried out laboratory experiments on gravitational flows generated from the release of initially fluidized or nonfluidized columns of fine particles (diameter d = 0.08 mm) in a horizontal channel. The roughness of the channel base was uniform in each experiment, created by gluing particles of diameter d0 = 0.08 to 6 mm to the base. Other things being equal, the flow runout distance increased with the channel base roughness (d0) to a maximum of about twice that of flows on a smooth substrate when d0 = 1.5–3 mm, before decreasing moderately at higher roughness values of d0 = 6 mm. Long runout originated mainly during the late stages of emplacement as flow deceleration was strongly reduced at high substrate roughness. This was caused by (partial) autofluidization due to an upward air flux escaping from the substrate interstices in which flow particles settled. Autofluidization was evidenced by high pore fluid pressure measurements at the base of initially nonfluidized flows and also by reduced flow runout when the interstices were initially partially filled so that less air was available. Furthermore, the runout distance of flows of large particles (d = 0.35 mm), which could not be fluidized by the ascending air flux, was independent of the substrate roughness. This study suggests that autofluidization caused by air escape from the interstices of a rough substrate is one important mechanism to explain the common long runout distance of pyroclastic flows even on subhorizontal topographies.