bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE USE OF DECISION SUPPORT AIDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ACTION-ORIENTED CONTINGENCY PLAN
Authors: Harrald John R. , Conway Steve M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The National Contingency Plan requires each predesignated on-scene coordinator (OSC) to develop adequate contingency plans for oil and hazardous substance spill response for his own area. Historically these plans have been information-oriented rather than action-oriented. They contain volumes of data on available resources, potential pollution sites, response organization, and perhaps historical spill data. There remains a critical need to develop decision support aids for the OSCs use during the emergency phases of the response operation.
The authors have implemented a planning methodology in the Captain of the Port New Haven Zone (Long Island Sound) that provides an action-oriented response plan. Two primary decision support aids, a decision flow chart and a mini-computer display, were developed based on the concept of scenario planning. Scenario planning requires the development of typical response scenarios based on analysis of historical spill and cargo movement data and on subjective assessments of high-risk situations.
In the Captain of the Port Zone, six distinct types of major incidents were judged to be a sufficient basis for scenario planning; any other incident could be classed as a variation of one of the six basic events.
Each incident served as the basis for a time-line flow chart that identifies the major categories of actions possible, the decisions required, and when these decisions must be made. A minicomputer using color graphics is used to project resource location and availability, spill location, spill movement, and decision information. The OSC may evaluate visually which future actions are opened or precluded at each branch at every major decision point.
This paper discusses successful use of decision flow charts in the 1979 Region II OSC drill and the evolution of minicomputer applications.
THE EVOLUTION OF STRANDED OIL WITHIN SANDY BEACHES
Authors: Long B. F. N. , Vandermeulen J. H. , Ahern T. P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The fate of buried stranded Amoco Cadiz oil within sandy beaches has been investigated during a 3-year follow-up study after the tanker breakup. Observations at eight sandy North Brittany beaches have shown that oil, in discrete layers 1 to 2 centimeters thick, persists in several beaches. Followup studies have shown that such buried oil layers can migrate downwards within the beach sediment, eventually to stabilize deep within the beach at or near the water table.
Detailed data are presented on three beaches, including a dune-beach system and a transport-beach system, including observations on oil distribution and movement, residual contamination of sediments and underlying water table, and rates of oil movement.
The vertical migration of buried oil layers within these beaches appears to be a function of water table movement during the tidal cycles, and of the porosity (grain size) of the beach sediments. Rate of downward migration calculated for two beaches (Centre Héliomarin north beach, Pen Ar Mez beach) range from 0.25 to 1.0 millimeter per tidal cycle, with a residual fluctuation of 0.1 millimeter per tidal cycle. In beaches containing an impermeable basement of loam, silt, or bedrock (transport-beaches), the downward movement of the oil layer is interrupted at the basement interface, with subsequent movement along the basement and emergence of the oil in the lower intertidal and subtidal sediments at the foot of the beach.
These observations enable the prediction of the route and fate of stranded buried oil in sandy beach systems, and indicate the location of potential oil traps.
THE EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS ON MANGROVE FORESTS: A COMPARISON OF FIVE OIL SPILL SITES IN THE GULF OF MEXICO AND THE CARIBBEAN SEA
Authors: Getter Charles D. , Scott Geoffrey I. , Michel Jacqueline 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recent field studies at five oil spill sites where mangroves were affected provide a broad base of information on the response of mangrove communities to oiling. Three study sites in Florida (two in the Florida Keys, one in Tampa Bay) and two in eastern Puerto Rico were visted in 1978, 1979, and 1980. At each site, impacts on mangroves were assessed by the compartmental method, which uses statistical comparisons of ecological parameters between impacted and comparison stations and produces an array of biological and geomorphic data sets that allows spill sites to be compared.
Despite many differences in the size of the spills and the spill sites, the responses of the oiled-mangrove communities were similar in terms of tree mortality; leaf defoliation, deformation, and stunting; seedling deformation and mortality; lenticel expansion; adventitious growth of pneumatophores; and changes in the density and distribution of plants and animals. Each spill site differed mainly in the magnitude of the stress response. Observations of the spills showed that differences in the physical environment, such as the degree of exposure to waves and currents and geomorphic features like the terrain, greatly influence the distribution and persistence of oil within different mangrove forest types. From these studies, mangrove forest types can be ranked by their predicted sensitivity to oil. This differentiation in ranking increases the value of the Environmental Sensitivity Index, especially where it is desirable to assign priorities in a campaign to protect oil-sensitive habitats from oil spills along mangrove-dominated coastlines.
IDENTIFICATION OF PETROLEUM RESIDUE SOURCES AFTER A FIRE AND OIL SPILL
Authors: Overton Edward B. , McFall Jo Ann , Mascarella S. Wayne , Steele Charles F. , Antoine Shelley A. , Politzer Ieva R. , Laseter John L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The evaluation of the environmental impacts resulting from an oil spill and fire at the West Hackberry Strategic Petroleum Reserve Complex was particularly challenging. The fire and spill resulted in two distinctive types of chemical releases into the environment. The spill released a large quantity of Arabian light crude oil into an area that had been exposed to Louisiana sweet crude oil during 40 years of production. The fire produced significant quantities of pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that were dispersed over a large area by wind. New methods were developed to identify samples, and consequently the areas, that were affected by these releases. Samples of sediment affected by the oil spill were distinguished from nonaffected samples by comparing the ratios of the alkyl phenanthrenes to the alkyl dibenzothiophenes (C1, C2, and C3) in a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the extractable hydrocarbons. These ratios effectively identified affected sediment even when the samples had been exposed to the environment for more than a year. Contamination from the pyrogenic products of the fire was identified by the elevated quantities of fluoranthene and pyrene in affected samples. Foliage, soil, and sediment samples were collected quarterly for the year following the incident and were analyzed by the combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Impact from the fire was detected in foliage and soil samples collected several miles downwind from the incident.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF OIL POLLUTION IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Tortell Philip 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
New Zealand is fortunate in being removed from the main oil transportation routes, and its own domestic oil requirements are comparatively small. In spite of this auspicious situation, however, the country cannot afford to be complacent. New Zealand has a coastline of about 8,000 kilometers (km), numerous offshore islands, and an exclusive economic zone covering approximately 1.4 million square nautical miles (nmi2). It is also endowed with ample rivers and lakes, most of which are in excellent condition. Recognition of the threat that oil poses for these resources has led to measures to prevent and combat oil pollution: materials and equipment have been purchased, a contingency plan has been developed, and a coastal resources atlas is being produced. However, these actions, which are financed by a levy on shipping, are limited in scope. The Ministry of Transport, which administers oil pollution control, is not responsible for spills on land, in inland waters, or in harbours. These spills are the responsibility of local authorities, who are often inexperienced and usually ill equipped to deal with such emergencies. Free of any sectional responsibility, the Commission for the Environment can apply itself to those problem situations that arise because of the restrictive scope of agencies' operations and responsibilities.
BREAKING OF FRESH AND WEATHERED EMULSIONS BY CHEMICALS
Authors: Bocard Christian , Gatellier Claude 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil discharged at sea can form water-in-oil emulsions that make pollution control more difficult. This paper deals with laboratory tests to evaluate the relative efficiency of different emulsion breakers under different conditions. The influence of mixing energy on phase separation rate is shown for a synthetic 75-percent-water emulsion formed with partially evaporated Arabian Light.
A weathering experiment was conducted inside a floating system at the oil terminal of Antifer. The emulsion stabilization that makes emulsion breakers inefficient under ordinary conditions is measured by laboratory tests. On the basis of a laboratory study, it is shown that this phenomenon could be attributed to a low rate of photo-oxidation.
Techniques of using emulsion breakers in the field are discussed.
Finally, it is shown that when oil is left in the environment, an emulsion-breaking action is favorable to the degradation of oil.
ON THE FLOW AROUND SPILL CLEANUP DEVICES
Authors: Griffiths Richard A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the implications of testing oil booms and skimmers in a tank of finite size. Scaling considerations, test conditions, and bottom effects are treated. General descriptions of the gross flow patterns around booms and skimmers are presented, and the significance of these patterns to containment and recovery is discussed. Tank tests are compared with full-scale field conditions, and flow patterns and problems in the field are discussed.
It is shown that tests done at small scales may be scaled up readily in most cases, because the gross flow patterns about objects are the same over a wide range of scales. The primary features of the gross flow patterns are cavities, or circulation zones, in front of and behind the object and vortex sheets along lengths of boom parallel to the flow. The flow in the cavities will be strongly affected when the ratio of boom draft to water depth exceeds ⅙.
Boom or skimmer performance may be worse in very shallow water than in deep water because of the increased speeds around the device. This may lead to increased vortex drainage, earlier oil entrainment at the headwave, and increased drag. Booms with little draft may slightly outperform larger booms in these cases. In addition, if the backup booms in a multiple-boom installation are spaced too closely, containment may be impaired rather than enhanced.
OPEN OCEAN SKIMMER PERFORMANCE TESTS*
Authors: Lichte H. W. , Borst M. , Smith G. F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An oil skimmer was tested in a controlled crude oil dumping off the New Jersey Coast in early 1980. The program was sponsored by the U.S. Navy (USN), Director of Ocean Engineering, Supervisor of Salvage through the Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT) Interagency Technical Committee comprised of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), USN, and Environment Canada. The tests were designed to evaluate the Spilled Oil Containment Kit (SOCK) developed by Shell Development Company. The skimmer had been designed as a physical attachment to an oil industry work boat in a vessel of opportunity deployment mode. The USNS Powhatan T-ATF fleet tug as chosen as a similar vessel and one that had an oil spill recovery operations mode.
The test program is described including the oil/water distribution and collection system, deployment and retrieval of the SOCK, the onboard fluid measurement, data analysis, logistics, weather and environment measurements, and the Powhatan/SOCK interface. The light crude oil and ocean water collected were stored aboard the vessel, decanted, and the emulsified oil later sold as waste oil. Eight experimental crude oil dumps are described and analyzed. The sea conditions varied from calm to 1.8-meter significant heights. During the 6 days at sea, 50 cubic meters of oil were dumped and the skimmer collected 32 cubic meters of oil.
The program is analyzed for suggestions to future open ocean testing plans incorporating oil skimmers with and without vessels of opportunity. This program was fortunate in having available a skimmer that had extensive testing as a model, seaworthiness testing on commercial work boats, and oil-collecting experience in a spill of opportunity.
DESIGN ASPECTS OF THE FIRST “SLICKTRAIL” DREDGER, THE COSMOS
Authors: van Drimmelen Nico J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Having launched the concept of a combined trailing-suction hopper dredger and large-scale oil-recovery vessel in 1978, IHC Holland received an initial order for a vessel of this type in 1979. The oil-recovery installation of this ship reflects the experience gained by the Netherlands State Waterways Board (Rijtewaters taat) in the operation of its oil-recovery vessel Smal Agt. The first “Slicktrail” was ordered by a consortium of three Dutch contracting companies.
The vessel was completed at the end of 1980 and is now engaged in maintenance in the Rotterdam Europoort area; but in the event of a major oil spillage, it is available for recovery operations in a much larger area.
This paper discusses the design aspects of the Cosmos and the oil-recovery and the other special installations on board.
Recovery capacity naturally depends on factors such as weather, oil type, and operational conditions, but under favourable circumstances, it can be in excess of 5,000 cubic metres every 24 hours.
AN ANALYSIS OF TANKER CASUALTIES FOR THE 10 YEAR PERIOD, 1969–1978*
Authors: Goldberg N. N. , Keith Virgil F. , Willis Richard M. , Meade Norman F. , Anderson Robert C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The effects of oil tanker size, flag, and exposure to risk (number of port calls) on tanker accident rates and on the occurrence of related pollution-causing incidents (PCIs) were examined for the decade 1969 to 1978. This study marks the first time that 10 years of tanker casualty data have been available for analysis. The results show a downward trend in both total number of accidents and in PCIs, but a rise in annual spill volumes and in average spill volume per incident. The latter appears attributable at least partially to steadily increasing tanker size over the period. During the decade, the number of world fleet tankers of 100,000 dwt or more grew from 10 to 30 percent; their percentage of total world deadweight capacity, from 25 to 71 percent; and their contribution to total outflow, from 10 to 80 percent. Accurate risk-exposure predictors have not yet been developed, and calculations based on indices of port calls, tons delivered, and ton-miles, can differ widely when taken individually. In this analysis, oil-spill frequency was expressed first as the ratio of the number of accidents or PCIs to the total number of long tons of oil delivered. The analysis by flag of tanker casualties points up the inadequacy of a simple bivariate analysis. A multivariate analysis is currently in progress and will be reported later. Casualty and PCI data used in the study were derived from Lloyd's Weekly Casualty Reports. Intergovernmental maritime Consultative Organization casualty data, U.S. Coast Guard files, and various industry sources.
EFFECTS OF DIMETHYLNAPHTHALENE AND FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES ON ESTUARINE SHRIMP
Authors: Dillon Tom M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The biological effects of a naturally occurring perturbation were compared with those of a perturbation that may be induced by human activities in the coastal zone. The estuarine shrimp Palaemonetes pugio was exposed for 32 days to fluctuating (18 to 22°C) temperatures (FT), to food contaminated with 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene (DMN) at a concentration to wet weight food of 0.24 microgram per gram, or to both. Relative survival rates were evaluated in a matrix of environmental challenge tests. Resistance to hypoxia plus reduced salinity was significantly reduced by exposure to FT and DMN-contaminated food. The influence of FT was much stronger and obscured the effects of DMN-contaminated food when shrimp were exposed to both perturbations at the same time.
The persistent, residual effects of FT and DMN-contaminated food in reducing resistance of Palaemonetes pugio to hypoxia was evaluated after a 16-day recovery period with stable temperatures and uncontaminated food. The harmful effects of FT appeared to be reduced by the period of stable temperatures. On the other hand, shrimp that had ingested DMN-contaminated food before the clean food showed increased resistance to hypoxia.
A number of sublethal measurements related to aerobic metabolism were made in order to find an index that would be useful in discriminating the effects of FT from DMN-contaminated food and to determine the affected mechanism(s) that lead to altered survival in hypoxia. No measurement examined could satisfactorily explain the observed effects of FT on resistance to hypoxia, independent of diet regime. However, shrimp exposed to both FT and DMN-contaminated food had increased respiratory rates and oxygen to nitrogen rates decreased metabolic independence from external oxygen, and low hemolymph copper concentrations. Measurements that may be useful in detecting stress resulting from DMN-contaminated food, independent of temperature regime, include nitrogen excretion rates, hemolymph copper, and the relation, between oxygen consumption and external oxygen.
After the shrimp had ingested contaminated food for 32 days, the concentration of DMN in their tissues was significantly greater than that in the food. Shrimp kept in FT had higher concentrations of DMN than shrimp held at stable temperatures. Feeding uncontaminated food to contaminated shirimp for 16 days resulted in a significant reduction of DMN in the tissues.
PROBABILITY OF AN OIL SPILL ON THE ST. MARYS RIVER1
Authors: Schulze Robert H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Detroit District of the Corps of Engineers sponsored a study to determine the probability of an oil spill along the St. Marys River. Specifically, the study was to compute the probability of an oil spill resulting from a tanker accident during normal season operations, and to predict the probability of an accident and a spill during each of five winter extended season alternatives. The study shows that the probability of an accident and a spill can be predicted by a mathematical model using historical accident and spill data together with estimated transits for the extended seasons. Computations show that the probability of a tanker accident in the St. Marys River in a normal season is about 0.4 and the probability of a spill is only 0.03. The probability of an accident for full season extension is less than 0.2 and the probability of a spill is 0.01. Since there is only a one in a hundred chance of a tanker spill during the time added for full season operations, it was concluded that the risk of an oil spill resulting from winter operations in the St. Marys River is slight.
APPLYING OHMSETT DATA TO SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANS1
Authors: Lichte H. W. , Borst M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This report describes a simple approach for using skimmer test data from the Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT) to estimate and project performance in oil spill contingency planning. Example calculations tables are used to illustrate how a planner may choose to use test tank data. The data presented in this report are based on the several million gallons of test oil distributed to skimmers during OHMSETT tests since July 1974. A planner may have skimmers in his inventory that have been tested at OHMSETT but not rigorously tested and documented in actual spills. The planner thus is forced to use the skimmer manufacturer's rated data, thus incorporating in contingency plans an overly optimistic projected oil spill cleanup capacity. The use of OHMSETT test data can provide a lower bound estimate of the expected performance. Using the two projections together may produce a worst and a best case for the planner. These data can be used to quantify the need for backup skimmers and especially the management, transfer, and on-scene storage of the collected fluids.
Dependent and independent variable measurements are discussed. Control of the independent variables is presented so that the planner may estimate the real spill performance. Throughput efficiency test data can be used to predict the number of passes a skimmer should make over a floating patch of spilled oil. Recovery efficiency test data are used to predict the quantity of oil and water that would be collected and the resulting storage needs on scene. Oil recovery rate test data are used to predict the actual quantities of oil to be collected over a period of time. Independent variables in the test tank such as oil slick thickness can become dependent variables at the spill scene, as a function of weather, oil characteristics, or the response deployment time of the planner.
A sample scenario is presented involving a real skimmer. (There is no intent to compare one skimmer to another.) It is left to the planner to use this rationale to investigate his own inventory of specific skimmers and to use the existing published test data to his best advantage.