bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nature, origin and evolution of a Late Pleistocene incised valley‐fill, Sunda Shelf, Southeast Asia
Authors: Alqahtani Faisal A. , Johnson Howard D. , Jackson Christopher A.‐L. , Som Mohd Rapi B. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the stratigraphic fill and reconstructing the palaeo‐hydrology of incised valleys can help to constrain those factors that controlled their origin, evolution and regional significance. This condition is addressed through the analysis of a large (up to 18 km wide by 80 m deep) and exceptionally well‐imaged Late Pleistocene incised valley from the Sunda Shelf (South China Sea) based on shallow three‐dimensional seismic data from a large (11 500 km2), ‘merge’ survey, supplemented with site survey data (boreholes and seismic). This approach has enabled the characterization of the planform geometry, cross‐sectional area and internal stratigraphic architecture, which together allow reconstruction of the palaeo‐hydrology. The valley‐fill displays five notable stratigraphic features: (i) it is considerably larger than other seismically resolvable channel forms and can be traced for at least 180 km along its length; (ii) it is located in the axial part of the Malay Basin; (iii) the youngest part of the valley‐fill is dominated by a large (600 m wide and 23 m deep), high‐sinuosity channel, with well‐developed lateral accretion surfaces; (iv) the immediately adjacent interfluves contain much smaller, dendritic channel systems, which resemble tributaries that drained into the larger incised valley system; and (v) a ca 16 m thick, shell‐bearing, Holocene clay caps the valley‐fill. The dimension, basin location and palaeo‐hydrology of this incised valley leads to the conclusion that it represents the trunk river, which flowed along the length of the Malay Basin; it connected the Gulf of Thailand in the north with the South China Sea in the south‐east. The length of the river system (>1200 km long) enables examination of the upstream to downstream controls on the evolution of the incised valley, including sea‐level, climate and tectonics. The valley size, orientation and palaeo‐hydrology suggest close interaction between the regional tectonic framework, low‐angle shelf physiography and a humid‐tropical climatic setting.
‘We Will Re‐Member Them’: Muslims in the Great War Semi‐Centenary
Authors: Tinsley Meghan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn August 1964, the semi‐centenary of the First World War's onset coincided with uncertainty about Britain's future: decolonization had resulted in a diminished role in the international sphere, and migration had begun to alter the dominant ethnic and religious character of the metropolis. Britons increasingly confronted the question of what it meant to belong to the postcolonial nation. In this context, First World War commemorations served a twofold purpose: first, they revised prior representations of colonial subjects in the war, in light of contemporary realities; and second, they served as an outlet for imperial nostalgia. This article considers the relationship between race, nation, and collective memory by analysing representations of Muslim colonial subjects in the 1964 BBC documentary, The Great War. A content analysis aims to explain how Britain's evolving collective memory reveals its dominant national identity and, by extension, its willingness to accommodate postcolonial newcomers.
A new ABCG2 null allele with a 27‐kb deletion including the promoter region causing the Jr(a−) phenotype
Authors: Ogasawara Kenichi , Osabe Takahiro , Suzuki Yumi , Tsuneyama Hatsue , Isa Kazumi , Kawai Miho , Obara Kumi , Ogiyama Yoshiko , Ito Shoichi , Uchikawa Makoto , Satake Masahiro , Tadokoro Kenji 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundThe high‐prevalence antigen Jra is carried on the ATP‐binding cassette transporter ABCG2. The ABCG2 gene consists of 16 exons and its translation start codon is located on the second exon. Although the occurrence of the Jr(a−) phenotype is rare, several ABCG2 null alleles have been reported. We report a new ABCG2 null allele having a large deletion in this study.Study Design and MethodsThe Jra status was determined by standard serologic tests and genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood. Exons 1 to 16 and the 5′‐untranslated region of the ABCG2 gene were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Expression of the ABCG2 protein on red blood cells was examined by immunoblotting.ResultsA Jr(a−) blood donor had a novel allele having a 27‐kb deletion including noncoding Exon 1 and the promoter region of ABCG2, and the donor was apparently homozygous for the allele. In addition, we found three more individuals having heterozygosity for the same allele, with ABCG2*01N.01 having c.376C>T (p.Q126X), but did not find the allele having the 27‐kb deletion in 3000 Jr(a+) individuals. Immunoblotting revealed that the ABCG2 protein was not found to be expressed in the individual with homozygosity for the ABCG2 27‐kb deleted and in two individuals with an ABCG2 27‐kb deleted/ABCG2*01N.01 genotype, which indirectly allows to conclude that the 27‐kb deletion is responsible for a null ABCG2 allele.ConclusionWe first identified an ABCG2 null allele (provisional ISBT allele number ABCG2*01N.23) having a large deletion including the promoter region.
Mechanism of stimulation of aortic chemoreceptors by natural stimuli and chemical substances
Authors: Paintal A. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. Impulses were recorded in single fibres of aortic chemoreceptors of cats anaesthetized with chloralose. There was no demonstrable difference between the responses of the endings of medullated and non‐medullated fibres respectively to any of the natural stimuli, such as hypoxia, reduction in blood pressure, or reduction in O2 content. This indicates that the generator processes are qualitatively and quantitatively identical at the endings of both types of fibres.2. Most of the endings were practically silent while ventilating the lungs with air. The maximum frequency of discharge averaged over 4‐10 sec while ventilating the lungs with 4% O2 ranged from 1·5 to 24 impulses/sec; in most fibres (twenty‐one out of twenty‐six endings) it was less than 12 impulses/sec.3. All the chemoreceptors tested were considerably stimulated following administration of 0·2 or 2% CO at a time when the O2 content was greater than 4 ml./100 ml.4. All the chemoreceptors were markedly and rapidly stimulated following circulatory arrest while the cat was ventilated with air. This stimulation fell considerably within 3 min of circulatory arrest. Very little or no excitation followed circulatory arrest while ventilating the cat with pure N2. These results suggest that excitation following circulatory arrest is not produced by a metabolite.5. There was a remarkable difference between the sensitivities of endings of medullated and non‐medullated fibres to drugs. The former were either unaffected by relatively large doses of ACh (100‐200 μg) or phenyl diguanide, or if they were stimulated, the excitation so produced was much less than that produced in endings of non‐medullated fibres. This supports the hypothesis that drugs produce their effects by an action at the regenerative regions of the endings, i.e. regions where the nerve impulse is initiated (Paintal, 1964). It also indicates that ACh is not likely to be a transmitter in the normal processes of excitation of chemoreceptors.6. A mechanism of stimulation of chemoreceptors not involving metabolites is presented.
Current spread in the smooth muscle of the guinea‐pig vas deferens
Authors: Tomita T. 
Published: December 2014

1. The membrane polarization in response to intracellular stimulation and external stimulation, the junction potentials evoked by nerve and field stimulation and the spontaneous junction potentials were studied in the guinea‐pig vas deferens.2. The responses to intracellular stimulation differed from those to external stimulation applied through a large electrode in the following ways: short time constant of the electrotonic potential; linearity of current—voltage relation; all‐or‐none spike only in a small proportion of the cells; high critical firing level; short latency; weak tendency for repetitive activity during depolarization; and sharp spatial decay of the response.3. The difference between intracellular and external stimulation could be explained by differences in current distribution in the tissue, if many muscle fibres were aggregated in functional bundles, with three‐dimensional cell‐to‐cell connexions, so that the membrane near an intracellular stimulating electrode was shunted by a large area of surrounding membrane.4. The time course of the junction potentials depended on the manner by which they were produced. The junction potential evoked by hypogastric nerve stimulation was recorded in every cell with almost the same amplitude. The spontaneous junction potential decayed very sharply with distance and the time course of the falling phase was about 10 times faster than that of the evoked junction potential.The difference between the time course of the junction potentials was also explained by the difference in current distribution in the tissue.
The response of foetal sheep and lambs to pulmonary inflation
Authors: Hughes D. T. D. , Parker H. R. , Williams J. V. 
Published: December 2014

1. Pulmonary inflation through a tracheostomy consistently produces an inspiratory response or gasp in the foetal lamb. This response is reversibly removed by vagal cooling or xylocaine local anaesthesia to the air passages. It is abolished by bilateral vagotomy. It is therefore suggested that this gasp response involves a reflex whose afferent pathway is in the vagus nerve.2. This gasp reflex is also found in lambs aged 1 hr to 30 days.3. Lambs and foetuses possess a cough reflex.4. A Hering—Breuer inflation reflex can be demonstrated in lambs.5. The gasp reflex is distinct from either of these last two.6. The significance of the gasp reflex in pre‐ and post‐natal life is discussed.
The electrical properties of resting and secreting pancreas
Authors: Clark D. G. , Greenwell J. R. , Harper A. A. , Sankey Alison M. , Scratcherd T. 
Published: December 2014

1. The electrical properties of the resting and stimulated pancreas have been studied in the anaesthetized cat. There is an inverse relationship between the frequency of applied alternating current and the resistivity and dielectric constant of the resting pancreas. The resistivity is also affected by the fat content of the gland. The impedance locus of the pancreas is similar to that of other tissues.2. On intravenous injection of secretin there is a brief increase, followed by a more marked decrease, in conductance and capacitance of the pancreas. The phase of decreased conductance is related to the flow of pancreatic juice. The decrease in conductance and the flow rate can be characterized by two closely related empirical equations.3. During secretin stimulation the sodium concentration in pancreatic tissue increases, and the potassium concentration falls.4. It is tentatively suggested that the decreased conductance across the secreting gland is mostly due to swelling of the secretory cells and to a minor degree is the result of changes in the composition of the secretion in the pancreatic ducts.5. In the anaesthetized cat the mean half life of the secretory action of secretin is 199 sec.
Responses of single units in the inferior olive to stimulation of the limb nerves, peripheral skin receptors, cerebellum, caudate nucleus and motor cortex
Authors: Sedgwick E. M. , Williams T. D. 
Published: December 2014

1. Extra‐ and intracellular responses of single units in the inferior olive following stimulation of the cerebellum, limb nerves, skin receptors, the caudate nucleus and cerebral cortex have been described.2. Responses following cerebellar stimulation were assumed to be antidromic spikes when they occurred after a latency of less than 4 msec and followed stimulus frequencies greater than 220/sec. Other responses with longer latencies were thought to be transynaptic. Evidence for recurrent inhibition of the Renshaw type is given.3. Following limb nerve stimulation two types of units have been observed; units responding after a short latency and to stimulation of one limb only and units responding with a long latency following stimulation of one or more of the limbs.4. Units responding to stimulation of the limb nerve after a short latency could often be excited by hair movement and/or light touch on the pads. Other units were excited by pinching and others could not be excited by a physiological stimulus. The receptive field of these units was small and there was no evidence of fringe inhibition.5. Most units observed represented the contralateral forelimb but there was a significant number of units representing the ipsilateral limbs.6. The caudato‐olivary pathway has been shown to be excitatory. Short latency limb units do not receive afferents from the caudate nucleus.7. Afferents from the motor cortex excite units in the inferior olive. A remarkable correlation of latencies of responses from both the cerebral cortex and the limbs on to individual units has been described.8. The results suggest a complex organization of neurones within the inferior olive. A possible plan of the organization of neurones is given and discussed.
The egress of oxygen from human HbO2 in solution and in the erythrocyte
Authors: Sirs John A. 
Published: December 2014

1. Spectrophotometric measurements, using the rapid‐mixing constantflow and stopped‐flow techniques, have been made of the rate of egress of oxygen from human HbO2 in solution and in erythrocytes.2. By 1:20 dilution in a medium containing a high concentration of carbon monoxide k4, the rate constant of the reaction Hb4O8 → Hb4O6+O2 has been determined. At pH 7·4 and 20° C, k4 in solution was 42·0 sec−1 and within the intact cell 41·4 sec−1. The respective activation energies were 19·3 and 18 kcal.3. The rate of dissociation of HbO2 to Hb, after mixing an erythrocyte suspension with Na2S2O4, was identical, over at least 50% of the reaction, with the change of HbO2 to HbCO above.4. An analysis of the data indicates that the cell membrane has little or no resistance to the passage of oxygen and the internal contents are effectively mixed.
Observations on the rhythmic variation in the cat carotid body chemoreceptor activity which has the same period as respiration
Authors: Biscoe T. J. , Purves M. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. The activity in carotid body chemoreceptor afferent fibres in the cat has been recorded and found to have a rhythm with the same period as respiration.2. This rhythm is not an artifact; it is not due to arterial pressure changes with respiration nor to cyclical changes in pulmonary venous admixture. It is caused by changes in blood gas tensions during each respiratory cycle.3. The amplitude of the rhythm is modified by transient and long‐term changes in inspired oxygen or CO2 so that a rise or fall in O2 or CO2 tensions of arterial blood (Pa,O2, Pa,CO2) from the physiological range reduces it. The ratio of the rhythm amplitude to the mean rate of chemoreceptor discharge increases with Pa,O2 over the range 40‐240 mm Hg.4. The rhythm is modified by changes in respiratory frequency and volume.5. The fluctuations of arterial oxygen tension which have the same period as respiration are shown to be conducted up the vertebral artery at least as far as the vertebro‐occipital anastomosis.6. It is proposed that the chemoreceptor rhythm reflects the moment to moment changes in blood gas tensions.
Factors affecting the cat carotid chemoreceptor and cervical sympathetic activity with special reference to passive hind‐limb movements
Authors: Biscoe T. J. , Purves M. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. Recordings have been made of the activity in carotid body chemoreceptor afferent fibres and in the cervical sympathetic of the cat during passive movement of the hind limbs.2. The chemoreceptor activity increases immediately the limbs are moved and is maintained at a raised level with preservation of the chemoreceptor rhythm fluctuations throughout. In some cases, the increase persists for a time after the movements are stopped.3. This early change does not occur if the cervical sympathetic on the same side as the carotid body from which recordings are made is cut, nor does it occur if the femoral and sciatic nerves are cut.4. The carotid artery oxygen tension (Pa, O2) increases early; in the majority of experiments, there was no significant change in end‐tidal PCO2 although the minute volume of ventilation (V̇) increased by about 20% of control with passive movement of the hind limbs.5. Passive movement of the hind limbs also causes an immediate rise in cervical sympathetic activity which is sustained, and which is abolished if the femoral and sciatic nerves are cut.6. Electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic causes an increase in chemoreceptor afferent discharge.7. Bilateral cervical sympathectomy causes the respiratory lag to increase from approximately 1 sec to some 20 sec and, when passive movements cease, the fall in V̇ is more sluggish than control.8. These results are discussed in the light of the controversy regarding humoral and neurogenic causes for the increase in respiration in exercise.
Carotid body chemoreceptor activity in the new‐born lamb
Authors: Biscoe T. J. , Purves M. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. Tidal volume, carotid artery oxygen tension (Pa,O2) and blood pressure and chemoreceptor activity in the sinus nerve have been continuously measured and recorded in nine lambs anaesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium, and varying in age from some minutes after birth to 5 days after birth.2. Inhalation of 100% oxygen caused, after a delay of 3‐4 sec, a rise in Pa,O2, a fall in minute ventilation (V̇) and chemoreceptor activity. The respiratory response was abolished after section of both sinus nerves.3. Inhalation of 10% oxygen in nitrogen caused a fall in carotid Pa,O2, a rise in respiration and in chemoreceptor activity. The respiratory response was abolished after both sinus nerves had been cut.4. Minute ventilation, carotid Pa,O2 and chemoreceptor activity increased on breathing 5% CO2 in air. Section of both sinus nerves did not affect the maximum increase in ventilation but the lag of the respiratory response approximately doubled while respiration increased more slowly.5. From these results, it was calculated that the chemoreceptors had a latency of 0·25‐0·5 sec and the time constant of the rate of change of chemoreceptor activity was 10‐15 sec.6. The chemoreceptors responded to changes in Pa,O2 of ±5‐10 mm Hg.7. Comparison of these results with those reported in adult animals suggest that the peripheral chemoreceptors are fully mature at birth, that their response does not differ with the age of the lamb and that the carotid body chemoreceptors are concerned both in the mediation of the hypoxic drive to ventilation and in the respiratory response to inhaled CO2.
Site of origin of the abnormal discharge in the electrocorticogram produced by tubocurarine perfused through the anterior horn of a lateral ventricle
Authors: Feldberg W. , Fleischhauer K. 
Published: December 2014

1. In cats anaesthetized with chloralose, perfusion of tubocurarine through the anterior horn of a lateral cerebral ventricle produces a rhythmic discharge of high voltage negative spikes recorded from an electrode inserted into this horn. The discharge spreads to the cerebral cortex where it gives rise to synchronous surface negative deflexions of low voltage. They have previously been described as ‘slow waves’.2. The discharge results from an excitatory action of tubocurarine on the anterior limbic area, which is a cortical structure in the medial wall of the anterior horn lying rostral to the septum pellucidum.
Vestibular, cochlear and trigeminal projections to the cortex in the anterior suprasylvian sulcus of the cat
Authors: Landgren S. , Silfvenius H. , Wolsk D. 
Published: December 2014

1. Cats anaesthetized with chloralose were used. Potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the vestibular, cochlear, facial, trigeminal and chorda tympani nerves were recorded with micro‐electrodes in the cortex in the anterior syprasylvian sulcus.2. Negative focal potentials with a latency of 3 msec were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral and ipsilateral vestibular nerves. These potentials were located in the lower and upper banks of the sulcus at a level just caudal to the projection of the Group I muscle afferents to the lower bank.3. The cochlear projections were located mainly in the lower bank partially overlapping the vestibular and the Group I fields.4. Trigeminal responses were recorded in both banks of the sulcus but were of largest amplitude and shortest latency rostrally in the upper bank. The potentials evoked by the chorda tympani had a similar distribution but were of low amplitude.5. The hypothesis is suggested, that the cortex in the anterior suprasylvian sulcus plays a role in the orientation of the body and head towards auditory stimuli.
Potassium transport and nucleoside metabolism in human red cells
Authors: Whittam R. , Wiley J. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. A study has been made of active cation transport in relation to the metabolism of nucleosides and deoxynucleosides in human red blood cells.2. Lactate production from inosine depended on the cellular inorganic phosphate available for phosphorolysis and was raised to some 4 times the normal rate from glucose. Inosine inhibited glucose metabolism according to the amount of glucose‐6‐phosphate produced. Guanosine behaved similarly, but glucose‐6‐phosphate was not formed from adenosine, deoxyinosine and deoxyguanosine.3. Glucose metabolism was related to the ATP content of the cells, which was raised by incubation with adenosine, or with inosine plus adenine.4. Adenosine and deoxyadenosine raised the potassium influx above the values found with inosine and deoxyinosine under conditions when the lactate production was constant. Active potassium influx was correlated with the ATP concentration in the cells, but independent of the lactate production when the latter was raised above normal.
Acute effects of haemorrhage on the composition of arterial blood in immature and adult rabbits, kittens and cats
Authors: Mott Joan C. 
Published: December 2014

1. The fall of haematocrit after stepwise bleeding in rabbits and young kittens was not accompanied by an equivalent fall of plasma nitrogen. The relative failure of plasma nitrogen to decrease after haemorrhage was not attributable to the entry of diffusible nitrogen into the circulation.2. Plasma protein recovery by a combination of stepwise bleeding and viviperfusion was such as to yield values for the whole body/great vessel haematocrit ratio (Fcells) in the normal range in adult cats but significantly below the normal range in young kittens and rabbits. If viviperfusion was not preceded by stepwise bleeding Fcells in the normal range was obtained in young kittens and rabbits.3. The results of electrophoretic examination of pre‐ and post‐haemorrhagic plasma were consistent with the entry of fresh protein into the circulation after haemorrhage occurring preferentially in the albumin fraction, but increase of albumin/globulin ratio was small in adult cats.4. It was concluded that the fall of haematocrit after haemorrhage in young kittens and rabbits was mainly due to the entry of protein rich tissue fluid into the circulation. In adult cats, however, the haematocrit did not always fall and any such fall may have been partly due to a shift of plasma from the periphery to the great vessels.5. The bearing of these observations on the validity of calculation of blood volume from red cell mass and haematocrit during stepwise haemorrhage was considered.