bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post-Closure Performance Assessment of a Deep Geological Repository for Advanced Heavy Water Reactor Fuels
Authors: Edwards G. , Hyland B. , Kitson C. , Chschyolkova T. 
Published: January 2014

Many countries worldwide are investigating the use of advanced fuels and fuel cycles for purposes such as increasing the sustainability of the nuclear fuel cycle, or decreasing the radiological impact of used fuel. One common metric used to assess the radiological impact to humans of fuels placed in a repository is the total radiotoxicity of the fuel, but this approach does not take into account how engineered and natural (i.e., rock) barriers can remove many radiotoxic nuclides from ground water before they reach the surface. In this study, we evaluate the potential radiological dose consequences of advanced fuels in the context of a full system model simulation for release and transport from a repository, transport through the surrounding geosphere, release to the biosphere and dose consequences for the target critical group. Heavy water moderated reactors, such as the CANDU® reactor, are well-suited to the use of advanced fuels, and the post-closure performance of a deep geological repository for spent natural uranium fuel from them has already been studied. For this study, two advanced fuels of current interest were chosen: a TRUMOX fuel designed to recycle plutonium and minor actinides and thereby reduce the amount of these materials going into disposal, and a plutonium thorium-based fuel whose main goal is to increase sustainability by reducing uranium consumption. The impact of filling a deep geological repository, of identical design to that for natural uranium, with used fuel from these fuel cycles was analyzed. It was found that the two advanced fuels analyzed had dose rates, to a hypothetical critical group of humans living above the repository, which remained a factor of 170 to 340 lower than the current acceptance limit for releases, while being 5.3 (for TRUMOX) and 2.6 (for thorium-plutonium) times higher than those of natural uranium. When the dose rates are normalized to total energy produced, the repository emissions are comparable. In this case, the maximum dose rates were found to be 6% lower for the TRUMOX fuel, and 16% higher for the plutonium thorium fuel, than for the used natural uranium fuel.
Insights into approaching sexual health education through applied theatre methodology
Authors: Wells Trish 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In the context of a touring sexual health programme, this study explores the significance of shifting from a traditional transmission form of theatre in education to an applied theatre approach to pedagogy. This shift is particularly relevant when working with sensitive issues for adolescents. Applied theatre encourages students to move from the passive role of spectator and engage emotionally with the fictional world through action. Within this programme, students are encouraged to question the motives and attitudes of the characters and events presented. They investigate and unpack possibilities, and finally offer advice; in doing so, they may make relevant connections to their own lives, issues and relationships. The work values the students’ developing emotional intelligence and the knowledge that they bring to learning; it also gives students a voice and reinstates classroom dialogue.
The convergence of autophagy, small RNA and the stress response – implications for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in plants
Authors: Youngson Neil A. , Lin Pin-Chun , Lin Shih-Shun 
Published: January 2014

AbstractRecent discoveries in eukaryotes have shown that autophagy-mediated degradation of DICER and ARGONAUTE (AGO), the proteins involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), can occur in response to viral infection and starvation. In plants, a virally encoded protein P0 specifically interacts with AGO1 and enhances degradation through autophagy, resulting in suppression of gene silencing. In HeLa cells, DICER and AGO2 protein levels decreased after nutrient starvation or after treatment to increase autophagy. Environmental exposures to viral infection and starvation have also recently been shown to sometimes not only induce a stress response in the exposed plant but also in their unexposed progeny. These, and other cases of inherited stress response in plants are thought to be facilitated through transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, and the mechanism involves the PTGS and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) pathways. These recent discoveries suggest that the environmentally-induced autophagic degradation of the PTGS and TGS components may have significant effects on inherited stress responses.
Effects of Spray Drying Conditions on the Stability and Antioxidant Properties of Spray-Dried SolubleMaté
Authors: Hartwig Vanessa G. , Ponce Cevallos Peggy A. , Schmalko Miguel E. , Brumovsky Luis A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe aim of this research was to evaluate the stability of spray-dried solublematé(Ilex paraguariensis)and its total polyphenol content determined with the Folin–Ciocalteu assay, after it was elaborated with three different maltodextrin concentrations (0, 7.05 and 14.10% w/v) using experimental data of water activities and glass transition temperatures. Adsorption isotherms were determined for these three materials at 25°C between water activity values (aw) of 0.1 and 0.85 (resulting in values of water content between 0.04 and 0.33 g of water/g of dried solid). Glass transition temperatures varied from 15 to 52°C. At room temperature powder containing 14.10% of maltodextrin ataw=0.55 was below the glass transition temperature, while the two other compositions were below theirTgand stable ataw=0.40. In the spray drying conditions analyzed, the loss of polyphenolic compounds is negligible. The total polyphenol content varied between 28 and 45 chlorogenic acid equivalents (g % dry powder).
Effective Classroom Teaching Methods: A Critical Incident Technique from Millennial Nursing Students’ Perspective
Authors: Robb Meigan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractEngaging nursing students in the classroom environment positively influences their ability to learn and apply course content to clinical practice. Students are motivated to engage in learning if their learning preferences are being met. The methods nurse educators have used with previous students in the classroom may not address the educational needs of Millennials. This manuscript presents the findings of a pilot study that used the Critical Incident Technique. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the teaching methods that help the Millennial generation of nursing students feel engaged in the learning process. Students’ perceptions of effective instructional approaches are presented in three themes. Implications for nurse educators are discussed.
Volumetric and Compressibility Studies of Some 1 : 1 Electrolytes in the Presence of Furosemide Using Transport Properties
Authors: Kaushal Deepika , Singh Rana Dilbag , Chauhan Suvarcha 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Sound velocities (v) and densities (d) for some alkali metal
chlorides in aqueous solutions containing 0, 0.001, 0.005 and
0.01 M Furosemide have been measured at different
temperature (293, 303 and 313 K). The data was used to
apparent molar volume (ϕ

v
) and apparent molar
adiabatic compressibility (ϕ

k
). The above calculated
parameters were found to be sensitive to the prevailing
in the Furosemide-Na+/K+-water system. These
parameters have been examined as a function of Furosemide
concentration and temperature to understand the consequences of
interactions between these two components. Debye Hückel limiting law
is used for the assessment of the contributions of various types of
solute-solvent interactions. Viscosity B-coefficients have also been
evaluated for these salts in the presence of Furosemide. Jones–Dole
viscosity equation is used to calculate viscosity B-coefficient
which is known to provide information concerning the solvation of ions
and their effects on the structure of the solvent in the near
environment of the solute particles. It is related to measure the
solute–solvent interaction and is interpreted in terms of the
solvent structure-making and breaking effect of the electrolyte in
solution. A reasonably good qualitative correlation is found to exist
with regard to the Furosemide-Na+/K+ interaction
obtained from the experimental data, from different techniques.
A Computational Study of 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 Complexes of Naphthalene with Dimethyl Ether
Authors: Solimannejad Mohammad , Korkani Zeinab , Esrafili Mehdi D. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Density functional theory calculations were used to analyze the
interactions in 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 complexes of naphthalene (NAP)
with dimethyl ether (DME). The structures of complexes have been
determined using M05-2X density functional and the aug-cc-pVDZ basis
set. The structures obtained were analyzed with the quantum theory of
atoms in molecules (QTAIM), the energy decomposition analysis, and
many-body interaction energies methodologies. Two minima were located
on the potential energy surface of the 1 : 1 complexes. Four
different structures have been obtained for the 1 : 2 complexes. Two
types of interactions are observed, CH⋯O and
CH⋯π hydrogen bonds. Interaction energies of the
1 : 1 and 1 : 2 complexes are in the range
9–12 kJ mol
–1 and 20–27 kJ mol
–1,
respectively, at the M05-2x/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory.
Arbeitskräftepotential und demografischer Wandel. Modellrechnungen für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland bis 2050
Authors: Bomsdorf Eckart 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The debate concerning demographic changes in Germany is mostly lead by their implications to social security mechanisms. The development of the labour market is addressed in extended discussions only.
This paper provides a draft of demographic changes in Germany up to the year 2050 and quantifies their impact on the potential labour force. The development of the population size and the number of people of working age is analysed and the dependency of these parameters on the components of the population is quantified by regression analysis. Finally, one possible future path for the working population is proposed. This is not only done with the given “status quo” assumptions in mind, but also with regard to changes in the labour force participation rate as well as to the already adopted increase of the legal retirement age (67 years).
In addition, detailed results concerning possible future developments in the volume and proportion of people of working age in the population as well as the working population itself are provided. It is shown that the raise of the legal pension age as well as an increase in female labour participation can help to make up for negative demographic changes concerning the working population.
„Alterslast“ und Sozialpolitik
Authors: Schulz-Nieswandt Frank 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The paper discusses aspects and dimensions of the public debate about the burden of ageing within the context of public social policy. With references to cultural history and cultural anthropology the analysis puts the emphasis on the social grammar of social norms, cultural codes and cognitive patterns relating the pictures of ageing and intergenerational relationships. Central categories are reciprocity and moral economy. The basic result of the analysis is the social fact of a deep ambivalence embedded into the pictures of ageing and the grammar of intergenerational relatedness. There is no evidence to support theories of linear (increasing or decreasing) trends in the social status and social inclusion of the elderly and old age in the long-run-perspective of social history. The discussions are integrated by a philosophical anthropological perspective of the ageing and the life-span cycle.
Die verlorene Erzeugungsschlacht: Die nationalsozialistische Landwirtschaft im Systemvergleich
Authors: Degler Stephanie , Streb Jochen 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
To evaluate the achievements and failures of National Socialists’ agrarian policy we compute and compare average annual growth rates of value added, factor inputs and total factor productivity of German agriculture for the three periods 1925-1929/32 (Weimar Republic), 1933-1938 (Third Reich), and 1950-1959 (Federal Republic of Germany). This long-term quantitative analysis shows that National Socialists′ agrarian policy considerably slowed down modernization by decreasing growth rates of both technical progress and mechanization.
Die Bitterfelder elektrochemischen Werke (1893-1945). Standortwahl und regionale Folgen
Authors: Hackenholz Dirk 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In 1894 two companies decided to set up their new electrochemical operations in the Bitterfeld region. Both companies recognized Bitterfeld as the ideal location. A combination of factors contributed to this assessment. A decisive factor, though, was the availabilty of the cheapest lignite in Germany. It was the coal which attracted an additional chemical company to the region the following year. Together, the three businesses laid the foundation for the domination of the chemical industry in Bitterfeld for over 100 years. The new guiding sector essentially under the stewardship of the IG Farben group from 1925 onwards provided formative impulses [forward and backward linkages] to other sectors, established before and after the chemical industry came to Bitterfeld. The mining industry and production of electricity as well as the construction of heavy machinery and aircraft grew parallel to chemical industry. The region embarked upon a path of development which is evident even today.
Neuer Liberalismus und Faschismus: Liberaler Interventionismus und die Ordnung des Wettbewerbs
Authors: Amemiya Akihiko 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The focus of the article is on the academic and political-economic symbiosis between the origins of neoliberalism and the economics of fascism during the 1930s. This approach is crucial for answering open research questions such as the contribution of Ordnungspolitik to the efforts to overcome the world depression and mass unemployment in Germany and the new openness of conservative economic thinking toward the reform of liberalism in the thirties and, even more importantly, toward Soziale Marktwirtschaft after 1945. Furthermore the analysis of the very nature of liberal interventionism and competitive order underlines the special features of the German social market economy in comparison with current versions of neoliberalism.
Unternehmen und Familie. Zur Genese von Familienunternehmen im Industriezeitalter: Sachsen 1850-1940
Authors: Schäfer Michael 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Historians often regard family firms as a phenomenon typical of the early phases of industrialisation. It has been argued that the family was of great importance for early industrial enterprises.The family provided vital resources like capital, business connections, managers, commercial know-how and technical training facilities etc. But with the emergence of a modern banking system, professional managers and technical and commercial schools, the entrepreneurial family gradually lost these functions.
The evidence of this case study on Saxony suggests rather different conclusions: (1.) The family’s function for early industrial firms seems to be less vital than often assumed. Since in Saxony up until the end of the 19th century a majority of founders came from family backgrounds outside of the commercial and industrial bourgeoisie, they could not rely on resources transmitted by an established bourgeois family. (2.) In many respects industrial enterprises owned by families were a rather modern phenomenon. The emergence of family firms seems to be connected to the typical challenges of personal enterprises: Inheritance laws and practices made it difficult to pass businesses on to the next generation without impairing the firm′s liquidity. Thus ownership of industrial enterprises was transferred to increasingly wider circles of people related to each other by kinship. (3.) Family firms pursued a meaningful purpose beyond the mere maximisation of profits. Family circumstances could very well lead to serious problems for family businesses: The early death of the owner-entrepreneur could leave the firm with successors not old enough to take over the firm’s management; succeeding sons might not be suited for their assigned task; the growth of the firm could be hampered by the family’s refusal to mobilise outside capital. But challenges were often met by responses suitable to solve problems inherent to family businesses and to compensate for certain handicaps. Moreover, family based firms could count on resources, especially in times of crisis, which could be vital for survival. Thus, it seems that family became rather more important for business between the middle of the 19th and the middle of the 20th century.
Die währungspolitische Maxime der Deutschen Bundesbank aus ideengeschichtlicher Sicht
Authors: Rieter Heinz 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The paper is concerned with the law establishing the Deutsche Bundesbank of 1957, concentrating on the official tasks set to the Bundesbank of securing the currency. It is argued that this maxim is not to be identified with the goal set to the European Central Bank since 1999, i.e. to guarantee the stability of the level of prices, measured in terms of an index. The two concepts differ in terms of the history of ideas. The goal of stabilising prices derives from a quantitative understanding of economics, whereas that of securing the currency had qualitative connotations. The latter sprang from the historical experience of the decay of German currencies both after the first and after the second world war. The currency system was to be steered by hand so as to stabilise it in such a way that dramatic changes of the objective purchasing power of money were to be prevented, at the subjective feeling that money was stable could be preserved and that economic morality and the stability of the currency reinforced each other.
Oikonomia und Politik bei Aristoteles. Der oikos als Grundlage des staatlichen Lebens
Authors: Herz Peter 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The paper analyses the significance of the oikos for the conception of the ideal Greek community of citizens in the polis, starting from the central Aristotelian concepts of oikos, oikonomia and polis. The oikos and the persons who constitute it are the cell of the polis and necessary for its healthy development. Aristotle stands in the intellectual tradition of political conception which derive from the ideals of the aristocratic society of the archaic period of Greece, as represented for instance in Theognis. This can be recognised on the basis of the concepts of the ethics of an aristocracy such as Arete. The oikos used in agriculture appears as best suited for a natural life in Aristotle. Other forms of acquisitions such as handicraft, wage labour and commerce are indispensable, but they should lead to the separation of the persons pursuing such activities from the polis, and Aristotle even proposed a spatial separation. This is contrasted with the Roman conception (Cicero, De officiis), which takes over the praise of agricultural activity of the Greek conception, but develops the ideal of agricultural life for historical reasons (Cincinnatus) which corresponds to Roman tradition. The moral evaluation of commerce also shows significant differences in respect to the Greek conception, since e.g. far distance trade is regarded as acceptable.
Marktmacht und Preisdiskriminierung: Die ökonomischen Aktivitäten der beiden eigenständigen Netzwerkbetreiber WLAG und WÜSAG in der Elektrizitätsindustrie von Württemberg 1924-1933
Authors: Möllenberg Robert 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The intention of this paper is to contribute empirical observations and conclusions about monopolistic behaviour in network industries. This will be achieved by examining a special case in the electricity industry of Wurttemberg. The provision of electricity in Wurttemberg was organized in regional companies until 1933, when they were forced to merge into the Energie-Versorgung Schwaben AG. After the First World War companies started to work together, and two rivaling network operators were founded, the Württembergische Landes-Elektrizitäts AG (WLAG) and the Württembergische Sammelschienen AG (WÜSAG). The purpose of these companies was to construct and operate a transportation network between the electricity providers. They also established connections with the neighbouring states for imports of electrical power from external sources. Within the WÜSAG the customers were discriminated by monopolistic price-setting. This has lead to a nearly complete exploitation of the WÜSAG and some of her customers by one of her associates, the Rheinisch Westfälische Elektrizitätswerke AG (RWE). The behaviour of the WLAG instead has lead to a more competitional outcome. There the customers had to pay nearly identical and significantly lower prices. This analysis also demonstrates the incentives and barriers for these different behaviours.
Ökonomisches Denken und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung. Zum Zusammenhang von Wirtschaftsgeschichte und historischer Semantik der Ökonomie
Authors: Plumpe Werner 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Economic history and the history of economic thought are subjects of different academic disciplines, and usually are only loosely interrelated in academic writing. The present article takes this observation as its starting point in order to examine the relationship of economic semantics, institutional development, and varying economic practices in history. On the basis of several examples, especially from early modern history, it is shown that without consideration of the adjustment of the relevant economic semantics, those processes that finally culminated in modern capitalism cannot be understood. Economic History, in particular if it employs institutional theory in its perspective, therefore necessarily must include the history of economic thought in shaping its analytical framework.
Business Leadership in the Movement to Regulate Industrial Air Pollution in Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century America
Authors: Rosen Christine Meisner 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article concerns an important but currently still poorly understood aspect of the history of environmental reform: the leadership role played by reform minded businessmen in movements to regulate industrial air pollution in American cities between 1860 and 1920. For the most part, the task of writing the history of air pollution regulation in this period has fallen to historians who been predisposed to play up the leadership of public health and women reformers, while playing down the role of business reformers and casting anti-regulation businessmen and their organizations as the villains against which the public health and women reformers struggled. This article will use an examination of movements to regulate industrial smoke and the stenches of the meatpacking industry in Chicago, New York City, St. Louis, and several other cities to tell a different, much more complex story, one that recognizes the business community’s conflicted role in these movements. It will show that, while it is true that business interests actively opposed regulation, often bringing it to a standstill, they also played crucially important, positive leadership roles in movements whose success often hinged on the ability of environmental reformers to forge broad coalitions. It argues that only by investigating the ambiguities of business’s complex role, including its leadership role, will historians be able to explain the political strategies that led to progress in these early movements to regulate industrial air pollution.