bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Instructive influences of phagocytic clearance of dying cells on neutrophil extracellular trap generation
Authors: Manfredi A A , Covino C , Rovere-Querini P , Maugeri N 
Published: March 2014

Summary
Coordinated programmes of resolution are thought to initiate early after an inflammatory response begins, actively terminating leucocyte recruitment, allowing their demise via apoptosis and their clearance by phagocytosis. In this review we describe an event that could be implicated in the resolution of inflammation, i.e. the establishment of a refractory state in human neutrophils that had phagocytosed apoptotic cells. Adherent neutrophils challenged with apoptotic cells generate neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), filaments of decondensed chromatin decorated with bioactive molecules that are involved in the capture of various microbes and in persistent sterile inflammation. In contrast, neutrophils that had previously phagocytosed apoptotic cells lose their capacity to up-regulate β2 integrins and to respond to activating stimuli that induce NET generation, such as interleukin (IL)-8. A defective regulation of NET generation might contribute to the persistent inflammation and tissue injury in diseases in which the clearance of apoptotic cells is jeopardized, including systemic lupus erythematosus and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis.
Parenting interventions in shelter settings: a qualitative systematic review of the literature
Authors: Haskett Mary E. , Loehman Jessica , Burkhart Kimberly 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe aim of this literature review was to critique the state of the research on the effects of implementing parenting programmes in shelters for homeless families. A comprehensive search of multiple databases yielded 12 studies for inclusion. The methodological sophistication of the studies varied, with most investigations based on very small samples and one‐group pre‐post designs. Results indicated that parents generally viewed the interventions as enjoyable and informative, and attendance was good. Incentives were often used to encourage attendance. Evidence was limited in terms of effectiveness of the interventions, but the few studies of evidence‐based parenting programmes showed changes in parenting and child functioning. Suggestions are provided for future investigations in this important yet challenging field of study.
Strategic Rat Control for Restoring Populations of Native Species in Forest Fragments
Authors: ARMSTRONG DOUG P. , GORMAN NIC , PIKE RHONDA , KREIGENHOFER BRIGITTE , MCARTHUR NIKKI , GOVELLA SUSANNE , BARRETT PAUL , RICHARD YVAN 
Published: March 2014

AbstractForest fragments have biodiversity value that may be enhanced through management such as control of non‐native predators. However, such efforts may be ineffective, and research is needed to ensure that predator control is done strategically. We used Bayesian hierarchical modeling to estimate fragment‐specific effects of experimental rat control on a native species targeted for recovery in a New Zealand pastoral landscape. The experiment was a modified BACI (before‐after‐control‐impact) design conducted over 6 years in 19 forest fragments with low‐density subpopulations of North Island Robins (Petroica longipes). The aim was to identify individual fragments that not only showed clear benefits of rat control, but also would have a high probability of subpopulation growth even if they were the only fragment managed. We collected data on fecundity, adult and juvenile survival, and juvenile emigration, and modeled the data in an integrated framework to estimate the expected annual growth rate (λ) of each subpopulation with and without rat control. Without emigration, subpopulation growth was estimated as marginal (λ = 0.95–1.05) or negative (λ = 0.74–0.90) without rat control, but it was estimated as positive in all fragments (λ = 1.4–2.1) if rats were controlled. This reflected a 150% average increase in fecundity and 45% average increase in adult female survival. The probability of a juvenile remaining in its natal fragment was 0.37 on average, but varied with fragment connectivity. With juvenile emigration added, 6 fragments were estimated to have a high (>0.8) probability of being self‐sustaining (λ > 1) with rat control. The key factors affecting subpopulation growth rates under rat control were low connectivity and stock fencing because these factors were associated with lower juvenile emigration and higher fecundity, respectively. However, there was also substantial random variation in adult survival among fragments, illustrating the importance of hierarchical modeling for fragmentation studies.Control Estratégico de Ratas para Restaurar Poblaciones de Especies Nativas en Fragmentos de Bosque
Patch testing with serial dilutions of various isothiazolinones in patients hypersensitive to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone
Authors: Isaksson Marléne , Gruvberger Birgitta , Bruze Magnus 
Published: March 2014

SummaryBackgroundIn 2005, methylisothiazolinone (MI) on its own came into use as a preservative. Prior to that, MI was always present together with methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI). Can the pattern of reactivity to the separate active ingredients in allergic patients tell us something about the primary sensitizer?ObjectivesTo investigate the potential pattern of cross‐reactivity between the isothiazolinones tested, and to find the minimal elicitation concentration for each chemical, in order to determine whether the primary sensitizer is MCI or MI.MethodsPatients reacting to MCI/MI and/or MI were additionally patch tested with MCI/MI, MCI, MI, 2‐n‐octyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one (OIT) and 4,5‐dichloro‐2‐n‐octyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one (dichloro‐OIT) in serial dilutions.ResultsThree different groups of reactors were seen. One group did not react to MI; another group reacted to both MCI and MI, but had higher patch test reactivity to MCI; and a third group reacted to both MCI and MI with very similar patch test reactivity, but reacted more often to OIT and dichloro‐OIT.ConclusionsPatch testing with the active ingredients of MCI/MI in serial dilutions could give information on the primary sensitizer.
Public attitudes in Australia towards the claim that addiction is a (brain) disease
Authors: Meurk Carla , Partridge Brad , Carter Adrian , Hall Wayne , Morphett Kylie , Lucke Jayne 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsWe investigated the Australian public's understandings of addiction to alcohol and heroin and the factors predicting support for the idea that these types of addiction are ‘diseases’ and specifically ‘brain diseases’.Design and MethodsData were collected as part of the 2012 Queensland Social Survey, a computer‐assisted telephone interview of 1263 residents of Queensland, Australia. Participants were presented with scenarios of two addicted persons, one who was addicted to heroin and the other addicted to alcohol. Participants were asked a series of questions about different definitions and causes of addiction for both characters.ResultsOver half of the respondents thought that addiction is a disease (alcohol: 67%, heroin: 53%), but fewer (alcohol: 34%, heroin: 33%) believed that addiction is a brain disease. Belief that addiction has biological causes predicted agreement that addiction is a disease [alcohol: odds ratio (OR) = 3.05 (2.15–4.31), heroin: OR = 3.99 (2.82–5.65)] and a brain disease [alcohol: OR = 4.97 (3.42–7.22), heroin: OR = 14.12 (9.23–21.61)]. Women were more likely than men to agree that addiction is a disease [alcohol: OR = 1.79 (1.35–2.38), heroin: OR = 1.40 (1.09–1.81)] as were those 35 years of age and older [alcohol: OR = 2.25 (1.50–3.40), heroin: OR = 1.50 (1.01–2.24)].Discussion and ConclusionsThere is more public support for the idea that addiction is a ‘disease’ than for the more specific claim that it is a ‘brain disease’. Support for a biological aetiology of addiction predicted higher levels of agreement with both disease concepts. [Meurk C, Partridge B, Carter A, Hall W, Morphett K, Lucke J. Public attitudes in Australia towards the claim that addiction is a (brain) disease. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:272–279]
BDNF released during neuropathic pain potentiates NMDA receptors in primary afferent terminals
Authors: Chen Wenling , Walwyn Wendy , Ennes Helena S. , Kim Hyeyoung , McRoberts James A. , Marvizón Juan Carlos G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractNMDA receptors in primary afferent terminals can contribute to hyperalgesia by increasing neurotransmitter release. In rats and mice, we found that the ability of intrathecal NMDA to induce neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) internalization (a measure of substance P release) required a previous injection of BDNF. Selective knock‐down of NMDA receptors in primary afferents decreased NMDA‐induced NK1R internalization, confirming the presynaptic location of these receptors. The effect of BDNF was mediated by tropomyosin‐related kinase B (trkB) receptors and not p75 neurotrophin receptors (p75NTR), because it was not produced by proBDNF and was inhibited by the trkB antagonist ANA‐12 but not by the p75NTR inhibitor TAT‐Pep5. These effects are probably mediated through the truncated form of the trkB receptor as there is little expression of full‐length trkB in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Src family kinase inhibitors blocked the effect of BDNF, suggesting that trkB receptors promote the activation of these NMDA receptors by Src family kinase phosphorylation. Western blots of cultured DRG neurons revealed that BDNF increased Tyr1472 phosphorylation of the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor, known to have a potentiating effect. Patch‐clamp recordings showed that BDNF, but not proBDNF, increased NMDA receptor currents in cultured DRG neurons. NMDA‐induced NK1R internalization was also enabled in a neuropathic pain model or by activating dorsal horn microglia with lipopolysaccharide. These effects were decreased by a BDNF scavenger, a trkB receptor antagonist and a Src family kinase inhibitor, indicating that BDNF released by microglia potentiates NMDA receptors in primary afferents during neuropathic pain.
Osteomyelitis of the medial trochlear ridge of the talus in a horse
Authors: Amitrano F. N. , Austin S. M. , Kay A. T. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryA 12‐year‐old Quarter Horse gelding was evaluated for chronic recurrent right hindlimb cellulitis and severe lameness. Chronic tibiotarsal joint sepsis and osteomyelitis of the medial trochlear ridge were diagnosed and confirmed cytologically, arthroscopically and histologically. Trauma and secondary cellulitis and chronic septic arthritis were suspected aetiological factors.
Adverse consequences of stock recovery: European hake, a new “choke” species under a discard ban?
Authors: Baudron Alan R , Fernandes Paul G 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMany commercial fish stocks are beginning to recover under more sustainable exploitation regimes. In this study, we document the temporal and spatial changes in one remarkable example of stock recovery: northern European hake (Merluccius merluccius). Analysing data from several scientific surveys, we document a dramatic increase in estimates of biomass between 2004 and 2011 throughout the larger area now occupied by the stock. The largest increase occurred in the North Sea, where hake have been largely absent for over 50 years. Spatio‐temporally resolved commercial landings show that high densities occur in the North Sea only between April and September, suggesting a density‐dependent seasonal habitat expansion to suitable temperature and depth conditions. These changes have implications for the management of the stock which are discussed. Notably, if discards are banned as part of management revisions, the relatively low quota for hake in the North Sea will be a limiting factor (the so‐called ‘choke’ species) which may result in a premature closure of the entire demersal mixed fishery in the North Sea, jeopardizing many commercial fisheries in the region. This example of the unforeseen consequences of improved stewardship highlight the need for a more holistic, regional and responsive approach to managing our marine ecosystems.
The substrate specificity, enantioselectivity and structure of the (R)‐selective amine : pyruvate transaminase from Nectria haematococca
Authors: Sayer Christopher , Martinez‐Torres Ruben J. , Richter Nina , Isupov Michail N. , Hailes Helen C. , Littlechild Jennifer A. , Ward John M. 
Published: March 2014

During the last decade the use of transaminases for the production of pharmaceutical and fine chemical intermediates has attracted a great deal of attention. Transaminases are versatile biocatalysts for the efficient production of amine intermediates and many have (S)‐enantiospecificity. Transaminases with (R)‐specificity are needed to expand the applications of these enzymes in biocatalysis. In this work we have identified a fungal putative (R)‐specific transaminase from the Eurotiomycetes Nectria haematococca, cloned a synthetic version of this gene, demonstrated (R)‐selective deamination of several substrates including (R)‐α‐methylbenzylamine, as well as production of (R)‐amines, and determined its crystal structure. The crystal structures of the holoenzyme and the complex with an inhibitor gabaculine offer the first detailed insight into the structural basis for substrate specificity and enantioselectivity of the industrially important class of (R)‐selective amine : pyruvate transaminases.DatabaseThe atomic coordinates and structure factors for the Nectria TAm in holoenzyme and gabaculine‐bound forms have been deposited in the PDB as entries 4cmd and 4cmf respectively.Structured digital abstract• TAm and TAm bind by x-ray crystallography (View interaction)
Illuminating geographical patterns in species' range shifts
Authors: Grenouillet Gaël , Comte Lise 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSpecies' range shifts in response to ongoing climate change have been widely documented, but although complex spatial patterns in species' responses are expected to be common, comprehensive comparisons of species' ranges over time have undergone little investigation. Here, we outline a modeling framework based on historical and current species distribution records for disentangling different drivers (i.e. climatic vs. nonclimatic) and assessing distinct facets (i.e. colonization, extirpation, persistence, and lags) of species' range shifts. We used extensive monitoring data for stream fish assemblages throughout France to assess range shifts for 32 fish species between an initial period (1980–1992) and a contemporary one (2003–2009). Our results provide strong evidence that the responses of individual species varied considerably and exhibited complex mosaics of spatial rearrangements. By dissociating range shifts in climatically suitable and unsuitable habitats, we demonstrated that patterns in climate‐driven colonization and extirpation were less marked than those attributed to nonclimatic drivers, although this situation could rapidly shift in the near future. We also found evidence that range shifts could be related to some species' traits and that the traits involved varied depending on the facet of range shift considered. The persistence of populations in climatically unsuitable areas was greater for short‐lived species, whereas the extent of the lag behind climate change was greater for long‐lived, restricted‐range, and low‐elevation species. We further demonstrated that nonclimatic extirpations were primarily related to the size of the species' range, whereas climate‐driven extirpations were better explained by thermal tolerance. Thus, the proposed framework demonstrated its potential for markedly improving our understanding of the key processes involved in range shifting and also offers a template for informing management decisions. Conservation strategies would greatly benefit from identifying both the geographical patterns and the species' traits associated with complex modifications of species' distributions in response to global changes.
Thermally tolerant corals have limited capacity to acclimatize to future warming
Authors: Rodolfo‐Metalpa Riccardo , Hoogenboom Mia O. , Rottier Cécile , Ramos‐Esplá Alfonso , Baker Andrew C. , Fine Maoz , Ferrier‐Pagès Christine 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThermal stress affects organism performance differently depending on the ambient temperature to which they are acclimatized, which varies along latitudinal gradients. This study investigated whether differences in physiological responses to temperature are consistent with regional differences in temperature regimes for the stony coral Oculina patagonica. To resolve this question, we experimentally assessed how colonies originating from four different locations characterized by >3 °C variation in mean maximum annual temperature responded to warming from 20 to 32 °C. We assessed plasticity in symbiont identity, density, and photosynthetic properties, together with changes in host tissue biomass. Results show that, without changes in the type of symbiont hosted by coral colonies, O. patagonica has limited capacity to acclimatize to future warming. We found little evidence of variation in overall thermal tolerance, or in thermal optima, in response to spatial variation in ambient temperature. Given that the invader O. patagonica is a relatively new member of the Mediterranean coral fauna, our results also suggest that coral populations may need to remain isolated for a long period of time for thermal adaptation to potentially take place. Our study indicates that for O. patagonica, mortality associated with thermal stress manifests primarily through tissue breakdown under moderate but prolonged warming (which does not impair symbiont photosynthesis and, therefore, does not lead to bleaching). Consequently, projected global warming is likely to cause repeat incidents of partial and whole colony mortality and might drive a gradual range contraction of Mediterranean corals.
Biogas from dedicated energy crops in Northern Italy: electric energy generation costs
Authors: Schievano Andrea , D'Imporzano Giuliana , Orzi Valentina , Colombo Giorgio , Maggiore Tommaso , Adani Fabrizio 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAgricultural anaerobic digestion facilities are increasing in many EU member States and biomass supply is sometimes an issue. Dedicated energy crops (DEC) (mainly Maize, Triticale and Sorghum) are often used to integrate other substrates, such as agricultural residues, manure and organic waste. However, DEC production includes onerous agricultural operations (soil preparation, harvest, transport and storage) and may result in high unit costs (UC) of electric energy (EE, € kWhe−1), compared to other renewable sources. In this work, seven different types of DEC (4 different combinations of crop successions) were cultivated in 30 different parcels, distributed along the Po Valley (northern Italy), using different varieties of seeds for each crop type. All agricultural operations were accounted for their costs (988–3346 € ha−1). Biomass production was measured and reported as average of different parcels for each type of crop (31.2–187 Mg ha−1). Biomass dry matter content and biogas potential were measured on representative samples and the EE obtainable was calculated (7.9–35.3 MWhe ha−1), by assuming conservative factors (CH4 contents in biogas and electric generation yields). The costs of ensiled biomass sensibly varied (13.8–40 € Mg−1) among crop solutions, as well as the same UC of EE (0.068–0.150 € kWhe−1). These costs were considered together with typical plant management and investment costs (plant size: 0.5–1 MWe): total UC of EE generation through anaerobic digestion (considering 100% DEC) varied in a relatively wide range (0.143–0.279 € kWhe−1). When the biomass mix is ‘blended’ with low‐cost residues or organic waste, this range could be lowered to 0.096–187 € kWhe−1. Only this strategy and strong efforts in reducing technological investment/management costs can candidate biogas‐based EE as a really competitive renewable alternative to traditional sources, in the next future.
Revealing the hidden agency of children in a clinical setting
Authors: Dedding Christine , Reis Ria , Wolf Bart , Hardon Anita 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundInteractions with children in clinical settings are often criticized because parents and medical professionals speak for children rather than to them. Such approaches do not take the agency of children into account.ObjectiveFirst, to examine how children enact agency in a clinical encounter and draw lessons from this to improve health‐care practices for children and, second, to explain how looking at agency might help to move the participation agenda forwards.DesignA qualitative study incorporating a range of methods, including participant observation, interviews and focus group discussions.SettingThree hospitals in the Netherlands.ParticipantsChildren with diabetes type 1, between 8 and 12 years (n = 30), parents (n = 22) and medical professionals (n = 16).ResultsChildren do not simply accept the recurrent health education from medical professionals. Instead, they attribute their own personal meaning to their disease and treatment. Drawing from their years of experience with the disease and health care and the image of a passive and vulnerable child, they actively find ways to balance personal goals with medically defined goals.ConclusionEfforts to facilitate child participation should be based on insights into the ways in which children enact agency in the clinical encounter. Our data show that children already participate in health care and that their enactment of agency is based on a practical logic. Understanding of children's current participation and agency is needed to more successfully attune their treatment to their daily lives with diabetes. This is crucial for the success of treatment and the well‐being of children.