bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: From Mechanism to Translation
Authors: Han SeungHye , Mallampalli Rama K. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of severe hypoxemic respiratory failure that is characterized by inflammatory injury to the alveolar capillary barrier, with extravasation of protein-rich edema fluid into the airspace. Although many modalities to treat ARDS have been investigated over the past several decades, supportive therapies remain the mainstay of treatment. In this article, we briefly review the definition, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of ARDS and present emerging aspects of ARDS pathophysiology that encompass modulators of the innate immune response, damage signals, and aberrant proteolysis that may serve as a foundation for future therapeutic targets.
What Can the First 2 Months Tell Us About Outcomes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction?
Authors: Christensen Jesse C. , Goldfine Laura R. , Barker Tyler , Collingridge Dave S. 
Published: January 2015

ContextSubstantial research has been conducted on anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) to evaluate patient outcomes. However, little attention has been given to outcomes during the early phase of recovery and how early deficits affect both short- and long-term outcomes.ObjectiveTo identify relationships between demographic (age, sex, and body mass index [BMI]) and intraoperative (isolated ACLR versus primary ACLR + secondary procedures), and postoperative (range-of-motion [ROM] and peak isometric knee-extension force [PIF]) variables during the first 2 months after ACLR using self-reported outcomes.DesignCohort study.SettingOutpatient orthopaedic hospital.Patients or Other ParticipantsA total of 63 patients (38 men, 25 women; age = 33.0 ± 12.1 years; BMI = 26.3 ± 6.5 kg/m2) who underwent ACLR.Main Outcome Measure(s)Demographic, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were collected at 1 and 2 months after ACLR and were compared with International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Evaluation Form scores at 1, 2, and ≥12 months.ResultsSignificant relationships were identified between ≥12-month IKDC scores and the 1-month (Pearson correlation, r = 0.283, r2 = 0.08; P = .025) and 2-month (r = 0.301, r2 = 0.09; P = .017) IKDC scores. After controlling for other variables, we found that the PIF ratio measures at 1 and 2 months were positively associated with 1- and 2-month IKDC scores (P &lt; .001) and BMI was negatively associated with both 1- and 2-month IKDC scores (P &lt; .05). One-month IKDC scores were related to the 1-month difference in knee-flexion ROM (P = .04).ConclusionsThe IKDC scores during the first 2 months were positively correlated with patients' perceptions of function on long-term IKDC scores. It also appears that improvements in lower extremity strength and flexion ROM deficits were positively associated with short-term IKDC scores. Higher BMI was negatively associated with patients' perceptions of function on short-term IKDC scores.
Observations on the Biology of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) under Ambient Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Barde AA , Misari SM , Dike MC 
Published: January 2015

Observations on the biology of Callosobruchus maculatus( Fab.) were carried out under ambient laboratory conditions. Pattern of oviposition, female adult longevity and F1 progeny emergence in Callosobruchus maculatus ( Fab. ) were observed. The results showed that over 60% of the total number of eggs was laid during the first 72 hours of the commencement of oviposition; however, oviposition rate and F1 adult emergence of the bruchids decreased with time thereafter. The maximum adult C. maculatus survival period was about ten days.Keywords: Callosobruchus maculatus, pattern of oviposition, female adult longevity and F1 adult progeny emergence
Hannah Arendt, “Reflections on Little Rock,” and White Ignorance
Authors: Burroughs Michael D. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHannah Arendt has been criticized for her “blindness” to the sociopolitical significance of race and racism in the West, most notably, in her “Reflections on Little Rock.” I consider three prominent explanations for Arendt's wrongheaded conclusions in “Reflections.” First, the “category interpretation” presents Arendt's conclusions as resulting from her rigid application of philosophical categories—the public, the private, and the social—to events in Little Rock. Second, the “racial prejudice interpretation” presents Arendt's conclusions as resulting from her anti-black racism and her dismissal of the political strivings of African Americans. Third, the “cultural interpretation” presents Arendt's conclusions as resulting from her misunderstanding of the sociopolitical significance of race and racism in the United States. Each of these interpretations advances our understanding of Arendt's oversights, but I contend that they do not go far enough. I argue that white ignorance constitutes a fundamental epistemic error in Arendt's work and, as such, strengthens current explanations of Arendt's “blindness” to the history and political strivings of African Americans. If accepted, my analysis—following Charles Mills's work on white ignorance—calls for increased theoretical work on epistemologies of ignorance, their function in Western political philosophy, and the affect of white ignorance on cognizers in American society.
Being a Target
Authors: Fourlas George N. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In the United States people of Middle Eastern descent are legally/politically categorized as white, but in social encounters and popular representations Middle Eastern people are treated as a nonwhite inferior collective. In the absence of explicit systemic recognition through a protected class status, Middle Eastern Americans are not just vulnerable to the social-systemic violence that accompanies racialization; that violence is being tacitly permitted. I address this problem by describing the historical and political conditions that afford this racialization in the United States. I argue that the racialization of Middle Easterners, best understood from a historical perspective, is rooted in the repetitive treatment of certain peoples as objects of war to be degraded, exploited, dominated, and destroyed. To be treated as inferior and disposable is a general function of racism, which is afforded by racialization; but, the historical conditions of the mistreatment of Middle Eastern peoples create a unique set of problems and tensions that assign specific meanings which must be addressed in combating racism. Included among these tensions is a problematic narrative that claims Middle Eastern peoples are an almost naturally warlike and thus fragmented collective. The problem of disunity results from being created and treated as objects of war. Thus, social recognition, or solidarity, is needed along with systemic recognition. As a more effective means of countering the repetitious practices of subjugation, I plea for a solidarity among Middle Eastern Americans in response to Orientalist-racist scripts that claim disunity and war are the preferred condition of Middle Eastern peoples.
Is an Existential Reading of the Fight with Covey Sufficient to Explain Frederick Douglass's Critique of Slavery?
Authors: Kirkland Frank M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
There are three major items involved in Frederick Douglass's critique of enslavement—moral suasion, political abolitionism, and violent resistance. They are interrelated and comprise his critique. But ever since Angela Davis's use of existential philosophy to interpret Douglass's critique, the focus of existential readings on Douglass has been exclusively and constantly on the item of violent resistance, specifically Douglass's fight with Covey. The three items wholly derive their importance solely from this fight, according to the existential reading. Contrary to that reading, this paper shall argue that a reading of Douglass's critique should endorse a normative coordination, through practical reason, of the three items rather than an existential priority of the fight with Covey over the other two.
The “Three Circles” Construction
Authors: Alhassen Maytha 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The discursive tradition of referring to three identities, the Arab, the African, and the Islamic, as cohesive, concentric “circles” began with Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, who invoked the trope in his 1955 revolutionary handbook. Nasser's project, which challenged Western hegemony through a politics of neutrality, inspired Malik Shabazz to understand U.S. domestic coloniality in terms of overlapping diasporas. In exploring Shabazz's invocation of this trope, I here sketch a sociohistorical and political portrait of Black, Arab, and Islamic leaders who befriended Malcolm X. Shabazz's relationships with Arab American Muslim community activists, African leaders, Arab Muslim leaders, and the African American Cairo expat community not only represent these circles but also reveal their malleability. Rejecting ossified nation-state boundaries, Shabazz created a vision of a Black Atlantic Islam.
Regulation of Growth and Photosynthetic Parameters by Salicylic Acid and Calcium in Brassica juncea under Cadmium Stress
Authors: Hayat Shamsul , Ahmad Abrar , Wani Arif Shafi , Alyemeni Mohammed Nasser , Ahmad Aqil 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Cadmium, a non-essential and toxic metal, negatively affects plant growth and productivity, and alters the plant’s physiological processes necessary for its survival. The present study was designed to explore the individual and combined effects of calcium and salicylic acid (SA) on the morphology and physiology of Brassica juncea L. cv. Varuna under cadmium stress. The application of calcium (2 mM) through the soil and/or SA (10-5 M) as foliar spray enhanced the growth, photosynthetic parameters, and proline content determined after 45 days of treatment. The application of cadmium (6 mg kg-1) through the soil was toxic and decreased both growth and the photosynthetic parameters. The application of calcium and SA in combination was most effective in alleviating the harmful effects of cadmium on growth and photosynthesis. Calcium and SA clearly induced plant protection mechanisms by enhancing proline and chlorophyll accumulation in the leaves.
Radical Scavenging and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Halophyte Spergularia marina Griseb.
Authors: Kim Han Seong , Kim Jung-Ae , Karadeniz Fatih , Ahn Byul-Nim , Kong Chang-Suk 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
As a part of ongoing research to develop antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals, an ethanolic extract of Spergularia marina Griseb. was tested for its ability to scavenge radicals and suppress inflammation. The extract was able to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, and superoxide radicals, respectively, in cell-free environments as well as intracellular radicals in H2O2-stimulated mouse macrophages. Inflammation in mouse macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharides was suppressed by S. marina according to the measurement of nitric oxide generation and expression of inflammatory cytokines, i.e. tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. The anti-inflammatory effect of S. marina was substantiated by the finding that the expression of the inflammatory modulators, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), was significantly decreased. The chemical composition of S. marina was evaluated by FT-IR analysis of the extract indicating the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids. In conclusion, S. marina is suggested as a novel source for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.
De résoudre un problème à problématiser mathématiquement
Authors: Maheux Jean-François , Proulx Jérôme 
Published: January 2015

Dans cet article, nous proposons de considérer l’activité mathématique de l’élève qui traite un « problème » en remplaçant l’idée de « résolution de problème » par celle de problématisation mathématique. Cette reformulation correspond en fait à un changement de perspective sur le plan épistémologique; elle cherche à mettre en évidence l’idée que l’élève, face à une tâche, répond nécessairement au problème qu’il se pose lui-même. Nous illustrons ce changement paradigmatique à l’aide d’exemples divers et nous montrons comment l’activité de problématiser mathématiquement est elle-même en constant mouvement, révélant toute l’importance d’une perspective considérant le point de vue de l’observateur (que ce soit l’élève, l’enseignant ou un chercheur, par exemple). Prenant en partie sa source dans la théorie de l’enaction, cette proposition conduit à porter un regard sur l’activité mathématique fondée sur le faire mathématique (voir Maheux et Proulx, 2014), plutôt qu’en référence à ce qui serait « mathématiquement bon » dans une sorte d’absolu désincarné.
Émergence de la notion de « profilage politique » : répression policière et mouvements sociaux au Québec1
Authors: Dupuis-Déri Francis 
Published: January 2015

Le présent texte explique comment la notion de « profilage politique » a émergé dans l’espace public au Québec, dans les années 2000. Ce faisant, ce texte rappelle la relation entre les forces policières et les mouvements sociaux dans les années 2000, présente une synthèse des principales études savantes ayant discuté des rapports entre la police et les mouvements sociaux au Canada et au Québec, explique l’histoire de l’apparition des différentes notions de profilage (criminel, racial, social et politique) et évalue l’ampleur de la diffusion de la notion de « profilage politique » aujourd’hui.
De la professionnalisation au désengagement
Authors: Navarre Maud 
Published: January 2015

L’article analyse le devenir des femmes élues locales en France, à partir des bifurcations dans leur carrière politique. Celles-ci conduisent marginalement à la professionnalisation. Elles engendrent très souvent des trajectoires locales ou l’abandon. Les femmes qui restent en politique doivent se distancier de l’éthique altruiste propre aux outsiders en adoptant les pratiques « politiciennes ». Leur trajectoire se caractérise en outre par une dépendance aux contraintes familiales et aux leaders locaux. Elles ont rarement la possibilité de briguer une position de parlementaire car elles s’ancrent peu dans les appareils partisans. Les carrières politiques se construisent ainsi au prisme du genre.
De la reivindicación política a la industrial: la cultura en la Transición a través de tres documentales musicales
Authors: Gómez Vaquero Laura 
Published: January 2015

Resumen: La Movida ha quedado en el imaginario colectivo como la manifestación más evidente de la consecución de la libertad de expresión, por la que se apostó durante los años de transición de la dictadura a la democracia, así como también de la definitiva incorporación del país a la actualidad cultural de los países industrializados capitalistas. Sin embargo, antes de la explosión de este fenómeno cultural, otros habían sido calibrados en términos similares. El acercamiento a los documentales musicales La nova cançó (1976), Canet Rock (1976) y Nos va la marcha (1979), películas interesadas en dar cuenta de la emergencia o la consolidación en España de la nova cançó, el rock progresivo y el rock urbano, respectivamente, nos permitirá comprobar cómo ya, durante la segunda mitad de los años setenta, existían unas comunidades culturales articuladas en torno a estos fenómenos musicales que se posicionaban de manera crítica respecto al statu quo; y cómo, con la progresiva incorporación del país a las cada vez más estrictas dinámicas de la sociedad de consumo, el elemento aglutinador pronto dejaría ya de ser político y pasaría a ser cultural. Palabras clave: Transición, cultura, documental musical, nova cançó, rock progresivo, rock urbano. Abstract: The Madrilenian scene has remained in the collective memory as the clear evidence of the attainment of freedom of expression after the years of transition from dictatorship to democracy in Spain. However, before the eruption of this cultural phenomenon, some others had been appreciated in similar terms. The purpose of this article is to study three music documentaries: La nova cançó (1976), Canet Rock (1976) y Nos va la marcha (1979). This will allow us to see how, during the second half of the seventies, these musical phenomena that had erupted from the margins were considered to be places where to practice democracy in a real way; it will also remain clear how, with the gradual incorporation of the country to increasingly stringent dynamics of the consumer society, the unifying force within these communities would mutate from politics into cultureKey Words: Spanish Transition, culture, music documentary, nova cançó, progressive rock, ?urbano? rock.
HIV/AIDS and lipodystrophy: Implications for clinical management in resource‐limited settings
Authors: Finkelstein Julia L , Gala Pooja , Rochford Rosemary , Glesby Marshall J , Mehta Saurabh 
Published: January 2015

IntroductionLipodystrophy is a term used to describe a metabolic complication of fat loss, fat gain, or a combination of fat loss and gain, which is associated with some antiretroviral (ARV) therapies given to HIV‐infected individuals. There is limited research on lipodystrophy in low‐ and middle‐income countries, despite accounting for more than 95% of the burden of HIV/AIDS. The objective of this review was to evaluate the prevalence, pathogenesis and prognosis of HIV‐related lipoatrophy, lipohypertrophy and mixed syndrome, to inform clinical management in resource‐limited settings.MethodsWe conducted a structured literature search using MEDLINE electronic databases. Relevant MeSH terms were used to identify published human studies on HIV and lipoatrophy, lipohypertrophy, or mixed syndrome in low‐, low‐middle‐ and upper‐middle‐income countries through 31 March 2014. The search resulted in 5296 articles; after 1599 studies were excluded (958 reviews, 641 non‐human), 3697 studies were extracted for further review. After excluding studies conducted in high‐income settings (n=2808), and studies that did not meet inclusion criteria (n=799), 90 studies were included in this review.Results and DiscussionOf the 90 studies included in this review, only six were from low‐income countries and eight were from lower middle‐income economies. These studies focused on lipodystrophy prevalence, risk factors and side effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART). In most studies, lipodystrophy developed after the first six months of therapy, particularly with the use of stavudine. Lipodystrophy is associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic complications. This is disconcerting and anticipated to increase, given the rapid scale‐up of ART worldwide, the increasing number and lifespan of HIV‐infected patients on long‐term therapy, and the emergence of obesity and non‐communicable diseases in settings with extensive HIV burden.ConclusionsLipodystrophy is common in resource‐limited settings, and has considerable implications for risk of metabolic diseases, quality of life and adherence. Comprehensive evidence‐based interventions are urgently needed to reduce the burden of HIV and lipodystrophy, and inform clinical management in resource‐limited settings.
Amphetamine‐type stimulants and HIV infection among men who have sex with men: implications on HIV research and prevention from a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Thu Vu Nga Thi , Maher Lisa , Zablotska Iryna 
Published: January 2015

IntroductionHIV infections and the use of amphetamine‐type stimulants (ATS) among men who have sex with men (MSM) have been increasing internationally, but the role of ATS use as a co‐factor for HIV infection remains unclear. We aimed to summarize the association between ATS use and HIV infection among MSM.MethodsWe conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, GLOBAL HEALTH and PsycINFO for relevant English, peer‐reviewed articles of quantitative studies published between 1980 and 25 April 2013. Pooled estimates of the association – prevalence rate ratios (PRR, cross‐sectional studies), odds ratio (OR, case‐control studies) and hazard ratio (HR, longitudinal studies), with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) – were calculated using random‐effects models stratified by study design and ATS group (meth/amphetamines vs. ecstasy). We assessed the existence of publication bias in funnel plots and checked for sources of heterogeneity using meta‐regression and subgroup analysis.ResultsWe identified 6710 article titles, screened 1716 abstracts and reviewed 267 full text articles. A total of 35 publications were eligible for data abstraction and meta‐analysis, resulting in 56 records of ATS use. Most studies (31/35) were conducted in high‐income countries. Published studies used different research designs, samples and measures of ATS use. The pooled association between meth/amphetamine use and HIV infection was statistically significant in all three designs (PRR=1.86; 95% CI: 1.57–2.17; OR=2.73; 95% CI: 2.16–3.46 and HR=3.43; 95% CI: 2.98–3.95, respectively, for cross‐sectional, case‐control and longitudinal studies). Ecstasy use was not associated with HIV infection in cross‐sectional studies (PRR=1.15; 95% CI: 0.88–1.49; OR=3.04; 95% CI: 1.29–7.18 and HR=2.48; 95% CI: 1.42–4.35, respectively, for cross‐sectional, case‐control and longitudinal studies). Results in cross‐sectional studies were highly heterogeneous due to issues with ATS measurement and different sampling frames.ConclusionsWhile meth/amphetamine use was significantly associated with HIV infection among MSM in high‐income countries in all study designs, evidence of the role of ecstasy in HIV infection was lacking in cross‐sectional studies. Cross‐sectional study design, measurement approaches and source populations may also be important modifiers of the strength and the direction of associations. Event‐specific measure of individual drug is required to establish temporal relationship between ATS use and HIV infection. HIV prevention programmes targeting MSM should consider including interventions designed to address meth/amphetamine use.
Benign Neck Metastasis of a Testicular Germ Cell Tumor
Authors: Gavriel Haim , Kleid Stephen 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are relatively rare neoplasms considered to be curable malignancies since the introduction of cisplatin. The presence of neck metastasis has been reported, with fewer reports of metastatic mature teratoma. In this study, 3 cases of “benign neck” metastasis in patients with GCT between 1998 and 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. In all 3 cases the presenting clinical sign was a left lower neck mass, leading to the diagnosis of the primary site in the testis. All had surgical salvage following chemotherapy, with benign lesions or mature teratoma in histopathology of the neck mass. Chemotherapy was followed by salvage lower-half neck dissection showing benign features in the neck specimen, even though malignancy was proven histologically in other areas. Only 1 patient had a postoperative chyle leak, which resolved spontaneously after several days. Neck dissection is recommended in those patients because malignancy cannot be excluded.