bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Correlation Study of Social Network Usage Among Health Care Students
Authors: Suit Louise , Winkler Patricia , Campbell Linda , Pennington Karen , Szutenbach Mary Pat , Haight Robert , Roybal Deborah , McCollum Marianne 
Published: March 2015

Background:
Due to anecdotal concerns about adequacy of health professions students’ communication skills, health professions faculty at a private university formed an interprofessional research team. The study was designed to explore whether the use of social networking services (SNS) influenced health care students’ written and oral communication skills.

Method:
One hundred thirty-two students participated in the study. Communication skills were assessed by using assignments from a health care ethics course required of all students. Use of SNS was measured with an information technology questionnaire.

Results:
Contrary to expected findings, this exploratory correlation study found no meaningful relationship between the frequency of SNS usage and oral and written communication skills in health professions students.

Conclusions:

Future studies of SNS would benefit from a younger and more homogeneous study population to assess the use of SNS for learning versus leisure. [
J Nurs Educ.
2015;54(4):207–213.]
Impact of the Ice Cover onto Seismic Waves' Propagation in Shallow Arctic Water
Authors: Tcheverda V.A. , Khaidukov V.G. , Lisitsa V.V. , Reshetova G.V. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSeismic study of transition zones in Arctic regions in summer is troublesome because of the presence of large areas covered by shallow waters like bays, lakes, rivers, their estuaries and so on. The winter is more convenient and essentially facilitates logistic operations and implementation of seismic acquisition. But in winter there is a complicating factor - intensive seismic noise generated for acquisitions installed on the ice covering shallow waters. It is well-known that this noise is connected with flexural waves generated in ice by seismic sources. These waves are one of the strongest known coherent noises. At the same time they are much slower than surface waves well known for onshore acquisition and seem to be easy avoided by f-k filtration. However, this type of filtration fails to suppress such noise. To understand the matter the representative series of numerical experiments are conducted and prove that the main impact to noise is multiple conversions of flexural waves to the body ones and vice versa. Ways to reduce this noise are proposed and discussed.
Finding the Source for Hydrocarbon Leakage on the Vestnesa Ridge, NW Svalbard
Authors: Knies J. , Plaza-Faverola A. , Bünz S. , Mienert J. , Daszinnies M. , Mattingsdal R. , Chand S. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The Vestnesa Ridge, a gas and gas-hydrate-charged sediment drift on oceanic crust in eastern Fram Strait, is the result of the tectonic rifting processes at the North American-Eurasian plate boundary and the initial water mass exchanges between the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean. A revised chronostratigraphic framework with age control based on correlation to ODP Leg 151 holes, constrain the onset of the drift to at least 11 Ma. The drift deposits consist of fine-grained sediments and large quantities of methane stored as marine gas hydrates. The predominant source for the methane is, however, still debated. Potential gas sources may be a mix of biogenic, abiogenic, and thermogenic gas. For the latter, organic-rich Miocene deposits underlying the drift deposits, and leakage of gaseous hydrocarbons from deep-seated reservoirs are debated. The main objective of this study is to carry out a quantitative study on the controlling mechanisms of hydrocarbon migration from potential kitchen areas in the Fram Strait to the leakage points on the Vestnesa Ridge. The study includes the set-up and application of migration modeling techniques by applying the software package Migri to understand potential sources of hydrocarbons, timing of expulsion, and migration pathways towards the seabed. As a baseline for the study, depth converted seismic lines, fault interpretations, borehole data, and other available data are compiled along a 2D line from the central Fram Strait towards the Vestnesa Ridge at a lateral cell resolution of 100 m. Further input to this basin model comprises a siliciclastic lithology set-up at a high vertical resolution that is based on the log-data from ODP Hole 909C. The included Miocene source rock model accounts for lateral and vertical variations of the organic matter quality derived from ODP Hole 909. The results of this modelling study will be a set of gas migration and leakage scenarios that explain the present day gas leakage on the Vestnesa Ridge for either or likely combinations of the three potential gas sources debated and include the Cenozoic basin's history. Besides a best case basin model scenario, most likely (upper 10%) and least likely (lower 10%) estimates on model solution spectrum are derived. These estimates provide information on the sensitivity of the best case solution as they give insight on the range and span of feasible input parameters permitted to explain the present day gas leakage patterns in the study area.
Arctic Oil Spill Prevention and Response: Working Collaboratively to Improve and Extend Safe Practice
Authors: Winkler Mitchell , Jahre-Nilsen Catherine , Blaauw Robert , Dyve-Jones Richard 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The oil and gas industry is committed to the protection of people and the environment. Prevention of incidents is of primary importance to meet safety and environmental goals, support global reputation, maintain shareholder confidence, and essential for maintaining a license to operate. Some characteristics of the Arctic operating environment require additional consideration compared to more established offshore regions; however, wherever the industry operates, safety of people and protection of the environment takes priority over all else in the business. The oil and gas industry believes it has the right tools to operate in many Arctic provinces today, but also recognizes the need for continuous focus to improve operating practice (e.g., safety and reliability) and to extend safe practice into more demanding operating conditions. A key success factor in driving this advancement is collaboration. This collaboration comes in the form of both industry working together, and industry working with regulators, private and public stakeholder groups. This paper focuses on advancement initiatives and efforts under the auspices of the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP) and places them into the Arctic context. These initiatives include development of new technology, equipment, guidelines, standards, as well as knowledge sharing. The initiatives are aimed at both improving incident prevention and the robustness of response measures.
SAMCoT: Leveraging Cross Sector Collaboration to Drive Sustainable Energy Developments in the Arctic
Authors: Kuiper Guido , Løset Sveinung 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
SAMCoT is a centre for research-based innovation with long-term funding by the Research Council of Norway and the Energy Industry. In total 22 partners from half a dozen sectors are member of the centre which is a leading national and international centre for the development of robust technology needed by the Industry for sustainable exploration and exploitation of the Arctic region. SAMCoT, Sustainable Arctic Marine and Coastal Technology, started in 2011 and is tasked to meet the engineering challenges due to ice, permafrost and changing climate for the benefit of the energy sector and society. The Arctic research is split into 6 work packages (Data Collection and Process Modelling, Material Modelling, Fixed Structures in Ice, Floating Structures in Ice, Ice Management and Design Philosophy, and Coastal Technology).
This paper will specifically focus on how the Arctic Centre of Excellence is preparing and contributing to the sustainable industry development in the Arctic region. Research and development of new Arctic technology, the implementation of innovative methods in the oil and gas industry, collaborative way of working, and education of the next generation Arctic engineers are highlighted in the paper.
Advanced Baltic Icebreaker for Finnish Transport Agency
Authors: Kajosaari Markku 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Arctech Helsinki Shipyard is building a new icebreaker for the Finnish Transport Agency. The vessel features the most advanced technology and has been designed especially for the demanding icebreaking operations in the Baltic Sea. The vessel will be delivered by the beginning of 2016 and it will be the first LNG fuelled icebreaker ever built.
The icebreaker will operate all year round to ensure safe seaborne transports in the Baltic Sea. The main purpose of the vessel is icebreaking and assisting of vessels in ice conditions, but it will also be able to perform oil spill response operations, emergency towing and rescue operations under demanding conditions at open sea.
The icebreaking capability of the vessel will be at least equivalent to the most powerful Baltic icebreakers currently in operation. The vessel will be able to move continuously through 1.6 meter thick level ice. In open water the service speed will be 16 knots.
The special hull form and propulsion arrangement have been designed to minimize the ice resistance and maximize the icebreaking capacity. The 21 MW power station consists of a combination of main engines with differing capacity, which enables optimization of the engine load in variable operation conditions. The three azimuthing propulsors will enhance the manoeuvrability and icebreaking performance of the vessel especially in heavy ridged and rafted ice.
The icebreaker will use both low sulphur diesel and LNG as its fuel, which diminishes its emissions and operation costs. The vessel will also fulfill the international IMO Tier III emission standards, when operating with LNG.
The vessel has been designed according to the zero emission principle, which means that no waste or polluting substance will be discharged in the sea. The double hull arrangement protects all the vital tanks on board.
Permafrost Foundations Thermally Stabilized Using Thermosyphons
Authors: Yarmak Edward 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This paper presents a compendium of applications for thermosyphon type passive refrigeration devices for onshore facilities in the arctic. It's very seldom that thaw-stable permafrost or rock is available to found structures on and facilities need to be located on permafrost that is not thaw-stable. There is a long history of thaw subsidence and differential settlement when facilities on thaw unstable permafrost are not thermally stabilized.
Thermosyphons are the most widely used passive refrigeration devices and have been used since 1960 to provide thermal stability to foundations constructed on permafrost. In the arctic oil patch, thermosyphons have been used since the 1970’s with the largest single application being on the vertical support members for the Trans Alaska Pipeline that traverses Alaska. Early thermosyphon devices were installed vertically, and then in 1978, thermosyphons were first used for subgrade cooling beneath a structure with a slab-on-grade over ice-rich permafrost. In the 1980’s, thermosyphons were used to passively refrigerate the ground beneath heated tanks built on-grade negating the need for active refrigeration systems. In the 1990’s, the loop-type evaporator was developed for thermosyphons and the effective run of the evaporator beneath structures tripled. In the 2000’s, thermosyphons began to be used to solve problems around wellheads where hot oil was brought up through permafrost. Today, thermosyphons have a myriad of applications around the arctic oilfield and many of those are presented herein. Thermosyphons are not suited for all refrigeration applications in the arctic and some limitations are detailed.
Breakthrough in Arctic Shipping
Authors: Hgänninen S. , Heideman T. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Recently there have been delivered and designed new icebreakers, icebreaking shuttle tankers, container vessels and LNG carriers. Many of these vessel concepts are relying on podded propulsion system. Azipod propulsion has been selected to many of these vessels as it provides excellent ice performance for the vessel, good torque characteristics for the propeller and there already exists proven track record of ice operations.
Currently the demand for even bigger icebreaking vessels with higher capacity is increasing. Due to increasing market need ABB Marine have further developed Azipod propulsion concept to meet the demands of arctic ice classes and power requirements of more than 15 000 kW per thruster unit. This paper will give an overview of 25 year of development of azimuth podded propulsion, Azipod, for icebreaking vessels and introduce latest breakthrough projects in arctic shipping.
ACVs in the Arctic
Authors: Andrews Darren , Architect Naval , Cox Malcolm 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Description of the Proposed Paper
To set out current advances in Air Cushion Vehicle (ACV) technology and planned future developments including the results of recent trials.

Application
The Arctic environment presents a number of challenges, the extreme cold, ice and weather conditions combine to create difficult operating conditions. Many of the logistical/Escape Evacuation and Rescue (EER), solutions proposed can provide an effective solution during certain times of the year, but struggle to provide year round cover; particularly in regions where significant ice ridging can be found. The ACV has the potential to fulfil these roles, carrying significantly higher payloads at lower cost, maintaining operability and a proven safety record when compared to helicopters, while providing a swifter response at reduced cost when compared to ice breakers in a number of ice and weather conditions. ACV designs have been documented as having a low impact on the surrounding environment and have a minimal below water acoustic signature providing a solution for crew change, routine and emergency resupply and EER.
ACVs do however have a lower operability envelope in heavy seas and can be affected by ice surface features such as rubble fields and ridges, and so one of the key risks to mitigate was ice ridge height. Initial studies confirmed that an ACV needed to be able to cross ridges up to 2.75m in height to effectively operate in the Alaskan region, and hence ridge crossing trials were proposed by Shell to develop a momentum balance equation to establish thrust requirements for ACVs to cross ridges of a specified height and full craft width.

Results, Observations, and Conclusions
The ridge crossing trials involved the use of the largest hovercraft in Griffon Hoverwork (GHL) range, a BHT 130, 30m in length capable of carrying 130 passengers with a unique ice ridge crossing skirt design. The ACV was monitored using a suite of sensors and was run over simulated ridges of different cross sections to test; friction coefficients, yaw angles, heights, and speeds. The conclusion was that it would be entirely feasible to develop an ACV capable of a controlled crossing of a 2.75m ice ridge whilst maintaining a safe approach speed. Shell is working closely with GHL on planning the next stages of technical development with a view to a future deployment of an ACV. Further developments revolve around a technology roadmap which has been outlined to examine the key technologies that could have a significant impact on ACV design, and explore how they can be supported and implemented.

Significance of Subject Matter
The ultimate aim is to produce a new breed of ACVs with variants encompassing routine resupply/passenger transport, heavy lift and EER that can provide an integral part of the logistical and EER solution for the Arctic whilst minimizing the environmental impacts of the work.
Challenges of Ice Model Tests on Moored DP Assisted Structures
Authors: Schröder Christian , Jorde Jørgen 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The combination of decreasing ice volume and thickness in Arctic regions results in extended activities of the oil and gas companies in these areas. Actually installed offshore structures are mostly fixed or moored ones. Problematic for moored structures especially with a turret position leading to an indifferent encounter angle is the heading of the vessel regarding the ice drift direction. That is why the idea was raised to combine moored offshore structures (such as FPSO's) with a dynamic heading control system. By such a system the heading can be adjusted to the optimal encounter angle of either waves or ice. Thereby the resistances especially due to changes of the ice drift direction shall be significantly reduced. The advantage of this system in comparison to a completely DP controlled vessel is, that the ice loads are mainly taken by the passive mooring system which does not need any fuel and is able to handle with high resistances while only the heading is controlled by the active thrusters. In case thrusters are installed at the front of the vessel which faces the ice, they may help to protect the turret, mooring lines and risers by their wash from ice contact. Additionally the vessel may operate independently in case of an emergency release of the turret due to critical ice loads on the mooring system.
To investigate the benefits and challenges of moored and heading controlled vessel a new test set-up for ice model tests was developed at HSVA. The test set-up combines the already existing knowledge for moored structures with the recently developed DP system for model tests in ice. The DP system is a result of the recent research project DYPIC (www.dypic.eu) and is operating in a new designed mode which only controls the heading of the vessel. During testing the mooring system is simulated by lines leading from the turret to an underwater framework. The mooring characteristic (stiffness) is simulated by an individual combination of springs submerged and fixed on the framework. Above the water surface the model is tracked by an optical tracking system which is connected to the modified DP system. The optical tracking system and the submerged framework are fixed to the carriage. The ice drift is simulated by the movement of the towing carriage.
The paper will describe the test set-up possibilities for the new test method as well as the experiences with the first ice model tests. Especially the challenges according to the modified dynamic heading algorithm shall be discussed. Based on analysis of the ice model test results the future work on the algorithm with regard to full scale vessels will be pointed out.
Thermal Characterization of Potential Leaks in Offshore Pipelines
Authors: Siebenaler Shane , Iyer Mahesh , Kulkarni Mohan , Salmatanis Nikolaos 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The operation of remote offshore pipelines, particularly those under seasonal ice cover, may need a means of detecting potential leaks at any point along the pipeline and at any time. Potential leak cases of interest are pinhole leaks out of the bottom of the pipe due to corrosion, weld or seam cracks, or damage due to third-party contact. Technologies are desired to provide leak detection coverage around the clock over long lengths of pipeline. One potential technology is distributed temperature sensing.
A key element of evaluating the applicability of leak detection systems is to characterize the behavior of leaks. It is important to understand how leaks behave when employing a technology that has only been previously used for other conditions. A joint-industry program was initiated to evaluate the thermal behavior of hypothetical underwater leaks. The environments studied range from shallow, Arctic applications to deep offshore installations. Analytical models were assessed to predict the jetting behavior of simulated leaks and their near-field thermal responses. These models were validated by means of laboratory experiments.
This information can be leveraged by a number of technologies, as the data are independent of the measurement mechanism. While the intention of this work is to evaluate distributed fiber-optic systems, the data on leak characteristics may also provide indications of applicability of other techniques for detecting potential underwater leaks. The data from this project will allow the industry to improve the understanding of potential leaks from underwater pipelines and, hence, lay the foundation for determining appropriate detection systems.
Update on Probabilistic Assessment of Multi-year Sea Ice Loads on Vertical-faced Structures
Authors: Thijssen Jan , Fuglem Mark , Muggeridge Karen , Morrison Tom , Spencer Paul 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The Sea Ice Loads Software (SILS) is a Monte-Carlo type simulator developed by C-CORE for determining first and multiyear design sea ice loads, following the ISO 19906 methodology. Due to complexities in ice failure mechanics and associated uncertainties, these models are necessarily empirical or require simplifying assumptions. To account for uncertainty, conservatism must be built into models. A number of improvements to the software have recently been implemented in order to more realistically include a number of model components applicable to multi-year ridge loads and limit forces.
This paper provides an overview of new modules accounting for ridge breakout, driving force ramp-up and ridge geometry modeling. Sensitivity runs show that design loads are affected significantly by accounting for these processes, compared to the previous implementation of ISO 19906 in SILS.
The objective of this paper is to present the analytical model components and their implementation in SILS, and to demonstrate the influence of the changes by means of a scenario wherein a vertical sided structure encounters multi-year level ice and ridges.
Ice Based Construction of Offshore Arctic Pipelines
Authors: Cowin T.G. , Lanan G.A. , Young C.H. , Maguire D.H. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In the nearshore zone of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, three subsea pipeline bundles have been successfully installed by using conventional onshore construction equipment in the winter season operating from a thickened sea ice platform. Differences in water depth, route length and corresponding pipeline design for BP Northstar, Pioneer Oooguruk and Eni Nikaitchuq impacted the winter construction procedures used for each project. Each of these projects used the winter construction season to its maximum advantage, allowing the use of conventional and adapted onshore construction equipment and techniques. Comparatively, ice based winter pipeline construction in subarctic conditions has been generally less successful. On-ice pipeline fabrication and installation into a subsea trench has a track record for shallow water pipeline installation with reduced permitting issues compared to summer installation. Based on the experiences of these projects, this paper reviews the limitations of on-ice construction, the typical construction activities; the main equipment used and will highlight the main lessons learned.