bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Massive Hemorrhage
Authors: Dutton Richard P. , Lee Lorri A. , Stephens Linda S. , Posner Karen L. , Davies Joanna M. , Domino Karen B. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Background:
Hemorrhage is a potentially preventable cause of adverse outcomes in surgical and obstetric patients. New understanding of the pathophysiology of hemorrhagic shock, including development of coagulopathy, has led to evolution of recommendations for treatment. However, no recent study has examined the legal outcomes of these claims. The authors reviewed closed anesthesia malpractice claims related to hemorrhage, seeking common factors to guide future management strategies.

Methods:
The authors analyzed 3,211 closed surgical or obstetric anesthesia malpractice claims from 1995 to 2011 in the Anesthesia Closed Claims Project. Claims where patient injury was attributed to hemorrhage were compared with all other surgical and obstetric claims. Risk factors for hemorrhage and coagulopathy, clinical factors, management, and communication issues were abstracted from claim narratives to identify recurrent patterns.

Results:
Hemorrhage occurred in 141 (4%) claims. Obstetrics accounted for 30% of hemorrhage claims compared with 13% of nonhemorrhage claims (P < 0.001); thoracic or lumbar spine surgery was similarly overrepresented (24 vs. 6%, P < 0.001). Mortality was higher in hemorrhage than nonhemorrhage claims (77 vs. 27%, P < 0.001), and anesthesia care was more often judged to be less than appropriate (55 vs. 38%, P < 0.001). Median payments were higher in hemorrhage versus nonhemorrhage claims ($607,750 vs. $276,000, P < 0.001). Risk factors for hemorrhage and coagulopathy were common, and initiation of transfusion therapy was commonly delayed.

Conclusions:
Hemorrhage is a rare, but serious, cause of anesthesia malpractice claims. Understanding which patients are at risk can aid in patient referral decisions, design of institutional systems for responding to hemorrhage, and education of surgeons, obstetricians, and anesthesiologists.
Single haplotype assembly of the human genome from a hydatidiform mole
Authors: Steinberg Karyn Meltz , Schneider Valerie A. , Graves-Lindsay Tina A. , Fulton Robert S. , Agarwala Richa , Huddleston John , Shiryev Sergey A. , Morgulis Aleksandr , Surti Urvashi , Warren Wesley C. , Church Deanna M. , Eichler Evan E. , Wilson Richard K. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTAn accurate and complete reference human genome sequence assembly is essential for accurately interpreting individual genomes and associating sequence variation with disease phenotypes. While the current reference genome sequence is of very high quality, gaps and misassemblies remain due to biological and technical complexities. Large repetitive sequences and complex allelic diversity are the two main drivers of assembly error. Although increasing the length of sequence reads and library fragments can help overcome these problems, even the longest available reads do not resolve all regions of the human genome. In order to overcome the issue of allelic diversity, we used genomic DNA from an essentially haploid hydatidiform mole, CHM1. We utilized several resources from this DNA including a set of end-sequenced and indexed BAC clones, an optical map, and 100X whole genome shotgun (WGS) sequence coverage using short (lllumina) read pairs. We used the WGS sequence and the GRCh37 reference assembly to create a sequence assembly of the CHM1 genome. We subsequently incorporated 382 finished CHORI-17 BAC clone sequences to generate a second draft assembly, CHM1_1.1 (NCBI AssemblyDB GCA_000306695.2). Analysis of gene and repeat content show this assembly to be of excellent quality and contiguity, and comparisons to ClinVar and the NHGRI GWAS catalog show that the CHM1 genome does not harbor an excess of deleterious alleles. However, comparison to assembly-independent resources, such as BAC clone end sequences and long reads generated by a different sequencing technology (PacBio), indicate misassembled regions. The great majority of these regions is enriched for structural variation and segmental duplication, and can be resolved in the future by sequencing BAC clone tiling paths. This publicly available first generation assembly will be integrated into the Genome Reference Consortium (GRC) curation framework for further improvement, with the ultimate goal being a completely finished gap-free assembly.
The dynamics of sperm cooperation in a competitive environment
Authors: Fisher Heidi S. , Giomi Luca , Hoekstra Hopi E. , Mahadevan L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSperm cooperation has evolved in a variety of taxa and is often considered a response to sperm competition, yet the benefit of this form of collective movement remains unclear. Here we use fine-scale imaging and a minimal mathematical model to study sperm aggregation in the rodent genusPeromyscus. We demonstrate that as the number of sperm cells in an aggregate increase, the group moves with more persistent linearity but without increasing speed; this benefit, however, is offset in larger aggregates as the geometry of the group forces sperm to swim against one another. The result is a non-monotonic relationship between aggregate size and average velocity with both a theoretically predicted and empirically observed optimum of 6-7 sperm/aggregate. To understand the role of sexual selection in driving these sperm group dynamics, we compared two sister-species with divergent mating systems and find that sperm ofP. maniculatus(highly promiscuous), which have evolved under intense competition, form optimal-sized aggregates more often than sperm ofP. polionotus(strictly monogamous), which lack competition. Our combined mathematical and experimental study of coordinated sperm movement reveals the importance of geometry, motion and group size on sperm velocity and suggests how these physical variables interact with evolutionary selective pressures to regulate cooperation in competitive environments.
How Ebola impacts social dynamics in gorillas: a multistate modelling approach
Authors: Genton Céline , Pierre Amandine , Cristescu Romane , Lévréro Florence , Gatti Sylvain , Pierre Jean‐Sébastien , Ménard Nelly , Le Gouar Pascaline 
Published: July 2014

Summary

Emerging infectious diseases can induce rapid changes in population dynamics and threaten population persistence. In socially structured populations, the transfers of individuals between social units, for example, from breeding groups to non‐breeding groups, shape population dynamics. We suggest that diseases may affect these crucial transfers.

We aimed to determine how disturbance by an emerging disease affects demographic rates of gorillas, especially transfer rates within populations and immigration rates into populations.

We compared social dynamics and key demographic parameters in a gorilla population affected by Ebola using a long‐term observation data set including pre‐, during and post‐outbreak periods. We also studied a population of undetermined epidemiological status in order to assess whether this population was affected by the disease. We developed a multistate model that can handle transition between social units while optimizing the number of states.

During the Ebola outbreak, social dynamics displayed increased transfers from a breeding to a non‐breeding status for both males and females. Six years after the outbreak, demographic and most of social dynamics parameters had returned to their initial rates, suggesting a certain resilience in the response to disruption. The formation of breeding groups increased just after Ebola, indicating that environmental conditions were still attractive. However, population recovery was likely delayed because compensatory immigration was probably impeded by the potential impact of Ebola in the surrounding areas. The population of undetermined epidemiological status behaved similarly to the other population before Ebola.

Our results highlight the need to integrate social dynamics in host‐population demographic models to better understand the role of social structure in the sensitivity and the response to disease disturbances.
(Re)Producing Nature in Pyrmont and Ultimo
Authors: TROY LAURENCE 
Published: July 2014

AbstractUrban political ecology (UPE), as articulated by Heynen et al., is premised on the refusal to ontologically separate nature and society. The urban becomes representative of an unbounded process of ‘urbanisation’, a complex interplay between ecological, political, and economic processes that produce historically and geographically contingent outcomes. Importantly, it advances a historical conception of nature, and problems in and of nature, that necessarily encompasses the socio‐economic conditions of its production. This paper presents research into the formation of urban sustainability policy in Australia that draws on the theoretical insights offered by the UPE approach. Using one of Australia's largest urban regeneration projects as a focus, Pyrmont and Ultimo in Sydney, this paper discusses how the politics and economics of urban change and development framed possibilities of how urban environmental problems were firstly understood and, secondly, how they could be addressed. In doing so, this foreclosed alternative visions of urban policy that do not align with hegemonic forms of socio‐economic regulation.
Body mass estimation in non‐avian bipeds using a theoretical conversion to quadruped stylopodial proportions
Authors: Campione Nicolás E. , Evans David C. , Brown Caleb M. , Carrano Matthew T. 
Published: July 2014

Summary

Body mass is strongly related to both physiological and ecological properties of living organisms. As a result, generating robust, broadly applicable models for estimating body mass in the fossil record provides the opportunity to reconstruct palaeobiology and investigate evolutionary ecology on a large temporal scale.

A recent study provided strong evidence that the minimum circumference of stylopodial elements (humerus and femur) is conservatively associated with body mass in living quadrupeds. Unfortunately, this model is not directly applicable to extinct bipeds, such as non‐avian dinosaurs.

This study presents a new equation that mathematically corrects the quadruped equation for use in bipeds. It is derived from the systemic difference in the circumference‐to‐area scaling relationship of two circles (hypothetical quadruped) and one circle (hypothetical biped), which represent the cross‐section of the main weight‐bearing limb bones.

When applied to a newly constructed data set of femoral circumferences and body masses in living birds, the new equation reveals errors that are significantly lower than other published equations, but significantly higher than the error inherent in the avian data set. Such errors, however, are expected given the unique overall femoral circumference–body mass scaling relationship found in birds.

Body mass estimates for a sample of bipedal dinosaurs using the new model are consistent with recent estimates based on volumetric life reconstructions, but, in contrast, this equation is simpler to use, with the concomitant potential to provide a wider set of body mass estimates for extinct bipeds.

Although it is evident that no one estimation model is flawless, the combined use of the corrected quadrupedal equations and the previously published quadrupedal equation offer a consistent approach with which to estimate body masses in both quadrupeds and bipeds. These models have implications for conducting large‐scale macroevolutionary analyses of body size throughout the evolutionary history of terrestrial vertebrates, and, in particular, across major changes in body plan, such as the evolution of bipedality in archosaurs and quadrupedality in dinosaurs.
Monitoring of myocardial function by ultrasonic transducers
Authors: ESPINOZA ANDREAS W. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundThe aim of this PhD thesis was to provide a continuous method to monitor myocardial function during cardiac surgery with the superior sensitivity of ultrasonic technique and the continuity of electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring.MethodsAn ultrasound system with epicardial transducers was provided, presenting real‐time M‐mode LV wall images. In two experimental studies the transducers were tested. Their sensitivity in myocardial function assessment was compared to ECG and hemodynamics during ischemia and hypothermia. In one patient study during off‐pump coronary artery bypass surgery the transducers were used to monitor myocardial function, and an automated analysis algorithm was tested.ResultsIn the experimental studies the ultrasound system could detect myocardial dysfunction during ischemia, and diastolic dysfunction during hypothermia. In the patient study the ultrasound signal detected ischemia without concomitant ECG ST‐segment abnormalities or hemodynamic changes. The automated algorithm had equal sensitivity for detection of ischemic myocardial dysfunction as manual off‐line analysis.ConclusionsThe provided ultrasound system could give continuous real‐time monitoring of myocardial function, and detect myocardial dysfunction with superior sensitivity than ECG or hemodynamic monitoring. This could be used for improved monitoring of myocardial function during cardiac surgery.
Champions of the Movement or Fair‐weather Heroes? Individualization and the (A)politics of Local Food
Authors: Busa Julianne H. , Garder Rebekah 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe ask to what degree consumers who act out movement practices (eg local food consumption) may do so without regard for larger environmental and social justice implications, and how focus on individual concerns reflects the partial (but increasing) neoliberalization and depoliticization of the alternative food movement. Coupling narratives from five citizen‐consumers with analysis of organizational discourse from a major food movement organization in Massachusetts’ Pioneer Valley, we examine the interplay of individual and collective identity to point to places where modified discourse and movement tactics may produce more fruitful outcomes (eg greater community food security). Ultimately, we argue that individualistic interpretations of alternative food are reinforced by organizational campaigns that shape collective identity, casting “buying local” as a heroic act, thereby re‐casting others as anti‐heroes. Counteracting individualization with a new politics of possibility should be prioritized, as citizen‐consumers will inevitably determine future landscapes of food, environmental sustainability and social justice.
Chromosome Band 7q34 Deletions Resulting in KIAA1549‐BRAF and FAM131B‐BRAF Fusions in Pediatric Low‐Grade Gliomas
Authors: Roth Jacquelyn J. , Santi Mariarita , Pollock Avrum N. , Harding Brian N. , Rorke‐Adams Lucy B. , Tooke Laura S. , Biegel Jaclyn A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe majority of pediatric low‐grade gliomas (LGGs) are characterized by constitutive activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway through various mechanisms including BRAF mutations, inactivation of NF1, and KIAA1549‐BRAF and FAM131B‐BRAF fusions. The KIAA1549‐BRAF fusion typically results from a 2.0 Mb tandem duplication in chromosome band 7q34. In the present study, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐based array analysis of three LGGs demonstrated deletions in 7q34 that resulted in a BRAF fusion. Case 1 was likely a pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) with three deletions in 7q33q34 and an exon 15‐9 KIAA1549‐BRAF fusion. SNP array analysis of case 2, a possible dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT), revealed a 2.6 Mb deletion, which included the 5′ end of BRAF and extended to the 3′ end of FAM131B. In case 3, deletions involving BRAF and FAM131B were observed in both a primary and a recurrent PA. RNA‐based sequence analysis of cases 2 and 3 confirmed a fusion between FAM131B exon 2 and BRAF exon 9. The presence of fusion transcripts in these three LGGs highlights the utility of SNP array analysis to identify deletions that are suggestive of fusion proteins. BRAF fusions can result from multiple non‐overlapping deletions, suggesting various complex mechanisms of formation.
Self‐concept of left‐behind children in China: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Wang X. , Ling L. , Su H. , Cheng J. , Jin L. , Sun Y‐H. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe aim of our study was to systematically review studies which had compared self‐concept in left‐behind children with the general population of children in China. Relevant studies about self‐concept of left‐behind children in China published from 2004 to 2014 were sought by searching online databases including Chinese Biological Medicine Database (CBM), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, Vip Database, PubMed Database, Google Scholar and Web of Science. The methodological quality of the articles was assessed by using Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale (NOS). Poled effect size and associated 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using the random effects model. Cochrane's Q was used to test for heterogeneity and I2 index was used to determine the degree of heterogeneity. Nineteen studies involving 7758 left‐behind children met the inclusion criteria and 15 studies were included in a meta‐analysis. The results indicated that left‐behind group had a lower score of self‐concept and more psychological problems than the control group. The factors associated with self‐concept in left‐behind children were gender, age, grade and the relationships with parents, guardians and teachers. Left‐behind children had lower self‐concept and more mental health problems compared with the general population of children. The development of self‐concept may be an important channel for promoting mental health of left‐behind children.
Supporting parents following childhood traumatic brain injury: a qualitative study to examine information and emotional support needs across key care transitions
Authors: Kirk S. , Fallon D. , Fraser C. , Robinson G. , Vassallo G. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIntroductionTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and acquired disability in childhood. Research has demonstrated that TBI can lead to long‐term physical, cognitive, emotional and behavioural difficulties for children and parental stress. Less is known about how parents experience a childhood brain injury and their information and support needs. This study aimed to examine parents' experiences and support needs following a childhood TBI from the time of the accident to their child's discharge home.MethodsQualitative semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 29 parents/carers of children who had experienced a severe TBI. Participants were recruited from one children's tertiary centre in the UK. Data were analysed using the Framework approach.ResultsParents had unmet information and emotional support needs across the care trajectory from the time of the accident to their child's return home. Information needs related to the impact of the TBI on their child; current and future treatment/rehabilitation plans; helping their child and managing their behaviour; accessing services/support. They lacked information and support for care transitions. In different settings parents faced particular barriers to having their information needs met. Parents' felt they needed emotional support in coming to terms with witnessing the accident and the loss of their former child. Lack of community support related not only to service availability but to a general lack of understanding of the impact of TBI on children, particularly when this was invisible. Overall parents felt unsupported in coping with children's behavioural and psychological difficulties.DiscussionTaking a holistic approach to examining parents' experiences and support needs has enabled their changing needs to be highlighted across key care transitions within hospital and community settings and the service implications identified. Improvements in care co‐ordination across care transitions are needed to ensure continuity of care and integration of support.
Measuring maternal responsiveness in a community‐based sample of slow‐to‐talk toddlers: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Down K. , Levickis P. , Hudson S. , Nicholls R. , Wake M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundMaternal responsiveness is important in early language development, but its measurement by direct observation has to date been unrealistic in community settings because of training and time constraints. We report on the development and cross‐sectional comparison of a global rating of maternal responsiveness against a detailed measure of responsiveness at age 24 months.MethodsThe community‐based sample comprised 246 toddlers and their mothers, identified as being slow‐to‐talk at age 18 months within the Let's Learn Language population‐based randomized controlled trial. At age 24 months, mother–child dyads were videotaped during 15 minutes of free‐play and children undertook a standardized language assessment. Videos were blindly rated on both the new global measure, comprising a single rating of responsiveness on a five‐point Likert scale, and a detailed rating of responsiveness known to predict language outcomes, comprising a sum of specific maternal responsive behaviours.ResultsThe global rating scale required relatively little training and ratings could be conducted in real time. The global and detailed ratings of maternal responsiveness showed moderate correlation (r = 0.44; P < 0.001). Small positive correlations were found between the global rating and expressive (r = 0.23; P < 0.001), receptive (r = 0.28, P < 0.001) and total language (r = 0.28; P < 0.001) at age 24 months.ConclusionThe global rating scale was efficient and moderately effective as a measure of maternal responsiveness. It is possible that, combined with other risk measures including concurrent language skills, it could strengthen prediction of which children will and will not go on to experience lasting language difficulties.
Modulation of the kallikrein/kinin system by the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Uzawa A , Mori M , Taniguchi J , Kuwabara S 
Published: July 2014

Summary
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Bradykinin is the end-product of the kallikrein/kinin system, which has been recognized as an endogenous target for combating CNS inflammation. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors influence the kallikrein/kinin system and reportedly have immunomodulatory characteristics. The objectives of this study were to determine whether bradykinin is involved in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, and whether bradykinin control by the ACE inhibitor could be a therapeutic target in MS. The ACE inhibitor enalapril (1·0 or 0·2 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to EAE mice and the serum levels of bradykinin and cytokines in EAE mice were analysed. As a result, the administration of enalapril increased serum bradykinin levels, decreased the clinical and pathological severity of EAE and attenuated interleukin-17-positive cell invasion into the CNS. Additionally, bradykinin receptor antagonist administration reduced the favourable effects of enalapril. Our results suggest that bradykinin is involved in the pathomechanism underlying CNS inflammation in EAE, possibly through inhibiting cell migration into CNS. Control of the kallikrein/kinin system using ACE inhibitors could be a potential therapeutic strategy in MS.