bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognostic Impact of Deficient DNA Mismatch Repair in Patients With Stage III Colon Cancer From a Randomized Trial of FOLFOX-Based Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Authors: Sinicrope Frank A. , Mahoney Michelle R. , Smyrk Thomas C. , Thibodeau Stephen N. , Warren Robert S. , Bertagnolli Monica M. , Nelson Garth D. , Goldberg Richard M. , Sargent Daniel J. , Alberts Steven R. 
Published: September 2013

PurposeThe association of deficient DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) with prognosis in patients with colon cancer treated with adjuvant fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) chemotherapy remains unknown.Patients and MethodsResected, stage III colon carcinomas from patients (N = 2,686) randomly assigned to FOLFOX ± cetuximab (North Central Cancer Treatment Group N0147 trial) were analyzed for mismatch repair (MMR) protein expression and mutations in BRAFV600E(exon 15) and KRAS (codons 12 and 13). Association of biomarkers with disease-free survival (DFS) was determined using Cox models. A validation cohort (Cancer and Leukemia Group B 88903 trial) was used.ResultsdMMR was detected in 314 (12%) of 2,580 tumors, of which 49.3% and 10.6% had BRAFV600Eor KRAS mutations, respectively. MMR status was not prognostic overall (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.82; 95% CI, 0.64 to 1.07; P = .14), yet significant interactions were found between MMR and primary tumor site (Pinteraction= .009) and lymph node category (N1 v N2; Pinteraction= .014). Favorable DFS was observed for dMMR versus proficient MMR proximal tumors (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.94; P = .018) but not dMMR distal tumors (HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 0.99 to 2.95; P = .056), adjusting for mutations and covariates. Any survival benefit of dMMR was lost in N2 tumors. Mutations in BRAFV600E(HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.70; P = .009) or KRAS (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.21 to 1.70; P < .001) were independently associated with worse DFS. The observed MMR by tumor site interaction was validated in an independent cohort of stage III colon cancers (Pinteraction= .037).ConclusionThe prognostic impact of MMR depended on tumor site, and this interaction was validated in an independent cohort. Among dMMR cancers, proximal tumors had favorable outcome, whereas distal or N2 tumors had poor outcome. BRAF or KRAS mutations were independently associated with adverse outcome.
End Points and Trial Design in Geriatric Oncology Research: A Joint European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer–Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology–International Society of Geriatric Oncology Position Article
Authors: Wildiers Hans , Mauer Murielle , Pallis Athanasios , Hurria Arti , Mohile Supriya G. , Luciani Andrea , Curigliano Giuseppe , Extermann Martine , Lichtman Stuart M. , Ballman Karla , Cohen Harvey Jay , Muss Hyman , Wedding Ulrich 
Published: September 2013

Selecting the most appropriate end points for clinical trials is important to assess the value of new treatment strategies. Well-established end points for clinical research exist in oncology but may not be as relevant to the older cancer population because of competing risks of death and potentially increased impact of therapy on global functioning and quality of life. This article discusses specific clinical end points and their advantages and disadvantages for older individuals.Randomized or single-arm phase II trials can provide insight into the range of efficacy and toxicity in older populations but ideally need to be confirmed in phase III trials, which are unfortunately often hindered by the severe heterogeneity of the older cancer population, difficulties with selection bias depending on inclusion criteria, physician perception, and barriers in willingness to participate. All clinical trials in oncology should be without an upper age limit to allow entry of eligible older adults. In settings where so-called standard therapy is not feasible, specific trials for older patients with cancer might be required, integrating meaningful measures of outcome. Not all questions can be answered in randomized clinical trials, and large observational cohort studies or registries within the community setting should be established (preferably in parallel to randomized trials) so that treatment patterns across different settings can be compared with impact on outcome. Obligatory integration of a comparable form of geriatric assessment is recommended in future studies, and regulatory organizations such as the European Medicines Agency and US Food and Drug Administration should require adequate collection of data on efficacy and toxicity of new drugs in fit and frail elderly subpopulations.
Sentinel Node Mapping for Gastric Cancer: A Prospective Multicenter Trial in Japan
Authors: Kitagawa Yuko , Takeuchi Hiroya , Takagi Yu , Natsugoe Shoji , Terashima Masanori , Murakami Nozomu , Fujimura Takashi , Tsujimoto Hironori , Hayashi Hideki , Yoshimizu Nobunari , Takagane Akinori , Mohri Yasuhiko , Nabeshima Kazuhito , Uenosono Yoshikazu , Kinami Shinichi , Sakamoto Junichi , Morita Satoshi , Aikou Takashi , Miwa Koichi , Kitajima Masaki 
Published: September 2013

Purpose Complicated gastric lymphatic drainage potentially undermines the utility of sentinel node (SN) biopsy in patients with gastric cancer. Encouraged by several favorable single-institution reports, we conducted a multicenter, single-arm, phase II study of SN mapping that used a standardized dual tracer endoscopic injection technique. Patients and Methods Patients with previously untreated cT1 or cT2 gastric adenocarcinomas < 4 cm in gross diameter were eligible for inclusion in this study. SN mapping was performed by using a standardized dual tracer endoscopic injection technique. Following biopsy of the identified SNs, mandatory comprehensive D2 or modified D2 gastrectomy was performed according to current Japanese Gastric Cancer Association guidelines. Results Among 433 patients who gave preoperative consent, 397 were deemed eligible on the basis of surgical findings. SN biopsy was performed in all patients, and the SN detection rate was 97.5% (387 of 397). Of 57 patients with lymph node metastasis by conventional hematoxylin and eosin staining, 93% (53 of 57) had positive SNs, and the accuracy of nodal evaluation for metastasis was 99% (383 of 387). Only four false-negative SN biopsies were observed, and pathologic analysis revealed that three of those biopsies were pT2 or tumors > 4 cm. We observed no serious adverse effects related to endoscopic tracer injection or the SN mapping procedure. Conclusion The endoscopic dual tracer method for SN biopsy was confirmed as safe and effective when applied to the superficial, relatively small gastric adenocarcinomas included in this study.
Captivity and hospitality in the New Americas
Authors: Lee Melissa Karmen 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This article discusses the languages of hospitality as influential in the construction of nationhood. Concepts such as ‘home’ and ‘belonging’ and ‘otherness’ have all contributed towards the understanding of America as a boundary-enforced country, outlining the mapping and bordering of empire expansion in the New World. The relationship of hospitality with nation building manufactures a sense of entitlement, community and national identity among its citizens. In this context, hospitality links home and comfort to the building of a nation and continent, yet also in a more ominous fashion, implies the demarcation of boundaries, the violent hostility of host and homelands and implied hostility directed towards external factors threatening the conceptual and geographical borders of home. This article examines nineteenth-century captivity narratives by Mary Jemison and Susannah Johnson to further understand the negotiating process of home and visitor relationships between the Anglo European settlers and the Amerindians.
Taste: A bloodless revolution
Authors: Finkelstein Joanne 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The public debates about taste arrived in the public domain during the eighteenth century although the practice of creating social divisions through the discipline of rules of etiquette has had many precedents. The consumer age is distinguished by a trade in taste: conspicuous consumption becomes a new social mode. Individuals consumed goods and services in order to demonstrate their capacity to consume. Consumption was not limited by need but became an expression of taste that in turn reflected social mobility and wealth. The training of taste was a new commodity with the democratization of consumption and with the publication of books on household protocols and the rules of conduct at social events. The churning of distinctions through the ‘trickle down’ and the ‘springing up’ of changes in style becomes intertwined with social mobility and industrial modernity which, in turn, produces a divorce between fashion and taste. A further consequence is that being fashionable is increasingly a sign of the lack of taste, although it was not always so.
Working in the ‘Bleak House’ – an autoethnographic study of ethnic segmentation, precarization and informalization in the London hotel industry
Authors: Slavnic Zoran 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
During the past three decades, the traditional model of the welfare state in advanced economies has been replaced successively by the neo-liberal economic and political model. As a result, global labour markets today are extensively characterized by precariousness, instability, insecurity, vulnerability, risk and, of course, increased exploitation. However, these processes have not affected all segments of the population or all sectors of the economy equally severely. Some groups and individuals, and certain sectors, have been affected worse and earlier than others. This article attempts to demonstrate this through a case study of labour conditions in the London hotel industry in the mid-1980s. Using the author’s personal experience as an empirical point of departure, the article demonstrates how the precarious nature of the work, ethnic segmentation and informal economic arrangements that dominated the London hotel industry at that time were early signs of what were going to become the key characteristics of most economic sectors not only in London and the United Kingdom, but – today – globally.
Risk of Suicide Attempt in Adopted and Nonadopted Offspring
Authors: Keyes Margaret A. , Malone Stephen M. , Sharma Anu , Iacono William G. , McGue Matt 
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE:We asked whether adoption status represented a risk of suicide attempt for adopted and nonadopted offspring living in the United States. We also examined whether factors known to be associated with suicidal behavior would mediate the relationship between adoption status and suicide attempt.METHODS:Participants were drawn from the Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study, which included 692 adopted and 540 nonadopted offspring and was conducted at the University of Minnesota from 1998 to 2008. Adoptees were systematically ascertained from records of 3 large Minnesota adoption agencies; nonadoptees were ascertained from Minnesota birth records. Outcome measures were attempted suicide, reported by parent or offspring, and factors known to be associated with suicidal behavior including psychiatric disorder symptoms, personality traits, family environment, and academic disengagement.RESULTS:The odds of a reported suicide attempt were ∼4 times greater in adoptees compared with nonadoptees (odds ratio: 4.23). After adjustment for factors associated with suicidal behavior, the odds of reporting a suicide attempt were reduced but remained significantly elevated (odds ratio: 3.70).CONCLUSIONS:The odds for reported suicide attempt are elevated in individuals who are adopted relative to those who are not adopted. The relationship between adoption status and suicide attempt is partially mediated by factors known to be associated with suicidal behavior. Continued study of the risk of suicide attempt in adopted offspring may inform the larger investigation of suicidality in all adolescents and young adults.
Validity of Different Pediatric Early Warning Scores in the Emergency Department
Authors: Seiger Nienke , Maconochie Ian , Oostenbrink Rianne , Moll Henriëtte A. 
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE:
Pediatric early warning scores (PEWS) are being advocated for use in the emergency department (ED). The goal of this study was to compare the validity of different PEWS in a pediatric ED.

METHODS:
Ten different PEWS were evaluated in a large prospective cohort. We included children aged &lt;16 years who had presented to the ED of a university hospital in The Netherlands (2009−2012). The validity of the PEWS for predicting ICU admission or hospitalization was expressed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

RESULTS:
These PEWS were validated in 17 943 children. Two percent of these children were admitted to the ICU, and 16% were hospitalized. The areas under the ROC curves for predicting ICU admission, ranging from 0.60 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57−0.62) to 0.82 (95% CI: 0.79–0.85), were moderate to good. The area under the ROC curves for predicting hospitalization was poor to moderate (range: 0.56 [95% CI: 0.55–0.58] to 0.68 [95% CI: 0.66–0.69]). The sensitivity and specificity derived from the ROC curves ranged widely for both ICU admission (sensitivity: 61.3%–94.4%; specificity: 25.2%–86.7%) and hospital admission (sensitivity: 36.4%–85.7%; specificity: 27.1%–90.5%). None of the PEWS had a high sensitivity as well as a high specificity.

CONCLUSIONS:
PEWS can be used to detect children presenting to the ED who are in need of an ICU admission. Scoring systems, wherein the parameters are summed to a numeric value, were better able to identify patients at risk than triggering systems, which need 1 positive parameter.
Vitamin D3 Supplementation and Childhood Diarrhea: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Aluisio Adam R. , Maroof Zabihullah , Chandramohan Daniel , Bruce Jane , Mughal M. Zulf , Bhutta Zulfiqar , Walraven Gijs , Masher Mohammad I. , Ensink Jeroen H.J. , Manaseki-Holland Semira 
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on the incidence and risk for first and recurrent diarrheal illnesses among children in Kabul, Afghanistan.

METHODS:
This double-blind placebo-controlled trial randomized 3046 high-risk 1- to 11-month-old infants to receive 6 quarterly doses of oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol 100 000 IU) or placebo in inner city Kabul. Data on diarrheal episodes (≥3 loose/liquid stools in 24 hours) was gathered through active and passive surveillance over 18 months of follow-up. Time to first diarrheal illness was analyzed by using Kaplan-Meier plots. Incidence rates and hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated by using recurrent event Poisson regression models.

RESULTS:
No significant difference existed in survival time to first diarrheal illness (log rank P = .55). The incidences of diarrheal episodes were 3.43 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.28–3.59) and 3.59 per child-year (95% CI, 3.44–3.76) in the placebo and intervention arms, respectively. Vitamin D3 supplementation was found to have no effect on the risk for recurrent diarrheal disease in either intention-to-treat (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.98–1.17; P = .15) or per protocol (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.98–1.12; P = .14) analyses. The lack of preventive benefit remained when the randomized population was stratified by age groups, nutritional status, and seasons.

CONCLUSIONS:
Quarterly supplementation with vitamin D3 conferred no reduction on time to first illness or on the risk for recurrent diarrheal disease in this study. Similar supplementation to comparable populations is not recommended. Additional research in alternative settings may be helpful in elucidating the role of vitamin D3 supplementation for prevention of diarrheal diseases.
Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in Child Care Settings: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Lange Shannon , Shield Kevin , Rehm Jürgen , Popova Svetlana 
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND:Children often enter a child-care system (eg, orphanage, foster care, child welfare system) because of unfavorable circumstances (eg, maternal alcohol and/or drug problems, child abuse/neglect). Such circumstances increase the odds of prenatal alcohol exposure, and thus this population can be regarded as high risk for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The primary objective was to estimate a pooled prevalence for fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and FASD in various child-care systems based on data from existing studies that used an active case ascertainment method.METHODS:A systematic literature review, using multiple electronic bibliographic databases, and meta-analysis of internationally published and unpublished studies that reported the prevalence of FAS and/or FASD in all types of child-care systems were conducted. The pooled prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by using the Mantel-Haenszel method, assuming a random effects model. Sensitivity analyses were performed for studies that used either passive surveillance or mixed methods.RESULTS:On the basis of studies that used active case ascertainment, the overall pooled prevalence of FAS and FASD among children and youth in the care of a child-care system was calculated to be 6.0% (60 per 1000; 95% CI: 38 to 85 per 1000) and 16.9% (169 per 1000; 95% CI: 109 to 238 per 1000), respectively.CONCLUSIONS:The results confirm that children and youth housed in or under the guardianship of the wide range of child-care systems constitute a population that is high-risk for FASD. It is imperative that screening be implemented in these at-risk populations.
Developmental Trajectories of Daily Activities in Children and Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Vos Rimke C. , Becher Jules G. , Ketelaar Marjolijn , Smits Dirk-Wouter , Voorman Jeanine M. , Tan Siok Swan , Reinders-Messelink Heleen A. , Dallmeijer Annet J. 
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVES:
To describe the developmental trajectories of mobility performance and daily activities in children and young adults with cerebral palsy (CP). To explore the influence of gross motor function and intellectual disability on these trajectories.

METHODS:
Four hundred and twenty-four Dutch participants with CP (aged 1–20 years at study onset) were followed yearly over a period of 2 to 4 years. Developmental trajectories (from ages 1–16 years) were described for mobility performance and performance of daily activities, assessed by using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale for gross motor function (classified by the Gross Motor Function Classification System) and intellectual disability (by IQ or school type). A subanalysis was done for performance of daily activities in a subgroup of participants without intellectual disability (aged 1–24 years).

RESULTS:
The developmental trajectories of mobility performance differed according to levels of gross motor function but not levels of intellectual disability. Intellectual disability affected the performance of daily activities, with lower overall trajectory levels for participants with intellectual disabilities. For participants without intellectual disability, high-level developmental trajectories were found, with values similar to those of typically developing children despite differences in gross motor function level.

CONCLUSIONS:
Mobility performance is determined mainly by levels of gross motor function. For performance of daily activities, intellectual disability was a more important determinant. Participants without intellectual disability showed developmental trajectories approaching values for typically developing participants. These estimated trajectories can guide rehabilitation interventions and future expectations for children and young adults with CP.
Antepartum and Intrapartum Factors Preceding Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Martinez-Biarge Miriam , Diez-Sebastian Jesus , Wusthoff Courtney J. , Mercuri Eugenio , Cowan Frances M. 
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE:
To determine whether antepartum factors alone, intrapartum factors alone, or both in combination, are associated with term neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).

METHODS:
A total of 405 infants ≥35 weeks’ gestation with early encephalopathy, born between 1992 and 2007, were compared with 239 neurologically normal infants born between 1996 and 1997. All cases met criteria for perinatal asphyxia, had neuroimaging findings consistent with acute hypoxia-ischemia, and had no evidence for a non–hypoxic-ischemic cause of their encephalopathy.

RESULTS:
Both antepartum and intrapartum factors were associated with the development of HIE on univariate analysis. Case infants were more often delivered by emergency cesarean delivery (CD; 50% vs 11%, P &lt; .001) and none was delivered by elective CD (vs 10% of controls). On logistic regression analysis only 1 antepartum factor (gestation ≥41 weeks) and 7 intrapartum factors (prolonged membrane rupture, abnormal cardiotocography, thick meconium, sentinel event, shoulder dystocia, tight nuchal cord, failed vacuum) remained independently associated with HIE (area under the curve 0.88; confidence interval 0.85–0.91; P &lt; .001). Overall, 6.7% of cases and 43.5% of controls had only antepartum factors; 20% of cases and 5.8% of controls had only intrapartum factors; 69.5% of cases and 31% of controls had antepartum and intrapartum factors; and 3.7% of cases and 19.7% of controls had no identifiable risk factors (P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Our results do not support the hypothesis that HIE is attributable to antepartum factors alone, but they strongly point to the intrapartum period as the necessary factor in the development of this condition.
The Cost of Compliance to Sarbanes-Oxley: An Examination of the Real Estate Investment Industry
Authors: Shaw Wayne H. , Terando William D. 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARY
Studies documenting the increased audit cost of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 have focused on large cross industry samples of industrial firms. To control for differences in industry and business complexities such as foreign operations or segments, these studies have relied on various dichotomous variables. In addition, the studies have either focused on the cost of Section 404 related to internal control testing or assumed that the increases in audit pricing occurred in 2002 when the law was enacted. By focusing on one industry (REITS), we find that dummy variables may not adequately capture the effect of complexity in an industry. We also show that considering within-industry variations in audit pricing leads to the conclusion that the increase due to SOX is actually lower than previously thought. Finally, by structuring the tests to measure separately for the costs of the audit independence provisions and the internal control provisions, we find that the costs of SOX were much greater than that shown in prior studies, resulting in a 200 percent increase in SOX related costs to REITs with about 75 percent of that increase related to Section 404.
Traversing the Regulatory Maze of Charity Care: The Institutional Method and IRC §501(r)
Authors: Campbell Linda J. , Smith Pamela C. , Hostetler J. Michael 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
The search for a concise definition of charity care continues to elude both practitioners and healthcare administrators. U.S. legislators recently took action by creating the new Internal Revenue Code (IRC) §501(r), mandating hospitals document and justify their tax-exempt status. The new provisions still do not provide a succinct definition of charity care, but may provide an opportunity to establish a quantifiable baseline of the normal level of charity care for hospitals. This paper looks to the history of charity care in the U.S., recent regulatory challenges, the theory of legal realism, and the institutional method to develop an approach to provide clear guidance on acceptable levels of charity care.