bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The fossil history of Grévy's zebra (Equus grevyi) in equatorial East Africa
Authors: Faith J. Tyler , Tryon Christian A. , Peppe Daniel J. , Fox David L. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAimWithin the last several decades, Grévy's zebra (Equus grevyi) has undergone a massive reduction in geographical range and population size, largely as the result of human impacts. To place its recent decline in a deeper prehistoric context, and to understand the factors mediating its range and abundance over geological time frames, this study examines the fossil history of Grévy's zebra in equatorial East Africa.LocationEquatorial East Africa.MethodsPresence/absence data for ungulates recovered from fossil sites spanning the last c. 400,000 years in Kenya and Ethiopia were compiled from the literature and from previously unreported palaeontological sites. Associations between Grévy's zebra and other taxa were examined using principal coordinates analysis and non‐random species pairs were identified using a Bayesian approach. Changes in rainfall were reconstructed using the average hypsodonty index of ungulate species from fossil assemblages.ResultsGrévy's zebra was common during dry phases of the Pleistocene and was found to the south and west of its historical range, coinciding with an expansion of arid grasslands. At the onset of the Holocene, Grévy's zebra was extirpated from southern Kenya and almost completely disappeared from the fossil record. Grévy's zebra was associated with several specialized grazers that became extinct by the end of the Pleistocene. These extinctions and the decline of Grévy's zebra from the Pleistocene to the Holocene are explained by increased precipitation and the consequent loss of arid grasslands at the Pleistocene–Holocene transition. Grévy's zebra is never associated with domestic livestock, unlike the widespread plains zebra.Main conclusionsGrévy's zebra thrived in equatorial East Africa during periods of the Pleistocene when environmental conditions favoured an expansion of arid grasslands. Environmental change across the Pleistocene–Holocene transition contributed to decreases in the range size and abundance of Grévy's zebra, setting the stage for the anthropogenic decline observed in recent decades. The spread of pastoralists in the middle Holocene may have additionally contributed to its prehistoric decline. Contemporary climate change warrants further consideration in planning for the long‐term survival of Grévy's zebra.
Sources older people draw on to nurture, strengthen and improve self‐efficacy in managing home rehabilitation following orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Tung Yi‐Chen , Cooke Marie , Moyle Wendy 
Published: October 2012

Aims and objectives.  To explore how older people maintained and improved their self‐efficacy in managing home rehabilitation and their adherence to rehabilitation exercise programmes following orthopaedic surgery.Background.  Successful postoperative orthopaedic rehabilitation for older people depends on building their confidence about adherence to exercise programmes designed to improve their functional performance. Many older people, however, do not reach a satisfactory level of functional ability before discharge and some fail to adhere to their rehabilitation exercise programme at home. This contributes to a reduced quality of life. Although many studies report the influences of self‐efficacy, little is known about the factors that help rebuild self‐efficacy beliefs towards postdischarge exercise following orthopaedic surgery.Design.  A descriptive exploratory qualitative study.Methods.  Semi‐structured interviews were used with 15 older people who had returned to their homes following orthopaedic surgery.Results.  Findings emphasise the importance of social support from family, friends and community to nurture self‐efficacy. Accessing personal beliefs and attitudes, adaptive strategies and goal setting were all sources and ways participants rebuilt their confidence and motivation in regard to adhering to a rehabilitation programme.Conclusion.  Facilitating self‐efficacy assists older people to manage home rehabilitation and planning care with family and friends to create a support system in early discharge planning allows a safer and smoother recovery.Relevance to clinical practice.  Rehabilitation programmes and education should encourage an understanding of self‐efficacy as a means to improve individual functional performance.
Resilience in families with a member with chronic pain: a mixed methods study
Authors: West Caryn , Buettner Petra , Stewart Lee , Foster Kim , Usher Kim 
Published: October 2012

Aims and objective.  To measure and explore between 2007–2010 measure and explore the nature of family resilience in the context of families with a member with chronic pain.Background.  Chronic pain impacts on the entire family. The literature suggests that it is possible to strengthen resilience in individuals with chronic conditions, but little is known about the impact of chronic pain on family resilience.Design.  A explanatory sequential mixed method study was undertaken.Methods.  In the initial quantitative phase, assessment measures were administered using the Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale, Family Impact of Pain Scale, Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 and Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey. Data were collected and analysed from 31 family cases (n = 67 participants). In the second, qualitative phase, follow‐up semi‐structured interviews were undertaken with 10 families to help explain the quantitative results.Results.  The impact of pain on the family was high overall, but the perceived impact was greater for the person with pain. Resilience scores were above average for both the person with pain and other family members. However, the person with pain scored lower on the resilience scale than other members of the family. The families scored high for social support overall, while the person with pain perceived they had greater support than their family members.Conclusions.  Identifying the strengths or resilient properties inherent in families and using those strengths in the planning and implementation of care, especially of chronic conditions such as chronic pain, is pivotal to quality health outcomes.Relevance to clinical practice. It is important that nurses and healthcare professionals include family members when planning and delivering care for persons with chronic pain. Identification of strengths within families can help tailor nursing interventions to meet family needs.
Large geographic range size reflects a patchwork of divergent lineages in the long‐toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum)
Authors: Lee‐Yaw J. A. , Irwin D. E. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractFor northern taxa, persistence in multiple vs. single Pleistocene refugia may have been an important determinant of contemporary range size, with larger ranges achieved by species that colonized the north from several glacial refugia. Under this hypothesis, widespread species are expected to demonstrate marked phylogeographic structure in previously glaciated regions. We use a genome‐wide survey to characterize genetic structure and evaluate this hypothesis in the most widely distributed salamander in the Pacific Northwest, the long‐toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum). Patterns of variation based on 751 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci and mitochondrial sequence data were concordant and support the recognition of at least four distinct lineages of long‐toed salamander. The distributions of these lineages indicate that multiple refugia contributed to the species' large contemporary range. At the same time, with up to 133AFLPbands differing between lineages and levels of sequence divergence ranging from 2.5 to 5.8%, these lineages would be considered separate species by some definitions. Such splitting would partition the large geographic range of the long‐toed salamander into several relatively restricted ranges. Our results thus also underscore the potential for estimates of geographic range size to vary considerably depending on the taxonomic treatment of cryptic lineages.
The effects of competition on the strength and softness of selection
Authors: Ho E. K. H. , Agrawal A. F. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDeleterious alleles are constantly introduced into populations due to mutation. In subdivided populations, the impact of these mutations depends on the strength of selection as well as the softness of selection, that is, the extent to which fitness is governed by local rather than global competition. It is widely appreciated that the intensity and type of competition will affect selection on deleterious mutations but most empirical work has focused solely on the effects of competition on selection strength. However, competition has rarely been studied in the context of selection ‘softness’ even though competition is at the conceptual root of soft selection. All other things being equal, theory predicts that inter‐ and intraspecific competitions have opposing effects on the softness of selection. Using Drosophila melanogaster, we estimated the strength and softness of selection in a ‘baseline’ competitive environment as well as two additional competitive environments characterized by either additional intra‐ or interspecific competitors. We found that competitive environment had little effect on the average strength of selection. While the softness of selection was affected by the type of competition, the direction of change varied across tests of different genes, contrary to expectation. Although the ‘hard/soft’ selection paradigm implicitly assumes that all individuals are equally sensitive to the local competitive environment, we found this not to be the case. Wild‐type individuals were more sensitive to changes in the genetic quality of their local competitors than mutant individuals.
Evolution of dispersal in metacommunities of interacting species
Authors: Chaianunporn T. , Hovestadt T. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractTheoretical studies on the evolution of dispersal in metacommunities are rare despite empirical evidence suggesting that interspecific interactions can modify dispersal behaviour of organisms. To understand the role of species interactions for dispersal evolution, we utilize an individual‐based model of a metacommunity where local population dynamics follows a stochastic version of theNicholson–Bailey model and dispersal probability is an evolving trait. Our results show that in comparison with a neutral system (commensalism), parasitism promotes dispersal of hosts and parasites, while mutualism tends to reduce dispersal in both partners. Search efficiency of guests (only in the case of parasitism), dispersal mortality and external extinction risk can influence the evolution of dispersal of all partners. In systems composed of two host and two guest species, lower dispersal probabilities evolve under parasitism as well as mutualism than in one host and one guest species systems. This is because of frequency‐dependent modulations of dispersal benefits emerging in such systems for all partners.
Reflective practice groups for nurses: A consultation liaison psychiatry nursing initiative: Part 2 – the evaluation
Authors: Dawber Chris 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis paper outlines an evaluation of reflective practice groups (RPG) involving nurses and midwives from three clinical nursing specialties at Redcliffe and Caboolture Hospitals, Queensland, Australia. The groups were facilitated by the consultation liaison psychiatry nurse and author using a process‐focused, whole‐of‐group approach to explore clinical narrative in a supportive group setting. This was a preliminary evaluation utilizing a recently‐developed tool, the Clinical Supervision Evaluation Questionnaire, along with externally‐facilitated focus groups. Nurses and midwives responded favourably to RPG, reporting a positive impact on clinical practice, self‐awareness, and resilience. The majority of participants considered RPG had positive implications for team functioning. The focus groups identified the importance of facilitation style and the need to address aspects of workplace culture to enable group development and enhance the capacity for reflection. Evaluation of the data indicates this style of RPG can improve reflective thinking, promote team cohesion, and provide support for nurses and midwives working in clinical settings. Following on from this study, a second phase of research has commenced, providing more detailed, longitudinal evaluation across a larger, more diverse group of nurses.
‘Hungering and Lusting for Women and Fleshly Delicacies’: Reconstructing Grammatical Relations for Proto‐Germanic*
Authors: Barđdal Jóhanna , Eythórsson Thórhallur 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSyntactic reconstruction has long been virtually outlawed in historical‐comparative research, more or less ever since Watkins’s influential works on the problems of reconstructing word order for Proto‐Indo‐European. Recently, through the emergence of Construction Grammar, where complex syntactic structures are regarded as form–function pairings, a resurgence of syntactic reconstruction is made possible, as complex syntactic structures become a legitimate object of the Comparative Method. Given the legitimacy of syntactic reconstruction, and hence the possible reconstruction of argument‐structure constructions, a major question arises as to whether grammatical relations are also reconstructable for earlier undocumented language periods. We argue that if the constructions singling out grammatical relations can be reconstructed for a proto‐branch, the grammatical relations following from these are also reconstructable for that proto‐branch. In order to illustrate our methodology, we show how a reconstruction of the subject function in Proto‐Germanic may be carried out, more specifically of oblique‐subject predicates like ‘hunger’, ‘thirst’ and ‘lust’, based on the subject properties found in the earliest Germanic daughter languages.
Chinese Networks and Tariff Evasion
Authors: Rotunno Lorenzo , Vézina Pierre‐Louis 
Published: October 2012

AbstractChinese networks are known to act as trade catalysts by enforcing contracts and providing market information. This paper shows they also play a role in import‐tariff evasion. As illegal trade activities occur outside the law, market information is scant and formal contract enforcement institutions are non‐existent. This renders networks the more important for the matching of illicit‐minded traders, identification of corrupt customs agents and enforcement of informal contracts. In this paper, we find robust evidence that Chinese networks, proxied by ethnic Chinese migrant populations, increase tariff evasion, that is, the tariff semi‐elasticity of China’s missing trade.
The Alliance of Virtue and Vanity inHume's Moral Theory
Authors: Reed Philip A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this article I argue that vanity, the desire for and delight in the favorable opinion of others, plays a fundamental role inHume's account of moral motivation.Hume says that vanity and virtue are inseparable, though he does not explicitly say how or why this should be. I argue thatHume's account of sympathy can explain this alliance. In resting moral sentiment on sympathy,Hume gives a fundamental role to vanity as it becomes either a mediating motive to virtue or else strengthens the otherwise weak motive of moral sentiment.
The Eligibility of Ethical Naturalism
Authors: Edwards Douglas 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPerhaps the two main contemporary formulations of ethical naturalism –SyntheticEthicalNaturalism (SEN) andAnalyticalDescriptivism – seem to conflict with plausible views about cases where moral debate and disagreement is possible. Both lack safeguards to avoid divergence of reference across different communities, which can scupper the prospects for genuine moral disagreement. I explore the prospects for supplementing both views with Lewis's notion of eligibility, arguing that this can solve the problem for a modified form of analytical descriptivism, and for a modified form ofSENtoo (though perhaps more controversially). I close by considering the appropriateness of using the notions of eligibility and joint‐carving in ethics.
Early‐onset absence epilepsy: SLC2A1 gene analysis and treatment evolution
Authors: Agostinelli S. , Traverso M. , Accorsi P. , Beccaria F. , Belcastro V. , Capovilla G. , Cappanera S. , Coppola A. , Dalla Bernardina B. , Darra F. , Ferretti M. , Elia M. , Galeone D. , Giordano L. , Gobbi G. , Nicita F. , Parisi P. , Pezzella M. , Spalice A. , Striano S. , Tozzi E. , Vignoli A. , Minetti C. , Zara F. , Striano P. , Verrotti A. 
Published: October 2012

Background and purposesTo determine the prevalence of SLC2A1 mutations in children with early‐onset absence epilepsy (EOAE) and to investigate whether there were differences in demographic and electroclinical data between patients who became seizure‐free with anti‐epileptic drug (AED) monotherapy (group I) and those who needed add‐on treatment of a second AED (group II).MethodsWe reviewed children with EOAE attending different Italian epilepsy centers. All participants had onset of absence seizures within the first 3 years of life but otherwise conformed to a strict definition of childhood absence epilepsy. Mutation analysis of SLC2A1 was performed in each patient.ResultsEighty‐four children (57 in group I, 27 in group II) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. No mutation in SLC2A1 was found. There were no statistical differences between the two groups with regard to F/M ratio, age at onset of EOAE, early history of febrile seizures, first‐degree family history for genetic generalized epilepsy, duration of AED therapy at 3 years after enrollment, use of AEDs at 3 years, failed withdrawals at 3 years, terminal remission of EOAE at 3 years, and 6‐month follow‐up EEG data. Mean duration of seizures/active epilepsy was significantly shorter in group I than in group II (P = 0.008).ConclusionsWe demonstrate that in a large series of children with rigorous diagnosis of EOAE, no mutations in SLC2A1 gene are detected. Except for duration of seizures/active epilepsy, no significant differences in demographic and electroclinical aspects are observed between children with EOAE who responded well to AED monotherapy and those who became seizure‐free with add‐on treatment of a second AED.
Association of Chr17q25 with cerebral white matter hyperintensities and cognitive impairment: the J‐SHIPP study
Authors: Tabara Y. , Igase M. , Okada Y. , Nagai T. , Uetani E. , Kido T. , Ochi N. , Takita R. , Yamamoto M. , Kohara K. , Miki T. 
Published: October 2012

Background and purposeA recent genome‐wide association study has successfully identified several genetic variations in the Chr17q25 locus as susceptible genotypes for white matter hyperintensities. We report the first replication study in subjects of non‐European origin. We also investigated possible associations with other asymptomatic cerebrovascular diseases and cognitive function.MethodsStudy subjects were 1190 general Japanese persons (66.0 ± 8.9 years old). Asymptomatic cerebrovascular damage, including lacunar infarctions, microbleeds, periventricular hyperintensity and deep and subcortical white matter hyperintensity (DSWMH), was evaluated by brain magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsA polymorphism rs3744028 was significantly associated with DSWMH grade (P = 0.015) but not periventricular hyperintensity, lacunar infarction, and microbleeds. Although age, hypertension, insulin resistance, B‐type natriuretic peptide, and carotid atherosclerosis were also correlated with DSWMH, association of the genotype was independent of these environmental risk factors. In contrast, the risk allele had a protective effect against reduced cognitive function.ConclusionSusceptibility of the 17q25 locus may be conserved beyond ethnic differences. Genetic variants may have bipolar effects on brain histological and functional changes.
Impact of SO2 on Arabidopsis thaliana transcriptome in wildtype and sulfite oxidase knockout plants analyzed by RNA deep sequencing
Authors: Hamisch Domenica , Randewig Dörte , Schliesky Simon , Bräutigam Andrea , Weber Andreas P. M. , Geffers Robert , Herschbach Cornelia , Rennenberg Heinz , Mendel Ralf R. , Hänsch Robert 
Published: October 2012

Summary

High concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) as an air pollutant, and its derivative sulfite, cause abiotic stress that can lead to cell death. It is currently unknown to what extent plant fumigation triggers specific transcriptional responses.

To address this question, and to test the hypothesis that sulfite oxidase (SO) is acting in SO2 detoxification, we compared Arabidopsis wildtype (WT) and SO knockout lines (SO‐KO) facing the impact of 600 nl l−1 SO2, using RNAseq to quantify absolute transcript abundances. These transcriptome data were correlated to sulfur metabolism‐related enzyme activities and metabolites obtained from identical samples in a previous study.

SO‐KO plants exhibited remarkable and broad regulative responses at the mRNA level, especially in transcripts related to sulfur metabolism enzymes, but also in those related to stress response and senescence. Focusing on SO regulation, no alterations were detectable in the WT, whereas in SO‐KO plants we found up‐regulation of two splice variants of the SO gene, although this gene is not functional in this line.

Our data provide evidence for the highly specific coregulation between SO and sulfur‐related enzymes like APS reductase, and suggest two novel candidates for involvement in SO2 detoxification: an apoplastic peroxidase, and defensins as putative cysteine mass storages.
The D3 F‐box protein is a key component in host strigolactone responses essential for arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
Authors: Yoshida Satoko , Kameoka Hiromu , Tempo Misaki , Akiyama Kohki , Umehara Mikihisa , Yamaguchi Shinjiro , Hayashi Hideo , Kyozuka Junko , Shirasu Ken 
Published: October 2012

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) represents an ancient endosymbiosis between plant roots and Glomeromycota fungi. Strigolactones (SLs), plant‐derived terpenoid lactones, activate hyphal branching of AM fungi before physical contact. Lack of SL biosynthesis results in lower colonization of AM fungi.

The F‐box protein, DWARF3 (D3), and the hydrolase family protein DWARF14 (D14) are crucial for SL responses in rice. Here we conducted AM fungal colonization assays with the SL‐insensitive d3 and d14 mutants.

The d3 mutant exhibited strong defects in AM fungal colonization, whereas the d14 mutant showed higher AM fungal colonization. As D14 has a homologous protein, D14‐LIKE, we generated D14‐LIKE knockdown lines by RNA interference in the wildtype and d14 background. D14 and D14‐LIKE double knockdown lines exhibited similar colonization rates as those of the d14‐1 mutant.

D3 is crucial for establishing AM symbiosis in rice, whereas D14 and D14‐LIKE are not. Our results suggest distinct roles for these SL‐related components in AM symbiosis.