bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHARACTERISTICS OF DRIVERS REFERRED BY POLICE TO VICROADS: EVIDENCE FOR INDICATORS OF DECLINING DRIVING COMPETENCE
Authors: Di Stefano M , Cai S , Williams T 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundCognitive and physical impairments associated with health conditions and ageing may impact on driving capacity. With no age-based mandatory assessment, VicRoads relies on self and community referrals to initiate the process of identifying and managing potentially at-risk drivers. The majority of drivers reported to VicRoads are referred by police. As there is no published research which describes police referred drivers, this is an important study.AimsResearchers sought to understand police referral information and the characteristics and medical review outcomes for a sample of drivers.MethodsA retrospective data mining methodology was applied to a sample of active de-identified driver files. Data were analysed using descriptive and χ2analyses.ResultsDriver files (n=131) were reviewed and police referrals (n=141) were examined (some files had >1 referral). Average driver age was 76 years and 92% had at least one medical diagnosis. The majority of referrals (n=133) described an instigating event for example, poor driving (80%) and/or a crash (68%), with most occurring at intersections (37%) or in car parks (20%). Events were commonly associated with inappropriate/dangerous driving (62%) or failing to obey road laws (47%). The review process resulted in licence cancellation/suspension for 46% of drivers: licence withdrawal was associated with increasing age, certain medical conditions, poor driving and inappropriate driver behaviour.SignificancePolice play an important role in DLA medical review systems: results highlight (a) what triggers a review request and driver characteristics, and (b) the need to educate police and the community about indicators of declining driving competency.
SITUATION OF CHILD INJURIES IN VIETNAM AND INTERVENTIONS
Authors: Tran TNL , Luong MA , Khieu TQT 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundInjury is one of the leading causes of death in children in the world as well as in Vietnam. Deaths-related-injury accounts for nearly 40% of all deaths in childrenObjective and MethodObjective is to assess child injury situation in Vietnam and recommend some interventions.ResultsEvery year Viet Nam has 334 471 cases of child injury. Of which, deaths are 7187. The overall mortality rate among children and adolescent is 23.15 per 100 000 children. The percentage of children deaths due to injury accounts for 19.63% the total mortality rate of the whole country. Children were at high risk of drowning. Specifically, those of group age 0–4 were predominant with the average rate of 22/100 000 children per year. Road traffic injury was the second leading cause of death with 1867 cases in average per year. It accounted for approximately 24–26% of the total injured children. Vietnam has developed the Nation plan on child injury prevention period 2011–2015 focusing on IEC activities on risk factors of child injury, surveillance system, pre-hospital trauma care and safe community development for children.SignificanceThe research described a great number of relatively comprehensive results on child injury in Vietnam. Development of policy to reduce injury deaths requires appropriate interventional measures such as the national injury prevention plan, trauma care system or sentinel surveillance systems on determination of risk factors of injury in the community.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES 12 MONTHS AFTER INJURY
Authors: Langley J , Gabrielle D , Wilson S , Lilley R , Ameratunga S , Wyeth E , Derrett S 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundInjury outcome studies have focused on hospitalised patients with major trauma, such as multiple injuries, and traumatic brain injury. Studies in comprehensive injury populations are rare, despite the fact that a considerable share of total disability may be attributable to patients who have never been hospitalised.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo identify the role of pre-injury socio-demographic and health characteristics, injury and injury-related healthcare in determining 12 month functional outcomes following injury.MethodsStudy participants were the 2282 in the Prospective Outcomes of Injury Study (POIS) who completed the 12 month interview. Pre-injury information on independent variables potentially predictive of adverse outcomes in the future was obtained from participants at the 3 month interview. The functional outcomes of interest were the five dimensions of the EQ-5D plus a cognitive dimension.Results/OutcomesThe percent of participants with adverse outcomes was: mobility 24%;, self-care7%; usual activities 30%; pain or discomfort 52%, anxiety or depression 20%; cognitive:16%. In multivariable models, factors adversely associated with at least three of the outcomes studied were: being female, aged 45–64, insufficient money, pre-injury disability, two or more prior chronic illnesses, smoking regularly, dislocation or sprains to the spine or upper extremities, and having a relatively severe injury.Significance/Contribution to the fieldA range of pre-injury socio-demographic factors and pre-injury health status affect risk of adverse outcomes after adjusting for the nature and severity of injury. The latter, however, also have independent effects on the risk of adverse outcomes.
CYCLING SAFETY: KEY MESSAGES OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT FORUM OF THE OECD'S WORKING GROUP ON CYCLE SAFETY
Authors: Hatfield J , Garrard J , Tørsløv N , Crist P , Houdmont A , van Damme O , Gaardbo AM , Jouannot T , Ocampo A , Malasek J 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundBicycles are an essential part of the urban mobility mix worldwide, and it is important to consider cycling safety to a greater extent than has hitherto been the case.Aims/Objectives/PurposeThe aim of the working group was to analyse the international situation regarding bicycle use and safety, with consideration of relevant policy and practice.MethodsGroup members responded to surveys regarding the situation in their countries, and literature regarding cycling safety measures was reviewed.Results/OutcomesKey recommendations of the group are• Policies increasing the number of cyclists should be accompanied by strategies to improve safety, as well as perceived safety.• Adopting the Safe System Approach. All aspects of the transport system (policy, infrastructure, vehicles, and users) should be designed to improve cycling safety.• Cyclists should not be the only target of cycling safety policies.• Road networks that are accessible to cyclists should be designed to ensure high levels of safety- with particular focus on speed management and intersection design.• Bicycle facilities should be located away from road traffic when feasible.• Authorities should match investments in cycle safety to local contexts (eg, level and types of bicycle usage)—at a minimum.• Authorities should set standards for, collect, or otherwise facilitate the collection of, data on cycling crashes of all severities and on bicycle usage.• Terminology should be standardised to allow international comparisons.Significance/Contribution to the FieldAdoption of measures to improve cycling safety is critical to promoting this beneficial form of transport.
STILL TOO HOT: AN EXAMINATION OF OBSERVED WATER TEMPERATURE, WATER HEATERS CHARACTERISTICS AND SELF- REPORTED TESTING BEHAVIOUR IN A SAMPLE OF URBAN HOMES
Authors: Shields W , Perry E , McDonald E , Zhu J , Gielen A 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundTap water burns result in an estimated 1500 hospital admissions and 50 deaths in the USA annually despite national efforts to preset water heaters at the factory.Aims/Objectives/PurposeThis study reports on observed water temperature, water heater characteristics (age, size, capacity, gauge setting) knowledge and reported testing behaviours in a sample of 1033 urban homes.MethodsData on knowledge, self-reported testing behaviours, observed water temperature, heater characteristics and demographics were recorded as part of a home observation in a randomised community trial which aimed to improve home safety behaviours. Homes were visited between 6–9 months after a visit from the fire department to check the status of home safety behaviours.Results/OutcomesHot water was observed to be above the recommended 120 degrees in 41% of homes. In a univariate analysis, electrical water heaters were statistically significantly more likely to have a safe hot water temperature than gas water heaters. In a multivariate logistic regression, water heaters with fewer gallons per person in the household were more likely to be set above the recommended 120 degrees. Knowledge outcomes varied between items ranging from 59% to 87% correct. A minority (14%) of respondents reported having tested the temperature of their tap water.Significance/Contribution to the FieldOur results suggest hot water temperatures remains at dangerously high in our urban sample despite national efforts to preset water heater to safe temperatures at the factory. This research highlights the needs for the use of passive prevention strategies such as anti-scald devices.
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF SEVER BURN (EMSB) PROGRAMME: A NEW DIMENSION IN BURN MANAGEMENT OF BANGLADESH
Authors: Biswas A , Mashreky SR , Khundkar SH , Banu T , Ul Baset K , Rahman F 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundBurn is the significant cause of mortality, morbidity and disability in developing countries. It causes longer duration of hospital stay and treatment is costly. First hour of burn is called golden hour, primary level management within this time can save numbers of lives, reduce its severity and minimise duration of hospital stay in low income country like Bangladesh.ObjectivesTo discuss how the emergency management of severe burn (EMSB) course helps doctors in Bangladesh to serve the burn patient at emergency.MethodsWe have reviewed the process of introducing EMSB course for the doctors of Bangladesh and documented how it has been implementing for better serving of doctors at the primary level.ResultsEMSB is a copy right course of Australia New Zealand burn Association (ANZBA) for emergency management of burn has been introduced in 2008 In Bangladesh funded by Interplast Australia and New Zealand. ANZBA developed a group of faculty members in Bangladesh to run the course. Four hundreds doctors including plastic surgeons, paediatric surgeons, and general surgeons have trained on EMSB with 43 faculty members now being working voluntarily to run the course. Doctors are now feeling confident enough to manage the burn patient at facility. The EMSB trained doctors efficiently manage the burn disaster in 2010 in Nimtoli, Bangladesh by using their knowledge and skill.SignificanceEMSB can tremendously effect in patients survival and it can helps to minimise the disability, therefore
BUTTON BATTERIES—A HIDDEN DANGER IN EVERY HOME
Authors: Rushton M 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundSmall, powerful disc shaped batteries are used across a wide variety of consumer products. Over the last two decades or so, the range of applications has grown exponentially. It is only comparatively recently however that there has been an awareness of the potentially serious harms that can arise from accidental ingestion and inhalation. Infants and children are proving to be the most susceptible to harm. The widespread use of button batteries makes this is a global challenge.Aims/Objectives/PurposeThe diverse range of products that depend on button batteries would suggest a simple ban is not feasible and reliance on a solely regulatory ‘fix’ is unlikely to fully mitigate the risks. This paper identifies the various elements that will be needed as part of an overall, effective response. It provides an introduction as a lead into further dialogue around how complex global product safety issues such as this need to be addressed.Results/OutcomeProduct safety regulators, medical practitioners, child welfare agencies and the battery industry are all responding to the challenges that this issue poses. The hazards and issues posed by button batteries will require a multi-faceted response which should involve a collaborative approach from a variety of agencies. The key to a successful outcome will be an approach that takes into account the product in terms of design, construction, labelling and packaging coupled with advice and guidance to suppliers, end users and the medical fraternity who may encounter battery related incidents.
MODIFICATIONS OF COIN CELLS WITH ANTI-INGESTION AND ENCAPSULATION DESIGN FEATURES
Authors: Midgett J , Lee D 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundEmergency department-treated injuries caused by ingesting coin batteries have increased two-and-a-half times in the USA since 1998. Victims are usually small children. Batteries (particularly 20 mm or greater) can lodge in the oesophagus and generate hydroxide from surrounding fluids, which can produce life-threatening injuries in 2 hours. Given the widespread use of coin batteries in consumer products, a multifaceted approach to injury prevention is required.ObjectiveWe will demonstrate coin battery concepts that could deter ingestion or slow hydroxide formation after ingestion.MethodsA battery with folding appendages made of sheet materials that flex outwards when the battery is removed from a device would have a greater surface area and sharper edges, which would deter ingestion. In another strategy, batteries could be insulated, sealing the battery until it is inserted into a coordinating battery compartment. This could slow or eliminate hydroxide formation. Modifications to battery compartments also may be needed. Batteries could be retrofitted for use in existing devices that lack coordinating battery compartments.SignificanceThese strategies could save lives by reducing the likelihood of ingesting coin batteries or providing more time for medical intervention once swallowed. The need for consumers to retrofit batteries for their existing devices would enhance public awareness of the hazard.
COIN-SIZED LITHIUM BATTERIES POSE AN EMERGING GLOBAL BURN RISK TO CHILDREN
Authors: Carr K , Chalmers E , Weaver A , Mickalide A 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundAbout 3500 button battery swallowing cases are reported to poison control centres in the USA each year and are an emerging risk worldwide. The most serious cases involve nickel-sized 20 mm lithium batteries which are found in remotes, key fobs, greeting cards, children's books, scales, and other common household items. These batteries can get stuck in the child's throat and burn through the oesophagus in as little as 2 hours. Repairing the damage is painful and can require feeding tubes, breathing tubes and multiple surgeries. In some cases, children have died.PurposeThe aim of this study is to measure parental awareness of the danger associated with button batteries and describe prevention campaigns underway in four countries.MethodsA total of 557 USA parents of children ages six and under were interviewed online during February/March 2012.ResultsMore than two-thirds of parents surveyed (68%) feel that button batteries pose a high level of danger. After learning about this issue, parents say they are highly likely to keep devices with button batteries out of reach of children (82%) secure devices with battery compartments (79%) and encourage other parents to do the same (66%).ConclusionsAs coin-sized lithium batteries became more widely used in household products, Safe Kids Worldwide member countries have partnered on a campaign called The Battery Controlled to raise awareness and change behaviour among adult caregivers about this little-known and emerging risk to small children.
DESIGN STRATEGIES TO MITIGATE THE HAZARD OF BUTTON CELL BATTERY ELECTRICAL BURN INJURIES
Authors: Rider G , Altkorn R , Stool D , Chen X , Milkovich S 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundChildren's exposure to button cell batteries is increasing with the greater number of toys and other consumer products requiring their use. Children frequently mouth objects and may inadvertently swallow them. Ingestion of batteries or insertion into the nasal passages or external auditory canals may lead to serious injury resulting from burns caused by electric discharge.Aims/Objectives/PurposeA variety of hazard mitigation strategies may be utilised to reduce the potential for these injuries, including decreasing accessibility of the batteries or redesign of the batteries themselves. Hazard mitigation strategies are discussed and evaluation methods presented.MethodsData on battery injuries is reviewed and various existing reduced hazard battery modalities are identified. Methods of assessing hazard are discussed. Comparative potential release of current between battery/housing designs has been measured using animal cadaver tissue.Results/OutcomesExisting designs of batteries consistently cause burns to animal cadaver tissue of varied severity depending on power and surface contact area.Significance/Contribution to the FieldAlthough there are problems that remain to be solved in order to economically manufacture button cell batteries and/or housings that have a reduced hazard for electrical burns, this research demonstrates that feasible solutions to this issue are possible.
PREVENTING LITHIUM COIN BATTERY INGESTION: A FIVE-PRONGED STRATEGY
Authors: Babiak M 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundUnlike other battery chemistries, the ingestion of lithium coin cell batteries can cause serious oesophageal burns if lodged for even a short period of time. The USA battery industry is deeply concerned about the hazards presented by the ingestion of lithium coin cell batteries and has undertaken many initiatives designed to educate consumers, the medical community, and others on these dangers and to examine potential preventative measures.Aims/Objectives/PurposeCommunication of a five-pronged strategy for addressing this important health and safety issue.Methods(1) Education/outreach, (2) battery compartment design, (3) warning copy, (4) packaging, and (5) battery design.Results/OutcomesIndustry efforts have focused on educating consumers on the hazards associated with lithium coin cell batteries and educating the medical community on battery design features that allow for distinction between lithium batteries and actual currency in radiographic images, thereby leading to more timely and accurate diagnosis of potential ingestions. Working with device designers, appliance manufacturers, and standards development organisations, the industry supports changes to battery compartment design to reduce ease of accessibility. The industry supports efforts to evaluate potential design modifications that may reduce ingestions. While the variety of devices that rely on lithium coin cell batteries in the marketplace makes battery redesign more challenging than other areas, such modifications are also being evaluated. Changes have been advanced to strengthen warning copy and evaluate packaging options to limit the accessibility of lithium coin cell batteries.Significance/Contribution to the FieldComprehensive approach based on learnings and actions.
HIGH RATE OF CRASHES AT ROUNDABOUTS INVOLVING CYCLISTS CAN BE REDUCED WITH CAREFUL ATTENTION TO CONFLICT PATHS
Authors: Cumming B 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundVictoria has a high rate of cyclist involvement in crashes at roundabouts (whole state, 24%; inner suburban, 49%.AimsWhy are cyclists involved in so many roundabout crashes? What can be done to improve cyclist safety?MethodsA literature review in relation to roundabouts and cyclist safety leads to discovering the relevance of ‘looked-but-failed-to-see’ phenomenon. All crashes at roundabouts in Victoria (2004–2009) are analysed. Lane positioning of 130 commuter cyclists through roundabouts is observed and typical paths mapped.ResultsRoundabout crashes involving cyclists are 81% entering-circulating. Cyclists observed: none enter centred in the lane and stay there. Predominant behaviours are: 62% ‘straight-lining’ from kerbside to near the island, then back to kerbside—allowing higher speeds; and 32% ride near the outer edge from entry to exit. Resultant conflict path map is more complex than that of cars (assumed to be the working assumption of drivers). Cyclists reduce their chances of being overlooked if they are located where drivers look for cars—in the middle of the lane. Roundabout bicycle lanes (although they may assist comfort) position cyclists away from where all drivers can be assumed to look, so probably reduce cyclist safety.SignificanceA new design is proposed which cues cyclists to enter and ride through roundabouts the middle of lanes; warns drivers that cyclists will be there; and slows cars for safe cyclist merging. Aspects of this design have been implemented by several councils. Reduction of cyclist roundabout crashes means a reduction in all roundabout crashes.
ENERGISER'S APPROACH TO LITHIUM COIN CELL BATTERY INGESTION
Authors: Babiak M , Cooper P 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundUpon seeing a shift in severity of injuries associated with lithium coin cell battery ingestions, Energiser sought to understand the mechanism of injury with the ingestion of these battery types through experimentation. Upon understanding the mechanism of injury and why the response for lithium coin cell batteries is different than that for other battery chemistries, Energiser communicated this understanding to the overall battery industry and U.S. medical community and started work in five areas.Aims/Objectives/PurposeCommunicate the technical explanation of the mechanism behind the injury to a global audience and present work-to-date on the five areas.MethodsEnergiser's work to-date focuses on five areas: (1) warning copy, (2) battery compartment design, (3) packaging, (4) battery design and (5) communication and outreach.Results/OutcomesInjury occurs due to hydrolysis and generation of high pH and solutions that may minimise or eliminate the risk of injury following ingestion.Significance/Contribution to the FieldProvides root-cause analysis to facilitate hazard reduction.
RESIDENT ADVOCACY TO MITIGATE HAZARDS OF BUTTON BATTERY INGESTIONS
Authors: Maule KL , Harisiades JP 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundIn collaboration with selected faculty, the Office of Child Advocacy supports resident education in advocacy and mobilised an evidence-based response to mitigate hazards of button battery ingestions.ObjectivesWe aimed to improve industry standards on battery and product manufacturing and labelling and to raise awareness of the dangers of button battery ingestions.MethodsOver 18 months, the resident leadership catalysed state and national advocacy. We created a national coalition of clinical, consumer, legislative, and industry advocates and collectively developed interventions to increase regulatory, commercial, public and physician awareness for improved industry standards.ResultsWe presented relevant information to the Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC) following expert testimony to the Senate Commerce Committee that identified button batteries as an emerging safety hazard. With the support of the CPSC, Underwriters Laboratory and the American Society for Testing Materials are collaborating to create an all-encompassing industry standard to improve battery and electronic product safety. Engineers are developing battery and product redesign. We mobilised support for a Senate appropriations bill requiring the CPSC to promulgate a mandatory safety standard for button batteries. The Illinois State Attorney General released the 2011 Safe Shopper's Guide highlighting button battery hazards to children. Traditional and social media outlets were utilised to improve awareness, including the Battery Controlled campaign launched by Safe Kids Worldwide and Energiser.SignificanceResident mentorship can cultivate leadership in advocacy across the trajectory of training and lifelong learning.