bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetite compensates for the lack of a pilin‐associated c‐type cytochrome in extracellular electron exchange
Authors: Liu Fanghua , Rotaru Amelia‐Elena , Shrestha Pravin M. , Malvankar Nikhil S. , Nevin Kelly P. , Lovley Derek R. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryNanoscale magnetite can facilitate microbial extracellular electron transfer that plays an important role in biogeochemical cycles, bioremediation and several bioenergy strategies, but the mechanisms for the stimulation of extracellular electron transfer are poorly understood. Further investigation revealed that magnetite attached to the electrically conductive pili of Geobacter species in a manner reminiscent of the association of the multi‐heme c‐type cytochrome OmcS with the pili of Geobacter sulfurreducens. Magnetite conferred extracellular electron capabilities on an OmcS‐deficient strain unable to participate in interspecies electron transfer or Fe(III) oxide reduction. In the presence of magnetite wild‐type cells repressed expression of the OmcS gene, suggesting that cells might need to produce less OmcS when magnetite was available. The finding that magnetite can compensate for the lack of the electron transfer functions of a multi‐heme c‐type cytochrome has implications not only for the function of modern microbes, but also for the early evolution of microbial electron transport mechanisms.
Reason, Conscience and Equity: Bishops as the King's Judges in Later Medieval England
Authors: Dodd Gwilym 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIt has long been recognized that many late medieval bishops were heavily involved in secular government. Scholars have tended to characterize these activities in fairly general terms, labelling those who chose to serve the crown as ‘administrators’, ‘bureaucrats’ or ‘civil servants’. In fact, they are better described as king's judges, for a large part of what bishops did in government was dispensing justice in the king's name. The first part of this article explores the contexts of this judicial activity, showing that bishops were especially active in institutions such as parliament, chancery and the council which offered justice to the king's subjects on a discretionary basis. Discretionary justice was closely informed by the precepts of natural law, which in turn derived authority from the abstract notion of the divine will. The second half of the article suggests that the strong theological underpinning of discretionary justice meant that bishops' involvement in secular government did not stand in opposition to their spiritual vocation or their role as leaders of the church. I argue that the sweeping and rather disparaging contemporary and modern characterizations of ‘civil‐servant’ bishops as self‐serving careerists ought to be replaced by a more nuanced understanding of the rationale and motivation of those senior clergymen who involved themselves in secular governance.
Prenatal exposure to antidepressants and language competence at age three: results from a large population‐based pregnancy cohort in Norway
Authors: Skurtveit S , Selmer R , Roth C , Hernandez‐Diaz S , Handal M 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo examine the association between maternal use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) in pregnancy and language competence in their children at age three taking into account maternal symptoms of anxiety and depression.DesignPopulation‐based prospective pregnancy cohort study.SettingThe Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study; recruited pregnant women from 1999 through 2008.Population45 266 women with 51 748 singleton pregnancies.MethodsThe association between short‐ or long‐term use of SSRI during pregnancy and language competence in the child was investigated using multinomial logistic regression with three outcome categories: long, complicated sentences, fairly complete sentences and language delay.Main outcome measuresChildren's language competence at age three measured by maternal report on a validated language grammar scale.ResultsWomen reported use of SSRI in 386 (0.7%) pregnancies. Of these, 161 (42%) reported long‐term use. Compared with children whose mothers took no SSRI, using the best language category as the reference, adjusted relative risk ratios (RRR) of having fairly complete sentences were 1.21 (95% CI 0.85–1.72) and 2.28 (1.54–3.38) for short‐ and long‐term SSRI use, respectively. The adjusted RRRs of language delay were 0.86 (0.42–1.76) and 2.30 (1.21–4.37). Symptoms of anxiety and depression in pregnancy were independently related to language delay, adjusted RRR 1.25 (1.03–1.50) and 1.83 (1.40–2.40) for short‐ and long‐term symptoms, respectively.ConclusionsProlonged use of SSRI during pregnancy was associated with lower language competence in children by age three independently of depression. Having symptoms of depression throughout pregnancy had an independent effect.
Comparative proteomics of Mn(II)‐oxidizing and non‐oxidizing Roseobacter clade bacteria reveal an operative manganese transport system but minimal Mn(II)‐induced expression of manganese oxidation and antioxidant enzymes
Authors: Learman D. R. , Hansel C. M. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryManganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient and precipitates as minerals with technological and environmental relevance. To gain a proteomic understanding of how bacteria respond to Mn(II) and its connection to oxidation, a comparative examination of the proteomic response of Mn(II)‐oxidizing (Roseobacter sp. AzwK‐3b) and non‐oxidizing (Ruegeria sp. TM1040) alphaproteobacteria was conducted. Both bacteria show an operative Mn(II) transport system. In the absence of Mn(II), both bacteria have higher expression of proteins that were homologous to SitA and SitB, known proteins in the Mn(II) transport system of other alphaproteobacteria. Overall, each bacterium demonstrated a varied response to Mn(II). Ru. TM1040 had a greater number of proteins differentially expressed in response to Mn(II) and also had a group of proteins related to chemotaxis at higher concentrations of Mn(II), suggesting a potential stress response. While both bacteria are able to generate extracellular superoxide and Mn(II) is a known antioxidant, the presence of Mn(II) did not significantly alter the expression of proteins related to antioxidant activity. Heme peroxidases, previously connected to Mn(II) oxidation, were found in the soluble protein extract of R. AzwK‐3b, but only minor differential expression was observed as a function of Mn(II), indicating that their expression was not induced by Mn(II).
The first report of a microdiverse anammox bacteria community in waters of Colombian Pacific, a transition area between prominent oxygen minimum zones of the eastern tropical Pacific
Authors: Castro‐González M. , Molina V. , Rodríguez‐Rubio E. , Ulloa O. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryAnaerobic ammonium oxidizers contribute to the removal of fixed nitrogen in oxygen‐deficient marine ecosystems such as oxygen minimum zones (OMZ). Here we surveyed for the first time the occurrence and diversity of anammox bacteria in the Colombian Pacific, a transition area between the prominent South and North Pacific OMZs. Anammox bacteria were detected in the coastal and oceanic areas of the Colombian Pacific in low oxygen (< 22 μM), high nitrate (25–35 μM) and low nitrite (< 0.07 μM), and ammonium (< 1 μM) waters. In these waters, anammox bacteria were rich [∼ 7 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), 98% cut‐off) and microdiverse (Shannon index H′ < 1.24), in comparison with the observed at the prominent OMZ of the Eastern Tropical South Pacific, Arabian Sea and Black Sea. Anammox bacteria‐like sequences from the Colombian Pacific were grouped together with sequences retrieved from the distinct OMZ's marine subclusters (Peru, Northern Chile and Arabian Sea) within Candidatus ‘Scalindua spp’. Moreover, some anammox bacteria OTUs shared a low similarity with environmental phylotypes (86–94%). Our results indicated that a microdiverse anammox community inhabits the Colombian Pacific, generating new questions about the ecological and biogeochemical differences influencing its community structure.
Bacterial pectate lyases, structural and functional diversity
Authors: Hugouvieux‐Cotte‐Pattat Nicole , Condemine Guy , Shevchik Vladimir E. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryPectate lyases are enzymes involved in plant cell wall degradation. They cleave pectin using a β‐elimination mechanism, specific for acidic polysaccharides. They are mainly produced by plant pathogens and plant‐associated organisms, and only rarely by animals. Pectate lyases are also commonly produced in the bacterial world, either by bacteria living in close proximity with plants or by gut bacteria that find plant material in the digestive tract of their hosts. The role of pectate lyases is essential for plant pathogens, such as Dickeya dadantii, that use a set of pectate lyases as their main virulence factor. Symbiotic bacteria produce their own pectate lyases, but they also induce plant pectate lyases to initiate the symbiosis. Pectin degradation products may act as signals affecting the plant–bacteria interactions. Bacterial pectate lyases are also essential for using the pectin of dead or living plants as a carbon source for growth. In the animal gut, Bacteroides pectate lyases degrade the pectin of ingested food, and this is particularly important for herbivores that depend on their microflora for the digestion of pectin. Some human pathogens, such as Yersinia enterocolitica, produce a few intracellular pectate lyases that can facilitate their growth in the presence of highly pectinolytic bacteria, at the plant surface, in the soil or in the animal gut.
Synergic role of the two ars operons in arsenic tolerance in Pseudomonas putida KT2440
Authors: Fernández Matilde , Udaondo Zulema , Niqui José‐Luis , Duque Estrella , Ramos Juan‐Luis 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe chromosome of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 carries two clusters of genes, denoted ars1 and ars2, that are annotated as putative arsenic resistance operons. In this work, we present evidence that both operons encode functional arsenic‐response regulatory genes as well as arsenic extrusion systems that confer resistance to both arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)]. Transcriptional fusions of Pars1 and Pars2 to lacZ revealed that expression of both operons was induced by arsenite and arsenate. We generated single mutants in ars1 and ars2, which showed lower resistance to arsenic than the wild‐type strain. A double ars1/ars2 was found to be highly sensitive to arsenic. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for single mutants decreased two‐ to fourfold with respect to the parental strain, while in the double mutant the MIC decreased 128‐fold for arsenite and 32‐fold for arsenate. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the ars2 resistance operon is part of the core genome of P. putida, while the ars1 operon appears to only occur in the KT2440 strain, suggesting that ars1 was acquired by horizontal gene transfer. The presence of ars1 in KT2440 may explain why it exhibits higher resistance to arsenic than other P. putida strains, which bear only the ars2 operon.
Clinicopathology of graft detachment after Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty
Authors: Brockmann Tobias , Brockmann Claudia , Maier Anna‐Karina , Schroeter Jan , Pleyer Uwe , Bertelmann Eckart , Joussen Antonia M. , Torun Necip 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPurposeTo investigate pathomechanisms involved in graft detachment after Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) and its clinical implications.MethodsIn a prospective case series, 30 eyes with Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy underwent DMEK. Intraoperatively obtained recipients' endothelium‐Descemet's membranes (EDMs) were investigated histologically and immunohistochemically. The postoperative donor graft status was categorized as attached or detached. Clinical and morphological parameters were analysed between the study groups.ResultsThe detachment rate was 40% (12/30). There was no significant difference in postoperative visual acuity between the groups, but visual recovery was delayed in eyes with initially detached grafts. Gender, age, preoperative central corneal thickness or best corrected visual acuity did not influence the detachment rate. However, separation and disruption of the anterior banded layer (ABL) were frequently observed in patients with graft detachment, and ABL thickness was identified as a significant predictor for graft detachment. The ABL thickness was 2.5 ± 0.9 μm and 3.5 ± 1.6 μm in patients with attached and detached grafts, respectively. Immunohistologically, a deficiency of fibronectin and cytokeratin was observed within the ABL of patients with detached grafts. In contrast, a complete removal of the EDM with residual stromal collagen fragments was observed in patients with adherent grafts.ConclusionsIncomplete removal of the EDM, with residual ABL fragments on the recipients' corneal stroma, may be a risk factor for graft detachment after DMEK. The separation and disruption of the ABL might be promoted by a deficiency of matrix proteins, stronger biomechanical properties and a firm adherence to the posterior corneal stroma.
Comprehensive analysis of Sichuan white geese (Anser cygnoides) transcriptome
Authors: Ding Ning , Han Qing , Li Qin , Zhao Xianzhi , Li Jing , Su Jian , Wang Qigui 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHigh‐throughput RNA sequencing was performed for comprehensively analyzing the transcriptome of geese. A total of 28 803 759 bp of raw sequence data was generated by 454 GS Flx+. After removal of adaptor sequences, 28 730 361 bp remained and 117 279 reads were obtained, with an average length of 244 bases. Simultaneously, complementary DNA samples from two different reproductive stages of goose ovarian, hypothalamus and pituitary tissue were sequenced separately using Illumina MiSeq platform. A total of 12 688 673 148 bp of raw sequence data were generated by Illumina MiSeq. After removal of adaptor sequences, 8 198 126 562 bp remained and 60 382 786 clean reads were obtained, with an average length of 135 bases. Assembly of all the reads from both 454 Flx+ and Illumina platforms formed 56 839 contigs. The sequence size ranges from 38 to 28 206 bp in size, with an average size of 2584 bp and an N50 of 4624. The assembly produced a substantial number of large contigs: 35 545 (62.5%) were longer than 1 kb, of which 8850 (15.6%) were longer than 5 kb. The sequencing depth was 85 X on average. We performed comprehensive function annotations on unigenes including protein sequence similarity, gene ontology (GO) term classification, and Kyoto Encylcopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment. GO analysis showed that approximately 63% of the contigs had annotation information, among the 35 953 annotated isotigs in Nr database, 24 783 (68.9%) sequences were assigned with one or more GO terms. There were 14 634 (40.7%) isotigs for biological processes, 10 557(29.3%) isotigs for cellular component, 22 607 (62.9%) isotigs for molecular function. The result of KEGG pathway mapping 8926 sequences had the pathway annotation, and took part in 477 pathways. Additionally, 10 685 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were identified from the assembled sequences. The most frequent repeat motifs were trinucleotides, which accounted for 53.03% of all SSRs, followed by dinucleotides (39.9%), tetranucleotides (5.08%), pentanucleotides (1.68%) and hexanucleotides (0.32%). Transcriptome sequencing on mixture issue of the geese yielded substantial transcriptional sequences and potentially useful SSR markers which provide an important data source for geese research.
Academic Freedom, Public Reactions, and Anonymity
Authors: Häyry Matti 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAcademic freedom can be defined as immunity against adverse reactions from the general public, designed to keep scholars unintimidated and productive even after they have published controversial ideas. Francesca Minerva claims that this notion of strict instrumental academic freedom is supported by Ronald Dworkin, and that anonymity would effectively defend the sphere of immunity implied by it.Against this, I argue that the idea defended by Minerva finds no support in the work by Dworkin referred to; that anonymity would not in most cases effectively protect the kind of immunity sought after; and that in some cases it would not even be desirable to protect scholars from public reactions to their controversial claims.
TRP channels and STIM/ORAI proteins: sensors and effectors of cancer and stroma cell migration
Authors: Nielsen N , Lindemann O , Schwab A 
Published: April 2014

Cancer cells are strongly influenced by host cells within the tumour stroma and vice versa. This leads to the development of a tumour microenvironment with distinct physical and chemical properties that are permissive for tumour progression. The ability to migrate plays a central role in this mutual interaction. Migration of cancer cells is considered as a prerequisite for tumour metastasis and the migration of host stromal cells is required for reaching the tumour site. Increasing evidence suggests that transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and STIM/ORAI proteins affect key calcium‐dependent mechanisms implicated in both cancer and stroma cell migration. These include, among others, cytoskeletal remodelling, growth factor/cytokine signalling and production, and adaptation to tumour microenvironmental properties such as hypoxia and oxidative stress. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding TRP channels and STIM/ORAI proteins in cancer and stroma cell migration. We focus on how TRP channel or STIM/ORAI‐mediated Ca2+ signalling directly or indirectly influences cancer and stroma cell migration by affecting the above listed mechanisms.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Cytoskeleton, Extracellular Matrix, Cell Migration, Wound Healing and Related Topics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐24
Us, Them, and Others: Reflections on Canadian Multiculturalism and National Identity at the Turn of the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Winter Elke 
Published: April 2014

LaConférence John Porter, effectuée lors de la rencontre annuelle de la Société canadienne de sociologie à Victoria en 2013, se base sur le livreUs, Them and Others : Pluralism and National Identity in Diverse Societies(Winter, 2011). En intégrant les résultats d'une analyse discursive des journaux canadiens en langue anglaise pendant les années 1990, et à travers un cadre théorique inspiré de la sociologie wébérienne, le livre propose d'envisager le pluralisme comme une série de relations triangulaires dynamiques, où le compromis entre des groupes inégaux – “us” et “other”‐ est amené à faire sens à cause de la confrontation avec l'autrui réel ou imaginé (“them”). La conférence débute par un résumé de la contribution théorique, puis explique comment le multiculturalisme a été consolidé en tant que discours dominant au Canada dans les années 1990. Par la suite, les changements subis par l'identité canadienne multiculturelle au début du 21esiècle sont discutés.TheJohn Porter Lectureat the annual meeting of theCanadian Sociological Associationin Victoria 2013 draws upon my bookUs, Them, and Others: Pluralism and National Identity in Diverse Societies. Incorporating the findings from an analysis of Canadian English‐language newspaper discourses during the 1990s into a theoretical framework inspired by Weberian sociology, the book argues that pluralism is best understood as a dynamic set of triangular relations where the compromise between unequal groups—“us” and “others”—is rendered meaningful through the confrontation with real or imagined outsiders (“them”). The lecture summarizes the theoretical contribution and explains how multiculturalism became consolidated in dominant Canadian discourses in the late 1990s. The lecture then discusses changes to Canadian multicultural identity at the beginning of the twenty‐first century.
Social Confidence in Unions: A U.S.‐Canada Comparison
Authors: Frangi Lorenzo , Hennebert Marc‐Antonin , Memoli Vincenzo 
Published: April 2014

Cet article examine l’évolution des niveaux de confiance sociale envers les organisations syndicales au Canada et aux États‐Unis entre 1982 et 2006 en s'appuyant sur les données de la World Value Survey (WVS). Partant du constat que ces taux de confiance sont relativement similaires au sein de ces deux pays, nous appliquons un modèle de régression logistique sur les deux vagues de données les plus récentes du WVS (soit celle de 2000 et 2006) afin de mieux comprendre la propension des individus à faire confiance aux syndicats dans chaque contexte national en fonction de certaines de leurs caractéristiques sociales et politiques. Les résultats montrent des similitudes entre les deux pays (par exemple, les citoyens les plus progressistes et les plus jeunes ont généralement une plus grande confiance envers les syndicats), mais également des distinctions importantes (à titre d'exemple, seul au Canada les individus répondant à un profil de “classe ouvrière” manifestent une plus grande confiance envers les syndicats).This article examines changes in levels of social confidence in unions in Canada and the United States between 1982 and 2006 based on an analysis of the World Value Survey (WVS) data set. It considers why confidence rates are similar in the two countries, applying a logistic regression model to the two most recent WVS waves (i.e., 2000 and 2006) so as to bring out the effects of political and social differences on the propensity of individuals to trust unions in each national context. The results show similarities between the two countries (e.g., more progressive and younger citizens generally have greater confidence in unions), but also important distinctions (e.g., only in Canada do individuals with a working class profile appear to have greater confidence in unions).
Assessing parenting capacity in child protection: towards a knowledge‐based model
Authors: Houston Stan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe assessment of parenting capacity continues to engender public concern in cases of suspected harm to children. This paper outlines a model for approaching this task based on the application of three key domains of knowledge in social work relating to facts, theory and practice wisdom. The McMaster Model of Family Assessment is identified out of this process and reworked to give it a sharper focus on parenting roles and responsibilities. Seven formative dimensions of parenting are then elicited and combined with an analytical process of identifying strengths, concerns, prospects for growth and impact on child outcomes. The resulting assessment framework, it is argued, adds rigour to professional judgements about parenting capacity and enhances formulations on risk in child protection.
Consensus statement on the management of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia in Asia
Authors: Cao Bin , Tan Thuan T. , Poon Edwin , Wang Jann‐Tay , Kumar Suresh , Liam Chong H. Kin , Ahmed Kamal , Moral Patrick , Qiu Haibo , Barez Marie Yvette , Buntaran Latre , Tampubolon Oloan E. , Thamlikitkul Visanu 
Published: April 2014

AbstractNosocomial pneumonia (NP; encompassing hospital‐acquired, health care‐associated and ventilator‐associated pneumonia) is one of the most common nosocomial infections and is associated with a mortality rate of 18.7%–40.8% in Asian countries. The burden of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in Asia is high, and approximately 13% of NP cases in Asia are caused by this pathogen. Evidence regarding optimal management of MRSA NP continues to evolve and is complicated by the fact that a significant proportion of cases are likely to be caused by isolates with reduced susceptibility to the main therapeutic agent, vancomycin. The Asian Consensus Taskforce on MRSA Nosocomial Pneumonia has developed this statement to provide consensus points on diagnosis, antimicrobial treatment and prevention strategies for MRSA NP in the Asian context, based on our review of Asian data, previous international guidelines and recent scientific evidence.