bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Swarm's absolute magnetometer experimental vector mode, an innovative capability for space magnetometry
Authors: Hulot Gauthier , Vigneron Pierre , Léger Jean‐Michel , Fratter Isabelle , Olsen Nils , Jager Thomas , Bertrand François , Brocco Laura , Sirol Olivier , Lalanne Xavier , Boness Axel , Cattin Viviane 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEuropean Space Agency's Swarm satellites carry a new generation of 4He absolute magnetometers (ASM), designed by CEA‐Léti and developed in partnership with Centre National d'Études Spatiales. These instruments are the first ever spaceborne magnetometers to use a common sensor to simultaneously deliver 1 Hz independent absolute scalar and vector readings of the magnetic field. Since launch, these ASMs provided very high‐accuracy scalar field data, as nominally required for the mission, together with experimental vector field data. Here we compare geomagnetic field models built from such ASM‐only data with models built from the mission's nominal 1 Hz data, combining ASM scalar data with independent fluxgate magnetometer vector data. The high level of agreement between these models demonstrates the potential of the ASM's vector mode for data quality control and as a stand‐alone magnetometer and illustrates the way the evolution of key field features can easily be monitored from space with such absolute vector magnetometers.
Van Allen Probes show that the inner radiation zone contains no MeV electrons: ECT/MagEIS data
Authors: Fennell J. F. , Claudepierre S. G. , Blake J. B. , O'Brien T. P. , Clemmons J. H. , Baker D. N. , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe present Van Allen Probe observations of electrons in the inner radiation zone. The measurements were made by the Energetic Particle, Composition, and Thermal Plasma/Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) sensors that were designed to measure electrons with the ability to remove unwanted signals from penetrating protons, providing clean measurements. No electrons >900 keV were observed with equatorial fluxes above background (i.e., >0.1 el/(cm2 s sr keV)) in the inner zone. The observed fluxes are compared to the AE9 model and CRRES observations. Electron fluxes <200 keV exceeded the AE9 model 50% fluxes and were lower than the higher‐energy model fluxes. Phase space density radial profiles for 1.3 ≤ L* < 2.5 had mostly positive gradients except near L*~2.1, where the profiles for μ = 20–30 MeV/G were flat or slightly peaked. The major result is that MagEIS data do not show the presence of significant fluxes of MeV electrons in the inner zone while current radiation belt models and previous publications do.
Investigation of the transport processes controlling the geographic distribution of carbon monoxide at the tropical tropopause
Authors: Jensen E. J. , Pfister L. , Ueyama R. , Bergman J. W. , Kinnison D. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractConvectively influenced trajectory calculations are used to investigate the impact of different Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) transport pathways for establishing the distribution of carbon monoxide (CO) at 100 hPa as observed by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on board the Aura satellite. Carbon monoxide is a useful tracer for investigating TTL transport and convective influence because the CO lifetime (≃1–2 months) is comparable to the time required for slow ascent through the TTL. MERRA horizontal winds are used for the diabatic trajectories, and off‐line calculations of TTL radiative heating are used to determine the vertical motion field. The locations and times of convective influence events along the trajectories are determined from 3‐hourly, geostationary satellite measurements of convective clouds. The trajectory model reproduces most of the prominent features in the 100 hPa CO geographic distribution indicated by the MLS observations for the winter and summer 2007 periods simulated. CO concentrations and tendencies simulated with the Whole Atmosphere Climate Chemistry Model (WACCM) are used to specify boundary‐layer concentrations for convective influence and CO loss rates resulting from reaction with OH. The broad maximum in CO concentration over the Pacific during Boreal winter is primarily a result of the strong radiative heating (corresponding to upward vertical motion) associated with the abundant TTL cirrus in this region. Convection over the Pacific brings clean maritime air to the tropopause region and actually decreases the 100 hPa CO. The relative abundance of CO over the continental convective regions during wintertime is sensitive to small variations in convective cloud‐top height. Both the simulated and the observed summertime 100 hPa CO distributions are dominated by the maximum co‐located with the upper level anticyclone forced by the Asian monsoon convection. Sensitivity tests indicate that the summertime Asian monsoon anticyclone 100 hPa CO maximum is dominated by extreme convective systems with detrainment of polluted air above about 360–365 K potential temperature. This result stems directly from the fact that the heating rates are negative (downward motion) below 360–365 K during summertime through most of the tropics; therefore, air detrained from convection at lower levels will generally just sink back down into the middle troposphere. We find that most of the CO feeding into the Asian monsoon anticyclone comes from convection over the Tibetan Plateau and India, with relatively minor contributions from southeast Asia and eastern China.
Lifetimes and emissions of SO2 from point sources estimated from OMI
Authors: Fioletov V. E. , McLinden C. A. , Krotkov N. , Li C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA new method to estimate sulfur dioxide (SO2) lifetimes and emissions from point sources using satellite measurements is described. The method is based on fitting satellite SO2 vertical column density to a three‐dimensional parameterization as a function of the coordinates and wind speed. An effective lifetime (or, more accurately, decay time) and emission rate are then determined from the parameters of the fit. The method was applied to measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) processed with the new principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm in the vicinity of approximately 50 large U.S. near‐point sources. The obtained results were then compared with available emission inventories. The correlation between estimated and reported emissions was about 0.91 with the estimated lifetimes between 4 and 12 h. It is demonstrated that individual sources with annual SO2 emissions as low as 30 kt yr−1 can produce a statistically significant signal in OMI data.
Generation of Highly Enriched Populations of Optic Vesicle−Like Retinal Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Ohlemacher Sarah K. , Iglesias Clara L. , Sridhar Akshayalakshmi , Gamm David M. , Meyer Jason S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe protocol outlined below is used to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into retinal cell types through a process that faithfully recapitulates the stepwise progression observed in vivo. From pluripotency, cells are differentiated to a primitive anterior neural fate, followed by progression into two distinct populations of retinal progenitors and forebrain progenitors, each of which can be manually separated and purified. The hPSC‐derived retinal progenitors are found to self‐organize into three‐dimensional optic vesicle−like structures, with each aggregate possessing the ability to differentiate into all major retinal cell types. The ability to faithfully recapitulate the stepwise in vivo development in a three‐dimensional cell culture system allows for the study of mechanisms underlying human retinogenesis. Furthermore, this methodology allows for the study of retinal dysfunction and disease modeling using patient‐derived cells, as well as high‐throughput pharmacological screening and eventually patient‐specific therapies. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Teratoma Formation: A Tool for Monitoring Pluripotency in Stem Cell Research
Authors: Nelakanti Raman V. , Kooreman Nigel G. , Wu Joseph C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis unit describes protocols for evaluating the pluripotency of embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells using a teratoma formation assay. Cells are prepared for injection and transplanted into immunodeficient mice at the gastrocnemius muscle, a site well suited for teratoma growth and surgical access. Teratomas that form from the cell transplants are explanted, fixed in paraformaldehyde, and embedded in paraffin. These preserved samples are sectioned, stained, and analyzed. Pluripotency of a cell line is confirmed by whether the teratoma contains tissues derived from each of the embryonic germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Alternatively, explanted and fixed teratomas can be cryopreserved for immunohistochemistry, which allows for more detailed identification of specific tissue types present in the samples. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Attitude control of reusable launch vehicle in reentry phase with input constraint via robust adaptive backstepping control
Authors: Wang Fang , Hua Changchun , Zong Qun 
Published: February 2015

SummaryThe paper presents an attitude control problem of reusable launch vehicles in reentry phase. The controller is designed based on synthesizing robust adaptive control into backstepping control procedure in the presence of input constraint, model uncertainty, and external disturbance. In view of the coupling between the states of translational motion and the states of attitude motion, the control‐oriented model is developed, where the uncertainties do not satisfy linear parameterization assumption. The time derivative of the virtual control input is viewed as a part of uncertain term to facilitate the analytic computations and avoid the ‘explosion of terms’ problem. The robust adaptive backstepping control scheme is first proposed to overcome the uncertainty and external disturbance. The robust adaptive law is employed to estimate the unknown bound of the uncertain term. Furthermore, the attitude control problem subjects to input constraint is studied, and the constrained robust adaptive backstepping control strategy is proposed. Within the Lyapunov theory framework, the stability analysis of the closed‐loop system is carried out, and the tracking error converges to a random neighborhood around origin. Six‐degree‐of‐freedom reusable launch vehicle simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of a Novel Amphiphilic and Cationic Chitosan‐Based Flocculant for Efficient Treatment of Oily Wastewater
Authors: Lü Ting , Zhao Hongting , Qi Dongming , Chen Ying 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis study reported the successful synthesis of a new amphiphilic and cationic flocculant (denoted as CS‐g‐PDBC) by grafting a cationic monomer, dimethyl acryloyloxyethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (DBC), onto chitosan (CS) initiated by ceric ammonium nitrate. The molecular structure and surface morphology of the newly synthesized graft copolymer CS‐g‐PDBC were characterized in detail by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis , and elemental analysis. Moreover, its flocculation efficiency for treating simulated emulsified oil wastewaters was evaluated and the results indicated that CS‐g‐PDBC was more efficient than those of CS and two other commonly used flocculants, i.e., cationic polyacrylamide and polyaluminum chloride. It was found that, as compared with CS, the successful introduction of cationic and hydrophobic groups into the CS backbone resulted in a significantly broadened flocculation window and a greatly enhanced flocculation efficiency for the prepared CS‐g‐PDBC in the treatment of oily wastewater, suggesting that this newly synthesized CS‐g‐PDBC would be a promising green agent for oily wastewater treatment.
Bioactive Cardinane Sesquiterpenes from the Stems of Alangium salviifolium
Authors: Pailee Phanruethai , Prachyawarakorn Vilailak , Ruchirawat Somsak , Mahidol Chulabhorn 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA dichloromethane extract of the stems of Alangium salviifolium afforded twelve cardinane sesquiterpenes, seven of which are new alangenes A‐G (1–7) and five known compounds (8–12). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic techniques including UV, IR, and NMR spectroscopies, and mass spectrometry. Most of the tested compounds exhibited very potent aromatase inhibition properties, especially in the case of the cardinane sesquiterpenes 1, 5–8, and 10 (IC50 values of 0.09, 0.13, 0.30, 0.06, 2.05, and 1.19 μM, respectively), which are significantly better than that of the positive control (ketoconazole, IC50 of 2.4 μM). Compounds 1 and 4 exhibited selective cytotoxicity against the MOLT‐3 cancer cell line with IC50 values of 7.9 and 2.1 μg mL−1, respectively.
Intramolecular CN Bond Formation under Metal‐free Conditions: Synthesis of Indolizines
Authors: Wu Junliang , Leng Wei Lin , Liao Hongze , Mai Hoang Kim Le , Liu Xue‐Wei 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPolysubstituted indolizine derivatives are constructed via intramolecular CN bond formation/CH bond cleavage under metal‐free conditions. These methods offer straightforward pathways to transform pyridyl chalcones into a variety of indolizines.
Systematic review of surgical treatment of subclinical Cushing's syndrome
Authors: Iacobone M , Citton M , Scarpa M , Viel G , Boscaro M , Nitti D 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Background
Subclinical Cushing's syndrome (SCS) is a condition of biochemical cortisol excess without the classical clinical features of overt hypercortisolism; it may be associated with some consequences of metabolic syndrome. The most appropriate treatment remains controversial. This study aimed to assess the outcomes of adrenalectomy for SCS.

Methods
A systematic review was performed. MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Databases (1980–2013) were searched for studies reporting the outcomes of unilateral adrenalectomy with respect to hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, obesity and osteoporosis in patients with SCS. Studies with a questionable diagnosis of SCS, bilateral adrenal involvement and insufficient data were excluded.

Results
Of the 105 papers screened, seven were selected; there were six retrospective studies and one randomized clinical trial, including 230 patients. Data analysis was limited by heterogeneity in definition of SCS and endpoints. Hypercortisolism was cured in all operated patients. Laparoscopy was the preferred approach, with a morbidity rate of 0·8 per cent. A beneficial effect of surgery on blood pressure, glucometabolic control and obesity was evident in all studies, with cure or improvement in 72, 46 and 39 per cent of patients respectively, compared with conservative management. The results for lipid metabolism were equivocal, because of a decrease in triglyceridaemia but discordant effects on cholesterol metabolism among the different studies. No beneficial effects on osteoporosis were found.

Conclusion
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy seems to be beneficial in reversing several metabolic effects of hypercortisolism, with a low morbidity rate. However, the heterogeneity and low quality of the available studies preclude definitive recommendations.
Quantification of polygalasaponin F in rat plasma using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and its pharmacokinetics application
Authors: Zhou Wenli , Zhang Jiantao , Xu Wei , Sun Jinghui 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTA rapid and highly selective liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric (LC‐MS/MS) method for determination of polygalasaponin F (PF) in rat plasma was developed and validated. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a reverse‐phase Zorbax SB‐C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm), using 2 mm ammonium acetate (pH adjusted to 6.0 with acetic acid) and acetonitrile (25:75, v/v) as a mobile phase at 30 °C. MS/MS detection was performed using an electrospray ionization operating in positive ion multiple reaction monitoring mode by monitoring the ion transitions from m/z 1091.5 → 471.2 (PF) and m/z 700.4 → 235.4 (internal standard), respectively. The calibration curve showed a good linearity in the concentration range 0.0544–13.6 µg/mL, with a limit of quantification of 0.0544 µg/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were <9.7% in rat plasma. The method was validated as per US Food and Drug Administration guidelines and successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of PF in rats. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The B subunit of Escherichia coli enterotoxin helps control the in vivo growth of solid tumors expressing the Epstein–Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A
Authors: Ondondo Beatrice , Faulkner Lee , Williams Neil A. , Morgan Andrew J. , Morgan David J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractLatent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) is expressed on almost all Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐associated tumors and is a potential target for immunotherapeutic intervention and vaccination. However, LMP2A is not efficiently processed and presented on major histocompatibility antigens class I molecules to generate potent cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes (CTL) responses capable of killing these tumors. The B subunit of Escherichia coli enterotoxin (EtxB), causes rapid internalization and processing of membrane‐bound LMP2A on EBV‐infected B cells, and facilitates loading of processed‐LMP2A peptides onto MHC class I. This re‐directed trafficking/delivery of LMP2A to the MHC class I machinery enhances recognition and killing by LMP2A‐specific CTL in vitro. To test the potential of EtxB to enhance immune targeting of LMP2A expressed in solid tumors, we generated a murine tumor model (Renca‐LMP2A), in which LMP2A is expressed as a transgenic neoantigen on a renal carcinoma (Renca) cell line and forms solid tumors when injected subcutaneously into BALB/c mice. The data show that in BALB/c mice which have only low levels of peripheral Kd‐LMP2A‐specific CD8+ T cells, merely a transient inhibition of tumor growth is achieved compared with naïve mice; suggesting that there is suboptimal LMP2A‐specifc CTL recognition and poorly targeted tumor killing. However, importantly, treatment of these mice with EtxB led to a significant delay in the onset of tumor growth and significantly lower tumor volumes compared with similar mice that did not receive EtxB. Moreover, this remarkable effect of EtxB was achieved despite progressive reduction in tumor expression of LMP2A and MHC class I molecules. These data clearly demonstrate the potential efficacy of EtxB as a novel therapeutic agent that could render EBV‐associated tumors susceptible to immune control.
Extending FABRIK with model constraints
Authors: Aristidou Andreas , Chrysanthou Yiorgos , Lasenby Joan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractForward and Backward Reaching Inverse Kinematics (FABRIK) is a recent iterative inverse kinematics solver that became very popular because of its simplicity, convergence speed and control performance, especially in models with multiple end effectors. In this paper, we extend and/or adjust FABRIK to be used in problems with leaf joints and closed‐loop chains and to control a fixed inter‐joint distance in a kinetic chain with unsteady data. In addition, we provide optimisation solutions when the target is unreachable and a proof of convergence when a solution is available. We also present various techniques for constraining anthropometric and robotic joint models using FABRIK and provide clarifications and solutions to many questions raised since the first publication of FABRIK. Finally, a human‐like model that has been structured hierarchically and sequentially using FABRIK is presented, utilising most of the suggested joint models; it can efficiently trace targets in real time, without oscillations or discontinuities, verifying the effectiveness of FABRIK. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Successful treatment of immediate allogeneic myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a HLA‐mismatched sibling donor for active systemic epstein–barr virus‐positive T‐cell lymphoproliferative disease of childhood following primary acute epstein–barr virus infection
Authors: Kakinoki Yasutaka , Matsuoka Satomi , Hashiguchi Junichi , Chiba Koji , Miyake Takayoshi 
Published: February 2015

Key Clinical MessageA 22‐year‐old female was admitted for sustained high fever and diagnosed with systemic Epstein–Barr virus‐positive T‐cell lymphoproliferative disease. As her clinical course was so aggressive, she immediately underwent allogeneic myeloablative bone marrow transplantation from an HLA‐mismatched sibling donor on hospital day 46. The patient has remained in complete remission for 3 years.
Mapping Live Cell Viscosity with an Aggregation‐Induced Emission Fluorogen by Means of Two‐Photon Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging
Authors: Chen Sijie , Hong Yuning , Zeng Yan , Sun Qiqi , Liu Yang , Zhao Engui , Bai Gongxun , Qu Jianan , Hao Jianhua , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIntracellular viscosity is a crucial parameter that indicates the functioning of cells. In this work, we demonstrate the utility of TPE‐Cy, a cell‐permeable dye with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) property, in mapping the viscosity inside live cells. Owing to the AIE characteristics, both the fluorescence intensity and lifetime of this dye are increased along with an increase in viscosity. Fluorescence lifetime imaging of live cells stained with TPE‐Cy reveals that the lifetime in lipid droplets is much shorter than that from the general cytoplasmic region. The loose packing of the lipids in a lipid droplet results in low viscosity and thus shorter lifetime of TPE‐Cy in this region. It demonstrates that the AIE dye could provide good resolution in intracellular viscosity sensing. This is also the first work in which AIE molecules are applied in fluorescence lifetime imaging and intracellular viscosity sensing.
A Terminal, Fluxional η4‐Benzene Complex with a Thermally Accessible Triplet State is the Primary Photoproduct in the Intercyclobutadiene Haptotropism of (CpCo)phenylenes
Authors: Albright Thomas A. , Drissi Rima , Gandon Vincent , Oldenhof Sander , Oloba‐Whenu Oluwakemi A. , Padilla Robin , Shen Hao , Vollhardt K. Peter C. , Vreeken Vincent 
Published: February 2015

AbstractLow‐temperature irradiation of linear [3]‐ and [4]phenylene cyclopentadienylcobalt complexes generates labile, fluxional η4‐arene complexes, in which the metal resides on the terminal ring. Warming induces a haptotropic shift to the neighboring cyclobutadiene rings, followed by the previously reported intercyclobutadiene migration. NMR scrutiny of the primary photoproduct reveals a thermally accessible 16‐electron cobalt η2‐triplet species, which, according to DFT computations, is responsible for the rapid symmetrization of the molecules along their long axes. Calculations indicate that the entire haptotropic manifold along the phenylene frame is governed by dual‐state reactivity of alternating 18‐electron singlets and 16‐electron triplets.
CFD‐Untersuchung der Fluiddynamik und des Wärmeübergangs bei einphasiger Strömung im welligen Spalt zwischen Thermoblechen
Authors: Piper Mark , Tran Julian M. , Kenig Eugeny Y. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThermoblech‐Wärmeübertrager (TBWÜ) stellen eine vielversprechende Alternative zu konventionellen Wärmeübertragern dar, insb. in Kondensation und Verdampfung. Allerdings sind bislang keine fundierten Dimensionierungsgrundlagen für TBWÜ in der Literatur verfügbar. Hier wird die einphasige vollständig ausgebildete turbulente Strömung im Spalt zwischen zwei Thermoblechen mittels computational fluid dynamics (CFD) untersucht. Außerdem wird erläutert, wie die Korrelation für die turbulente Strömung in glatten Rohren für die Auslegung des Thermoblechkanals verwendet werden kann, und gezeigt, wie eine Steigerung der thermohydraulischen Leistung ermöglicht wird.