bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilization of Stat Test Priority in the Clinical Laboratory: A College of American Pathologists Q-Probes Study of 52 Institutions
Authors: Volmar Keith E. , Wilkinson David S. , Wagar Elizabeth A. , Lehman Christopher M. 
Published: January 2013

Context.—Utilization of stat testing priority is a balance between safe, efficient patient management and resource expenditure.Objective.—To determine the rate of stat testing, compare rates among institutions, and determine the distribution of turnaround time expectations for different turnaround time priorities.Design.—During a 7-day period, participants prospectively determined the total number of chemistry, hematology, and coagulation billable tests from inpatients and emergency department patients. Among these, the total numbers of billable tests performed stat were identified. Laboratories also reported the levels of test priority they offered and turnaround expectations for each level of test priority.Results.—Fifty institutions submitted data for the study, with 2 additional participants submitting partial results. Participants identified 639 589 chemistry, hematology, and coagulation billable tests, with 229 896 (35.9%) performed stat. The stat rate varied from 21.3% at the 10th percentile to 55.4% at the 90th percentile, with a median of 37.0% of participants' tests performed stat. Laboratories include a mean of 206 tests in chemistry, hematology, and coagulation test menus, with 67% of these tests offered stat. The fraction of the test menu offered stat varied from 29.0% at the 10th percentile to 97.8% at the 90th percentile, with a median of 73.3% of tests on the menu offered stat. The most common number of testing priorities offered by participating laboratories was 3 (44.2%).Conclusions.—Among the 52 participating laboratories, the median stat testing rate was 37.0% and a median 73.3% of the test menu was offered stat.
College of American Pathologists Gynecologic Cytopathology Quality Consensus Conference on Good Laboratory Practices in Gynecologic Cytology: Background, Rationale, and Organization
Authors: Tworek Joseph A. , Henry Michael R. , Blond Barbara , Jones Bruce Allen 
Published: January 2013

Context.—Gynecologic cytopathology is a heavily regulated field, with Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 mandating the collection of many quality metrics. There is a lack of consensus regarding methods to collect, monitor, and benchmark these data and how these data should be used in a quality assurance program. Furthermore, the introduction of human papilloma virus testing and proficiency testing has provided more data to monitor.Objective.—To determine good laboratory practices in quality assurance of gynecologic cytopathology.Data Sources.—Data were collected through a written survey consisting of 98 questions submitted to 1245 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments–licensed or Department of Defense laboratories. There were 541 usable responses. Additional input was sought through a Web posting of results and questions on the College of American Pathologists Web site. Four senior authors who authored the survey and 28 cytopathologists and cytotechnologists were assigned to 5 working groups to analyze data and present statements on good laboratory practices in gynecologic cytopathology at the College of American Pathologists Gynecologic Cytopathology Quality Consensus Conference. Ninety-eight attendees at the College of American Pathologists Gynecologic Cytopathology Quality Consensus Conference discussed and voted on good laboratory practice statements to obtain consensus.Conclusions.—This paper describes the rationale, background, process, and strengths and limitations of a series of papers that summarize good laboratory practice statements in quality assurance in gynecologic cytopathology.
General Quality Practices in Gynecologic Cytopathology: Findings From the College of American Pathologists Gynecologic Cytopathology Quality Consensus Conference Working Group 3
Authors: Tworek Joseph , Nayar Ritu , Savaloja Lynnette , Tabbara Sana , Thomas Nicole , Winkler Barbara , Howell Lydia Pleotis 
Published: January 2013

Context.—There are many long-standing quality monitors for cytopathology laboratories and their cytotechnologists and pathologists. Many of these monitors are based on tradition and empirical good intentions. There is no established standard as to how results of these monitors should be used in a quality assurance program.Objective.—To review practices that are typically part of a general quality program in cytopathology laboratories and to provide statements regarding good laboratory practices that laboratories may find useful in a quality assurance program in their own setting.Data Sources.—An expert working group evaluated results from a national laboratory survey, responses from follow-up questions posted on a Web site, and findings from the literature. The group created statements on good laboratory practices related to general quality practices and quality assurance in gynecologic cytopathology. These were discussed and voted on at a consensus conference.Conclusions.—Laboratories follow many metrics. Most laboratories facilitate comparison of individual metrics against the laboratory's metrics: 81.1% for cytotechnologists and 59.6% for pathologists. The majority of laboratories facilitate comparison of individual cytotechnologist metrics with other cytotechnologists, but less frequently metrics from pathologists with other individuals. The most common methods to recognize variance in performance in individuals were by identifying outliers from the data or by user-defined action limits. The most common method to address variance was an attempt to identify the cause of the variance and conduct a focused review. Quality metrics should be monitored for the laboratory as a whole and in selected cases for both individual pathologists and cytotechnologists. Results should be shared with individuals, and newly hired primary screeners should be monitored. Reviewing selected cases is a useful quality tool. Low-volume methodologies, such as conventional Papanicolaou tests, should have additional oversight.
Imaging‐Guided pH‐Sensitive Photodynamic Therapy Using Charge Reversible Upconversion Nanoparticles under Near‐Infrared Light
Authors: Wang Chao , Cheng Liang , Liu Yumeng , Wang Xiaojing , Ma Xinxing , Deng Zhaoyi , Li Yonggang , Liu Zhuang 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) based on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) can effectively destroy cancer cells under tissue‐penetrating near‐infrared light (NIR) light. Herein, we synthesize manganese (Mn2+)‐doped UCNPs with strong red light emission at ca. 660 nm under 980 nm NIR excitation to activate Chlorin e6 (Ce6), producing singlet oxygen (1O2) to kill cancer cells. A layer‐by‐layer (LbL) self‐assembly strategy is employed to load multiple layers of Ce6 conjugated polymers onto UCNPs via electrostatic interactions. UCNPs with two layers of Ce6 loading (UCNP@2xCe6) are found to be optimal in terms of Ce6 loading and 1O2 generation. By further coating UCNP@2xCe6 with an outer layer of charge‐reversible polymer containing dimethylmaleic acid (DMMA) groups and polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains, we obtain a UCNP@2xCe6‐DMMA‐PEG nanocomplex, the surface of which is negatively charged and PEG coated under pH 7.4; this could be converted to have a positively charged naked surface at pH 6.8, significantly enhancing cell internalization of nanoparticles and increasing in vitro NIR‐induced PDT efficacy. We then utilize the intrinsic optical and paramagnetic properties of Mn2+‐doped UCNPs for in vivo dual modal imaging, and uncover an enhanced retention of UCNP@2xCe6‐DMMA‐PEG inside the tumor after intratumoral injection, owing to the slightly acidic tumor microenvironment. Consequently, a significantly improved in vivo PDT therapeutic effect is achieved using our charge‐reversible UCNP@2xCe6‐DMMA‐PEG nanoparticles. Finally, we further demonstrate the remarkably enhanced tumor‐homing of these pH‐responsive charge‐switchable nanoparticles in comparison to a control counterpart without pH sensitivity after systemic intravenous injection. Our results suggest that UCNPs with finely designed surface coatings could serve as smart pH‐responsive PDT agents promising in cancer theranostics.
Optically Reconfigurable Reflective/Scattering States Enabled with Photosensitive Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Cells
Authors: Vernon Jonathan P. , Hrozhyk Uladzimir A. , Serak Svetlana V. , Tondiglia Vincent P. , White Timothy J. , Tabiryan Nelson V. , Bunning Timothy J. 
Published: January 2013

Circularly polarized light is employed to write information into cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) cells that initially exhibit homogeneous planar alignment and are fabricated with a photoaligning boundary layer. Overlap of the writing beam with light reflected from the CLC phase disrupts the reflective Grandjean texture, resulting in a localized region that strongly scatters light. These scattering areas can be geometrically patterned using circularly polarized light and a mask, erased and brought back to the original reflective condition by exposure to linearly polarized light, and then repatterned with a different mask using circularly polarized light. The light‐induced scattering is localized to the side of the cell being exposed. Within the scattering region a microscopic texture is formed, which exhibits an average feature, or “domain”, size related to cell thickness and helical pitch. The behavior occurs only when the CLC and incoming writing radiation exhibit the same handedness and when the reflection bandwidth of the CLC is commensurate with the wavelength of the incoming radiation. This new phenomena provides the ability to reconfigure reflectivity from a CLC cell and is expected to be useful for systems where all optical control of dynamic information is needed.
Crosslinked Hexafluoropropylidene Polybenzimidazole Membranes with Chloromethyl Polysulfone for Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Yang Jingshuai , Li Qingfeng , Cleemann Lars N. , Jensen Jens Oluf , Pan Chao , Bjerrum Niels J. , He Ronghuan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHexafluoropropylidene polybenzimidazole (F6PBI) was synthesized with excellent chemical stability and improved solubility. When doped with phosphoric acid, however, the F6PBI membranes showed plastic deformation at elevated temperatures. Further efforts were made to covalently crosslink F6PBI membranes with chloromethyl polysulfone as a polymeric crosslinker. Comparing with linear F6PBI and mPBI membranes, the polymer crosslinked F6PBI membranes exhibited little organo solubility, excellent stability towards the radical oxidation, high resistance to swelling in concentrated phosphoric acid solutions, and improved mechanical strength, especially at elevated temperatures. The superior characteristics of crosslinked membranes allowed for higher acid doping levels and therefore increased proton conductivity as well as significantly improved fuel cell performance and durability, as compared with the linear F6PBI and mPBI membranes.
On the Active Surface State of Nickel‐Ceria Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anodes During Methane Electrooxidation
Authors: Papaefthimiou Vasiliki , Shishkin Maxim , Niakolas Dimitris K. , Athanasiou Michalis , Law Yeuk Ting , Arrigo Rosa , Teschner Detre , Hävecker Michael , Knop‐Gericke Axel , Schlögl Robert , Ziegler Tom , Neophytides Stylianos G. , Zafeiratos Spyridon 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have grown in recognition as a viable technology able to convert chemical energy directly into electricity, with higher efficiencies than conventional thermal engines. Direct feeding of the SOFCs anode with hydrocarbons from fossil or renewable sources, appears more attractive compared to the use of hydrogen as a fuel. The addition of mixed oxide‐ion/electron conductors, like gadolinium‐doped ceria (GDC), to commonly used nickel‐based anodes is a well–known strategy that significantly enhances the performance of the SOFCs. Here we provide in situ experimental evidence of the active surface oxidation state and composition of Ni/GDC anodes during methane electroxidation using realistic solid oxide electrode assemblies. Ambient pressure X‐ray photoelectron and near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopies (APPES and NEXAFS respectively) combined with on line electrical and gas phase measurements, were used to directly associate the surface state and the electrocatalytic performance of Ni/GDC anodes working at intermediate temperatures (700°C). A reduced anode surface (Ce3+ and Ni), with an optimum Ni to Ce surface composition, were found to be the most favorable configuration for maximum cell currents. Experimental results are rationalized on the basis of first principles calculations, proposing a detailed mechanism of the cell function.
Synthesis of porous emulsion‐templated monoliths from a pulp mill by‐product
Authors: Forgacz Claire , Birot Marc , Deleuze Hervé 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBlack liquor is a by‐product of the paper mill Kraft process that deserves more valorization than its present use as low‐grade fuel. In this work, we present an original approach allowing the preparation of macroporous interconnected monolithic materials using as‐received black liquor as main raw material. The process involves the formulation of an oil‐in‐water medium internal phase emulsion as soft templating porosity medium. The oil (internal phase) used is castor oil, whereas the continuous phase is constituted of black liquor containing a hydrophilic surfactant and epichlorohydrin as lignin crosslinking agent. Due to the high viscosity of the system, a specially designed emulsifying device was employed. The proper choices of the surfactant and emulsification conditions allow obtaining cellular biopolymers with almost monodisperse, interconnected void structure and satisfactory mechanical properties. These innovative results are promising for the future development of fully bio‐based emulsion‐derived materials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Investigation of thermal, rheological, and physical properties of amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate)/organoclay nanocomposite films
Authors: Gökkurt Tolga , Durmus Ali , Sariboga Vedat , Öksüzömer M. A. Faruk 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThermal, rheological, and physical properties of amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/organoclay nanocomposite films which were successfully prepared with melt processing method using a PET/organoclay masterbatch were studied in detail. Structural and physical properties of the films were characterized by the UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD and SEM analysis, DSC, DMA, and rheological tests and gas permeability measurements. Cold‐crystallization behavior of the samples was analyzed by the DSC and DMA methods. Aspect ratio of the organoclay layers were determined with the Nielsen and Halpin‐Tsai models based on the gas permeability and DMA data, respectively. It was found that the organoclay reduced the nonisothermal cold‐crystallization rate of PET chains by restricting the segmental motion of the polymer in the solid state. On the other hand, the organoclay enhanced the nonisothermal melt‐crystallization of PET due to the nucleation effect. Aspect ratio (Af) of the clay layers were found to be about 20 by using the gas permeability and DMA data. Aspect ratio value was also confirmed by the analysis of SEM images of the samples. A physical model for the sample microstructure was offered that the stacks with the thickness of 20–30 nm and the lateral size of 400–600 nm, probably consisting of 5–8 layers, were uniformly dispersed in the PET structure. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Investigation of the crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene polymerized with different Ziegler‐Natta catalysts
Authors: Kang Jian , Li Jingping , Chen Shaohua , Peng Hongmei , Wang Bin , Cao Ya , Li Huilin , Chen Jinyao , Gai Jinggang , Yang Feng , Xiang Ming 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDetailed characterization of the crystallization behavior is important for obtaining better structure property correlations of the isotactic polypropylene (iPP), however, attributed to the complexity in ZN‐iPP polymerization, the relationship between crystallization behavior and the stereo‐defect distribution of iPP is still under debate. In this study, the crystallization kinetics of the primary nucleation, crystal growth and overall crystallization of two iPP samples (PP‐A and PP‐B) with nearly same average isotacticity but different stereo‐defect distribution (the stereo‐defect distribution of PP‐B is more uniform than PP‐A) were investigated. The results of isothermal crystallization kinetics showed that the overall crystallization rate of PP‐A was much higher than that of PP‐B; but the analysis of self‐nucleation isothermal crystallization kinetics and the polarized optical microscopy (POM) observation indicated that the high overall crystallization rate of PP‐A was attributed to the high primary nucleation rate of the resin. The stereo‐defect distribution plays an important role in determining both the nucleation kinetics and crystal grow kinetics, and thus influence the overall crystallization kinetics. A more uniform distribution of stereo‐defects restrains the crystallization rate of iPP, moreover, it has more influence on nucleation kinetics, comparing with the crystal growth. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
A simple, inexpensive, real‐time interferometric cure monitoring system for optically cured polymers
Authors: Schwerzel Robert E. , Jariwala Amit S. , Rosen David W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOptically cured polymers play a crucial role in many commercial applications, ranging from UV‐cured inks, coatings, and dental fillings to the optical fabrication of three‐dimensional prototypes by means of stereolithography. However, our understanding of the detailed processes that occur in the curing of these materials is often limited by the practical difficulty of observing the cure process in real time, under “real‐world” conditions. This article reports the simple implementation of a free‐space Mach‐Zehnder interferometer that can be constructed inexpensively from readily available components, and demonstrates its utility in monitoring the UV curing of a typical acrylate photopolymer system in real time. In particular, it is shown that this system can sensitively track the induction period, the light‐induced photopolymerization reaction, and the subsequent dark reaction that continues after the irradiation has been halted. This Interferometric Cure Monitor, or “ICM,” thus provides a valuable addition to other analytical methods, both for improving the quality control of existing commercial processes and for aiding the development of improved photopolymer formulations. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Model for Conformational Relaxation of Flexible Conjugated Polymers: Application to p‐Phenylenevinylene Trimers in Nonpolar Solvents
Authors: Galvão Adelino M. , Di Paolo Roberto E. , Maçanita António L. , Naqvi K. Razi 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPhotoexcitation of flexible conjugated polymers is invariably followed by a fast conformational/torsional relaxation towards a configuration favouring coplanarity of the conjugated segments. In general, the experimental relaxation rate constant (kCR) depends on the solvent viscosity (η) and temperature (T), and is not proportional to T/η. A theory capable of explaining the observed dependence of kCR on T and η over a wide range of these variables is not available. This gap is filled here by presenting a stochastic model that includes the participation of the oligomer side chain in storing and dissipating the stresses induced by photoexcitation. The model is able to account for the softening of solute–solvent interactions and its predictions are found to be in excellent agreement with the observed relaxation rate constants of a series of substituted p‐phenylenevinylene trimers [ChemPhysChem 2009, 10, 448–454] on T, η and the size of the side‐chains.
Emission of Ultrashort Electromagnetic Pulses from Electron Bunches Formed and Accelerated by Laser Beams with Tilted Amplitude Fronts
Authors: Galkin A.L. , Korobkin V.V. , Romanovsky M.Yu. , Shiryaev O.B. , Trofimov V.A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe dynamics of an electron in a standing wave generated by a pair of counterpropagating linearly polarized relativistically intense laser pulses and the emission of electromagnetic radiation by the electron are analyzed. The pulses are assumed to have tilted amplitude fronts and asymmetric focal spots. The analysis of the dynamics is performed by solving numerically the Newton equation with the corresponding Lorentz force, and the emission of radiation is simulated based on the Lienard‐Wiechert potentials. The electrons are accelerated by the direct action of the standing wave field and are shown to form a small short bunch. For relativistic intensities, the energies gained by the electrons reach several GeV. It is demonstrated that the radiation emitted by the electrons in the bunch is a single electromagnetic pulse confined to a narrow solid angle and having an attosecond duration. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Generation of Quantum Beams in Large Clusters Irradiated by Super‐Intense, High – Contrast Femtosecond Laser Pulses
Authors: Faenov A. Ya. , Pikuz T. A. , Fukuda Y. , Skobelev I. Yu. , Nakamura T. , Bulanov S. V. , Hayashi Y. , Kotaki H. , Pirozhkov A. S. , Kawachi T. , Chen L. M. , Zhang L. , Yan W. C. , Yuan D. W. , Mao J. Y. , Wang Z. H. , Ma J. L. , Fortov V. E. , Kato Y. , Kando M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA short review of our experimental studies on generation of photon and particle beams in submicron clusters irradiated by intense, high‐contrast (∼ 108–1010) femtosecond laser pulses is presented. It is shown that highlyefficient laser‐cluster interaction allows creating bright sources of X‐ray, high‐energy electron and ion beams. The examples of applications of femtosecond‐laser‐produced cluster plasmas (FLPCP) for X‐ray and ion beams radiography are presented. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of Laser Pulse Parameters on the Properties of e–e+ Plasmas Created from Vacuum
Authors: Blaschke D. B. , Kämpfer B. , Panferov A. D. , Prozorkevich A. V. , Smolyansky S. A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe use the low density approximation within the kinetic theory approach to vacuum creation of an e–e+ pair plasma (EPPP) in a strong laser field in order to investigate the dependence of the observed EPPP on the form and parameters of a single laser pulse. The EPPP distribution function is calculated for an arbitrary time dependence of the electric field in the multiphoton domain (adiabaticity parameter γ > 1). The dependence on the field strength, the form and spectrum of the field pulse is investigated on the basis both analytical and numerical methods. The obtained results can be useful for examining some observable secondary processes associated with the dynamical Schwinger effect. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)