bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classroom‐ and School‐Level Contributions to Bullying and Victimization: A Review
Authors: Saarento Silja , Garandeau Claire F. , Salmivalli Christina 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSchool bullying is increasingly viewed by researchers as a group phenomenon that extends beyond the perpetrator–victim dyad and is embedded in the wider social context. This paper reviews the literature on classroom and school factors contributing to bullying and victimization among children and adolescents. Considerable variability in the prevalence of these problems exists between classrooms and schools, which are highly relevant contexts for students' social development. Along with individual characteristics, both classroom‐ and school‐related factors explain the bullying dynamic. The contexts may also exacerbate, or buffer against, the effects of individual‐level risk for bullying involvement and the consequences of victimization. We discuss findings on the contributions of demographic and structural characteristics (e.g. grade level, classroom and school size), peer contextual factors (e.g. status hierarchy, group norms and bystander behaviours) and the role of teachers. Finally, implications for research and school‐based antibullying programs are considered. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile Synthesis of MoS2@CNT as an Effective Catalyst for Hydrogen Production in Microbial Electrolysis Cells
Authors: Yuan Heyang , Li Jianyang , Yuan Chris , He Zhen 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMicrobial electrolysis cells (MECs) can produce hydrogen gas from organic compounds in an energy‐efficient way by taking advantage of the potential generated by microorganisms. However, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in MECs is slow and thus requires catalysts. A challenge for MEC development therefore lies in the development of cost‐effective HER catalysts. In this study, a nanocomposite with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) coated on highly conductive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was synthesized as an alternative HER catalyst, and examined in an MEC for hydrogen production. Linear sweep voltammogram experiments demonstrated enhanced HER activity with increasing CNT content. The results suggest that conductivity may be the main limiting factor for overall HER catalysis by MoS2. MEC tests showed that MoS2/CNT‐90 achieved hydrogen production that was comparable to the Pt‐based catalyst. The low cost of the MoS2 composites will make it competitive as an effective HER catalyst for future MEC applications.
Synthesis of 1,3‐Bis(tetracyano‐2‐azulenyl‐3‐butadienyl)azulenes by the [2+2] Cycloaddition–Retroelectrocyclization of 1,3‐Bis(azulenylethynyl)azulenes with Tetracyanoethylene
Authors: Shoji Taku , Maruyama Mitsuhisa , Maruyama Akifumi , Ito Shunji , Okujima Tetsuo , Toyota Kozo 
Published: August 2014

Abstract1,3‐Bis(azulenylethynyl)azulene derivatives 9–14 have been prepared by palladium‐catalyzed alkynylation of 1‐ethynylazulene 8 with 1,3‐diiodoazulene 1 or 1,3‐diethynylazulene 2 with the corresponding haloazulenes 3–7 under Sonogashira–Hagihara conditions. Bis(alkynes) 9–14 reacted with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) in a formal [2+2] cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization reaction to afford the corresponding new bis(tetracyanobutadiene)s (bis(TCBDs)) 15–20 in excellent yields. The redox behavior of bis(TCBD)s 15–20 was examined by using CV and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which revealed their reversible multistage reduction properties under the electrochemical conditions. Moreover, a significant color change of alkynes 9–14 and TCBDs 15–20 was observed by visible spectroscopy under the electrochemical reduction conditions.
Aspects of Extraction of Raw Materials – Comparison between Brown Coal and Renewable Raw Materials
Authors: Schiffer Lutz , Gutte Heiner , Meyer Bernd 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMit dem angestrebten Übergang von der derzeit dominierenden energetischen hin zu einer verstärkten stofflichen Nutzung von Kohlenstoffträgern sind grundsätzlich auch neue Nutzungsperspektiven für Biomasse und Braunkohle zu erwarten. Dies erfordert auch eine Neuorientierung der zukünftigen Rohstoffversorgung unter stärkerer Berücksichtigung von Nachhaltigkeitskriterien. Für eine vergleichende Betrachtung von Rohbraunkohle und nachwachsenden Rohstoffen werden die Gesamtdimensionen der Flächeninanspruchnahme, der energetische In‐ und Output und die Treibhausgasemissionen für Deutschland abgeschätzt.
The YBaCo4O7+δ‐Based Functional Oxide Material Family: A Review
Authors: Parkkima Outi , Karppinen Maarit 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe complex cobalt oxide YBaCo4O7+δ is an exciting material from both a fundamental scientific and an applied technological point of view. It has a unique ability to reversibly absorb and desorb large amounts of oxygen in an exceptionally low‐temperature range, which makes it a promising candidate for applications in which efficient oxide ion conductivity or large oxygen storage capacity is required. It has also been considered as a model system for geometrically frustrated magnetism, which originates from the nature of the layered crystal structure of YBaCo4O7+δ, with alternating triangular and Kagome‐type cobalt oxide layers. The structure is also extremely flexible in a chemical sense, with all three cation constituents accepting a number of different substitutions, thereby allowing its properties to be tuned. In this review, our aim is to provide a compact but comprehensive overview of the work published so far on this interesting family of functional oxides.
NaB3O5·0.5H2O and NH4NaB6O10: Two Cluster Open Frameworks with Chiral Quartz and Achiral Primitive Cubic Nets Constructed from Oxo Boron Cluster Building Units
Authors: Wang Jun‐Hua , Cheng Jian‐Wen , Wei Qi , He Huan , Yang Bai‐Feng , Yang Guo‐Yu 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTwo new cluster open framework borates, NaB3O5·0.5H2O (1) and NH4NaB6O10 (2) have been made under solvothermal conditions and characterized by IR, emission, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, powder X‐ray diffraction and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The common structural features contain the oxoboron cluster building units, B3O7 and B6O13 cluster units for 1 and 2, in which the B3O7 and B6O13 clusters act as 4‐ and 6‐connected nodes to further link each other, resulting in chiral qtz and achiral pcu nets, respectively.
Controls on knickpoint migration in a drainage network of the moderately uplifted Ardennes Plateau, Western Europe
Authors: Beckers A. , Bovy B. , Hallot E. , Demoulin A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMuch research has been devoted to the development of numerical models of river incision. In settings where bedrock channel erosion prevails, numerous studies have used field data to calibrate the widely acknowledged stream power model of incision and to discuss the impact of variables that do not appear explicitly in the model's simplest form. However, most studies have been conducted in areas of active tectonics, displaying a clear geomorphic response to the tectonic signal. Here, we analyze the traces left in the drainage network 0.7 My after the Ardennes region (western Europe) underwent a moderate 100–150 m uplift. We identify a set of knickpoints that have traveled far upstream in the Ourthe catchment, following this tectonic perturbation. Using a misfit function based on time residuals, our best fit of the stream power model parameters yields m = 0.75 and K = 4.63 × 10‐8 m‐0.5y‐1. Linear regression of the model time residuals against quantitative expressions of bedrock resistance to erosion shows that this variable does not correlate significantly with the residuals. By contrast, proxies for position in the drainage system prove to be able to explain 76% of the residual variance. High time residuals correlate with knickpoint position in small tributaries located in the downstream part of the Ourthe catchment, where some threshold was reached very early in the catchment's incision history. Removing the knickpoints stopped at such thresholds from the data set, we calculate an improved m = 0.68 and derive a scaling exponent of channel width against drainage area of 0.32, consistent with the average value compiled by Lague for steady state incising bedrock rivers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncertainty quantification for evaluating the impacts of fracture zone on pressure build‐up and ground surface uplift during geological CO2 sequestration
Authors: Bao Jie , Hou Zhangshuan , Fang Yilin , Ren Huiying , Lin Guang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA series of numerical test cases reflecting broad and realistic ranges of geological formation and fracture zone properties was developed to systematically evaluate the impacts of fracture zone on pressure build‐up and ground surface uplift during CO2 injection. Numerical test cases were conducted using a coupled hydro‐geomechanical simulator, eSTOMP‐RBSM (extreme‐scale Subsurface Transport over Multiple Phases, rigid‐body‐spring model). For efficient sensitivity analysis and reliable construction of a reduced‐order model, a quasi‐Monte Carlo sampling method was applied to effectively sample a high‐dimensional input parameter space to explore uncertainties associated with hydrologic properties. The uncertainty quantification results show that the impacts on geomechanical response from the fracture zone mainly depend on reservoir and fracture zone permeability. When the fracture zone permeability is two to three orders of magnitude smaller than the reservoir permeability, the fracture zone can be considered as an impermeable block that resists fluid transport in the reservoir, which causes pressure increase near the fracture zone. When the fracture zone permeability is close to the reservoir permeability, or higher than 10−15 m2 in this study, the fracture zone can be considered as a conduit that penetrates the caprock, connecting the fluid flow between the reservoir and the upper rock.© 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Safe prescribing of physical health medication in patients with dementia
Authors: Bishara Delia , Harwood Daniel 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveThe prescription of multiple medications for older people is common, despite concerns over the dangers associated with this. Older adults are particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of medication, and this is an even greater risk in patients with dementia. Many drugs used for physical health conditions can negatively affect cognition. Our aim was to identify areas of concern and which drugs to avoid in patients with dementia.DesignA review of the literature was carried out using Pubmed, Medline and Embase.ResultsMany drugs used for physical health conditions may worsen the symptoms of dementia. They do this either by negating the effects of cognitive enhancers or through direct adverse effects on cognitionConclusionsWhere evidence exists, we provide guidance as to the safest drugs to prescribe in particular clinical situations. Anticholinergic drugs should be avoided in dementia wherever possible. Effective pain management is important in older patients, but caution should be used when selecting an opioid analgesic because of their adverse central effects. Cardiac drugs have overall negligible effects on cognition, although some have been reported to cause delirium. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct measurement of planar flow rate in an excised canine larynx model
Authors: Oren Liran , Khosla Sid , Dembinski Doug , Ying Jun , Gutmark Ephraim 
Published: August 2014

Objectives/HypothesisDuring phonation, skewing of the glottal flow waveform (Q) refers to a phenomenon that occurs when the flow decelerates more rapidly than it accelerates. This skewing is clinically important because it increases the glottal efficiency, which is defined by the acoustic intensity (sound pressure level) divided by the subglottal pressure. Current theoretical models predict that the only mechanism to cause skewing of Q involves changes in the vocal tract inertance. The purpose of the current work is to show that other factors at the vocal fold level can also cause skewing of Q and to determine if the acoustic intensity is correlated with maximum flow declination rate.Study DesignBasic science.MethodsIntraglottal geometry and velocity measurements were taken in five canine larynges at the mid‐membranous plane using 2‐dimensional particle imaging velocimetry (PIV). The flow rate at the glottal exit was computed from the PIV measurements for low, medium, and high subglottal pressures.ResultsVortices form in the superior aspect of the divergent glottis during closing. These vortices produce negative pressure that increases both the maximum value of Q and the rapid deceleration of the flow. The skewing of the flow rate is increased as the intraglottal vortices are increased by increasing the subglottal pressure. The increase in the acoustic intensity is highly correlated with certain properties of the flow rate waveform, such as maximum flow rate.ConclusionFlow skewing and the acoustic intensity can be increased by increasing the intraglottal vortices.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 125:383–388, 2015
Pediatric Sialendoscopy: Initial experience in a pediatric otolaryngology group practice
Authors: Semensohn Ryan , Spektor Zorik , Kay David J. , Archilla Alfredo S. , Mandell David L. 
Published: August 2014

Objectives/HypothesisTo describe the initial results of sialendoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool in pediatric inflammatory salivary gland disease.Study DesignRetrospective review of patient medical records from a private practice consisting of three fellowship‐trained pediatric otolaryngologists.MethodsConsecutive pediatric patients with either recurrent or chronic sialadenitis underwent diagnostic and therapeutic sialendoscopy as an alternative to continued antibiotic therapy or surgical gland excision. Data collected included age, gender, indications for surgery, intraoperative findings, complications, recurrences, follow‐up intervals, and need for additional procedures.ResultsTwelve pediatric patients underwent sialendsocopy (9 cases of juvenile recurrent parotitis, 3 cases of chronic submandibular sialadenitis. Intraoperative findings included ductal stricture (n = 8), thick intraductal mucus (n = 6), and ductal calculus (n = 1). The only postoperative complication was one case of a submandibular gland, which remained enlarged for 1 month postoperatively before resolving. Average follow‐up was 16.5 months (range: 1–49 months), during which time two patients had recurrence (17%). One patient had repeated recurrences that only resolved after salvage parotidectomy. Another patient had one isolated recurrence that resolved with antibiotics. To date, 92% of patients have not required any further surgical intervention after a sialendoscopy procedure.ConclusionsSialendoscopy was successfully implemented as a safe and effective technique for management of recurrent and chronic parotid and submandibular sialadenitis in a pediatric otolaryngology practice.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 125:480–484, 2015
Spatiotemporal characteristics of swallowing in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Kim Yeo H. , Oh Byung‐Mo , Jung II‐Young , Lee Jung C. , Lee Goo J. , Han Tai R. 
Published: August 2014

Objectives/HypothesisThe aim of this study was to quantitatively investigate spatiotemporal movement abnormalities during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) and to investigate relationships between disease and dysphagia severities.Study DesignRetrospective study.MethodsWe performed two‐dimensional motion analysis of the hyoid bone, epiglottis, and vocal folds using videofluoroscopic images from 33 PD patients and 33 age‐matched, healthy controls. The outcome measures were spatial and temporal movement variables during swallowing. Additionally, three subgroups of patients were compared based on the Hoehn and Yahr scale to identify the relationship between disease and dysphagia severities.ResultsIndividuals with PD showed a reduced anterior hyoid bone displacement after normalization for each individual. The maximal angle of the epiglottic rotation was smaller in PD patients. The time to maximal displacement of the hyoid bone, epiglottis, and vocal folds were significantly delayed in PD patients (P = 0.001, 0.002, and < 0.001, respectively); the mean velocities of the hyoid bone and epiglottic movements were also reduced in PD patients (P < 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). The velocity curves of the hyoid bone revealed more peaks in individuals with PD, representing incoordination during swallowing. Clinical disease severity was related to level of diet and supervision but not with dysphagia severity.ConclusionThis study shows that oropharyngeal bradykinesia, incoordination, reduced anterior hyoid bone movement, and decreased epiglottic rotation angle during swallowing are the most noticeable findings in individuals with PD.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 125:389–395, 2015
Transoral robotic surgery for oropharyngeal and tongue cancer in the United States
Authors: Chung Thomas K. , Rosenthal Eben L. , Magnuson J. Scott , Carroll William R. 
Published: August 2014

Objectives/HypothesisTo compare the clinical and cost outcomes of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) versus open procedures following the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval in December 2009.Study DesignRetrospective analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2008 to 2011.MethodsElective partial pharyngectomies and partial glossectomies for neoplasm were identified by International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification code.ResultsTORS represented 2.1% in 2010 and 2.2% in 2011 of all transoral ablative procedures. Patients undergoing open partial pharyngectomy for oropharyngeal neoplasms (n = 1426) had more severe illness compared to TORS (n = 641). However, after controlling for minor‐to‐moderate severity of illness, open partial pharyngectomy was associated with longer hospital stay (5.2 vs. 3.7 days, P < 0.001), higher charge ($98,228 vs. $67,317, P < 0.001), higher cost ($29,365 vs. $20,706, P < 0.001), higher rates of tracheostomy and gastrostomy tube placement, and more wound and bleeding complications. TORS was associated with a higher rate of dysphagia (19.5% vs. 8.0%, P < 0.001). The lower cost of TORS remained significant in the major‐to‐extreme severity of illness group but was associated with higher complication rates when compared to open cases of the same severity of illness. A similar analysis of TORS partial glossectomy for base of tongue tumors had similar cost and length of stay benefits, whereas TORS partial glossectomy for anterior tongue tumors revealed longer hospital stays and no benefit in charge or cost compared to open.ConclusionsEarly data demonstrate a clinical and cost benefit in TORS partial pharyngectomy and partial glossectomy for the base of tongue but no benefit in partial glossectomy of the anterior tongue. It is likely that anatomic accessibility and extent of surgery factor into the effectiveness of TORS.Level of Evidence2c. Laryngoscope, 125:140–145, 2015
TAX AND DEVELOPMENT: DONOR SUPPORT TO STRENGTHEN TAX SYSTEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: Fjeldstad Odd‐Helge 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYRecent years have seen a growing interest among donors on taxation in developing countries. This reflects a concern for domestic revenue mobilisation to finance public goods and services, as well as recognition of the centrality of taxation for growth and redistribution. The global financial crisis has also led many donor countries to pay more attention to the extent and effectiveness of the aid they provide and to ensuring that they support rather than discourage developing countries' own revenue‐raising efforts. This article reviews the state of knowledge on aid and tax reform in developing countries, with a particular focus on Sub‐Saharan Africa. The article argues that considerable and sustained efforts are required before the tax systems in most low‐income countries will be significantly broadened and perceived as legitimate by the majority of citizens. Thus, donors should complement the traditional ‘technical’ approach to tax reform with measures that encourage constructive engagement between governments and citizens over tax issues. Finally, the article cautions against potential problems of donor duplication and fragmentation, which may weaken reform efforts by diverting local capacities, reducing local ownership and undermining the coherence of reform programmes. © 2014 The Authors. Public Administration and Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Establishment of multiple pesticide biodegradation capacities from pesticide‐primed materials in on‐farm biopurification system microcosms treating complex pesticide‐contaminated wastewater
Authors: Sniegowski Kristel , Springael Dirk 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDOn‐farm biopurification systems (BPSs) treat pesticide‐containing wastewater at farms by biodegradation and sorption processes. The inclusion of pesticide‐primed material carrying a pesticide‐degrading microbial community is beneficial for improving biodegradation, but no data exist for treating wastewater containing multiple pesticides, as often occurs on farms. In a microcosm set‐up, an examination was carried out to determine whether multiple pesticide degradation activities could be simultaneously established in the matrix of a BPS by the simultaneous inclusion of different, appropriate pesticide‐primed materials. The microcosms were fed with a mixture of pesticides including the fungicide metalaxyl and the herbicides bentazon, isoproturon, linuron and metamitron, and pesticide‐degrading activities were monitored over time.RESULTSThe strategy immediately provided the microcosms with a multiple pesticide degradation/mineralisation capacity, which improved during feeding of the pesticide mixture. Not only did the degradation of the parent compound improve but also that of the produced metabolites and compound mineralisation. The time to achieve maximum degradation/mineralisation capacity depended on the pesticide degradation capacity of the pesticide‐primed materials.CONCLUSIONSThe data obtained show that the addition of pesticide‐primed materials into the matrix of a BPS as an approach to improve biodegradation can be extended to the treatment of pesticide mixtures. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
A project management improvement program according to ISO/IEC 29110 and PMBOK®
Authors: Mesquida Antoni‐Lluís , Mas Antonia 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the results obtained and the lessons learned from the implementation of the ISO/IEC 29110 standard in four small software development companies, clustered in a joint process improvement program. The main results of this initiative have been, on the one hand, the definition of a standardized set of processes and procedures and, on the other, the development of a Process Asset Library to support project management good practices within the participant organizations. The PMBOK® Guide was used to complement the ISO/IEC 29110‐5‐1‐2 standard, in order to provide detailed knowledge about project management inputs, outputs, and best techniques. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.