bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human longevity is characterised by high thyroid stimulating hormone secretion without altered energy metabolism
Authors: Jansen S. W. , Akintola A. A. , Roelfsema F. , van der Spoel E. , Cobbaert C. M. , Ballieux B. E. , Egri P. , Kvarta-Papp Z. , Gereben B. , Fekete C. , Slagboom P. E. , van der Grond J. , Demeneix B. A. , Pijl H. , Westendorp R. G. J. , van Heemst D. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractFew studies have included subjects with the propensity to reach old age in good health, with the aim to disentangle mechanisms contributing to staying healthier for longer. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis maintains circulating levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormone (TH) in an inverse relationship. Greater longevity has been associated with higher TSH and lower TH levels, but mechanisms underlying TSH/TH differences and longevity remain unknown. The HPT axis plays a pivotal role in growth, development and energy metabolism. We report that offspring of nonagenarians with at least one nonagenarian sibling have increased TSH secretion but similar bioactivity of TSH and similar TH levels compared to controls. Healthy offspring and spousal controls had similar resting metabolic rate and core body temperature. We propose that pleiotropic effects of the HPT axis may favour longevity without altering energy metabolism.
The Ability of Children With Language Impairment to Dissemble Emotions in Hypothetical Scenarios and Natural Situations
Authors: Brinton Bonnie , Fujiki Martin , Hurst Noel Quist , Jones Emily Rowberry , Spackman Matthew P. 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
This study examined the ability of children with language impairment (LI) to dissemble (hide) emotional reactions when socially appropriate to do so.

Method
Twenty-two children with LI and their typically developing peers (7;1–10;11 [years;months]) participated in two tasks. First, participants were presented with hypothetical scenarios in which the main character was exposed to situations that would require dissembling an emotional reaction for social purposes (e.g., receiving a disappointing gift from a grandparent). In the second task, children were presented with four naturally occurring opportunities to dissemble emotion (e.g., receiving a disappointing reward for taking part in the study).

Results

Although the ability to dissemble emotion was still emerging in children in both groups, typically developing children judged that dissemblance was appropriate significantly more often than did children with LI in the hypothetical scenarios. In naturalistic scenarios, there was little difference between groups in low-cost scenarios (those in which the child had nothing to lose by hiding emotion). In the high-cost scenario (hiding emotion meant accepting a disappointing prize), more typically developing children concealed their disappointment than did children with LI. These differences neared statistical significance (
p
= .058).

Conclusion
Children with typically developing language showed a greater ability to dissemble in hypothetical scenarios. In naturalistic scenarios, performance was more nuanced. In low-cost scenarios, there was little difference between groups. In the high-cost scenario, typically developing children tended to dissemble more often than did children with LI.
Alteration of the substrate specificity of l-amino acid ligase and selective synthesis of Met-Gly as a salt taste enhancer
Authors: Kino Haruka , Kino Kuniki 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Dipeptides have unique physiological functions. This study focused on the salt-taste-enhancing dipeptide Met-Gly. BL00235, an l-amino acid ligase from Bacillus licheniformis NBRC12200, synthesizes Met-Gly as a major product as well as Met-Met as a by-product. To alter the substrate specificity of BL00235 and synthesize Met-Gly selectively, we chose to alter Pro85 residue based on the BL00235 crystal structure. We predicted that Met might be not recognized as a C-terminal substrate by occupying the space around C-terminal substrate. Pro85 was replaced with Phe, Tyr, and Trp, which have bulky aromatic side chains, by site-directed mutagenesis. These mutants lost the capacity to synthesize Met-Met, during the synthesis of Met-Gly. Furthermore, they did not synthesize Met-Met, even when methionine was used as a substrate. These results show that the amino acid residue at position 85 has a key role in C-terminal substrate specificity.
Fish Hatchery Genetic Management Techniques: Integrating Theory with Implementation
Authors: Fisch Kathleen M , Kozfkay Christine C , Ivy Jamie A , Ryder Oliver A , Waples Robin S 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Artificial propagation of fish species in hatcheries has been conducted on a large scale for several decades. In recent years, however, there has been an increase in conservation hatcheries, which aim not only to produce fish for supplementing wild populations but also to preserve the genetic diversity and integrity of threatened or endangered species. Important considerations for the latter are maximizing genetic diversity and effective population size while minimizing inbreeding and adaptation to captivity. Several studies document the theoretical implementation of captive management strategies designed to achieve these goals. However, the practical application of many of these strategies to conservation hatcheries remains challenging, as the majority of the guidelines were developed for small zoo populations. The aims of this review are (1) to survey current fish conservation hatchery managers in order to assess current hatchery practices and goals; (2) to present available management strategies for conservation hatcheries that may minimize the genetic effects of artificial propagation; and (3) to present genetic management options and their trade-offs to managers developing fish conservation hatcheries. The results of the survey suggest that the majority of the responding conservation and nonconservation hatcheries use random broodstock selection and pairing techniques while valuing the importance of maintaining genetic diversity and effective population size and minimizing inbreeding. This article reviews the application of small-population management techniques to conservation hatcheries in an effort to increase their utility in recovery plans for endangered fish species.
Bacterial Community Analysis of Different Sections of a Biofilter in a Full-Scale Marine Recirculating Aquaculture System
Authors: Ruan Yun-Jie , Guo Xi-Shan , Ye Zhang-Ying , Liu Ying , Zhu Song-Ming 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The indoor recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) is a sustainable alternative to traditional aquaculture systems, and a biofilter is a crucial component for the stable operation of this system. In this study, the bacterial communities within different sections of the biofilter in a full-scale RAS for the culture of Tongue Sole Cynoglossus semilaevis were investigated using polymerase chain reaction–based 454 pyrosequencing. A total of 67,368 effective sequences of the 16S rRNA gene with V1–V3 regions were obtained from samples collected from the front section, rear section, and sludge of the biofilter. Using a 3% cut-off level and sufficient sequencing depth, a total of 5,185 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified in these sequences across all samples. However, a low shared richness of 570 OTUs (11.0% of the reads) was found in all samples, indicating a high diversity of bacterial profiles even in a single biofilter. Based on the SILVA database classifier of phylogenetic taxa, Proteobacteria (average, 35.6%) and Bacteroidetes (average, 30.7%) were found to be the predominant species in all samples, followed by Nitrospirae (6.0%) in the front section, Acidobacteria (7.9%) in the rear section, and Planctomycetes (9.7%) in the sludge. Overall, 404 genera were assigned to all samples. But among the 10 most common genera, only Nitrospira, Owenweeksia, and Marinicella were found in all samples. The results of the phylogenetic analysis suggest that the nitrifying groups of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria belong to Nitrosomonas clusters, and the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria are related to Nitrospira and Nitrospina clusters. In summary, our results indicate that the RAS fixed-film biofilter is a highly species-rich ecosystem. For this reason, a potential precision-operated strategy to manage the microbial resources in the biological treatment section in an RAS should be adopted, with consideration being given to the peculiarities and requirements of the species being cultured.
Balancing Conservation and Harvest Objectives: a Review of Considerations for the Management of Salmon Hatcheries in the U.S. Pacific Northwest
Authors: Flagg Thomas A 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW) has one of the largest suites of hatchery programs for anadromous salmonids in the world, with about 500 programs producing about 325 million juvenile fish. A total of about 0.7 million Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, 21 million steelhead O. mykiss, 50 million Chum Salmon O. keta, 32 million Sockeye Salmon O. nerka, 41 million Coho Salmon O. kisutch, and 182 million Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha are released annually from PNW hatcheries. These fish provide for robust, sustainable fisheries, and their production and release are designed to meet legal agreements, international treaties, and treaty trust responsibilities. However, this level of hatchery production is often assumed to have negative effects on the conservation of U.S. Endangered Species Act–listed salmon populations in the region. A review of the development of best management practices to balance the conservation and sustainable fisheries goals for PNW salmon hatcheries indicates that to be successful every hatchery program must (1) be scientifically defensible and relate to both published standards and statistically relevant outcomes, (2) have well-defined and documented goals with explicit biological and operational specifications, and (3) have protocols in place that enable managers to respond adaptively to new information. The focus should be on the biological integrity of the populations being propagated in or influenced by the hatchery environment, as opposed to the management of the physical facilities. Complete documentation for a proposed hatchery action component should include items ranging from hatchery location and water source(s) to all aspects of animal husbandry and harvest and the management plans for adult returns. The current science for items should be described and the choice of an action component justified in terms of either the scientific or policy basis of the expect outcome. Where appropriate, complete monitoring and evaluation plans for the proposed actions need to be described.
Activation of AMPA Receptors Mediates the Antidepressant Action of Deep Brain Stimulation of the Infralimbic Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Jiménez-Sánchez Laura , Castañé Anna , Pérez-Caballero Laura , Grifoll Marc , López-Gil Xavier , Campa Leticia , Galofré Mireia , Berrocoso Esther , Adell Albert 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Although deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been used with success in treatment-resistant depression, little is known about its mechanism of action. We examined the antidepressant-like activity of short (1 h) DBS applied to the infralimbic prefrontal cortex in the forced swim test (FST) and the novelty-suppressed feeding test (NSFT). We also used in vivo microdialysis to evaluate the release of glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline in the prefrontal cortex and c-Fos immunohistochemistry to determine the brain regions activated by DBS. One hour of DBS of the infralimbic prefrontal cortex has antidepressant-like effects in FST and NSFT, and increases prefrontal efflux of glutamate, which would activate AMPA receptors (AMPARs). This effect is specific of the infralimbic area since it is not observed after DBS of the prelimbic subregion. The activation of prefrontal AMPARs would result in a stimulation of prefrontal output to the brainstem, thus increasing serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline in the prefrontal cortex. Further, the activation of prefrontal AMPARs is necessary and sufficient condition for the antidepressant response of 1 h DBS.
Detection of radial velocity shifts due to black hole binaries near merger
Authors: McKernan B. , Ford K. E. S. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The barycenter of a massive black hole binary will lie outside the event horizon of the primary black hole for modest values of mass ratio and binary separation. Analogous to radial velocity shifts in stellar emission lines caused by the tug of planets, the radial velocity of the primary black hole around the barycenter can leave a tell-tale oscillation in the broad component of FeKα emission from accreting gas. Near-future X-ray telescopes such as Astro-H and Athena will have the energy resolution (δE/E ≲ 10−3) to search nearby active galactic nuclei (AGN) for the presence of binaries with mass ratios q ≳ 0.01, separated by several hundred gravitational radii. The general-relativistic and Lense–Thirring precession of the periapse of the secondary orbit imprints a detectable modulation on the oscillations. The lowest mass binaries in AGN will oscillate many times within typical X-ray exposures, leading to a broadening of the line wings and an overestimate of black hole spin in these sources. Detection of periodic oscillations in the AGN line centroid energy will reveal a massive black hole binary close to merger and will provide an early warning of gravitational radiation emission.
Tarsal Bone Dysplasia in Clubfoot as Measured by Ultrasonography: Can It be Used as a Prognostic Indicator in Congenital Idiopathic Clubfoot? A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Chandrakanth Udayakumar , Sudesh Pebam , Gopinathan NirmalRaj , Prakash Mahesh , Goni Vijay G. 
Published: June 2015

Background:
Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV )/clubfoot is the most common congenital orthopedic condition. The success rate of Ponseti casting in the hands of the legend himself is not 100%. The prediction of difficult to correct foot and recurrences still remains a mystery to be solved. We all know that tarsal bones are dysplastic in clubfoot and considering it; we hypothesize that the amount of tarsal dysplasia can predict management duration and outcome. In literature we were not able to find studies that satisfactorily quantify the amount of tarsal dysplasia. Hence, it was considered worthwhile to quantify the amount of dysplasia in tarsal bone and to correlate these parameters with the duration and outcome of treatment by conventional method.

Methods:
A total of 25 infants with unilateral idiopathic clubfoot that have not taken any previous treatment were included in the study. An initial ultrasonography was done before start of treatment in 3 standard planes to measure the maximum length of 3 tarsal bones (talus, calcaneus, and navicular). Ponseti method of treatment was used; pirani scoring was done at each OPD (out patient department) visit. Number of casts required for complete correction and need for any surgical intervention were taken as the outcome parameters.

Results:
We found that there is a significant correlation between number of casts required and the dysplasia of talus (α error=0.05). We also found a significant negative correlation between relative dysplasia of talus and number of casts required (r=−0.629 sig=0.001, r=−0.552 sig=0.004).

Conclusions:
Tarsal bone dysplasia as quantified by using ultrasonography can be used as a prognostic indicator in congenital idiopathic clubfoot. Although promising the method needs further studies and can be more useful after long-term follow-up where recurrences if any can be documented.

Level of Evidence:
Level II.
Rib-based Distraction Surgery Maintains Total Spine Growth
Authors: El-Hawary Ron , Samdani Amer , Wade Jennie , Smith Melissa , Heflin John A. , Klatt Joshua W. , Vitale Michael G. , Smith John T. 
Published: June 2015

Background:
For children undergoing treatment of early onset scoliosis (EOS) using spine-based distraction, recently published research would suggest that total spine length (T1-S1) achieved after the initial lengthening procedure decreases with each subsequent lengthening. Our purpose was to evaluate the effect of rib-based distraction on spine growth in children with EOS.

Methods:
This was a retrospective multi-center review of 35 patients treated with rib-based distraction (minimum 5 y follow-up). Radiographs were analyzed at initial implantation and just before each subsequent lengthening. The primary outcome was T1-S1 height, which was also analyzed as: Change in T1-S1 height per lengthening procedure, percent of expected age-based T1-S1 growth per lengthening time interval, percent increase in T1-S1 height as compared with postimplantation total spine height, and percent of expected T1-S1 growth based upon patient age at time of lengthening procedure.

Results:
Thirty-five patients with a mean age of 2.6 years at initial surgery were studied. Diagnoses included congenital (n=18), syndromic (n=7), idiopathic (n=5), and neuromuscular (n=5). Major Cobb angle was 63.5 degrees and kyphosis was 40.5 degree. Four postoperative time periods were compared: L1 (preoperative first lengthening surgery), L2-L5 (preoperative second lengthening to preoperative fifth lengthening), L6-L10 (preoperative sixth lengthening to preoperative 10th lengthening), L11-L15 (preoperative 11th lengthening to preoperative 15th lengthening). Cobb angle stayed relatively constant for each lengthening period while maximum kyphosis increased. Total spine height was 19.9 cm pre-implantation, 22.1 cm postimplantation, and 28.0 cm by the 15th lengthening (P<0.05). Percent expected T1-S1 growth per lengthening was 62% for L2-L5, 95% for L6-L10, and 52% for L11-L15. As compared with postimplantation spine height, over the course of 15 lengthening procedures, a further 27% increase in spine height was observed. When lengthening procedures were performed when children were under age 5 years, 82% of expected growth was observed; between ages 6 and 10 years, 76% of expected growth was observed; and beyond age 10 years, 14% of expected growth was observed.

Conclusions:
Patients treated with rib-based distraction surgery had an increase in total spine height from 20 cm preimplantation to 28 cm by the 15th lengthening. They maintained greater than 75% of expected age-matched spine growth until age 10 years and lengthening procedures did not appear to follow a law of diminishing returns. Rib-based distraction is an effective means of maintaining spine growth which is likely beneficial for pulmonary development as compared with the natural history of EOS.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—Therapeutic study, case series.
Incidence of Hip Dysplasia Associated With Bladder Exstrophy
Authors: Mundy Andrew , Kushare Indranil , Jayanthi Venkata R. , Samora Walter P. , Klingele Kevin E. 
Published: June 2015

Background:
Exstrophy of the bladder is a rare congenital defect seen in 2.15 children out of every 100,000 live births, with the most severe variant, cloacal exstrophy (CE), only occurring in 1 in 200,000. Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) describes a spectrum of disease ranging from mild hip instability to frank dislocation. Underlying malformations, such as myelomeningocele and arthrogryposis, are often associated with the most severe variant of hip dysplasia, teratologic hip dislocation. The varying degrees of severity in DDH have been encountered in classic bladder exstrophy (CBE) patients, but the exact incidence is unknown. We sought to determine the incidence of DDH in CBE and CE patients.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective review of all children with CBE or CE presenting to a single pediatric center between 1994 and 2014. Each chart was reviewed for correct diagnosis of CBE or CE, patient age and demographics, associated medical conditions, pertinent surgeries performed, and the age at operation. Patient imaging was reviewed to determine whether bilateral hip imaging was available.

Results:
In a 20-year retrospective review, we identified 66 patients who were diagnosed with either CBE or CE and had available hip imaging (38 males and 28 females). Of these, 11 patients were found to have radiographic evidence of DDH, for an incidence of 16.7% (11/66). Five of these patients had CE, whereas 6 presented with CBE. The first radiographic evidence of DDH was noted at a mean age of 5.75 years (range, birth to 22 y).

Conclusions:
We advocate the use of routine hip screening ultrasound in all infants born with either CBE or CE. Early identification of DDH in these patients may allow additional treatment options to coincide with frequently used osteotomy and orthopaedic interventions.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective study.
Internal Fixation With Absorbable Rods for the Treatment of Displaced Radial Neck Fractures in Children
Authors: Su Yuxi , Xie Yan , Qin Jiaqiang , Wang Zhongliang , Cai Wenquan , Nan Guoxin 
Published: June 2015

Background:
The treatment of radial neck fractures with complete displacement or severe displacement and an angle of >30 degrees is controversial. The currently used methods, including the Metaizeau technique, are associated with drawbacks such as imperfect reduction, epiphyseal damage, and delayed functional recovery. To overcome these drawbacks, we used absorbable rod fixation followed by early functional training for the treatment of displaced radial neck fractures in children.

Methods:
In this study, 68 patients (age, 4 to 12 y; average, 8.4 y; average angle, 58 degrees; average displacement, 53%) with radial neck fractures with Salter-Harris grades II to IV underwent lateral elbow open reduction and absorbable rod fixation. At 3 weeks postoperatively, the patients’ plaster casts were removed, and functional training was started.

Results:
Anatomic reduction was achieved in all patients. We followed-up 68 patients for 6 months to 4 years (average, 41 mo). No cases of radial nerve injury, radial bone necrosis, myositis ossificans, and postoperative infection were observed. The functional recovery was “excellent” in 43 patients, “good” in 13 patients, “average” in 12 patients, and “bad” in 0 patients, according to the Morrey evaluation standard.

Conclusion:
Open reduction with absorbable rod fixation for the treatment of displaced radial neck fractures in children was feasible and was a choice in children.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic II.