bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of outcomes after autologous stem cell transplantation between myeloma patients with skeletal and soft tissue plasmacytoma
Authors: Shin Ho‐Jin , Kim Kihyun , Lee Ji Won , Song Moo‐Kon , Lee Je‐Jung , Lee Ho‐Sup , Lee Won Sik , Kim Seok Jin , Chung Joo Seop 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe aimed to compare the characteristics of skeletal and soft tissue plasmacytomas and to analyze clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in multiple myeloma (MM) patients with plasmacytoma. We retrospectively reviewed data from 93 myeloma patients with detectable extramedullary (EM) plasmacytoma at diagnosis or during the course of the disease, who underwent ASCT. Soft tissue plasmacytoma occurred more frequently in male patients and had higher levels of serum β2‐microglobulin and lactate dehydrogenase and high frequency of advanced disease according to International Staging System compared to the skeletal plasmacytoma group. Both soft tissue and skeletal plasmacytoma groups showed similar plasmacytoma relapse patterns after ASCT and relapsed with EM plasmacytoma slightly more frequently in the bone compared to soft tissue sites. Compared to patients with skeletal plasmacytoma, patients with soft tissue plasmacytoma had worse median progression‐free survival (PFS) (12 vs. 28 months) (P = 0.001) and overall survival (OS) (37 vs. 67 months) (P = 0.037) after ASCT. In a multivariate analysis, soft tissue plasmacytoma was an only independent poor prognostic factor for both PFS (HR, 2.398; 95% CI, 1.304–4.410) and OS (HR, 2.811; 95% CI, 1.107–7.135) after ASCT. These results demonstrate that, even though ASCT achieved a strong response in myeloma patients with soft tissue plasmacytoma, the presence of EM disease still contributed to a poor prognosis after ASCT compared to skeletal plasmacytoma, and these poor outcomes were not overcome by ASCT.
A memory‐based foraging tactic reveals an adaptive mechanism for restricted space use
Authors: Merkle J. A. , Fortin D. , Morales J. M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe restricted area of space used by most mobile animals is thought to result from fitness‐rewarding decisions derived from gaining information about the environment. Yet, assessments of how animals deal with uncertainty using memory have been largely theoretical, and an empirically derived mechanism explaining restricted space use in animals is still lacking. Using a patch‐to‐patch movement analysis, we investigated predictions of how free‐ranging bison (Bison bison) living in a meadow‐forest matrix use memory to reduce uncertainty in energy intake rate. Results indicate that bison remembered pertinent information about location and quality of meadows, and they used this information to selectively move to meadows of higher profitability. Moreover, bison chose profitable meadows they had previously visited, and this choice was stronger after visiting a relatively poor quality meadow. Our work demonstrates a link between memory, energy gains and restricted space use while establishing a fitness‐based integration of movement, cognitive and spatial ecology.
High resolution land cover data improve understanding of mechanistic linkages with stream integrity
Authors: Tormos T. , Van Looy K. , Villeneuve B. , Kosuth P. , Souchon Y. 
Published: May 2014

Summary

Recent progress in very high spatial resolution imagery (VHSRI) has increased the availability of fine‐scale land cover data over extensive areas. This new spatial information might improve our understanding of how land cover affects stream ecosystems.

Land cover information was investigated in whole catchments and riparian areas in Normandy (France) and related to stream macroinvertebrates at 155 sites. The first model was based on the land cover data obtained via moderate spatial resolution imagery (MSRI) at the catchment scale. The second and the third models were additionally based on riparian land cover data both locally (at the site) and upstream. The riparian land cover data were derived from the MSRI for the second and from the VHSRI for the third model.

Riparian vegetation (at a distance from the channel of 5–100 m) was poorly detected by MSRI when compared to VHSRI. The model based on higher resolution data at the riparian scale (i) ensured that relationships identified at the riparian corridor scale were independent from those at whole catchment scale, (ii) identified the influence of riparian vegetation on the aquatic environment as being most pronounced when using data from a 20‐m wide strip (i.e. 20 m on each bank for a total of 40 m) and (iii) disentangled the effects of roads from other urban infrastructure.

This study confirms the advantages of using very high resolution data in landscape approaches to the study of aquatic ecosystems. It provides accurate spatial information at the riparian scale that improves interpretation of the influence of land cover on the ecological condition of streams and allows identification of relevant features for management.
Is a Theory of Caste Still Possible?
Authors: Quigley Declan 
Published: May 2014

A theory of caste must offer a way of ordering the facts in such a way that it does not diminish the significance of some or ignore others. It must also be comparative. Caste organisation is found in some parts of South Asia but not all. Equally, structural parallels may be found in many other parts of the world and one should not therefore assume that the defining characteristics of caste are unique to Hindu communities or to the ideology of Brahmanism. What is needed is a theory which explains why all of the traits associated with caste are found together where and when they are, whether in South Asia or elsewhere. Various theories of caste are reviewed in this chapter before coming to the conclusion that one of these makes much more sense of the historical and ethnographic evidence than the others. Most theories depict castes as arranged in a ladder-like vertical order. Sociologists have tended to emphasise this ‘stratification’, regarding the ideological and ritual manifestations of caste, such as the pervasive concern with purity and impurity, as epiphenomenal. Anthropologists have generally avoided this error but have faced other intractable problems. Some see caste as a recent colonial artefact, others as an ancient indigenous category. Many are heavily influenced by the ideological reductionism of Dumont's theory of Hindu society. On the other hand, Dumont's analysis raises so many problems that some have attempted to retreat from theory and restrict their studies to ethnographic description. The argument here is that caste results from an uneasy stalemate between the pull of localised lineage organisation and the forces of political, ritual and economic centralisation encapsulated in monarchical institutions. Caste systems are the product of a certain degree of centralisation which involve the organisation of ritual and other services around the king and dominant lineages. The central institution is (as Hocart suggested) the monarchy, and not (as Dumont suggested) the Brahman priesthood. The removal of Hindu kings in India with the advent of colonialism does not negate this thesis, for it is a specifically western view of kingship which allows for only one monarch within a territory. Kingship (and the configurations of castes associated with it) was always reproduced at the court of lesser chiefs, and is still replicated today in the households of members of dominant castes.
Girasias and the Politics of Difference in Rajasthan: ‘Caste’, Kinship and Gender in a Marginalised Society
Authors: Unnithan Maya 
Published: May 2014

Anthropologists have often contrasted ‘caste’ and ‘tribe’ as forms of social organisation based on opposite principles (eg ‘castes' are based on hierarchy, ‘tribal’ society is undifferentiated and egalitarian). The concept of ‘caste’ is both an imposed one, a product of colonial governmental and academic exercises, and one which has political realities. However, whilst such national and regional formulations of caste are important, they do not always reflect the social categories which are central to the organisation of people's lives at the local level. The Girasias (generally held to be a ‘tribe’ by others) live in Rajasthan in proximity to the Rajputs (generally held to be a ‘caste’; Girasias themselves claim to be a branch of the Rajput caste). On many points the way in which a group categorises itself does not correspond with the way in which it is categorised by members of other groups. In practice the Girasias share many social, economic and religious institutions with the other ‘caste’ communities in the region as also with the ‘tribal Bhils. This does not mean that these groups are indistinguishable, but ‘Rajput’ and ‘Bhil’ stereotypes were used within the Girasia group to express differences, identifications and evaluations. However the tribe/caste distinction and the corresponding division of labour between anthropologists and sociologists in India is thereby called into question. To the Girasias, patrilineal kinship and territory play a central role in their sense of ‘caste’ identity, unlike other communities (the Rajputs and Bhils are exceptions) for whom caste is a more dispersed, agnatic and affinal group. Descent is crucial. Although their kinship ideology emphasises a sense of separation rather than hierarchy, Girasia kin divisions present members with equal opportunities to be unequal. Lineal kinship provides the paradigm for talking about all relationships whether or not based on actual biological ties. Equally, gender provides an idiom for the construction of difference. Descent groups are differentiated according to the evaluation of groups from which they have been able to obtain wives. Both Girasias and outsiders use the attire and the behaviour of women and perceived gender roles to distinguish between themselves. Despite the local complexity of Girasia kinship and gender relations which cannot be expressed in the language of caste and tribe, outsiders (other castes, classes, government officials, academics) continue to regard the Girasias as tribal as a result of the politics of caste and gender at the local, regional and national levels.
Caste without a System. A Study of South Indian Harijans
Authors: Deliège Robert 
Published: May 2014

According to Dumont, caste can be understood as the institutionalisation of hierarchy, and the principle of hierarchy permeates all relations within Indian society. So understood, caste ideology is uniform throughout the society. This point has been contested by several ethnographers, especially those working among untouchables whom they often described as more ‘egalitarian’. This chapter aims to discuss the concepts of hierarchy and equality among the Paraiyar caste in a Tamil Nadu village. It will show that in spite of a basic acceptance of the value of caste, the Paraiyar espouse a strongly egalitarian ethic so far as relations among themselves are concerned; while there are forms of differentiation within the village, these cannot be conceived according to a hierarchical model. There is a general resistance to any form of internal leadership or domination, to which constant disputes, jealousies and accusations of theft bear witness. Gender roles are not as sharply demarcated as is generally expected in the subcontinent and the relations between affines are not conceived hierarchically. Although hierarchy can be taken as an intellectual device to grasp the foundations of Indian society, it cannot account for all the social relations within that society, which require theorisation of a different kind. It is a mistake to think that people are either egalitarian or hierarchical.
Caste — A Personal Perspective
Authors: Shukra(pseudonym) A. 
Published: May 2014

The author, a member of the Dalit caste of Chamars, describes and analyses his own experience of caste. He recalls that a sense of his own low caste identity was impressed upon him at a very early age, especially at school. Yet the practice of the high castes was not always consistent and inflexible – a low caste person who has influence or whose skills are sought after might be offered hypocritical respect. In any case the high caste view of the low castes is not internalised by the latter, especially those who have been influenced by the modern Dalit movement. Caste consciousness and behaviour pervades all communities in India in some form; it is not a monopoly of Hindus. When the author came to Britain at an early age he was initially more concerned by the effects of racism, but soon found that castism was as strong among Indians living in Britain as in India. This is not always made explicit, but most Asian organisations are in fact caste-based. If anything, this castism is stronger than it was in the early days of Indian settlement in Britain when migrants were more inclined to share facilities with each other. Even those who did not practise caste openly effectively support the institution by marginalising the issue of caste intellectually and politically. The only explanatory model which can make sense of the contradictions in Indian society is a model of groups with conflicting interests which however survives because of the capacity of the thin cement of Brahminism to hide the rifts in the structure.
Changing Documents/Documenting Changes: Using Computers for Collaborative Writing over Distance
Authors: Beck Eevi E. 
Published: May 2014

This chapter presents data from a case study of two academic authors writing together across great geographic distance, using telephones and computers connected over an international network. Not only the document being written but also the process itself was continuously changing, with the authors making creative use of the technology available to them. The information they offered each other concerned not only changes in the document, but also the authors' individual context of work. Rules and agreements were open to reinterpretation. The context sensitive interpretation of agreements facilitated a highly flexible process. The observations have implications of how collaboration is conceptualized in Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), and for what kinds of computer systems would be best suited to support this kind of distributed work. Respondent's comment introducing new section in manuscript draft: This section is an experiment. Bits of it may get broken up, reworded and put somewhere else. I'm making some strong claims here that we've not really discussed, and you might disagree violently! Articulation work amounts to the following: First, the meshing of the often numerous tasks, clusters of tasks, and segments of the total arc. Second, the meshing of efforts of various unit-workers (individuals, departments, etc.). Third, the meshing of actors with their various types of work and implicated tasks. (Strauss, 1985)
Making Space: A Comparison of Mathematical Work in School and Professional Design Practices
Authors: Hall Rogers , Stevens Reed 
Published: May 2014

Research accounts of mathematical and scientific competence play a central role in ongoing efforts to reorganize education. At the same time, new technologies change the character of work in settings where these competencies are learned and used. Two contemporary research programs—(1) cognitive science studies of expert versus novice skill and (2) interactional studies of scientific and technical practice—produce sharply diverging accounts of what competence is and how it develops. Cognitive science has been broadly accepted as a template for educational change, while relevant interactional perspectives have had little impact. We propose a synthetic approach that draws on both programs, illustrated with a comparative study of mathematical practices in design work. Starting with scenes in which groups of designers collaborate to make space for others, we restore material and social aspects of their work settings in an exploration of discipline-specific forms of competence. Our continuing project is to reassemble competence in terms of: (a) people's local representational practices, (b) their trajectories of participation within and across institutional settings, and (c) their capacity for managing social relations of accountability. Experts' schemata contain a great deal of procedural knowledge, with explicit conditions for applicability. Novices' schemata may be characterized as containing sufficiently elaborate declarative knowledge about the physical configurations of a potential problem, but lacking abstracted solution methods. (Chi, Feltovich, and Glaser, 1981:151). Rule 7. Before attributing any special quality to the mind or to the method of people, let us examine first the many ways through which inscriptions are gathered, combined, tied together and sent back. Only if there is something unexplained once the networks have been studied shall we start to speak of cognitive factors. (Latour, 1987:258).
Constructing Easiness—Historical Perspectives on Work, Computerization, and Women
Authors: Markussen Randi 
Published: May 2014

The assertion that technologies have made life easier and consequently better, often lurks in how we evaluate technologies. It implies an idea of history linked to modernity with its idea of progress. With my point of departure in the concepts of space of experience and horizon of expectation, I try to develop another understanding of history and a reassessment of how we evaluate technologies. Horizons of expectation of information technologies and developmental work are described and examined in the light of its impact on women's work, and how we envision power and authority. Finally, possibilities and dilemmas in women's lives within this reconceptualization is stressed and the conditions under which women may change their lives. Nothing says that the present reduces to presence. Why, in the transition from future to past, should the present not be the time of initiative—that is, the time when the weight of history that has already been made is deposited, suspended, and interrupted, and when the dream of history yet to be made is transposed into a responsible decision? Therefore it is within the dimension of acting (and suffering, which is its corollary) that thought about history will bring together its perspectives, within the horizon of the idea of an imperfect mediation. (Ricoeur, 1988:208)
‘Pulling down’ Books vs. ‘Pulling Up’ Files: Textual Databanks and the Changing Culture of Classical Scholarship
Authors: Ruhleder Karen 
Published: May 2014

The culture of classical scholarship is changing as traditional paper-based materials are being repackaged in electronic form. This paper investigates the changes effected by a Greek textual databank, the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG). The TLG changes the textual landscape, making available to scholars texts previously accessible with difficulty—or not at all. At the same time, it changes the traditional relationship between scholar and text. ‘Knowing’ a text is replaced by knowing how to construct search algorithms. Critical notes, repositories of centuries of expertise, are decoupled from the source materials. And new forms of technical expertise are becoming necessary in order to exploit domain expertise. The questions raised by classicists' use of textual databanks concern all communities which move from ‘pulling down’ books to ‘pulling up’ files. A technology gives threefold shape to work; it gives form to the everyday experience of work; it defines the concepts with which we think about experience; and it imposes control upon the social relations of work. (Lyman, 1984).
Decoding the Visitor's Gaze: Rethinking Museum Visiting
Authors: Fyfe Gordon , Ross Max 
Published: May 2014

This chapter reports preliminary findings from visitor research being executed by one of the authors in a conurbation of the English Midlands. The fieldwork consists of fifteen in-depth interviews administered at a random sample of households and with a total of circa 35 subjects. The report places the research design in the theoretical contexts of class, culture and locality, presents data from three interviews and provides a detailed analysis of one interview. The data suggest: (1) that local museums are mediators between identity and structure; (2) that museum meanings are diversely determined in relation to the class trajectories of subjects; (3) that museum visiting is to be understood as a social relationship rather than as an attribute of individuals and (4) that subjects readily conceptualize locality and identity through the visual vocabulary of museums and heritage sites.
The Utopics of Social Ordering – Stonehenge as a Museum without Walls
Authors: Hetherington Kevin 
Published: May 2014

This chapter takes up Malraux's discussion of the museum without walls and asks the question ‘how might we think of the space of such a “museum”?’ To answer this question the chapter draws on Foucault's analysis of heterotopia together with Marin's analysis of utopics. My aim is to show that the museum has always been a site of otherness that expresses a utopic practice that comes to shape a vision of the ordering of the social. Having made this argument in relation to the ‘classical’ museum, I then turn to the space of the museum without walls and suggest that it is also heterotopic but, in relation to particular sites, characterized by many different utopics that make the meaning of such a space uncertain, ambivalent and ultimately not representable in any unified way. To illustrate this I use the example of Stonehenge as a museum without walls. It is an impossible, unrepre-sentable space but one that also means a great deal to many different groups of people. Stonehenge is imbued with a myriad of different utopics all of which express different visions of the ordering of the social that are often expressed through forms of resistance to ways in which society, through the prism of such a site, is seen to be currently ordered. What monstrous place is this? ( Tess of the D'Urbervilles.)