bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
II. The Paraffin Heptacosane
Authors: Breccia Alberto , Abbondanza Ada 
Published: February 2015

The biosynthesis of the long-chain linear paraffin heptacosane has been studied in flowers of Wistaria sinensis cut during April-May, the flowering season. The rate of uptake of the following precursors was investigated: [2-14C] acetate, [2-14C] pyruvate, [1,4-14C] fumarate, [1 - 4-14C] succinate, [2-3-14C] succinate, [5-14C] ketoglutarate, [1-5-14C] citrate, [2-14C] mevalonate and [1-14C] nonanoate.
Metabolism periods of 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours were used. From the results obtained we have drawn the following conclusions: the carbon chain is lenghtened by the condensation of acetate and also by the condensation of units with a larger number of carbon atoms such as nonanoate. Mevalonate must be broken down into simpler molecules before it can utilized; pyruvate and succinate are utilized in pathways outside of the Krebs cycle; the other compounds participate indirectly in the biosynthesis of heptacosane possibly in the form of the 14CO2. produced in their decarboxylation.
Temperatur- und Schutzstoffeffekte bei der Inaktivierung von ΦΧ-174 Phagen mit Protonen
Authors: Günther H. H. , Hermann K. O. 
Published: February 2015

The radiosensitivity of dry bacteriophage ΦΧ-174 in vacuo was determined at temperatures varying continuously between 110° and 300 °K and in the absence or presence of cystamine. The dependance of cross section σ (T) on temperature for inactivation of plaque-forming ability by fast protons is given by
σ(Τ) =σ0· [1+3·exp(-Ea/R T)].
The constant σ0 is 1.9·10-12cm2 for ΦΧ-174 phages without and 1,5·10-12cm2 for ΦΧ-174 in the presence of cystamine. Ea amounts to 1 kcal/mole in both cases. These correlations between inactivation cross section σ and temperature Τ show two mechanisms of inactivation to occur in ΦΧ-174: one (σ0) being independent of temperature while the other has an activation energy of 1 kcal/mole.
II. Biphasischer Anstieg der Corticosteroide in Nebennieren und Blut von Ratten nach Ganzkörper-Röntgenbestrahlung
Authors: Flemming K. , Hemsing W. , Geierhaas B. 
Published: February 2015

Whole body X-ray radiation of rats led to a biphasic increase in the corticosteroid content of the adrenal glands, of the venous blood of the adrenal gland, and of the peripheral blood. The first phase began about one hour after radiation and was clearly discernible after 2.5 hours. After a temporary normalisation period, the second increase was detectable after 72 hours. It was considerably larger than the first. The changes in adrenal and blood corticosteroids changed in parallel; there was no indication of inhibition of adrenal secretions. Ether narcosis increased the corticosteroid level in the blood. Sham irradiation of previously not accustomed rats caused a significant increase in the corticosteroids of peripheral blood, but not of the adrenal gland. This effect was not found in previously accustomed animals.
The results show no indication of a drop in corticosteroids in the blood and adrenal gland after whole body X-ray exposure.
Ribonucleic Acid from Reovirus as Seen in Protein Monolayers by Electron Microscopy
Authors: Dunnebacke T. H. , Kleinschmidt A. K. 
Published: February 2015

The ribonucleic acid of reovirus was extracted with 2 M sodium perchlorate solution and spread by the protein monolayer technique. Areas of the monolayer were transferred to support films, rotary shadowed, and observed in the electron microscope. Filaments of RNA obtained by extraction prior to spreading were similar in appearance and in distribution of contour lengths (0.2 to 1.2 μ) to those obtained by phenol extraction of the virus. Most of the filaments resulting from extraction of the virus suspension during spreading on a sodium perchlorate solution, however, were longer than 1 μ. The lengths of the longest filaments exceeded the 5 μ length predicted from chemical data for one single piece of complementary-stranded RNA in the reovirus particle.
The short filaments, 1.2 μ and less in length, fell into a tri-modal pattern of length distribution with peaks at 0.35 μ, 0.60 μ and 1.10 μ. These shorter lengths probably resulted from breakage of the intact RNA during the extraction procedures. The consistently observed pattern of length distribution suggests that they represent relatively stable subunits of the molecule.
Sodium perchlorate extracted reovirus RNA was thermally denatured in formaldehyde prior to spreading by the protein monolayer technique. Length distributions and relative numbers of filaments in the peaks of the tri-modal distribution pattern were similar to those found for unheated material when extracted prior to spreading. This similarity indicates that heating subsequent to extraction produced no further filament breakage. The thin, kinky appearance of the heated filaments, and the appearance of congruent pairs, indicated that heating had separated the strands of the complementary-stranded RNA subunits.
Aktive Aufnahme von Zuckern durch Zellen von Neurospora crassa unter Beteiligung eines enzymatischen Systems mit Permeaseeigenschaften I
Authors: Klingmüller Walter 
Published: February 2015

In an effort to explain sorbose-toxicity in Neurospora crassa 1,2, two alternatives were considered: inhibition by sorbose of enzymes responsible for fructose-phosphorylation (enzyme-inhibition), or competition of sorbose with fructose for a common uptake mechanism (permease-competition).
By means of combined enzymatic optic tests alternative one (enzyme-inhibition) was ruled out for the reaction fructose → fructose-6-phosphate. It may still apply however to a reaction further down in fructose catabolism.
To check alternative two (permease-competition), studies on the uptake of 14C-labelled sugars by pregerminated conidia were carried out, measuring radioactivity of intact conidia (membranefiltertechnique) or of the supernatant of boiled or crushed conidia with increasing incubation times.
It was found that rates of uptake of sorbose, fructose and glucose differ from one another. The uptake of these sugars is strongly decreased in the cold and even more by the addition of Na-azide. The uptake is thus energy-dependent. Sorbose is accumulated unchanged inside the cells up to concentrations &gt;600 times that offered in the incubation medium. Sorbose uptake is thus active. Sorbose is taken up quickly after pregermination of conidia with fructose, but slowly after pregermination of conidia with glucose. The involvement of an inducible enzyme system of the permease type in sorbose transport is thus likely.
Versuche zur Phasenverschiebung endogener Rhythmen: Blütenblattbewegung von Kalanchoe blossfeldiana
Authors: Engelmann Wolfgang , Honegger Hans-Willi 
Published: February 2015

Studies on phase shifts of endogenous rhythms: The petal movement of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana.
It takes up to 5 cycles until the phase shifts of the diurnal petal movement of Kalanchoe by short light periods are constant. Effects of a second light break are explainable neither by the suggestion of BUNNING and ZIMMER that the behaviour of the oscillator is immediately reflected in the course of the curves of the movement nor by that of PITTENDRIGH that an A-oscillator is immediately phase shifted by light, with several cycles being required for phase control of the B-oscillator. We propose to explain the results, especially those shown in curve 5 of fig. 2, in terms of a coaction of on- and off-rhythms.
Über Pentafluorphenyl-Verbindungen der V. Hauptgruppe V
Authors: Fild M. , Hollenberg I. , Glemser O. 
Published: February 2015

Die IR-Spektren der Verbindungen C6F5PX2 (X = H, CH3, Cl, Br), Tris (pentafluorphenyl) - phosphin und Tris (pentafluorphenyl) phosphinoxyd im Bereich 4000 > v (cm-1) > 300 werden mitgeteilt und nach Gruppenfrequenzen zugeordnet.
Der Frequenzgang der PO-Valenzschwingung in der Reihe Rn (C6F5)3-nPO (R = CH3, C2H5, C6H5) wird eingehend diskutiert.
Zum Mechanismus der Enzyminduktion
Authors: Lodemann E. , Drahovsky D. , Flöhl R. , Wacker A. 
Published: February 2015

Following treatment with the β-galactosidase inducer [methyl-3H] -thiogalactoside, an induceracceptor-complex was isolated from extracts of E. coli K 12 using DEAE cellulose chromatography. Enzymatic digestion with trypsin suggested that the inducer was bound to a protein component.
Specific radioactive peaks demonstrated acceptor activity in the inducible strains E. coli K 12 and ML 3, but different results were obtained using the non-inducible mutants ML 35, ML 308 and ML 309.
The potent inhibitor of TMG-induction, o-nitrophenylfucoside, reduced the radioactive acceptor peak and caused a similar inhibition of β-galactosidase synthesis, p-nitrophenylfucoside was ineffective.
Further evidence is presented for the in vitro formation of an inducer-acceptor-complex in cell free extracts of E. coli K 12.
Der Einfluß der Temperatur auf die Strahlenempfindlichkeit von Ribonuclease
Authors: Günther Wolfgang , Jung Horst 
Published: February 2015

The radiosensitivity of dry ribonuclease was determined at various temperatures ranging from 90 °K to 300 °K and using 60Co gamma-radiation, 2 MeV protons, and 2 MeV deuterons. The cross section for the inactivation of RNase S (T) is, in this range, given as a function of temperature by
S(T) =S0+S1·e-Ea/RT.

For inactivation of ribonuclease with Co gamma-rays we found S0=0 and Ea=1000 cal/mole; S1= =0.125 Mrad-1 when irradiation is carried out in vacuo, and S1=0.265 Mrad-1 in oxygen. With protons and deuterons the following values were determined: S0=1.28·10-14 cm2, S1=19.5·10-14 cm2, Ea=1050 cal/mole for 2 MeV protons; S0=2.45·10-14 cm2, S1=31·10-14 cm2, and Ea = 1050 cal/mole for 2 MeV deuterons. Furthermore, by analysis of some recent data from the literature we found that the cross section for inactivation by ionizing radiation of various enzymes, bacteriophages, and bacterial spores in the range from 4 °K to temperatures higher than room temperature can satisfactorily be described by the more general equation
S(T) =S0+S1·e-E₁/RT+S2·e-E₂/RT,
with E1=1 kcal/mole and E2=4 kcal/mole being constant for all objects and for all circumambient conditions tested. This correlation between inactivation cross section S (T) and temperature T shows three mechanisms of inactivation to occur in biological objects: one (S0) being independent of temperature, while the two others have apparent activation energies of 1 kcal/mole and 4 kcal/mole, respectively.
II Stereoisomerie und Tautomerie von 1.4-Benzochinonoximen
Authors: Uffmann Helmut 
Published: February 2015

Stereoisomere 1.4-Benzochinonoxime liegen in Lösung im Gleichgewicht vor; die Umwandlung erfolgt über ein mesomeres Ion.
Bei 1.4-Benzochinon-4-oximen, die in 3-Stellung substituiert sind, steht die Oximgruppe nur anti zu diesem Substituenten. Das sogenannte „stabile anti *-2-Chlor-5-methyl-1.4-benzochinon-4-oxim“ („β-Form“) ist ein Addukt dieses Oxims (Oximgruppe syn zu Cl) mit dem strukturisomeren syn *-2-Methyl-5-chlor-1.4-benzochinon-4-oxim.
Die Stereoisomeren von Chinonoximäthern lassen sich trennen; sie erleiden in Lösung bis 100 °C keine Umwandlung in das andere Stereoisomere.
Cis-trans-Isomerie bei 1-Amino-3-imino-propenen (Basen der Trimethincyaninreihe) am Beispiel des Malonaldehyddianils
Authors: Feldmann K. , Daltrozzo E. , Scheibe G. 
Published: February 2015

It has been proved possible to establish relationships between charge, configuration and spectroscopic properties of the chromophoric system N-C-C-C-N containing 6 π-electrons. This system occurs in an uncharged form in the amino-imino-propenes.
In the case of malonaldehyde-dianil, spectroscopic (u.v. and n.m.r.) data indicate that 1-amino-3-imino-propenes exist in a cis-trans equilibrium which is solvent and temperature dependent. The position of the equilibrium may be correlated with the tendency of the solvent to form hydrogenbonds.
Cis-trans conversion of these compounds may also be effected by irradiation. The half-life for the interconversion of malonaldehyde-dianil in n-hexane at room temperature has been measured by flash spectroscopy and found to be τ½=140± 10 msec. In contrast to the photochemical transeis conversion found in cyanine cations and polyenes, the present phenomenon is a cis-trans rearrangement.
Zur Photooxydation und Dehydrierung einiger N-Alkylacridane bei Tieftemperatur III
Authors: Zanker V. , Erhardt E. , Mantsch H. 
Published: February 2015

Der Verlauf der Photooxydation bei Tieftemperatur wird in quantitativer Sicht am Di- und Triphenylamin aufgezeigt. Diese beiden offenen Arylamine spalten bei der photolytischen Primärreaktion ein Elektron unter Bildung eines Radikalkations ab. Die Kationen absorbieren mit ihrer längstwelligen Bande bei 650 nm und verursachen Blaufärbung der eingefrorenen Lösung; ein höherer Anregungszustand liegt bei 360 nm im Ultraviolett.
Die Tieftemperaturphotolyse der geschlossenen Diarylamine N—CH3-, N—C2H5-, N—C3H7- und N-Phenylacridan ist bezüglich des Primärprozesses den offenen Arylaminen analog. Es werden zunächst blaugefärbte N-Radikalkationen mit Absorptionsbanden bei 650 und 360 nm gebildet. Bei ansteigender Konzentration und zunehmender Belichtungsdauer wird die Bildung eines neuen, orangen Radikals mit einer längstwelligen Absorptionsbande bei 520 nm nachgewiesen. Dabei sinkt die Konzentration des blauen Radikalkations laufend ab. — Durch Einfluß von OH⊖-Ion wird gezeigt, daß es sich dabei um ein durch H⊕-Abspaltung aus dem Radikalkation entstandenes C-Radikal handeln muß.
Beim Tauen der Lösung auf —140 bis —150 °C rekombiniert ab —170 °C zuerst das Radikalkation reversibel zum Ausgangsacridan zurück, während das orange C-Radikal, beginnend ab —155 °C, in drei stabile Molekeln umgewandelt wird. Einerseits entstehen durch Disproportionierung aus diesem C-Radikal N-Alkylacridiniumkation und N-Akylacridananion, und andererseits bildet sich besonders bei O2-Anwesenheit ein N-Alkylacridon. Die Acridonbildung stellt einen Konkurrenzprozeß zur Disproportionierung des C-Radikals dar.
Es wird daraus gefolgert, daß das C-Radikal Semichinoncharakter hat.
XIV. Die Produktverteilungen an einigen Sulfatkatalysatoren für verschiedene Butanderivate
Authors: Andréu P. , Rosa-Brusin M. , Sánchez C. , Noller H. 
Published: February 2015

Mit den in der vorhergehenden Mitteilung untersuchten Reaktionssystemen wurde unter denselben Bedingungen wie dort die Produktverteilung, d. h. das Verhältnis der drei linearen Butene, bestimmt. Mit zunehmender Temperatur nähert sich diese Verteilung zunehmend an das Gleichgewicht an.
Mit abnehmender Temperatur nehmen die Abweichungen von der Gleichgewichtsverteilung zu, und zwar wird häufig cis-2-Buten vor trans-2-Buten bevorzugt. Diese cis-Selektivität scheint mit abnehmender Aktivität des Katalysators größer zu werden.
Die Produktverteilung mit 1-Chlor- und 1-Brombutan ist der mit 2-Chlor- und 2-Brombutan erhaltenen sehr ähnlich. Lediglich Li2SO4 macht eine Ausnahme. Im unteren Bereich des Temperaturintervalls erhält man ausschließlich 1-Buten.
Ein Vergleich der Produktverteilung aus Eliminierungs- und Isomerisierungs-Versuchen läßt den Schluß zu, daß die Produktverteilung der Eliminierung, zumindest zu einem ganz erheblichen Teil, die Primärverteilung sein muß und nicht auf einer nachträglichen Isomerisierung beruht.
Hemmung der Erythromycinsynthese bei S. erythreus durch α- und β-Fluorpropionsäure
Authors: Pape Hermann , Grisebach Hans 
Published: February 2015

The possibility of inhibiting erythronolide (lactone of erythromycin) biosynthesis with fluoropropionic acids without affecting the synthesis of the sugars of erythromycin was investigated, α- or β-fluoropropionic acid and their ethyl esters were tested for their ability to inhibit erythromycin production in S. erythreus. Ethyl-β-fluoropropionate (ethyl-β-F) was the best inhibitor of the 4 compounds tested. When the concentration of ethyl-β-F in the medium was 6,5 × 10-3-m. erythromycin formation was inhibited to about 95—98% while the volume of the mycelium decreased by only 5 percent. The hyphae of the organism grown in the presence of the inhibitor were shorter and thicker than those of the cells grown in the control medium.
No accumulation of nucleotide-bound cladinose, mycarose, desosamine or 4-keto-6-deoxyintermediates could be found in the inhibited cultures. In the presence of ethyl-β-F the accumulation of an unknown substance was observed, which is probably an aliphatic acid.
Ein neuer Biosyntheseweg für Anthrachinone: Der Einbau von Shikimisäure in 1.2-Dihydroxy-anthrachinon (Alizarin) und 1.2.4-Trihydroxy-anthrachinon (Purpurin) in Rubia tinctorum L.
Authors: Leistner E. , Zenk M. H. 
Published: February 2015

The biosynthesis of the anthraquinones, alizarin I and purpurin II, in Rubia tinctorum (madder) has been investigated. Acetate- [2-14C] proved to be a precursor only of ring C and in part of the keto groups of the quinone ring. While phenylalanine- [U-14C] was not incorporated into I and II, shikimic acid was found to be a good precursor of these compounds. The radioactivity of shikimic acid-[1,2-14C] could be localized only in ring A; shikimic acid-[U-14C] however was incorporated in toto; the ring being transformed into ring A of the anthraquinone, and the carboxyl group of this acid into one of the keto groups of ring B.
These findings demonstrate the existence of a biosynthetic pathway for the formation of anthraquinones in Nature, which is entirely different from the polyacetate route.
Fraktionierung säurelöslicher Proteine aus Normalleber und Hepatom der Ratte
Authors: Schwenke K. D. , Kujawa M. 
Published: February 2015

Es wird die Fraktionierung der säurelöslichen Proteine aus Rattenleber- und Hepatomextrakten mit Hilfe von Stärkegel-Elektrophorese, freier Elektrophorese und Gelfiltration beschrieben. Mit Hilfe der freien Elektrophorese konnten die extrahierten Proteine den Proteinfraktionen des Gewebehomogenates zugeordnet werden. Neben den basischen h- und i-Proteinen enthalten die Extrakte Albumin und Globuline der a-, b- und g-Gruppe.
Säureextrakte aus Leber und Hepatom unterscheiden sich durch ihre Absorption im sichtbaren und ultravioletten Spektralbereich, durch ihr Elutionsprofil bei der Gelfiltration und ihr Verhalten bei der Stärkegel-Elektrophorese. Ein basisches Chromoproteid mit charakteristischer Absorption bei 400 nm fehlt in den Extrakten aus Hepatom.
Die Verwendung von 1,5-m. Harnstoff zur Stärkegel-Elektrophorese der salzlöslichen Organproteine führte zu einer wesentlichen Verbesserung der Proteintrennung.
Studies on the Structure of Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid from Normal and Tumour Tissues
Authors: Bielka H. , Lutsch G. 
Published: February 2015

The dissociation properties of ribosomal RNA from liver and hepatoma were found to be dependent upon the temperature, ionic strength and cationic valency of the solvent. On increasing the temperature the pK values of the Ν1 H— C6=O and N1
= C6 — NH2 groups of nucleobases were displaced towards neutrality due to the thermal cleavage of Η-bridge linkages. Consequently, as the temperature is increased the nucleic acids bind increasingly more equivalents of acid or alkali. On forward- and back-titration hysteresis is observed in the acid pH range and the degree of hysteresis is found to decrease as the temperature is increased. Increasing the ionic strength of monovalent cations from μ=0.005 to 0.05 Na® leads to a reduced binding of equivalents of acid and alkali brought about by the displacement of pK values towards more extreme pH-values and to an increase in the stability of secondary structure.
Bivalent cations exert a stronger stabilizing effect on the molecular conformation of nucleic acids than monovalent cations of equal ionic strength. The more pronounced displacement of the PK values of ionizable groups on titration from pH 7 to pH 3 may be attributed to the additional action of bivalent cations as chelate formers.
Significant differences in the acid-base properties of ribosomal RNA from liver and hepatoma were observed especially at low temperatures and high ionic strength. At 5 °C and μ=0.1 NaCl less equivalents of acid and alkali are bound by hepatoma RNA than by liver RNA due to a lower degree of dissociation particularly of the N1=C6—NH2, and Ν1H — C6=0 groups.
III. Schutz der Leber-Lysosome vor der schädigenden Wirkung des Chlorpromazins durch Riboflavin in vivo
Authors: Popov Tsch. 
Published: February 2015

Chlorpromazin ruft eine Erhöhung der freien Aktivität der Lysosomhydrolasen, des Hämoglobinzerlegenden Kathepsins und der sauren Phosphatasen in Homogenaten, hergestellt aus Lebern von Ratten, welchen einmalig subcutan die Dosis 1 mg/100 g Lebendgewicht injektiert worden war, hervor. Bei der Präinkubation der isolierten von den gleichen Homogenaten reich an Lysosomen Mytochondrialen-Fraktionen in isotonischer Lösung (0,25 M Saccharose) bei 37 °C und PH 5, stellte sich eine beschleunigte (im Vergleich zur Kontrolle) Freilegung der an die Lysosome gebundenen sauren Phosphatase fest.
Auf Grund der hervorgehobenen Veränderungen kann man annehmen, daß Chlorpromazin die Lysosommembran labilisiert.
Riboflavin, gleichzeitig mit Chlorpromazin angewandt, schützt die Lysosome vor der labilisierenden Wirkung des Chlorpromazins.
I. Intrazellulärer Transport von Zwischenprodukten der Photosynthese im Photosynthese-Gleichgewicht und im Dunkel-Licht-Dunkel-Wechsel
Authors: Heber U. , Santarius K. A. , Hudson M. A. , Hallier U. W. 
Published: February 2015

1. The distribution — before, during and after photosynthesis — of different phosphate esters in chloroplasts and cytoplasm of leaf cells of spinach and Elodea has been investigated. In steady state experiments intact leaves were fed, during illumination, with 14CO2. The kinetics of the distribution of labelled phosphate esters between chloroplasts and cytoplasm were determined. In further experiments with intact leaves fluctuations in the pool sizes of phosphate esters in chloroplasts and in the cytoplasm were recorded in the dark/light and the light/dark transient. Independent fluctuations served as an indication that little or no exchange between chloroplasts and cytoplasm takes place. Concomitant fluctuations suggest rapid exchange.
2. Although labelling takes place in the chloroplasts, a number of labelled phosphorylated intermediates appear rapidly in the cytoplasm during steady state photosynthesis of intact leaves in the presence of 14CO2. This is particularly true for phosphoglyceric acid, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-diphosphate. On the other hand, labelled ribulosediphosphate, sedoheptulosediphosphate and sedoheptulosemonophosphate remain largely in the chloroplasts. This agrees with earlier work on the behaviour of phosphorylated intermediates during the induction period of photosynthesis.
3. In the dark the level of the bulk of the sugar diphosphates is lower in the chloroplasts than in the cytoplasm of intact leaves. On illumination, a large accumulation occurs only in the chloroplasts. This behaviour suggests impermeability of the chloroplast membrane towards at least some of the sugar diphosphates. In contrast, concomitant large fluctuations in the levels of dihydroxyacetonephosphate and fructose-1,6-diphosphate have been observed during the transients from dark to light and vice versa in chloroplasts and cytoplasm alike indicating that at least one of these compounds functions as a transport metabolite. Changes in the concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate were much smaller under the influence of light than those of other sugar phosphates.
4. The results demonstrate the role of phosphorylated transport metabolites in carbon metabolism in chloroplasts and cytoplasm. Implications of these findings in relation to photosynthesis, respiration and the regulation of metabolism are discussed.