bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the fluctuations of a laser beam due to thermal turbulence
Authors: Ndlovu Sphumelele , Chetty Naven 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA laser beam propagating in air and passing through a point diffraction interferometer (PDI) produces stable interferograms that can be used to extract wavefront data such as major atmospheric characteristics: turbulence strength, inner scale and outer scale of the refractive index. These parameters need to be taken into consideration when developing defense laser weapons since they can be affected by thermal fluctuations that are due to the changes in temperature in close proximity to the propagating beam and results in phase shifts that can be used to calculate the temperature which causes wavefront perturbations on a propagating beam.
Improvement of enzyme carbon paste-based biosensor using carbon nanotubes for determination of water-soluble analogue of vitamin E
Authors: Sýs Milan , Metelka Radovan , Mikysek Tomáš , Vytřas Karel 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe catalytic oxidation of a synthetic water-soluble analogue of vitamin E (α-tocopherol, Trolox) by tyrosinase enzyme in the presence of molecular oxygen was studied using electrochemical techniques. This specific enzymatic reaction was exploited for the preparation of a biosensor based on the amperometric reduction of the electroactive product (α-tocoquinone) formed. An electroactive surface of the transducers used was covered with a thin conductive layer of Nafion containing tyrosinase. Significant progress in sensitivity towards polyphenolic compounds such as Trolox was achieved at CPE with carbon nanotubes immobilised on its surface (CPE/CNTs) as electric transducers. The biosensor so developed can be used for the direct determination of total phenolic content (TPC). This important nutrition value can be expressed as the mass equivalent of Trolox, i.e. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), which could be used as an alternative to the evaluations currently used based on spectrophotometric methods such as total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP), ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) or 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl spectrometric assay (DPPH). The effects of the enzyme amount in the Nafion layer (3.0 μg), the influence of the nanoparticles present, the optimal pH value suitable for enzymatic activity (7.0), and the kinetics of enzymatic and electrochemical reactions were studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The determination of optimal conditions for amperometry in batch configuration (working potential, speed of stirring, volume of sample, calibration curve, etc.) was not a target of this electrochemical study.
Minimal Clinically Important Difference of the Functional Gait Assessment in Older Adults
Authors: Beninato Marianne , Fernandes Arlene , Plummer Laura S. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundThe Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) is commonly used to measure walking balance. The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) has yet to be determined for the FGA.ObjectiveThe purposes of this study were to determine: (1) the MCID in the FGA for older community-dwelling adults relative to patients' and physical therapists' estimates of change and (2) the extent of agreement between patients' and physical therapists' estimates of change.DesignThis study was a prospective case series.MethodsPatients and physical therapists rated the amount of change in balance while walking after an episode of physical therapy for balance retraining on a 15-point global rating of change (GROC) scale. Weighted kappa statistics were calculated to express agreement between patients' and physical therapists' GROC ratings. Functional Gait Assessment change scores were plotted on receiver operating characteristic curves. A cutoff of +3 on the GROC was the criterion used for important change. The optimal FGA change cutoff score for MCID was determined, and sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP), and likelihood ratios (LRs) were calculated.ResultsOne hundred thirty-five community-dwelling older adults (average age=78.8 years) and 14 physical therapists participated. There was poor agreement between the patients' and therapists' ratings of change (weighted kappa=.163). The estimated MCID value for the FGA using physical therapists' ratings of change as an anchor was 4 points (SN=0.66, SP=0.84, LR+=4.07, LR−=0.40). No accurate value for the FGA MCID could be determined based on the patients' ratings of change.LimitationsThe small sample size was a limitation.ConclusionPoor agreement between therapists' and patients' ratings indicate the need for further communication relative to patient goals. The 4-point MCID value for the FGA can be used for goal setting, tracking patient progress, and program evaluation.
Vorbericht über die Oberflächenbegehungen in den Provinzen Aydın und Muğla
Authors: Günel Sevinç 
Published: June 2014

Archaeological Field Surveys in Aydın and Muğla, Western Anatolia and the Aegean Coast displayed similar cultural developments, due to their close connection. The main reason for this similarity seems to be the common topographical and climatic conditions of these regions. Starting from prehistoric periods, through ages, Western Anatolia had been related both to the Greek Islands and Peninsula via Aegean Sea and to the Central Anatolian Plateau via Gediz (Hermos) Valley and the Meander Rivers. However, the scholarship focusing on the place and importance of prehistoric cultures of Western Anatolia in the Anatolian and Aegean archaeology is extremely limited. The region has been known in terms of its cultural development because the number of the antique sites belonging to classical period is abundant. The recent systematic excavations in Izmir and its surrroundings unearthed new centers enlightening the earlier periods of the region. Certainly, a similar cultural development existed in the south of the Small Meander River. The lack of research regarding prehistoric times is more evident in the area south of the Small Meander, including the areas of the cities of Aydın and Muğla.
The first results of the project, "Archaeological Field Survey in Aydın and Muğla" in 2001 have revealed the existence of sites delivering finds belonging to prehistoric times. Obsidian and stone tools together with ceramic fragments found during the field survey proved the existence of Dressed Stone Industry in the Aydın region. This evidence has also helped to clarify the hitherto unknown chronology and relationship between Southern and Western Anatolia. This field survey reveals the existence of centers originally founded during the 4th millennium BC continued in the 3rd and 2nd milllennia BC. In this area, apart from mounds, acropolis and plain settlement units have been observed.
The following seasons of our archaeological field survey project will be organized with the expectation to identify the expansion of new centers within a large span of time. The archeological data obtained will be evaluated towards a better understanding of the cultural history and chronological development of Western Anatolia.
Les principes méthodologiques d'Emile Benveniste dans Noms d'agent et noms d'action en indo-européen
Authors: Fruyt Michèle 
Published: June 2014

Noms d'agent et noms d'action en indo-européen
(1 948) opens with the well-known preface where E. Benveniste presents a new theory and method for the study of suffixes and suffixal junction. The axiom or postulate he sets up asserts the existence of a bi-univocal relationship between the elements of the "signifiant and those of the "signifié" of suffixes. This extreme point of view, mathematically inspired, appears to us to be difficult to hold when confronted whith the reality of a natural language, and in particular with suffixes.
This postulate obliges him to equate the number of Junctions with the number of forms, sometimes Increasing and sometimes decreasing the number offunctions.
The underlying Benvenistian conception of suffixal function in this book can also be defined by the following caracteristics : 1°) only one function per suffix (corollary of the bi-univooal relationship) ; 2°) its semantic nature ; 3°)it is an abstract notion, to be found behind its variety of uses ; 4°) it is to be situated sometimes in a diachronie, sometimes in a synchonic perspective.
Enseignement fonctionnel du français à des publics spécialisés : bibliographie sélective
Authors: Fattier Dominique 
Published: June 2014

La mise en place de cursus spécialisés destinés à des publics spécifiques non scolaires a suscité une intense réflexion dans le domaine de la didactique des langues. Cette bibliographie vise à présenter une sélection des travaux de recherche marquants liés à ce que l'on appelle dans le contexte français l" 'approche fonctionnelle" et dans le contexte anglo-saxon "English for spécial purposes", le matériel bibliographique est réparti en quatre sections
- Méthodologie générale
- Identification, définition et analyse des besoins
- Instruments d'analyse et analyses pré-pédagogiques
- Comptes rendus d'élaboration de cours et d'expériences d'enseignement sur objectifs spécifiques
Règles de transcription graphème-phonème pour la prononciation automatique de sigles
Authors: Yvon F 
Published: June 2014

We present in this article some remarks regarding the way acronyms are read. It is well known that acronyms are pronounced principally in two manners : they can be either spelled aloud or read. Less work has been devoted to study the phonological rules that apply when the latter pronounciation is prefered.
We will first show, by carefully studying some tedious aspects of French phonology, that acronyms are not subject to the very same rules as common words. We will then try to construct a numerical criterion that will help to justify the specific phonological treatment of acronyms. Using this criterion, we will also make some predictions regarding the pronounciations of ambiguous graphemes sequences that do not appear in our corpus.
Une nouvelle poétique du discours direct : le Tristan et Yseut de Thomas
Authors: Marchello-Nizia Christiane 
Published: June 2014

In Thomas's Tristan et Yseut (Xllth century), the precursor of the modern romantic novel, almost half the text that has come down to us consists of direct speech.
In a significant episode of the text, the "Salle aux images" (Hall of Statues), none of the lengthy monologues which Tristan addresses to the statue of Yseut appears as direct speech. Is this accidental, or is it the result of a conscious stylistic choice ? In other words, is Thomas representing speech in a new way, and thereby creating a new poetics ? Two phenomena point to the latter conclusion. First, in what remains of the poem, none of the direct speech constitutes straight forward communication ; rather, it is devious or ambiguous. The link between truthfulness and communicative function is broken. Secundly, a recently discovered fragment confirms our earlier hypothesis that Thomas invented a new rhetorical form, the "lover's dialogue", in which two lovers reveal their passion for one another.
This paper suggests that Thomas's Tristan et Yseut is a laboratory in which the author experiments with new poetic devices linked to the representation of speech.
Nef des Fous ou radeau de la Méduse ? Les conflits linguistiques en Belgique
Authors: Francard Michel 
Published: June 2014

Depuis la création de l'État belge en 1830, les deux principales communautés qui composent cet état - les Flamands et les Wallons - s'affrontent sur des problèmes linguistiques.
Cette contribution, après une brève description du puzzle institutionnel qu'est la Belgique fédérale, présente quelques éléments saillants du contentieux linguistique belge : la frontière linguistique, l'opposition entre les principes du "droit du sol" et du "droit des gens", la francisation de certaines communes flamandes à la périphérie de Bruxelles, etc. Enfin, l'identité linguistique de chaque communauté est abordée d'un point de vue sociolinguistique.
"Pressoir à/pour olives" et "ventilateur à/avec hélice", deux indices interprétatifs pour les NI à N2 noms d'instruments
Authors: Gasiglia N 
Published: June 2014

Après avoir évoqué l'enjeu d'une telle entreprise, nous exposons ici deux pistes pour l'interprétation automatique de noms d'instruments poly lexicaux de structure NI à N2. Les deux interprétations de la préposition " à " (section 1) permettent d'établir des schémas interprétatifs pour ces séquences : NI à/avec N2_partie_de ; NI à/pour ( V a c t i o n //N1 ) N2_objet>entrée ; NI à/pour (Vproduction//N1)N2_objet>sortie ; pour V//m_objet>sortie=proce$sus. Une proportion inversée nous invite à exploiter (section 2) la relation entre les suffixes -eur et -oir portés par les NI déverbaux et les rôles remplis par les N2 les accompagnant. Ainsi, présentant le lexique et l'application des règles de combinaison de sens (section 3), nous analyserons quatre séquences et obtiendrons préférentiellement les interprétations suivantes :
ventilateur à hélice NI -ventilateur à/avec N2_partie_de-hélice pressoir à olives Nl=pressoir à/pour Vactionum-presser
N2_objet>entrée=olives pressoir à huile NI = p r e s s oir à I p o u r
Vproduction//m=extraire_par_pression
N2_objet>sortie=huile
ventilateur aNl-ventilateur al avec
aspiration N2_partie_de=aspiration
ou NI -ventilât eur à / p o u r
V//N2_objet>sortie=processus=aSPirer
Analyse des lettres des consommateurs : une application de la linguistique
Authors: Krazem Mustapha 
Published: June 2014

Depuis quelques années, les grandes entreprises développent leur services consommateurs. Une des missions de ceux-ci consiste à traiter les litiges exposés dans les courriers des clients mécontents. Cette étude, réalisée à Sony France, explore deux directions où les descriptions linguistiques peuvent être utiles :
- la stratégie de communication choisie par les clients
- l'image de l'entreprise.
Exclus des politiques de santé publique
Authors: Veisse Arnaud , d’Adler Marie-Ange 
Published: June 2014

Ses activités, à la fois de soins, d’accompagnement, d’information et de formation, ont fait du Comité pour la santé des exilés (Comede) un témoin privilégié des dysfonctionnements des dispositifs de santé des exilés et des étrangers en situation précaire en France. Créée en 1979, l’association a redéfini en 2013 son objet : « agir en faveur de la santé des exilés et défendre leurs droits », cette évolution traduisant l’importance de l’aspect juridique dans les dimensions sociale, médicale et psychologique de la santé des exilés, et dans les actions de plaidoyer.
Yugoslav Eulogies: The Footprints of Gavrilo Princip
Authors: Miller Paul 
Published: June 2014

While scholars have intensively studied Yugoslavia’s weaknesses and dissolution (both in the interwar and post-World War II eras) from political and economic perspectives, there has been less work on the issue of cultural cohesion so crucial to Yugoslavism (the Yugoslav idea) as it was conceived and developed in the nineteenth century and elaborated upon during World War I. In particular, there has been little attempt to interrogate the long-term (1918–today) discursive construction of Yugoslav identity by means of collective memory—that is, the selectively shared stories people tell about themselves in order to give meaning to the ‘nation,’ a sense of belonging to the ‘national culture.’ And yet from the moment Yugoslavia was created, ordinary Yugoslavists began constructing the Sarajevo assassination as a heroic narrative of opposition and liberation that transcended the particularist identities of ethnicity, nation, religion, and history. How did the different Yugoslav regimes and post-Yugoslav political elites respond to these efforts to shape a collective cultural memory around Gavrilo Princip’s political murder of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire? What can the various manifestations of this memory and official attitudes towards it tell us about the Yugoslav national project writ large? These are the main themes addressed in my paper.
Bridging the Chasm: The Medium, the Mystic, and Religion as Mediation in the Work of William James
Authors: Whitehead Deborah 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
William James’s interest in psychical research is often treated as something of an anomaly. The fact that James took "that large group of debatable phenomena designated by such terms as ’mesmeric,’ ’psychical,’ and ’spiritualistic,’" seriously as a legitimate area of scientific inquiry seems slightly bemusing to our contemporary jaded ears. As a result, his writings collected in Essays in Psychical Research tend to be marginalized, even ignored by most serious James scholars. But American pragmatist communication theorist John Durham Peters, in his innovative philosophical and cultural history of communication, Speaking into the Air, provides the key to a new appreciation of this oft-neglected work by asserting that, for James, "the question of communication was one of our time’s questions of faith." By this Peters means that James’s investigations were not simply about whether communication with the dead via mediums was scientifically possible but also and more fundamentally about the desire for authentic person-to-person or soul-to-soul connection across distances. As Peters reads James, the question of communication is fundamentally a religious one, involving issues of hope, trust, faith, and interpretation; James’s "concern was never to rule out the possibility of contact with the inhuman– beast or God." Why? Because of the difference that it made, the effects that it had.
Emergence and Religious Naturalism: The Promise and Peril
Authors: Yoder Scot D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWhile the topics of emergentism and religious naturalism have both received renewed attention in the past two decades, the recent publication of several books and numerous articles arguing for emergentism and its religious significance suggests that they are converging in interesting ways. Indeed, religious naturalists such as cell biologist Ursula Goodenough, complexity theorist Stuart Kauffman, and philosopher Loyal Rue have been important voices in this conversation. While they cannot be easily classified as religious naturalists, biological anthropologist Terrence Deacon and theologian and philosopher Philip Clayton have also made significant contributions.
Nonviolence and Moral Equivalency
Authors: Ott Daniel J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In 1910, William James made his contribution to the "war against war" in his essay "The Moral Equivalent of War." "Militarism is the great preserver of our ideals of hardihood," he argued. "It is a sort of sacrament." The warrior is truly a hero because he exemplifies hardiness, loyalty, and self-sacrifice. Some other cause and project will need to be found that can inspire these same qualities, if militarism is to be countered effectively. A "moral equivalent to war" is required. James employed this phrase earlier in his Gifford Lectures in defense of asceticism as an exemplar of hardiness. "Poverty indeed is the strenuous life," he wrote as he wondered whether a reconsideration of poverty as religious vocation might be a cultural counter to the love of wealth that dominated his generation and "may not be ’the transformation of military courage,’ and the spiritual reform which our time stands most in need of." James also saw a kind of ironic moral meliorism in asceticism. The monk does not ignore what is wrong in the world as the ultra-optimist might, but neither does the monk merely give in to these wrongs and accept them as necessary or natural. Asceticism "symbolizes . . . the belief that there is an element of real wrongness in this world, which is neither to be ignored nor evaded, but which must be squarely met and overcome by an appeal to the soul’s heroic resources, and neutralized and cleansed away by suffering." The problem with asceticism is its extremism and the "uselessness of some of the particular acts of which it may be guilty."
Sunlight‐induced carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters
Authors: Koehler Birgit , Landelius Tomas , Weyhenmeyer Gesa A. , Machida Nanako , Tranvik Lars J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from inland waters are substantial on a global scale. Yet the fundamental question remains open which proportion of these CO2 emissions is induced by sunlight via photochemical mineralization of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), rather than by microbial respiration during DOC decomposition. Also, it is unknown on larger spatial and temporal scales how photochemical mineralization compares to other C fluxes in the inland water C cycle. We combined field and laboratory data with atmospheric radiative transfer modeling to parameterize a photochemical rate model for each day of the year 2009, for 1086 lakes situated between latitudes from 55°N to 69°N in Sweden. The sunlight‐induced production of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) averaged 3.8 ± 0.04 g C m−2 yr−1, which is a flux comparable in size to the organic carbon burial in the lake sediments. Countrywide, 151 ± 1 kt C yr−1 was produced by photochemical mineralization, corresponding to about 12% of total annual mean CO2 emissions from Swedish lakes. With a median depth of 3.2 m, the lakes were generally deep enough that incoming, photochemically active photons were absorbed in the water column. This resulted in a linear positive relationship between DIC photoproduction and the incoming photon flux, which corresponds to the absorbed photons. Therefore, the slope of the regression line represents the wavelength‐ and depth‐integrated apparent quantum yield of DIC photoproduction. We used this relationship to obtain a first estimate of DIC photoproduction in lakes and reservoirs worldwide. Global DIC photoproduction amounted to 13 and 35 Mt C yr−1 under overcast and clear sky, respectively. Consequently, these directly sunlight‐induced CO2 emissions contribute up to about one tenth to the global CO2 emissions from lakes and reservoirs, corroborating that microbial respiration contributes a substantially larger share than formerly thought, and generate annual C fluxes similar in magnitude to the C burial in natural lake sediments worldwide.
Quantifying aluminum and semiconductor industry perfluorocarbon emissions from atmospheric measurements
Authors: Kim Jooil , Fraser Paul J. , Li Shanlan , Mühle Jens , Ganesan Anita L. , Krummel Paul B. , Steele L. Paul , Park Sunyoung , Kim Seung‐Kyu , Park Mi‐Kyung , Arnold Tim , Harth Christina M. , Salameh Peter K. , Prinn Ronald G. , Weiss Ray F. , Kim Kyung‐Ryul 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe potent anthropogenic perfluorocarbon greenhouse gases tetrafluoromethane (CF4) and hexafluoroethane (C2F6) are emitted to the atmosphere mainly by the aluminum and semiconductor industries. Global emissions of these perfluorocarbons (PFCs) calculated from atmospheric measurements are significantly greater than expected from reported national and industry‐based emission inventories. In this study, in situ measurements of the two PFCs in the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment network are used to show that their emission ratio varies according to the relative regional presence of these two industries, providing an industry‐specific emission “signature” to apportion the observed emissions. Our results suggest that underestimated emissions from the global semiconductor industry during 1990–2010, as well as from China's aluminum industry after 2002, account for the observed differences between emissions based on atmospheric measurements and on inventories. These differences are significant despite the large uncertainties in emissions based on the methodologies used by these industries.