bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland: a clinicopathological study of 49 cases and of metallothionein expression with regard to tumour behaviour
Authors: Brazão‐Silva Marco Túllio , Cardoso Sérgio Vitorino , de Faria Paulo Rogério , Dias Fernando Luiz , Lima Roberto Araújo , Eisenberg Ana Lúcia Amaral , Nascimento Marilena Filgueira , Loyola Adriano Mota 
Published: July 2013

AimsAdenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) of the salivary glands shows heterogeneous behaviour, with metastasis as a key indicator of poor prognosis. Metallothionein (MT) expression has been associated with poor prognosis of diverse neoplasms. We evaluated prognostic factors for AdCC and the role played by MT, focusing on metastatic behaviour.Methods and resultsWe reviewed the files of the Brazilian National Institute of Cancer between 1997 and 2004, obtaining 49 cases. Fourteen tumours had metastasized during follow‐up. Among these, we identified cases presenting with metastasis at patient admission as showing the poorest survival rates. MT immunostaining of the tumours was performed (using the E9 antibody), and evaluated for the parameters of proportion, intensity and distribution in tumour cells. Extent and intensity of staining, and Quickscore (a combined measure of extent and intensity), were higher in metastatic than non‐metastatic tumours (for Quickscore, P = 0.044), with highest values found for cases of early metastasis. Most cases showing weak staining, and all with a predominantly cytoplasm‐restricted staining pattern, were non‐metastatic. Metastatic tumours of solid type received higher scores than solid non‐metastatic (Intensity, P = 0.0239; Quickscore, P = 0.0481).ConclusionsOur results demonstrated metastasis to be the most significant indicator of poor prognosis and deterioration for AdCC. Consistent patterns of MT expression were observed to correlate with metastatic behaviour, indicating that MT may potentially serve as a prognostic marker for AdCC.
No Substitute for the Real Thing: The Impact of Prison‐based Work Experience on Students' Thinking about Imprisonment
Authors: Ridley Louise 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis article discusses an innovative approach to teaching and learning, under which students on the undergraduate criminology, (and related), programmes at Northumbria University are offered work experience positions in prisons in the north‐east of England. Increasing media distortion and populist political rhetoric about imprisonment has influenced the way in which students think and reflect about prison and prisoners. This article explores how introducing prison‐based work experience has had a dramatic effect on students' thinking and understanding of imprisonment. The article outlines the setting up of the scheme in one of the prisons, considers the initial impact on the first cohort of participating students, and discusses the staff and student work experiences to date. It also demonstrates how experiencing the prison in this way ensures that these students leave university with well‐defined ideas about incarceration and better equipped for working in prison environments.
Rheological, gelling and emulsifying properties of a glycosylated and cross‐linked caseinate generated by transglutaminase
Authors: Song Chun‐Li , Zhao Xin‐Huai 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe impacts of oligochitosan glycosylation and cross‐linking on some properties of a commercial caseinate were investigated in this study. The glycosylated and cross‐linked caseinate with glucosamine content of 4.74 g kg−1 protein was generated by transglutaminase (TGase) and oligochitosan at pH 7.5 and 37 °C, with fixed substrate molar ratio of 1:3 (acyl donor to glucosamine acceptor), caseinate content of 50 g L−1, TGase of 10 kU kg−1 protein and reaction time of 3 h, respectively. In comparison with the caseinate, the glycosylated and cross‐linked caseinate had decreased reactable amino groups (0.58 vs. 0.51 mol kg−1 protein), higher apparent viscosity, decreased emulsifying activity index (about 14.5%) and statistically unchanged emulsion stability index (92.6 vs. 90.5%). Based on the mechanical spectra of the acid‐induced gels, the glycosylated and cross‐linked caseinate showed shorter gelation time (95 vs. 200 or 220 min) than the caseinate or cross‐linked caseinate. The gels prepared from the glycosylated and cross‐linked caseinate also had enhanced hardness, springiness and cohesiveness. The results indicated that TGase‐mediated oligochitosan glycosylation and cross‐linking has the potential to obtain new protein ingredients.
How to Overcome Deadlock in EU Immigration Politics
Authors: Roos Christof 
Published: July 2013

AbstractImmigration policy is a very unlikely case for EU integration. EU policy‐making is constrained by member states' sovereignty claims and interest heterogeneity. Still, tentative integration towards EU conditions of entry and residence for some immigrant categories can be observed. By using the example of the skilled labour migration directive, the article explains how deadlock in policy‐making was overcome. It explores the factors that led to agreement in the EU immigration policy area, from the Commission's first proposal on labour migration in 2001 to its adoption in 2009. Explanations for integration in the policy area are member states' venue shopping the EU level for changing domestic legislation, their interest in locking‐in national standards in EU law, and the EU Commission's agenda‐framing. Strategic partitioning of policy was also used by actors to overcome deadlock in policy‐making. The reframing of policies, by reducing their scope to a few narrowly defined immigrant categories, influenced their adoption. This mechanism was observed in studying the eight years of policy‐making leading to the labour migration directive. The longitudinal analysis helps to identify the key dynamics that define this nascent EU policy area.
QUALITY OF LIFE OF ADULT CLIENTS ON RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPIES IN NEPAL
Authors: Sapkota Abja , Sedhain Arun , Rai Mana Kumari 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYAimTo compare the influence of demographic and clinical variables on quality of life (QOL) amongst haemodialysis (HD) and renal transplantation clients in Nepal.BackgroundRenal replacement therapy in the form of renal transplant is a newer modality in Nepal. In this study, effectiveness of renal transplant and maintenance HD in clients with end‐stage renal disease were evaluated in a Nepalese context.MethodA descriptive, cross‐sectional study was conducted to compare the QOL of clients undergoing HD and renal transplantation in two treatment centres in Nepal. Information on QOL was collected by using the WHOQOL‐BREF instrument through interviews.ResultThe clients in the transplantation groups were significantly younger, highly educated and employed. The QOL score of clients with renal transplantation was significantly higher in the physical, psychological and social relationship domains. While assessing QOL score in transplantation groups, females scored significantly higher score in the environmental domain compared with males.ConclusionThe QOL score in renal transplant recipients was significantly better than that of clients on HD in three of the four WHOQOL‐BREF domains. The limited resources and facilities for renal transplantation and the post‐transplant follow‐up service in Nepal might have contributed to a poorer outcome on the environmental domain in this group.
Using visual modelling to study the evolution of lizard coloration: sexual selection drives the evolution of sexual dichromatism in lacertids
Authors: Pérez i de Lanuza G. , Font E. , Monterde J. L. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSexual selection has been invoked as a major force in the evolution of secondary sexual traits, including sexually dimorphic colourations. For example, previous studies have shown that display complexity and elaborate ornamentation in lizards are associated with variables that reflect the intensity of intrasexual selection. However, these studies have relied on techniques of colour analysis based on human – rather than lizard – visual perception. Here, we use reflectance spectrophotometry and visual modelling to quantify sexual dichromatism considering the overall colour patterns of lacertids, a lizard clade in which visual signalling has traditionally been underrated. These objective methods of colour analysis reveal a large, previously unreported, degree of sexual dichromatism in lacertids. Using a comparative phylogenetic approach, we further demonstrate that sexual dichromatism is positively associated with body size dimorphism (an index of intrasexual selection), suggesting that conspicuous coloration in male lacertids has evolved to improve opponent assessment under conditions of intense male–male competition. Our findings provide the first evidence for the covariation of sexual dichromatism and sexual size dimorphism in lacertids and suggest that the prevalent role of intrasexual selection in the evolution of ornamental coloration is not restricted to the iguanian lineage, but rather may be a general trend common to many diurnal lizards.
Exposure to a novel male during late pregnancy influences subsequent growth of offspring during lactation
Authors: Gale T. , Gibson A. B. , Brooks R. C. , Garratt M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn mammals, allocation to reproduction can either be primed or suppressed in relation to cues from other individuals. Some conspecifics (e.g. potential mates) may enhance an individual's ability to reproduce but others may have a detrimental effect on reproductive success. One widely studied response to conspecific cues, the ‘Bruce effect’, occurs when pregnant females abort their pregnancies after exposure to a novel male. It has been suggested that this response has evolved as a counter‐tactic to the threat of infanticide posed by novel males. In some species, like mice, pregnancy termination will only occur if females are exposed to the unfamiliar male during a brief critical period early in pregnancy, which is surprising considering that an unfamiliar male threatens infanticide whenever present, and in particular near to birth. We demonstrate that female mice experiencing novel males during late pregnancy also alter their investment in progeny, but in a more subtle manner than previously observed. Females exposed to an unfamiliar male during late pregnancy give birth to offspring of a comparable weight to those produced by females exposed to the paternal male, but these offspring grow more slowly over lactation. As a consequence, offspring from these females weigh less at weaning. Modification of their growth trajectory, however, allows these offspring to catch up to normal weights by adulthood. Thus, cues of unfamiliar males, and possibly their associated threat of infanticide, can produce more wide‐ranging effects on maternal investment than previously recognized.
The differential contributions of herkogamy and dichogamy as mechanisms of avoiding self‐interference in four self‐incompatible Epimedium species
Authors: Li X.‐X. , Zou Y. , Xiao C.‐L. , Gituru R. W. , Guo Y.‐H. , Yang C.‐F. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSelf‐interference is one of the most important selective forces in shaping floral evolution. Herkogamy and dichogamy both can achieve reductions in the extent of self‐interference, but they may have different roles in minimizing self‐interference in a single species. We used four self‐incompatible Epimedium species to explore the roles of herkogamy and dichogamy in avoiding self‐interference and to test the hypothesis that herkogamy and dichogamy may be separated and become selected preferentially in the taxa. Two species (E. franchetii and E. mikinorii) expressed strong herkogamy and weak protogyny (adichogamy), whereas another two species (E. sutchuenense and E. leptorrhizum) expressed slight herkogamy and partial protandry. Field investigations indicated that there was no physical self‐interference between male function and female function regarding pollen removal and pollen deposition in all species. Self‐pollination (autonomous or facilitated) was greater in species with slight herkogamy than in those with strong herkogamy. Artificial pollination treatments revealed that self‐pollination could reduce outcrossed female fertility in all species, and we found evidence that self‐interference reduced seed set in E. sutchuenense and E. leptorrhizum in the field, but not in E. franchetii and E. mikinorii. These results indicate that well‐developed herkogamy is more effective compared with dichogamy in avoiding self‐interference in the four species. In genus Epimedium, herkogamy instead of dichogamy should be selected preferentially and evolved as an effective mechanism for avoiding self‐interference and might not need to evolve linked with dichogamy.
Deleterious effects of recombination and possible nonrecombinatorial advantages of sex in a fungal model
Authors: López‐Villavicencio M. , Debets A. J. M. , Slakhorst M. , Giraud T. , Schoustra S. E. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWhy sexual reproduction is so prevalent in nature remains a major question in evolutionary biology. Most of the proposed advantages of sex rely on the benefits obtained from recombination. However, it is still unclear whether the conditions under which these recombinatorial benefits would be sufficient to maintain sex in the short term are met in nature. Our study addresses a largely overlooked hypothesis, proposing that sex could be maintained in the short term by advantages due to functions linked with sex, but not related to recombination. These advantages would be so essential that sex could not be lost in the short term. Here, we used the fungusAspergillus nidulansto experimentally test predictions of this hypothesis. Specifically, we were interested in (i) the short‐term deleterious effects of recombination, (ii) possible nonrecombinatorial advantages of sex particularly through the elimination of mutations and (iii) the outcrossing rate under choice conditions in a haploid fungus able to reproduce by both outcrossing and haploid selfing. Our results were consistent with our hypotheses: we found that (i) recombination can be strongly deleterious in the short term, (ii) sexual reproduction between individuals derived from the same clonal lineage provided nonrecombinatorial advantages, likely through a selection arena mechanism, and (iii) under choice conditions, outcrossing occurs in a homothallic species, although at low rates.
Inter‐ and intrasexual genetic correlations of exaggerated traits and locomotor activity
Authors: Fuchikawa T. , Okada K. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractExaggerated traits in males can be costly and therefore can negatively affect fitness. Although these costs are thought to be male specific, traits that have a negative effect due to exaggeration are often shared between the sexes as life‐history traits. When there are genetic intersexual correlations for these shared characters, the evolution of the exaggerated traits can impose these costs on nonadorned females through the intersexual correlation. Thus, the exaggerated traits can constrain optimum development of female characters, even if the females lack these exaggerations completely. However, investigation of this pattern has been largely ignored, and thus, it is necessary to investigate genetic architectures of these traits within and across the sexes. Male flour beetles, Gnatocerus cornutus, have enlarged mandibles that are used in male–male competition, but females lack this character completely. Using a traditional full‐sib/half‐sib breeding design, we detected a negative intrasexual genetic correlation between male weapon size and locomotor activity, but not an intersexual genetic correlation for locomotor activity. After subjecting this weapon to 17 generations of bidirectional selection, we found a correlated response to locomotor activity in the male, whereas there was no correlated response in the female. Our results suggest that the costs of exaggerated traits to locomotion are not imposed on females and would be male specific. This is partly explained by genetic decoupling of locomotor activities across the sexes.
On the limits of interpreting some plastic responses through a cooperator/cheater prism. A comment on Harrison
Authors: Alizon S. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMicro‐organisms are known to exhibit phenotypic plasticity in response to changes in their environment. Recent studies have shown that a parasite strain can adjust its host exploitation strategies to the presence of unrelated strains, e.g. for Plasmodium chabaudi by adjusting its sex‐ratio. J. Evol. Biol. 2013; 26: 1370–1378 claims to report a similar plastic response to the presence of unrelated strains in the case of siderophore‐producing bacteria. I argue that she does not provide sufficient evidence to support the interpretation of the plastic response she observes (increasing siderophore production in the presence of cheaters) through a cooperator/cheater framework. I show that known plastic responses to physicochemical factors, such as siderophore or iron concentration, seem to offer a clearer and more parsimonious explanation. Finally, I also challenge the parallel she makes between the process she observes in siderophore‐producing bacteria and compensation in bi‐parental care models.
The scope and strength of sex‐specific selection in genome evolution
Authors: Wright A. E. , Mank J. E. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMales and females share the vast majority of their genomes and yet are often subject to different, even conflicting, selection. Genomic and transcriptomic developments have made it possible to assess sex‐specific selection at the molecular level, and it is clear that sex‐specific selection shapes the evolutionary properties of several genomic characteristics, including transcription, post‐transcriptional regulation, imprinting, genome structure and gene sequence. Sex‐specific selection is strongly influenced by mating system, which also causes neutral evolutionary changes that affect different regions of the genome in different ways. Here, we synthesize theoretical and molecular work in order to provide a cohesive view of the role of sex‐specific selection and mating system in genome evolution. We also highlight the need for a combined approach, incorporating both genomic data and experimental phenotypic studies, in order to understand precisely how sex‐specific selection drives evolutionary change across the genome.
Assessing the accuracy and reliability of direct height measurement for use in adult neurological patients with contractures: a comparison with height from ulna length
Authors: Finch H. , Arumugam V. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundIt is not possible to measure the height of a patient with contractures in the normal way. On occasions, health professionals need to measure the height directly of patients with contractures because: (i) the patient is unable to report his/her height as a result of a lack of mental capacity and (ii) there is no‐one available to report the height or the reported height is obviously inaccurate. Height derived from ulna length is an option but, in some individuals, it can be conspicuously inaccurate. Therefore, we have attempted to develop and validate a simple bedside method using a tape measure.MethodsTwenty‐four normal healthy adult volunteers were recruited into the study. They were positioned on a hospital bed in three different standardised positions simulating patients with typical contractures. They were measured in each position by four measurers using blanked out tape measures. The participants were then measured standing giving a ‘true’ height. Ulna length was also measured.ResultsThe mean of the tape‐measured heights was 2.3 cm taller than the ‘true’ height (95% confidence interval = 4.6−9.3). The measurement in all three positions gave an over‐estimate of the height, whereas the ulna‐derived height gave an under‐estimate (2.2 cm). The estimated reliability between measurers (intraclass correlation coefficient) was 0.94 with a 95% confidence interval (0.91–0.96).ConclusionsThis new method is giving an acceptable estimate of the height of contracted patients with a good inter‐rater reliability. It comprises a useful additional tool for measuring the height of people with contractures.
Effects of low pCO2 conditions on sea urchin larval size
Authors: Suwa Ryota , Nojiri Yukihiro , Ono Tsuneo , Shirayama Yoshihisa 
Published: July 2013

AbstractOcean acidification results from an increase in the concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) impacts on marine calcifying species, which is predicted to become more pronounced in the future. By the end of this century, atmospheric pCO2 levels will have doubled relative to the pre‐industrial levels of 280 ppm. However, the effects of pre‐industrial pCO2 levels on marine organisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of pre‐industrial pCO2 conditions on the size of the pluteus larvae of sea urchins, which are known to be vulnerable to ocean acidification. The larval size of Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus significantly increased when reared at pre‐industrial pCO2 level relative to the present one, and the size of Anthocidaris crassispina larvae decreased as the pCO2 levels increased from the pre‐industrial level to the near future ones after 3 days' exposure. In this study, it is suggested that echinoid larvae responded to pre‐industrial pCO2 levels. Ocean acidification may be affecting some sensitive marine calcifiers even at the present pCO2 level.
New insights on the trophic ecology of bathyal communities from the methane seep area off Concepción, Chile (~36° S)
Authors: Zapata‐Hernández Germán , Sellanes Javier , Thurber Andrew R. , Levin Lisa A. , Chazalon Frédéric , Linke Peter 
Published: July 2013

AbstractStudies of the trophic structure in methane‐seep habitats provide insight into the ecological function of deep‐sea ecosystems. Methane seep biota on the Chilean margin likely represent a novel biogeographic province; however, little is known about the ecology of the seep fauna and particularly their trophic support. The present study, using natural abundance stable isotopes, reveals a complex trophic structure among heterotrophic consumers, with four trophic levels supported by a diversity of food sources at a methane seep area off Concepción, Chile (~36° S). Although methanotrophy, thiotrophy and phototrophy are all identified as carbon fixation mechanisms fueling the food web within this area, most of the analysed species (87.5%) incorporate carbon derived from photosynthesis and a smaller number (12%) use carbon derived from chemosynthesis. Methane‐derived carbon (MDC) incorporation was documented in 22 taxa, including sipunculids, gastropods, polychaetes and echinoderms. In addition, wide trophic niches were detected in suspension‐feeding and deposit‐feeding taxa, possibly associated with the use of organic matter in different stages of degradation (e.g. from fresh to refractory). Estimates of Bayesian standard ellipses area (SEAB) reveal different isotopic niche breadth in the predator fishes, the Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides and the combtooth dogfish Centroscyllium nigrum, suggesting generalist versus specialist feeding behaviors, respectively. Top predators in the ecosystem were the Patagonian toothfish D. eleginoides and the dusky cat shark, Bythaelurus canescens. The blue hake Antimora rostrata also provides a trophic link between the benthic and pelagic systems, with a diet based primarily on pelagic‐derived carrion. These findings can inform accurate ecosystem models, which are critical for effective management and conservation of methane seep and adjacent deep‐sea habitats in the Southeastern Pacific.