bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oats and CVD risk markers: a systematic literature review
Authors: Thies Frank , Masson Lindsey F. , Boffetta Paolo , Kris-Etherton Penny 
Published: September 2014

High consumption of whole-grain food such as oats is associated with a reduced risk of CVD and type 2 diabetes. The present study aimed to systematically review the literature describing long-term intervention studies that investigated the effects of oats or oat bran on CVD risk factors. The literature search was conducted using Embase, Medline and the Cochrane library, which identified 654 potential articles. Seventy-six articles describing sixty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies lacked statistical power to detect a significant effect of oats on any of the risk factors considered: 59 % of studies had less than thirty subjects in the oat intervention group. Out of sixty-four studies that assessed systemic lipid markers, thirty-seven (58 %) and thirty-four (49 %) showed a significant reduction in total cholesterol (2–19 % reduction) and LDL-cholesterol (4–23 % reduction) respectively, mostly in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Few studies (three and five, respectively) described significant effects on HDL-cholesterol and TAG concentrations. Only three out of twenty-five studies found a reduction in blood pressure after oat consumption. None of the few studies that measured markers of insulin sensitivity and inflammation found any effect after long-term oat consumption. Long-term dietary intake of oats or oat bran has a beneficial effect on blood cholesterol. However, there is no evidence that it favourably modulates insulin sensitivity. It is still unclear whether increased oat consumption significantly affects other risk markers for CVD risk, and comprehensive, adequately powered and controlled intervention trials are required to address this question.
The future of oats in the food and health continuum
Authors: Clemens Roger , van Klinken B. Jan-Willem 
Published: September 2014

A large body of clinical evidence suggests that the consumption of 3 g or more per d of β-glucan from oats or barley, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of CHD. The unique chemical and physical properties of oats and physiological responses to oat consumption contribute to their demonstrated health benefits; other health attributes are still under evaluation. Many of these benefits, such as those associated with a reduced risk of CVD, are codified in health claims by several regulatory agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration in the USA and the European Food Safety Authority in Europe. Despite these oat–health relationships, an apparent decline in agricultural production, the presence of an array of plant pathogens, and dynamics of climatic conditions may preclude the availability and subsequent consumption of this commodity worldwide. Therefore, it is incumbent on scientists from multiple disciplines to advance research in a spectrum of arenas, including physico-chemical properties of oats, the impact of oats on an array of non-communicable diseases and human microbiome, agricultural practices and environments, and processing technologies that contribute to global food policies.
Punished by Surveillance: Policing ‘dangerousness’ in colonial India, 1872–1918
Authors: SINGHA RADHIKA 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis article examines the way in which legal codification, the scrutiny of the high courts, and the expansion of the ‘native Bar’ restructured colonial ‘preventive policing’. Habitual Offender legislation in England targeted the ex-convict, but in India the bad-livelihood sections of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC sections 109–110) permitted a far more flexible construction of ‘habituality’. They illustrate the degree to which summary judicial powers wielded by the executive head of the district were incorporated into the code, not excised from it. Educated Indians critiqued this combination of executive and judicial powers in the hands of the district magistrate, yet CrPC ‘preventive sections’ proliferated. Furthermore, in 1918 the Punjab province passed a Habitual Offender Act which, drawing upon the pattern of the Criminal Tribes Act (Act XXVII of 1871), permitted CrPC section 110 to be used to restrict the suspected ‘habitual’ to a certain area as well. Hitherto amendments to the CrPC were supposed to be matters for central not provincial legislation. The Punjab Act inaugurated an era of provincial enactments to intern or release ‘habituals’, structured around essentialist contrasts between urban and rural space. Under the surface of drives to codify colonial law a striated jurisdictional topography continued to re-form.
When states appease: British appeasement in the 1930s
Authors: TRUBOWITZ PETER , HARRIS PETER 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWhen do states appease their foes? In this article, we argue that governments are most likely to favour appeasing a foreign threat when their top leaders are severely cross–pressured: when the demands for increased security conflict sharply with their domestic political priorities. We develop the deductive argument through a detailed analysis of British appeasement in the 1930s. We show that Neville Chamberlain grappled with a classic dilemma of statecraft: how to reduce the risk of German expansionism while facing acute partisan and electoral incentives to invest resources at home. For Chamberlain, appeasement was a means to reconcile the demands for increased security with what he and his co-partisans were trying to achieve domestically. We conclude by discussing implications of the analysis for theorising about appeasement and about how leaders make grand strategy more generally.
Giardiasis in North West England: faecal specimen requesting rates by GP practice
Authors: REEVE N. F. , FANSHAWE T. R. , LAMDEN K. , DIGGLE P. J. , CHEESBROUGH J. , KEEGAN T. J. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYMany cases of giardiasis in the UK are undiagnosed and among other things, diagnosis is dependent upon the readiness of GPs to request a specimen. The aim of this study is to assess the rate of specimens requested per GP practice in Central Lancashire, to examine the differences between GP practices and to estimate the pattern of unexplained spatial variation in the practice rate of specimens after adjustment for deprivation. To achieve this, we fitted a set of binomial and Poisson regression models, with random effects for GP practice. Our analysis suggests that there were differences in the rate of specimens by GP practices (P < 0·001) for a single year, but no difference in the proportion of positive tests per specimen submitted or in the rate of positive specimens per practice population. There was a difference in the cumulative rate of positive specimens per practice population over a 9-year period (P < 0·001). Neither the specimen rate per practice for a single year nor the cumulative rate of positive specimens over multiple years demonstrated significant spatial correlation. Hence, spatial variation in the incidence of giardiasis is unlikely to be confounded by variation in GP rate of specimens.
Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: a case report and literature review
Authors: Wang Haiyan , Ding Hongyu , Lei Lei , Zhang Xiaohong , Gong Yuling , Hou Yinglong 
Published: September 2014

AbstractArrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is characterised by progressive, fibrofatty replacement of myocardium, and ventricular arrhythmias, and its prognosis is usually poor. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy associated with atrial septal defect is very rare, and this combination may make the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis difficult. We present a case of a patient with this association who underwent interventional treatment with a septal defect occluder. Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect in a patient with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is hitherto unreported. During a 3-year follow-up he remained relatively stable. We also review the cases reported in the medical literature describing this uncommon association between arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale.
A random six-phase switch regulates pneumococcal virulence via global epigenetic changes
Authors: Manso Ana Sousa , Chai Melissa H. , Atack John M. , Furi Leonardo , De Ste Croix Megan , Haigh Richard , Trappetti Claudia , Ogunniyi Abiodun D. , Shewell Lucy K. , Boitano Matthew , Clark Tyson A. , Korlach Jonas , Blades Matthew , Mirkes Evgeny , Gorban Alexander N. , Paton James C. , Jennings Michael P. , Oggioni Marco R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractStreptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is the world’s foremost bacterial pathogen in both morbidity and mortality. Switching between phenotypic forms (or ‘phases’) that favour asymptomatic carriage or invasive disease was first reported in 1933. Here, we show that the underlying mechanism for such phase variation consists of genetic rearrangements in a Type I restriction-modification system (SpnD39III). The rearrangements generate six alternative specificities with distinct methylation patterns, as defined by single-molecule, real-time (SMRT) methylomics. The SpnD39III variants have distinct gene expression profiles. We demonstrate distinct virulence in experimental infection and in vivo selection for switching between SpnD39III variants. SpnD39III is ubiquitous in pneumococci, indicating an essential role in its biology. Future studies must recognize the potential for switching between these heretofore undetectable, differentiated pneumococcal subpopulations in vitro and in vivo. Similar systems exist in other bacterial genera, indicating the potential for broad exploitation of epigenetic gene regulation.
Energy dissipation of nanoconfined hydration layer: Long-range hydration on the hydrophilic solid surface
Authors: Kim Bongsu , Kwon Soyoung , Mun Hyosik , An Sangmin , Jhe Wonho 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe hydration water layer (HWL), a ubiquitous form of water on the hydrophilic surfaces, exhibits anomalous characteristics different from bulk water and plays an important role in interfacial interactions. Despite extensive studies on the mechanical properties of HWL, one still lacks holistic understanding of its energy dissipation, which is critical to characterization of viscoelastic materials as well as identification of nanoscale dissipation processes. Here we address energy dissipation of nanoconfined HWL between two atomically flat hydrophilic solid surfaces (area of ~120 nm2) by small amplitude-modulation, noncontact atomic force microscopy. Based on the viscoelastic hydration-force model, the average dissipation energy is ~1 eV at the tapping amplitude (~0.1 nm) of the tip. In particular, we determine the accurate HWL thickness of ~6 layers of water molecules, as similarly observed on biological surfaces. Such a long-range interaction of HWL should be considered in the nanoscale phenomena such as friction, collision and self-assembly.
Phase transition and phase separation in multiferroic orthorhombic Dy1−xHoxMnO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1)
Authors: Zhang Na , Dong Shuai , Fu Zhaoming , Yan Zhibo , Chang Fanggao , Liu Junming 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe report on structural, magnetic, ferroelectric and thermodynamic properties of polycrystalline orthorhombic manganites Dy1−xHoxMnO3 for Ho substitution levels 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. This system offers a possibility to systemically modulate the multiferroicity of RMnO3 via tuning the A-site ionic radii as well as the A-site magnetism. The successive transition of the multiferroic ground state is traced from the bc-cycloidal (DyMnO3) to the E-type antiferromagnetic phase (HoMnO3). In the middle substitution range 0.4 < x < 0.5, the phase separation is prominent, which's residual may survive in an even wider range. Accompanied with the phase transition and phase separation, obvious enhancement of both the polarization and magnetoelectric response is observed. Our experimental study also confirmed that the rare earth (Dy/Ho)-Mn exchange striction is a crucial role in deciding the multiferroicity of manganites.
Comprehensive Assessment of the Association of WNK4 Polymorphisms with Hypertension: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis
Authors: Guo Xiao-gang , Ding Jie , Xu Hui , Xuan Tian-ming , Jin Wei-quan , Yin Xiang , Shang Yun-peng , Zhang Fu-rong , Zhu Jian-hua , Zheng Liang-rong 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe relationship between with-no-lysine [K] kinase 4 (WNK4) gene polymorphisms and hypertension has been widely investigated, However, the studies yielded contradictory results. To evaluate these inconclusive findings comprehensively, we therefore performed a meta-analysis. Ten articles encompassing 16 independent case-control studies with 6089 hypertensive cases and 4881 normotensive controls were selected for this meta-analysis. Four WNK4 gene polymorphisms were identified (G1155942T, G1156666A, T1155547C and C6749T). The results showed statistically significant associations of G1155942T polymorphism (allelic genetic model: odds ration or OR = 1.62, 95% confidence interval or CI: 1.11–2.38, P = 0.01; dominant model: OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.07–3.19, P = 0.03) and C6749T polymorphism (allele contrast: OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.60–2.59, P<0.01; dominant model: OR = 2.04, 95%CI: 1.59–2.62, P<0.01; and homozygous model: OR = 5.01, 95% CI: 1.29–19.54, P = 0.02) with hypertension risk. However, neither C1155547T nor G1156666A was associated significantly with hypertension susceptibility. In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggested that WNK4 G1155942T and C6749T gene polymorphisms may contribute to the susceptibility and development of hypertension. Further well-designed studies with larger sample size are required to elucidate the association of WNK4 gene multiple polymorphisms with hypertension risk.
Resting-state networks link invasive and noninvasive brain stimulation across diverse psychiatric and neurological diseases
Authors: Fox Michael D. , Buckner Randy L. , Liu Hesheng , Chakravarty M. Mallar , Lozano Andres M. , Pascual-Leone Alvaro 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Brain stimulation is a powerful treatment for an increasing number of psychiatric and neurological diseases, but it is unclear why certain stimulation sites work or where in the brain is the best place to stimulate to treat a given patient or disease. We found that although different types of brain stimulation are applied in different locations, targets used to treat the same disease most often are nodes in the same brain network. These results suggest that brain networks might be used to understand why brain stimulation works and to improve therapy by identifying the best places to stimulate the brain.
IL-27 is required for shaping the magnitude, affinity distribution, and memory of T cells responding to subunit immunization
Authors: Pennock Nathan D. , Gapin Laurent , Kedl Ross M. 
Published: September 2014

SignificanceTraditional immunizations involve the controlled introduction of attenuated bacteria or viruses, allowing for generation of immunity prior to exposure to the dangerous native pathogen. In contrast, subunit immunization utilizes only pieces of the pathogen combined with a separate immune stimulatory agent (adjuvant). Although subunit immunizations do generate effective neutralizing antibodies, they do not generate robust T-cell responses. T cells provide therapeutic benefit by directly inducing cell lysis and shaping the immune response through soluble proteins (cytokines) critical for intervening in cancer and viral infection. Here, we demonstrate that subunit vaccines are uniquely and unexpectedly dependent on the cytokine IL-27 for making strong T-cell responses.
Quantitative and stoichiometric analysis of the microRNA content of exosomes
Authors: Chevillet John R. , Kang Qing , Ruf Ingrid K. , Briggs Hilary A. , Vojtech Lucia N. , Hughes Sean M. , Cheng Heather H. , Arroyo Jason D. , Meredith Emily K. , Gallichotte Emily N. , Pogosova-Agadjanyan Era L. , Morrissey Colm , Stirewalt Derek L. , Hladik Florian , Yu Evan Y. , Higano Celestia S. , Tewari Muneesh 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Exosomes have been a subject of great interest in recent years, especially in the context of the microRNAs (miRNAs) that they contain. Exosome-mediated miRNA transfer between cells has been proposed to be a mechanism for intercellular signaling and exosome-associated miRNAs in biofluids have been suggested as potential minimally invasive biomarkers for multiple human disease states. Remarkably, we show here that most exosomes derived from standard preparations do not harbor many copies of miRNA molecules. These findings suggest a reevaluation of current models of the mechanism of exosome-mediated miRNA communication and indicate that stoichiometric analysis will be valuable for the study of other populations of extracellular vesicles and their associated RNAs as well.
IKK phosphorylates RelB to modulate its promoter specificity and promote fibroblast migration downstream of TNF receptors
Authors: Authier Hélène , Billot Katy , Derudder Emmanuel , Bordereaux Didier , Rivière Pierre , Rodrigues-Ferreira Sylvie , Nahmias Clara , Baud Véronique 
Published: September 2014

Significance
TNFα induces chemotaxis of inflammatory cells and fibroblasts, but little is known about the signaling mechanisms controlling this action. It is generally accepted that the avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene (v-rel) related B (RelB) NF-κB subunit is not activated downstream of TNF receptors in fibroblasts. Here, we revealed an activating molecular mechanism leading to RelB transcriptional activation that is critical for the control of TNFα-induced fibroblast migration. We show that the IκB kinase (IKK) phosphorylates RelB on serine 472 in response to TNFα, leading RelB to bind to the promoter of critical migration-associated genes, such as the matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP3), thereby controlling MMP3 expression and promigration activity. These findings shed light on a crucial regulatory mechanism controlling selective NF-κB target gene expression and cellular response in response to TNFα.
Memory trace and timing mechanism localized to cerebellar Purkinje cells
Authors: Johansson Fredrik , Jirenhed Dan-Anders , Rasmussen Anders , Zucca Riccardo , Hesslow Germund 
Published: September 2014

Significance
The standard view of neural signaling is that a neuron can influence its target cell by exciting or inhibiting it. An important aspect of the standard view is that learning consists of changing the efficacy of synapses, either strengthening (long-term potentiation) or weakening (long-term depression) them. In studying how cerebellar Purkinje cells change their responsiveness to a stimulus during learning of conditioned responses, we have found that these cells can learn the temporal relationship between two paired stimuli. The cells learn to respond at a particular time that reflects the time between the stimuli. This finding radically changes current views of both neural signaling and learning.
A vacuolar membrane protein Avt7p is involved in transport of amino acid and spore formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Tone Junichi , Yamanaka Atsushi , Manabe Kunio , Murao Nami , Kawano-Kawada Miyuki , Sekito Takayuki , Kakinuma Yoshimi 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Active transport systems for various amino acids operate in the vacuolar membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The gene families for vacuolar amino acid transporters were identified by reverse genetics experiments. In the AVT transporter family, Avt1p works for active uptake of amino acid into vacuole, and Avt3p, Avt4p, and Avt6p for active extrusion of amino acid from vacuole to cytosol. Here, we found green fluorescent protein-tagged Avt7p, an unidentified member of the AVT family, localized to the vacuolar membrane of S. cerevisiae. Disruption of the AVT7 gene enhanced both vacuolar contents of several amino acids and uptake activities of glutamine and proline by vacuolar membrane vesicles. Efficiency of spore formation was impaired by the disruption of the AVT7 gene, suggesting the physiological importance of Avt7p-dependent efflux of amino acid from vacuoles under nutrient-poor condition.
Venting or Rapid Recompression Increase Survival and Improve Recovery of Red Snapper with Barotrauma
Authors: Drumhiller Karen L. , Johnson Matthew W. , Diamond Sandra L. , Reese Robillard Megan M. , Stunz Gregory W. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Red Snapper Lutjanus campechanus are the most economically important reef fish in the Gulf of Mexico and a heavily targeted fishery. When brought to the surface from deep water, this species often suffers pressure related injuries collectively known as barotrauma. This trauma results in high discard mortality and has affected recovery of the fishery. In laboratory experiments using hyperbaric chambers, we assessed sublethal effects of barotrauma and subsequent survival rates of Red Snapper after capture events from pressures corresponding to 30 and 60 m deep. We then evaluated the use of rapid recompression and venting to increase survival and improve recovery after release in this controlled environment. Vented fish in simulated surface release and rapid recompression treatments had 100% survival. Fish released at the surface that were not vented had 67% survival after decompression from 30 m but only 17% survival from 60 m, while nonvented rapidly recompressed fish had 100% survival from 30 m and 83% survival from 60 m. Fish that were vented upon release at the surface showed significantly better ability to achieve an upright orientation and evade a simulated predator. Results showed clear benefits of venting or recompression. Our data also show strong depth effects resulting in increased barotrauma injuries, more impaired reflexes, and greater mortality as depth increases. Overall, our data support venting or rapid recompression as effective tools for alleviating barotrauma symptoms, improving predator evasion, and increasing overall survival.
Received January 31, 2014; accepted April 7, 2014
GLAD: a mixed-membership model for heterogeneous tumor subtype classification
Authors: Saddiki Hachem , McAuliffe Jon , Flaherty Patrick 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Motivation: Genomic analyses of many solid cancers have demonstrated extensive genetic heterogeneity between as well as within individual tumors. However, statistical methods for classifying tumors by subtype based on genomic biomarkers generally entail an all-or-none decision, which may be misleading for clinical samples containing a mixture of subtypes and/or normal cell contamination.
Results: We have developed a mixed-membership classification model, called glad , that simultaneously learns a sparse biomarker signature for each subtype as well as a distribution over subtypes for each sample. We demonstrate the accuracy of this model on simulated data, in-vitro mixture experiments, and clinical samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. We show that many TCGA samples are likely a mixture of multiple subtypes.
Availability: A python module implementing our algorithm is available from http://genomics.wpi.edu/glad/
Contact: pjflaherty@wpi.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.