bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF INFANT INTERSEX: THE JURIDICO‐ETHICAL DILEMMA OF CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC LEGAL RESPONSE
Authors: Haneef Sayed Sikandar Shah , Majid Mahmood Zuhdi Haji Abd 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTechnological advances in the field of medicine and health sciences not only manipulate the normal human body and sex but also provide for surgical and hormonal management of hermaphroditism (intersexuality). Consequently, sex assignment surgery has not only become a standard care for babies born with genital abnormalities in the West but even in some Muslim states. On the positive side, it goes a long way in saving children born with abnormal genitalia from numerous legal interdictions of the pre‐sex corrective surgery. Nevertheless, the larger ethical and legal questions that medical management of genital abnormality raises to some extent have not been adequately appreciated by contemporary Muslim responses. This article, therefore, in principle argues against surgical management of intersexuality during early infancy from the Islamic legal perspective.
Environmental boundaries as a mechanism for correcting and anchoring spatial maps
Authors: Giocomo Lisa M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractUbiquitous throughout the animal kingdom, path integration‐based navigation allows an animal to take a circuitous route out from a home base and using only self‐motion cues, calculate a direct vector back. Despite variation in an animal's running speed and direction, medial entorhinal grid cells fire in repeating place‐specific locations, pointing to the medial entorhinal circuit as a potential neural substrate for path integration‐based spatial navigation. Supporting this idea, grid cells appear to provide an environment‐independent metric representation of the animal's location in space and preserve their periodic firing structure even in complete darkness. However, a series of recent experiments indicate that spatially responsive medial entorhinal neurons depend on environmental cues in a more complex manner than previously proposed. While multiple types of landmarks may influence entorhinal spatial codes, environmental boundaries have emerged as salient landmarks that both correct error in entorhinal grid cells and bind internal spatial representations to the geometry of the external spatial world. The influence of boundaries on error correction and grid symmetry points to medial entorhinal border cells, which fire at a high rate only near environmental boundaries, as a potential neural substrate for landmark‐driven control of spatial codes. The influence of border cells on other entorhinal cell populations, such as grid cells, could depend on plasticity, raising the possibility that experience plays a critical role in determining how external cues influence internal spatial representations.
image
Dopamine modulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor in dorsal root ganglia neurons
Authors: Chakraborty Saikat , Rebecchi Mario , Kaczocha Martin , Puopolo Michelino 
Published: November 2015

Key points
Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptors transduce noxious thermal stimuli and are responsible for the thermal hyperalgesia associated with inflammatory pain.
A large population of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, including the C low threshold mechanoreceptors (C‐LTMRs), express tyrosine hydroxylase, and probably release dopamine.
We found that dopamine and SKF 81297 (an agonist at D1/D5 receptors), but not quinpirole (an agonist at D2 receptors), downregulate the activity of TRPV1 channels in DRG neurons.
The inhibitory effect of SKF 81297 on TRPV1 channels was strongly dependent on external calcium and preferentially linked to calcium–calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII).
We suggest that modulation of TRPV1 channels by dopamine in nociceptive neurons may represent a way for dopamine to modulate incoming noxious stimuli.
AbstractThe transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor plays a key role in the modulation of nociceptor excitability. To address whether dopamine can modulate the activity of TRPV1 channels in nociceptive neurons, the effects of dopamine and dopamine receptor agonists were tested on the capsaicin‐activated current recorded from acutely dissociated small diameter (<27 μm) dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Dopamine or SKF 81297 (an agonist at D1/D5 receptors), caused inhibition of both inward and outward currents by ∼60% and ∼48%, respectively. The effect of SKF 81297 was reversed by SCH 23390 (an antagonist at D1/D5 receptors), confirming that it was mediated by activation of D1/D5 dopamine receptors. In contrast, quinpirole (an agonist at D2 receptors) had no significant effect on the capsaicin‐activated current. Inhibition of the capsaicin‐activated current by SKF 81297 was mediated by G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), and highly dependent on external calcium. The inhibitory effect of SKF 81297 on the capsaicin‐activated current was not affected when the protein kinase A (PKA) activity was blocked with H89, or when the protein kinase C (PKC) activity was blocked with bisindolylmaleimide II (BIM). In contrast, when the calcium–calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) was blocked with KN‐93, the inhibitory effect of SKF 81297 on the capsaicin‐activated current was greatly reduced, suggesting that activation of D1/D5 dopamine receptors may be preferentially linked to CaMKII activity. We suggest that modulation of TRPV1 channels by dopamine in nociceptive neurons may represent a way for dopamine to modulate incoming noxious stimuli.
Using dual‐energy x‐ray imaging to enhance automated lung tumor tracking during real‐time adaptive radiotherapy
Authors: Menten Martin J. , Fast Martin F. , Nill Simeon , Oelfke Uwe 
Published: November 2015

Purpose:Real‐time, markerless localization of lung tumors with kV imaging is often inhibited by ribs obscuring the tumor and poor soft‐tissue contrast. This study investigates the use of dual‐energy imaging, which can generate radiographs with reduced bone visibility, to enhance automated lung tumor tracking for real‐time adaptive radiotherapy.Methods:kV images of an anthropomorphic breathing chest phantom were experimentally acquired and radiographs of actual lung cancer patients were Monte‐Carlo‐simulated at three imaging settings: low‐energy (70 kVp, 1.5 mAs), high‐energy (140 kVp, 2.5 mAs, 1 mm additional tin filtration), and clinical (120 kVp, 0.25 mAs). Regular dual‐energy images were calculated by weighted logarithmic subtraction of high‐ and low‐energy images and filter‐free dual‐energy images were generated from clinical and low‐energy radiographs. The weighting factor to calculate the dual‐energy images was determined by means of a novel objective score. The usefulness of dual‐energy imaging for real‐time tracking with an automated template matching algorithm was investigated.Results:Regular dual‐energy imaging was able to increase tracking accuracy in left–right images of the anthropomorphic phantom as well as in 7 out of 24 investigated patient cases. Tracking accuracy remained comparable in three cases and decreased in five cases. Filter‐free dual‐energy imaging was only able to increase accuracy in 2 out of 24 cases. In four cases no change in accuracy was observed and tracking accuracy worsened in nine cases. In 9 out of 24 cases, it was not possible to define a tracking template due to poor soft‐tissue contrast regardless of input images. The mean localization errors using clinical, regular dual‐energy, and filter‐free dual‐energy radiographs were 3.85, 3.32, and 5.24 mm, respectively. Tracking success was dependent on tumor position, tumor size, imaging beam angle, and patient size.Conclusions:This study has highlighted the influence of patient anatomy on the success rate of real‐time markerless tumor tracking using dual‐energy imaging. Additionally, the importance of the spectral separation of the imaging beams used to generate the dual‐energy images has been shown.
Dosimetric evaluation of three adaptive strategies for prostate cancer treatment including pelvic lymph nodes irradiation
Authors: Cantin Audrey , Gingras Luc , Lachance Bernard , Foster William , Goudreault Julie , Archambault Louis 
Published: November 2015

Purpose:The movements of the prostate relative to the pelvic lymph nodes during intensity‐modulated radiation therapy treatment can limit margin reduction and affect the protection of the organs at risk (OAR). In this study, the authors performed an analysis of three adaptive treatment strategies that combine information from both bony and gold marker registrations. The robustness of those treatments against the interfraction prostate movements was evaluated.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted on five prostate cancer patients with 7–13 daily cone‐beam CTs (CBCTs). The clinical target volumes (CTVs) consisting of pelvic lymph nodes, prostate, and seminal vesicles as well as the OARs were delineated on each CBCT and the initial CT. Three adaptive strategies were analyzed. Two of these methods relied on a two‐step patient positioning at each fraction. First step: a bony registration was used to deliver the nodal CTV prescription. Second step: a gold marker registration was then used either to (1) complete the dose delivered to the prostate (complement); (2) or give almost the entire prescription to the prostate with a weak dose gradient between the targets to compensate for possible motions (gradient). The third method (COR) used a pool of precalculated plans based on images acquired at previous treatment fractions. At each new fraction, a plan is selected from that pool based on the daily position of prostate center‐of‐mass. The dosimetric comparison was conducted and results are presented with and without the systematic shift in the prostate position on the CT planning. The adaptive strategies were compared to the current clinical standard where all fractions are treated with the initial nonadaptive plan.Results:The minimum daily prostate D95% is improved by 2%, 9%, and 6% for the complement, the gradient, and the COR approaches, respectively, compared to the nonadaptive method. The average nodal CTV D95% remains constant across the strategies, except for the gradient approach where a reduction of 7% is observed. However, a correction of the systematic shift reduced the problem, and the adaptive strategies remain robust against the prostate movement across the fraction. The bladder V55Gy is reduced by 35% on average for the adaptive strategies.Conclusions:Because they offer increased CTV coverage and OAR sparing, adaptive methods may be suitable candidates for simple and efficient adaptive treatment strategies for prostate cancer. Margin reduction and systematic error correction in the prostate position improve the protection of the OAR and the dose coverage. A cumulative dose to simulate a complete treatment would show real effects and allow a better comparison between each method.
Genome Sequence of Hydrocarbon-Degrading
Cronobacter
sp. Strain DJ34 Isolated from Crude Oil-Containing Sludge from the Duliajan Oil Fields, Assam, India
Authors: Pal Siddhartha , Das Banerjee Tirtha , Roy Ajoy , Sar Pinaki , Kazy Sufia K. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

We report here the 4,856,096-bp draft genome sequence of hydrocarbon-degrading
Cronobacter
sp. strain DJ34 isolated from crude oil-containing sludge from the Duliajan oil fields, India. DJ34 contains genes that mediate hydrocarbon degradation, metal resistance, and biosurfactant production. This is the first report of the genome sequence of
Cronobacter
sp. inhabiting an oil-contaminated environment.
Draft Genome Sequence of Desulfatitalea tepidiphila S28bF
T
Authors: Higashioka Yuriko , Kojima Hisaya , Watanabe Tomohiro , Fukui Manabu 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Desulfatitalea tepidiphila
S28bF
T
is a sulfate-reducing bacterium closely related to
Desulfosarcina
species. Here, the draft genome sequence of strain S28bF
T
is reported.
Complete Genome Sequences of an H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Pigeon in China in 2012
Authors: Yao Yanfeng , Fu Shulin , He Bin , Chen Xiabing , Shao Zhiyong , Yang Wenhai , Chen Jie 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT
An avian influenza virus strain, A/pigeon/Hubei/RP25/2012 (H5N1), was isolated from pigeons in Hubei province, China. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the HA gene belongs to clade 2.3.4 and the other internal genes present different recombination events. Information about the strain provides basic research data for epidemiological evidences for revealing influenza evolution.
Heavy smoking rate trends and related factors in Korean occupational groups: analysis of KNHANES 2007–2012 data
Authors: Kim Bo-Guen , Pang Do-Dam , Park Young-Jun , Lee Jong-In , Kim Hyoung-Ryoul , Myong Jun-Pyo , Jang Tae-Won 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesThe present study was designed to investigate the smoking and heavy smoking trends and identify possible related factors among Korean male workers from 2007 to 2012 by occupational groups.MethodsThe data were derived from the fourth (2007–2009) and fifth (2010–2012) waves of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Occupational groups were categorised into three groups, which were non-manual, manual and service and sales groups. Age-adjusted prevalence rates of smoking and heavy smoking (>20 cigarettes/day) in men aged 25–64 years were calculated. Factors associated with heavy smoking were investigated using logistic regression analyses.ResultsSmoking rate in manual workers decreased gradually over time (p for trend <0.0001). Smoking rate was higher in manual than non-manual workers, but the difference reduced over time (p for trend <0.0001). Heavy smoking rate decreased from 2007 to 2012 (p for trend <0.0001). Heavy smoking rate was higher in manual than non-manual workers; however, this difference increased over time. Stress, depressive mood and long working hours (≥60 h/week) were associated with heavy smoking.ConclusionsAntismoking policy should focus on current and heavy smokers. Workplace antismoking programmes should consider working hours and stress, especially in manual workers.
Clinical trial registration, reporting, publication and FDAAA compliance: a cross-sectional analysis and ranking of new drugs approved by the FDA in 2012
Authors: Miller Jennifer E , Korn David , Ross Joseph S 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate clinical trial registration, reporting and publication rates for new drugs by: (1) legal requirements and (2) the ethical standard that all human subjects research should be publicly accessible to contribute to generalisable knowledge.DesignCross-sectional analysis of all clinical trials submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for drugs approved in 2012, sponsored by large biopharmaceutical companies.Data sourcesInformation from Drugs@FDA, ClinicalTrials.gov, MEDLINE-indexed journals and drug company communications.Main outcome measuresClinical trial registration and results reporting in ClinicalTrials.gov, publication in the medical literature, and compliance with the 2007 FDA Amendments Acts (FDAAA), analysed on the drug level.ResultsThe FDA approved 15 drugs sponsored by 10 large companies in 2012. We identified 318 relevant trials involving 99 599 research participants. Per drug, a median of 57% (IQR 32–83%) of trials were registered, 20% (IQR 12–28%) reported results in ClinicalTrials.gov, 56% (IQR 41–83%) were published, and 65% (IQR 41–83%) were either published or reported results. Almost half of all reviewed drugs had at least one undisclosed phase II or III trial. Per drug, a median of 17% (IQR 8–20%) of trials supporting FDA approvals were subject to FDAAA mandated public disclosure; of these, a median of 67% (IQR 0–100%) were FDAAA-compliant. 68% of research participants (67 629 of 99 599) participated in FDAAA-subject trials, with 51% (33 405 of 67 629) enrolled in non-compliant trials. Transparency varied widely among companies.ConclusionsTrial disclosures for new drugs remain below legal and ethics standards, with wide variation in practices among drugs and their sponsors. Best practices are emerging. 2 of our 10 reviewed companies disclosed all trials and complied with legal disclosure requirements for their 2012 approved drugs. Ranking new drugs on transparency criteria may improve compliance with legal and ethics standards and the quality of medical knowledge.
Intensive care discharges: improving the quality of clinical handover through changes to discharge documentation
Authors: Hall William , Keane Philip , Wang Sarra , Debell Frances , Allana Alisha , Karia Priyesh 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPatients who have stepped down from intensive care tread a precarious clinical course, and the handover of care between clinical teams at this point should be treated as a high risk event. Poor handover can leave patients vulnerable to suboptimal care and preventable harm. Properly structured written discharge summaries have been shown to improve information transfer and quality of care. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has published guidelines entitled "Acute illness in adults in hospital: recognising and responding to deterioration," which states that patients transferred from intensive care should have a formal structured handover supported by a written plan, and it provides minimum criteria for what information should be included. A retrospective audit was carried out (n=28) to identify if discharge summaries were compliant with these standards. Discharge summaries consistently lacked essential criteria, including psychosocial needs (29%), nutritional needs (50%), therapy needs (29%), ceilings of care (39%), and communication needs (18%). Less than a third of verbal handovers between the nursing and medical teams were documented. After consultation, a new summary template was developed and embedded into practice. The new design prompted trainees to ensure they completed adequate information in all domains of care. Additional sections were added to improve recording of when, and to whom, clinical handover took place, which led to improved clinical governance. The overall quality of discharge summaries was improved, with increased compliance in 11 out of 13 domains. Feedback from staff about the new discharge summaries was positive. This project is easily transferable, and has the potential to improve patient safety and quality of care.
Apelin targets gut contraction to control glucose metabolism via the brain
Authors: Fournel Audren , Drougard Anne , Duparc Thibaut , Marlin Alysson , Brierley Stuart M , Castro Joel , Le-Gonidec Sophie , Masri Bernard , Colom André , Lucas Alexandre , Rousset Perrine , Cenac Nicolas , Vergnolle Nathalie , Valet Philippe , Cani Patrice D , Knauf Claude 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveThe gut–brain axis is considered as a major regulatory checkpoint in the control of glucose homeostasis. The detection of nutrients and/or hormones in the duodenum informs the hypothalamus of the host's nutritional state. This process may occur via hypothalamic neurons modulating central release of nitric oxide (NO), which in turn controls glucose entry into tissues. The enteric nervous system (ENS) modulates intestinal contractions in response to various stimuli, but the importance of this interaction in the control of glucose homeostasis via the brain is unknown. We studied whether apelin, a bioactive peptide present in the gut, regulates ENS-evoked contractions, thereby identifying a new physiological partner in the control of glucose utilisation via the hypothalamus.DesignWe measured the effect of apelin on electrical and mechanical duodenal responses via telemetry probes and isotonic sensors in normal and obese/diabetic mice. Changes in hypothalamic NO release, in response to duodenal contraction modulated by apelin, were evaluated in real time with specific amperometric probes. Glucose utilisation in tissues was measured with orally administrated radiolabeled glucose.ResultsIn normal and obese/diabetic mice, glucose utilisation is improved by the decrease of ENS/contraction activities in response to apelin, which generates an increase in hypothalamic NO release. As a consequence, glucose entry is significantly increased in the muscle.ConclusionsHere, we identify a novel mode of communication between the intestine and the hypothalamus that controls glucose utilisation. Moreover, our data identified oral apelin administration as a novel potential target to treat metabolic disorders.
Behavioral mechanism design
Authors: Easley David , Ghosh Arpita 
Published: November 2015

Incentives are more likely to elicit desired outcomes when they are based on accurate models of agent behavior. A growing literature---from behavioral economics, as well as online user studies---suggests, however, that people do not quite behave like standard economic agents in a variety of environments, both online and offline. What consequences might such differences have for the optimal design of these environments?
In this note, we summarize our results from Easley and Ghosh [2015] which explores this question of behavioral design---how departures from standard economic models of agent behavior affect mechanism design---via the problem of the optimal choice of contract structure in crowdsourcing markets where workers make decisions according to prospect theory preferences [Kahneman and Tversky 1979] rather than classical expected utility theory: we show that a principal might indeed choose a fundamentally different kind of mechanism---an output-contingent contest versus a 'safe', output-independent, fixed-payment scheme---and do better as a result, if he accounts for deviations from the standard economic models of decision-making that are typically used in theoretical design.
CCR 20th Anniversary Commentary: Immune-Related Response Criteria—Capturing Clinical Activity in Immuno-Oncology
Authors: Hoos Axel , Wolchok Jedd D. , Humphrey Rachel W. , Hodi F. Stephen 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
To evaluate antitumor responses to chemotherapeutic agents, investigators would typically rely upon Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) or modified WHO criteria, which do not comprehensively capture responses with immunotherapeutic agents. In the December 1, 2009, issue of Clinical Cancer Research, Wolchok and colleagues reported their development of novel criteria, designated “Immune-related Response Criteria” (irRC), designed to better capture the response patterns observed with immunotherapies. Broad use of the irRC since then has allowed for a more comprehensive evaluation of immunotherapies in clinical trials, indicating that their concepts can be used in conjunction with either RECIST or WHO, and has shown irRC to be a powerful tool for improved clinical investigation. Clin Cancer Res; 21(22); 4989–91. ©2015 AACR.
See related article by Wolchok et al., Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(23) December 1, 2009;7412–20