bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current trends in the development of porous polymer monoliths for the separation of small molecules
Authors: Urban Jiří 
Published: September 2015

Since their introduction, the main application area of porous polymer monoliths has been in the fast gradient separation of synthetic and natural polymers. On the other hand, it has proven to be difficult to prepare polymer monoliths providing column efficiency comparable with particulate and monolithic silica‐based stationary phases. During this decade, several experimental approaches were performed that aimed to improve this property of polymer monoliths. These protocols include variation in a polymerization time and preparation of monolithic stationary phases at limited conversion of the polymerization reaction, application of novel, highly ordered, nanomaterials, and/or hypercross‐linking surface modification controlling the cross‐link density of prepared monoliths. By using some of these approaches, monolithic stationary phases with column efficiency reaching 200 000 plates/m for low‐molecular‐weight compounds have been prepared. This review deals with preparation of polymer monoliths for the separation of small molecules and summarizes recent development in this field. At first, it focuses on monolithic columns morphology and repeatability of their preparation. Then, recent results in individual experimental protocols are discussed. Finally, possible future steps leading to the preparation of more efficient monolithic stationary phases are outlined.
Ossicular calisthenics: Pneumomassage of the tympanic membrane
Authors: Mudry Albert , Santa Maria Peter , Jackler Robert K. 
Published: September 2015

Objectives/HypothesisThroughout the latter portion of the 19th and early 20th centuries, pneumomassage devices were widely used by otologists to treat a variety of ear diseases. The so‐called eardrum massagers produced a regular, repetitive, oscillatory movement through modifying the air pressure in the ear canal.The goal of this study was to trace the invention, clinical use, technological diversification, abandonment, and ultimate resurrection of tympanic pneumomassage.MethodReview of the 19th‐ and early 20th‐century medical journals, texts, and trade catalogs concerning the tympanic pneumomassage.ResultsIn 1884, the Belgian otologist Charles Delstanche introduced what he called a rarefacteur, and 5 years later he introduced the masseur du tympan. This lead to a frenzied development of imaginative mechanical and electrical pneumassagers with a goal to exercise the tympanic membrane and ossicles to overcome contraction and rigidity. Tympanic pneumomassage rose to prominence in mainstream otology as a treatment for otitis media, chronic deafness, and tinnitus. After gradually fading out of the otological practice by the 1930s, pneumomassage was reintroduced in the 1980s after a half century of obscurity, this time as a novel invention notably for the treatment of Menière's disease.ConclusionThe golden era of pneumomassage illustrates the ingenuity of otologists and medical instrument makers in creating a proliferation of clever devices, as well as how highly touted treatment methods may become widely adopted by practitioners despite the lack of efficacy. It also noteworthy that historic therapeutic methods are sometimes reintroduced for purposes not envisioned by their original makers.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 126:1180–1186, 2016
Effects of chemotherapy on gene expression of lingual taste receptors in patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Tsutsumi Rie , Goda Masakazu , Fujimoto Chisa , Kanno Kyoko , Nobe Misaki , Kitamura Yoshiaki , Abe Koji , Kawai Misako , Matsumoto Hideki , Sakai Tohru , Takeda Noriaki 
Published: September 2015

Objectives/HypothesisWe aimed to test the hypothesis that chemotherapy changes the gene expression of taste receptors in the tongue to induce dysgeusia in patients with head and neck cancer.Study DesignProspective observation study.MethodsWe enrolled 21 patients who received chemoradiotherapy and five patients who underwent radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of the taste receptor subunits T1R1, T1R2, T1R3, and T2R5 were measured in lingual mucosa scrapings obtained with a small spatula. The perception thresholds of umami, sweet, and bitter tastes were assessed by the whole mouth gustatory test.ResultsIn four patients with severe stomatitis induced by chemoradiotherapy, the mRNA levels of T1R1, T1R2, T1R3, and T2R5 in the lingual mucosa were significantly decreased. However, in 17 patients with mild/moderate stomatitis, the mRNA levels of T1R3 were significantly and transiently decreased, whereas those of T1R1 and T1R2 remained unchanged and those of T2R5 mRNA were significantly and transiently increased after chemotherapy. There was a significant negative correlation between the perception thresholds of umami or sweet tastes and lingual mRNA levels of T1R3 in patients with mild/moderate stomatitis after chemotherapy. Although the perception threshold of bitter taste remained unchanged, lingual mRNA levels of T2R5 were significantly increased in patients who complained of phantogeusia after chemotherapy.ConclusionChemotherapy specifically changed the gene expression of T1R3 and T2R5 in head and neck cancer patients with mild/moderate stomatitis, resulting in both dysgeusia of umami and sweet tastes as well as phantogeusia.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 126:E103–E109, 2016
Flow dynamics in pediatric rigid bronchoscopes using computer‐aided design modeling software
Authors: Barneck Mitchell D. , Webb J. Taylor , Robinson Ryan E. , Grimmer J. Fredrik 
Published: September 2015

Objectives/HypothesisObserved complications during rigid bronchoscopy, including hypercarbia and hypoxemia, prompted us to assess how well rigid bronchoscopes serve as an airway device. We performed computer‐aided design flow analysis of pediatric rigid bronchoscopes to gain insight into flow dynamics.Study DesignWe made accurate three‐dimensional computer models of pediatric rigid bronchoscopes and endotracheal tubes. SOLIDWORKS (Dassault Systemes, Vélizy‐Villacoublay, France) flow analysis software was used to analyze fluid dynamics during pressure‐controlled and volume‐controlled ventilation.MethodsFlow analysis was performed on rigid bronchoscopes and similar outer diameter endotracheal tubes comparing resistance, flow, and turbulence during two ventilation modalities and in common surgical scenarios.ResultsIncreased turbulent flow was observed in bronchoscopes compared to more laminar flow in endotracheal tubes of similar outer diameter. Flow analysis displayed higher resistances in all pediatric bronchoscope sizes except one (3.0 bronchoscope) compared to similar‐sized endotracheal tubes. Loss of adequate ventilation was observed if the bronchoscope was not assembled correctly or if increased peak inspiratory pressures were needed. Anesthesia flow to the patient was reduced by 63% during telescope insertion.ConclusionsFlow analysis illustrates increased turbulent flow and increased airflow resistance in all but one size of pediatric bronchoscopes compared to endotracheal tubes. This increased turbulence and resistance, along with the unanticipated gas distal exit pattern, may contribute to the documented hypercarbia and hypoxemia during procedures. These findings may explain why hypoxemia and hypercarbia are commonly observed during rigid bronchoscopy, especially when positive pressure ventilation is needed.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 126:1940–1945, 2016
Temporal Variations of Flow–sediment Relationships in a Highly Erodible Catchment of the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Gao Guangyao , Ma Ying , Fu Bojie 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe flow–sediment relationship is important to understand the soil erosion and land degradation processes in severe eroded areas. This study researches on variations of streamflow, sediment load, and flow–sediment relationship on multi‐temporal scales (annual, flood season and, monthly scales) in a highly erodible catchment of Chinese Loess Plateau. The results demonstrated that the streamflow, sediment load, sediment concentration, runoff coefficient, and sediment coefficient all experienced evident reductions, and the decrease in the middle and downstream stations was more significant compared with the upstream stations. The land use changes and implementation of soil and water conservation measures played major role for the streamflow and sediment load reductions with respect to precipitation change, and the runoff coefficient and sediment coefficient linearly decreased with the percentage of conservation measure area. The runoff‐sediment yield relationship on annual, flood season, and monthly scales could be generally characterized by the linear function, and the slopes during the post‐change period was lower than those during the pre‐change period of sediment load. The sediment concentration–streamflow discharge relationship represented consistent form over the entire study period, and the logarithmic function was appropriate to describe the relationships on the three timescales. The decrease of sediment concentration contributed greatest (60·7%) to sediment reduction compared with runoff productivity of rainfall (30·2%) and precipitation (9·1%). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benefits of the Symbiotic Association of Shrubby Legumes for the Rehabilitation of Degraded Soils under Mediterranean Climatic Conditions
Authors: Pérez‐Fernández María A. , Calvo‐Magro E. , Valentine A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSoil degradation limits the potential for the re‐establishment of native plants. Most land restoration practices typically concentrate on the recovery of soil physical properties and plant establishment, while neglecting the recovery of soil microbiota. Mediterranean wild leguminous shrubs are ideal candidates for use in land recovery projects, as they are drought tolerant, improve soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation and exhibit high stem net photosynthesis that increases their carbon gain. In this study, we used the legumes Cytisus balansae, Cytisus multiflorus, Cytisus striatus and Genista florida in a long‐term trial to recover a degraded soil in southwestern Spain. The main objective of this trial was to investigate to what extent the introduction of shrubby legumes inoculated with their own rhizobial symbionts can improve the properties and associated vegetation of a degraded soil. The results showed that the inoculation of legumes with nitrogen‐fixing bacteria enhanced plant performance in all four legumes. Whereas in the absence of legumes, soil fertility and plant community did not improve significantly, amelioration was observed in plots with non‐inoculated legumes, with maximum values in terms of the number of accompanying species, soil nitrogen content and organic matter recorded in soils with inoculated legumes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concentrations of sunscreens and antioxidant pigments in Arctic Calanus spp. in relation to ice cover, ultraviolet radiation, and the phytoplankton spring bloom
Authors: Hylander Samuel , Kiørboe Thomas , Snoeijs Pauline , Sommaruga Ruben , Nielsen Torkel Gissel 
Published: September 2015

AbstractArctic zooplankton ascend to shallow depths during spring to graze on the yearly occurring phytoplankton bloom. However, in surface waters they are exposed to detrimental ultraviolet radiation (UVR) levels. Here, we quantified concentrations of substances known to have UVR‐protective functions, namely mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) and the carotenoid astaxanthin, from March to May in Calanus finmarchicus, Calanus glacialis and Calanus hyperboreus. Ice cover was 100% in the beginning of March, started to break up during April and was gone by the end of May. UVR‐exposure in the water column was tightly linked to the ice conditions and water UVR‐transparency was up to 6 m (depth where 1% radiation remains). Concentrations of MAAs in C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis increased sharply during ice break‐up and peaked concurrently with maximum chlorophyll a (Chl a) levels. MAA‐concentrations in C. hyperboreus increased later in accordance with its later arrival to the surface. The concentration of astaxanthin increased in all three species over time but there was no synchrony with ice conditions or the phytoplankton bloom. Even though only the upper 6 m of the water column was affected by UV‐radiation, MAAs in the copepods were tightly correlated to the UV‐threat. Hence, changes in ice cover are projected to have a large impact on the UVR‐exposure of zooplankton emphasizing the importance of the timing of zooplankton ascent from deep waters in relation to the phytoplankton bloom and the ice break‐up.
Combined use of anterolateral thigh flap and pharyngeal flap for reconstruction of extensive soft‐palate defects
Authors: Miyamoto Shimpei , Sakuraba Minoru , Nagamatsu Shogo , Fujiki Masahide , Fukunaga Yutaka , Hayashi Ryuichi 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundFunctional reconstruction of extensive soft‐palate defects is challenging for microsurgeons. The versatility of the combination of a free anterolateral thigh flap and a superiorly based pharyngeal flap for oncologic soft‐palate reconstruction was investigated.MethodsThe combination of flaps was used for immediate reconstruction after total or subtotal resection of the soft palate in five consecutive patients from 2006 to 2011.ResultsAll flaps survived completely. Palatal fistula and miniplate infection each developed in one patient but healed conservatively. Follow‐up period ranged from 21 to 66 months. All patients tolerated a regular diet without significant aspiration or nasal regurgitation. Speech intelligibility was excellent in all patients, and none required a palatal prosthesis.ConclusionsThe combination of an anterolateral thigh flap and a superiorly based pharyngeal flap is a versatile option for reconstructing extensive soft‐plate defects. This method is simple and achieves reproducible results with limited donor‐site morbidity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:291–296, 2016.
Myasthenia gravis Lambert‐Eaton overlap syndrome
Authors: Oh Shin J. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTIntroduction: To assess whether a myasthenia gravis (MG) Lambert‐Eaton overlap syndrome (MLOS) exists. Methods: Case reports that met the universally accepted diagnostic criteria for MG and Lambert‐Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) were sought through a PubMed search. Fifty‐five possible cases of MLOS were identified. Results: Thirty‐nine cases met the diagnostic criteria for MG and LEMS. Analysis of clinical features showed that these patients have common MG and LEMS symptoms: oculo‐bulbar paresis and good response to anti‐cholinesterase for MG and limb weakness and decreased or absent reflexes for LEMS. All had the classical LEMS pattern in the repetitive nerve stimulation test: low compound muscle action potential amplitude and incremental response > 60% with brief exercise or at high rate of stimulation. Eight patients had combined positive acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR‐ab) or muscle‐specific kinase‐ab and voltage‐gated calcium channel‐ ab tests. Conclusions: A myasthenia gravis Lambert‐Eaton overlap syndrome (MLOS) does exist. Muscle Nerve 53: 20–26, 2016
A ‘nodeless’ dual superelement formulation for structural and multibody dynamics application to reduction of contact problems
Authors: Géradin Michel , Rixen Daniel J. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryA ‘nodeless’ superelement formulation based on dual‐component mode synthesis is proposed, in which the superelement dynamic behavior is described in terms of modal intensities playing the role of intrinsic variables. A computational scheme is proposed to build an orthogonal set of static modes so that the system matrices can have a diagonal or nearly diagonal form, providing thus high computational efficiency for application in the context of structural dynamics as well as flexible multibody dynamics. Connection to adjacent components is expressed through kinematic relationships between intrinsic variables and local displacements. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated on a simple example involving multiple unilateral contact. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of implicit and explicit hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin methods for the acoustic wave equation
Authors: Kronbichler M. , Schoeder S. , Müller C. , Wall W. A. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryWe describe implicit and explicit formulations of the hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin method for the acoustic wave equation based on state‐of‐the‐art numerical software and quantify their efficiency for realistic application settings. In the explicit scheme, the trace of the acoustic pressure is computed from the solution on the two elements adjacent to the face at the old time step. Tensor product shape functions for quadrilaterals and hexahedra evaluated with sum factorization are used to ensure low operation counts. For applying the inverse mass matrix of Lagrangian shape functions with full Gaussian quadrature, a new tensorial technique is proposed. As time propagators, diagonally implicit and explicit Runge–Kutta methods are used, respectively. We find that the computing time per time step is 25 to 200 times lower for the explicit scheme, with an increasing gap in three spatial dimensions and for higher element degrees. Our experiments on realistic 3D wave propagation with variable material parameters in a photoacoustic imaging setting show an improvement of two orders of magnitude in terms of time to solution, despite stability restrictions on the time step of the explicit scheme. Operation counts and a performance model to predict performance on other computer systems accompany our results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smoking and reverse causation create an obesity paradox in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Stokes Andrew , Preston Samuel H. 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveMany studies find that excess weight is associated with better survival among individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Investigations were carried out to see whether this “obesity paradox” can be explained by biases.MethodsThe association between weight status and mortality in the US population ages 35 and above with CVD was investigated. Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988‐2010, linked to mortality records through 2011. To minimize biases resulting from illness‐induced weight loss, a reference category consisting of individuals who have always maintained normal weight was used. Age‐standardized mortality rates and Cox models were estimated, comparing overweight/obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥25.0 kg m−2) to normal weight (BMI 18.5‐24.9 kg m−2).ResultsThe paradox was present among those with overweight/obesity at the time of survey (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.89; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78‐1.01). However, when the reference category was limited to the always‐normal‐weight, the paradox disappeared (HR = 1.16; 95% CI 0.95‐1.41). When analysis was additionally confined to never‐smokers, mortality risks were significantly higher in the overweight/obesity group (HR = 1.51; 95% CI 1.07‐2.15; P = 0.021).ConclusionsThe findings provide support for the hypothesis that lower mortality among individuals with CVD and overweight/obesity is a product of biases involving reverse causation and confounding by smoking.
The efficacy of sugar labeling formats: Implications for labeling policy
Authors: Vanderlee Lana , White Christine M. , Bordes Isabelle , Hobin Erin P. , Hammond David 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo examine knowledge of sugar recommendations and test the efficacy of formats for labeling total and added sugar on pre‐packaged foods.MethodsOnline surveys were conducted among 2008 Canadians aged 16‐24. Participants were asked to identify recommended limits for total and added sugar consumption. In Experiment 1, participants were randomized to one of six labeling conditions with varying information for total sugar for a high‐ or low‐sugar product and were asked to identify the relative amount of total sugar in the product. In Experiment 2, participants were randomized to one of three labels with different added sugar formats and were asked if the product contained added sugar and the relative amount of added sugar.ResultsFew young people correctly identified recommendations for total sugar (5%) or added sugar (7%). In Experiment 1, those who were shown percent daily value information were more likely to correctly identify the relative amount of total sugar (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, those shown added sugar information were more likely to correctly identify that the product contained added sugar and the relative amount of added sugar in the product (P < 0.05).ConclusionsImproved labeling may improve consumer understanding of the amount of sugars in food products.
Preclinical models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Hwang Chang‐Il , Boj Sylvia F , Clevers Hans , Tuveson David A 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is one of the most difficult human malignancies to treat. The 5‐year survival rate of PDA patients is 7% and PDA is predicted to become the second leading cancer‐related cause of death in the USA. Despite intensive efforts, the translation of findings in preclinical studies has been ineffective, due partially to the lack of preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate features of human PDA. Here, we review current preclinical models for human PDA (eg human PDA cell lines, cell line‐based xenografts and patient‐derived tumour xenografts). In addition, we discuss potential applications of the recently developed pancreatic ductal organoids, three‐dimensional culture systems and organoid‐based xenografts as new preclinical models for PDA. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do CHA2DS2VASc and HAS‐BLED scores influence ‘real‐world’ anticoagulation management in atrial fibrillation? 1556 patient registry from the reference cardiology centre
Authors: Lopatowska Paulina , Tomaszuk‐Kazberuk Anna , Mlodawska Elzbieta , Bachorzewska‐Gajewska Hanna , Malyszko Jolanta , Dobrzycki Slawomir , Musial Wlodzimierz J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIntroductionAlthough recommendations for the antithrombotic management of atrial fibrillation (AF) are based on strong evidence, the European guidelines are not fully implemented into practice.ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to analyse antithrombotic treatment in AF in Poland after the publication of the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines in 2012.Patients and MethodsWe retrospectively studied 1556 patients with AF from the Reference Cardiology University Centre in Poland in 2012–2014.ResultsCHA2DS2VASc and HAS‐BLED scores were 3.5 ± 1.7 and 2.4 ± 1.1. Anti‐vitamin K agent were prescribed in 59%, with non‐vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in 12%, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) alone in 18%. Older patients (p < 0.0001) and with paroxysmal AF were less likely to receive oral anticoagulation (OAC, p < 0.0001). The risk of stroke according to CHA2DS2VASc score was higher in patients who did not receive OAC (p < 0.0001). The use of OAC increased with increasing CHA2DS2VASc score but was less frequent in score ≥ 4. The risk of bleeding was higher in patients without OAC (p < 0.0001). The odds of non‐vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants use were lower for older patients, patients with ischaemic heart disease, chronic heart failure, anaemia, HAS‐BLED ≥ 3 and valvular AF. ASA was given in 39% of the patients, especially in paroxysmal AF (p < 0.0001). The odds of ASA alone were higher for older patients, with ischaemic heart disease and history of myocardial infarction (p < 0.0001). The odds of use of ASA as the only treatment were 5.5 times higher for HAS‐BLED ≥ 3 (p < 0.0001).ConclusionsAntithrombotic management in AF is well implemented in Polish conditions, but we show the lack of pattern concerning who is being treated with OAC and ASA when it comes to the risk of stroke and bleeding. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.