bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does segmenting principle counteract modality principle in instructional animation?
Authors: Cheon Jongpil , Crooks Steven , Chung Sungwon 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis study investigated the segmenting and modality principles in instructional animation. Two segmentation conditions (active pause vs. passive pause) were presented in combination with two modality conditions (written text vs. spoken text). The results showed that the significant effect was found in relation to segmentation conditions, whereas the modality effect was not found. The groups with embedded questions (ie, active pause) between segments outperformed pause‐only groups (ie, passive pause) on both recall and transfer tests regardless of the mode of text. The findings of the study imply that a stimulus (eg, testing occasion) would be more effective than only pauses between segments.
Serious game‐based and nongame‐based online courses: Learning experiences and outcomes
Authors: Hess Taryn , Gunter Glenda 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWhen combining the increasing use of online educational environments, the push to use serious video games and the lack of research on the effectiveness of online learning environments and video games, there is a clear need for further investigation into the use of serious video games in an online format. A mix methods model was used to triangulate statistical and qualitative findings on student performance, completion time, student intrinsic motivation, as well as desirable, undesirable, helpful and hindering aspects of serious game‐based and nongame‐based courses. Students in the game‐based course were found to have performed significantly better and to have taken significantly longer. Students and teachers in the game‐based course provided more reasons for student motivation along with more desirable, more helpful and less hindering aspects compared to students and teachers in the non‐game‐based course. In addition, students and teachers in both courses provided an equal number of undesirable aspects. The results from this study inform instructional designers, teachers, education stakeholders and educational game designers by providing research‐based evidence related to the learning experiences and outcomes of the serious game‐based online course.
Incidence of hypotony and sympathetic ophthalmia following trans‐scleral cyclophotocoagulation for glaucoma and a report of risk factors
Authors: Aujla Jaskirat S , Lee Graham A , Vincent Stephen J , Thomas Ravi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo report the incidence and risk factors for hypotony and estimate the risk of sympathetic ophthalmia following diode laser trans‐scleral cyclophotocoagulation (TSCPC).DesignRetrospective study using data from a private tertiary glaucoma clinic and review of the literature.ParticipantsSeventy eyes of 70 patients with refractory glaucoma who received TSCPC treatment.MethodsReview of the records of consecutive patients who underwent TSCPC by a single ophthalmic surgeon and review of the literature.Main Outcome MeasuresHypotony (including phthisis bulbi), sympathetic ophthalmia.ResultsSeven eyes (10%; CI 5–19%) developed hypotony and included 4 eyes that developed phthisis. Higher total energy delivered during TSCPC treatment was associated with an increased risk of hypotony: eyes that developed hypotony received a mean total energy of 192.5 ± 73.2 joules, compared to a mean of 152.9 ± 83.2 joules in hypotony‐free cases. The risk of sympathetic ophthalmia estimated from a review of the published literature and current series was one in 1512, or 0.07% (CI 0.03%–0.17%).ConclusionsTotal laser energy is one of several risk factors that act in a sufficient component cause‐model to produce hypotony in an individual patient. The small sample size precluded inference for other individual putative risk factors but titrating laser energy may help decrease the occurrence of hypotony. The risk of sympathetic ophthalmia calculated from the literature is likely an overestimate caused by publication bias.
Preparation of Fe3Si‐Al2O3 Nanocomposite Powders by Mechanochemical Reaction of Fe3O4‐Si‐Al Powder Mixtures
Authors: Jia Jiangang , Guo Tieming , Ren Shufang , Lu Jinjun , Ma Qin 
Published: February 2013

Phase evolution and morphology of Fe3O4‐Si‐Al powder mixtures during ball milling from 30 min to 20 h were investigated. A 3‐h critical milling was necessary for the occurrence of mechanically activated combustion reaction. The reaction results in the formation of Fe (Si), Fe3Si, and α‐Al2O3. During ball milling from 3 to 20 h, Fe (Si) and Fe3Si were combined into disordered Fe3Si intermetallic and Fe3Si‐Al2O3 composite powder was formed. The presence of in situ formed alumina leads to a decrease in crystallite and particle sizes. The Fe3Si‐Al2O3 particles after milling for 20 h had a crystalline size of 10~12 nm.
Noninvasive evaluation of hepatic fibrosis in hepatitis C virus‐infected patients using ethoxybenzyl‐magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Nojiri Shunsuke , Kusakabe Atsunori , Fujiwara Kei , Shinkai Noboru , Matsuura Kentaro , Iio Etsuko , Miyaki Tomokatsu , Joh Takashi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackground and AimsLiver biopsy is the gold standard test to determine the grade of fibrosis, but there are associated problems. Because gadolinium‐ethoxybenzyl‐diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid is secreted partially in hepatocytes and bile, it is possible that ethoxybenzyl‐magnetic resonance imaging (EOB‐MRI) correlates with liver function and liver fibrosis. The aim of this study was to compare the fibrosis seen in liver biopsy samples to the signal intensity of the hepatobiliary phase measured on EOB‐MRI in hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected patients.MethodsTwo hundred twenty‐four (estimation 149, validation 75) HCV‐infected patients with histologically proven liver tissue who underwent EOB‐MRI were studied. Overall, fibrosis staging was 15/24/19/46/45 for F0/F1/F2/F3/F4, respectively. A 1.5‐Tesla magnetic resonance system was used, and the regions of interest of the liver were measured. Four methods were used: (i) relative enhancement: (post‐enhanced signal intensity [SI] − pre‐enhanced intensity)/pre‐enhanced intensity; (ii) liver‐to‐intervertebral disk ratio (LI): post‐enhanced (liver SI/interdisc SI)/pre‐enhanced (liver SI/inter disc SI); (iii) liver‐to‐muscle ratio: post‐enhanced (liver SI/muscle SI)/pre‐enhanced (liver SI/muscle SI); and (iv) liver‐to‐spleen ratio: post‐enhanced (liver SI/spleen SI)/pre‐enhanced (liver SI/spleen SI).ResultsTo discriminate F0‐1 versus F2‐4 or F0‐2 versus F3‐4 or F0‐3 versus F4, LI at 25 min (LI25) had the highest area under receiver operating characteristic (0.88, 0.87, and 0.87, respectively) in these four methods and also in the validation set.ConclusionLI at 25 min seems to be a useful method to determine the staging of fibrosis as a non‐invasive method in HCV‐infected hepatitis or cirrhosis patients.
Flexible spectral imaging color enhancement plus probe‐based confocal laser endomicroscopy for gastric intestinal metaplasia detection
Authors: Pittayanon Rapat , Rerknimitr Rungsun , Wisedopas Naruemon , Ridtitid Wiriyaporn , Kongkam Pradermchai , Treeprasertsuk Sombat , Angsuwatcharakon Phonthep , Mahachai Varocha , Kullavanijaya Pinit 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackground and AimProbe‐based confocal laser endomicroscope (pCLE) has been applied for the early detection and confirmation of many gastrointestinal neoplasms; however, its use in gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) detection has not yet been validated. The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic yield of magnifying flexible spectral imaging color enhancement (ME‐FICE) plus pCLE for GIM detection.MethodsSixty patients with previous histology confirmed as GIM underwent a surveillance EGD. Standard and 100× ME‐FICE were used as a screening mode to depict GIM by light‐blue crest, large long crest, and villous pattern criteria. Then, pCLE was followed to confirm the presence of GIM. In each patient, two biopsies were obtained from one positive area, and the other two were taken from the negative area. All specimens were interpreted by a clinically blinded pathologist. The reading results by ME‐FICE and by ME‐FICE plus pCLE were assessed for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value (NPV), false‐positive rate, false‐negative rate, and accuracy.ResultsOf the 59 areas suspicious for GIM in 45 patients, 44 areas were confirmed as GIM by histology. The overall criteria from ME‐FICE plus pCLE provided the highest sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, NPV, and accuracy at 96%, 90%, 86%, 97%, and 92%, respectively. There were two false‐negatives (4%) and seven false‐positives (10%). No early gastric cancer was detected in any.ConclusionCombining ME‐FICE with pCLE provides high sensitivity and NPV for GIM detection. The prompt histology reading by this technique may avoid unnecessary biopsy (Clinical trial registration number: NCT01489397).
Prevalence of viruses in stool of premature neonates at a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Naing Zin , Rayner Benjamin , Killikulangara Ananthen , Vunnam Krishna , Leach Steven , McIver Christopher J , Scott Gillian M , Craig Maria E , Lui Kei , Rawlinson William D 
Published: February 2013

AimPremature neonates represent a population highly vulnerable to infection. This study aims to profile viral colonisation of gut and the associated clinical manifestations among premature neonates admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Australia.MethodsIn a cohort of 75 premature neonates born at less than 32 weeks gestation, who were followed for 4 weeks following admission to a NICU in Sydney, Australia, multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays were used to determine viral presence in stool, and clinical data were examined.ResultsOverall, viral RNA or DNA was detected in 24/419 (5.7%) of specimens, including norovirus genogroup 2 (1.9%), enterovirus (1.2%), herpes simplex virus‐2 (1.2%), cytomegalovirus (0.7%), Epstein‐Barr virus (0.5%) and rotavirus (0.2%). Viral infection was detected in 13/75 (17%) of premature neonates at some time point, including five (7%) neonates shedding more than one type of virus in stool. A higher rate of infection was observed among premature neonates with intrauterine growth restriction (56%) compared with those infants born appropriate for gestational age (12%. P = 0.006).ConclusionThe overall viral detection rate in stool of 5.7% (affecting 17% of neonates) indicates viral infections are an important health risk for premature infants in NICU.
Leukotriene C4 aggravates bleomycin‐induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice
Authors: Hirata Hirokuni , Arima Masafumi , Fukushima Yasutsugu , Sugiyama Kumiya , Tokuhisa Takeshi , Fukuda Takeshi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveSynthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys‐LT) is thought to cause inflammatory disorders such as bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. Recent reports have suggested that leukotriene C4 (LTC4) is an important regulator of pulmonary fibrosis. This study examined the effect of LTC4 in LTC4 synthase‐overexpressed transgenic mice with bleomycin‐induced pulmonary fibrosis. The function of lung‐derived fibroblasts from transgenic mice was also investigated.MethodsBleomycin was administrated to transgenic mice and wild‐type (WT) mice by intratracheal instillation. Concentrations of interleukin (IL)‐4 and ‐13, interferon‐γ, and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were measured 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after the administration of bleomycin. Lung tissue was examined histopathologically on day 14. In addition, lung‐derived fibroblasts from transgenic and WT mice were cultured for 7 days. Expression of TGF‐β1 mRNA was measured by real‐time polymerase chain reaction.ResultsBoth the pathological scores for pulmonary fibrosis (3.8 ± 0.4 vs 2.0 ± 0.1, P < 0.05) and the levels of IL‐4 (12.1 ± 2.3 vs <7.8 pg/mL, P < 0.05), IL‐13 (26.5 ± 5.2 vs <7.8 pg/mL, P < 0.01) and TGF‐β1 (211.1 ± 30.2 vs 21.3 ± 1.2 pg/mL, P < 0.01) on day 14 were significantly greater in transgenic than in WT mice. Furthermore, the reduction of LTC4 by pranlukast hydrate, a cys‐LT1 receptor antagonist, in fibroblasts from transgenic significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the expression of TGF‐β1 mRNA (by ∼50%) compared with those from WT mice.ConclusionsOverexpression of LTC4, amplifies bleomycin‐induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Our findings suggest a role for LTC4 in lung fibrosis.
NYC4, the rice ortholog of Arabidopsis THF1, is involved in the degradation of chlorophyll – protein complexes during leaf senescence
Authors: Yamatani Hiroshi , Sato Yutaka , Masuda Yu , Kato Yusuke , Morita Ryouhei , Fukunaga Kenji , Nagamura Yoshiaki , Nishimura Minoru , Sakamoto Wataru , Tanaka Ayumi , Kusaba Makoto 
Published: February 2013

SummaryYellowing/chlorophyll breakdown is a prominent phenomenon in leaf senescence, and is associated with the degradation of chlorophyll – protein complexes. From a rice mutant population generated by ionizing radiation, we isolated nyc4‐1, a stay‐green mutant with a defect in chlorophyll breakdown during leaf senescence. Using gene mapping, nyc4‐1 was found to be linked to two chromosomal regions. We extracted Os07g0558500 as a candidate for NYC4 via gene expression microarray analysis, and concluded from further evidence that disruption of the gene by a translocation‐related event causes the nyc4 phenotype. Os07g0558500 is thought to be the ortholog of THF1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. The thf1 mutant leaves show variegation in a light intensity‐dependent manner. Surprisingly, the Fv/Fm value remained high in nyc4‐1 during the dark incubation, suggesting that photosystem II retained its function. Western blot analysis revealed that, in nyc4‐1, the PSII core subunits D1 and D2 were significantly retained during leaf senescence in comparison with wild‐type and other non‐functional stay‐green mutants, including sgr‐2, a mutant of the key regulator of chlorophyll degradation SGR. The role of NYC4 in degradation of chlorophyll and chlorophyll – protein complexes during leaf senescence is discussed.
Countability in world Englishes
Authors: HALL CHRISTOPHER J. , SCHMIDTKE DANIEL , VICKERS JAMIE 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study we explored variation in the countability of nouns in Outer Circle, Expanding Circle and lingua franca Englishes, a phenomenon which is frequently cited as a marker of Inner Circle norms in TESOL and of endonormative and emerging varieties in the Outer and Expanding Circles. We inspected a set of mass nouns likeinformationandequipmentin the VOICE corpus and websites from Outer and Expanding Circle country domains. We also evaluated potential causes of variation, investigating differences between Outer and Expanding Circles and the contribution of substrate influence. Our data show notable and widespread countable use of nouns that are generally non‐count in Inner Circle Englishes, but such usage is highly infrequent overall. There appears to be greater variation in the Outer than the Expanding Circle, but little evidence of a determining role for substrate influence. We conclude that the prominence given to countability as a marker of ‘nativeness’ and ‘non‐nativeness’ is unhelpful, in both the prescriptive context of TESOL and the descriptive contexts of world Englishes and English as a Lingua Franca. We advocate the use of web‐based corpora to investigate lexico‐grammatical variation in lingua franca usage and to reveal the ‘plurilithic’ nature of English.
Complete Genome of a Genotype I Japanese Encephalitis Virus Isolated from a Patient with Encephalitis in Vientiane, Lao PDR
Authors: Aubry Fabien , Vongsouvath Manivanh , Nougairède Antoine , Phetsouvanh Rattanaphone , Sibounheuang Bountoy , Charrel Rémi , Rattanavong Sayaphet , Phommasone Koukeo , Sengvilaipraserth Onanong , de Lamballerie Xavier , Newton Paul N. , Dubot-Pérès Audrey 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) (
Flaviviridae
,
Flavivirus
) is an arthropod-borne flavivirus transmitted by
Culex
species mosquitoes. We report here the complete genome of the JEV genotype I strain JEV_CNS769_Laos_2009 isolated from an infected patient in Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) (Laos).
Complete Genome of
Enterobacteriaceae
Bacterium Strain FGI 57, a Strain Associated with Leaf-Cutter Ant Fungus Gardens
Authors: Aylward Frank O. , Tremmel Daniel M. , Bruce David C. , Chain Patrick , Chen Amy , Walston Davenport Karen , Detter Chris , Han Cliff S. , Han James , Huntemann Marcel , Ivanova Natalia N. , Kyrpides Nikos C. , Markowitz Victor , Mavrommatis Kostas , Nolan Matt , Pagani Ioanna , Pati Amrita , Pitluck Sam , Deshpande Shweta , Goodwin Lynne , Woyke Tanja , Currie Cameron R. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

The
Enterobacteriaceae
bacterium strain FGI 57 was isolated from a fungus garden of the leaf-cutter ant
Atta colombica
. Analysis of its single 4.76-Mbp chromosome will shed light on community dynamics and plant biomass degradation in ant fungus gardens.
Structures of Bragg Scatter Observed with the Polarimetric WSR-88D
Authors: Melnikov Valery M. , Doviak Richard J. , Zrnić Dusan S. , Stensrud David J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Enhancements to signal processing and data collection in the dual-polarization Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) to increase its detection capability yield observations of “fine” structures from Bragg scatterers. Several types of the fine structures observed in and above the boundary layer are discussed. These Bragg scatter structures include the top of the convective boundary layer, nonprecipitating clouds, strong convective plumes above the boundary layer, and a layer of weak reflections associated with decaying boundary layer turbulence. A conclusion that data from polarimetric WSR-88Ds can be used to obtain the depth of the convective boundary layer is made.
Activity of ponatinib against clinically-relevant AC220-resistant kinase domain mutants of FLT3-ITD
Authors: Smith Catherine C. , Lasater Elisabeth A. , Zhu Xiaotian , Lin Kimberly C. , Stewart Whitney K. , Damon Lauren E. , Salerno Sara , Shah Neil P. 
Published: February 2013

Key Points
Ponatinib exhibits activity against AC220-resistant FLT3-ITD/F691 gatekeeper mutations. Ponatinib is highly ineffective against FLT3-ITD activation loop mutations, particularly at the D835 residue.
Niemann-Pick disease type C clinical database: cognitive and coordination deficits are early disease indicators
Authors: Stampfer Miriam , Theiss Susanne , Amraoui Yasmina , Jiang Xuntian , Keller Sigrid , Ory Daniel S , Mengel Eugen , Fischer Christine , Runz Heiko 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is characterized by a broad clinical variability involving neurological, psychiatric and systemic signs. Diverse patterns of disease manifestation and progression considerably delay its diagnosis. Here we introduce the NP-C clinical database (NPC-cdb) to systematically obtain, store and analyze diagnostic and clinical findings in patients with NP-C. We apply NPC-cdb to study NP-C temporal expression in a large German-Swiss patient cohort.MethodsCurrent and past medical history was systematically acquired from 42 patients using tailored questionnaires. Manifestation of 72 distinct neuropsychiatric signs was modeled over the course of disease. The sequence of disease progression was re-constructed by a novel clinical outcome scale (NPC-cdb score).ResultsThe efficiency of current clinical diagnostic standards negatively correlates with duration of disease (p<3.9x10-4), suggesting insufficient sensitivity in patients early in the disease process. Neurological signs considered as typical for NP-C were frequent (e.g., cognitive impairment 86%, ataxia 79%, vertical supranuclear gaze palsy 76%) and their presence co-occurred with accelerated diagnosis. However, less specific neuropsychiatric signs were reported to arise considerably more early in the disease process (e.g., clumsiness -4.9±1.1 y before diagnosis). Most patients showed a steady disease progression that correlated with age at neurological onset. However, a distinct subcohort (n=6) with initially steadily progressing disease later showed a 2.9-fold accelerated progression that was associated with the onset of seizures (p<7x10-4), suggesting seizures as predictive for a poor prognosis.ConclusionsConsidering early, but less specific neuropsychiatric signs may accelerate the path to diagnosing NP-C in a patient.
Exploring potential chemical markers by metabolomics method for studying the processing mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine using RPLC-Q-TOF/MS: a case study of Radix Aconiti
Authors: Li Yubo , Wang Yuming , Su Lina , Li Lixin , Zhang Yanjun 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background
Pao zhi is a common traditional approach that usually occurs before most herbs are prescribed whereby during processing, secondary plant metabolites are transformed, thus helping to increase potency, reduce toxicity and altering their effects. Using Radix Aconiti (Chuan Wu, CW) as a model herb, suitable chemical markers are crucial for studying the processing mechanisms of these herbs.

Results
In this study, the comprehensive metabolomic characters of CW and Prepared CW (ZCW) by RPLC-Q-TOF/MS were investigated to guarantee clinical safety. Multivariate analyses successfully identified specific metabolite changes between CW and ZCW. In addition, 22 key biomarkers responsible for the detoxifying actions of pao zhi were discovered. The processing mechanism of CW were discussed according to the identified metabolites. This method is efficient, providing more accurate characterisations of traditional pao zhi detoxification.

Conclusions
The proposed strategy proves that RPLC-Q-TOF/MS-based metabolomic analysis does not only explore chemical markers but can also provide a comprehensive understanding of the transformation mechanisms underlying pao zhi.
Mycobiota and mycotoxins present in finished fish feeds from farms in the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
Authors: Barbosa Tatiana S , Pereyra Carina M , Soleiro Carla A , Dias Erica O , Oliveira Aguida A , Keller Kelly M , Silva Pedro PO , Cavaglieri Lilia R , Rosa Carlos AR 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine species of the fungal genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium and fumonisin B1 (FB1), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination from feed intended for fish farms. A total of 60 samples were sampled from tilapia farms in the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The quantitative enumeration of fungi as colony-forming units per gram of feed (CFU/g) was performed using the surface spread method in different culture media. The results were expressed as fungal isolation frequency and relative density. Fungal total counts ranged from <1 × 102 to 4.7 × 104 CFU/g. Fusarium counts were not observed. Among toxigenic genera, Aspergillus (68%) was the most prevalent, followed by Penicillium species (60%). Aspergillus niger aggregate (36%), Aspergillus flavus (35%), and Penicillium citrinum (71%) were the most prevalent species. A high percentage of samples (98%) were contaminated with FB1 levels, while 55% and 3.3% were contaminated with AFB1 and OTA, respectively. The simultaneous occurrence of these mycotoxins emphasizes the need for further research in the area to better assess the risk to the health of fish farms and their implications for the health of consumers of this meat.