bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE HASBAH 6 (SAUDI ARABIA) BLOWOUT: THE EFFECTS OF AN INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL AS EXPERIENCED IN QATAR
Authors: van Oudenhoven Joseph A.C.M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An oil well blowout in the Gulf lasted only eight days; however, the resultant oil spill threatened neighboring coasts for as long as two months. On windy days, nearly neutrally buoyant oil slicks approaching the Qatar coasts seemed to disappear, but they soon surfaced again whenever the weather improved.
Qatar, suddenly faced with a very unusual spill, did not have an oil spill response plan. Throughout the emergency, therefore, valuable time was lost discussing the appropriate measures and setting protection priorities. Often, any understanding of the nature of the problems involved was lacking.
Although most beaches became covered with the tar-like substance, a small task force from the state oil company, supported by a few foreign advisers, was able to protect all the important water intakes.
Examples are given of how general principles were adapted to the specific local circumstances; for instance, lagoons were used to trap and handle the oil, and discarded SBM hoses served as breakwaters. To ensure an environmentally responsible cleaning operation, the few personnel available were provided with lists of “do's and don'ts.” The effectiveness of various approaches to dispose of collected oil is discussed.
A framework for an oil spill contingency plan for Qatar has been developed and a government environmental committee set up. The oil companies’ mutual aid organization, put to the test, revealed weak areas, such as transboundary and communication problems, forcing the partners to review the organization. To enhance in-house response, the state oil company purchased spill-response equipment and is considering hands-on training of emergency crews. The valuable experience gained during this emergency should be used to improve future spill preparedness.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A FIREPROOF BOOM1
Authors: Buist Ian A. , Pistruzak William M. , Potter Stephen G. , Vanderkooy Nick , McAllister Ian R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In situ burning of crude oil on water can be an extremely effective oil spill countermeasure, particularly in remote offshore areas and on cold water where conventional countermeasures are limited. In order for in situ burning to be an efficient mitigative technique, the oil must be contained and thickened. A novel fireproof boom has been researched, developed, and tested that can: (1) survive, without damage, long-term exposure to the heat generated by burning crude oil in situ; (2) contain burning crude oil in at least sea states up to three and at current speeds up to 0.4 m/s without loss of combustion intensity; (3) survive without damage for long periods at sea; and (4) withstand contact with small ice features.
COMPOSITION AND FATE OF CLEAN BALLAST WATER DISCHARGED FROM CRUDE OIL TANKERS
Authors: Neff Jerry M. , Marum James P. , Warner J. Scott 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
According to Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization protocols (MARPOL 73/78), clean ballast water (producing no surface sheen and/or containing less than 15 parts per million total oil) from crude oil cargo tanks of tankers can be discharged into coastal waters. As part of an assessment of the potential impact of clean ballast water discharges on Red Sea coral reefs, we have determined the hydrocarbon composition of clean ballast water from crude oil cargo tanks and have determined its rate of dilution following discharge to coastal waters at Yanbu, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
In 52 clean ballast water samples from 10 crude oil tankers, total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations, measured by gas chromatography, ranged from 0.09 to 11 milligrams/liter (ppm). In most cases, the dominant hydrocarbons in the samples were Cll through C20 n-paraffins. Up to 58 micrograms/liter (ppb) total naphthalenes and 744 μg/l benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene combined were detected in some samples. Clean ballast water was diluted rapidly upon discharge to the ocean. Dilutions of 100-fold or greater were observed within 10 to 20 meters of the discharge and dilutions of 500 to 1,000-fold were measured 1,500 to 2,000 meters downcurrent and within two to four hours of the discharge. Based on these results, it is predicted that discharge of clean ballast water to the coastal waters of the Red Sea in compliance with MARPOL 73/78 rules will have little or no adverse impact on coral reefs of the area.
EFFECT OF SPILLS OF DISPERSED AND NON-DISPERSED OIL ON INTERTIDAL INFAUNAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
Authors: Gilfillan E. S. , Hanson S. A. , Vallas D. , Gerber R. , Page D. S. , Foster J. , Hotham J. , Pratt S. D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The effect of two nearshore discharges of Murban crude oil on community structure in intertidal benthic communities was studied. One discharge consisted of 250 gallons of Murban crude only. Following the discharge, no measurable amount of Murban crude could be found in sediments exposed to the cloud of dispersed oil. Significant amounts were found in the test plot exposed to untreated oil. In the area exposed to untreated oil, more oil was found in the upper intertidal zone than lower down.
Effects on infaunal communities mirrored the analytical results. There was no evidence of adverse effects on infaunal community structure from exposure to dispersed oil. There is clear evidence that exposure to untreated oil did adversely affect community structure. Some indigenous species were reduced in number or eliminated; there were blooms of opportunistic polychaetes. The changes in community structure brought about by the untreated oil are consistent with results observed at real-world oil spill sites.
SANDY BEACH COMMUNITIES EXPOSED TO NATURAL OIL SEEPAGE
Authors: Straughan Dale 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Studies of the intertidal sandy beach community in the region of natural oil seepage at Coal Oil Point commenced in 1969. This research continued as part of a long term study of natural variation in sandy beach communities as well as an investigation of the impacts on the biota of intermittent exposure to natural oil seepage.
Community data were related to both localized and widespread environmental changes. Changes in the overall macrofaunal community correlate with localized sand movement in the intertidal area. Changes in species composition were related to the widespread oceanographic changes (e.g., water temperature) that occurred in the Southern California Bight during the past decade.
A positive correlation between number of specimens and weight of tar on the beach is attributed to seasonal recruitment patterns rather than the presence of petroleum. Therefore the periodic stranding of petroleum is not the dominant abiotic factor influencing this community as a whole.
GEOMORPHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF CLEANUP OF AN OILED SALT MARSH (ILE GRANDE, FRANCE)
Authors: Long B. F. , Vandermeulen J. H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As a result of removal of surface sediments following heavy oiling from the Amoco Cadiz spill (March 1978), the Ile Grande marsh has undergone rapid erosion, instead of continuing in the normal depositional phase of formation. This resulted directly from the sediment removal, which led to increased water flow velocities through the marsh.
Four years after the cleanup, the old marsh drainage system, based on the equilibrium between channel cross section, channel slope, tidal current velocity and marsh sediments (grain size, stabilization through vegetation), has been replaced by a new artificial drainage system. The principal factor in the new system is the formation of a new meander channel system with increased cross sections of primary and secondary draining channels (tidal prism), slumping of channel banks and widening of the meanders. Primary and secondary channels, in both the mudflat and the upper vegetative zones, now exhibit meander channel valleys of 5.4 to 15 meters wide, and 1 m deep (the original width was 0.5 to 1 m). The beds of some of these channels, formerly of silt, now are the sites of sandbar formation. Thus the marsh is in a continuing erosional phase.
The process is accelerated by the erosion of the interior vegetative zone through the washout and enlargement of the marsh pools on the upper part of the marsh. Normally not part of the marsh drainage system, these were connected to the marsh channels by hand-dug ditches at the time of cleanup, thereby allowing tidal flow into the upper, low-energy marsh.
THE PORT BOLIVAR, TEXAS OIL SPILL—A CASE HISTORY OF OILED BIRD SURVIVAL1
Authors: Mueller Allan J. , Mendoza Carlos H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On March 9, 1982 oil from an unknown offshore source began to wash ashore near Port Bolivar, Texas. Beach cleanup was coordinated between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the U.S. Coast Guard, and local authorities. Oiled sand was removed from the beach and stockpiled for local use in road construction.
Oiled lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) appeared on the beach almost as soon as the oil did. The Fish and Wildlife Service coordinated volunteer efforts at capturing and cleaning the scaup. A total of 37 birds were captured, with 19 brids being taken in one night outing. Oiled bird cleaning began on March 10 and was completed on March 12. Procedures followed those described by Williams.3 Five scaup were washed three times, 31 washed twice, and one washed once.
Thirty-five scaup were released on March 15 and two on April 27. No birds died during cleaning and the survival rate of the released birds is estimated to be 89 to 97 percent. Three factors were responsible for this successful oiled bird cleanup: advance preparation in the stockpiling of supplies and the training of volunteers; the availability of an adequate cleanup station; and the cooperation of volunteers and government agencies.
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF WORLDWIDE TANKER CASUALTIES1
Authors: Meade Norman , LaPointe Thomas , Anderson Robert 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Previous research on the relationships between oil tanker characteristics and casualty events suggests that vessel flag, size, and age may be important determinants of casualty rates. These studies have been bivariate primarily, examining one factor at a time, providing uncertain results given the interdependent nature of the factors affecting tanker casualties, such as age and size. This paper describes a multivariate analysis of the relative effects of vessel flag, size and age on the casualty rates of oil tankers for the period 1969 to 1978. Among the findings discussed are: (1) vessels operating under certain flags of registry have much higher casualty rates than others in the world fleet; 2) smaller vessels exhibit higher casualty rates than larger ones; and 3) older vessels appear to be no more accident prone than newer vessels. With few exceptions, these basic findings are invariant with respect to accident cause and accident location.
RISK CONTROL MANAGEMENT FOR OIL SPILLS
Authors: Kiebala Leo 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
To be effective, risk control requires scientific, engineering, technological, and managerial expertise. The latter discipline is frequently overlooked. This is ironic because it is the managerial factor that truly establishes a result-oriented program. A new concept has recently been developed and successfully carried out that stresses management of the risk control function. This concept steps ahead of traditional methods and answers two important questions: what is the necessary level of control for your organization; and how can that level of control be economically attained?
It is important to have an understanding of an organization's loss exposures and existing control over these exposures before any effective program can be carried out. Only when the exposure/control relationship is known can potential incident causes be identified in time to take corrective action. The combination of these three principles is the basis for this program.
Effective management of the risk control function requires recognition of the control/exposure relationship, subsequent prediction of future incident trends and appropriate action based on these predictions. The numerous forces exerting an influence on the control/exposure relationship are summarized in four factors: resistance, operational, motivational, and historical.
Quantification of these factors leads to the determination of the risk control performance index for the operation. Comparison of this index to past incident trends will permit prediction of future incident and loss trends. With this understanding, an action plan containing sound, well-directed risk control procedures and practices can be developed and carried out, greatly assisting in the prevention of future oil spills.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A NEW VERSATILE OIL SPILL DISPERSANT
Authors: Becker Kenneth W. , Lindblom Gordon P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Several oil spill dispersants available since 1975 have successfully dispersed spills of light to medium oils. However, they generally have performed poorly on heavily weathered oil, low gravity viscous oils, waxy crudes, “chocolate mousse” emulsions, and any oil spilled in cold environments. Some also were not formulated for use on waters of low salinity. In many cases involving spills of low viscosity oils, the decision to use chemical treatment has been delayed until the oil is in a weathered state.
Chemical treatment under any of these conditions requires that the active surfactants reach the oil/water interface with the aid of a penetrating hydrocarbon solvent. Such formulations lose effectiveness when diluted with water (as in boat spraying) and usually must be used undiluted at a high dosage. They also often are too low in viscosity and density to be sprayed efficiently by aircraft. This paper discusses the properties and performance of formulations which avoid the above oil viscosity and water salinity problems and offer, for the first time, opportunity for widespread chemical treatment of such spills by aerial spray from large aircraft.
SELF-CONTAINED OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM FOR USE IN PROTECTED WATERS
Authors: Cohen Steven , Dalton Stephen 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Coast Guard's success with the high seas skimming barrier prompted the development of a smaller, half-scale version for use in protected bays and harbors. The smaller version (SCOOP) enables more rapid deployment with significantly fewer people.
Individual components of the system include a 65-foot section of skimming barrier with redesigned skimming struts, 200 feet of containment boom, two 30-foot work boats for storage, transport, and operation of the system, trailers to carry the boats to the scene, and an oil recovery system including double-acting diaphragm pump, gravity-type oil-water separator, and 750-gallon collapsible storage bags.
In tests at the Environmental Protection Agency's Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT) facility, the SCOOP exhibited recovery efficiencies between 30 percent and 60 percent over a speed range of 0.5 to 1.75 knots. The oil recovery rate was between 30 and 70 gallons per minute over the same speed range. At speeds below 0.9 knots there were no losses of oil from the boom.
The system has been delivered to the Coast Guard Gulf Strike Team in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, where it is being evaluated through use in routine spill response operations and exercises.
OHMSETT PUMP TESTS1
Authors: Borst M. , Cocherell R. J. , Lichte H. W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Pumps are an integral part of all oil spill recovery operations. Skimmers and booms are of little or no practical use if the recovered spill cannot be transferred to permanent installations for further treatment, storage, or disposal. The recovered oil may be weathered, emulsified, debris-filled, or simply highly viscous.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has recognized the importance of this often over-simplified operation and performed tests at its Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT) to document the performance of a variety of pumps commonly used at spills and pumps less commonly used for this specific purpose. The tests were designed to provide performance curves for each pump and to document the abilities of the pumps in four specific situations. While the same tests were applied to each pump to produce these performance curves, because of the different designs and inherent characteristics of each of the pumps (an internal and external gear, progressive cavity, centrifugal, and diaphragm type), comparisons were not intended and would be counterproductive. The results of the tests on each pump stand on their own merits.
The first tests run with each pump were conducted to measure the suction-head and discharge-head abilities of each unit using clean oils. Four oils were chosen to cover a range of viscosities from less than 10 centipoise to several thousand centipoise depending on ambient conditions. The next set of tests documented the pumping characteristics when oil and water were introduced to the pump as non-mixed fluids for concurrent pumping and, more importantly, measured the tendency of the pump to emulsify the oil and water. The third set of tests measured the same relationship as the oil tests using pre-emulsified oil of a high apparent viscosity as a non-Newtonian test fluid. The fourth set of tests simply measured debris-handling abilities of the pumps. This paper presents the initial results for the types of pumps chosen from the OHMSETT inventory.
AN ANALYSIS OF OIL SPILLS DURING TRANSPORT
Authors: Walter Robert A. , DiGregorio Ronald C. , Kooyoomjian K. Jack , Eby Terry L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper examines transportation-related oil spills reported to various systems maintained and operated by the federal government. These systems contain up to 15 years of historical spill data covering 26,500 incidents involving more than 8 billion gallons of spilled petroleum and petroleum products. These data were used to develop a risk assessment for various modes of transportation. Highway transport resulted in the most spills, while pipelines were responsible for the greatest quantity of product spilled. Preliminary exposure rates for transportation modes were developed as a first step toward development of predictive models. Exposure factors were developed relating highway spills to gasoline production, and vessel spills to crude production and imports. Less satisfactory exposure factors were developed for railroads and pipelines.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF UNDERWRITERS IN CASUALTIES THREATENING OIL SPILLS1
Authors: Gallagher John J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Various marine underwriting interests are involved when a vessel has a casualty threatening oil pollution. This paper describes the origin, evolution, and current operation of these interests, as well as the scope of the cover provided by those underwriters insuring the vessel itself and the underwriters providing the liability cover to the vessel's owners. A discussion of the operation of the covers involved in several kinds of vessel casualties is included. The interaction of cover in a casualty involving threatened oil pollution from a burning tanker is presented in some detail to illustrate a particularly troublesome type of casualty
A NORTHERN IDAHO GASOLINE SPILL AND CLEANUP USING STREAM BED AGITATION1
Authors: Graves Nathan A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On June 4, 1983, a backhoe operator digging in a Northern Idaho creek ruptured the Yellowstone Pipeline. Approximately 24,000 gallons of unleaded gasoline were released into Wolf Lodge Creek as a result of the spill. Due to the quick response by Yellowstone Pipeline Company personnel, most of the spilled gasoline was recovered prior to entering Lake Coeur d'Alene, located about three miles southwest of the spill site. Initial cleanup methods included deployment of a series of containment and sorbent booms downstream of the spill site and recovery of gasoline by pumping the gasoline from the creek into tank trucks.
The effects of the spill on Wolf Lodge Creek were devastating. The creek was an important spawning area, wildlife habitat, and drinking water source. Federal and state officials concluded that additional cleanup of the creek was necessary, primarily because some of the spilled gasoline had been trapped in the stream bed underneath gravel and debris.
A stream bed agitation technique was developed in an attempt to release the trapped gasoline without further damaging the creek. Following a month of negotiations, Yellowstone Pipeline Company agreed to conduct the stream bed agitation operation.
Three inches of stream bed were turned over by dragging a bulldozer blade over the bed. Released gasoline was collected with sorbent material placed throughout the stream.
Initial recovery of fish and invertebrate populations in Wolf Lodge Creek has been significant. Studies are currently being conducted to determine if invertebrate recovery in agitated areas of the the stream is greater than in unagitated areas.
RECOVERY OF VISCOUS EMULSIONS FROM A FIRM SANDY BEACH1
Authors: Morris P. R. , Lynch B. W. J. , Nightingale J. F. , Thomas D. H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Techniques for the removal of stranded water-in-oil emulsion were compared in a series of trials held on a firm beach at Pendine, South Wales during the period 7–11 November 1983 in cooperation with the local authority and the local Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food inspectors.
A technique of scraping the beach with a stiff rubber blade mounted between two pieces of wood and clamped to a mechanical shovel or hoe was found to be very successful and collected the emulsion comparatively free from sand. The use of large gulley suckers or the WSL designed Springsweep air assisted transport system were found to be effective at oil recovery but limited by the slow flow of the pollutant to the intake of the device. The Springsweep system was also capable of lifting the oily waste off the beach rather than having to attempt the concentration of the recovered liquid in a collection pit.
A COASTAL MARSHLAND REBUILDING TECHNIQUE WITH SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA AFTER SINGULAR SEASONAL OIL SPILLS1
Authors: Watton Dan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The impact of oil on coastal marshlands can adversely affect coastline stability and the well-being of marine ecology in general. It can lead to the destruction of salt marsh flora and animal communities and destabilize the important energy-absorbing buffer zones that prevent erosion. This ecological disruption can translate into milions of dollars of loss in coastal zone properties and in income from the commercially important fishing industry. Marshland rebuilding with transplanted specific halophytes after oil pollution incidents may help retain delicate but important coastal habitat.
GROUNDWATER PROTECTION THROUGH EARLY DETECTION OF HYDROCARBON LEAKS
Authors: Donaghey L. F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Early-warning hydrocarbon leak detection is a key to protecting groundwater from contamination by leaking storage tanks. This paper reviews the technology for vapor and liquid leak detection and evaluates methods of using it. Current technology offers both vapor and liquid hydrocarbon detectors. However, none that we tested was completely free of problems. Vapor detectors age and degrade in service. Liquid detectors lack high sensitivity. Of the different methods for early leak detection, vapor detectors respond in the shortest time. Detection systems need to be developed further to overcome remaining problems. In particular, they also need to be able to distinguish real tank leaks from normal hydrocarbon backgrounds.