bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Création de dictionnaires bilingues spécialistes : l’épreuve de vérité du retournement informatique
Authors: Schuwer Martine 
Published: June 2014

Cet exposé constitue la seconde partie de la méthodologie de création de dictionnaires bilingues spécialisés consacrée à la réalisation de la version anglais-français, et élaborée à l’aide d’un logiciel spécifique de gestion de données. Lors de la mise en œuvre de la partie français-anglais, réalisée informatiquement, sont apparus de multiples problèmes inattendus : certains, d’ordre technique, peuvent bénéficier d’améliorations en amont, mais pour les autres, il n’existe pas de solution d’ensemble car ils sont en réalité le révélateur sévère de la non-correspondance des champs sémantiques d’une langue à l’autre. Le retournement informatique constitue donc une « épreuve de vérité » en ce sens qu’il met en lumière les « vices cachés » (lacunes/approximations) de la version de départ ; il souligne par ailleurs les efforts délibérés ou inconscients que le lexicographe déploie lors de la mise en équivalence afin de procurer à l’utilisateur un outil aussi fiable et complet que possible.
Immune Memory–Boosting Dose of Rapamycin Impairs Macrophage Vesicle Acidification and Curtails Glycolysis in Effector CD8 Cells, Impairing Defense against Acute Infections
Authors: Goldberg Emily L. , Smithey Megan J. , Lutes Lydia K. , Uhrlaub Jennifer L. , Nikolich-Žugich Janko 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Direct mammalian target of rapamycin (Rapa) complex 1 inhibition by short-term low-dose Rapa treatment has recently been shown to improve CD8 T cell immunological memory. Whereas these studies focused on memory development, the impact of low-dose Rapa on the primary immune response, particularly as it relates to functional effector immunity, is far less clear. In this study, we investigated the impact of acute Rapa treatment on immune effector cell function during the primary immune response to several acute infections. We found that functional CD8 T cell and macrophage responses to both viral and intracellular bacterial pathogens were depressed in mice in vivo and in humans to phorbol ester and calcium ionophore stimulation in vitro in the face of low-dose Rapa treatment. Mechanistically, the CD8 defect was linked to impaired glycolytic switch in stimulated naive cells and the reduced formation of short-lived effector cells. Therefore, more than one cell type required for a protective effector immune response is impaired by Rapa in both mice and humans, at the dose shown to improve immune memory and extend lifespan. This urges caution with regard to the relative therapeutic costs and benefits of Rapa treatment as means to improve immune memory.
Cytokine-Regulated Neutrophil Recruitment Is Required for Brain but Not Spinal Cord Inflammation during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Simmons Sarah B. , Liggitt Denny , Goverman Joan M. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which inflammatory lesions lead to tissue injury in the brain and/or spinal cord. The specific sites of tissue injury are strong determinants of clinical outcome in MS, but the pathways that determine whether damage occurs in the brain or spinal cord are not understood. Previous studies in mouse models of MS demonstrated that IFN-γ and IL-17 regulate lesion localization within the brain; however, the mechanisms by which these cytokines mediate their effects have not been identified. In the present study, we show that IL-17 promoted, but IFN-γ inhibited, ELR+ chemokine–mediated neutrophil recruitment to the brain, and that neutrophil infiltration was required for parenchymal tissue damage in the brain. In contrast, IFN-γ promoted ELR+ chemokine expression and neutrophil recruitment to the spinal cord. Surprisingly, tissue injury in the spinal cord did not exhibit the same dependence on neutrophil recruitment that was observed for the brain. Our results demonstrate that the brain and spinal cord exhibit distinct sensitivities to cellular mediators of tissue damage, and that IL-17 and IFN-γ differentially regulate recruitment of these mediators to each microenvironment. These findings suggest an approach toward tailoring therapies for patients with distinct patterns of neuroinflammation.
Themis2 Is Not Required for B Cell Development, Activation, and Antibody Responses
Authors: Hartweger Harald , Schweighoffer Edina , Davidson Sophia , Peirce Matthew J. , Wack Andreas , Tybulewicz Victor L. J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Themis1 is a protein implicated in transducing signals from the TCR. Mice deficient in Themis1 show a strong impairment in T cell selection in the thymus and defective T cell activation. The related Themis2 protein is expressed in B cells where it associates with signaling proteins Grb2 and Vav1, and is tyrosine phosphorylated after BCR stimulation. Thus, it has been proposed that Themis2 may transduce BCR signals, and hence play important roles in B cell development and activation. In this article, we show that Themis2 is expressed in all developing subsets of B cells, in mature follicular and marginal zone B cells, and in activated B cells, including germinal center B cells and plasma cells. In contrast, B lineage cells express no other Themis-family genes. Activation of B cells leads to reduced Themis2 expression, although it remains the only Themis-family protein expressed. To analyze the physiological function of Themis2, we generated a Themis2-deficient mouse strain. Surprisingly, we found that Themis2 is not required for B cell development, for activation, or for Ab responses either to model Ags or to influenza viral infection.
L’apport d’internet aux petites entreprises (PE) touristiques dans la construction de leur positionnement stratégique : le cas des hébergeurs
Authors: Favre-Bonté Véronique , Tran Sébastien 
Published: June 2014

La diffusion des TIC chez les PE demeure faible (Eurostat 2010) et pourtant, parmi les applications IT, Internet est pour les PE une source d’opportunités de développement de leurs affaires (Scaglione, Schegg et Murphy, 2009). L’un des enjeux est donc de savoir si Internet peut être utilisé efficacement par ces petites structures et comment sa mise en oeuvre peut contribuer à améliorer leur positionnement stratégique. Nous avons étudié quatre cas d’entreprises dans l’hébergement touristique qui est un secteur très en avance dans l’utilisation des TIC en général et d’Internet en particulier (Kalika et Rival, 2009 ; Aldebert et Loufrani-Fedida, 2010). Notre recherche montre que les PE peuvent utiliser Internet comme un outil de différenciation, notamment sur les dimensions liées à la relation client (marketing, distribution). La réussite, quant à l’utilisation d’un site Internet, repose sur un choix très judicieux de la technologie par rapport au positionnement de l’entreprise. La mise en place d’une stratégie doit donc se faire à partir d’une véritable réflexion quant au métier de la PE, car cela conditionne les services et les fonctionnalités proposées à partir des technologies. Enfin, ce n’est pas tant le profil technophile qui importe que le profil innovant et preneur de risques du dirigeant et son aptitude à percevoir l’utilité des technologies.
Comment développer l’éveil à la création d’entreprise par la simulation ?
Authors: Lepers Pascale , Vaesken Philippe 
Published: June 2014

Parmi les initiatives portées par les grandes écoles et les universités en matière de sensibilisation des étudiants à la création d’entreprise, il existe notamment le Challenge « Projets d’entreprendre », d’abord initié à Évry, puis transposé à Villeneuve d’Ascq. D’autres études destinées à mesurer les intentions et/ou les capacités entrepreneuriales des étudiants ont été réalisées, notamment celles conduites par Boissin, Chollet et Emin (2005), depuis 2005 sur des populations identiques à l’INT d’Évry et à Grenoble, mais aussi Arlotto et Bourcieu (2002), Arlotto et Jourdan (2003), Fayolle, Gailly et Lassas-Clerc. (2006), Léger-Jarniou (2008), dans des contextes similaires.
À partir de l’expérience du Challenge menée à Villeneuve d’Ascq, l’objectif est de faire un retour sur les ambitions et sur les résultats obtenus en matière d’apprentissage, ainsi que sur la manière dont les élèves ingénieurs et les étudiants concernés vivent cette ouverture d’esprit à la création d’entreprise. Cet article insiste surtout sur les capitalisations d’expériences et de connaissances entrepreneuriales qui peuvent être acquises au terme d’une semaine fondée sur une simulation à but, adaptée à la création d’entreprise. Par rapport à ce public composite d’étudiants, celle-ci permet de proposer un modèle pédagogique basé sur les grands thèmes inhérents au développement des capacités entrepreneuriales, à savoir : comprendre, construire, apprendre.
Evaluation of an immunoassay for determination of plasma efavirenz concentrations in resource‐limited settings
Authors: Abdissa Alemseged , Wiesner Lubbe , McIlleron Helen , Friis Henrik , Andersen Åse Bengård , Kæstel Pernille 
Published: June 2014

IntroductionTherapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) may improve antiretroviral efficacy through adjustment of individual drug administration. This could result in reduced toxicity, prevent drug resistance, and aid management of drug–drug interactions. However, most measurement methods are too costly to be implemented in resource‐limited settings. This study evaluated a commercially available immunoassay for measurement of plasma efavirenz.MethodsThe immunoassay‐based method was applied to measure efavirenz using a readily available Humastar 80 chemistry analyzer. We compared plasma efavirenz concentrations measured by the immunoassay with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) (reference method) in 315 plasma samples collected from HIV patients on treatment. Concentrations were categorized as suboptimal<1 µg/ml, normal 1–4 µg/ml or high>4 µg/ml. Agreement between results of the methods was assessed via Bland‐Altman plot and κ statistic values.ResultsThe median Interquartile range (IQR) efavirenz concentration was 2.8 (1.9; 4.5) µg/ml measured by the LC–MS/MS method and 2.5 (1.8; 3.9) µg/ml by the immunoassay and the results were well correlated (ρ=0.94). The limits of agreement assessed by Bland–Altman plots were −2.54; 1.70 µg/ml. Although immunoassay underestimated high concentrations, it had good agreement for classification into low, normal or high concentrations (K=0.74).ConclusionsThe immunoassay is a feasible alternative to determine efavirenz in areas with limited resources. The assay provides a reasonable approximation of efavirenz concentration in the majority of samples with a tendency to underestimate high concentrations. Agreement between tests evaluated in this study was clinically satisfactory for identification of low, normal and high efavirenz concentrations.
A comparison of mantle convection models featuring plates
Authors: Stein C. , Lowman J. P. , Hansen U. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractOceanic plates are an integral part of the Earth's mantle and thus play an important role in its dynamics and evolution. To allow plate behavior to arise naturally in numerical mantle convection models, self‐consistent plate generation methods apply a fully rheological approach (featuring a temperature‐, pressure‐ and stress‐dependent viscosity). However, due to the extreme local viscosity changes that the self‐generation of model plates entails, their computational requirements are demanding. Alternative plate modeling methods specify the existence of plates explicitly but can also obtain dynamically determined velocities (e.g., by employing a force‐balance method). Here we present modifications to a force‐balance model by utilizing a rheology‐dependent viscosity profile. Accordingly, plate viscosity and plate thickness are no longer prescribed by the modeler but now follow as a dynamic consequence of the temperature and stress dependence of the viscosity and the model's evolution. We describe the new method and present benchmark results for a rheologically self‐consistent mantle convection model and the modified force‐balance plate model. Our results show that both plate modeling methods lead to the same system behavior for a wide range of system parameters making the new method a powerful tool to also achieve plate‐like surface motion naturally.
Evidence for a nitrous acid (HONO) reservoir at the ground surface in Bakersfield, CA, during CalNex 2010
Authors: VandenBoer T. C. , Markovic M. Z. , Sanders J. E. , Ren X. , Pusede S. E. , Browne E. C. , Cohen R. C. , Zhang L. , Thomas J. , Brune W. H. , Murphy J. G. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMeasurements of HONO(g) and particulate nitrite (NO2−(p)) were made with a modified Ambient Ion Monitor–Ion Chromatography (AIM‐IC) instrument during California at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate 2010 in Bakersfield, CA (CalNex‐San Joaquin Valley (SJV)). Observations of gas and particulate matter (PM2.5) water‐soluble composition showed accumulation of both species at night, followed by loss the next day. Intercomparison with a Stripping Coil‐UV/Vis Absorption Photometer (SC‐AP) demonstrated excellent agreement with the AIM‐IC HONO(g) measurement (slope = 0.957, R2 = 0.86), and the particulate nitrite observations were validated to be free of known interferences for wet chemical instrumentation. The accumulation of nitrite into particulate matter was found to be enhanced when gaseous mixing ratios of HONO(g) were highest. Reactive uptake of HONO(g) on to lofted dust and the ground surface, forming a reservoir, is a potential mechanism to explain these observations. The AIM‐IC HONO(g) measurements were parameterized in a chemical model to calculate the ground surface daytime HONO(g) source strength at 4.5 m above the surface, found to be on the order of 1.27 ppb h−1, to determine the relative importance of a surface reservoir. If all deposited nighttime HONO(g) is reemitted the following day, up to 30% of the daytime HONO(g) source at CalNex‐SJV may be accounted for. The observations of HONO(g) and NO2−(p) in Bakersfield, during CalNex, suggest a surface sink and source of HONO(g). Extension of currently accepted unknown daytime HONO(g) source reactions to include a potential surface HONO(g) reservoir should therefore be sound, but quantitation of the relative contributions of each surface source toward daytime HONO(g) production remains to be resolved.
Combining regional moist static energy and ENSO for forecasting of early and late season Indian monsoon rainfall and its extremes
Authors: Rajagopalan Balaji , Molnar Peter 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe exploit El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices and moist static energy of surface air over the Indian subcontinent and surroundings as predictors of monsoon rainfall over India during early and late seasons, defined here as 20 May to 15 June and 20 September to 15 October, respectively. Although these seasons contribute only ~22% of the entire seasonal rainfall, they clearly affect planning of agriculture and water resources. A simple, nonlinear, statistical model applied to these predictors accounts for ~40% and 45% of the observed variance of early and late season rainfall, respectively, and similar fractions for 3 day maximum rainfall intensity. Forecasted average and 3 day maximum rainfall at grid points covering India show greatest success over central India during the early season and over west central, northwestern, and northern India during the late season, regions where agriculture dominates land use. These predictors, however, offer virtually no predictability of peak season rainfall.
Long‐ and short‐term postseismic gravity changes of megathrust earthquakes from satellite gravimetry
Authors: Tanaka Yusaku , Heki Kosuke 
Published: June 2014

AbstractUsing monthly satellite gravimetry data, we studied time‐variable gravity field after three M9 class earthquakes, the 2004 Sumatra‐Andaman, 2010 Chile (Maule), and 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquakes. The observations showed that the gravity typically (1) decreases coseismically, (2) continues to decrease for a few months, and (3) increases over a longer period. Therefore, postseismic gravity changes have two components with different time constants and polarities. The mechanisms of short‐ and long‐term postseismic gravity changes are not as clear as coseismic changes at the moment, but might be explained to some extent with afterslip and the Maxwell viscoelasticity, respectively. These two components are difficult to discriminate with surface velocity measurements because the forearc area moves trenchward at both stages. They appear in different polarities in gravity, making satellite gravimetry a unique tool to separate them.
Modeling strain and pore pressure associated with fluid extraction: The Pathfinder Ranch experiment
Authors: Barbour Andrew J. , Wyatt Frank K. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractStrainmeters can be subject to hydrologic effects from pumping of nearby water wells, depending on the state of the local rock. Strain signals associated with hydrology are generally not used and regarded as troublesome because they are much larger than most tectonic signals (e.g., tides or slow slip episodes in Cascadia), but here we show that fluid extraction leads to detectable strain and pore pressure signals, which we use to constrain valuable material properties of the rock, namely the hydraulic diffusivity and elastic shear modulus. We collected multiple years of pump activity at two active water wells near a pair of Plate Boundary Observatory borehole strainmeters in southern California. These data demonstrate clearly the connection between fluid extraction and deformation: the onset of transient strains and pore pressures is strongly correlated with both the onset of fluid extraction, and the sizes of the transient signals are strongly correlated with cumulative extraction volumes. These data also suggest that the instruments are a possible tool for remote monitoring of fluid injection and withdrawal. Based on poroelastic modeling, we find estimates of hydraulic diffusivity (0.061 m2s−1 to 0.126 m2s−1) which are consistent with data for fractured igneous rock, and estimates of shear modulus (39.7 MPa to 101 MPa) which are comparable to data for shallow granodiorite—expected to be weak from weathering, and other sources of damage (e.g., faulting). We infer that crustal rock in this region is drained at shallow depths by pervasive, hydraulically conductive fractures: as a result of changes in applied stress, fluid flow will occur rather than a sustained change in pore fluid pressure.
Current status of CME/shock arrival time prediction
Authors: Zhao Xinhua , Dryer Murray 
Published: June 2014

AbstractOne of the major solar transients, coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and their related interplanetary shocks have severe space weather effects and become the focus of study for both solar and space scientists. Predicting their evolutions in the heliosphere and arrival times at Earth is an important component of the space weather predictions. Various kinds of models in this aspect have been developed during the past decades. In this paper, we will present a view of the present status (during Solar Cycle 24 in 2014) of the space weather's objective to predict the arrival of coronal mass ejections and their interplanetary shock waves at Earth. This status, by implication, is relevant to their arrival elsewhere in the solar system. Application of this prediction status is clearly appropriate for operational magnetospheric and ionospheric situations including A − > B − > C…solar system missions. We review current empirical models, expansion speed model, drag‐based models, physics‐based models (and their real‐time prediction's statistical experience in Solar Cycle 23), and MHD models. New observations in Solar Cycle 24, including techniques/models, are introduced as they could be incorporated to form new prediction models. The limitations of the present models and the direction of further development are also suggested.
Specification of > 2 MeV electron flux as a function of local time and geomagnetic activity at geosynchronous orbit
Authors: Su Yi‐Jiun , Quinn Jack M. , Johnston W. Robert , McCollough James P. , Starks Michael J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAn algorithm has been developed for specifying > 2 MeV electron flux everywhere along geosynchronous orbit for use in operational products. The statistics of integrated electron fluxes from four GOESs for more than a solar cycle clearly indicate that the local time variation can be represented by a Gaussian distribution as a function of geomagnetic Kp index, which empirically determines the center and the half width of the Gaussian distribution. Using the most current estimated 3 h Kp value as an input, the prediction scheme requires the most recent electron flux measurements from available GOES(s) to determine the maximum and minimum for a Gaussian fit and to provide estimated electron fluxes at geosynchronous orbit with the time resolution of the instrument. In balancing between sufficient data for statistics and the change of geomagnetic configuration, the optimal length of data accumulation time for nowcasting is 6 h when one or two satellites are available. The prediction efficiency (PE) is independent of local time and solar cycle. We found that the PE values are greater than 0.5 when Kp < 5 and independent of Kp at low and moderate values; however, PE decreases dramatically with increasing Kp when Kp ≥ 5. Although the PE varies from year to year and with the choice of the test satellite, our finding resulted in a PE > 0.6 in 67.6% of the cases and PE > 0.8 more than 23.5% of the time based on our analysis from four GOESs between 1998 and 2009. Moreover, skill scores from our newly developed algorithm are ~90% of the time better than those resulting from a simpler algorithm based on a table provided by O'Brien (2009), indicating a dramatic improvement in predictive capability.
Isolierung eines neutralen, Bor‐haltigen Radikals, stabilisiert durch ein cyclisches (Alkyl)(amino)carben
Authors: Bissinger Philipp , Braunschweig Holger , Damme Alexander , Krummenacher Ivo , Phukan Ashwini K. , Radacki Krzysztof , Sugawara Shun 
Published: June 2014

AbstractUnter Verwendung eines cyclischen (Alkyl)(amino)carben(CAAC)‐Liganden konnten neutrale, CAAC‐stabilisierte Radikale mit einer Borylfunktion durch Reduktion der entsprechenden Halogenboranaddukte erhalten werden. Die Duryl‐substituierte Radikalspezies wurde vollständig mithilfe von Röntgenstrukturanalyse, EPR‐Spektroskopie und DFT‐Rechnungen charakterisiert. Die hier isolierten Spezies weisen eine größere Spindichte auf dem Borzentrum als bekannte Borylradikale auf. Weiterhin erwies sich die Titelverbindung unter inerten Bedingungen in Lösung wie auch im Feststoff als überaus temperaturstabil. Elektrochemische Untersuchungen lassen auf die Erzeugung eines stabilen formalen Borylanions schließen.
Chemical Kinetic Resolution of Unprotected β‐Substituted β‐Amino Acids Using Recyclable Chiral Ligands
Authors: Zhou Shengbin , Wang Jiang , Chen Xia , Aceña José Luis , Soloshonok Vadim A. , Liu Hong 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe first chemical method for resolution of N,C‐unprotected β‐amino acids was developed through enantioselective formation and disassembly of nickel(II) complexes under operationally convenient conditions. The specially designed chiral ligands are inexpensive and can be quantitatively recycled along with isolation of the target β‐substituted‐β‐amino acids in good yields and excellent enantioselectivity. The method features a broad synthetic generality including β‐aryl, β‐heteroaryl, and β‐alkyl‐derived β‐amino acids. The procedure is easily scaled up, and was used for the synthetically and economically advanced preparation of the anti‐diabetic drug sitagliptin.