bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On degrammaticalization: Controversial points and possible explanations
Authors: Viti Carlotta 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis paper discusses the problem of degrammaticalization, that is, the exceptions to the unidirectionality of grammaticalization. After analyzing the criteria that allow us to distinguish between various instances of counter-directional change, two principles underlying degrammaticalization are identified; one is related to the type of language and the other to the type of target structures in which degrammaticalization occurs. Firstly, the targets of degrammaticalization are usually closed-class parts of speech with an abstract semantic component. Secondly, the languages in which counter-directional grammatical changes occur turn out to be deprived of an elaborate fusional morphology. These findings may also have an impact on the theoretical conception of grammaticalization, some of whose definitional properties are discussed. The paper ends with a discussion of a more controversial point, namely, counter-directional changes by folk etymology rather than by etymology proper.
Preferences and variation in word-initial phonotactics: A multi-dimensional evaluation of German and Polish
Authors: Orzechowska Paula , Wiese Richard 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe goal of this paper is to discuss phonotactic constraints that govern the formation of word-initial consonant clusters in two different languages, German and Polish, and to establish a general procedure for a rank-ordering of clusters. The description of clusters is based on corpus and dictionary data. We define several dimensions in cluster description, namely (i) complexity of clusters, (ii) place of articulation, (iii) manner of articulation and (iv) voicing of segments, for which a total of 15 parameters is derived, each expressing a structural preference for cluster formation true to various degrees in the two languages. These preferences can be seen in part as extensions of the frequently used measure of sonority based mainly on manner of articulation features, and can be considered to provide a more detailed description of clusters than one based on sonority. In addition, a cluster analysis for the two sets of clusters lends support to the conclusions on the fundamental difference between Polish and German word-initial phonotactics. For each cluster, values obtained for every parameter are summed up to calculate an empirically justified rank ordering of the clusters in both languages.
Mechanochemical synthesis of 2,2-difluoro-4, 6-bis(β-styryl)-1,3,2-dioxaborines and their use in cyanide ion sensing
Authors: Sherin Daisy R. , Thomas Sherin G. , Rajasekharan Kallikat N. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The conversion of arylaldehydes to 1,7-diaryl-5-hydroxyhepta-1,4,6-trien-3-ones (curcuminoids) and the mechanochemical cyclization of these products to 2,2-difluoro-4,6-bis(β-styryl)-1,3,2-dioxaborines using BF3-Et2O are described. Investigation of the cyanide ion sensing ability of the 2,2-difluoro-4,6-bis(β-styryl)-1,3,2-dioxaborines, in relation to the substituent groups on the aryl ring, showed that a hydroxy susbstituent is required, preferably para to the intervening carbon bridge.
Greek λοιμός, Middle Persian rēm, and the Avestan root rai̯-
Authors: Milizia Paolo 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The Greek name of the plague has not received a satisfactory etymological explanation so far. On the other hand, the largely accepted hypothesis that the Middle Persian noun rēm ‘dirt, impurity’ is derived from a verbal base meaning ‘defecate’ is, in fact, problematic. The present paper aims to show that MPers. rēm and Gk. λοιμός can be viewed as reflexes of a PIE stem *loi̯-mó- indicating a ‘polluted (and polluting) substance’ and that the Avestan root rai̯-, probably connected with MPers. rēm, must have had the generic meaning of ‘to dirt, to pollute’.
Repetition analysis function (ReAF) I
Authors: Jügel Thomas 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Repetitions are relevant for several aspects of historical philology. With regard to Avestan, they may allow for the identification of ceremonial frames or opening and closing sections revealing the compositional structure of a ceremony. In case of manuscript comparison, the question arises whether a variant appears only once or in all of its repetitive passages. Furthermore, by analysing the compositional structure we may be able to detect ceremonial structures different to the practice of today. A secondary aspect relates to the interpretation of the grammaticality of Young Avestan passages. The repetition analysis provides evidence that passages which are hitherto considered ill-formed actually follow the rules of Avestan grammar. The scope of this study is to investigate computational means for detecting repetitive sequences. It represents a case study of the manuscript J2 by means of tools that were set up in the LOEWE priority programme Digital Humanities at the Goethe University Frankfurt am Main: a digital lexicon, a letter discrimination matrix for Avestan, and the programme Repetition Analysis Function. The article ReAF I offers some basic observations on repetitive sequences in the manuscript J2 and lays the foundation for ReAF II (Jügel forthc.), where the results of the repetition analyses will be used to discuss the compositional structure of the Yasna.
Der Flexionsyp idg. *sḗh2-ṷr̥ ‚saure Flüssigkeit‘, *nḗbh-s n. ‚Gewölk‘
Authors: Oettinger Norbert 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Lengthened grade of root syllables in PIE words was either motivated or came about by analogy. The adjective *sh2ur-ó- > *suh₂ro- > *sūro- ‘sour and liquid’ is derived from *sḗh2-ṷr̥n. ‘sour fluid’ (> Hitt. šēḫur ‘urine’). Here the motivation of the lengthened grade can be guessed: Cuneiform Luvian šiḫuwa- ‘sharp, acid’ < *sēh2ṷ̥o- can be explained as vṛddhi derivation from an earlier *séh2-u- ‘sourness, sharpness’. The noun *sḗh₂-ṷr̥ has probably been derived from *sēh2ṷo-. Hieroglyphic Luvian tipas ‘sky, heaven’ is best derived from a neuter s-stem *nḗbh-s n. ‘cloud(s)’. Probably there was an early PIE paradigm *nḗbh-s, gen. *nébh-s-s, whose genitive was soon replaced. Here we cannot know the motivation of the lengthened grade but it is likely that it was there. In consideration of this neuter stem *nḗbh-s it may well be that also the much disputed Old Irish word síd ‘fairy mound, peace’ goes back to a lengthened grade neuter s-stem *sḗd-s ‘domicile, seat’. The suffixal e-grade of neuter nouns in *-es/-os stems from the locative of the acrostatic type *nḗbh-s.
Word-final vowel shortenings in the Rigveda and the nominative singular of PIE *eh2- and *ih2-stems
Authors: Litscher Roland 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The common reconstruction of *eh2- and devī́-type *ih2-stem singular nominatives as *-ah2 (< *-eh2) and *-ih2 includes no overt marking of the nonneuter nominative singular. Instead of taking this for granted and searching for a motivation in the history of those stems, we raise the possibility of a reconstruction with overt marking (*-āh2, *-īh2). In the second part, the distribution of some word-final vowel shortenings in the Rigveda is analysed in order to determine whether they correlate with the different origins of the vowels or not. The distributions prove interesting, and call for further investigation, but since shortening seems possible irrespective of the origin of the vowel, the Vedic evidence cannot help decide between the two possible reconstructions.
Influence of fellow L2 learners on pragmatic development during study abroad
Authors: Hassall Tim 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis is an initial exploratory study of how study-abroad learners influence each other’s pragmatic development in naturalistic settings. It focuses on a cohort of 12 Australian learners of Indonesian during a short summer course and uses a multimethod approach, including a pretest/posttest instrument, diary entries, and regular interviews. Findings revealed a variety of influences on each other’s development. Learners noticed pragmatic features in talk produced by fellow learners that was addressed to native speakers of the target language. They also sometimes noticed features in talk by native speakers that was addressed to their fellow learners, or in talk between fellow learners. They reflected on the relevant features and often modified their knowledge about them. The learners also talked with each other about the pragmatics of the L2 in various ways, such as through explicit discussion, correction of each other’s performance, or the telling of personal anecdotes. That talk too prompted the learners to reflect on pragmatic features and modify their knowledge about them. The learners also planned complex pragmatic action together and performed it together, which can affect pragmatic development in myriad ways. To sum up, the study changes our perceptions of how learners learn pragmatics during study abroad by showing how time spent with fellow learners can stimulate that learning.
Non-invasive, Complex Examination of Micro- and Macrovascular System of Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus with or Without Vascular Complications
Authors: Gulácsi-Bárdos Petra , Nieszner Éva , Tóth-Zsámboki Emese , Vargová Katarína , Leé Sarolta , Horváth Zsófia , Vámos Máté , Kiss Róbert Gábor , Préda István 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Objective: We examined the vascular system, from the microvasculature to the aorta, in diabetes mellitus, using non-invasive methods.

Methods: We enrolled patients with type 1 diabetes: 17 patients without complications (DMW) and 19 patients with clinically manifest complications (DMC). Control group was represented by 34 healthy volunteers (C). We examined microvascular function with laser-Doppler flowmetry, using post-occlusive reactive hyperemia test and local heating. Arterial stiffness was studied by arteriograph, determining augmentation index and pulse wave velocity. We measured serum levels of sE-selectin and sICAM-1, markers of endothelial dysfunction.

Results: Microvascular reactivity was significantly reduced in DMC-, and tendentiously in DMW groups. sE-selectin level was significantly higher in DMC group than in controls. Arterial stiffness was the highest in the DMC group and the lowest in the DMW group. Heart rate was significantly higher in both diabetic groups compared to controls. Time to maximum flow during PORH test tended to be the shortest in DMW group.

Conclusions: Our results confirm impairment of the microvascular system in diabetic patients, even in early, uncomplicated stage of the disease, and might demonstrate diffuse hyperkinesis in the vascular system, resulting from the insulin effect or refering to the “vasodilation phase” of diabetes mellitus.
Impact of a Preexisting STEMI Network in Improving STEMI Diagnostic and Treatment in the Community after the Introduction of a National Program of Interventional Treatment in Acute myocardial Infarction
Authors: Orzan Marius , Benedek Theodora , Bajka Balázs , Pál Kinga , Rat Nora , Benedek Imre 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Introduction: According to European guidelines, ST elevation acute myocardial infarction should be treated by immediate reperfusion, if diagnosed within 12 hours from the onset of symptoms. We aimed to show the impact of a well-functioning pre-existing STEMI network in improving the results of a national program dedicated to the invasive treatment of AMI.

Methods: We followed the comparison between primary PCI rates and STEMI-related mortality in two regions, after the introduction of a nationwide program for the interventional treatment of acute myocardial infarction: region A, where the territory has been appropriately prepared via previous organizational measures in the network, and region B, where the territory has not been previously prepared.

Results: In 2011, one year after the initiation of the national program, a primary PCI rate of 12.1%, a thrombolysis rate of 10.1% and a no-reperfusion treatment rate of 77.8% have been found in these new centers for patients arriving <12 h from symptoms onset. This has been reflected in a mortality of 23.07% for “early presentations” in these new centers in 2011. In comparison, data from the territorial hospitals of the registry (only those without cathlab facilities, similar to the new centers) showed in 2011 a 73.85% primary PCI rate, 12.09% thrombolysis rate and a 14.07% conservative treatment rate, reflected in a mortality of 6.81% for “early presentations” in the registry centers.

Conclusions: The national strategy for reduction of STEMI related mortality via implementation of primary PCI, started in 2010, had a significant impact especially in that region where the territory was previously prepared with appropriate organizational efforts, including educational and logistic measures.
Self-Esteem of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Compared with Hearing Adolescents in Slovenia – The Context of Social and Communication Factors
Authors: Kogovsek Damjana 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe study focuses on the self-esteem of deaf and hard of hearing (D/HH) and hearing adolescents (HA) in Slovenia. The aim of this study is a comparison of self-esteem between D/HH and HA regarding the hearing status, age, gender, and the comparison among D/HH adolescents regarding communication and education settings. It is hypothesized that deaf and hard of hearing adolescents have lower self-esteem than their hearing peers.The final sample included 130 adolescents who were split into two groups with the method of equal pairs: 65 D/HH adolescents and 65 HA, which were established on the basis of gender, age, nationality, and educational programme of schooling. The phenomenon of self-esteem was measured with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, which was translated and adapted into the Slovenian Sign Language (SSL).The results show significant differrences in self-esteem between D/HH and HA adolescents. D/HH adolescents have, on average, lower self-esteem than HA. There are differences in self-esteem regarding gender and also regarding ages of 16 and of 20.D/HH adolescents who use speech or sign language in their communication have higher self-esteem than those who use mostly sign language. D/HH adolescents in mainstream schools have higher self-esteem than those included into a segregated form of schooling.There are differences among adolescents in how they view themselves. Self-esteem can be a significant predictor of life satisfaction.D/HH adolescents experience lower self-esteem when compared with HA peers.
Clinical Significance of Immune Imbalance and Autoimmunity in Nervous System Disorders (NSDs)
Authors: Singh Vijendra K. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn recent years, the role of immune imbalance and autoimmunity has been experimentally demonstrated in nervous system disorders (NSDs) that include Alzheimer’s disease, autism, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), tics and Tourette’s syndrome, schizophrenia, and some other NSDs. And yet, these NSDs are never counted as autoimmune diseases. Deriving from the rapidly expanding knowledge of neuro-immunology and autoimmune diseases, for example multiple sclerosis (MS), the author of this mini-review strongly recommends that these NSDs should be included while tallying the number of autoimmune diseases. This effort will help create an updated global database of all autoimmune diseases as well as it should help treat millions of patients who are suffering from debilitating NSDs for which there is no known cure or treatment currently.
On the Univariate Representation of BEKK Models with Common Factors
Authors: Hecq Alain , Laurent Sébastien , Palm Franz C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSimple low order multivariate GARCH models imply marginal processes with a lot of persistence in the form of high order lags. This is not what we find in many situations however, where parsimonious univariate GARCH(1,1) models for instance describe quite well the conditional volatility of some asset returns. In order to explain this paradox, we show that in the presence of common GARCH factors, parsimonious univariate representations can result from large multivariate models generating the conditional variances and conditional covariances/correlations. The diagonal model without any contagion effects in conditional volatilities gives rise to similar conclusions though. Consequently, after having extracted a block of assets representing some form of parsimony, remains the task of determining if we have a set of independent assets or instead a highly dependent system generated with a few factors. To investigate this issue, we first evaluate a reduced rank regressions approach for squared returns that we extend to cross-returns. Second we investigate a likelihood ratio approach, where under the null the matrix parameters have a reduced rank structure. It emerged that the latter approach has quite good properties enabling us to discriminate between a system with seemingly unrelated assets (e.g. a diagonal model) and a model with few common sources of volatility.
Community based adaptation options for climate change impacts on water resources: The case of Jordan
Authors: Hammouri Nezar , Al-Qinna Mohammad , Salahat Mohammad , Adamowski Jan , Prasher Shiv O. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA strategic vision to ensure an adequate, safe and secure drinking water supply presents a challenge, particularly for such a small country as Jordan, faced with a critical supply-demand imbalance and a high risk of water quality deterioration. In order to provide sustainable and equitable long-term water management plans for the future, current and future demands, along with available adaptation options should be assessed through community engagement. An analysis of available water resources, existing demands and use per sector served to assess the nation’s historic water status. Taking into account the effect of both population growth and rainfall reduction, future per sector demands were predicted by linear temporal trend analysis. Water sector vulnerability and adaptation options were assessed by engaging thirty five stakeholders. A set of weighed-criterions were selected, adopted, modified, and then framed into comprehensive guidelines. A quantitative ratio-level approach was used to quantify the magnitude and likelihood of risks and opportunities associated with each proposed adaptation measure using the level of effectiveness and severity status. Prioritization indicated that public awareness and training programs were the most feasible and effective adaptation measures, while building new infrastructure was of low priority. Associated barriers were related to a lack of financial resources, institutional arrangements, and data collection, sharing, availability, consistency and transparency, as well as willingness to adapt. Independent community-based watershed-vulnerability analyses to address water integrity at watershed scale are recommended.
Implications of spatial scale on climate change assessments
Authors: Pingale Santosh , Adamowski Jan , Jat Mahesh , Khare Deepak 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
While assessing the effects of climate change at global or regional scales, local factors responsible for climate change are generalized, which results in the averaging of effects. However, climate change assessment is required at a micro-scale to determine the severity of climate change. To ascertain the impact of spatial scales on climate change assessments, trends and shifts in annual and seasonal (monsoon and non-monsoon), rainfall and temperature (minimum, average and maximum) were determined at three different spatial resolutions in India (Ajmer city, Ajmer District and Rajasthan State). The Mann–Kendall (MK), MK test with pre-whitening of series (MK–PW), and Modified Mann–Kendall (MMK) test, along with other statistical techniques were used for the trend analysis. The Pettitt–Mann–Whitney (PMW) test was applied to detect the temporal shift in climatic parameters. The Sen’s slope and % change in rainfall and temperature were also estimated over the study period (35 years). The annual and seasonal average temperature indicates significant warming trends, when assessed at a fine spatial resolution (Ajmer city) compared to a coarser spatial resolution (Ajmer District and Rajasthan State resolutions). Increasing trend was observed in minimum, mean and maximum temperature at all spatial scales; however, trends were more pronounced at a finer spatial resolution (Ajmer city). The PMW test indicates only the significant shift in non-monsoon season rainfall, which shows an increase in rainfall after 1995 in Ajmer city. The Kurtosis and coefficient of variation also revealed significant climate change, when assessed at a finer spatial resolution (Ajmer city) compared to a coarser resolution. This shows the contribution of land use/land cover change and several other local anthropogenic activities on climate change. The results of this study can be useful for the identification of optimum climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies based on the severity of climate change at different spatial scales.
CropSyst model for wheat under deficit irrigation using sprinkler and drip irrigation in sandy soil
Authors: Noreldin Tahany , Ouda Samiha , Mounzer Oussama , Abdelhamid Magdi T. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCropSyst (Cropping Systems Simulation) is used as an analytic tool for studying irrigation water management to increase wheat productivity. Therefore, two field experiments were conducted to 1) calibrate CropSyst model for wheat grown under sprinkler and drip irrigation systems, 2) to use the simulation results to analyse the relationship between applied irrigation amount and the resulted yield and 3) to simulate the effect of saving irrigation water on wheat yield. Drip irrigation system in three treatments (100%, 75% and 50% of crop evapotranspiration – ETc) and under sprinkler irrigation system in five treatments (100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20% of ETc) were imposed on these experiments. Results using CropSyst calibration revealed-that results of using CropSyst calibration revealed that the model was able to predict wheat grain and biological yield, with high degree of accuracy. Using 100% ETc under drip system resulted in very low water stress index (WSI = 0.008), whereas using 100% ETc sprinkler system resulted in WSI = 0.1, which proved that application of 100% ETc enough to ensure high yield. The rest of deficit irrigation treatments resulted in high yield losses. Simulation of application of 90% ETc not only reduced yield losses to either irrigation system, but also increased land and water productivity. Thus, it can be recommended to apply irrigation water to wheat equal to 90% ETc to save on the applied water and increase water productivity.
Near-synonymy analysis of the descriptive adjective "debeo, -la, -lo" in Sebian and its English couterpart "fat"
Authors: Čarapić Dragana 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis paper highlights certain semantic similarities and differences between the descriptive adjective "debeo, -la, -lo" in Serbian and its English equivalent "fat". A multi-faceted approach is used to perform a collocational and componential analysis of the collocates extracted from various corpora. A contrastive analysis is also undertaken. Furthermore, a specific emphasis is placed on the presence of grammatical gender in Serbian, and the lack of such gender in English. Thus, the results of the analysis illustrate how the semantic (and grammatical) aspects of these adjectives in the two languages are reflected in the use of the words and how they collocate. In addition, the collocational framework of the adjective "debeo, -la, -lo" in Serbian was found to change, based both on the grammatical gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), and also on the sequence of its near synonyms. The same changes were not found in English which lacks grammatical gender. The paper uses electronic databases and corpora to analyse the frequency of the collocations found for the selected adjectives in both languages. The results suggest that there are distinct idiomatic meanings to the analysed adjectives in both Serbian and English.