bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When Fascism Became Mainstream: The Challenge of Extremism in Times of Crisis
Authors: Kallis Aristotle 
Published: April 2015

In the years between the two world wars a fledgling radical force that we today call ‘fascism’ was transformed from a tiny fringe movement into a dominant international political paradigm that challenged liberal ‘mainstream’ values and violently reversed decades of progressive change. Fascism’s spectacular and devastating success underlined how limited, resented, and reversible the alleged liberal consensus was in large parts of Europe during the interwar years; and how much demand for radical ultranationalist and authoritarian alternatives lay just below the fragile veneer of the liberal-democratic mainstream. The worldwide economic crisis was a catalyst for, rather than the primary cause of, this transformation, revealing and legitimising strong pre-existing concerns and resentments, both among the elites and public opinion.
What is the relevance of this sombre historical precedent for contemporary Europe, haunted by perceptions of unprecedented existential, economic, and identity crises? How robust is the current mainstream consensus around liberal values and what kind of challenge does the continuing popularity of the radical populist right pose for ‘mainstream’ politics and society? More importantly, even if the new radical right still commands minority – though growing – support, are some of its extreme discourses becoming normalised and embedded into the mainstream?
Tree-Ring Amplification of the Early Nineteenth-Century Summer Cooling in Central Europea
Authors: Büntgen Ulf , Trnka Miroslav , Krusic Paul J. , Kyncl Tomáš , Kyncl Josef , Luterbacher Jürg , Zorita Eduardo , Ljungqvist Fredrik Charpentier , Auer Ingeborg , Konter Oliver , Schneider Lea , Tegel Willy , Štěpánek Petr , Brönnimann Stefan , Hellmann Lena , Nievergelt Daniel , Esper Jan 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Annually resolved and absolutely dated tree-ring chronologies are the most important proxy archives to reconstruct climate variability over centuries to millennia. However, the suitability of tree-ring chronologies to reflect the “true” spectral properties of past changes in temperature and hydroclimate has recently been debated. At issue is the accurate quantification of temperature differences between early nineteenth-century cooling and recent warming. In this regard, central Europe (CEU) offers the unique opportunity to compare evidence from instrumental measurements, paleomodel simulations, and proxy reconstructions covering both the exceptionally hot summer of 2003 and the year without summer in 1816. This study uses 565 Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra) ring width samples from high-elevation sites in the Slovakian Tatra Mountains and Austrian Alps to reconstruct CEU summer temperatures over the past three centuries. This new temperature history is compared to different sets of instrumental measurements and state-of-the-art climate model simulations. All records independently reveal the coolest conditions in the 1810s and warmest after 1996, but the ring width–based reconstruction overestimates the intensity and duration of the early nineteenth-century summer cooling by approximately 1.5°C at decadal scales. This proxy-specific deviation is most likely triggered by inflated biological memory in response to reduced warm season temperature, together with changes in radiation and precipitation following the Tambora eruption in April 1815. While suggesting there exists a specific limitation in ring width chronologies to capture abrupt climate perturbations with increased climate system inertia, the results underline the importance of alternative dendrochronological and wood anatomical parameters, including stable isotopes and maximum density, to assess the frequency and severity of climatic extremes.
Storm-Scale Data Assimilation and Ensemble Forecasts for the 27 April 2011 Severe Weather Outbreak in Alabama
Authors: Yussouf Nusrat , Dowell David C. , Wicker Louis J. , Knopfmeier Kent H. , Wheatley Dustan M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
As part of NOAA’s Warn-on-Forecast (WoF) initiative, a multiscale ensemble-based assimilation and prediction system is developed using the WRF-ARW model and DART assimilation software. To evaluate the capabilities of the system, retrospective short-range probabilistic storm-scale (convection allowing) ensemble analyses and forecasts are produced for the 27 April 2011 Alabama severe weather outbreak. Results indicate that the storm-scale ensembles are able to analyze the observed storms with strong low-level rotation at approximately the correct locations and to retain the supercell structures during the 0–1-h forecasts with reasonable accuracy. The system predicts the low-level mesocyclones of significant isolated tornadic supercells that align well with the locations of radar-derived rotation. For cases with multiple interacting storms in close proximity, the system tends to produce more variability in mesocyclone forecasts from one initialization time to the next until the observations show the dominance of one of the cells. The short-range ensemble probabilistic forecasts obtained from this continuous 5-min storm-scale 6-h-long update system demonstrate the potential of a frequently updated, high-resolution NWP system that could be used to extend severe weather warning lead times. This study also demonstrates the challenges associated with developing a WoF-type system. The results motivate future work to reduce model errors associated with storm motion and spurious cells, and to design storm-scale ensembles that better represent typical 1-h forecast errors.
Communities of practice: Exploring enablers and barriers with school health clinicians
Authors: Roberts Gwenyth I. 
Published: April 2015

Background. It is imperative that therapists keep pace with relevant knowledge and reflect on their practice. Community of practice (CoP) sessions provide clinicians with a forum to share stories, exchange information, and foster scholarly practice. Studies on CoPs in health care are limited. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to explore the enablers and barriers to participation in CoPs. Method. Occupational therapists and physiotherapists in a school health program participated in a questionnaire ( n = 18) and semi-structured interviews ( n = 14). Analyses were completed using descriptive statistics (questionnaires) and interpretative phenomenological analysis (interviews). Findings. Six themes describing participation in CoPs emerged: structure–engagement, learning, growth–becoming, fellowship–belonging, implementation–doing, and contributing–influencing. The findings highlight the importance of situated learning, reflection, and creativity to influence practice through discussions of ideas, research, and resources in small supportive groups of like-minded individuals with an informal, self-directed structure. Implications. Features to consider when implementing CoPs in the workplace are discussed.
Enhancing student occupational therapists’ client-centred counselling skills
Authors: Wener Pamela F. , Bergen Carolyn O. , Diamond-Burchuk Lisa G. , Yamamoto Cynthia M. , Hosegood Alana E. , Staley James D. 
Published: April 2015

Background. Client-centred practice is the cornerstone of the occupational therapy profession. However, there has been little focus on how to teach students to be client-centred practitioners while engaged in counselling. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the use of a client-completed rating scale on student occupational therapists’ client-centred counselling skills. Method. A time-series design was used to measure the changes in students’ counselling skills over time. Demographic information was collected prior to time one. An online questionnaire was administered after study completion to explore students’ experiences of using the Session Rating Scale. Findings. The impact of using the Session Rating Scale as a measure of students’ client-centred counselling skills performance significantly improved over time. Most students valued using the rating scale and would recommend its use for future students. Implications. The process of supporting students to learn how to engage clients in providing timely feedback and using this feedback to design treatment sets the stage for integration and application of client-centred practice.
Collaborative priority setting for human immunodeficiency virus rehabilitation research: A case report
Authors: Restall Gayle J. , Carnochan Tara N. , Roger Kerstin Stieber , Sullivan Theresa M. , Etcheverry Emily J. , Roddy Pumulo 
Published: April 2015

Background. The inclusion of community members and other stakeholders in the establishment of research priorities is vital to ensuring that priorities are congruent with the main concerns of affected communities. Purpose. The purpose of this project was to identify priority research topics for addressing the activity and community participation needs of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and meaningfully involve multiple stakeholders in the development of those priorities. Method. We invited people living with HIV, researchers, service providers, and policy makers to a 2-day forum. Twenty-six people participated in developing priorities through the application of two methodologies, the World Café and Dotmocracy. We evaluated the forum though immediate dialogue and a postproject survey. Findings. Participants identified 10 high-priority research topics. Evaluation findings highlighted positive substantive, instrumental, personal, and normative outcomes of stakeholder involvement. Implications. The identified priority topics can guide future occupational therapy practice and research in this emerging area.
Stressful life events preceding the onset of depression in Asian patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Park Subin , Hatim Ahmad , Si Tian-Mei , Jeon Hong Jin , Srisurapanont Manit , Bautista Dianne , Liu Shen-ing , Chua Hong Choon , Hong Jin Pyo 
Published: April 2015

Background: Previous studies have identified the significant role of stressful life events in the onset of depressive episodes. However, there is a paucity of cross-national studies on stressful life events that precede depression. Aims: We aimed to compare types of stressful life events associated with the onset of depressive episodes in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) in five Asian countries. Method: A total of 507 outpatients with MDD were recruited in China ( n = 114), South Korea ( n = 101), Malaysia ( n = 90), Thailand ( n = 103) and Taiwan ( n = 99). All patients were assessed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the List of Threatening Experiences. The prevalence of each type of stressful life events was calculated and compared between each country. Results: The type of stressful life event that preceded the onset of a depressive episode differed between patients in China and Taiwan and those in South Korea, Malaysia and Thailand. Patients in China and Taiwan were less likely to report interpersonal relationship problems and occupational/financial problems than patients in South Korea, Malaysia and Thailand. Conclusion: Understanding the nature and basis of culturally determined susceptibilities to specific stressful life events is critical for establishing a policy of depression prevention and providing effective counseling services for depressed patients.
Parathyroid Localization and Preservation during Transcervical Resection of Substernal Thyroid Glands
Authors: Heineman Thomas E. , Kadkade Prajoy , Kutler David I. , Cohen Marc A. , Kuhel William I. 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveThe feasibility of parathyroid preservation during thyroidectomy has not been well documented for cases in which the thyroid gland extends into the mediastinum.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.SettingTertiary academic referral center.Subjects and MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, 70 consecutive patients who had substernal thyroid glands treated with a transcervical thyroidectomy between 1993 and 2013 were compared with 286 thyroidectomies that did not entail substernal extension within that same time period. All localized parathyroid glands were confirmed histologically.ResultsOf 160 possible parathyroid glands in the substernal cases, 119 (74%) were histologically confirmed intraoperatively (67 superior and 52 inferior). In nonsubsternal cases, 725 (89%) were histologically confirmed (372 superior and 353 inferior). There was a statistically significant difference between the substernal and nonsubsternal cases in the total number of glands found (P <. 0001) and the number of superior and inferior glands that were identified (P =. 009 and < 0.0001).ConclusionsEven when the thyroid gland extends into the mediastinum, it is often possible, although with reduced efficiency, to identify and preserve the parathyroid glands.
Redefining Simulation Fidelity for Healthcare Education
Authors: Tun Jimmy Kyaw , Alinier Guillaume , Tang Jessica , Kneebone Roger L. 
Published: April 2015

Background. Fidelity - an intrinsic property of simulation is crucial to simulation design and to educational effectiveness. Yet the term fidelity is inconsistently used, which makes it difficult to draw inferences from current literature and translate research into practice. Aim. In this article, we attempt to bring some clarity to the term simulation fidelity in healthcare education. Method. We are opposed to the notion that high-fidelity simulation requires complete and faithful replication of reality, and instead argue for an accurate representation of real-world cues and stimuli. We address a number of issues surrounding the term fidelity and how it is currently used in the literature. Result. In recognising the limitations of current methods of describing fidelity in the literature, we propose an alternative 3-dimensional framework for fidelity along the axes of the patient, clinical scenario, and healthcare facilities as a means for more precise and practical positioning of current healthcare simulation activities. Conclusion. All aspects of fidelity significantly hinge on the learners’ perceived realism of the context of the learning episode as opposed to any one particular element such as the technology used.
Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Hindfoot and Ankle Fusions Treated With rhPDGF-BB in Combination With a β-TCP-Collagen Matrix
Authors: Daniels Timothy R. , Younger Alastair S. E. , Penner Murray J. , Wing Kevin J. , Le Ian L. D. , Russell Iain S. , Lalonde Karl-André , Evangelista Peter T. , Quiton Jovelyn D. , Glazebrook Mark , DiGiovanni Christopher W. 
Published: April 2015

Background: Ankle and hindfoot arthrodesis is often supplemented with autograft to promote bony union. Autograft harvest can lead to increased perioperative morbidity. Purified recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor BB homodimer (rhPDGF-BB) has stimulated bone formation in mandibular defects and hindfoot fusion. This randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of rhPDGF-BB combined with an injectable, osteoconductive beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)–collagen matrix versus autograft in ankle and hindfoot fusions. Methods: Seventy-five patients requiring ankle or hindfoot fusion were randomized 5:1 for rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP-collagen (treatment, n = 63) or autograft (control, n = 12). Prospective analysis included 142 autograft control subjects from another clinical trial with identical study protocols. Standardized operative and postoperative protocols were used. Patients underwent standard internal fixation augmented with autograft or 0.3 mg/mL rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP-collagen. Radiologic, clinical, and quality-of-life outcomes were assessed over 52 weeks. Primary outcome was joint fusion (50% or more osseous bridging on computed tomography) at 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes included radiographs, clinical healing status, visual analog scale pain score, American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Scale score, Foot Function Index score, and Short Form-12 score. Noninferiority P values were calculated. Results: Complete fusion of all involved joints at 24 weeks as indicated by computed tomography was achieved in 53 of 63 (84%) rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP-collagen-treated patients and 100 of 154 (65%) autograft-treated patients ( P < .001). Mean time to fusion was 14.3 ± 8.9 weeks for rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP-collagen patients versus 19.7 ± 11.5 weeks for autograft patients ( P < .01). Clinical success at 52 weeks was achieved in 57 of 63 (91%) rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP-collagen patients and 120 of 154 (78%) autograft patients ( P < .001). Safety-related outcomes were equivalent. Autograft controls had 2 bone graft harvest infections. Conclusions: Application of rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP-collagen was a safe, effective alternative to autograft for ankle and hindfoot fusions, eliminating the pain and morbidity associated with autograft harvesting. Level of Evidence: Level I, prospective randomized study.
Effects of Rivaroxaban on Platelet Activation and Platelet–Coagulation Pathway Interaction
Authors: Perzborn Elisabeth , Heitmeier Stefan , Laux Volker 
Published: April 2015

Introduction: Activation of coagulation and platelets is closely linked, and arterial thrombosis involves coagulation activation as well as platelet activation and aggregation. In these studies, we investigated the possible synergistic effects of rivaroxaban in combination with antiplatelet agents on thrombin generation and platelet aggregation in vitro and on arterial thrombosis and hemostasis in rat models. Materials and Methods: Thrombin generation was measured by the Calibrated Automated Thrombogram method (0.5 pmol/L tissue factor) using human platelet-rich plasma (PRP) spiked with rivaroxaban (15, 30, or 60 ng/mL), ticagrelor (1.0 µg/mL), and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; 100 µg/mL). Tissue factor-induced platelet aggregation was measured in PRP spiked with rivaroxaban (15 or 30 ng/mL), ticagrelor (1 or 3 µg/mL), or a combination of these. An arteriovenous (AV) shunt model in rats was used to determine the effects of rivaroxaban (0.01, 0.03, or 0.1 mg/kg), clopidogrel (1 mg/kg), ASA (3 mg/kg), and combinations on arterial thrombosis. Results: Rivaroxaban inhibited thrombin generation in a concentration-dependent manner and the effect was enhanced with ticagrelor and ticagrelor plus ASA. Rivaroxaban and ticagrelor also concentration-dependently inhibited tissue factor-induced platelet aggregation, and their combination increased the inhibition synergistically. In the AV shunt model, rivaroxaban dose-dependently reduced thrombus formation. Combining subefficacious or weakly efficacious doses of rivaroxaban with ASA or ASA plus clopidogrel increased the antithrombotic effect. Conclusion: These data indicate that the combination of rivaroxaban with single or dual antiplatelet agents works synergistically to reduce platelet activation, which may in turn lead to the delayed/reduced formation of coagulation complexes and vice versa, thereby enhancing antithrombotic potency.
Effects of Pregnane X Receptor Genetic Polymorphisms on Stable Warfarin Doses
Authors: Moon Jung Yeon , Chang Byung Chul , Lee Kyung Eun , Bang Jun Seok , Gwak Hye Sun 
Published: April 2015

Objective: Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a transcriptional regulator of many drug-metabolizing enzymes including cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9. The objective of this study was to assess the possible association between PXR single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and stable warfarin doses. Methods: A total of 201 patients with stable warfarin doses from the EwhA-Severance Treatment (EAST) Group of Warfarin were included in this study. The influence of genetic polymorphisms on stable warfarin doses was investigated by genotyping 11 SNPs, that is, vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1) rs9934438, CYP2C9 rs1057910, CYP4F2 rs2108622, constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) rs2501873, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) rs3212198, and PXR (rs3814055, rs1403526, rs3732357, rs3732360, rs2276707 and rs2472682). Subgroup analysis was conducted on CYP2C9 wild-type homozygote allele (AA) carriers. Results: One PXR SNP of rs2472682 (A>C) exhibited significant association with stable warfarin doses in study population and the subgroup; variant homozygote carriers required significantly lower daily doses of warfarin than those carrying wild allele by about 0.8 mg. Approximate 43.7% of overall interindividual variability in warfarin dose requirement was explained by multivariate regression model. VKORC1, CYP2C9, age, CYP4F2, PXR rs2472682, and CAR/HNF4α rs2501873/rs3212198 accounted for 29.6%, 5.9%, 3.7%, 2.3%, 1.3%, and 0.9% of the variability, respectively. PXR SNP of rs2472682 remained a significant factor in CYP2C9 wild-type homozygote carriers based on univariate and multivariate analyses. The combination of CAR/HNF4α/PXR SNPs of rs2501873/rs3212198/rs2472682 showed about 1 mg dose difference between grouped genotypes in study population and subgroup. Conclusion: Our results revealed that PXR could be a determinant of stable warfarin doses.
Systemic therapy in stage IV pancreatic cancer: a population-based analysis using the National Cancer Data Base
Authors: Khanal Nabin , Upadhyay Smrity , Dahal Sumit , Bhatt Vijaya Raj , Silberstein Peter T. 
Published: April 2015

Background: Pancreatic cancer accounts for approximately 7% of all cancer deaths. More than half of all pancreatic cancers are stage IV at diagnosis, where systemic chemotherapy is used with the goal of life prolongation as well as palliation. The patient characteristics and health system factors that drive the use of systemic therapy are unknown. Method: This is a retrospective study of stage IV pancreatic cancer patients ( n = 140,210) diagnosed between 2000 and 2011 in the NCDB. NCDB contains approximately 70% of new cancer diagnosis from more than 1500 accredited cancer programs in the United States and Puerto Rico. Chi-squared test was used to determine any differences in characteristics of patients who did or did not receive systemic therapy. Results: Our study demonstrated that only 49.1% of stage IV pancreatic cancer patients received systemic therapy. The use of systemic therapy is significantly lower in female, African American/Hispanic, patients older than 40 years, those without insurance or with Medicare and Medicaid, higher Charlson Comorbidity Score, poor economic and educational status and in nonacademic centers. Conclusions: This is the largest study to evaluate the determinants of systemic therapy use in stage IV pancreatic cancer. The use of systemic therapy was significantly lower in patients older than 40 years, lower educational status, nonprivate insurance and with higher Charlson Comorbidity Scores. In addition, the use of systemic therapy was lower with female sex, African Americans/Hispanic, and lower socio-economic status. Understanding the barriers in the use of systemic therapy as well as appropriate utilization of systemic therapy can both optimize cancer care.