bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Right Internal Jugular Vein Cross-Sectional Area: Is There an Optimal Level for Cannulation?
Authors: Aljure Oscar , Castillo-Pedraza Catalina M. , Mitzova-Vladinov Greta , Maratea Edward A. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Background: Perioperatively, the preferred site for central venous access by anesthesia providers is the right internal jugular vein (RIJV). Maneuvers such as Trendelenburg position and positive end-expiratory pressure are commonly performed to increase the size of the RIJV and increase the success rate of cannulation.
Methods: We evaluated the size of RIJV at various anatomic levels in the neck to assess the most advantageous level for cannulation with patients in a flat, supine position without use of Trendelenburg. In this study 18 healthy subjects were placed in a flat, supine position for measurements of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the RIJV using vascular ultrasound. Three measurements were obtained at each of the 5 anatomic levels of the neck. The first baseline measurement was taken at the level of cricoid cartilage (0 cm), followed by measurements at 4 other levels: cephalad to the cricoid cartilage at +1 and +2 cm, and caudad to the cricoid cartilage at −1 and −2 cm. The measurements of the CSA in centimeters2 were electronically calculated after manual anatomic outlining of the vein. Factors that may influence the RIJV size, including age, gender, and body surface area, were included in the data analysis.
Results: The average CSA of the RIJV at the 5 levels measured (from +2 to −2 cm) were 0.91, 0.97, 1.06, 1.10, and 1.14 cm2, respectively. The CSA of the RIJV was significantly larger at every 1-cm interval from the most cephalad level at +2 cm to the −2 cm most caudad level, except for the 0 to the −1 cm interval. Statistically significant difference in the CSA (P &lt; .001 or 20%), was noted from the −2 to the +2 cm levels. No differences were found based on age, gender, or body surface area.
Conclusions: The anatomic level of the neck in relation to the cricoid cartilage at which jugular puncture is performed should be considered together with other maneuvers that may increase RIJV size. Success of RIJV cannulation may be increased by accessing the vein at a point with the largest CSA—1 to 2 cm caudad of the cricoid cartilage—especially in cases when the patient does not tolerate Trendelenburg position or ultrasound guidance is not available.
Effect ofGlomus aggregatumon photosynthetic function of snap bean in response to elevated ozone
Authors: WANG S. G. , DIAO X. J. , LI Y. W. , MA L. M. 
Published: February 2015

SUMMARYSnap bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) with different ozone (O3) sensitivities (line S156: O3-sensitive; line R123: O3-tolerant) were grown for 70 days with or without inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi under ambient (CAMB = 20 nanolitres (nl)/l and elevated (CMID = '50 nl/l andCHIG = 80 nl/l) O3. Sequential determinations (leaf injury, pigment concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis, etc) were carried out during plant growth to evaluate mycorrhizal influence on the photosynthetic function of the two genotypes under elevated O3. Inoculation with AM fungi alleviated leaf injury in both genotypes and delayed time of injury manifestation (TIM) in the R123 line at the blooming stage (growth stage (GS): 61-65 (Zadoks scale, Zadokset al. 1974), 30–35 days after the onset of O3fumigation), but mycorrhizal effect was slight at the initial growth stage (GS 11–13, 0–5 days after onset of O3fumigation). Relative to the non-mycorrhizal plant, AM fungi inoculation increased the concentrations of chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b and carotenoids in S156 plants, regardless of O3levels, while in R123 plants a similar effect was observed only in theCAMBtreatment. At the blooming (GS 61–65) and the pod filling (GS 71–77, 45–50 days after starting O3fumigation) stages, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate for the two genotypes decreased with elevated O3in all treatments, although the effect was reduced inCAMBandCMIDtreatments in AM-inoculated plants; however, the mycorrhizal effect was slight in theCHIGtreatment. Intercellular carbon dioxide concentration increased with elevated O3regardless of AM fungi inoculation, but it was lower in the mycorrhizal plants than in the non-mycorrhizal plants, in most cases. Furthermore, AM fungi inoculation significantly increased the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PS II) photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and electron transport rate in both genotypes in theCHIGtreatment. The present study indicated that in some cases, AM fungi inoculation can enhance plant tolerance to elevated O3through improving plant photosynthetic function, but the effect was reduced by serious O3stress.
On the Grothendieck ring of varieties
Authors: KUBER AMIT 
Published: February 2015

AbstractLet K0(Vark) denote the Grothendieck ring of k-varieties over an algebraically closed field k. Larsen and Lunts asked if two k-varieties having the same class in K0(Vark) are piecewise isomorphic. Gromov asked if a birational self-map of a k-variety can be extended to a piecewise automorphism. We show that these two questions are equivalent over any algebraically closed field. If these two questions admit a positive answer, then we prove that its underlying abelian group is a free abelian group and that the associated graded ring of the Grothendieck ring is the monoid ring $\mathbb{Z}$[$\mathfrak{B}$] where $\mathfrak{B}$ denotes the multiplicative monoid of birational equivalence classes of irreducible k-varieties.
On foreign aid, pollution and abatement
Authors: Oladi Reza , Beladi Hamid 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis paper provides a Ricardian general equilibrium model to study the effect of foreign aid aimed at abating pollution in a small southern recipient economy. The government faces a dynamic problem as it chooses the emission level and abates pollution. The stock of pollution damages consumers and its law of motion is influenced by emission level and the stock of pollution as well as the level of abatement. We show that such type of aid increases emissions, but its effect on pollution stock is ambiguous in the absence of trade. With trade, aid reduces both pollution and emissions given that the recipient country has comparative advantage in the pollution-intensive good. Moreover, such type of aid can be immiserizing with or without trade.
Adherence with early infant feeding and complementary feeding guidelines in the Cork BASELINE Birth Cohort Study
Authors: O’Donovan Sinéad M , Murray Deirdre M , Hourihane Jonathan O’B , Kenny Louise C , Irvine Alan D , Kiely Mairead 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo describe adherence with infant feeding and complementary feeding guidelines.DesignProspective study of infant feeding and complementary feeding practices were collected as part of the Cork BASELINE Birth Cohort Study.SettingCork, Ireland.SubjectsData are described for the 823 infants for whom a diary was completed.ResultsBreast-feeding was initiated in 81 % of infants, and 34 %, 14 % and 1 % of infants were exclusively breast-fed at hospital discharge, 2 and 6 months, respectively. Stage one infant formula decreased from 71 % at 2 months to 13 % at 12 months. The majority of infants (79 %) were introduced to solids between 17 and 26 weeks and 18 % were given solid foods before 17 weeks. Mothers of infants who commenced complementary feeding prior to 17 weeks were younger (29·8v.31·5 years;P<0·001) and more likely to smoke (18v. 8 %;P=0·004). The first food was usually baby rice (69 %), infant breakfast cereals (14 %) or fruit/vegetables (14 %). Meals were generally home-made (49 %), cereal-based (35 %), manufactured (10 %), dairy (3 %) and dessert-based (3 %). The median gap between the first–second, second–third, third–fourth and fourth–fifth new foods was 4, 2, 2 and 2 d, respectively.ConclusionsWe present the largest prospective cohort study to date on early infant feeding in Ireland. The rate of breast-feeding is low by international norms. Most mothers introduce complementary foods between 4 and 6 months with lengthy gaps between each new food/food product. There is a high prevalence of exposure to infant breakfast cereals, which are composite foods, among the first foods introduced.
Mimesis and rivalry: European empires and global regimes
Authors: Adelman Jeremy 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis article places empires as interlocking parts of a broader global regime, a term invoked as an alternative to a world system. By focusing on connective processes and political contingencies, it presents a strategy that avoids rendering empires as radial hubs of a European-centred arrangement. Two features lie at the core of the approach: the way in which empires competed with each other, and the way in which they imitated, borrowed, and learned from each other. Instead of looking at the cyclical rise or fall of great powers, the accent here is on the tensions and intervisibilities between the parts that make up a whole. The regime was, therefore, inherently unstable and integrative at the same time. The article looks in particular at European empires embedded in the broader, unstable, yet increasingly integrated global context that shaped them. The period at stake covers the fifteenth century to the nineteenth and concludes by pointing at some longer-term legacies. It suggests an alternative political economy to the familiar models of ‘European world system’.
Maritime entrepreneurs and policy-makers: a historical approach to contemporary economic globalization
Authors: Ekberg Espen , Lange Even , Nybø Andreas 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis article adopts a historical approach to examine the role played by maritime entrepreneurs and maritime policy-makers in the unprecedented growth of world trade during the second half of the twentieth century. The purpose is to show how globalization as a macroeconomic process was shaped and sustained by human agency operating within maritime business and maritime politics. For more than two decades, economic globalization has been a major field of study within the social sciences. While providing many valuable insights, this literature tends to approach globalization primarily from a macro-perspective and to treat the process largely in quantitative terms. Through a series of separate historical case studies, this article shows the possibilities of more micro- and meso-oriented analysis, focusing more on processes and transformations than stages and outcomes.
A world of copper: globalizing the Industrial Revolution, 1830–70
Authors: Evans Chris , Saunders Olivia 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFor most of human history the smelting of metallic ores has been performed immediately adjacent to the ore body. In the 1830s the copper industry that was centred on Swansea in the UK departed abruptly from that ancient pattern: Swansea smelters shipped in ores from very distant locations, including sites in Australasia, Latin America, and southern Africa. Swansea became the hub of a globally integrated heavy industry, one that deployed capital on a very large scale, implanted British industrial technologies in some very diverse settings, and mobilized a transnational workforce that included British-born ‘labour aristocrats’, Chinese indentured servants, and African slaves. This paper explores the World of Copper between its inception c.1830 and its demise in the aftermath of the American Civil War. It asks what the experience of this precociously globalized industry can contribute to some current concerns in global history.
Late nineteenth-century globalization: London and Lomagundi perspectives on mining speculation in southern Africa, 1894–1904
Authors: Phimister Ian 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn southern Africa the portal of globalization opened by finance capital towards the end of the nineteenth century frequently turned on mining speculation. A particularly notorious case was that of the Ayrshire mine in Southern Rhodesia's Lomagundi district. Touted in its heyday as the richest gold prospect in the entire southern half of the continent, the Ayrshire's corporate existence was characterized by company-mongering and market manipulation in the City of London. Few of these concerns immediately impinged on indigenous interests. As interaction between the global and the local was sporadic and contingent, local politics of dynastic accommodation only gradually gave way to global dynamics of dispossession and accumulation.
‘Inhabitants of the universe’: global families, kinship networks, and the formation of the early modern colonial state in Asia
Authors: Veevers David 
Published: February 2015

AbstractNew research on the early modern colonial state in Asia has emphasized the agency of actors and their networks in a process of state formation, while the rise of global history has similarly highlighted the importance of global connections in forming sites of empire. This article seeks to contribute to this growing literature. It does so by revealing that the families of English East India Company servants, following their counterparts in other European East India companies in Asia, underwent a global transition in which they established Asian-wide networks of kinship, transcending the local and regional spaces in which they had previously operated. Through their increasing ability to operate across the social, cultural, economic, and political borders of Asia, Company kinship networks facilitated the formation of a politically amorphous colonial state. Furthermore, while previous scholarship has confined colonial state formation to the later eighteenth century, this article challenges the historiography by relocating this process to the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
CEACAM1 induces B-cell survival and is essential for protective antiviral antibody production
Authors: Khairnar Vishal , Duhan Vikas , Maney Sathish Kumar , Honke Nadine , Shaabani Namir , Pandyra Aleksandra A. , Seifert Marc , Pozdeev Vitaly , Xu Haifeng C. , Sharma Piyush , Baldin Fabian , Marquardsen Florian , Merches Katja , Lang Elisabeth , Kirschning Carsten , Westendorf Astrid M. , Häussinger Dieter , Lang Florian , Dittmer Ulf , Küppers Ralf , Recher Mike , Hardt Cornelia , Scheffrahn Inka , Beauchemin Nicole , Göthert Joachim R. , Singer Bernhard B. , Lang Philipp A. , Lang Karl S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractB cells are essential for antiviral immune defence because they produce neutralizing antibodies, present antigen and maintain the lymphoid architecture. Here we show that intrinsic signalling of CEACAM1 is essential for generating efficient B-cell responses. Although CEACAM1 exerts limited influence on the proliferation of B cells, expression of CEACAM1 induces survival of proliferating B cells via the BTK/Syk/NF-κB-axis. The absence of this signalling cascade in naive Ceacam1−/− mice limits the survival of B cells. During systemic infection with cytopathic vesicular stomatitis virus, Ceacam1−/− mice can barely induce neutralizing antibody responses and die early after infection. We find, therefore, that CEACAM1 is a crucial regulator of B-cell survival, influencing B-cell numbers and protective antiviral antibody responses.
RIPK3 promotes cell death and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the absence of MLKL
Authors: Lawlor Kate E. , Khan Nufail , Mildenhall Alison , Gerlic Motti , Croker Ben A. , D’Cruz Akshay A. , Hall Cathrine , Kaur Spall Sukhdeep , Anderton Holly , Masters Seth L. , Rashidi Maryam , Wicks Ian P. , Alexander Warren S. , Mitsuuchi Yasuhiro , Benetatos Christopher A. , Condon Stephen M. , Wong W. Wei-Lynn , Silke John , Vaux David L. , Vince James E. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractRIPK3 and its substrate MLKL are essential for necroptosis, a lytic cell death proposed to cause inflammation via the release of intracellular molecules. Whether and how RIPK3 might drive inflammation in a manner independent of MLKL and cell lysis remains unclear. Here we show that following LPS treatment, or LPS-induced necroptosis, the TLR adaptor protein TRIF and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs: X-linked IAP, cellular IAP1 and IAP2) regulate RIPK3 and MLKL ubiquitylation. Hence, when IAPs are absent, LPS triggers RIPK3 to activate caspase-8, promoting apoptosis and NLRP3–caspase-1 activation, independent of RIPK3 kinase activity and MLKL. In contrast, in the absence of both IAPs and caspase-8, RIPK3 kinase activity and MLKL are essential for TLR-induced NLRP3 activation. Consistent with in vitro experiments, interleukin-1 (IL-1)-dependent autoantibody-mediated arthritis is exacerbated in mice lacking IAPs, and is reduced by deletion of RIPK3, but not MLKL. Therefore RIPK3 can promote NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β inflammatory responses independent of MLKL and necroptotic cell death.
Dendritic geometry shapes neuronal cAMP signalling to the nucleus
Authors: Li Lu , Gervasi Nicolas , Girault Jean-Antoine 
Published: February 2015

AbstractNeurons have complex dendritic trees, receiving numerous inputs at various distances from the cell body. Yet the rules of molecular signal propagation from dendrites to nuclei are unknown. DARPP-32 is a phosphorylation-regulated signalling hub in striatal output neurons. We combine diffusion-reaction modelling and live imaging to investigate cAMP-activated DARPP-32 signalling to the nucleus. The model predicts maximal effects on the nucleus of cAMP production in secondary dendrites, due to segmental decrease of dendrite diameter. Variations in branching, perikaryon size or spines have less pronounced effects. Biosensor kinase activity measurement following cAMP or dopamine uncaging confirms these predictions. Histone 3 phosphorylation, regulated by this pathway, is best stimulated by cAMP released in secondary-like dendrites. Thus, unexpectedly, the efficacy of diffusion-based signalling from dendrites to nucleus is not inversely proportional to the distance. We suggest a general mechanism by which dendritic geometry counterbalances the effect of dendritic distance for signalling to the nucleus.
Intermediate DNA methylation is a conserved signature of genome regulation
Authors: Elliott GiNell , Hong Chibo , Xing Xiaoyun , Zhou Xin , Li Daofeng , Coarfa Cristian , Bell Robert J.A. , Maire Cecile L. , Ligon Keith L. , Sigaroudinia Mahvash , Gascard Philippe , Tlsty Thea D. , Harris R. Alan , Schalkwyk Leonard C. , Bilenky Misha , Mill Jonathan , Farnham Peggy J. , Kellis Manolis , Marra Marco A. , Milosavljevic Aleksandar , Hirst Martin , Stormo Gary D. , Wang Ting , Costello Joseph F. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe role of intermediate methylation states in DNA is unclear. Here, to comprehensively identify regions of intermediate methylation and their quantitative relationship with gene activity, we apply integrative and comparative epigenomics to 25 human primary cell and tissue samples. We report 18,452 intermediate methylation regions located near 36% of genes and enriched at enhancers, exons and DNase I hypersensitivity sites. Intermediate methylation regions average 57% methylation, are predominantly allele-independent and are conserved across individuals and between mouse and human, suggesting a conserved function. These regions have an intermediate level of active chromatin marks and their associated genes have intermediate transcriptional activity. Exonic intermediate methylation correlates with exon inclusion at a level between that of fully methylated and unmethylated exons, highlighting gene context-dependent functions. We conclude that intermediate DNA methylation is a conserved signature of gene regulation and exon usage.
Betriebliche Gesundheitsförderung in kleinen, mittleren und großen Unternehmen des Gesundheitssektors – Häufigkeit, Handlungsgründe der Unternehmensleitungen und Hürden der Realisierung
Authors: Schaefer E. , Drexler H. , Kiesel J. 
Published: February 2015

Zusammenfassung
Ziel: Gewinn von Erkenntnissen zur Aktivität in betrieblicher Gesundheitsförderung (BGF) von kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen (KMU) im Vergleich zu Großunternehmen in Mittelfranken. Ein Adressdatensatz von Betrieben aus der Medizinbranche stand zur Verfügung. Neben den Aktivitäten in der BGF wurden insbesondere Hinderungsgründe aus Sicht der Unternehmensleitung und deren Wunsch nach einer Kooperation in einem Unternehmensnetzwerk ermittelt.
Methodik: Die Erhebung der Daten für diese Querschnittstudie erfolgte durch standardisierte Telefoninterviews. Interviewt wurde die Geschäftsleitung, falls dies nicht möglich war, eine benannte Vertretung. 106 Betriebe wurden kontaktiert. Die Studienergebnisse wurden mittels deskriptiver Statistik in SPSS® 20 und mit Methoden der qualitativen und quantitativen Forschung ausgewertet.
Ergebnisse: 80 Betriebe konnten erreicht und befragt werden, was einer Rücklaufquote von 75,5% entspricht. Mehr als die Hälfte (68,8%) der Unternehmen haben bisher einzelne oder mehrere Maßnahmen zur betrieblichen Gesundheitsförderung, vor allem in den Bereichen Ergonomie/Arbeitsumgebung oder Bewegung, durchgeführt. Eine Betrachtung nach Betriebsgröße bestätigt bisherige Studienergebnisse: Mit steigender Unternehmensgröße steigt die relative Häufigkeit von BGF-Maßnahmen. Die Beweggründe für BGF reichen von der Gesunderhaltung der Mitarbeiter (38,2%) bis hin zur Aussage, dass BGF zur Unternehmenskultur gehöre (9,1%). Als erfolgreich betrachten 81,8% der Betriebe ihre Maßnahmen zur Gesundheitsförderung. 80,0% der Unternehmen mit BGF wurden überdies durch einen Partner, wie bspw. eine Krankenkasse (43,2%) unterstützt. Diejenigen, die bisher noch nicht in der BGF aktiv waren, nennen als Grund hierfür am häufigsten, dass sie über BGF noch nicht nachgedacht haben (44,0%). 44,0% der Unternehmen ohne BGF würden zudem gerne aktiv werden. Die Frage, ob die Firmen eine Zusammenarbeit innerhalb eines Unternehmensnetzwerks zur betrieblichen Gesundheitsförderung begrüßen würden, bejahten 65,5% der Unternehmen mit BGF und 56,0% der Unternehmen ohne BGF. Am wichtigsten ist ihnen hier der gegenseitige Austausch.
Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass fast die Hälfte derjenigen Unternehmen, die noch keine BGF etabliert haben, gerne aktiv werden will. Für eine breitere Etablierung der BGF, bietet sich besonders für KMU die Zusammenarbeit in Unternehmensnetzwerken an, am besten unterstützt durch externe Experten, wie z. B. Krankenkassen, Berufsgenossenschaften oder Universitätsinstitute.
A new type of half-quantum circulation in a macroscopic polariton spinor ring condensate
Authors: Liu Gangqiang , Snoke David W. , Daley Andrew , Pfeiffer Loren N. , West Ken 
Published: February 2015

Significance
Polaritons are propagating states in certain solid-state systems that couple directly to light signals. This work gives a clear observation of quantized circulation of a polariton condensate in a ring; spontaneous quantized circulation is one of the key tests of true superfluidity. The quantized circulation seen here is a new type that is only possible in a spinor condensate in a ring geometry. Because polariton condensates can be made relatively easily in solid-state systems that can operate up to room temperature, the door is open to all kinds of superfluid effects of light in optical communications.