bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incremental Layer Shear Bond Strength of Low-shrinkage Resin Composites Under Different Bonding Conditions
Authors: Musa AH Al , Nahedh HNA Al 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARY
The purpose of this study was to determine the incremental shear bond strength of a silorane-based composite (Filtek Silorane) repaired with silorane or a methacrylate-based composite (Filtek Z250) under various aging conditions. Also, the incremental bond strength of the silorane-based composite was compared with that of another low-shrinkage methacrylate-based composite (Aelite LS Posterior) under fresh and aged conditions, with and without the use of an adhesive resin between successive layers. The two brands of low-shrinkage composites were compared with a microhybrid, Filtek Z250, which served as the control. Substrate discs were fabricated and second layers were adhered to them immediately, after two weeks of aging, or after four weeks of aging and with and without an adhesive resin. Shear bond strengths were measured and failure modes were evaluated. The incremental bond strength of silorane to the silorane-based composite was not significantly different from that of the methacrylate-based composite. However, repairing a silorane-based composite with a methacrylate-based composite significantly reduced the bond strength. Aelite showed a lower incremental bond strength than Z250 and silorane, but the use of an adhesive significantly improved the bond strength. The absence of an oxygen-inhibited layer did not affect the bond strength of the consecutive layers of the silorane-based composite.
Helicoidal surfaces in Minkowski space with constant mean curvature and constant Gauss curvature
Authors: López Rafael , Demir Esma 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe classify all helicoidal non-degenerate surfaces in Minkowski space with constant mean curvature whose generating curve is a the graph of a polynomial or a Lorentzian circle. In the first case, we prove that the degree of the polynomial is 0 or 1 and that the surface is ruled. If the generating curve is a Lorentzian circle, we prove that the only possibility is that the axis is spacelike and the center of the circle lies on the axis.
Development and in vitro evaluation of polyurethane microparticles as carrier for bevacizumab: an alternative treatment for retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Albulescu Ramona C , Borcan Florin , Paul Corina , Velea Iulian , Puiu Maria 
Published: May 2014

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is known as an abnormal development of the blood capillaries from the eyes retina, and it is met to those infants that were born too early (premature) as its name suggests. Bevacizumab or Avastin belongs to the class of monoclonal antibodies and it is a possible treatment for those patients who have been diagnosed with a recurrent malignant glioma or other cancers due to its behavior to bind selectively to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this study, eye drops based on a polyurethane carrier used for bevacizumab were obtained and the degradation of this carrier was studied for three weeks in two different media: simulated body fluid (SBF) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS); the influence of ultrasounds on the degradation of polyurethane carrier was also evaluated. The obtained results suggest that the polyurethane carrier presents a very slow degradation which is beneficial for drugs which require low release rates and on the other hand, the concentrations of the degradation products remain at a low level.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v3i6.18759 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, May 2014, 3(6): 275-279
Pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigation of young leaves of Triticum aestivum Linn.
Authors: Jain Gaurav , Argal Ameeta 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT The aim of the work is to perform the pharmacognostic study of the leaves of plant Triticum aestivum Linn., Family Poaceae, commonly known as Wheatgrass. It is cultivated on large scale all over India and also occasionally cultivated in garden. For the present study samples of the Wheatgrass leaves were collected over a specific period of nine days. The drug was cultivated with specific type of hybrid seeds obtained from most reputed institution of India and were scrupulously analysed. For standardization of the herbal drug morphological, phytochemical, physicochemical and microscopical examination was done. The leaves grown were found to be lax, cauline, flat, 0.6 to 0.25 inches (4 to 6 mm) wide, 6-9 inches long and green in color. The chemical compositions of the leaves are proteins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoides, saponins, fibers, tannins and phenolic compounds. The specific variety of seeds, specific time of collection made it more specific to be used for further pharmacological studies.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v3i6.18760 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, May 2014, 3(6): 280-285
Formulation and in-vitro bioequivalence evaluation of verapamil hydrochloride matrix tablets with Calan R
Authors: Bashir Irfan , Sethi Ayesha , Zaman Muhammad , Qureshi Junaid , Sarfraz Rai M. , Mahmood Asif , Sajid Muhammad I. , Jamshaid Talha , Akram Muhammad A. 
Published: May 2014

The purpose of the current work was to formulate Verapamil Hydrochloride (VH) sustained release matrix tablets by using natural polymers and comparison with leading national brand Calan SR of Searle Pharmaceuticals. Tragacanth and pectin were used in various concentrations. Pre compression studies i.e. angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carrs compressibility index and Hausners ratio were also performed and found within the Pharmacopoeial limits. Eight formulations (F1-F8) of (VH) were prepared by direct compression method. Post compression studies i.e. Thickness, Hardness, Diameter, Friability and Dissolution studies were conducted. Different kinetic models i.e. zero order, first order, Highuchi model and Korsmeyer Peppas were applied to study release patterns and similarity index was calculated. Dissolution studies were carried out in phosphate buffer of pH 6.8 showed that formulations (F4 and F8) formulated with higher polymers concentration showed comparatively better drug retardation. F5 was the most comparable with the reference product. Verapamil hydrochloride released was observed non-fickian as diffusion following Higuchi model.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v3i6.18761 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, May 2014, 3(6): 286-290
CANELC: constructing an e-language corpus
Authors: Knight Dawn , Adolphs Svenja , Carter Ronald 
Published: May 2014

This paper reports on the construction of the Cambridge and Nottingham e-language Corpus (CANELC).33 This corpus has been built as part of a collaborative project between the University of Nottingham and Cambridge University Press with whom sole copyright of the annotated corpus resides. CANELC comprises one-million words of digital English taken from SMS messages, blogs, Tweets, discussion board content and private/business e-mails. Plans to extend the corpus are under discussion. The legal dimension to corpus ‘ownership’ of some forms of unannotated data is a complex one and is under constant review. At present, the annotated corpus is only available to authors and researchers working for CUP and is not more generally available. CANELC is a one-million word corpus of digital communication in English, taken from online discussion boards, blogs, tweets, e-mails and Short Message Services (SMS). The paper outlines the approaches used when planning the corpus: obtaining consent, collecting the data and compiling the corpus database.This is followed by a detailed analysis of some of the patterns of language used in the corpus. The analysis includes a discussion of the key words and phrases used, as well as the common themes and semantic associations connected with the data. These discussions form the basis of an investigation into how e-language operates in ways that are both similar to and different from spoken and written records of communication (as evidenced by the British National Corpus, BNC).
Structural and Functional Correlates of Enhanced Antiviral Immunity Generated by Heteroclitic CD8 T Cell Epitopes
Authors: Trujillo Jonathan A. , Gras Stephanie , Twist Kelly-Anne , Croft Nathan P. , Channappanavar Rudragouda , Rossjohn Jamie , Purcell Anthony W. , Perlman Stanley 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPeptides that bind poorly to MHC class I molecules often elicit low–functional avidity T cell responses. Peptide modification by altering the anchor residue facilitates increased binding affinity and may elicit T cells with increased functional avidity toward the native epitope (“heteroclitic”). This augmented MHC binding is likely to increase the half-life and surface density of the heteroclitic complex, but precisely how this enhanced T cell response occurs in vivo is not known. Furthermore, the ideal heteroclitic epitope will elicit T cell responses that completely cross-react with the native epitope, maximizing protection and minimizing undesirable off-target effects. Such epitopes have been difficult to identify. In this study, using mice infected with a murine coronavirus that encodes epitopes that elicit high (S510, CSLWNGPHL)– and low (S598, RCQIFANI)–functional avidity responses, we show that increased expression of peptide S598 but not S510 generated T cells with enhanced functional avidity. Thus, immune responses can be augmented toward T cell epitopes with low functional avidity by increasing Ag density. We also identified a heteroclitic epitope (RCVIFANI) that elicited a T cell response with nearly complete cross-reactivity with native epitope and demonstrated increased MHC/peptide abundance compared with native S598. Structural and thermal melt analyses indicated that the Q600V substitution enhanced stability of the peptide/MHC complex without greatly altering the antigenic surface, resulting in highly cross-reactive T cell responses. Our data highlight that increased peptide/MHC complex display contributes to heteroclitic epitope efficacy and describe parameters for maximizing immune responses that cross-react with the native epitope.
Energetic electrons in dipolarization events: Spatial properties and anisotropy
Authors: Birn J. , Runov A. , Hesse M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractUsing the electromagnetic fields of an MHD simulation of magnetotail reconnection, flow bursts, and dipolarization, we further investigate the acceleration of electrons to suprathermal energies. Particular emphasis is on spatial properties and anisotropies as functions of energy and time. The simulation results are compared with Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms observations. The test particle approach successfully reproduces several observed injection features and puts them into a context of spatial maps of the injection region(s): a dominance of perpendicular anisotropies farther down the tail and closer to the equatorial plane, an increasing importance of parallel anisotropy closer to Earth and at higher latitudes, a drop in energy fluxes at energies below ∼10keV, coinciding with the plasma density drop, together with increases at higher energy, a triple peak structure of flux increases near 0°, 90°, and 180°, and a tendency of flux increases to extend to higher energy closer to Earth and at lower latitudes. We identified the plasma sheet boundary layers and adjacent lobes as a main source region for both increased and decreased energetic electron fluxes, related to the different effects of adiabatic acceleration at high and low energies. The simulated anisotropies tend to exceed the observed ones, particularly for perpendicular fluxes at high energies. The most plausible reason is that the MHD simulation lacks the effects of anisotropy‐driven microinstabilities and waves, which would reduce anisotropies.
Thermo‐poro‐mechanics of chemically active creeping faults: 2. Transient considerations
Authors: Veveakis E. , Poulet T. , Alevizos S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis work studies the transient behavior of a chemically active, fluid‐saturated fault zone under shear. These fault zones are displaying a plethora of responses spanning from ultrafast instabilities, like thermal pressurization, to extremely slow creep localization events on geological timescales. These instabilities can be described by a single model of a rate‐dependent and thermally dependent fault, prone to fluid release reactions at critical temperatures which was introduced in our companion work. In this study we integrate it in time to provide regimes of stable creep, nonperiodic and periodic seismic slip events due to chemical pressurization, depending on the physical properties of the fault material. It is shown that this chemically induced seismic slip takes place in an extremely localized band, several orders of magnitude narrower than the initial shear zone, which is indeed the signature field observation. Furthermore, in the field and in laboratory experiments the ultralocalized deformation is embedded in a chemical process zone that forms part of the shear zone. The width of this zone is shown here to depend on the net activation energy of the chemical reaction. The larger the difference in forward and backward activation energies, the narrower is the chemical process zone. We apply the novel findings to invert the physical parameters from a 16year GPS observation of the Cascadia episodic tremor and slip events and show that this sequence is the fundamental mode of a serpentinite oscillator defined by slow strain localization accompanying shear heating and chemical dehydration reaction at the critical point, followed by diffusion and backward reaction leading the system back to slow slip.
A modeling study of coastal circulation and landfast ice in the nearshore Beaufort and Chukchi seas using CIOM
Authors: Wang Jia , Mizobata Kohei , Bai Xuezhi , Hu Haoguo , Jin Meibing , Yu Yanling , Ikeda Moto , Johnson Walter , Perie William , Fujisaki Ayumi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis study investigates sea ice and ocean circulation using a 3‐D, 3.8 km CIOM (Coupled Ice‐Ocean Model) under daily atmospheric forcing for the period 1990–2008. The CIOM was validated using both in situ observations and satellite measurements. The CIOM successfully reproduces some observed dynamical processes in the region, including the Bering‐inflow‐originated coastal current that splits into three branches: Alaska Coastal Water (ACW), Central Channel branch, and Herald Valley branch. In addition, the Beaufort Slope Current (BSC), the Beaufort Gyre, the East Siberian Current (ESC), mesoscale eddies, and seasonal landfast ice are well simulated. The CIOM also reproduces reasonable interannual variability in sea ice, such as landfast ice, and anomalous open water (less sea ice) during the positive Dipole Anomaly (DA) years, vice versa during the negative DA years. Sensitivity experiments were conducted with regard to the impacts of the Bering Strait inflow (heat transport), onshore wind stress, and sea ice advection on sea ice change, in particular on the landfast ice. It is found that coastal landfast ice is controlled by the following processes: wind forcing, Bering Strait inflow, and sea ice dynamics.
Ten year observations of gravity waves from thunderstorms in western Africa
Authors: Blanc E. , Farges T. , Le Pichon A. , Heinrich P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA new study of gravity waves produced by thunderstorms was performed using continuous recordings at the IS17 (Ivory Coast) infrasound station of the International Monitoring System developed for the verification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test‐Ban Treaty. A typical case study is presented for a large thunderstorm on 10–11 April 2006 lasting near 14 h. Comparison with cloud temperature measured by the Meteosat 6 satellite shows that wave activity is large when the cloud temperature is low inside convection cells located over the station. Statistics based on 10 year data show that the wave activity is intense throughout the year with peak periods in May and October and less intense activity in January, in good agreement with the local keraunic level. The seasonal variations of the wave azimuth highlight clear trends from northward direction from February to August to southward direction from August to December. Lightning flashes, observed from space, show a similar motion confirming that thunderstorms are the main sources of the gravity wave activity. The gravity wave azimuth follows the seasonal motion of the tropical rain belt partly related to the Intertropical Convergence Zone of the winds. The contribution of other possible sources, such as wind over relief, is weak because surface winds are weak in this region and only oceans are present south of the station. We conclude that the large observed wave activity is mainly produced by convection associated to thunderstorms.
Simultaneous evaluation of ice cloud microphysics and nonsphericity of the cloud optical properties using hydrometeor video sonde and radiometer sonde in situ observations
Authors: Seiki Tatsuya , Satoh Masaki , Tomita Hirofumi , Nakajima Teruyuki 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis study utilizes hydrometeor sonde and radiometer sonde in situ observations to simultaneously evaluate ice cloud microphysics and radiative fluxes. In addition, the impact of nonsphericity and heterogeneous ice nucleation schemes on radiative fluxes are examined using a double‐moment bulk cloud microphysics scheme on a midlatitude frontal system. The distribution of simulated outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) is systematically reduced by assuming the presence of columnar ice crystals instead of planar ice crystals because of the difference in the effective radii (the projected area) between the two shapes. However, the choice of the heterogeneous ice nucleation schemes drastically changes the distribution of OLR by modifying the number concentration of the cloud ice (Ni) (more than tenfold). The observed shortwave fluxes are useful for evaluating the simulated number concentration of cloud ice when nonspherical single scattering properties are used instead of spherical single scattering properties. The dependence of the asymmetry factor on the effective radius is the key to quantitatively estimating the ice cloud radiative forcing and determining the aerosol indirect effect on ice clouds. Based on the comparison of shortwave fluxes, the cloud microphysics scheme was found to underestimate the Ni near the cloud base (a robust bias). A possible method of modifying the bias is discussed.
Climate‐driven changes in chemical weathering and associated phosphorus release since 1850: Implications for the land carbon balance
Authors: Goll Daniel S. , Moosdorf Nils , Hartmann Jens , Brovkin Victor 
Published: May 2014

AbstractChemical weathering and associated nutrient release act as a control on atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. To globally quantify the contribution of chemical weathering and associated phosphorus (P) release on the historical trend in terrestrial carbon uptake, we applied a weathering model under climate reconstructions from four Earth System Models. In these simulations, CO2 consumption and P release increased from 1850 to 2005 by 11 ± 3% and 12 ± 4%, respectively. Thereby the intensification of weathering due to climate change could have contributed to a small extent to the trend in terrestrial carbon uptake since the pre–Industrial Period. Using a back of the envelope calculation, we found a feedback strength of CO2 consumption and P release of −0.02 ± 0.01Wm−2K−1 and −0.02 ± 0.01Wm−2K−1, respectively. Although being one magnitude smaller than the carbon cycle feedback, the weathering feedbacks are comparable in strength to small second‐order feedbacks such as methane, fire, or ozone.
Symmetry, randomness, and process in the structure of branched channel networks
Authors: Shelef Eitan , Hilley George E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe branched structure of channel networks has a primary impact on the spatial distribution of elevation, water, and life across Earth's surface from the hillslope to the continental scale and is also observed on other planets. However, the link between this dendritic multiscale structure and the erosional processes that sculpt it has remained elusive for more than six decades. In fact, many topologic measures fail to distinguish natural networks from those generated by random walks. Here we show that a fundamental multiscale topologic symmetry is ingrained into the structure of these networks and reflects the equal elevation drop spanned by flows that split at the drainage divide and meet again downslope. We demonstrate that this symmetry distinguishes random‐walk networks from natural ones, captures the temporal evolution of these networks, and divulges information about the processes that shape them.
Tropical influence independent of ENSO on the austral summer Southern Annular Mode
Authors: Ding Hui , Greatbatch Richard J. , Gollan Gereon 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA link between atmospheric variability in the tropics independent of ENSO and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is found based on seasonal mean data for austral summer. Variations associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are removed using a linear method, and a Tropics Index (TI) is defined as the zonal average of the ENSO‐removed 500 hPa geopotential height between 10°S and 10°N. Since the detrended TI shows no link to sea surface temperature variability in the tropics, it appears to be related to internal atmospheric variability. We find that the TI can explain about 40% variance of the SAM interannual variability and about 75% of the SAM long‐term trend between 1957/1958 and 2001/2002, where here the SAM includes the ENSO signal. Positive/negative values of the TI are associated with the positive/negative SAM. A possible link between the TI and global warming is noted.
Radiated energy estimations from finite‐fault earthquake slip models
Authors: Senatorski Piotr 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRadiated seismic energy is expressed in terms of slip velocities by using an overdamped dynamics approximation. This formulation is used to estimate the radiated energy from earthquake finite‐fault models. A correction term is found to show that the approximation underestimates the radiated energy as defined by the full dynamics. The accuracy of the overdamped dynamics solution depends on the rupture history. Two dislocational earthquake models illustrate the dependence of the correction term on the rupture speed and slipping area size. The radiated seismic energies estimated from the finite‐fault models and from seismic waves are compared for real‐world earthquakes. The results are consistent in most cases. Discrepancies between two estimates suggest that both the finite‐fault models and energy estimations from teleseismic data should be revised.
Chorus acceleration of radiation belt relativistic electrons during March 2013 geomagnetic storm
Authors: Xiao Fuliang , Yang Chang , He Zhaoguo , Su Zhenpeng , Zhou Qinghua , He Yihua , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D. , Funsten H. O. , Blake J. B. , Baker D. N. , Wygant J. R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe recent launching of Van Allen probes provides an unprecedent opportunity to investigate variations of the radiation belt relativistic electrons. During the 17–19 March 2013 storm, the Van Allen probes simultaneously detected strong chorus waves and substantial increases in fluxes of relativistic (2 − 4.5 MeV) electrons around L = 4.5. Chorus waves occurred within the lower band 0.1–0.5fce (the electron equatorial gyrofrequency), with a peak spectral density ∼10−4 nT2/Hz. Correspondingly, relativistic electron fluxes increased by a factor of 102–103 during the recovery phase compared to the main phase levels. By means of a Gaussian fit to the observed chorus spectra, the drift and bounce‐averaged diffusion coefficients are calculated and then used to solve a 2‐D Fokker‐Planck diffusion equation. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the lower‐band chorus waves indeed produce such huge enhancements in relativistic electron fluxes within 15 h, fitting well with the observation.