bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of crystal shape‐ and size‐modality on magma rheology
Authors: Moitra P. , Gonnermann H. M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractErupting magma often contains crystals over a wide range of sizes and shapes, potentially affecting magma viscosity over many orders of magnitude. A robust relation between viscosity and the modality of crystal sizes and shapes remains lacking, principally because of the dimensional complexity and size of the governing parameter space. We have performed a suite of shear viscosity measurements on liquid‐particle suspensions of dynamical similarity to crystal‐bearing magma. Our experiments encompass five suspension types, each consisting of unique mixtures of two different particle sizes and shapes. The experiments span two orthogonal subspaces of particle concentration, as well as particle size and shape for each suspension type, thereby providing insight into the topology of parameter space. For each suspension type, we determined the dry maximum packing fraction and measured shear rates across a range of applied shear stresses. The results were fitted using a Herschel‐Bulkley model and augment existing predictive capabilities. We demonstrate that our results are consistent with previous work, including friction‐based constitutive laws for granular materials. We conclude that predictions for ascent rates of crystal‐rich magmas must take the shear‐rate dependence of viscosity into account. Shear‐rate dependence depends first and foremost on the volume fraction of crystals, relative to the maximum packing fraction, which in turn depends on crystal size and shape distribution.
Ages and magnetic structures of the South China Sea constrained by deep tow magnetic surveys and IODP Expedition 349
Authors: Li Chun‐Feng , Xu Xing , Lin Jian , Sun Zhen , Zhu Jian , Yao Yongjian , Zhao Xixi , Liu Qingsong , Kulhanek Denise K. , Wang Jian , Song Taoran , Zhao Junfeng , Qiu Ning , Guan Yongxian , Zhou Zhiyuan , Williams Trevor , Bao Rui , Briais Anne , Brown Elizabeth A. , Chen Yifeng , Clift Peter D. , Colwell Frederick S. , Dadd Kelsie A. , Ding Weiwei , Almeida Iván Hernández , Huang Xiao‐Long , Hyun Sangmin , Jiang Tao , Koppers Anthony A. P. , Li Qianyu , Liu Chuanlian , Liu Zhifei , Nagai Renata H. , Peleo‐Alampay Alyssa , Su Xin , Tejada Maria Luisa G. , Trinh Hai Son , Yeh Yi‐Ching , Zhang Chuanlun , Zhang Fan , Zhang Guo‐Liang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractCombined analyses of deep tow magnetic anomalies and International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 349 cores show that initial seafloor spreading started around 33 Ma in the northeastern South China Sea (SCS), but varied slightly by 1–2 Myr along the northern continent‐ocean boundary (COB). A southward ridge jump of ∼20 km occurred around 23.6 Ma in the East Subbasin; this timing also slightly varied along the ridge and was coeval to the onset of seafloor spreading in the Southwest Subbasin, which propagated for about 400 km southwestward from ∼23.6 to ∼21.5 Ma. The terminal age of seafloor spreading is ∼15 Ma in the East Subbasin and ∼16 Ma in the Southwest Subbasin. The full spreading rate in the East Subbasin varied largely from ∼20 to ∼80 km/Myr, but mostly decreased with time except for the period between ∼26.0 Ma and the ridge jump (∼23.6 Ma), within which the rate was the fastest at ∼70 km/Myr on average. The spreading rates are not correlated, in most cases, to magnetic anomaly amplitudes that reflect basement magnetization contrasts. Shipboard magnetic measurements reveal at least one magnetic reversal in the top 100 m of basaltic layers, in addition to large vertical intensity variations. These complexities are caused by late‐stage lava flows that are magnetized in a different polarity from the primary basaltic layer emplaced during the main phase of crustal accretion. Deep tow magnetic modeling also reveals this smearing in basement magnetizations by incorporating a contamination coefficient of 0.5, which partly alleviates the problem of assuming a magnetic blocking model of constant thickness and uniform magnetization. The primary contribution to magnetic anomalies of the SCS is not in the top 100 m of the igneous basement.
Magmatic arc structure around Mount Rainier, WA, from the joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersion
Authors: Obrebski Mathias , Abers Geoffrey A. , Foster Anna 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe deep magmatic processes in volcanic arcs are often poorly understood. We analyze the shear wave velocity (VS) distribution in the crust and uppermost mantle below Mount Rainier, in the Cascades arc, resolving the main velocity contrasts based on converted phases within P coda via source normalization or receiver function (RF) analysis. To alleviate the trade‐off between depth and velocity, we use long period phase velocities (25–100 s) obtained from earthquake surface waves, and at shorter period (7–21 s) we use seismic noise cross correlograms. We use a transdimensional Bayesian scheme to explore the model space (VS in each layer, number of interfaces and their respective depths, level of noise on data). We apply this tool to 15 broadband stations from permanent and Earthscope temporary stations. Most results fall into two groups with distinctive properties. Stations east of the arc (Group I) have comparatively slower middle‐to‐lower crust (VS = 3.4–3.8 km/s at 25 km depth), a sharp Moho and faster uppermost mantle (VS = 4.2–4.4 km/s). Stations in the arc (Group II) have a faster lower crust (VS = 3.7–4 km/s) overlying a slower uppermost mantle (VS = 4.0–4.3 km/s), yielding a weak Moho. Lower crustal velocities east of the arc (Group I) most likely represent ancient subduction mélanges mapped nearby. The lower crust for Group II ranges from intermediate to felsic. We propose that intermediate‐felsic to felsic rocks represent the prearc basement, while intermediate composition indicates the mushy andesitic crustal magmatic system plus solidified intrusion along the volcanic conduits. We interpret the slow upper mantle as partial melt.
Heterogeneity of structure and stress in the Rotokawa Geothermal Field, New Zealand
Authors: McNamara David D. , Massiot Cécile , Lewis Brandon , Wallis Irene C. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractGeometric characterization of a geothermal reservoir's structures, and their relation to stress field orientation, is vital for resource development. Subsurface structure and stress field orientations of the Rotokawa Geothermal Field, New Zealand, have been studied, for the first time, using observations obtained from analysis of three acoustic borehole televiewer logs. While an overall NE‐SW fracture strike exists, heterogeneity in fracture dip orientation is evident. Dominant dip direction changes from well to well due to proximity to variously oriented, graben‐bounding faults. Fracture orientation heterogeneity also occurs within individual wells, where fractures clusters within certain depth intervals have antithetic dip directions to the well's dominant fracture dip direction. These patterns are consistent with expected antithetic faulting in extensional environments. A general SHmax orientation of NE‐SW is determined from induced features on borehole walls. However, numerous localized azimuthal variations from this trend are evident, constituting stress field orientation heterogeneity. These variations are attributed to slip on fracture planes evidenced by changes in the azimuth of drilling‐induced tensile fractures either side of a natural fracture. Correlation of observed fracture properties and patterns to well permeability indicators reveal that fractures play a role in fluid flow in the Rotokawa geothermal reservoir. Permeable zones commonly contain wide aperture fractures and high fracture densities which have a dominant NE‐SW strike orientation and NW dip direction. Studies of this kind, which show strong interdependency of structure and stress field properties, are essential to understand fluid flow in geothermal reservoirs where structural permeability dominates.
Earthquake nucleation in intact or healed rocks
Authors: Brantut Nicolas , Viesca Robert C. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEarthquakes are generated because faults lose strength with increasing slip and slip rate. Among the simplest representations of slip‐dependent strength is the linear slip‐weakening model, characterized by a linear drop to a residual friction. However, healed fault rocks often exhibit some slip strengthening before the onset of weakening. Here we investigate the effect of such a slip‐hardening phase on the initial growth of a slip patch and on the nucleation of rupture instabilities. We assume a piecewise linear strength versus slip constitutive relation. We compute stress and slip distributions for in‐plane or antiplane rupture configurations in response to an increasing, locally peaked (parabolic with curvature κ) stress profile. In contrast with the strictly linear slip‐weakening case, our calculations show that the curvature of the loading profile and the level of background stress strongly influence the nucleation size. Even for small amounts of slip hardening, we find that the critical nucleation size scales with for κ→0, i.e., crack growth remains stable up to very large crack sizes for sufficiently smooth loading profiles. Likewise, when the background stress τb is very close to the initial strength τc, the critical crack size scales with . An eigenvalue analysis shows that the nucleation length increases as the proportion of the crack undergoing slip hardening increases, irrespective of the details of the loading profile. Overall, our results indicate that earthquake nucleation sizes can significantly increase due to slip hardening (e.g., in healed fault rocks), especially when the background loading is smooth.
Model Fit: Assessment of
Authors: W. Glas Cees A. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The fit of item response theory models can be evaluated by the computation of residuals and the associated test statistics. The procedures are targeted at three assumptions: the form of the item response curves, the assumption of local stochastic independence and the assumption of subpopulation invariance. A general statistical framework is given for the definition of test statistics with a know asymptotic distribution. The procedures are worked out in some detail for the 3‐parameter logistic model and the generalized partial credit model. Further, it is outlined how the procedures generalize to other parametric models for dichotomously and polytomously scored items. An example from a school effectiveness study serves as a small illustration. Finally, some references to alternative approaches to the evaluation of model if are given.
Random Effects and Fixed Effects Fallacy
Authors: Smith Philip T. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

The distinction is made between fixed effects and random effects and applied to the analysis of experiments involving linguistic materials, where its use has become a contentious issue. Specifically, some researchers have argued that treating linguistic variables such as words as fixed effects in analysis of variance is fallacious. Methods for analyzing data containing two random‐effect factors are reviewed, and the conclusion reached that the use of quasi‐
F
ratios or their approximation by min
F
′ is often best practice. Alternative legitimate analyses are also discussed.
Nachweis der Oszillation in der Stabilität konsekutiver chemischer Bindungen durch Ionen‐induzierte Desorption
Authors: Ossowski Jakub , Rysz Jakub , Krawiec Mariusz , Maciazek Dawid , Postawa Zbigniew , Terfort Andreas , Cyganik Piotr 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEin generelles Konzept der Chemie besagt, dass die Stärkung einer chemischen Bindung eine Schwächung der unmittelbar benachbarten Bindungen bewirkt. Bis heute ist es jedoch unklar, ob und wie sich dieser Effekt über diese Bindungen hinaus auf das Molekülrückgrat auswirkt. Durch die Anbindung von Molekülen an Oberflächen in Form selbstorganisierter Monoschichten kann die Stärke der primären Bindung selektiv verändert werden. Wir berichten hier zum ersten Mal, dass bei der Sekundärionen‐Massenspektrometrie adsorbierter Moleküle eine positionsabhängige Oszillation der Stabilität konsekutiver Bindungen beobachtet werden kann, deren Amplitude sich mit zunehmendem Molekül‐Metall‐Grenzflächen‐Abstand vermindert. Zur Erklärung wurden molekulardynamische Simulationen und DFT‐Rechnungen durchgeführt. Unsere Berechnungen zeigen, dass der beobachtete Oszillationseffekt der chemischen Bindungsstärke genereller Natur ist und einen Bruch der Translationssymmetrie in langkettigen Molekülen bewirkt.
Bildung eines heterobimetallischen Superoxidkomplexes durch Sauerstoffaktivierung zwischen Chrom(II) und einem Lithiumkation
Authors: Schax Fabian , Suhr Simon , Bill Eckhard , Braun Beatrice , Herwig Christian , Limberg Christian 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDurch die Reaktion von 1,1,3,3‐Tetraphenyl‐1,3‐disilanol (LH2) mit n‐Butyllithium und CrCl2 bildet sich ein einkerniger CrII‐Komplex 1, der bei niedrigen Temperaturen mit O2 zu einem einkernigen CrIII‐Superoxid‐Komplex [L2CrO2(THF)][Li2THF3] (2) weiterreagiert. Durch Kristallstrukturanalyse konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Chromsuperoxid‐Einheit durch die Koordination an ein benachbartes Lithiumkation stabilisiert wird. 2 weist damit eine neuartige heterobimetallische [CrIII(μ‐O2)Li]‐Einheit auf; des Weiteren handelt es sich bei 2 um das erste Chromsuperoxid, dessen magnetische Eigenschaften in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur bestimmt werden konnten, und um den ersten strukturell beschriebenen Vertreter, in dem Chrom ausschließlich von O‐Donoren umgeben ist.
SN2P2: ein neutraler fünfgliedriger Schwefel‐Pnictogen(III)‐Ring
Authors: Zeng Xiaoqing , Li Hongmin , Sun Hailong , Beckers Helmut , Willner Helge , Schaefer Henry F. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDie neuartige aromatische Ringverbindung 2,4‐Diphospha‐3,5‐diazathiol (cyclo‐SNPNP) wurde durch Blitzpyrolyse von SP(N3)3 und nachfolgende Matrixisolierung der Produkte erhalten und über ihr IR‐Spektrum und 15N‐Isotopenmarkierung nachgewiesen. Quantenchemische Rechnungen lassen auf eine Bildung dieser Verbindung durch Kopf‐zu‐Schwanz‐Dimerisierung von SNP mit anschließender Abspaltung eines Schwefelatoms aus dem sehr instabilen, bootförmigen, sechsgliedrigen Ring cyclo‐SNPSNP schließen.
Differences in electrophoretic behavior between linear and branched PEG‐conjugated proteins
Authors: Park Eun Ji , Sun Kim Myung , Suk Lee Hye , Choon Lee Kang , Hee Na Dong 
Published: December 2014

The objective of this study was to characterize the differences in electrophoretic behavior between linear and branched PEG‐conjugated proteins. Human growth hormone and alpha‐lactalbumin modified by linear or branched PEGs with molecular weight of 10 kDa were analyzed by SEC, MALDI‐TOF MS, SDS‐PAGE, and microchip CGE (MCGE). Chromatographic and mass spectrometric differences between the linear and branched PEG‐proteins on SEC and MALDI‐TOF MS were small, but their electrophoretic behaviors on SDS‐PAGE and MCGE were significantly different. In particular, MCGE showed significant differences in the peak width and the migration times of linear and branched PEG‐proteins, in which the branched PEG‐proteins exhibited a narrower peak and longer migration time than the linear PEG‐proteins. This phenomenon may explain the longer circulation half‐life for the branched PEG‐proteins observed in previously reported in vivo studies. Consequently, this study indicates that MCGE may be a valuable tool for differentiating linear and branched PEG‐proteins.
Impact of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor‐1 on treatment response and survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Hsia Kan‐Tai , Liu Chung‐Ji , Mar Kwei , Lin Li‐Han , Lin Chun‐Shu , Cheng Ming‐Fang , Lee Herng‐Sheng , Chiu Shang‐Yi 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundApurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor‐1 (APE1/Ref‐1) is a multifunctional protein involved in DNA repair and redox signaling. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between APE1/Ref‐1 expression and clinicopathological features, survival, and treatment response in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and cell lines.MethodsAPE1/Ref‐1 expression in OSCC was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and its relationship to patient outcomes and treatment response was assessed statistically. The effects of stable short hairpin (sh)RNA‐mediated knockdown of APE1/Ref‐1 on cell survival, migration, and chemoradiation sensitivity were determined in OSCC cell lines.ResultsAPE1/Ref‐1 immunostaining was correlated with positive lymph node status, and higher APE1/Ref‐1 expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis and reduced treatment response. Consistent with the clinical studies, APE1/Ref‐1 expression in OSCC cell lines was implicated in the regulation of migration and cisplatin‐induced apoptosis.ConclusionElevated APE1/Ref‐1 expression may be used to predict poor survival and may confer chemoresistance in OSCC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 550–559, 2016
Decomposing Complete Equipartite Multigraphs into Cycles of Variable Lengths: The Amalgamation‐detachment Approach
Authors: Bahmanian M. Amin , Šajna Mateja 
Published: December 2014

AbstractUsing the technique of amalgamation‐detachment, we show that the complete equipartite multigraph can be decomposed into cycles of lengths (plus a 1‐factor if the degree is odd) whenever there exists a decomposition of into cycles of lengths (plus a 1‐factor if the degree is odd). In addition, we give sufficient conditions for the existence of some other, related cycle decompositions of the complete equipartite multigraph .
CPAS: Surgical approach with combined sublabial bone resection and inferior turbinate reduction without stents
Authors: Merea Valeria S. , Lee Andrew H. Y. , Peron Didier L. , Waldman Erik H. , Grunstein Eli 
Published: December 2014

Objectives/HypothesisCongenital pyriform aperture stenosis (CPAS) is a form of nasal obstruction caused by congenital narrowing of the maxilla at the medial processes. Traditionally, surgical correction involves a sublabial approach with subperiosteal dissection, widening of the aperture by drilling, and the use of nasal stents postoperatively. Although this approach may lead to symptomatic improvement, it alone may fail to provide a patent airway secondary to unaddressed posterior narrowing. Additionally, the use of stents is problematic because they are prone to clogging and can cause internal nasal scarring and septal or alar necrosis. We present the surgical management of this condition in six patients using a novel approach that aims to correct these limitations by including both the traditional sublabial procedure and an endonasal reduction of the inferior turbinates, without the use of stents postoperatively.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.MethodsReview of the medical records of six consecutive patients aged 2 weeks to 7 months, who underwent repair of CPAS via a sublabial ostectomy and endonasal inferior turbinate reduction from 2009 to 2012.ResultsAll six patients were clear of airway obstruction postoperatively and at follow‐up.ConclusionThis is an alternative approach that leads to symptomatic improvement for CPAS patients without the morbidity associated with stent use.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 125:1460–1464, 2015
The utility of office‐based biopsy for laryngopharyngeal lesions: Comparison with surgical evaluation
Authors: Richards Amanda L. , Sugumaran Manikandan , Aviv Jonathan E. , Woo Peak , Altman Kenneth W. 
Published: December 2014

Objectives/HypothesisAdvances in flexible endoscopy with working‐channel biopsy forceps have led to excellent visualization of laryngopharyngeal lesions with capability for in‐office awake biopsy. Potential benefits include prompt diagnosis without risk of general anesthesia, preoperative counseling, and avoiding an anesthetic should the lesion return benign. We evaluate the accuracy of these biopsies in order to determine their role and diagnostic value.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.MethodsMedical records were reviewed from January 1, 2010, through July 31, 2013, of patients who underwent office‐based current procedural terminology code 31576 and were taken to the operating room for direct microlaryngoscopy with biopsy/excision. Clinical diagnoses and pathology reports were reviewed. For statistical analysis, we considered three groups: 1) malignant and premalignant, 2) lesions of uncertain significance, and 3) benign lesions.ResultsIn the study period, 76 patients with an office biopsy had a clinical picture to warrant direct microlaryngoscopy and biopsy/excision. Kendall's coefficient for each group indicated moderate correlation only. When groups 1 and 2 were considered together, there was a substantial and statistically significant correlation. For malignant and premalignant lesions, the office biopsy analysis was as follows: sensitivity = 60%, specificity = 87%, positive predictive value = 78%, and negative predictive value = 74%.ConclusionOffice biopsy may offer early direction and avoid operative intervention in some cases; however, for suspected dysplastic or malignant lesions, direct microlaryngoscopy should be the standard of care to ensure adequate full‐thickness sampling and staging. For benign pathology, office biopsy is a safe and viable alternative to direct microlaryngoscopy and biopsy/excision.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 125:909–912, 2015
Skin problems following septorhinoplasty
Authors: Koc Eltaf A. O. , Buyuklu Fuat , Koç Bulent , Demirci Gulsen T. 
Published: December 2014

Objectives/HypothesisSeptorhinoplasty is one of the most commonly performed plastic surgery procedures in the world. Studies on septorhinoplasty in the literature mainly focus on the surgical procedures and their outcomes, but the general appearance of the nose and nasal skin following surgery is also very important.Study DesignCase‐control study examining 30 septorhinoplasty patients and 20 septoplasty patients for postoperative skin conditions.ResultsThere were significant differences identified between the septorhinoplasty group and the septoplasty group with respect to their mean preoperative Global Acne Grading System, Seborrheic Dermatitis Area Severity Index, and visual analog scores (acne, seborrhea, and ecchymosis).ConclusionsThe aim of study was to identify and evaluate postoperative skin conditions among septorhinoplasty patients, as well as the progression and duration of treatment of these conditions.Level of Evidence3b Laryngoscope, 125:1291–1295, 2015