bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of daytime urinary incontinence: A standardization document from the International Children's Continence Society
Authors: Chang Shang‐Jen , Van Laecke Erik , Bauer Stuart B. , von Gontard Alexander , Bagli Darius , Bower Wendy F. , Renson Catherine , Kawauchi Akihiro , Yang Stephen Shei‐Dei 
Published: October 2015

PurposeThis article is a standardization document of the International Children's Continence Society (ICCS); it represent a consensus of ICCS on the management of pediatric daytime urine incontinence (DUI).Materials and MethodsThis document was designed and written by a multi‐disciplinary core group of authors appointed by the ICCS’ board.ResultsBased on evidence of studies and the experience of experts, the treatment guideline of DUI is assembled in this standardization document. Guidelines and the algorithm of management include non‐pharmacological treatment (urotherapy), as well as the pharmacological therapy and other modalities that are presented for DUI in general, as along with recommendations for individual conditions.ConclusionThe final document is not a systematic literature review. It includes relevant research when available as well as experts’ opinion on the current understanding of daytime incontinence in children. This document illustrates that specific treatment of DUI based on an exact diagnosis is effective. The mainstay of treatment is urotherapy, but a combination of treatment modalities is often necessary. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:43–50, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of Near‐IR Absorption Porphyrin Dyes Derived from Click Chemistry as Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Materials
Authors: Mi Yongsheng , Liang Pengxia , Yang Zhou , Wang Dong , Cao Hui , He Wanli , Yang Huai , Yu Lian 
Published: October 2015

AbstractRecently, third‐order nonlinear properties of porphyrins and porphyrin polymers and coordination compounds have been extensively studied in relation to their use in photomedicine and molecular photonics. A new functionalized porphyrin dye containing electron‐rich alkynes was synthesized and further modified by formal [2+2] click reactions with click reagents tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 7, 7, 8, 8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ). The photophysical properties of these porphyrin dyes, as well as the click reaction, were studied by UV/Vis spectroscopy. In particular, third‐order nonlinear optical properties of the dyes, which showed typical D‐π‐A structures, were characterized by Z‐scan techniques. In addition, the self‐assembly properties were investigated through the phase‐exchange method, and highly organized morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of the click post‐functionalization on the properties of the porphyrins were studied, and these functionalized porphyrin dyes represent an interesting set of candidates for optoelectronic device components.
Mapping photovoltaic performance with nanoscale resolution
Authors: Kutes Yasemin , Aguirre Brandon A. , Bosse James L. , Cruz‐Campa Jose L. , Zubia David , Huey Bryan D. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPhoto‐conductive AFM spectroscopy (‘pcAFMs’) is proposed as a high‐resolution approach for investigating nanostructured photovoltaics, uniquely providing nanoscale maps of photovoltaic (PV) performance parameters such as the short circuit current, open circuit voltage, maximum power, or fill factor. The method is demonstrated with a stack of 21 images acquired during in situ illumination of micropatterned polycrystalline CdTe/CdS, providing more than 42 000 I/V curves spatially separated by ~5 nm. For these CdTe/CdS microcells, the calculated photoconduction ranges from 0 to 700 picoSiemens (pS) upon illumination with ~1.6 suns, depending on location and biasing conditions. Mean short circuit currents of 2 pA, maximum powers of 0.5 pW, and fill factors of 30% are determined. The mean voltage at which the detected photocurrent is zero is determined to be 0.7 V. Significantly, enhancements and reductions in these more commonly macroscopic PV performance metrics are observed to correlate with certain grains and grain boundaries, and are confirmed to be independent of topography. These results demonstrate the benefits of nanoscale resolved PV functional measurements, reiterate the importance of microstructural control down to the nanoscale for 'PV devices, and provide a widely applicable new approach for directly investigating PV materials. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Material requirements for the adoption of unconventional silicon crystal and wafer growth techniques for high‐efficiency solar cells
Authors: Hofstetter Jasmin , del Cañizo Carlos , Wagner Hannes , Castellanos Sergio , Buonassisi Tonio 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSilicon wafers comprise approximately 40% of crystalline silicon module cost and represent an area of great technological innovation potential. Paradoxically, unconventional wafer‐growth techniques have thus far failed to displace multicrystalline and Czochralski silicon, despite four decades of innovation. One of the shortcomings of most unconventional materials has been a persistent carrier lifetime deficit in comparison to established wafer technologies, which limits the device efficiency potential. In this perspective article, we review a defect‐management framework that has proven successful in enabling millisecond lifetimes in kerfless and cast materials. Control of dislocations and slowly diffusing metal point defects during growth, coupled to effective control of fast‐diffusing species during cell processing, is critical to enable high cell efficiencies. To accelerate the pace of novel wafer development, we discuss approaches to rapidly evaluate the device efficiency potential of unconventional wafers from injection‐dependent lifetime measurements. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying Trace 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene (TNT) in Polymer Microspheres
Authors: Brewer Timothy , Staymates Matthew , Fletcher Robert 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWell characterized test materials are essential for validating the performance of current trace explosive detection systems. Explosive encapsulated microspheres have proven to be a valuable test material for trace explosive detection because of their precise size, shape, and composition. Presented herein is the quantification of explosives in the polymer microspheres by high performance liquid chromatography with UV/Vis detection (HPLC‐UV/Vis). A size exclusion separation is employed to quantify the amount of explosive encapsulated in cured microspheres. Complete quantification was achieved by simultaneously separating and quantifying the explosive and polymer components. Results indicate that approximately 30 % of the TNT is lost in the manufacturing of the microspheres and subsequent loss from the cured microspheres is minimal if stored at 4 °C.
Prognostic Factors for Distress After Genetic Testing for Hereditary Cancer
Authors: Voorwinden Jan S. , Jaspers Jan P. C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe psychological impact of an unfavorable genetic test result for counselees at risk for hereditary cancer seems to be limited: only 10–20 % of counselees have psychological problems after testing positive for a known familial mutation. The objective of this study was to find prognostic factors that can predict which counselees are most likely to develop psychological problems after presymptomatic genetic testing. Counselees with a 50 % risk of BRCA1/2 or Lynch syndrome completed questionnaires at three time‐points: after receiving a written invitation for a genetic counseling intake (T1), 2–3 days after receiving their DNA test result (T2), and 4–6 weeks later (T3). The psychological impact of the genetic test result was examined shortly and 4–6 weeks after learning their test result. Subsequently, the influence of various potentially prognostic factors on psychological impact were examined in the whole group. Data from 165 counselees were analyzed. Counselees with an unfavorable outcome did not have more emotional distress, but showed significantly more cancer worries 4–6 weeks after learning their test result. Prognostic factors for cancer worries after genetic testing were pre‐existing cancer worries, being single, a high risk perception of getting cancer, and an unfavorable test result. Emotional distress was best predicted by pre‐existing cancer worries and pre‐existing emotional distress. The psychological impact of an unfavorable genetic test result appears considerable if it is measured as “worries about cancer.” Genetic counselors should provide additional guidance to counselees with many cancer worries, emotional distress, a high risk perception or a weak social network.
The Synergistic Effect Between Imidazoline‐Based Dissymmetric bis‐Quaternary Ammonium Salts and Thiourea Against CO2 Corrosion at High Temperature
Authors: Zhang Jing , Sun Xujin , Ren Yuanming , Du Min 
Published: October 2015

AbstractImidazoline‐based dissymmetric bis‐quaternary ammonium salt (DBA), a type of environmentally friendly surfactant, was compounded with thiourea (TU). The inhibition properties of the compound inhibitor for Q235 steel in a simulated oil field that produced water saturated with CO2 at high temperature were studied by weight loss measurement, polarization curves, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and observation of surface morphology. Weight loss measurements show that DBA alone has poor inhibition efficiency at high temperature, and TU has a narrow inhibition concentration range. However, DBA and TU together show a synergistic effect, which not only overcomes the short comings when used individually, but also significantly reduces the corrosion rate at reduced dosage. DBA–TU acts as a mixed prohibition inhibitor, and can rapidly form a protective film. The inhibition efficiency decreased slowly with soaking time, which shows it has good substantivity. In conclusion, DBA–TU can be used as high temperature corrosion inhibitor against CO2 corrosion.
Structural Analysis of the Minor Cerebrosides from a Glass Sponge Aulosaccus sp.
Authors: Santalova Elena A. , Denisenko Vladimir A. , Dmitrenok Pavel S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe minor cerebrosides from a Far‐Eastern glass sponge Aulosaccus sp. were analyzed as constituents of some multi‐component RP‐HPLC fractions. The structures of eighteen new and one known cerebrosides were elucidated on the basis of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, optical rotation data and chemical transformations. These β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→1)‐ceramides contain sphingoid bases N‐acylated with straight‐chain (2R)‐2‐hydroxy fatty acids, namely, (2S,3S,4R,11Z)‐2‐aminoeicos‐11‐ene‐1,3,4‐triol, acylated with 15E‐22:1, 16Z‐21:1, 15Z‐21:1, 15Z‐20:1, 15E‐20:1, 19:0, 18:0 acids, (2S,3S,4R)‐2‐amino‐13‐methyltetradecane‐1,3,4‐triol—with 19Z‐26:1, 16Z‐23:1, 23:0, 22:0 acids, (2S,3S,4R)‐2‐amino‐14‐methylpentadecane‐1,3,4‐triol—with 16Z‐23:1, 16E‐23:1, 15Z‐22:1, 22:0 acids, (2S,3S,4R)‐2‐amino‐14‐methylhexadecane‐1,3,4‐triol, linked to 16Z‐23:1, 15Z‐22:1 acids, (2S,3S,4R)‐2‐amino‐9‐methylhexadecane‐1,3,4‐triol—to 16Z‐23:1 acid, and (2S,3S,4R)‐2‐aminohexadecane‐1,3,4‐triol, attached to 15Z‐22:1 acid. The 13‐methyl and 9‐methyl‐branched trihydroxy sphingoid base backbones (C15 and C17, respectively) have not been found previously in sphingolipids. The ceramide parts, containing other backbones, present new variants of N‐acylation of the marine sphingoid bases with the 2‐hydroxy fatty acids. The combination of the instrumental and chemical methods used in this study improved the efficiency of the structural analysis of such complex cerebroside mixtures that gave more detailed information on glycosphingolipid metabolism of the organism.
Lipid Adaptation of Shrimp Rimicaris exoculata in Hydrothermal Vent
Authors: Zhu Si , Ye Mengwei , Yan Xiaojun , Zhou Yadong , Wang Chunsheng , Xu Jilin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe shrimp Rimicaris exoculata is the most abundant species in hydrothermal vents. Lipids, the component of membranes, play an important role in maintaining their function normally in such extreme environments. In order to understand the lipid adaptation of R. exoculata (HV shrimp) to hydrothermal vents, we compared its lipid profile with the coastal shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (EZ shrimp) which lives in the euphotic zone, using ultra performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. As a result, the following lipid adaptation can be observed. (1) The proportion of 16:1 and 18:1, and non‐methylene interrupted fatty acid (48.9 and 6.2 %) in HV shrimp was higher than that in EZ shrimp (12.7 and 0 %). While highly‐unsaturated fatty acids were only present in the EZ shrimp. (2) Ceramide and sphingomyelin in the HV shrimp were enriched in d14:1 long chain base (96.5 and 100 %) and unsaturated fatty acids (67.1 and 57.7 %). While in the EZ shrimp, ceramide and sphingomyelin had the tendency to contain d16:1 long chain base (68.7 and 75 %) and saturated fatty acids (100 and 100 %). (3) Triacylglycerol content (1.998 ± 0.005 nmol/mg) in the HV shrimp was higher than that in the EZ shrimp (0.092 ± 0.005 nmol/mg). (4) Phosphatidylinositol and diacylglycerol containing highly‐unsaturated fatty acids were absent from the HV shrimp. (5) Lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine were rarely detected in the HV shrimp. A possible reason for such differences was the result of food resources and inhabiting environments. Therefore, these lipid classes mentioned above may be the biomarkers to compare the organisms from different environments, which will be benefit for the further exploitation of the hydrothermal environment.
JAMESIAN EPISTEMOLOGY FORMALISED: AN EXPLICATION OF ‘THE WILL TO BELIEVE’
Authors: Pettigrew Richard 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTFamously, William James held that there are two commandments that govern our epistemic life: Believe truth! Shun error! In this paper, I give a formal account of James' claim using the tools of epistemic utility theory. I begin by giving the account for categorical doxastic states – that is, full belief, full disbelief, and suspension of judgment. Then I will show how the account plays out for graded doxastic states – that is, credences. The latter part of the paper thus answers a question left open in Pettigrew (2014).
Universal vs Risk Factor Screening for Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusin a Large Multicenter Tertiary Care Facility in Canada
Authors: Roth V. R. , Longpre T. , Taljaard M. , Coyle D. , Suh K. N. , Muldoon K. A. , Ramotar K. , Forster A. 
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVETo assess the clinical effectiveness of a universal screening program compared with a risk factor–based program in reducing the rates of nosocomial methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) among admitted patients at the Ottawa Hospital.DESIGNQuasi-experimental study.SETTINGOttawa Hospital, a multicenter tertiary care facility with 3 main campuses, approximately 47,000 admissions per year, and 1,200 beds.METHODSFrom January 1, 2006 through December 31, 2007 (24 months), admitted patients underwent risk factor–based MRSA screening. From January 1, 2008 through August 31, 2009 (20 months), all patients admitted underwent universal MRSA screening. To measure the effectiveness of this intervention, segmented regression modeling was used to examine monthly nosocomial MRSA incidence rates per 100,000 patient-days before and during the intervention period. To assess secular trends, nosocomialClostridium difficileinfection, mupirocin prescriptions, and regional MRSA rates were investigated as controls.RESULTSThe nosocomial MRSA incidence rate was 46.79 cases per 100,000 patient-days, with no significant differences before and after intervention. The MRSA detection rate per 1,000 admissions increased from 9.8 during risk factor–based screening to 26.2 during universal screening. A total of 644 new nosocomial MRSA cases were observed in 1,448,488 patient-days, 323 during risk factor–based screening and 321 during universal screening. Secular trends inC. difficileinfection rates and mupirocin prescriptions remained stable after the intervention whereas population-level MRSA rates decreased.CONCLUSIONAt Ottawa Hospital, the introduction of universal MRSA admission screening did not significantly affect the rates of nosocomial MRSA compared with risk factor–based screening.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.2015;37(1):41–48
Wake-induced ‘slaloming’ response explains exquisite sensitivity of seal whisker-like sensors
Authors: Beem Heather R. , Triantafyllou Michael S. 
Published: October 2015

Blindfolded harbour seals are able to use their uniquely shaped whiskers to track vortex wakes left by moving animals and identify objects that passed by 30 s earlier, an impressive feat, as the flow features have velocities as low as$1~\text{mm}~\text{s}^{-1}$. The seals sense while swimming, hence their whiskers are sensitive enough to detect small-scale changes in the flow, while rejecting self-generated flow noise. Here we identify and illustrate a novel flow mechanism, causing a large-amplitude ‘slaloming’ whisker response, which allows artificial whiskers with the identical unique undulatory geometry as those of the harbour seal to detect the features of minute flow fluctuations when placed within wakes. Whereas in open water the whisker responds with very low-amplitude vibration, once within a wake, it oscillates with large amplitude and, importantly, its response frequency coincides with the Strouhal frequency of the upstream cylinder, making the detection of an upstream wake and an estimation of the size and shape of the wake-generating body possible. This mechanism has some similarities with the flow mechanisms observed in actively controlled propulsive foils within upstream wakes and trout swimming behind bluff cylinders in a stream, but there are also differences caused by the unique whisker morphology, which enables it to respond passively and within a much wider parametric range.
Yogurt drink fortified with menaquinone-7 improves vitamin K status in a healthy population
Authors: Knapen Marjo H. J. , Braam Lavienja A. J. L. M. , Teunissen Kirsten J. , Zwijsen Renate M. L. , Theuwissen Elke , Vermeer Cees 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPopulation-based studies have shown an inverse association between dietary menaquinones (MK-n, vitamin K2) intake, coronary calcification and CHD risk, suggesting a potential role of vitamin K in vascular health. To date, the effects of increased menaquinone intake on (markers of) vascular health have been investigated using predominantly food supplements. Dairy products contain many essential nutrients and can serve as a good matrix for food fortification in order to support health. We were therefore interested to study the effects of a menaquinone-fortified yogurt drink (menaquinone as menaquinone-7 (MK-7); 28 µg MK-7/yogurt drink) on vitamin K status and markers of vascular health. The yogurt drink was also fortified withn-3 PUFA, vitamin D, vitamin C, Ca and Mg to support vascular and/or general health. Healthy men (n32) and postmenopausal women (n28) with a mean age of 56 (sd5) years received either basic or fortified yogurt drink twice per d for 12 weeks. MK-7 was efficiently absorbed from the fortified yogurt drink. Levels of circulating MK-7 were significantly increased from 0·28 to 1·94 ng/ml. In accordance, intake of the fortified yogurt drink improved vitamin K status, as measured by significant decreases in uncarboxylated osteocalcin and desphospho-uncarboxylated matrix Gla-protein. No effects were, however, seen on markers of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and lipid metabolism. In summary, consumption of a yogurt drink fortified with low doses of among others MK-7 for 3 months significantly improved vitamin K status in a healthy population.
A critique of Heidegger's critique of Christian philosophy in theIntroduction to Metaphysics
Authors: TRABBIC JOSEPH G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMartin Heidegger argues against the possibility of Christian philosophy in hisIntroduction to Metaphysics. Christians, Heidegger tells us, cannot authentically ask the fundamental question of philosophy – ‘Why are there beings at all rather than nothing?’ – because they already suppose that they have an answer to this question in their Creator-God. Moreover, Christianity, says Heidegger, takes philosophy to be foolishness and, thus, would never try to answer its questions in the first place. Finally, Heidegger insists that any thoughtful questioning in a Christian context is theology and not philosophy. I argue that none of these reasons for rejecting Christian philosophy ultimately holds up. I also criticize an interpretation of Heidegger on this topic proposed by Walter Kaufmann.
Blending technology and face-to-face: Advanced students’ choices
Authors: Trinder Ruth 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIt has been suggested that current research in computer-assisted language learning (CALL) should seek to understand the conditions and circumstances that govern students’ use of technology (Steel & Levy, 2013). This paper attempts to identify critical factors accounting for student choices, first, by investigating advanced learners’ reported use as well as their views on the potential of specific technological resources for language learning, and, second, by widening the perspective and surveying students’ ideal learning environments. Learners’ reasons for preferring teacher-fronted classes, blended learning, immersion or technology-mediated settings yield useful information on how students perceive the strengths and weaknesses of interaction/engagement with material (i.e. technological) as well as social (i.e. human) resources, and how the roles of teachers/classes can be conceptualised today.Data was collected via a survey of 175 Austrian university students which included Likert-type ratings and free text responses to open questions. Findings indicate that though the cohort routinely use a wide range of technology tools in their everyday lives and show awareness of the potential of ICT for language learning, a number of barriers exist based on learner beliefs/conceptions and learning aims. Thus the notion that enhancement of communicative competence is intrinsically tied to personal interaction with native speakers means that the potential of communication technologies such as Skype is not fully appreciated. It was further established that though many students are well versed in blending different technological resources in line with the criteria identified, thus displaying the hallmarks of autonomous learners, there was a clear preference for real-life compared to virtual environments.
Two Swedish Modernisms on English Housing Estates: Cultural Transfer and Visions of Urban Living, 1945–1969
Authors: VALL NATASHA 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis article examines the transfer of Swedish concepts of urban modernity to British cities after 1945. It shows how an affinity between design and architecture elites facilitated the transfer of key concepts that were mediated in cities. Moreover, it argues that the often contested transfer of Swedish modern architecture and design to northern English cities initially meshed with municipal ambitions to improve working-class housing and culture. Thereafter the influence of Swedish modern was continued in altered form by the preponderance of Swedish prefabrication techniques in the construction of new poured concrete and high-rise estates during the 1960s. These aspirations to improve the urban environment with Scandinavian examples of good living often magnified the difficulties of modernising the industrial conurbations of the north.