bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Distribution of Coyotes Across an Urban Landscape in Southeastern Michigan
Authors: Dodge William B. , Kashian Daniel M. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractHuman–wildlife interactions in urban areas are widely reported by ecologists to be the result of human encroachment on wildlife habitat. Highly mobile species, however, have been documented by both wildlife biologists and casual observers to occupy areas heavily populated by humans. Range expansion and population growth of coyotes (Canis latrans) has led to their increased presence in metropolitan Detroit, Michigan, where poor economic conditions over the last several decades have resulted in the reversion of numerous recreational areas and abandoned parcels to more wooded or vegetated conditions that have provided potential wildlife habitat. We performed an extensive survey for coyote evidence (i.e., carcasses, den sites, scats, sightings, or tracks) across metropolitan Detroit to examine distribution across both the general region and specific land cover types. We found 58% of all coyote evidence on unpaved trails, paths, and unimproved roads within edge habitats (e.g., grassland adjacent to urban non-vegetative land cover), with den sites and tracks the only types of evidence found strictly in interior habitats. Land cover around evidence points included more wooded land cover than expected in suburban areas, suggesting the importance of tree cover for coyote occupancy, and more open space and wooded land cover than expected in urban areas, highlighting the coyotes' avoidance of heavily populated areas. We speculate that habitat characterized by tree cover has likely never been limiting within metropolitan Detroit, and that reoccupation of southeastern Michigan by coyotes is more likely a consequence of expanding coyote populations outside of suburban and urban areas rather than newly available habitat resulting from land cover change.
La Radioterapia Nel Trattamento Del Carcinoma Della Prostata: Indicazioni, Evoluzione Tecnologica e Approcci Integrati
Authors: Mantini Giovanna , Alitto Anna Rita , Fionda Bruno , Frascino Vincenzo , Mattiucci Gian Carlo , Balducci Mario , Morganti Alessio Giuseppe , Valentini Vincenzo 
Published: September 2013

Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous, indolent or sometimes aggressive tumor. Treatment options are various and without proved superiority. Radiotherapy (RT) plays a key role in the disease history. Technological evolution with Intensity Modulate Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) allowed improvement, with significant results on local control and survival. Hypofractionation, Stereotactic Body RT (SBRT) and new brachytherapy approachs are still under investigation, with promising opportunities. Adjuvant vs salvage postoperative RT, hormone association, prophylactic pelvic irradiation are still under debate, but guidelines express overlapping indications. Multidisciplinary managements will be the future for care optimization, providing the best tool for holistic and informed patients' choice.
Introduction
Authors: Hoek Eric M. V. , Pendergast MaryTheresa M. , Tarabara Volodymyr V. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe field of synthetic membranes is rich and continually offers challenges in basic scientific research. At the same time, technology and applications of membranes are growing in such areas as gas separations, energy generation, water purification, biotechnology, and many others to hold exciting prospects in coming years. This encyclopedia serves as a comprehensive reference on membrane science and technology, covering all aspects at both fundamental and practical levels. This introductory article provides fundamental definitions of physical membrane separations and lays out the historic, scientific, and technological advances that have enabled this field.
Gas Separation Membranes
Authors: Bum Park Ho 
Published: September 2013

AbstractMembrane‐based gas separation is rapidly growing by serving as one of the important industrial gas separation technologies. The market size and a number of emerging applications are expanding because membrane technology provides a number of benefits in terms of energy saving and capital cost. Polymeric membranes are dominating materials in this field owing to their excellent processability, easy scale‐up, and feasibility in various modules. Various inorganics, including carbons, silica, and zeolites, ceramics, and metal membranes have been also extensively studied for more specific gas separation applications where polymeric membranes cannot serve. More recently, ultrapermeable polymeric membrane materials provided new ways to develop advanced membrane materials for competing with conventional gas separation technologies to treat large volume of gas streams on a more practical and economic basis. Current membrane‐based gas separations have been applied mainly for air separation, hydrogen separation, vapor/gas separation, and carbon dioxide separation. Other separation applications, such as olefin/paraffin, low grade O2/air, organic/organic separations, and ion‐conducting membrane from oxygen, are still actively being developed. In this article, we will review gas separation membranes from basics to their applications in terms of fundamental transport mechanism, membrane types, and applications. In addition, we will summarize the state‐of‐the‐art membrane materials and applications, and briefly provide an outlook for future development.
Scaling
Authors: Gilron Jack 
Published: September 2013

AbstractScaling is one of the most vexing problems affecting the use of membranes for pressure‐driven desalination. The scaling problems most commonly encountered are caused by calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and silica in brackish water RO; calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate in seawater RO; and calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate in desalination of municipal wastewater. This article surveys the conditions leading to scaling, mechanisms by which scaling can cause flux decline, thermodynamics and kinetics of scaling, present state of the art in preventing scaling, new processes proposed for mitigating the problem, and new techniques for detecting the onset of scaling.
Interfacial Polymerization
Authors: Feinberg Benjamin J. , Hoek Eric M. V. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Thin‐film composite (TFC) membranes formed through interfacial polymerization have dramatically improved the performance of membrane‐based separation techniques. In particular, the reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) processes have seen significant improvements in hydraulic productivity and solute rejections through this method, which allows for the placement of a very thin, dense selective layer onto a porous polymer support. Early composite membranes, which were formed using interfacial polymerization, were based on polymeric amines; however, it was ultimately shown that monomeric amines offered the best overall membrane performance. The interfacial polymerization reaction of two monomeric amines,
m
‐phenylenediamine (MPD), and trimesoyl chloride (TMC), forms a polyamide and is the basis for most modern RO membranes. Membrane structure and performance can be well modulated through variation in monomer concentration, reaction time, posttreatment strategies, and miscibility enhancers. Despite their relative advantages, polyamide‐based membranes are susceptible to chlorine attack and therefore significant effort has focused on the development of chlorine‐tolerant versions. With the advent of nanomaterials, the use of nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in mixed matrix membranes is an exciting new area of research. This article presents the fundamentals and history of interfacial polymerization in formation of RO membranes.
Sol–Gel‐Derived Silica Membranes
Authors: Kanezashi Masakoto 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

In this article, sol–gel‐derived silica membranes are reviewed in terms of the control of silica network size and hydrothermal stability, which are the most important issues for the practical, industrial application of amorphous silica membranes. For control of the silica network size, “organic template” and “spacer” methods have been introduced. Bridged alkoxides with organic groups between two Si atoms can be used for the control of silica network size via the “spacer” method. The pore size distribution, as determined by single‐gas permeation and normalized Knudsen‐based permeance (NKP), suggests the following order for average pore sizes owing to differences in the minimum units of the silica precursor: bis(triethoxysilyl) ethane (BTESE)‐derived silica (Si−C−C−Si unit) > bis(triethoxysilyl) methane (BTESM)‐derived silica (Si−C−Si unit) > tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)‐derived silica (≡Si−O). For hydrothermal stability of amorphous silica membranes at high temperatures, metal‐doped silica membranes have been introduced, particularly Ni‐ and Co‐doped silica membranes that have superior hydrothermal stability and hydrogen permeation performance. For example, Ni‐doped silica membranes showed a H
2
permeance above 1.0 ×  10
−7
mol/(m
2
s Pa) with a H
2
/N
2
permselectivity of more than several hundred after exposure to a steamed atmosphere (500 °C, partial pressure of steam: 400 kPa). Doped metals may exist as metal ions, as covalently bound compounds, or as tiny crystals dispersed in amorphous silica networks, and one possible mechanism by which they prevent the densification of silica networks is that they increase in stability under hydrothermal conditions. Also, in this article, we summarize recent progress in metal‐doped silica membranes, such as Nb−SiO
2
and Pd−SiO
2
, which have shown unique gas permeation properties.
Thin Films and Membranes with Hierarchical Porosity
Authors: Li Dan , Yao Jianfeng , Wang Huanting 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Thin films and membranes with a hierarchically porous structure are an important class of functional materials; the interconnected pores of different scales have a crucial impact on their properties and functionalities such as adsorption capacity, ionic conductivity, and permeability. Therefore, hierarchically porous thin films and membranes have found a wide variety of applications in areas ranging from catalysis, separation, energy to optics, etc. This article reviews the strategies for the fabrication of hierarchically porous thin films and membranes from a range of materials including polymers, ceramics, carbons, zeolites, metals and metal–organic frameworks, particularly focusing on the template‐directed fabrication processes. In addition, the properties and potential applications of these thin films and membranes with a hierarchical porous architecture are highlighted.
Membrane Integrity Monitoring
Authors: Gitis Vitaly , Rothenberg Gadi 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis article overviews the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of membrane integrity tests with emphasis on their sensitivity, reliability, and feasibility for various types of membranes. The 10 integrity tests presented are grouped into four categories: pressure‐based, marker‐based, visualization, and acoustic sensing. The methods detailed here include pressure and vacuum decay tests (PDT/VDT), diffuse air flow (DAF), bubble point, TOC profiling, and sonic sensing currently used in industry.
Design and Construction of Commercial Spiral Wound Modules
Authors: Johnson Jon E. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe spiral‐wound membrane module offers users of industrial‐scale reverse osmosis an economical combination of low cost, high membrane area density, and favorable mass transfer. The module combines flat‐sheet reverse osmosis membrane with spacer materials for conveying feed and permeate, engineered components for sealing and isolating the fluid streams, and structural members to protect the membrane and maintain integrity in severe environments. Considerations relevant to the design of commercial modules are reviewed on a component‐by‐component basis, drawing upon fundamental engineering principles and representative works from the scientific and applied literature. Future directions in module design and recent developments related to large‐diameter modules are also discussed.
Diafiltration
Authors: Kovács Zoltán , Czermak Peter 
Published: September 2013

AbstractMembrane filtration represents a unique separation technique as it can be employed for both concentrating and purifying a multicomponent process stream. To achieve these twin‐objectives, diafiltration is required. Diafiltration is an operation mode of a pressure‐driven membrane filtration process in which a diluant (i.e.,∼water or any other solvent or buffer) is added to the process liquor in order to enhance the degree of separation of membrane‐retained macrosolutes from membrane‐permeable microsolutes. Depending on the separation target, diafiltration may be performed with microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, or reverse osmosis membranes. The separation target can be reached by using either batch or continuous processing mode. Diafiltration is an indispensable tool in separating multicomponent process streams and widely used in the food and beverage, chemical, biotechnological, and pharmaceutical industries. This article introduces the reader to the fundamentals of diafiltration. It provides a brief survey on the most important applications and discusses the various configurations, general design equations, control strategies, and diluant utilization strategies used in batch and continuous diafiltration practice
Forward Osmosis
Authors: McCutcheon Jeffrey , Huang Liwei 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Engineered osmosis (EO) is an emerging membrane separations platform capable of purifying water, dewatering solutions, or generating power. An osmotic agent, or draw solution, is used to drive water by osmosis across a membrane. This flow is then harnessed for purification or power generation. This chapter offers an overview of the EO platform technology through discussion of its promised benefits, its challenges, and its role in the future of membrane separations.
Classroom Peer Relationships and Behavioral Engagement in Elementary School: The Role of Social Network Equity
Authors: Cappella Elise , Kim Ha Yeon , Neal Jennifer W. , Jackson Daisy R. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractApplying social capital and systems theories of social processes, we examine the role of the classroom peer context in the behavioral engagement of low‐income students (N = 80) in urban elementary school classrooms (N = 22). Systematic child observations were conducted to assess behavioral engagement among second to fifth graders in the fall and spring of the same school year. Classroom observations, teacher and child questionnaires, and social network data were collected in the fall. Confirming prior research, results from multilevel models indicate that students with more behavioral difficulties or less academic motivation in the fall were less behaviorally engaged in the spring. Extending prior research, classrooms with more equitably distributed and interconnected social ties—social network equity—had more behaviorally engaged students in the spring, especially in classrooms with higher levels of observed organization (i.e., effective management of behavior, time, and attention). Moreover, social network equity attenuated the negative relation between student behavioral difficulties and behavioral engagement, suggesting that students with behavioral difficulties were less disengaged in classrooms with more equitably distributed and interconnected social ties. Findings illuminate the need to consider classroom peer contexts in future research and intervention focused on the behavioral engagement of students in urban elementary schools.
Assessing the performance of the EQ-VAS in the NHS PROMs programme
Authors: Feng Yan , Parkin David , Devlin Nancy J. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Objectives
The study aims to increase knowledge about the performance of the EuroQol-visual analogue scales (EQ-VAS) in the UK NHS patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) programme, which covers groin hernia, hip and knee replacement and varicose vein surgery, and make suggestions for improved collection, coding and analysis of data.

Methods
Four hundred scanned images of matched before-and-after EQ-VAS PROMs responses were selected at random. These were classified according to the different ways in which they were completed. Patient-level PROMs programme data linked to Hospital Episode Statistics for all patients from April 2009 to February 2011 were used to analyse the relationship between the EQ-VAS and the EQ-5D profile, index-weighted profile and condition-specific instruments. The linked PROMs and HES data comprise 331,951 anonymised patient records.

Results
A large majority (95 %) of EQ-VAS responses were completed in an unambiguous way, but only a minority (45 %) conformed strictly to the instructions given, posing challenges for data coding. The EQ-VAS data have a predictable and consistent relationship with the EQ-5D profile, although the correlations between the EQ-VAS and other measures of patient-reported health, both before and after surgery and in the change between them, are weak.

Conclusions
EQ-VAS data might be improved by providing better guidance on collection and coding. It is argued that the observed differences in results from EQ-VAS and other measures of health reflect the fact that it measures a broader underlying construct of health, arguably providing a means of summarising overall health that is closer to the patient’s perspective.
The past, present, and future of intervention
Authors: LAWSON GEORGE , TARDELLI LUCA 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDespite the prominent place of intervention in contemporary world politics, debate is limited by two weaknesses: first, an excessive presentism; and second, a focus on normative questions to the detriment of analysis of the longer-term sociological dynamics that fuel interventionary pressures. In keeping with the focus of the Special Issue on the ways in which intervention is embedded within modernity, this article examines the emergence of intervention during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, assesses its place in the contemporary world, and considers its prospects in upcoming years. The main point of the article is simple – although intervention changes in character across time and place, it is a persistent feature of modern international relations. As such, intervention is here to stay.
Sovereignty, intervention, and social order in revolutionary times
Authors: JONES LEE 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis article explores how sovereignty and (non-)intervention are implicated in the (re)production of specific social orders. Sovereignty and the non-interference principle circumscribe ‘domestic’ politics from ‘the international’, defining who is legitimately included or excluded from the struggles that determine political and social orders. State managers seek to admit forces and resources favourable to the order they are seeking to create, whilst excluding those deleterious to it. In revolutionary periods, however, these attempts to ‘cage’ social relations often crumble as transnational forces engage in fierce, multifaceted conflicts overlapping territorial borders. In such circumstances, both norms of non-interference and practices of intervention may be used by dominant forces to help contain the spread of sociopolitical conflict and to strengthen their hand in the struggle to (re)define social order. Sovereignty regimes are thus shaped by the strategies and ideologies of the various social groups locked in conflict at a particular historical moment. This argument is illustrated through the case of Cold War Southeast Asia, where sovereignty and intervention were both used to stabilise capitalist social order and curtail transnational, radical threats from below.
In situ label-free imaging for visualizing the biotransformation of a bioactive polyphenol
Authors: Kim Yoon Hee , Fujimura Yoshinori , Hagihara Takatoki , Sasaki Masako , Yukihira Daichi , Nagao Tatsuhiko , Miura Daisuke , Yamaguchi Shinichi , Saito Kazunori , Tanaka Hiroshi , Wariishi Hiroyuki , Yamada Koji , Tachibana Hirofumi 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAlthough understanding the high-resolution spatial distribution of bioactive small molecules is indispensable for elucidating their biological or pharmacological effects, there has been no analytical technique that can easily detect the naïve molecular localization in mammalian tissues. We herein present a novel in situ label-free imaging technique for visualizing bioactive small molecules, using a polyphenol. We established a 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (1,5-DAN)-based matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) technique for visualizing epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), the major bioactive green tea polyphenol, within mammalian tissue micro-regions after oral dosing. Furthermore, the combination of this label-free MALDI-MSI method and a standard-independent metabolite identification method, an isotopic fine structure analysis using ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometer, allows for the visualization of spatially-resolved biotransformation based on simultaneous mapping of EGCG and its phase II metabolites. Although this approach has limitations of the detection sensitivity, it will overcome the drawbacks associated with conventional molecular imaging techniques and could contribute to biological discovery.
Physical and functional interaction of Rnf2 with Af9 regulates basal and aldosterone-stimulated transcription of the α-ENaC gene in a renal collecting duct cell line
Authors: Yu Zhi-Yuan , Kong Qun , Kone Bruce C. 
Published: September 2013

The physical and functional interaction of Rnf2 (RING finger protein 2), a central component of the PRC (Polycomb repressive complex) 1 and Af9 (ALL1-fused gene from chromosome 9 protein), an aldosterone-sensitive transcription factor, in regulating basal and aldosterone-stimulated transcription of the α-ENaC (epithelial Na+ channel α-subunit) gene was explored in mIMCD3 CD (collecting duct) cells. Since Rnf2 lacks DNA-specific binding activity, other factors must mediate its site-specific chromatin recruitment. Rnf2 and Af9 co-localized in the nucleus and co-immunoprecipitated. A GST (glutathione transferase)–Af9 carboxy-terminal fusion protein directly interacted with in vitro translated Rnf2 in GST pull-down assays. Rnf2 knock down enhanced basal and aldosterone-stimulated α-ENaC mRNA levels and α-ENaC promoter activity. ChIP/QPCR (chromatin immunoprecipitation/quantitative PCR) assays demonstrated enrichment of Rnf2, H2AK119 (mono-ubiquitinated histone H2A lysine 119), and H3K27me3 (histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylated), a PRC2 chromatin mark, at multiple α-ENaC promoter subregions corresponding to regions of known Af9 enrichment, under basal conditions. Sequential ChIP confirmed Rnf2–Af9 co-occupancy of the α-ENaC promoter. Aldosterone provoked early and sustained depletion of Rnf2, ubiquitinated H2AK119, and trimethylated H3K27 associated with the subregions of the α-ENaC promoter. Thus, Af9 mediates site-selective physical and functional recruitment of Rnf2 to the α-ENaC promoter to constrain basal α-ENaC transcription in collecting duct cells, and aldosterone reverses this process.