bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On The Nature of Experiencing Self‐Agency: The Role of Goals and Primes in Inferring Oneself as the Cause of Behavior
Authors: van der Weiden Anouk , Aarts Henk , Ruys Kirsten 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPeople often find themselves in situations where the cause of events may be ambiguous. Surprisingly though, the experience of self‐agency, i.e., perceiving oneself as the causal agent of behavioral outcomes, appears quite natural to most people. How then do these experiences arise? We discuss common models proposing that self‐agency experiences result from the comparison between actual action‐outcomes and the outcomes one explicitly set as a goal. However, recent developments in psychology and neuroscience suggest that our behaviors and the outcomes they produce can be primed and implicitly guided by environmental cues and yet are accompanied by experiences of self‐agency. Hence, we also review research revealing how self‐agency experiences may arise over behavioral outcomes that are implicitly primed before they occur and how such implicitly cued agency experiences may differ from agency experiences that are the result of explicitly set goals. Directions for future research are briefly addressed.
The use of an objective structured clinical examination to assess internal medicine residents' transfusion knowledge
Authors: Saidenberg Elianna , Pugh Debra 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundPrevious studies have indicated that medical trainees receive inadequate instruction in transfusion medicine and that this translates into insufficient transfusion knowledge throughout medical practice. We undertook to assess transfusion knowledge among internal medicine trainees in a single institution using a standardized oral examination case.Study Design and MethodsA case of an adult with clear requirement for red blood cell transfusion was created. The case was reviewed by content experts and pilot tested on hematology trainees in their fifth postgraduate training year. The case was administered to internal medicine trainees in their first to fourth postgraduate years as part of a larger examination that is mandatory for all internal medicine trainees in our center. Scores on the transfusion case were assessed for each examinee.ResultsSeventy‐three residents participated in the examination and completed the transfusion objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) case. The mean score on this case was 6.6 of 10 with 31.5% of examinees failing this case. Scores did not differ as a function of increasing years of training.ConclusionThis study again indicated that transfusion knowledge is poor among internal medicine trainees and that this does not improve with increasing number of years of training. Innovative strategies for transfusion education are urgently needed and should be rigorously assessed for efficacy.
Promotion and inhibition of oxygen transfer under fine bubble aeration by activated sludge
Authors: Fan Haitao , Qi Lu , Liu Guo‐hua , Zhang Yuankai , Chen Xulu , Wang Hongchen 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe promotion and inhibition of inactivated and activated sludge on oxygen mass transfer (OMT) were studied using lab‐scale experiments. The results showed that the α‐values and oxygen transfer efficiency (OTE) decreased with increasing mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration (1–10 g/L). Although OMT promotion rate by microbial respiration in activated sludge system increased from 39.8–97.5% for the α‐values and OTE, the two parameters were found to fall sharply when MLSS concentration was over 5 g/L. This indicated that the sludge concentration is a major influence factor on OMT in activated sludge system. Such results provide valuable knowledge for the operating optimization of the aeration system in wastewater treatment process.
Cholesterol and F‐actin are required for clustering of recycling synaptic vesicle proteins in the presynaptic plasma membrane
Authors: Dason Jeffrey S. , Smith Alex J. , Marin Leo , Charlton Milton P. 
Published: December 2013

Key points
Extraction of cholesterol from synaptic vesicles trapped on the presynaptic plasma membrane causes synaptic vesicle proteins to disperse after exocytosis.
Vesicular cholesterol regulates both presynaptic phosphatidylinositol (4,5)‐bisphosphate levels and actin distribution during synaptic vesicle recycling.
Inhibition of actin polymerization results in the dispersal of proteins from trapped synaptic vesicles and impairs synaptic vesicle recycling.
Vesicular cholesterol and actin together confine synaptic vesicle proteins on the presynaptic plasma membrane during synaptic vesicle recycling.
Alteration of membrane or synaptic vesicle lipids might therefore affect the ability of synapses to undergo sustained exocytosis and endocytosis by compromising the recycling of synaptic vesicle proteins.
AbstractSynaptic vesicles (SVs) and their proteins must be recycled for sustained synaptic transmission. We tested the hypothesis that SV cholesterol is required for proper sorting of SV proteins during recycling in live presynaptic terminals. We used the reversible block of endocytosis in the Drosophila temperature‐sensitive dynamin mutant shibire‐ts1 to trap exocytosed SV proteins, and then examined the effect of experimental treatments on the distribution of these proteins within the presynaptic plasma membrane by confocal microscopy. SV proteins synaptotagmin, vglut and csp were clustered following SV trapping in control experiments but dispersed in samples treated with the cholesterol chelator methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin to extract SV cholesterol. There was accumulation of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)‐bisphosphate (PIP2) in presynaptic terminals following SV trapping and this was reduced following SV cholesterol extraction. Reduced PIP2 accumulation was associated with disrupted accumulation of actin in presynaptic terminals. Similar to vesicular cholesterol extraction, disruption of actin by latrunculin A after SV proteins had been trapped on the plasma membrane resulted in the dispersal of SV proteins and prevented recovery of synaptic transmission due to impaired endocytosis following relief of the endocytic block. Our results demonstrate that vesicular cholesterol is required for aggregation of exocytosed SV proteins in the presynaptic plasma membrane and are consistent with a mechanism involving regulation of PIP2 accumulation and local actin polymerization by cholesterol. Thus, alteration of membrane or SV lipids may affect the ability of synapses to undergo sustained synaptic transmission by compromising the recycling of SV proteins.
Thermal Effect on Electroosmotic Flow in a Slit Microchannel
Authors: Zhou Yi , Yang Chun , Zhao Cunlu 
Published: December 2013

Electroosmotic flow (EOF) in microfluidic systems is frequently subjected to thermal effect because of temperature-dependent material properties. Boltzmann equation is usually used to describe the ion distribution in EOF. This study will compare the ion distribution under the thermal effect with the Boltzmann distribution. Moreover, for thin electrical double layer (EDL), constant potential model always be used to simplify the calculation of EOF at constant charge. In this study, the thermal effects on EOF at both constant potential and constant charge are analyzed. In addition, as the surface charge density increases largely with higher temperature, in this study efforts are also made to address the thermal effect on EOF induced by the temperature-dependent charge density.
In particular, a numerical model is presented for investigating the steady EOF under the thermal effect. The proposed model involves several coupled governing equations including the Nernst-Planck equations, the Poisson equation, the modified Navier-Stokes equations, and the energy equation. The simulation results show that the Boltzmann equation cannot fully describe the ionic concentration distributions under the large thermal effect when EDL overlap. Moreover, for thin EDL, the electroosmotic velocity under the thermal effect at constant potential is lower than that at constant charge, due to the negative electrothermal force at constant potential. Furthermore, it is revealed that the temperature-dependence of surface charge can significantly modify the characteristics of EOF.
Measurement of Performance Characteristics of a Piezoelectric Micro Blower
Authors: Fukue Takashi , Hirose Koichi , Terao Hirotoshi 
Published: December 2013

This study conducts a measurement system of a performance of a piezoelectric micro blower. Electronic equipments such as laptop computers and cellular phones become smaller and thinner while their functions become more complex. As a result, a lot of components are mounted in an electronic enclosure and flow passages for the cooling air become narrow. This causes significant pressure drop and general cooling fans cannot supply enough cooling air. To improve cooling performance in small electronic equipment, a new air supply system which combines smaller and thinner size with a high pressure performance characteristic is needed. We focused on a novel piezoelectric micro blower. This blower can supply the airflow with high static pressure using the vibration of the piezoelectric element. This may produce a forced convection cooling with low electric power regardless of the size of electronic equipment and packaging density of electrical devices. However, to predict accurate cooling performance of the piezoelectric micro blower in thermal design, we have to obtain a correct supply flow rate of the blower because the cooling performance of forced convection is significantly dependent on the supply flow rate. Generally, an operating point of the blower, which is the operating pressure and the flow rate in electronic equipment, is the point of intersection of performance characteristic curve, which is the relationship between the blower’s pressure rise and the supply flow rate, and flow resistance curve in equipment. Therefore the measurement of the performance characteristic curve is most important.
We tried to develop the measurement system of the performance characteristic curve of the piezoelectric micro blower with high accuracy. We succeeded to measure the relationship between the supply flow rate and the static pressure rise of the micro blower. Moreover, in order to clarify whether the micro blower is available for a cooling method of high-density packaging electronic equipment or not, we tried to investigate the effects of the obstruction, which is mounted in front of the blower, on the performance characteristic. Then, we confirmed whether the performance of the blower is changed by the components mounted near the blower or not.
Lattice Boltzmann Modeling for Analysis of Water-Splitting Over Nanorods With Emphasis on Reactive Mass Transport
Authors: Paradis Hedvig , Grigoropoulos Costas , Sundén Bengt 
Published: December 2013

Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is an alternative to conventional CFD to capture the detailed activities of the transport processes at microscale. Here LBM is used to model the hydrogen production by splitting water by incident sunlight over water covered Si-nanorods. The purpose of this study is, by a 3D microscale model, to investigate the transport and the formation of the hydrogen bubbles by electrochemical reactions. An ordered array of nanorods is created where each rod is 10 μm high and 10 nm in diameter. The 3D model is simulated using parallel computing with the program Palabos. A multicomponent reaction-advection-diffusion transport for 3 components is analyzed with electrochemical reactions and this process is further coupled with the momentum transport.
It has here been shown that LBM can be used to evaluate the microscale effect of electrochemical reactions on the transport processes. An increased Bond number increase the bubble flow through the nanorod domain. A decreased contact angle facilitates the disconnection of the bubble to the nanorod at the top surface. The collection of the hydrogen bubbles at the top surface of the nanorods will be facilitated by an easy disconnection of the bubbles.
Improvement of Physical-Mechanical Properties of the Composite Materials in Aircraft Structure Using Carbon Nanomaterial Based on Phenolic Binder and Fiberglass
Authors: Alhussan Khaled 
Published: December 2013

Aggregate stability of “carbon nanotube-polymer matrix” depends on the specific features of Surface tube and surrounding polymer interaction, i.e. The behavior of nanocarbon particles assembly in each particular system. This work is provided with the conditions of used carbon nanomaterial treatment for the improvement of its aggregate stability when introducing into phenolic matrix.
Multiwall carbon carbon nanotubes and nanofibers possess unique properties which allow to constantly widen the spheres of their practical application. Recently there have appeared a lot of works dedicated to the creation of composite materials with the improved properties via CNM introduction into various polymers [1, 2].
However until the present time it was impossible to fulfill the possibilities of the application of carbon materials as modified additives completely. As carbon nanotubes and nanofibers are very small and possess high surface energy they easily form agglomerates with tens of microns sizes which reduce the efficiency of additive and matrix interaction.
Numerical Investigation on Interfacial Phenomena of Ferrofluid by Lattice Boltzmann Method
Authors: Zhou Wenning , Yan Yuying , Luo Xiaoping 
Published: December 2013

Ferrofluid, also known as magnetic fluid, is a new-type fluid whose property and morphology can be controlled by the external magnetic field. It mainly consists of carrier fluid and suspended magnetic particles (diameter usually 10 nanometers or less). Ferrofluids behave as a smart or functional fluid and has been finding more and more applications in a variety of fields such as electronic packing, mechanical engineering, aerospace, bioengineering, and thermal engineering. It has therefore recently attracted many researchers’ interest. Due to the nanosize particles and complex interactions between the nanoparticles and carrier fluid, it is difficult to get insights into ferrofluid by pure experimental or theoretical study. To fully understand the mechanism of ferrofluid, efficient and robust computational methods for the numerical simulation of their dynamical behavior are constantly in high demand. Several numerical models have been proposed for ferrofluid. Over the last decade, lattice Boltzmann method, a new mesoscopic approach, has emerged as a powerful tool for the numerical investigation of a broad class of complex flow, including multicomponent and multiphase flows. Compared with other numerical methods, lattice Boltzmann method, which is based on kinetic theory, has advantages to deal with the interfacial interactions of multiphase flow in micro/nano scale.
In the present study, we present a multicomponent lattice Boltzmann model to simulate ferrofluid. In this model, the interactions between internal and external forces of ferrofluid are considered. To validate the coupling of the magnetic field, the velocity field and the evolution of the interface, the steady-state shape of the ferrofluid droplet is analysed. Then the influence of the external magnetic field on the ferrofluid droplet formation and deformation process is numerically investigated. The parameters affecting the interfacial phenomena of ferrofluid, including the magnetic Bond number and the susceptibility, are discussed in this paper. The change in the droplet size and the magnetic strength is simulated. The simulation results show the ferrofluid droplet size increases with increasing magnetic strength. All the results are also compared with previous numerical or experimental studies. The simulation results presented in this paper indicate that lattice Boltzmann method is a capable method to study complex magnetic fluid phenomena. It is also hoped that the simulation results offer helpful information on controlling ferrofluid in our practical applications.
Visualization of Boiling Heat Transfer on Micro Porous Coated Surface in Confined Space
Authors: Yang Chien-Yuh , Liu Chien-Fu 
Published: December 2013

Numerous researches have been developed for pool boiling on microporous coated surface in the past decade. The nucleate boiling heat transfer was found to be increased by up to 4.5 times than that on uncoated surface. Recently, the two-phase micro heat exchangers have been considered for high flux electronic devices cooling. The enhancement techniques for improving the nucleate boiling heat transfer performance in the micro heat exchangers have gotten more importance. Previous studies of microporous coatings, however, have been restricted to boiling in unconfined space. No studies have been made on the feasibility of using microporous coatings for enhancing boiling in confined spaces. This study provides an experimental observation of the vapor generation and leaving processes on microporous coatings surface in a 1-mm confined space. It would be helpful for understanding the mechanism of boiling heat transfer and improving the design of two-phase micro heat exchangers.
Aluminum particles of average diameter 20 μm were mixed with a binder and a carrier to develop a 150 μm thickness boiling enhancement paint on a 3.0 cm by 3.0 cm copper heating surface. The heating surface was covered by a thin glass plate with a 1 mm spacer to form a 1 mm vertical narrow space for the test section. The boiling phenomenon was recorded by a high speed camera. In addition to the three boiling regimes observed by Bonjour and Lallemand [1], i.e., isolated deformed bubbles, coalesced bubbles and partial dryout at low, moderate and high heat fluxes respectively in unconfined space, a suction and blowing process was observed at the highest heat flux condition. Owing to the space confinement, liquid was sucked and vapor was expelled periodically during the bubble generation process. This mechanism significantly enhanced the boiling heat transfer performance in confined space.
Numerical Investigation of Coalescence of Viscous Particles With Solid Cores
Authors: Dayal Ram , Abele Eberhard , Gambaryan-Roisman Tatiana 
Published: December 2013

Coalescence of viscous particles with solid cores plays an important role in chemical and pharmaceutical industry, in agriculture and in production technology. Coalescence of metal particles, which are partially melted due the laser heating, is an important mechanism responsible for densification of metal powder during selective laser sintering process.
Our model describes coalescence of two or more particles consisting of a solid core and a liquid shell. The flow in the liquid shell is driven by the surface tension. It is assumed that the characteristic Reynolds number is low, so that the creeping flow model can be applied. A two dimensional boundary element model (BEM) is used to solve the governing equations. The numerical model is validated by comparison with available analytical solution for the limiting case of fully viscous particles.
The influence of the liquid properties, the sizes of the particles and the relative sizes of the solid core on the two-phase flow and on the shape evolution of coalescing particles is quantified. In application to the selective laser sintering process densification rate has been defined as an important output parameter. We show that increasing of the solid core radius leads to the decrease of the powder densification rate.
3D Focusing of Microparticles by Acoustic Standing Waves in a Flow Through Channel
Authors: Iorio C. S. , Perfetti C. , Vancauwenberghe V. , Dubois F. 
Published: December 2013

Analysis of environmental changes has become a great issue nowadays with the increase of pollution and global warming. Surveys about growing populations of species and apparition of new parasites are more and more relevant to preserve our environment and populations needs. The ability to observe for instance the presence of bacteria such as Criptosporidium and Giardia Lamblia in freshwater contributes to prevent people from diseases even in developed countries. The main issue in the observation of such species is that the size of the biological sample should be large enough to be representative of its surrounding environment, meaning that the amount of the scanned sample is several orders superior to the size of the micro species of interest.
A major limitation for optical instruments in performing this kind of analysis is that the magnification required should fit the size of the particles, severely constraining the field of view. As a result, the rate of analysis is often so slow to be compatible with the large samples to analyze.
One way to increase the rate of analysis is to manipulate particles in order to focus them in the field of view of the visualization system.
In this article we use acoustic standing waves to achieve this goal by directing particles in the observation region.
A 1mm × 1mm square section glass channel, excited by a piezo transducer is used. The carrier fluid is water while several types of particles, both synthetic and biological are tested. The dynamic behaviour of particles under the acoustic field has been investigated and the 3D position of each particle is reported.
In order to increase the depth of investigation, we used a Digital Holographic Microscope. This technology permit to scan a larger volume of fluid and also to calculate the 3D position of each detected particle flowing in the channel.
A focusing streamline of as thin as 1/20 of the channel cross section has been successfully achieved.
Raltegravir Has a Low Propensity To Cause Clinical Drug Interactions through Inhibition of Major Drug Transporters: an
In Vitro
Evaluation
Authors: Rizk Matthew L. , Houle Robert , Chan Grace Hoyee , Hafey Mike , Rhee Elizabeth G. , Chu Xiaoyan 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACT

Raltegravir (RAL) is a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase inhibitor approved to treat HIV infection in adults in combination with other antiretrovirals. The potential of RAL to cause transporter-related drug-drug interactions (DDIs) as an inhibitor has not been well described to date. In this study, a series of
in vitro
experiments were conducted to assess the inhibitory effects of RAL on major human drug transporters known to be involved in clinically relevant drug interactions, including hepatic and renal uptake transporters and efflux transporters. For hepatic uptake transporters, RAL showed no inhibition of organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1), weak inhibition of OATP1B3 (40% inhibition at 100 μM), and no inhibition of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1). Studies of renal uptake transporters showed that RAL inhibited organic anion transporters 1 and 3 (OAT1 and OAT3) with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC
50
s) (108 μM and 18.8 μM, respectively) well above the maximum concentration of drug in plasma (
C
max
) at the clinical 400-mg dose and did not inhibit organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2). As for efflux transporters, RAL did not inhibit breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and showed weak inhibition of multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1) (52% inhibition at 100 μM) and MATE2-K (29% inhibition at 100 μM). These studies indicate that at clinically relevant exposures, RAL does not inhibit or only weakly inhibits hepatic uptake transporters OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OCT1, renal uptake transporters OCT2, OAT1, and OAT3, as well as efflux transporters BCRP, MATE1, and MATE2-K. The propensity for RAL to cause DDIs via inhibition of these transporters is therefore considered low.