bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Headaches in Brain Tumor Patients: Primary or Secondary?
Authors: Nelson Sarah , Taylor Lynne P. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundHeadaches occur commonly in all patients, including those who have brain tumors. It has been argued that there is a classic “brain tumor headache type” – defined by the International Headache Society as one that is localized, progressive, worse in the morning, aggravated by coughing or bending forward, develops in temporal and often spatial relation to the neoplasm, and resolves within 7 days of surgical removal or treatment with corticosteroids.MethodsUsing the search terms “headache and brain tumors,” “intracranial neoplasms and headache,” and “facial pain and brain tumors,” we reviewed the literature from the past 20 years on brain tumor‐associated headache and reflected upon the International Classification of Headache Disorders‐3 (ICHD‐3). In a separate, complementary paper, the proposed mechanisms of brain tumor headache are reviewed.ResultsWe discuss multiple clinical presentations of brain tumor headaches, present the ICHD‐3 diagnostic criteria for each type of headache, and then apply our findings to the ICHD‐3. Our primary and major finding was that brain tumor headaches can present similarly to primary headaches in those with a predisposition to headaches, suggesting that following ICHD‐3 criteria could cause a clinician to overlook a headache caused by a brain tumor. We further find that some types of headaches are not explicitly discussed in the ICHD‐3 and also propose that the International Headache Society formally define SMART (Stroke‐like Migraine Attacks after Radiation Therapy) syndrome given the increasing amount of literature on this disorder.ConclusionOur literature review revealed that brain tumor headache uncommonly presents with classic brain tumor headache characteristics and often satisfies criteria for a primary headache category such as migraine or tension‐type. Thus, clinicians may miss headaches due to brain tumors in following ICHD‐3 criteria, and the distinction between primary and secondary headache disorders may not be so clear‐cut.
Significance of pretransplant abstinence on harmful alcohol relapse after liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis in Japan
Authors: Egawa Hiroto , Ueda Yoshihide , Kawagishi Naoki , Yagi Takahito , Kimura Hiroyuki , Ichida Takafumi 
Published: April 2014

AimAlcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC) is an established indication for liver transplantation (LT). Although the importance of preoperative abstinence is accepted, the optimal period of pretransplant abstinence is unclear. Our previous report in a Japanese cohort revealed a significant negative impact of recidivism on patient survival but failed to show significance of the length of pretransplant abstinence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the optimal period of pretransplant abstinence.MethodsSubjects underwent LT for ALC (n = 195: 187 living donor liver transplantations, five deceased donor liver transplantations and three domino LT) in Japan from November 1997 to December 2011. Risk factors and the impact on outcome of alcohol relapse were analyzed in 140 patients, after excluding 26 patients with in‐hospital mortality and 29 patients without information about alcohol relapse.ResultsThe incidence of alcohol consumption after LT was 22.9% (32/140). The relapse time was within 18 months after LT in 24 patients, after 18 months in two patients and unknown in six patients. Alcohol‐related damage occurred in 18 of the 24 patients with recidivism within 18 months. The patient survival rate of patients with harmful relapse was significantly lower than that of abstinent patients and patients with non‐harmful relapse (P = 0.019). Preoperative abstinence shorter than 18 months was a significant indicator of the risk of harmful relapse (P = 0.009). High‐risk alcohol relapse scores had no impact on the incidence.ConclusionPreoperative abstinence was an important predictor of post‐transplant harmful relapse leading to inferior outcomes.
Anti‐Semitism and the American Racial Context: A Historical Inquiry
Authors: Toll William 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis essay reacts to the observation that (1) the vast literature on anti‐Semitism virtually ignores the United States and that (2) American scholarly writing on the topic of race and racism has little to say about Jews and anti‐Semitism. This essay tries to bridge both gaps by arguing, first, that anti‐Semitism should not be studied as an ideology or as a social virus but as a marker of specific tensions in the cultures where it becomes a public issue. Second, in the United States, a civic nation rather than a European nation‐state, Jews have always been included as citizens, have never challenged a national identity based on democratic political values, and have nevertheless been perceived ambiguously. Third, Race has defined the basic fissures in our social and political history, and groups stigmatized as racially alien have faced systematic discrimination. At the turn of the 20th century, East European Jews were perceived as members of an immigrant proletariat encased – like other immgrants – in a racial ideology and faced discrimination on that critical but largely class‐related basis. Fourth, other Jews before and after that era were marginal to America's basic tensions, and different groups of Jews were treated differently according to the various class positions and geographic locations that they often shared with others. Anti‐Semitism marked the shifting kaleidoscope of America's endless process of economic growth and social mobility.
Global Advertising Histories: an Australian Perspective
Authors: Dickenson Jackie 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article surveys the historiography of the global advertising industry, identifying the key challenges and debates raised by American and British scholars, and then discusses two important questions for historians of Australian advertising. First, if advertising is a globalised and ‘Americanised’ industry, exactly how Australian is the Australian advertising industry? Second, can we understand how advertising works by analysing advertisements, or are new forms of analysis required? The article introduces a fresh analytical approach that seeks to answer these questions before discussing the scope, methodology and preliminary findings of a historical study of the Australian advertising industry that is currently utilising this approach.
The Politics of Knowledge: Or, How to Stop Being Eurocentric
Authors: Seth Sanjay 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn the last 20 years or so, a significant and growing body of work has sought to unveil, challenge and displace the ‘Eurocentric’ biases of the human sciences. The arguments advanced in these works vary, and the aim of this essay is both to survey this literature and to point out the differences between different ‘kinds’ or ‘types’ of ‘anti‐Eurocentrism’.
Critical values in Hematology
Authors: McFarlane A. , Aslan B. , Raby A. , Bourner G. , Padmore R. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryIntroductionCritical values are life‐threatening results that require immediate notification to the patient's healthcare provider. Accreditation bodies require laboratories to establish critical values. A survey of Ontario laboratories was conducted to determine current practice for critical values in hematology.MethodsThe survey was sent to 182 participants questioning sources for establishing critical values, levels, review frequency, delta checks, and reporting. The survey was completed by laboratory managers, supervisors, technical specialists, senior technologists, and bench technologists working in hematology.ResultsThe majority of participating laboratories have established critical values limits for hemoglobin, leukocyte counts, and platelet counts. Most laboratories also include the presence of malaria parasites and blast cells. Some laboratories reported the presence of plasma cells, sickle cells, schistocytes, and spherocytes as critical values. Multiple sources are used for establishing a critical value policy. There was variability for the frequency of critical values review. Rules may differ for a first‐time patient sample vs. a repeat patient sample. Delta checks are seldom used to determine whether a result should be called a critical value. Most participants require the individual taking the critical result(s) to read back and confirm that they are directly involved with the patient's care.ConclusionThere is a lack of consensus for critical values reporting in hematology. As critical value reporting is crucial for patient safety, standardization of this practice would be beneficial.
Geographical variation in incidence of knee arthroscopy for patients with osteoarthritis: a population‐based analysis of Victorian hospital separations data
Authors: Bohensky M. , Barker A. , Morello R. , De Steiger R. N. , Gorelik A. , Brand C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground/AimTo evaluate the frequency and geographical variation in knee arthroscopy for adults (>25 years) with a concomitant diagnosis of osteoarthritis.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of hospital separations involving an elective knee arthroscopy in public and private hospitals in Victoria, Australia. Participants included patients receiving knee arthroscopies with a diagnosis code indicating osteoarthritis (OA) from 1 July 2008 to 30 June 2009. Records were excluded if the patient was under 25 years or their arthroscopy involved a ligament reconstruction. Crude rates per 100 000 population and negative binomial regression offset by total knee arthroscopy volume were used to analyse differences by region.ResultsThere were 9620 arthroscopic procedures meeting the inclusion criteria. There were 5500 (57.2%) admissions where the principal diagnosis was knee OA (gonarthrosis) and 3510 (36.5%) where the principal diagnosis indicated a mechanical derangement and there was a primary or associated diagnosis of OA. When we examined the incidence rate ratios (IRR) by region, after adjustment for relevant factors and accounting for the total knee arthroscopy volume within each region, we identified significant variation in knee arthroscopy rates for patients with OA. The region with the highest adjusted IRR was Barwon South Western (IRR: 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16–1.36) and the region with lowest adjusted incidence rate ratio was the Gippsland region (IRR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.80–0.98).ConclusionsWe identified considerable geographical variation in arthroscopies for people with OA across Victoria. Further investigation is needed to understand whether this variation is a reflection of differences in OA prevalence, clinical decision‐making or access.
Disabling disease codes predict worse outcomes for acute medical admissions
Authors: Chotirmall S. H. , Picardo S. , Lyons J. , D'Alton M. , O'Riordan D. , Silke B. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundConcurrent with an extension in longevity, a prodrome of ill‐health (‘disability’ identifiable by certain International Classification of Disease (ICD) 9/ICD10 codes) predates the acute emergency presentation. To date, no study has assessed the effect of such ‘disability’ on outcomes of emergency medical admissions.AimTo devise a new method of scoring the burden of ‘disability’ and assess its relevance to outcomes of acute hospital admissions.MethodsAll emergency admissions (67 971 episodes in n = 37 828 patients) to St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland over an 11‐year period (2002–2012) were studied, and 30‐day in‐hospital mortality and length of stay were assessed as objective end‐points. Patients were classified according to a validated ‘disability’ classification method and scored from 0 to 4+ (5 classes), dependent on number of ICD9/ICD10 ‘hits’ in hospital episode codes.ResultsA disabling score of zero was present in 10.6% of patients. Scores of 1, 2, 3 and 4+ (classified by the number of organ systems involved) occurred with frequencies of 23.3%, 28.7%, 21.9% and 15.5% respectively. The ‘disability’ score was strongly driven by age. The 30‐day mortality rates were 0.9% (no score), 2.6%, 4.1%, 6.3% and 10.9%. Surviving patients remained in hospital for medians of 1.8 (no score), 3.9, 6.1, 8.1 and 9.7 days respectively. High ‘disability’ and illness severity predicted a particularly bad outcome.ConclusionDisability burden, irrespective of organ system at emergency medical admission, independently predicts worse outcomes and a longer in‐hospital stay.
Properties, morphogenesis, and effect of acidification on spines of the cidaroid sea urchin Phyllacanthus imperialis
Authors: Dery Aurélie , Guibourt Virginie , Catarino Ana I. , Compère Philippe , Dubois Philippe 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCidaroid sea urchins are the sister clade to all other extant echinoids and have numerous unique features, including unusual primary spines. These lack an epidermis when mature, exposing their high‐magnesium calcite skeleton to seawater and allowing the settlement of numerous epibionts. Cidaroid spines are made of an inner core of classical monocrystalline skeleton and an outer layer of polycrystalline magnesium calcite. Interestingly, cidaroids survived the Permian‐Triassic crisis, which was characterized by severe acidification of the ocean. Currently, numerous members of this group inhabit the deep ocean, below the saturation horizon for their magnesium calcite skeleton. This suggests that members of this taxon may have characteristics that may allow them to resist ongoing ocean acidification linked to global change. We compared the effect of acidified seawater (pH 7.2, 7.6, or 8.2) on mature spines with a fully developed cortex to that on young, growing spines, in which only the stereom core was developed. The cortex of mature spines was much more resistant to etching than the stereom of young spines. We then examined the properties of the cortex that might be responsible for its resistance compared to the underlying stereomic layers, namely morphology, intramineral organic material, magnesium concentration, intrinsic solubility of the mineral, and density. Our results indicate that the acidification resistance of the cortex is probably due to its lower magnesium concentration and higher density, the latter reducing the amount of surface area in contact with acidified seawater. The biofilm and epibionts covering the cortex of mature spines may also reduce its exposure to seawater.
Synthesis and Microstructural Characterization of Substoichiometric Ti2Al(CxNy) Solid Solutions and Related Ti2AlCx and Ti2AlN End‐Members
Authors: Yu Wenbo , Gauthier‐Brunet Véronique , Cabioc'h Thierry , Dubois Sylvain 
Published: April 2014

Ti, TiC, Al and AlN powders were mixed to synthesize Ti2Al(CxNy) (x + y < 1) solid solutions, Ti2AlCx (x < 1) and Ti2AlN‐related end‐members by hot isostatic pressing at 1400°C/80 MPa for 4 h. For the pure carbides, it is demonstrated that single‐phased samples can only be obtained when about 15% of substoichiometry on the carbon site is applied. Such a result likely implies that Ti2AlCx can only exist in a narrow range of carbon composition. Ti2AlN nitride can be synthesized with y = 1. Assuming that vacancy content varies linearly from 0 to 0.15 going from Ti2AlN to Ti2AlC0.85 in the solid solutions, element concentrations have been calculated to synthesize different solid solutions. Thus, it is demonstrated that single‐phased and fully dense Ti2Al(C0.23N0.71), Ti2Al(C0.45N0.45), and Ti2Al(C0.66N0.22) carbonitrides can be synthesized.
Instrument development and validation of a quality scale for historical research papers (QSHRP): a pilot study
Authors: Kelly Jacinta , Watson Roger 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimTo report a pilot study for the development and validation of an instrument to measure quality in historical research papers.BackgroundThere are no set criteria to assess historical papers published in nursing journals.DesignA three phase mixed method sequential confirmatory design.MethodsIn 2012, we used a three‐phase approach to item generation and content evaluation. In phase 1, we consulted nursing historians using an online survey comprising three open‐ended questions and revised the items. In phase 2, we evaluated the revised items for relevance with expert historians using a 4‐point Likert scale and Content Validity Index calculation. In phase 3, we conducted reliability testing of the instrument using a 3‐point Likert scale.ResultsIn phase 1, 121 responses were generated via the online survey and revised to 40 interrogatively phrased items. In phase 2, five items with an Item Content Validity Index score of ≥0·7 remained. In phase 3, responses from historians resulted in 100% agreement to questions 1, 2 and 4 and 89% and 78%, respectively, to questions 3 and 5.ConclusionItems for the QSHRP have been identified, content validated and reliability tested. This scale improves on previous scales, which over‐emphasized source criticism. However, a full‐scale study is needed with nursing historians to increase its robustness.
Reconnaissance of Pharmaceuticals and Wastewater Indicators in Streambed Sediments of the Lower Columbia River Basin, Oregon and Washington
Authors: Nilsen Elena , Furlong Edward T. , Rosenbauer Robert 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOne by‐product of advances in modern chemistry is the accumulation of synthetic chemicals in the natural environment. These compounds include contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), some of which are endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) that can have detrimental reproductive effects. The role of sediments in accumulating these types of chemicals and acting as a source of exposure for aquatic organisms is not well understood. Here we present a small‐scale reconnaissance of CECs in bed sediments of the lower Columbia River and several tributaries and urban streams. Surficial bed sediment samples were collected from the Columbia River, the Willamette River, the Tualatin River, and several small urban creeks in Oregon. Thirty‐nine compounds were detected at concentrations ranging from <1 to >1,000 ng [g sediment]−1 dry weight basis. Concentrations and frequencies of detection were higher in tributaries and small urban creeks than in the Columbia River mainstem, suggesting a higher risk of exposure to aquatic life in lower order streams. Ten known or suspected EDCs were detected during the study. At least one EDC was detected at 21 of 23 sites sampled; several EDCs were detected in sediment from most sites. This study is the first to document the occurrence of a large suite of CECs in the sediments of the Columbia River basin. A better understanding of the role of sediment in the fate and effects of emerging contaminants is needed.
Dissipation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Biosolids Applied to Nonirrigated Farmland in Eastern Colorado
Authors: Yager Tracy J.B. , Furlong Edward T. , Kolpin Dana W. , Kinney Chad A. , Zaugg Steven D. , Burkhardt Mark R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn 2007, a 1.5‐year field‐scale study was initiated by the U.S. Geological Survey to evaluate the dissipation of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) following a first agronomic biosolids application to nonirrigated farmland. CECs with the greatest decrease in concentration in the surface biosolids at 180 days post‐application included indole, d‐limonene, p‐cresol, phenol, and skatol. CECs that were present in the largest concentration in 180‐day‐weathered biosolids included stanols, nonylphenols, bisphenol A, bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, hexahydrohexamethyl cyclopenta‐benzopyran (HHCB), and triclosan. CECs that were detected in pre‐application soil were 3‐beta coprostanol, skatol, acetophenone, beta‐sitosterol, beta‐stigmastanol, cholesterol, indole, p‐cresol, and phenol, most of which are biogenic sterols or fragrances that have natural plant sources in addition to anthropogenic sources, yet their concentrations increased (in some cases, substantially) following biosolids application. Preliminary data indicate the nonylphenols (including NPEO1, NPEO2), OPEO1, benzo[a]pyrene, diethyl phthalate, d‐limonene, HHCB, triclosan, and possibly 3‐beta coprostanol, skatol, beta‐sitosterol, cholesterol, indole, and p‐cresol, migrated downward through the soil by 468 days post‐application, but indicated little uptake by mature wheat plants. This study indicates that some CECs are sufficiently persistent and mobile to be vertically transported into the soil column following biosolids applications to the land surface, even in semiarid regions.
Screening for Selected Human Pharmaceuticals and Cocaine in the Urban Streams of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
Authors: Thomas Kevin V. , da Silva Felipe M. Araújo , Langford K.H. , de Souza Afonso D. Leão , Nizzeto L. , Waichman A.V. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPharmaceuticals and illicit drugs are contaminants that are generally ubiquitous in wastewater treatment plant effluents with their release into the environment being well understood in North America, Europe, and Asia. There is, however, less information on the release of human pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs from regions undergoing rapid land use, economical, and social changes, such as Brazil. This encompasses many areas in the tropical zone where releases of emerging contaminants may impact pristine, bio‐diversity rich ecosystems. In this study, the occurrence of human pharmaceuticals and the illicit drug cocaine was determined in the Rio Negro and two of its tributaries that receive large amounts of untreated sewage, the Igarapé Mindu and the Igarapé do 40, passing through the city of Manaus, Brazil. In addition to cocaine and its metabolite, benzoylecognine, propranolol, diclofenac, amitriptyline, carbamazepine, carbamazepine‐epoxide, citalopram, metoprolol, carisoprolol, and sertraline were all detected in two urban tributaries at low ng/l concentrations similar to those typically found in urban surface waters. Concentrations in the Rio Negro were typically lower than detection limits due to the large level of dilution, although traces of a range of pharmaceuticals were detected in the Rio Negro in proximity of the confluence of the urban streams. The data represent new information on the emissions of pharmaceuticals from a newly industrialized region of Brazil.
On‐Site Exposure to Treated Wastewater Effluent Has Subtle Effects on Male Fathead Minnows and Pronounced Effects on Carp
Authors: Minarik Thomas A. , Vick Justin A. , Schultz Melissa M. , Bartell Stephen E. , Martinovic‐Weigelt Dalma , Rearick Daniel C. , Schoenfuss Heiko L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis study tested the hypotheses that (1) exposure to treated Water Reclamation Plant (WRP) effluent will induce biological effects in exposed fish that are consistent with environmental estrogen (EE) exposure; and (2) seasonal differences in effluent composition will moderate biological effects. We conducted seven on‐site exposures using a mobile laboratory. Total estrogenicity of effluents was 10‐ to 20‐fold higher during spring than in fall. Common EEs including steroid estrogens, alkylphenols, and bisphenol‐A were ubiquitous. An unusual spike in total estrogenicity identified a combined sewer overflow event. Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) responded to exposure with subtle changes in vitellogenin concentrations and secondary sex characteristics. An opportunity to assess a common carp (Cyprinus carpio) population permanently sustained inside the Stickney WRP revealed pronounced exposure effects, but also the resilience of biological organisms even under long‐term exposure. In contrast to other studies, no histopathological changes were found. The mobile exposure laboratory proved capable of maintaining U.S. Environmental Protection Agency‐recommended exposure conditions while providing flexibility for rapid deployment at multiple sites with minimal operational disruption. Further studies using this platform hold promise to resolve the convoluted interactions between complex effluents and inherent biological complexity.