bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oil pollution in the Cromarty Firth and inshore Moray Firth
Authors: MacLennan A. S. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisOil pollution incidents in the inshore Moray Firth 1975–84 and Cromarty Firth 1970–84 are reviewed, describing the levels, geographical patterns, trends and some impacts.Growth in oil-related activity in the inshore Moray and Cromarty Firths has not led to increased levels of oil pollution. In the Cromarty Firth the majority of incidents since 1970 have been from long-established shore-based sources, while the frequency of incidents and their impact have diminished over the last few years from levels in the early-raid 1970s which were very unsatisfactory. Incident levels in the inshore Moray Firth have also reduced since 1980.While no major environmental damage has resulted from oil pollution in this area, important wildlife resources, and in particular bird populations, have been shown in individual incidents to be extremely vulnerable to relatively small quantities of oil. It is thus important that continued attention is given to the prevention and treatment of oil pollution in this area and the strict procedures pertaining to oil exploration and production and operation of marine traffic should be maintained.
Hydrocarbons in Nigg Bay sediments
Authors: Tibbetts P. J. C. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisAs part of the Moray Firth environmental monitoring programme Britoil has commissioned a series of studies on the mudflats in Nigg Bay commencing in 1981. These cover an area of about five square miles and are situated in the Cromarty Firth adjacent to the oil terminal that handles crude oil from the Beatrice Field.Capillary gas liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis of the mudflat sediments in 1981 and 1982 showed a major autochthonous input of algal hydrocarbons as indicated by highn-C17and C17alkene concentrations. In addition there were low levels of petrogenic contamination, with concentrations of unresolved complex mixture (UCM), in general, being less than 10 ppm. These concentrations altered little between the two surveys during which time effluent discharge commenced from the oil terminal.In many of the GLC traces the dominant feature was an homologous series of n-alkanes in a smooth envelope fromn-C22ton-C34with a maximum concentration atc. n-C25. This unusual distribution ofn-alkanes does not appear to be associated with the UCM seen in many samples and may therefore not be of petrogenic origin. Possible sources of these components include bacteria and the erosion of local organic-rich shales, a selection of which have been sampled and analysed. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GLC/MS) has been used in attempt to further clarify the origin of thesen-alkanes.
The Politics of Preservation: Privileging One Heritage over Another
Authors: Bell Jonathan S. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract:Heritage preservation is distinctly political, often presenting a privileged elitist interpretation of historic sites, while denigrating or even destroying later significant built environments. Structures that are the emanation of subsequent cultures, but similarly tied to the place, are often undervalued, underinterpreted, and even purposely obliterated from the landscape. This article considers the politics of heritage related to privileging one type of historic structure to the complete detriment of the other. The example of Gurna, in Egypt, serves as a powerful case study for the loss of a living historic built environment solely for the simplified or “flattened” interpretation of a place. In highlighting the preferential protection and presentation of the World Heritage Site of the Theban Necropolis and ultimate demise of the historic hamlets of Gurna, the article builds on previous work in the field on interpretation, the impact of tourism, and the conflicting identities of historic sites.
Three-dimensional cell migration does not follow a random walk
Authors: Wu Pei-Hsun , Giri Anjil , Sun Sean X. , Wirtz Denis 
Published: March 2014

Significance
The motility of cells in the absence of gradients has long been described in terms of random walks. Most of what we know about eukaryotic cell migration has stemmed from well-controlled studies of cell migration on flat dishes. However, cells in vivo often move through 3D environments. Despite this difference, cell speed and persistence are typically extracted from fits using the same persistence random walk (PRW) model. This paper shows that the assumptions of the PRW model are erroneous for 3D cell migration. We introduce and validate a new model of 3D cell migration that takes into account cell heterogeneity and the anisotropic movements induced by local remodeling of the 3D matrix.
Structural basis of Flavivirus NS1 assembly and antibody recognition
Authors: Edeling Melissa A. , Diamond Michael S. , Fremont Daved H. 
Published: March 2014

SignificanceFlavivirus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a versatile nonstructural glycoprotein that is expressed on the cell surface and secreted into the extracellular space, where it has immune evasion functions. To date, the structural biology of NS1 is limited, which has hampered a complete understanding of its functions. We describe the previously unidentified high-resolution structure of the C-terminal half of West Nile virus (WNV) and Dengue virus-1 (NS1172–352) NS1 proteins and a separate structure of WNV NS1172–352with a protective antibody Fab. NS1172–352forms a head-to-head dimer and adopts a unique fold with an extended β-sheet platform and opposing loop face. These structures have allowed us to develop an architectural model for NS1 assembly and function.
Does ‘information control the living state’?
Authors: Wallace Rodrick 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe generalize the recently-uncovered Data Rate Theorem in the context of cognitive systems having a ‘dual’ information source, including those of the living state that is particularly characterized by cognition at every scale and level of organization. The unification of information theory and control theory via the Data Rate Theorem is not additive, but synergistic, generating new statistical tools that greatly constrain the possible dynamics of that state. Thus, in addition to providing novel conceptual approaches, this emerging body of theory permits construction of models that, like those of regression analysis, can provide benchmarks against which to compare experimental or observational data.
SORTING NEXIN1 Is Required for Modulating the Trafficking and Stability of the Arabidopsis IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER1
Authors: Ivanov Rumen , Brumbarova Tzvetina , Blum Ailisa , Jantke Anna-Maria , Fink-Straube Claudia , Bauer Petra 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Dicotyledonous plants growing under limited iron availability initiate a response resulting in the solubilization, reduction, and uptake of soil iron. The protein factors responsible for these steps are transmembrane proteins, suggesting that the intracellular trafficking machinery may be involved in iron acquisition. In search for components involved in the regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana iron deficiency responses, we identified the members of the SORTING NEXIN (SNX) protein family. SNX loss-of-function plants display enhanced susceptibility to iron deficiency in comparison to the wild type. The absence of SNX led to reduced iron import efficiency into the root. SNX1 showed partial colocalization with the principal root iron importer IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 (IRT1). In SNX loss-of-function plants, IRT1 protein levels were decreased compared with the wild type due to enhanced IRT1 degradation. This resulted in diminished amounts of the IRT1 protein at the plasma membrane. snx mutants exhibited enhanced iron deficiency responses compared with the wild type, presumably due to the lower iron uptake through IRT1. Our results reveal a role of SNX1 for the correct trafficking of IRT1 and, thus, for modulating the activity of the iron uptake machinery.
Genotypic diversity and trait variance interact to affect marsh plant performance
Authors: Hughes A. Randall 
Published: March 2014

SummaryIntraspecific diversity can have important effects on population, community and ecosystem processes, yet we have little understanding of the relative importance of genetic‐ versus trait‐based measures of intraspecific diversity.I conducted a manipulative field experiment of plant (Spartina alterniflora) genotypic diversity and trait diversity to examine their independent and interactive effects on plant performance and community structure. I focused on variation within and among genotypes in plant stem height, a trait that varies substantially across environmental gradients and can be an important predictor of plant competition intensity.Trait and genotypic diversity interactively affected multiple metrics of plant performance. Both stem density and spatial spread increased with genotypic diversity in the low trait diversity combinations, yet there were negligible to weak negative effects in the high trait diversity treatments.Spartina alterniflorapercentage cover also varied with genotypic and trait diversity, but not in a clear linear pattern.There were no effects of trait or genotypic diversity on associated macrofauna above‐ground, yet they interactively affected below‐ground measures. Infaunal abundance and sediment oxygen availability mirrored the idiosyncratic response of plant percentage cover.Despite the interactive effects of genotypic and trait diversity, high trait diversity consistently increased plant performance in genotypic monoculture.Synthesis. The effects of intraspecific plant trait diversity on a range of plant and community responses in this study reinforce the premise that functional differences underlie ecological effects of genetic diversity and suggest that readily measured trait variance may serve as a valuable predictor of plant performance.
Diversity and potential sources of microbiota associated with snow on western portions of the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Cameron Karen A. , Hagedorn Birgit , Dieser Markus , Christner Brent C. , Choquette Kyla , Sletten Ronald , Crump Byron , Kellogg Colleen , Junge Karen 
Published: March 2014

SummarySnow overlays the majority of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). However, there is very little information available on the microbiological assemblages that are associated with this vast and climate‐sensitive landscape. In this study, the structure and diversity of snow microbial assemblages from two regions of the western GrIS ice margin were investigated through the sequencing of small subunit ribosomal RNA genes. The origins of the microbiota were investigated by examining correlations to molecular data obtained from marine, soil, freshwater and atmospheric environments and geochemical analytes measured in the snow. Snow was found to contain a diverse assemblage of bacteria (Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria) and eukarya (Alveolata, Fungi, Stramenopiles and Chloroplastida). Phylotypes related to archaeal Thaumarchaeota and Euryarchaeota phyla were also identified. The snow microbial assemblages were more similar to communities characterized in soil than to those documented in marine ecosystems. Despite this, the chemical composition of snow samples was consistent with a marine contribution, and strong correlations existed between bacterial beta diversity and the concentration of Na+ and Cl−. These results suggest that surface snow from western regions of Greenland contains exogenous microbiota that were likely aerosolized from more distant soil sources, transported in the atmosphere and co‐precipitated with the snow.
Rheological Analysis of Sucrose Solution at High Temperatures Using a Microwave‐Heated Pressurized Capillary Rheometer
Authors: Ros‐Polski Valquíria , Schmidt Flávio L. , Vitali Alfredo A. , Marsaioli Antonio , Raghavan Vijaya G.S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThermal process design, optimization, and deviation require the knowledge of engineering properties of food, such as rheological behavior, which is highly dependent on temperature. If a process is calculated based on the parameters obtained by extrapolation, it might lead to over‐ or underprocessing. The long time required for the product to reach the desired temperature, which is usual in many rheometers, may induce unexpected changes on the product. Model solutions are often used in engineering projects in order to simulate characteristics of real products. Thus, the objective of this study was to obtain rheological data of sucrose model solution at the actual high UHT (ultra‐high temperature) process temperatures using a pressurized capillary rheometer, heated by a microwave system. The results provide the rheological behavior of the sucrose solutions and show that there is no deviation of the linearity of the Arrhenius plot above 100 °C for this product. This work was useful to illustrate the use of the applied methodology and to validate the newly built microwave‐heated capillary rheometer. The data obtained confirm the stability of nonsaturated sucrose solution when treated above 100 °C and presents an important contribution to the literature database, since sucrose solutions are used as models for many table syrups, such as maple and sorghum syrups.
Tanning bed and nail lamp use and the risk of cutaneous malignancy: A review of the literature
Authors: O'Sullivan Niamh‐Anna , Tait Clare P 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMalignant melanoma (MM) and non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) are increasingly common and both can be fatal. In 2009 the World Health Organization (WHO) classified the whole ultraviolet spectrum and tanning beds as carcinogenic to humans, placing them in the same category as asbestos and tobacco. Despite this, the trend for indoor tanning continues. A growing body of evidence has now associated indoor tanning with an increased risk of MM and NMSC. As a result, there has been an upsurge in regulations in the tanning industry ranging from age restrictions to complete bans on commercial tanning. This article examines the evidence and strengthens the case for a complete ban of a recognised modifiable risk factor for cutaneous malignancy.
Type and duration of subsyndromal symptoms in youth with bipolar I disorder prior to their first manic episode
Authors: Correll Christoph U , Hauser Marta , Penzner Julie B , Auther Andrea M , Kafantaris Vivian , Saito Ema , Olvet Doreen , Carrión Ricardo E , Birmaher Boris , Chang Kiki D , DelBello Melissa P , Singh Manpreet K , Pavuluri Mani , Cornblatt Barbara A 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to systematically evaluate the prodrome to mania in youth.MethodsNew‐onset/worsening symptoms/signs of ≥ moderate severity preceding first mania were systematically assessed in 52 youth (16.2 ± 2.8 years) with a research diagnosis of bipolar I disorder (BD‐I). Youth and/or caregivers underwent semi‐structured interviews, using the Bipolar Prodrome Symptom Scale–Retrospective.ResultsThe mania prodrome was reported to start gradually in most youth (88.5%), with either slow (59.6%) or rapid (28.8%) deterioration, while a rapid‐onset‐and‐deterioration prodrome was rare (11.5%). The manic prodrome, conservatively defined as requiring ≥ 3 symptoms, lasted 10.3 ± 14.4 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.3–14.4], being present for ≥ 4 months in 65.4% of subjects. Among prodromal symptoms reported in ≥ 50% of youth, three were subthreshold manic in nature (irritability: 61.5%, racing thoughts: 59.6%, increased energy/activity: 50.0%), two were nonspecific (decreased school/work functioning: 65.4%, mood swings/lability: 57.7%), and one each was depressive (depressed mood: 53.8%) or subthreshold manic/depressive (inattention: 51.9%). A decreasing number of youth had ≥ 1 (84.6%), ≥ 2 (48.1%), or ≥ 3 (26.9%) ‘specific’ subthreshold mania symptoms (i.e., elation, grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, or hypersexuality), lasting 9.5 ± 14.9 months (95% CI: 5.0–14.0), 3.5 ± 3.5 months (95% CI: 2.0–4.9), and 3.0 ± 3.2 months (95% CI: 1.0–5.0) for ≥ 1, ≥ 2, or ≥ 3 specific symptoms, respectively.ConclusionsIn youth with BD‐I, a relatively long, predominantly slow‐onset mania prodrome appears to be common, including subthreshold manic and depressive psychopathology symptoms. This suggests that early clinical identification and intervention may be feasible in bipolar disorder. Identifying biological markers associated with clinical symptoms of impending mania may help to increase chances for early detection and prevention before full mania.
Anti-interleukin-10R1 monoclonal antibody in combination with bacillus Calmette–Guérin is protective against bladder cancer metastasis in a murine orthotopic tumour model and demonstrates systemic specific anti-tumour immunity
Authors: Newton M R , Askeland E J , Andresen E D , Chehval V A , Wang X , Askeland R W , O'Donnell M A , Luo Y 
Published: March 2014

Summary
Effective treatment of bladder cancer with bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) depends on the induction of a T helper type (Th) 1 immune response. Interleukin (IL)-10 down-regulates the Th1 response and is associated with BCG failure. In this study, we investigated whether blocking IL-10 signalling could enhance the BCG-induced Th1 response and anti-tumour immunity in a murine orthotopic tumour model. Treatment with BCG and anti-IL-10 receptor 1 monoclonal antibody (anti-IL-10R1 mAb) increased the interferon (IFN)-γ to IL-10 ratio in both splenocyte cultures and urine. Mice bearing luciferase-expressing MB49 (MB49-Luc) tumours were treated and followed for tumour growth by bioluminescent imaging, bladder weight and histology. Mice treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (group 1), BCG plus control immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 (group 2) or BCG plus anti-IL-10R1 mAb (group 3) showed 0, 6 and 22% tumour regression, respectively. The mean bladder weight of group 3 mice was substantially lower than those of groups 1 and 2 mice. Remarkably, 36% of group 1 and 53% of group 2 mice but no group 3 mice developed lung metastasis (P = 0·02). To investigate the mechanisms underlying the effect of combination therapy, splenocytes were stimulated with S12 peptide (serine mutation at codon 12 of the K-ras oncogene) known to be expressed in MB49-Luc cells. Induction of ras mutation-specific IFN-γ and cytotoxicity was observed in mice treated with combination therapy. These observations indicate that BCG, in combination with anti-IL-10R1 mAb, induces enhanced anti-tumour immunity that is protective against lung metastasis. Anti-IL-10R1 mAb demonstrates systemic effects and may prove useful in clinical practice for treating bladder cancer in high-risk patients.
Innate DNA sensing is impaired in HIV patients and IFI16 expression correlates with chronic immune activation
Authors: Nissen S K , Højen J F , Andersen K L D , Kofod-Olsen E , Berg R K , Paludan S R , Østergaard L , Jakobsen M R , Tolstrup M , Mogensen T H 
Published: March 2014

Summary
The innate immune system has been recognized to play a role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection, both by stimulating protective activities and through a contribution to chronic immune activation, the development of immunodeficiency and progression to AIDS. A role for DNA sensors in HIV recognition has been suggested recently, and the aim of the present study was to describe the influence of HIV infection on expression and function of intracellular DNA sensing. Here we demonstrate impaired expression of interferon-stimulated genes in responses to DNA in peripheral blood monuclear cells from HIV-positive individuals, irrespective of whether patients receive anti-retroviral treatment. Furthermore, we show that expression levels of the DNA sensors interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase were increased in treatment-naive patients, and for IFI16 expression was correlated with high viral load and low CD4 cell count. Finally, our data demonstrate a correlation between IFI16 and CD38 expression, a marker of immune activation, in CD4+ central and effector memory T cells, which may indicate that IFI16-mediated DNA sensing and signalling contributes to chronic immune activation. Altogether, the present study demonstrates abnormal expression and function of cytosolic DNA sensors in HIV patients, which may have implications for control of opportunistic infections, chronic immune activation and T cell death.
SLC26A2 disease spectrum in Sweden – high frequency of recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (rMED)
Authors: Mäkitie O. , Geiberger S. , Horemuzova E. , Hagenäs L. , Moström E. , Nordenskjöld M. , Grigelioniene G. , Nordgren A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDiastrophic dysplasia (DTD) is an autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia caused by SLC26A2 mutations. Clinical features include short stature, joint contractures, spinal deformities, and cleft palate. SLC26A2 mutations also result in other skeletal dysplasias, including the milder recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (rMED). DTD is overrepresented in Finland and we speculated that this may have influenced the prevalence and spectrum of SLC26A2‐related skeletal conditions also in Sweden. We reviewed the patient registry at Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm to identify subjects with SLC26A2 mutations. Seven patients from six families were identified; clinical data were available for six patients. All but one patient had one or two copies of the Finnish SLC26A2 founder mutation IVS1+2T>C. Arg279Trp mutation was present in compound heterozygous form in five patients with phenotypes consistent with rMED. Their heights ranged from −2.6 to −1.4 standard deviation units below normal mean and radiographic features included generalised epiphyseal dysplasia and double‐layered patellae. Two rMED patients had hypoplastic C2 and cervical kyphosis, a severe manifestation previously described only in DTD. Our study confirms a high prevalence of rMED in Sweden and expands the phenotypic manifestations of rMED.
Deterministic functions of cortical acetylcholine
Authors: Sarter Martin , Lustig Cindy , Howe William M. , Gritton Howard , Berry Anne S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTraditional descriptions of the basal forebrain cholinergic projection system to the cortex have focused on neuromodulatory influences, that is, mechanisms that modulate cortical information processing but are not necessary for mediating discrete behavioral responses and cognitive operations. This review summarises and conceptualises the evidence in support of more deterministic contributions of cholinergic projections to cortical information processing. Through presynaptic receptors expressed on cholinergic terminals, thalamocortical and corticocortical projections can evoke brief cholinergic release events. These acetylcholine (ACh) release events occur on a fast, sub‐second to seconds‐long time scale (‘transients’). In rats performing a task requiring the detection of cues as well as the report of non‐cue events cholinergic transients mediate the detection of cues specifically in trials that involve a shift from a state of monitoring for cues to cue‐directed responding. Accordingly, ill‐timed cholinergic transients, generated using optogenetic methods, force false detections in trials without cues. We propose that the evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that cholinergic transients reduce detection uncertainty in such trials. Furthermore, the evidence on the functions of the neuromodulatory component of cholinergic neurotransmission suggests that higher levels of neuromodulation favor staying‐on‐task over alternative action. In other terms, higher cholinergic neuromodulation reduces opportunity costs. Evidence indicating a similar integration of other ascending projection systems, including noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, into cortical circuitry remains sparse, largely because of the limited information about local presynaptic regulation and the limitations of current techniques in measuring fast and transient neurotransmitter release events in these systems.