bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults
Authors: Knouse Laura E. , Safren Steven A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCognitive behavioral therapy for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults is a relatively new therapeutic approach with increasing empirical support in controlled trials. Non‐medication approaches to management of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder are necessary to help adults cope with core symptoms and the functional impairment across domains produced by this chronic condition. Over the past 20 years, several cognitive behavioral treatment packages have been developed and tested with two approaches recently meeting criteria as “probably efficacious treatments.” These treatments emphasize acquisition and maintenance of specific compensatory skills to help patients cope with symptoms, including organization, planning, and time management skills. Promising programs also integrate skills to help patients manage thoughts and emotions that can block skill use and lead to avoidant coping. Although there is some preliminary evidence concerning whether medication status or comorbid symptoms moderate treatment outcome, additional research is needed to examine treatment moderators, mechanisms of action, and methods of dissemination and implementation.
Depression, Bipolar Disorder, and Suicidal Behavior in Children
Authors: Freed Rachel D. , Chan Priscilla T. , Langer David A. , Tompson Martha C. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMood disorders, including depression and bipolar disorder, affect a significant number of youth, increasing youths' risk for suicide. Cognitive behavioral therapy has strong empirical support as an effective treatment for youth mood disorders and for youth suicide attempters. This chapter provides a brief review of the field's understanding of youth mood disorders and summarizes the existing evidence for the efficacy and effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for youth mood disorders and suicidality. Specific cognitive behavioral therapy treatment components are described for youth with mood disorders and suicidality, including psychoeducation, behavioral activation, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, communication enhancement, social skills training, relaxation training, safety planning, and medication management. Finally, key treatment considerations when working with a youth population are discussed, and promising future directions for the study and treatment of youth mood disorders and suicidality are noted.
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Chow Candice , Pincus Donna B. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAnxiety disorders are one of the most common psychiatric conditions observed in children and adolescents worldwide, and can lead to significant impairments in academic, social, and family functioning. Child anxiety disorders frequently predict the development of other psychiatric disorders in later adolescence and adulthood, including subsequent anxiety disorders, conduct disorder, substance use disorders, and major depressive disorder. This chapter provides an overview of the etiology and clinical characteristics of anxious youth, as well as of evidence‐based cognitive behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Clinical descriptions are provided of separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, panic disorder, specific phobia, obsessive‐compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. An outline of the main components of treatment for childhood anxiety disorders is provided. Furthermore, current research on the efficacy and effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxious youth is reviewed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of innovative adaptations of cognitive behavioral treatments for anxious children and adolescents.
Specific Phobia
Authors: Nowakowski Matilda E. , Rogojanski Jenny , Antony Martin M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSpecific phobias are the most prevalent anxiety disorder. Over the past 20 years, exposure‐based treatments have been identified as highly effective treatments for specific phobias. The present chapter provides a brief overview of the phenomenology, etiology, and maintenance of specific phobias, followed by a more thorough discussion of the assessment and treatment of specific phobias. The chapter emphasizes exposure‐based treatments for specific phobias, highlighting the process of developing an exposure hierarchy, the characteristics of successful exposure practices, and strategies for maximizing homework compliance. Other treatment approaches are also reviewed. The chapter concludes with a case example illustrating the assessment and treatment of a patient with a specific phobia of elevators.
Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Abramowitz Jonathan S. , Mahaffey Brittain L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractObsessive‐compulsive disorder is an often debilitating anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted distressing thoughts, ideas, or impulses (i.e., obsessions) and urges to perform rituals to neutralize these thoughts and reduce distress (i.e., compulsions). Once considered a treatment refractory condition, obsessive‐compulsive disorder is now known to respond quite well to particular forms of psychological treatment. This chapter begins with an overview of cognitive behavioral treatment for obsessive‐compulsive disorder, including a description of the interventions and techniques as well as their conceptual underpinnings. The chapter also reviews latest treatment outcome research establishing the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for obsessive‐compulsive disorder. A case is then presented to illustrate the use of cognitive behavioral techniques for this problem.
Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders
Authors: Capriotti Matthew R. , Espil Flint M. , Woods Douglas W. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTourette syndrome is a childhood‐onset neuropsychiatric condition marked by the chronic presence of motor and vocal tics. Pharmacotherapy has traditionally been the treatment of choice for managing Tourette syndrome, but a growing body of evidence suggests that behavioral interventions may be equally useful. This chapter provides an overview of Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders, and a discussion of various cognitive behavioral approaches to treatment. Evidence for each of these approaches is reviewed, and potential mediators and moderators relevant to psychosocial interventions for Tourette syndrome are discussed. Finally, a sample case is presented to illustrate the use of these therapeutic techniques in practice.
Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Moshier Samantha J. , Otto Michael W. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Research suggests that cognitive behavioral therapy for bipolar disorder can be a powerful adjunctive intervention for the treatment of bipolar disorder. This chapter provides a discussion of the empirical status of cognitive behavioral therapy for bipolar disorder, and an overview of intervention strategies and clinical issues unique to this patient group. Important treatment elements described here include psychoeducation, medication adherence strategies, mood monitoring and early intervention for mood episodes, cognitive restructuring, and lifestyle and stress management techniques.
Suicidality
Authors: Ward‐Ciesielski Erin F. , Linehan Marsha M. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Suicide is a consistent and considerable public health problem for which effective interventions are needed. This review outlines the weaknesses and shortfalls of the current research literature aimed at developing and evaluating interventions for this population. Randomized controlled trials targeting suicidal behaviors in which cognitive behavioral therapy interventions are compared to control interventions are summarized. Finally, common factors seen across those trials which have found significant differences between their cognitive behavioral therapy intervention and the control conditions are highlighted, and elements that are consistent across the trials that did not yield significant findings are also discussed.
Synthesis of Highly pH‐Responsive Glucose Poly(orthoester)
Authors: Li Lingyao , Xu Yi , Milligan Ian , Fu Liye , Franckowiak Emily A. , Du Wenjun 
Published: November 2013

AbstractpH‐Responsive polymers have great potential in biomedical applications, including the selective delivery of preloaded drugs to tissues with low pH values. These polymers usually contain acid‐labile linkages such as esters and acetals/ketals. However, these linkages are only mildly pH‐responsive with relatively long half‐lives (t1/2). Orthoester linkages are more acid‐labile, but current methods suffer from synthetic challenges and are limited to the availability of monomers. To address these limitations, a sugar poly(orthoester) was synthesized as a highly pH‐responsive polymer. The synthesis was achieved by using 2,3,4‐tri‐O‐acetyl‐α‐D‐glucopyranosyl bromide as a difunctional AB monomer and tetra‐n‐butylammonium iodide (TBAI) as an effective promoter. Under optimal conditions, polymers with molecular weights of 6.9 kDa were synthesized in a polycondensation manner. The synthesized glucose poly(orthoester), wherein all sugar units were connected through orthoester linkages, was highly pH‐responsive with a half‐life of 0.9, 0.6, and 0.2 hours at pH 6, 5, and 4, respectively.
Chemie der Cyborgs – zur Verknüpfung technischer Systeme mit Lebewesen
Authors: Giselbrecht Stefan , Rapp Bastian E. , Niemeyer Christof M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDie Bezeichnung “Cyborg” ist ein Akronym für einen kybernetischen Organismus, der eine Chimäre aus einem lebenden Organismus und einer Maschine beschreibt. Infolge der zahlreichen Anwendungen intrakorporaler medizinischer Systeme sind Cyborgs nicht mehr nur Gegenstand der Science‐Fiction, sondern technisch gesehen tatsächlich bereits ein Teil unserer Gesellschaft. In diesem Aufsatz fassen wir die Entwicklungen bei modernen Prothesen und Schnittstellen zwischen Gehirn und Maschine (brain–machine interface; BMI) zusammen und diskutieren die jüngsten Entwicklungen bei implantierbaren Systemen mit einem Fokus auf integrierter biokompatibler Elektronik und Mikrofluidik, die für die Kommunikation und Kontrolle von Organismen benutzt werden. Wir beschreiben neueste Beispiele von Tier‐Cyborgs und deren Relevanz für die biomedizinische Grundlagen‐ und Anwendungsforschung sowie für die Bioethik in diesem neuen und aufregenden Bereich an der Schnittstelle zwischen Chemie, Biomedizin und den Ingenieurwissenschaften.
Kontinuierliche oxidative Cyanierung primärer und sekundärer Amine mit Singulettsauerstoff
Authors: Ushakov Dmitry B. , Gilmore Kerry , Kopetzki Daniel , McQuade D. Tyler , Seeberger Peter H. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPrimäre und sekundäre Amine können mit Singulettsauerstoff schnell und quantitativ zu den entsprechenden Iminen oxidiert werden. Ein temperierbarer, LED‐betriebener Durchflussphotoreaktor produziert in Gegenwart katalytischer Mengen Tetraphenylporphyrin als Sensibilisator die reaktive Form des Sauerstoffs. α‐Aminonitrile konnten mit Trimethylsilylcyanid als In‐situ‐Abfangreagens in guten bis ausgezeichneten Ausbeuten hergestellt werden. Primäre Amine reagierten bei 25 °C aufgrund oxidativer Kupplung vor der Cyanidaddition zu den sekundären α‐Aminonitrilen. Überraschenderweise konnten erstmals primäre α‐Aminonitrile synthetisiert werden, indem die oxidative Strecker‐Reaktion bei −50 °C durchgeführt wurde. Dieser Prozess kann zur atomökonomischen und schutzgruppenfreien Herstellung racemischer Aminosäuren genutzt werden, was am Beispiel der Synthese von tert‐Leucinhydrochlorid aus Neopentylamin gezeigt wird.
Enantioselective Double Manipulation of Tetrahydroisoquinolines with Terminal Alkynes and Aldehydes under Copper(I) Catalysis
Authors: Lin Weilong , Cao Tao , Fan Wu , Han Yulin , Kuang Jinqiang , Luo Hongwen , Miao Bukeyan , Tang Xinjun , Yu Qiong , Yuan Weiming , Zhang Jiasheng , Zhu Can , Ma Shengming 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids with a C1 stereogenic center are a common unit in many natural and non‐natural compounds of biological importance. Herein we describe a novel CuI‐catalyzed highly chemo‐ and enantioselective synthesis of chiral tetrahydroisoquinoline‐alkaloid derivatives from readily available unsubstituted tetrahydroisoquinolines, aldehydes, and terminal alkynes in the presence of the ligand (R,R)‐N‐pinap. This synthetic operation installs two substituents in the 1‐ and 2‐positions.
“Batch” Kinetics in Flow: Online IR Analysis and Continuous Control
Authors: Moore Jason S. , Jensen Klavs F. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCurrently, kinetic data is either collected under steady‐state conditions in flow or by generating time‐series data in batch. Batch experiments are generally considered to be more suitable for the generation of kinetic data because of the ability to collect data from many time points in a single experiment. Now, a method that rapidly generates time‐series reaction data from flow reactors by continuously manipulating the flow rate and reaction temperature has been developed. This approach makes use of inline IR analysis and an automated microreactor system, which allowed for rapid and tight control of the operating conditions. The conversion/residence time profiles at several temperatures were used to fit parameters to a kinetic model. This method requires significantly less time and a smaller amount of starting material compared to one‐at‐a‐time flow experiments, and thus allows for the rapid generation of kinetic data.
Mandibulofacial dysostosis (Treacher‐Collins syndrome) in the fetus: Novel association with pectus carinatum in a molecularly confirmed case and review of the fetal phenotype
Authors: Konstantinidou Anastasia E. , Tasoulas Jason , Kallipolitis Georgios , Gasparatos Spyros , Velissariou Voula , Paraskevakou Helen 
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUNDTreacher Collins syndrome is the most common mandibulofacial dysostosis of autosomal dominant or, rarely, recessive inheritance. Affected fetuses may be identified by prenatal ultrasound or diagnosed at autopsy in case of perinatal death or pregnancy termination.METHODSWe describe the ultrasonographic, autopsy, and molecular findings in a 25‐week‐gestation affected fetus, and review the clinical, prenatal, and postmortem findings in 15 previously reported fetal and perinatal cases.RESULTSA nearly complete spectrum of the typical facial characteristics can be present by the early second trimester of gestation, including subtle defects such as lower eyelid colobomas. Mandibular hypoplasia and bilateral auricle defects were constant findings in the affected fetal population. Downslanting palpebral fissures were the second more common feature, followed by midface hypoplasia, polyhydramnios, and ocular defects. Association with Pierre Robin sequence was common (38%) in the reviewed series. Previously unreported pectus carinatum was noted in our case bearing a heterozygous TCOF1 mutation. Other unique reported findings include salivary gland hyperplasia, single umbilical artery, and tracheo‐esophageal fistula, all in molecularly unconfirmed cases.CONCLUSIONTreacher Collins syndrome can be prenatally detected by ultrasound and should be included in the wide range of genetic syndromes that can be diagnosed at perinatal autopsy. Affected fetuses tend to have a more severe phenotype than living patients. The reported association of Treacher Collins syndrome type 1 with pectus carinatum expands the phenotype, provides information on genotype–phenotype correlation, and suggests possible pathogenetic interactions between neural crest cell disorders and the formation of the sternum that merit investigation. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 97:774–780, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selective turn‐on fluorescence assay of 6–thioguanine by using harmine‐modified silver nanoparticles
Authors: Amjadi Mohammad , Farzampour Leila 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThis article reports on a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) system between harmine and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), in which harmine acts as the donor and AgNPs act as the acceptor. As a result of FRET, harmine fluorescence is quenched efficiently with a corresponding Stern–Volmer constant of 3.61 × 1011 L/mol. It was found that upon addition of the anticancer drug, 6–thioguanine (6–TG), the fluorescence was recovered due to the competitive adsorption of this compound onto AgNPs. Based on this effect, a selective turn‐on fluorescence sensor was developed for the determination of 6–TG. Under optimum conditions, the enhanced fluorescence intensity displays a linear relationship with the concentration of 6–TG in the range 1.5 × 10‐8–7.5 × 10‐7 M with a detection limit of 9.7 nM. The developed method was applied to the determination of this drug in a pharmaceutical preparation and human plasma samples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can Anisotropic Exchange Be Reliably Calculated Using Density Functional Methods? A Case Study on Trinuclear MnIII‐MIII‐MnIII (M=Fe, Ru, and Os) Cyanometalate Single‐Molecule Magnets
Authors: Singh Saurabh Kumar , Rajaraman Gopalan 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDensity functional studies have been performed on a set of trinuclear single‐molecule magnets (SMMs) of general formula [{Mn2(5‐Br salen)2(MeOH)2}M(CN)6](NEt4) (M=FeIII (1), RuIII (2) and OsIII (3); 5‐Brsalen=N,N′‐ethylenebis(5‐bromosalicylidene)iminato anion). We have computed the orbital‐dependent exchange interaction for all three complexes for the first time using DFT and complete active space self‐consistent field (CASSCF) methods. DFT calculations yield the anisotropic exchange as Jξξ=3.5 cm−1 for 1; Jξξ=12.1 cm−1, Jζζ=−6.9 cm−1 and Jηη=−14 cm−1 for 2; and Jξξ=23.7 cm−1 and Jζζ=−11.1 cm−1 for 3. The computed values are in agreement with the experimental report, and this suggests that the established methodology can be used to compute the anisotropic exchange in larger clusters. Our calculations reiterate the fact that the exchange is described by a three‐axis anisotropic exchange for complexes 2 and 3 as evidenced by the experiments. A stronger exchange coupling as we move down the periodic table from 3d to 5d is reproduced by our calculations, and the origin of this enhancement in the exchange interaction has been probed by using molecular orbital analysis. The electronic origin of different types of exchange observed in this series is found to be related to the energy difference between possible degenerate pairs and the nature of orbital interactions. By computing the exchange interaction, the single‐ion anisotropy of MnIII and zero‐field splitting of the S=9/2 ground state of complexes 1–3 using CASSCF and/or DFT methods, we have attempted to shed light on the issue of anisotropic exchange and the barrier height for the magnetisation reversal in SMMs. Comprehensive magneto–structural correlations have been developed to offer clues on how to further enhance the barrier height in this class of SMMs.
DCX‐expressing cells in the vicinity of the hypothalamic neurogenic niche: A comparative study between mouse, sheep, and human tissues
Authors: Batailler Martine , Droguerre Marine , Baroncini Marc , Fontaine Christian , Prevot Vincent , Migaud Martine 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTNeural stem and precursor cells persist postnatally throughout adulthood and are capable of responding to numerous endogenous and exogenous signals by modifying their proliferation and differentiation. Whereas adult neurogenesis has been extensively studied in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation and in the subventricular zone adjacent to the wall of the lateral ventricles, we and others have recently reported constitutive adult neurogenesis in other brain structures, including the hypothalamus. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to study the expression of the neuroblast marker doublecortin (DCX), and compared its expression pattern in adult ovine, mouse, and human hypothalamic tissues. Our results indicate that DCX‐positive cells resembling immature and developing neurons occur in a wide range of hypothalamic nuclei in all three species, although with different distribution patterns. In addition, the morphology of DCX‐positive cells varied depending on their location. DCX‐positive cells near the third ventricle had the morphology of very immature neuroblasts, a round shape with no processes, whereas those located deeper in the parenchyma such as in the ventromedial nucleus were fusiform and showed a bipolar morphology. Extending this observation, we showed that among the cohort of immature neurons entering the ventromedial nucleus, some appeared to undergo maturation, as revealed by the partial colocalization of DCX with markers of more mature neurons, e.g., human neuronal protein C and D (HuC/D). This study provides further confirmation of the existence of an adult hypothalamic neurogenic niche and argues for the potential existence of a migratory path within the hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:1966–1985, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design of a Nitrogen‐Doped, Carbon‐Coated Li4Ti5O12 Nanocomposite with a Core–Shell Structure and Its Application for High‐Rate Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Hongsen , Shen Laifa , Wang Jie , Ding Bing , Nie Ping , Xu Guiyin , Wang Xiaoyan , Zhang Xiaogang 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA facile solution‐based synthesis and characterization of a nitrogen‐doped, carbon‐coated Li4Ti5O12 (NC‐LTO) nanocomposite is reported. The mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles (NPTiO2) are first prepared by using nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) as a template and subsequently transform in situ into an NC‐LTO nanocomposite with a core–shell structure by using the ionic liquid 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimdazolium tricyanomethanide as the carbon source. Various state‐of‐the‐art techniques, including field‐emission SEM, TEM, scanning transmission electron microscopy, XRD, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, were performed to characterize the morphologies, structures, and compositions. Such NC‐LTO nanocomposites have a well‐defined LTO core and thin uniform carbon shell with a thickness of 1–2 nm. Electrochemical tests reveal that the NC‐LTO nanocomposite delivers a reversible capacity of 171.5 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, and shows remarkable rate capability by maintaining 63 % of the capacity at 60 C (vs. 0.2 C), as well as excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 95 % after 300 cycles at a rate of 10 C. The excellent electrochemical performance is attributed exclusively to the well‐defined core–shell nanostructure and high electric conductivity. The nanosized LTO core can significantly shorten the transport lengths of lithium ions and the admirable electric conductivity of the nitrogen‐doped carbon shell can act as an “expressway” for electrons and lithium ions to transport them between the anode material core and the electrolytes.