bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hold-Time Effect on Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Life and its Implications in Durability Analysis of Components and Systems
Authors: Wei Zhigang , Luo Limin , Lin Burt , Yang Fulun , Konson Dmitri , Ellinghaus Kay , Pieszkalla Markus , Avery Katherine , Pan Jwo , Engler-Pinto Carlos C. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) resistance of engineering materials is extremely important for the durability and reliability of components and systems subjected to combined thermal and mechanical loadings. However, TMF testing, modeling, simulation, validation, and the subsequent implementation of the findings into product design are challenging tasks because of the difficulties not only in testing but also in results interpretation and in the identification of the deformation and failure mechanisms. Under combined high-temperature and severe mechanical loading conditions, creep and oxidation mechanisms are activated and time-dependent failure mechanisms are superimposed to cycle-dependent fatigue, making the life assessment very complex. In this paper, the testing procedures and results for high-temperature fatigue testing using flat specimens and thermal-fatigue testing using V-shape specimens are reported; emphasis is given to hold-time effects and the possible underlying mechanisms. The uncertainty nature and the probabilistic characteristics of the V-shape specimen test data are also presented. Finally, the impact of hold-time effect on current product design and validation procedure is discussed in terms of virtual life assessment.
Clone Mapper: An Online Suite of Tools for RNAi Experiments in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Thakur Nishant , Pujol Nathalie , Tichit Laurent , Ewbank Jonathan J 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi), mediated by the introduction of a specific double-stranded RNA, is a powerful method to investigate gene function. It is widely used in the Caenorhabditis elegans research community. An expanding number of laboratories conduct genome-wide RNAi screens, using standard libraries of bacterial clones each designed to produce a specific double-stranded RNA. Proper interpretation of results from RNAi experiments requires a series of analytical steps, from the verification of the identity of bacterial clones, to the identification of the clones’ potential targets. Despite the popularity of the technique, no user-friendly set of tools allowing these steps to be carried out accurately, automatically, and at a large scale, is currently available. We report here the design and production of Clone Mapper, an online suite of tools specifically adapted to the analysis pipeline typical for RNAi experiments with C. elegans. We show that Clone Mapper overcomes the limitations of existing techniques and provide examples illustrating its potential for the identification of biologically relevant genes. The Clone Mapper tools are freely available via http://www.ciml.univ-mrs.fr/EWBANK_jonathan/software.html.
Multiple crack identification in stepped beam by measurements of natural frequencies
Authors: Khiem Nguyen Tien , Hung Duong The , Ninh Vu Thi An 
Published: September 2014

A new approach is proposed for calculating natural frequencies and crack detection in a stepped cantilever beam with arbitrary number of cracks. This is based an explicit expression of the natural frequencies in term of crack parameter derived in the form similar to the so-called Rayleigh quotient for vibrating beam. The obtained simple relationship between natural frequencies and crack parameters enables not only accurate calculating the natural frequencies but also to develop an efficient procedure for detecting multiple cracks from given natural frequencies. The proposed technique called crack scanning method is illustrated and validated by numerical results.
What Is the Best Predictor for Oral Cleanliness After Brushing? Results From an Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Harnacke Daniela , Winterfeld Tobias , Erhardt Jörg , Schlueter Nadine , Ganss Carolina , Margraf‐Stiksrud Jutta , Deinzer Renate 
Published: September 2014

Background: Brushing performance is an important factor for brushing success. Thus, observing brushing performance might help to explain deficits in oral hygiene. However, it is unknown how brushing behavior observed at one time relates to brushing capabilities observed at another time. The authors assessed the predictive validity of video‐observed habitual brushing behavior for the capability to achieve oral cleanliness several weeks later.Methods: Study participants (N = 101) were video‐recorded while cleaning their teeth. Two independent, calibrated examiners assessed brushing duration, evenness of distribution of brushing time across areas of the mouth as one indicator of brushing systematics, and duration of specific brushing movements. Weeks later (mean: 6.4 weeks; range: 1 to 24 weeks), 70 participants were asked to remove plaque to the best of their ability, and degree of oral cleanliness was assessed immediately afterward. A forward regression analysis was performed to assess the predictive values of brushing parameters.Results: Regression analysis revealed that evenness of distribution of brushing time and duration of circling movements explained 20.8% of variance of oral cleanliness (P <0.001).Conclusion: Evenness of distribution of brushing time and duration of circling movements are aspects of observed habitual brushing behavior that predict brushing capabilities in terms of oral cleanliness.
Localized Aggressive Periodontitis Treatment Response in Primary and Permanent Dentitions
Authors: Merchant Sherin N. , Vovk Andrea , Kalash Danny , Hovencamp Nicole , Aukhil Ikramuddin , Harrison Peter , Zapert Edward , Bidwell John , Varnado Phyllis , Shaddox Luciana M. 
Published: September 2014

Background: The comparative treatment response of children and young adults with localized aggressive periodontitis treatment (LAgP) affecting primary and permanent dentition is unknown. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of non‐surgical periodontal therapy with adjunctive systemic antibiotics on the clinical outcome of children and young adults with primary versus permanent dentition affected by LAgP.Methods: A cohort of 97 African American participants aged 5 to 21 years (30 males and 67 females; 22 primary and 75 permanent dentitions affected) diagnosed with LAgP were included. Patients presented with no significant medical history. All patients underwent periodontal therapy, which consisted of full‐mouth mechanical debridement at baseline and the 3‐, 6‐, and 12‐month appointments. Additionally, all patients were prescribed a 1‐week regimen of systemic antibiotics at the initial appointment. Clinical parameters were analyzed, including probing depth, clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing, and percentage of visible plaque.Results: Overall, periodontal therapy was found to be effective in improving the clinical outcomes of both primary and permanent dentitions. Although baseline CALs were similar between the groups, the reduction in mean CAL at 3, 6, and 12 months and reduction in percentage plaque at 3 months were significantly greater in primary dentition compared with permanent dentition.Conclusions: Non‐surgical therapy with systemic antibiotics is effective for LAgP in both primary and permanent dentitions. A greater reduction in CAL in LAgP of primary dentition may suggest that younger children may carry a greater propensity for positive treatment outcomes and healing potential compared with children/young adults with permanent dentition.
Azithromycin Enhances Phagocytic Killing of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Y4 by Human Neutrophils
Authors: Lai Pin‐Chuang , Schibler Mark R. , Walters John D. 
Published: September 2014

Background: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans resists killing by neutrophils and is inhibited by azithromycin (AZM) and amoxicillin (AMX). AZM actively concentrates inside host cells, whereas AMX enters by diffusion. The present study is conducted to determine whether AZM is more effective than AMX at enhancing phagocytic killing of A. actinomycetemcomitans by neutrophils.Methods: Killing assays were conducted in the presence of either 2 μg/mL AZM or 16 μg/mL AMX (equipotent against A. actinomycetemcomitans). Neutrophils were loaded by incubation with the appropriate antibiotic. Opsonized A. actinomycetemcomitans strain Y4 was incubated with the indicated antibiotic alone, with loaded neutrophils and antibiotic, or with control neutrophils (without antibiotic) at multiplicities of infection (MOIs) of 30 and 90 bacteria per neutrophil.Results: Neutrophil incubation with 2 μg/mL AZM yielded an intracellular concentration of 10 μg/mL. At an MOI of 30, neutrophils loaded with AZM failed to kill significantly more bacteria than control neutrophils during the 60‐ and 90‐minute assay periods. At an MOI of 90, neutrophils loaded with AZM killed significantly more bacteria than either AZM alone or control neutrophils during 60‐ and 90‐minute incubations (P <0.05), and killed significantly more bacteria after 90 minutes than the sum of the killing produced by AZM alone or neutrophils alone. Neutrophils incubated with AMX under identical conditions also killed significantly more bacteria than either AMX alone or control neutrophils, but there was no evidence of synergism between AMX and neutrophils.Conclusions: Neutrophils possess a concentrative transport system for AZM that may enhance killing of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Its effects are most pronounced when neutrophils are greatly outnumbered by bacteria.
Fluid Shear Stress Stimulates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Cells via the Extracellular Signal‐Regulated Kinase 1/2 and p38 Mitogen‐Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways
Authors: Tang Min , Peng Zhuli , Mai Zhihui , Chen Lin , Mao Qin , Chen Zheng , Chen Qi , Liu Limin , Wang Yuxuan , Ai Hong 
Published: September 2014

Background: Fluid shear stress (FSS) is a major type of mechanical stress that is loaded on human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) during mastication and orthodontic tooth movement. This study aims to clarify the effect of FSS on the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs and to further verify the involvement of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in this process.Methods: After isolation and characterization, hPDLCs were subjected to 2‐hour FSS at 12 dynes/cm2, and cell viability, osteogenic gene mRNA expression, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, secretion of Type I collagen (COL‐I), and calcium deposition were assayed. The levels of phosphorylated p38 and phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in response to FSS were detected by Western blot, and the involvement of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in hPDLC osteogenesis under FSS was investigated using the specific MAPK inhibitors U0126 (2Z,3Z)‐2,3‐bis[amino(2‐aminophenylthio)methylene]succinonitrile,ethanol) and SB203580 (4‐[4‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐2‐(4‐[methylsulfinyl]phenyl)‐1H‐imidazol‐5‐yl]pyridine).Results: The application of FSS on hPDLCs induced an early morphologic change and rearrangement of filamentous actin. ALP activity, messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of osteogenic genes, COL‐I, and osteoid nodules were significantly increased by FSS. Moreover, ERK1/2 and p38 were activated in different ways after FSS exposure. U0126 and SB203580 completely blocked the FSS‐induced increases in ALP activity and osteogenic gene mRNA expression and osteoid nodules formation.Conclusions: FSS is an effective approach for stimulating osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs. The ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways are involved in this cellular process.
A Study of Multiphase Flow Behavior in Vertical Oil Wells: Part I—Theoretical Treatment
Authors: Hasan A. R. , Kabir C. S. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT
Many models and correlations exist to predict pressure gradient in vertical two- or three-phase flow in oilwells. Most of these are develeoped from large experimental data bases, relying almost entirely on empiricism, thereby making extrapolation hazardous. The calculation procedure involved in these correlations are also rather complicated. Experience indicate that a sound model must be mechanistically based and be capable of accounting for the various flow patterns associated with multi phase flow. The predictive methods of Orkiszewski, Aziz et al., and Chierici et al. do take into account the four main flow regimes – bubbly, slug, churn and annular – and propose separate correlations for pressure drop in each flow regime. Recent developments in multiphase flow, especially in predicting flow pattern transitions and entrainment estimation during annular flow, necessitate a fresh look at the problem.
In the first part of this two-paper set, we present a theoretical model for predicting pressure drop during multiphase flow. Model development consists of studying the hydrodynamic conditions that give rise to the various flow pattern transitions. The method for estimating pressure drop in each flow regime is then developed. In developing the equations for pressure gradient, the contribution of the static head, the frictional loss, and the kinetic energy loss are examined. This aspect of the study points out the importance of the static head term and the necessity of estimating the insitu gas void fraction accurately.
Laboratory data, gathered by us and others, are presented in support of the proposed model. The agreement between the theory and experimental works is excellent. Field verification of the model and its comparison with existing correlations are the subjects of the second part of the paper.
Use and Misuse of Pendulum Arbitration in Expert Redetermination of Tract Participation
Authors: Worthington Paul F. 
Published: September 2014

Summary
Over the past two decades, pendulum arbitration has been increasingly incorporated into dispute-resolution procedures for the redetermination of tract participation (equity) for unitized oil and gas fields that straddle domestic license boundaries or international borders. In such cases, the pendulum has been prescribed for use in expert redetermination, ideally so that an expert determines tract participation and then selects the closer submission made by one of the parties. The tract participation of the selected submission then constitutes the expert's final decision. The process can function reasonably well in the originally envisaged situations (e.g., two opposing cases each originating from one of two straddled license areas). It is much more difficult to apply in the more-complex situations to which it has been extrapolated subsequently. These include multiphase reservoirs with separately unitized fluids, several straddled license areas, and the use of the same subsurface model for both field-development and equity-redetermination purposes. An analysis of such situations has allowed the further identification of those circumstances for which the pendulum can be applied meaningfully in expert redetermination and those for which it should not be adopted. These additional expectations include a meaningful basis for tract participation in terms of one (equivalent) unit substance, fully prescribed technical procedures leading to a compliant reservoir model, and a single (as opposed to a staged) expert redetermination that post-dates the parties' submissions but allows for rebuttal in the event of manifest error. Case histories illustrate the difficulties that can arise where these principles are infringed. They also reaffirm the overarching message that each straddling field situation differs from others and therefore every redetermination of tract participation must be assessed separately and thoroughly.
Current Trends in Estimating Risk of Cancer from Exposure to Low Doses of Ionising Radiation
Authors: Majer Marija , Knežević Željka , Saveta Miljanić 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAlthough ionising radiation has proven beneficial in the diagnosis and therapy of a number of diseases, one should keep in mind that irradiating healthy tissue may increase the risk of cancer. In order to justify an exposure to radiation, both the benefits and the risks must be evaluated and compared. The deleterious effects of medium and high doses are well known, but it is much less clear what effects arise from low doses (below 0.1 Gy), which is why such risk estimates are extremely important. This review presents the current state, important assumptions and steps being made in deriving cancer risk estimates for low dose exposures.
Plant-Pathogenic Fungi in Seeds of Different Pea Cultivars in Poland
Authors: Wilman Karolina , Stępień Łukasz , Fabiańska Izabela , Kachlicki Piotr 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLegume crops are exposed to infection by fungal pathogens, which often results in contamination with mycotoxins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of field resistance/susceptibility of edible and fodder pea cultivars to the colonization of seeds by fungal pathogens in two subsequent seasons, as well as to identify the pathogens present in the seeds of the tested cultivars. Alternaria spp. were the most common fungi isolated from pea seeds in both seasons, followed by Fusarium spp., Stemphylium spp., Ulocladium spp., Botrytis cinerea Pers., Epicoccum nigrum Link., and Phomapinodella L. K. Jones. The highest percentage of infected seeds (55 %) was recorded for cultivar Ezop. The presence of a large number of fungi was found in 2012 for cultivars Santana, Tarchalska, Medal, Cysterski, Mentor, Lasso, and Ezop. Fodder cultivars displayed a lower infection level than edible cultivars. We can conclude that Alternaria spp. were the most frequent fungi present in pea seeds in Poland and Fusarium spp. were likely the most dangerous, having in mind their established mycotoxigenic abilities.
Inattentional Blindness Increased with Augmented Reality Surgical Navigation
Authors: Dixon Benjamin J. , Daly Michael J. , Chan Harley H.L. , Vescan Allan , Witterick Ian J. , Irish Jonathan C. 
Published: September 2014

Background Augmented reality (AR) surgical navigation systems, designed to increase accuracy and efficiency, have been shown to negatively impact on attention. We wished to assess the effect “head-up” AR displays have on attention, efficiency, and accuracy, while performing a surgical task, compared with the same information being presented on a submonitor (SM). Methods Fifty experienced otolaryngology surgeons (n = 42) and senior otolaryngology trainees (n = 8) performed an endoscopic surgical navigation exercise on a predissected cadaveric model. Computed tomography-generated anatomic contours were fused with the endoscopic image to provide an AR view. Subjects were randomized to perform the task with a standard endoscopic monitor with the AR navigation displayed on an SM or with AR as a single display. Accuracy, task completion time, and the recognition of unexpected findings (a foreign body and a critical complication) were recorded. Results Recognition of the foreign body was significantly better in the SM group (15/25 [60%]) compared with the AR alone group (8/25 [32%]; p = 0.02). There was no significant difference in task completion time (p = 0.83) or accuracy (p = 0.78) between the two groups. Conclusion Providing identical surgical navigation on a SM, rather than on a single head-up display, reduced the level of inattentional blindness as measured by detection of unexpected findings. These gains were achieved without any measurable impact on efficiency or accuracy. AR displays may distract the user and we caution injudicious adoption of this technology for medical procedures.
Correlation between Skin-prick Testing, Individual Specific IgE Tests, and a Multiallergen IgE Assay for Allergy Detection in Patients with Chronic Rhinitis
Authors: Cho Jae Hoon , Suh Jeffrey D. , Kim Jin Kook , Hong Seok-Chan , Park Il-Ho , Lee Heung-Man 
Published: September 2014

Background Allergy test results can differ based on the method used. The most common tests include skin-prick testing (SPT) and in vitro tests to detect allergen-specific IgE. This study was designed to assess allergy test results using SPT, individual specific IgE tests, and a multiallergen IgE assay (multiple allergen simultaneous test) in patients with chronic rhinitis and controls. Methods One hundred forty total patients were prospectively enrolled in the study, including 100 patients with chronic rhinitis and 40 control patients without atopy. All eligible patients underwent SPT, serum analysis using individual specific IgE test, and multiple allergen simultaneous test against 10 common allergens. Allergy test results were then compared to identify correlation and interest agreement. Results There was an 81–97% agreement between SPT and individual specific IgE test in allergen detection and an 80–98% agreement between SPT and multiple allergen simultaneous test. Individual specific IgE test and multiple allergen simultaneous test allergy detection prevalence was generally similar to SPT in patients with chronic rhinitis. All control patients had negative SPT (0/40), but low positive results were found with both individual specific IgE test (5–12.5%) and multiple allergen simultaneous test (2.5–7.5%) to some allergens, especially cockroach, Dermatophagoides farina, and ragweed. Agreement and correlation between individual specific IgE test and multiple allergen simultaneous test were good to excellent for a majority of tested allergens. Conclusion This study shows good agreement and correlation between SPT with individual specific IgE test and multiple allergen simultaneous test on a majority of the tested allergens for patients with chronic rhinitis. Comparing the two in vitro tests, individual specific IgE test agrees with SPT better than multiple allergen simultaneous test.
Sinonasal Solitary Chemosensory Cells “Taste” the Upper Respiratory Environment to Regulate Innate Immunity
Authors: Lee Robert J , Cohen Noam A 
Published: September 2014

Background It is not fully understood how sinonasal epithelial cells detect the presence of pathogens and activate innate defense responses necessary for protecting the upper airway from infection. One mechanism is through bitter taste receptors (T2Rs), which are expressed in the sinonasal cavity. One T2R isoform, T2R38, is expressed in ciliated cells and detects quorum-sensing molecules from gram-negative bacteria, activating antimicrobial nitric oxide production. More recent studies have examined the role of T2Rs expressed in a sinonasal cell type that has only recently been identified in humans, the solitary chemosensory cell (SCC). We sought to provide an overview of SCCs and taste receptor function in human sinonasal defense as well as implications for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Methods A literature review of the current knowledge of SCCs and taste receptors in sinonasal physiology and CRS was conducted. Results Human sinonasal SCCs express both bitter T2R and sweet T1R2/3 receptors. Activation of SCC T2Rs activates a calcium signal that propagates to the surrounding epithelial cells and causes secretion of antimicrobial peptides. T1R2/3 sweet receptor activation by physiological airway surface liquid (ASL) glucose concentrations attenuates the T2R response, likely as a mechanism to prevent full activation of the T2R pathway except during times of infection, when pathogens may consume ASL glucose and reduce its concentration. Conclusion SCCs appear to be important mediators of upper airway innate immunity, as the SCC T2Rs regulate antimicrobial peptide secretion, but further study is needed to determine the specific T2R isoforms involved as well as whether polymorphisms in these isoforms affect susceptibility to infection or patient outcomes in CRS. The inhibitory role of T1R2/3 sweet receptor suggests that T1R2/3 blockers may have therapeutic potential in some CRS patients, particularly those with diabetes mellitus. However, further clinical study of the relationship between infection and T1R2/3 genotype is required.