bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesity in Children: Recent Advances in Energy Metabolism and Body Composition
Authors: Goran Michael I. , Figuewa Reinaldo , McGloin Aileen , Nguyen Von , Treuth Margarita S. , Nagy Tim R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this paper we review recent advances in energy metabolism and body composition studies in pre‐pubescent children and the relationship to childhood obesity. Our review on energy expenditure focusses on studies of total energy expenditure using doubly labeled water, the role of energy expenditure in the development of obesity, and the determinants of resting energy expenditure in children. The relatively few studies that have examined the regulation of energy and macronutrient intake in children are also reviewed. In terms of body composition, we focus on recent methodological studies that have developed existing techniques for application to the pediatric population, including dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical resistance. Lastly, we review existing information relating to measurement and alteration of body fat distribution in children.
Resistance to Aging‐Associated Obesity in Capsaicin‐Desensitized Rats One Year after Treatment
Authors: Melnyk Anna , Himms‐Hagen Jean 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPrevious studies demonstrated reduced weight of abdominal white adipose tissue depots and of carcass fat in capsaicin‐desensitized (Cap‐Des) rats up to 8 months after treatment. The objective of the present study was to find out whether aging‐associated obesity and hyperplasia of retroperitoneal white adipose tissue was prevented in older (13.5 month old) Cap‐Des rats, one year after treatment with Cap (done when they were 1.5 months old). The prevalence of obesity is known to increase in rats by this age. Abdominal white adipose tissue depots weighed less in old Cap‐Des rats, both epididymal (9% less) and retroperitoneal (30% less). The number of mature white adipocytes was 28% less in the retroperitoneal depot but was not significantly different in the epididymal depot. Adipocyte size was not different. Carcass fat was less, both total and as percent of body weight. Food intake was normal for their reduced body size. The exponential increase in retroperitoneal white adipose tissue weight characteristic of aging rats that are becoming obese was virtually absent in Cap‐Des rats. We conclude that lack of function of capsaicin‐sensitive afferent autonomic nerves, known to be destroyed in Cap‐Des rats, results in an alteration in energy balance conducive to leanness. We suggest that the attenuated age‐associated increase in circulating CGRP (derived mainly from capsaicin‐sensitive nerves) in the Cap‐Des rat results in a lower degree of aging‐associated insulin‐resistance, hence in a lesser degree of obesity.
The Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis in Obesity
Authors: Chalew Stuart , Nagel Heinz , Shore Shirah 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis normally maintains the concentration of Cortisol within a narrow range with a diurnal variation characterized by higher Cortisol concentrations in the morning and reduced levels in the evening. Excessive or deficient secretion of Cortisol is associated with pathologic changes. Obesity has been linked with age, sex and racial alterations in the functioning of the HP A axis which are reviewed. The possible relationship of altered HPA axis activity with the long‐term complications of obesity are considered.
Triglyceride Uptake in Muscles in Rats
Authors: Li Min , Björntorp Per 
Published: September 2012

AbstractExogenous lipid is assimilated with different priorities in adipose tissue regions and varies in the fasting and fed conditions. The quantitative role of uptake of lipid in muscle has not been evaluated. In order to examine the uptake in other than adipose tissues, U14C‐oleic acid in sesame oil was administered orally to conscious rats, and lipid label measured after different times in serum, heart, liver, mesenteric, retroperitoneal, inguinal and epididymal fat pads, as well as in red and white parts of gastrocnemius, extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles. Lipid uptake in total adipose tissue was calculated from dissected adipose tissues plus lipids extracted from the eviscerated, skinned carcass. Lipid uptake in total muscle tissue was estimated from label in dissected muscles plus that in the carcass, assuming similar intracellular lipid contents and radioactivity as that averaged from dissected muscles. Lipid uptake in the liver was calculated from directly extracted lipid.Four hours after lipid administration to fed rats lipid radioactivity in heart and serum was minimal and had essentially disappeared at 8 hours. Liver label declined rapidly from peak values at or before 4 hours. Adipose tissue radioactivity increased gradually up to 16 hours and then decreased. Label in muscles was highest at 4 hours in the red gastrocnemius, and then decreased, while the other muscles showed a constant radioactivity over the observation period (24 hours). Radioactivity expressed per unit muscle mass seemed to be proportional to the oxidative capacity of muscles.In comparisons between fed and fasted rats at 16 hours, when adipose tissue label peaked, liver, individual muscles and carcass did not show any significant differences while adipose tissue label was fivefold higher in fed than fasted rats. The distribution of total measured lipid radioactivity between total adipose tissue, total muscle tissue and liver in fed rats at this time‐point was 76. 8, 14. 4 and 8. 8% respectively, and in the fasted state 26. 4, 51. 6 and 22. 0%. These estimations suggest that lipid uptake in the fed state is dominated by adipose tissue, while in the fasted state the lipid uptake is higher in muscles than adipose tissues.It was concluded that uptake of absorbed, exogenous triglyceride in muscle is of significance, particularly in the fasted state. This lipid has a half life of several days. It is suggested that this lipid is oxidized in situ, contributing with a hidden fraction to lipid energy needs, or partially transferred to adipose tissue. Lipid uptake in muscle probably constitutes a significant fraction of assimilated exogenous lipid, particularly in the fasting state.
Effects of Obesity and Gender on Insulin Receptor Expression in Liver of SHHF/Mcc‐FACP Rats
Authors: Meier Daniel A. , Hennes Magda M. I. , McCune Sylvia A. , Kissebah Ahmed H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn SHHF/Mcc‐FAcp rats (formerly SHR/Mcc‐cp), obesity and male gender synergistically modulate hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and predisposition to diabetes. Our previous studies showed gender and obesity modulate hepatic cell surface insulin binding and insulin clearance additively. Hepatic insulin receptors (IR) bind insulin as a first step in insulin clearance through internalization and degradation. We hypothesize that the synergistic effects of obesity and gender on hepatic insulin binding and clearance result from interaction of these two factors on hepatic IR expression. To address IR expression in SHHF/Mcc‐FAcp rats, we quantitated IR protein levels in detergent‐solubilized liver homogenates by Western blotting and IR mRNA levels by a solution hybridization/RNase protection assay. Obesity reduced total hepatic IR content in males and females, 50% and 68% respectively. Male gender reduced IR protein content 24% in lean, but had no effect on IR protein content in obese rats. Neither gender nor obesity affected hepatic IR mRNA content. Thus, obesity appears to affect hepatic IR protein content and cell surface binding through post‐transcriptional mechanisms; similarly, male gender in lean rats reduces IR protein levels and cell surfac binding through mechanisms not involving changi in mRNA levels. In obese rats, the synergistic effec of male gender appears to involve changes in IR tra ticking and consequently cell surface insulin bindin and processing.
Self‐Esteem and Obesity in Children and Adolescents: A Literature Review
Authors: French Simone A. , Story Mary , Perry Cheryl L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe relationship between self‐esteem and obesity has not received a great deal of empirical evaluation using strong research methodologies. Thus, it is not clear whether self‐esteem is consistently related to obesity, whether the relationship is global or specific to physical appearance, whether the relationship differs by demographic variables such as age, gender or race/ethnicity, or whether self‐esteem moderates weight changes during weight loss treatment programs. This review examines these questions using empirical evidence from 35 studies on the relationship between self‐esteem and obesity in children and adolescents. Thirteen of 25 cross sectional studies clearly showed lower self‐esteem in obese adolescents and children. Five of the six cross‐sectional studies that included a measure of body esteem found lower body esteem in obese compared to normal weight children and adolescents. Results from two prospective studies examining initial self‐esteem and later obesity were inconsistent. Results from six of eight treatment studies showed that weight loss treatment programs appear to improve self‐esteem. However, it is unclear whether increases in self‐esteem are related to enhanced weight loss. Many studies were methodologically weak primarily due to small and select samples and lack of appropriate comparison groups. Implications for prevention and treatment of childhood obesity are discussed.
Cross‐Validation of Fat‐Free Mass Estimated From Body Density Against Bioelectrical Resistance: Effects of Obesity and Gender
Authors: Goran Michael I. , Khaled M. Abu 
Published: September 2012

AbstractGORAN, MICHAEL I AND M ABU KHALED. Cross‐validation of fat‐free mass estimated from body density against bioelectrical resistance: effects of obesity and gender. Obes Res.The major purpose of this study was to examine whether estimates of body composition from bioelectrical resistance were systematically biased by obesity and/or gender (using hydrodensitometry as a comparison method). We compared fat‐free mass (FFM) by bioelectrical resistance (BR) using 5 equations (Lukaski, Kushner, Rising, Khaled, and Segal) to FFM by hydrodensitometry (HD) in 20 lean men, 30 lean women, 33 obese men and 22 obese women. None of the BR equations was successfully cross‐validated against FFM by HD in all 4 sub‐groups. The Lukaski equation significantly underestimated FFM in all 4 groups by 2.7 to 4.7 kg; the Kushner equation significantly underestimated FFM by 2.0 to 2.9 kg except in obese women; the Rising equation significantly overestimated FFM in obese women (5.3 kg) and men (2.9 kg); the Khaled equation successfully predicted FFM in all groups except obese men; and the Segal equation successfully predicted FFM in all groups except lean men. In some groups, a portion of the discrepancy could be explained by bias originating from body fat. Analysis of our data by forward regression analysis demonstrated that height2/resistance, body weight, gender and suprailiac skinfold thickness provide the most accurate estimates of FFM (R2=0.92; SEE = 3.58kg) that are free of bias originating from gender and body fat. We conclude that the estimation of fat‐free mass by BR is significantly influenced by gender and obesity. An alternative equation is proposed for estimating fat‐free mass based on measurement of height2/resistance, body weight, gender and suprailiac skinfold thickness.
Lipase Inhibition and Hormonal Status, Body Composition and Gastrointestinal Processing of a Liquid High‐Fat Mixed Meal in Moderately Obese Subjects
Authors: Drent Madeleine L. , Popp‐Snijders Corrie , Adér Herman J. , Jansen Jan B.M.J. , van der Veen Eduard A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDRENT, MADELEINE L, CORRIE POPP‐SNIJDERS, HERMAN J ADER, JAN BMJ JANSEN AND EDUARD A VAN DER VEEN. Lipase inhibition and hormonal status, body composition and gastrointestinal processing of a liquid high‐fat mixed meal in moderately obese subjects. Obes Res.The effect of Orlistat, a lipase inhibitor used in the treatment of obesity was studied on gastrointestinal transit time, on body composition and on hormones known to be influenced by the degree of hydrolysis of nutritional triglycerides or by reduced nutrient intake and absorption. After a placebo run‐in period 14 patients were randomized to a 12‐week treatment period on Orlistat 360 mg per day (mean body weight 93.1 ± 9.8 kg) or placebo (mean body weight 90.7 ± 10.5 kg). At randomization and after 12 weeks body weight, body composition, thyroid hormones, catecholamines, insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) and IGF‐binding protein 3 were measured. During 4 hours after consumption of a liquid fat‐rich mixed meal containing study medication, 15 g lactulose and 25 g xylose, blood levels of glucose, insulin, c‐peptide, glucagon, triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholecys‐tokinin, pancreatic polypeptide and xylose and expiration air levels of hydrogen were measured.Weight loss was 4.2 ± 3.5 kg in the Orlistat group versus 3.0 ± 1.9 kg in the placebo group. Fat mass decreased to an equal degree, whereas lean body mass remained stable. No differences were found for thyroid hormones, catecholamines, IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 levels. By comparing the areas under the curve (AUC) and the peak levels at randomization (acute effects) of insulin and c‐peptide a tendency was found to be increased in the Orlistat group, whereas those of xylose were increased significantly, suggesting faster gastric empyting after Orlistat. No differences were found in the other parameters. By comparing the changes in responses (longer term effects) no significant differences were found.In conclusion, the presence in the gut of undigested and unabsorbed fat does not seem to have a relevant influence on hormonal status and body composition in a small group of moderately obese patients.
Efficacy and Safety of Long‐Term Fluoxetine Treatment of Obesity ‐ Maximizing Success
Authors: Goldstein David J. , Rampey Alvin H. , Roback Paul J. , Wilson Michael G. , Hamilton Susan H. , Sayler Mary E. , Tollefson Gary D. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObesity is a major health care concern because of its associated medical complications and increased mortality. Despite a myriad of short‐term weight loss strategies and the motivation of improving health, patients have difficulty maintaining reduced weight. Pharmacologic agents, such as fluoxetine, a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor, have been investigated as adjunctive therapy to standard weight management programs.Extended therapy with fluoxetine has demonstrated clinically meaningful benefits on weight loss and obesity‐associated medical conditions in double‐blind placebo‐controlled studies. However, the magnitude of these benefits for individuals vary. Such findings are consistent with the belief that the obesity syndrome has differing etiologies. Accordingly not all patients are likely to benefit from a particular therapy. Studies should identify patient subgroups that are more likely to respond to a specific therapy. In this study of 719 fluoxetine‐treated and 722 placebo treated patients in four multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, long‐term clinical trials, we investigated possible predictors of a beneficial long‐term outcome from fluoxetine therapy.Patients' age, current smoking activity, and baseline uric acid concentration were predictors of a meaningful long‐term treatment effect. Further review of the weight loss patterns of patients achieving long‐term success provided the basis for a treatment monitor. Use of the predictors and the treatment monitor are strategies to maximize the benefits of therapy through improved patient selection and monitoring during a therapeutic program.
Clinical Studies with Dexfenfluramine: From Past to Future
Authors: Guy‐Grand Bernard 
Published: September 2012

Abstractd Fenfluramine (dF) (15 mg twice daily) has been studied in controlled trials in human obesity. It has been shown to increase adherence to weight lowering programs, to double the number of patients losing 10 kg or more when compared with a fairly efficient placebo plus dietary counselling, and to prevent weight regain when continued over a 1 year period. Weight loss after 1 month and 4 months is likely to predict subsequent outcome. Also, significant improvement in metabolic risk factors and blood pressure were clearly demonstrated, even more markedly in some obesity‐associated diseases, when body weight is maintained at a lower level. Even moderate but sustained weight loss of some 10 % of starting weight or less has been confirmed to be of medical value. Tolerance and safety of dF can be considered acceptable, even if longer term follow‐up is clearly needed.These studies support the concept that long‐term pharmacotherapy with this serotoninergic drug might help achieve better outcome in the management of many obese patients, particularly in preventing relapse. The long‐term managerial strategies to be developed for each patient might thus include dF together with dietary advice, behavioral modification and physical exercise, either simultaneously or sequentially.
Histamine Receptor and its Regulation of Energy Metabolism
Authors: Sakata Toshiie 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn a series of studies on brain functions of histamine, probes to manipulate activities of histaminergic neuronal systems were applied to assess histaminergic function in non‐obese normal, and lean and obese Zucker rats. Food intake was suppressed by both activation of H1‐receptors and inhibition of H3‐receptors in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) and the paraventricular nucleus, each of which is a satiety center. Feeding circadian rhythm was decreased in its amplitude through histaminergic modulation in the hypothalamus. Histamine neurons in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Me5) were involved in regulation of masticatory functions, particularly eating speed, while histamine‐containing neurons in the VMH controlled intake volume of meals. Energy deficiency in the brain enhanced satiation through histaminergic activation of VMH neurons, which in turn produced glycogenolysis in the hypothalamus to maintain homeostatic control of glucose supply. A very‐low‐calorie conventional Japanese diet, which is a fiber rich and low energy food source, enhanced satiation by increased mastication and because of the low energy supply of the diet. Hypothalamic histamine neurons were activated by high ambient temperature and also by interleukin‐1β, an endogenous pyrogen, to maintain homeostatic thermoregulation. Behavioral and metabolic abnormalities of Zucker obese rats were mediated by a deficit in hypothalamic neuronal histamine, and the Zucker rat was evaluated as an animal model of histamine deficiency. Transplantation of the lean fetal hypothalamus into the third cerebroventricle of host obese Zuckers attenuated the abnormalities.
Sibutramine: A Novel New Agent for Obesity Treatment
Authors: Ryan Donna H. , Kaiser Pam , Bray George A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSibutramine is a novel new pharmacologic agent which is a specific reuptake inhibitor for norepinephrine and serotonin. Preclinical data show that sibutramine and its two metabolites reduce food intake of animals eating either high or low carbohydrate diets and of obese Zucker rats. An 8‐week clinical trial showed a dose‐dependent decrease on body weight. Sibutramine, 5 and 20 mg/day, produced a dose‐related weight loss in obese subjects compared to placebo in an 8‐week trial. In doses varying from 1 to 30 mg, sibutramine also produced a dose‐dependent decrease in weight in the healthy obese population when used in 6‐,8‐,12–24‐ and 52‐week trials. Although the majority of the weight loss occurred during the first 12 weeks of treatment, weight loss had not plateaued in by 24 weeks in the higher doses. Side effects were mild. This drug shows promise as an antiobesity drug.
Nutrient Intake is Modulated By Peripheral Peptide Administration
Authors: Bray George A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMany peptides have been shown to modulate nutrient intake. In most cases, these peptides decrease food intake, but in a few cases they have been demonstrated to stimulate feeding. Infusion of insulin peripherally will decrease food intake unless hypoglycemia occurs where the reduced glucose is a stimulus to feeding. Other pancreatic hormones including glucagon, amylin, pancreatic polypeptide, and enterostatin reduce food intake. Of the gastrointestinal hormones, cholecystokinin has been the most widely studied and reduces food intake in a number of species, including human beings. Gastrin‐releasing peptide and its relative bombesin have been shown to decrease food intake in experimental animals and man. Somatostatin reduces food intake in experimental animals, but no clinical studies are available. Four pituitary peptides also modify food intake. Vasopressin decreases feeding. In contrast, injections of desacetyl melanocyte stimulating hormone (dMSH), growth hormone, and prolactin are associated with increased food intake. Finally, there are a group of miscellaneous peptides which modulate feeding. β‐casomorphin, a hepta peptide produced during the hydrolysis of casein, stimulates food intake in experimental animals. In contrast, the other pep tides in this group including calcitonin, apolipoprotein A‐IV, the cyclized form of histidyl‐proline, several cytokines, and thyrotropin‐releasing hormone decrease food intake. Many of these peptides act on gastrointestinal or hepatic receptors which relay messages to the brain via the afferent vagus nerve. As a group they provide a number of leads for potential drug development.
Testosterone and Regional Fat Distribution
Authors: Mårin Per 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe effects of testosterone treatment of abdominally obese men have been assessed by evaluating the following parameters: The metabolic activity of different adipose tissue regions in vivo (using lipid label as a tracer) and in vitro (measuring lipoprotein lipase(LPL) activity), the total and visceral adipose tissue mass, insulin sensitivity, fasting blood glucose, blood lipids, and blood pressure as well as prostate volume.Middle‐aged men with abdominal obesity were treated with transdermal administration of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or placebo (P) during 9 months. The study was double‐blind.Treatment with T was followed by an inhibited uptake of lipid label in adipose tissue triglycerides, a decreased LPL‐activity and an increased turn‐over rate of lipid label in the abdominal adipose tissue region in comparisons with the DHT and P groups. These effects on adipose tissue metabolism were not detected in the femoral adipose tissue region in any of the groups.T treatment was also followed by a specific decrease of visceral fat mass (measured by CT‐scan), by increased insulin sensitivity (measured with the euglycemic glucose clamp), by a decrease in fasting blood glucose, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides as well as a decrease in diastolic blood pressure. In the DHT group an increased visceral mass was detected. No other changes in these variables were found in the DHT and P groups.There were no detectable changes in prostate volume (measured by ultra‐sound), prostate specific antigen concentration, genito‐urinary history or urinary flow measurements in any of the groups.It is suggested that T substitution to a selected group of men results in general metabolic and circulatory improvements. The prostate area needs further careful attention.