bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Status of aboriginal, commercial and recreational inland fisheries in North America: past, present and future
Authors: Cooke S. J. , Murchie K. J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe inland fisheries of North America (i.e. Canada and the United States of America) are diverse in terms of the sectors that harvest fish, the waters fished and the species targeted. Aboriginal fisheries have a long tradition of harvesting fish for food and ceremonial purposes using gears such as dip nets and spears, and targeting species such as suckers (Catostomidae) and upriver migrating salmon (Salmonidae). The commercial sector includes large‐scale industrial operations on the Great Lakes and Mississippi River as well as smaller‐scale fisheries throughout North America that harvest fish for food or the bait industry. The recreational fishery is the largest sector (millions of participants) and includes everything from specialised catch‐and‐release fisheries for muskellunge, Esox masquinongy Mitchill and black bass (Micropterus spp.) to put‐and‐take fisheries for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). All sectors provide substantial socio‐economic benefit and regionally can have significant cultural value and yield an important amount of food protein. Using the best available information and a number of assumptions, total harvest for all three sectors in the inland waters of North America was estimated to be >480 000 t yr−1. Nonetheless, there are a number of internal threats that face these fisheries including over‐exploitation, bycatch/release mortality as well as external threats such as inter‐sectoral conflict, environmental change, water availability, invasive species and habitat alteration. Given that most inland fisheries are managed at the state/provincial level, there is a need to adopt management strategies that are holistic, coordinated and trans‐jurisdictional if inland fisheries in North America are to be sustainable in the future. There is also a critical need for information management systems that enable regional data to be scaled up to the national or continental level, which would facilitate the generation of inland fisheries status reports and the monitoring of trends through time. All stakeholders must recognise that while inland fisheries tend to not receive the same attention from the media, public or politicians as marine fisheries, the potential for local and broad‐scale irreversible changes exist and need to be identified and addressed if the many ecosystem services that inland fisheries provide are to be maintained.
Quantifying variation in forest disturbance, and its effects on aboveground biomass dynamics, across the eastern United States
Authors: Vanderwel Mark C. , Coomes David A. , Purves Drew W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe role of tree mortality in the global carbon balance is complicated by strong spatial and temporal heterogeneity that arises from the stochastic nature of carbon loss through disturbance. Characterizing spatio‐temporal variation in mortality (including disturbance) and its effects on forest and carbon dynamics is thus essential to understanding the current global forest carbon sink, and to predicting how it will change in future. We analyzed forest inventory data from the eastern United States to estimate plot‐level variation in mortality (relative to a long‐term background rate for individual trees) for nine distinct forest regions. Disturbances that produced at least a fourfold increase in tree mortality over an approximately 5 year interval were observed in 1–5% of plots in each forest region. The frequency of disturbance was lowest in the northeast, and increased southwards along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts as fire and hurricane disturbances became progressively more common. Across the central and northern parts of the region, natural disturbances appeared to reflect a diffuse combination of wind, insects, disease, and ice storms. By linking estimated covariation in tree growth and mortality over time with a data‐constrained forest dynamics model, we simulated the implications of stochastic variation in mortality for long‐term aboveground biomass changes across the eastern United States. A geographic gradient in disturbance frequency induced notable differences in biomass dynamics between the least‐ and most‐disturbed regions, with variation in mortality causing the latter to undergo considerably stronger fluctuations in aboveground stand biomass over time. Moreover, regional simulations showed that a given long‐term increase in mean mortality rates would support greater aboveground biomass when expressed through disturbance effects compared with background mortality, particularly for early‐successional species. The effects of increased tree mortality on carbon stocks and forest composition may thus depend partly on whether future mortality increases are chronic or episodic in nature.
The impact of Medicines Information enquiry answering on patient care and outcomes
Authors: Bramley Diane M , Innes Alison J , Duggan Catherine , Oborne C Alice 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the impact of advice provided by UK Medicines Information (MI) services on patient care and outcomes.

Methods
Healthcare professionals who contacted MI centres with enquiries related to specific patients in 35 UK National Health Service hospitals completed questionnaires before and after receiving MI advice. A multidisciplinary expert panel rated the impact in a sample of enquiries. One investigator used the panel's ratings and principles to rate all enquiries.

Key findings
Of 179 completed questionnaire pairs, 178 (99%) enquirers used the advice provided. Most (145, 81%) judged advice had a positive impact: 110 (61.5%) on patient care, 35 (19.6%) on patient outcome. Medicines Information pharmacists actively advised on issues not previously identified by enquirers in 35 cases (19.6%). The expert panel judged that in 19/20 (95%) cases, advice had a positive impact on patient care or outcome, mainly due to risk reduction. Agreement was high between expert panel and enquirers' ratings of impact: 12 (60%) full agreement; 16 (80%) agreement within one point. The investigator's impact rating of the full sample was positive for 162 (92%) enquiries: 82 (47%) on patient care and 80 (45%) on actual or expected patient outcome.

Conclusions
Enquirers and an independent expert panel both determined that MI services provided useful patient-specific advice that impacted positively on patients. Reduction of risk was central to this impact. MI pharmacists frequently identified and advised on issues that clinicians using the service had not recognised themselves, this generally had a positive impact on patients.
Attitudes to Employment of Professionally Qualified Refugees in the United Kingdom
Authors: Willott John , Stevenson Jacqueline 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper explores the attitudes to work and experiences seeking employment of professionally qualified refugees enrolled on a course to enhance their employability skills in Leeds, United Kingdom (UK). We analyse the results within the framework of conceptual models describing the transition of refugees into employment (which are essentially linear) and those that categorize refugees according to their resettlement styles based on their social features and the host society's response. Our data reinforce that these people are (initially at least) highly motivated to work, strongly identify with their profession and suffer considerable loss of self‐esteem as they are unable to secure appropriate employment. Attitudes to securing employment were often related to their length of time in the UK. Recent arrivals were more positive about returning to their profession, even if this meant retraining, developing skills and time spent in alternative employment. Many of those here for longer were resigned to retraining, and the worst cases felt despair and feelings of betrayal. Our work showed that many had poor job search strategies and a lack of knowledge of the culture and norms of their chosen profession. We argue that the generic support of statutory employment services or the voluntary sector is inappropriate and that there is a role for professional bodies to be more active in their engagement with these groups of people. The results suggest that conceptual models need to be more nuanced to capture the experiences of these refugees: attitudes to work can cycle from optimism to disillusionment, so a linear model will not capture the full complexity, and we also found evidence of shifting among categories of resettlement styles.
International Married and Unmarried Unions in Italy: Criteria of Mate Selection
Authors: Maffioli Dionisia , Paterno Anna , Gabrielli Giuseppe 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAs a result of the growing presence of foreign immigrants settling in Italy, recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of mixed unions. However, little research has been carried out on the subject in this country, in part due to insufficient availability of suitable data. The aim of this study is to investigate the “market” of formal and informal mixed unions and to understand whether ethnic origin contributes a new element to the marriage/union market, and to verify the applicability of the “exchange theory” to the Italian context. We analyzed a particular segment of the marriage market ‐ mixed parental couples included in the 2005 Sample Surveys of Births. The results showed a clear gender divide in the ethnic preferences of Italian spouses, a high rate of previous marital experience for both Italian and foreign people in mixed pairings, and a high frequency of unmarried and casual mixed relationships. Compared with endogamous couples, the foreign male or female spouse/partner in mixed couples is young and more educated relative to the Italian partner, but is less present in the work market and, when employed, often occupies a less well‐qualified position. The “informal union market” works in very similar ways to the “marriage market”; the slight attenuation of relationships observed in the former being attributable to the lesser degree of security guaranteed by an unofficial union. Therefore, the mechanism of mate selection implies that foreigners' appreciated qualities such as youth and high education may be offered in exchange for economic security, upward socio‐economic mobility and access to the social network of the native partner: this is a variant of the exchange theory that was found to apply well to transnational marriages/unions in Italy.
A comparative analysis between recreational and artisanal fisheries in a Mediterranean coastal area
Authors: Lloret J. , Font T. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe biological impact and the social characteristics of different artisanal (professional) and recreational fishing techniques on the marine resources of a coastal Mediterranean area were compared. Data were from artisanal and recreational surveys carried out between 2006 and 2010. Competition between recreational (particularly spear fishing) and artisanal fishers for the natural resources is important as 52% of the 98 species surveyed were caught by both types of fishers. A total of 87 species were caught by all artisanal fishing gears together (of which 84% were retained and 16% discarded). Recreational fishing caught 58 species of which none was systematically discarded. The two fishing techniques that raise major environmental concerns are spear fishing (very selective in terms of species and/or sizes and high intrinsic vulnerability of catches) and trammel netting (highest number of species discarded and highest number of species endangered). Important challenges from the social standpoint were found that need to be taken into account in the management of coastal fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea including: progressive disappearance of the artisanal fisheries, ageing of the artisanal fisher populations and decline in the number of fishing gears used by artisanal fishers.
Cognitive aesthetics of alchemical imagery
Authors: Connolly Angela M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractJung's contribution to the understanding of the relevance of psychology to alchemy has become increasingly invalidated by the ahistorical nature of his approach, just as his tendency to ignore the importance of cognitive aesthetics for an improved comprehension of the functions of alchemical images has prevented Jungians from further extending Jung's insight of the importance of alchemy for psychology.This paper explores the history of the development of alchemical illustrations in Western Europe from the 14thto the 16thcentury, tracing the emergent processes over time. It is only when we take into consideration the historical dimension and the aesthetics of alchemical imagery that it becomes possible to demonstrate how the increasing use of certain aesthetic techniques such as the disjunction and recombination of separate metaphorical elements of previous illustrations, the use of compressive combinations and the use of framing devices worked to gradually increase the cognitive function and the symbolical power of the images.If alchemy is still relevant to psychotherapy it is exactly because it helps us to understand the importance of cognitive aesthetics in our approach to the images, metaphors and narratives of our patients.
Prothrombotic mechanisms and anticoagulant therapy in dogs with immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia
Authors: Kidd Linda , Mackman Nigel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo review the pathophysiology of thrombosis in hemolytic disease, and the efficacy of thromboprophylaxis in dogs with immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA).Data SourcesComputerized searches ofPubmed,INDEX VETERINARIUS, and the journal database of theVeterinaryInformationNetwork, and a manual search of bibliographies of published manuscripts.Human Data SynthesisExperimental data suggest that hemolysis leads to the induction of the potent procoagulant tissue factor on monocytes and endothelial cells and subsequent activation of coagulation. In addition, damaged red cells, activated platelets, and small cell‐derived membrane vesicles called microparticles may contribute to coagulation by providing membrane surfaces containing exposed anionic phospholipids that serve as docking sites for prothrombinase (factorVa‐factorXa) and tenase (factorVIIIa–factorIXa) complexes of the coagulation cascade. Some microparticles also contain tissue factor, further fueling coagulation. Thromboprophylaxis for hemolytic disease in people primarily targets the coagulation cascade rather than platelets, as most thromboemboli are of venous rather than arterial origin. The use of unfractionated heparin is closely monitored to ensure therapeutic levels are reached.Veterinary Data SynthesisThromboembolic disease is a major factor affecting survival in dogs withIMHA. It is likely that hemolysis contributes to the prothrombotic state. Thrombosis occurs in both veins and arteries, with pulmonary thromboembolism (a venous thrombus) occurring very commonly. Evidence suggests that tissue factor mediates the development of the prothrombotic state. Heparin, and the anti‐platelet agents aspirin, and clopidogrel have been used for thromboprophylaxis in dogs with IMHA. However, a lack of validated therapeutic endpoints and controlled studies make it difficult to determine if survival is affected or if 1 drug is more effective than another.ConclusionsProspective clinical trials comparing individually adjusted heparin or other anti‐coagulant drugs to anti‐platelet drugs are needed to make evidence‐based recommendations for thromboprophylaxis in dogs with IMHA.
Forum Shopping in Global Governance: Understanding States, Business and NGOs in Multiple Arenas
Authors: Murphy Hannah , Kellow Aynsley 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe political strategy of forum shopping is an under‐researched but highly relevant concept for understanding the dynamics of global governance. Forum shopping involves actors seeking to realise their policy objectives within preferred policy arenas on the basis of an arena’s particular governing characteristics. We examine the forum shopping behaviour of the key states, business and non‐governmental groups in regard to three policy issues: labour standards, intellectual property rights, and chemicals regulation. Our preliminary analysis is centred around the questions of why actors forum shop, the circumstances in which forum shopping enables actors to succeed in promoting their interests, and the impact of forum shopping on the effectiveness of global governance. Our cases suggest an arena’s membership, issue mandate, decision making procedures and enforcement capacity are the key characteristics that shape actors’ arena preferences. Another important implication is that a multi‐arena global governance system comprised of duplication and overlap in issue mandate (rather than large multilateral single issue arenas) may be beneficial for advancing actors’ policy agendas. The overarching goal of the article is to spark more systematic research into the often practiced but under‐theorised phenomenon of forum shopping.Policy ImplicationsGlobal governance is achieved through action in multiple arenas, which provide different opportunities for political action. An arena’s membership, issue mandate, decision making procedures and enforcement capacity should be taken into account by policymakers in assessing appropriate arenas for advancing their goals.Entrepreneurial actors take advantage of ‘strategic inconsistencies’ in the characteristics of international policy arenas in order to progress or block the development of proposals through incremental decisions.Policymakers must be alert to the likely use of forum shopping by other actors, including business actors and NGOs, which may advance or stymie the development of policy agendas in one arena via action in alternative arenas.
Effective interprofessional collaboration in rural contexts: a research protocol
Authors: Mitchell Rebecca , Paliadelis Penelope , McNeil Karen , Parker Vicki , Giles Michelle , Higgins Isabel , Parmenter Glenda , Ahrens Yvonne 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimTo describe the research protocol that will be used to investigate factors contributing to effective interprofessional practice in a rural context in Australia.BackgroundInterprofessional practice is a key strategy for overcoming rural health challenges; however, our knowledge of interprofessional initiatives and consequences in rural areas is limited.DesignA modified realistic evaluation approach will be used to explore the structures, systems, and social processes contributing to effective interprofessional outcomes. This ‘context–mechanism–outcome’ approach provides a useful framework for identifying why and how interprofessional practice works in rural contexts.MethodInitial propositions regarding the factors that explain effective collaborative practice will be generated through interviews with lead clinicians, policy‐makers, and clinician managers. Clinician interviews, document analysis, and multi‐participant focus groups will be used as evidence to support, refine, or redevelop the initial propositions. This will allow the development of a model of rural interprofessional practice that will explain how and why collaborative approaches work in rural environments. This study is funded by an Institute of Rural Clinical Services and Teaching grant (January 2010).DiscussionRural healthcare challenges are well documented; however, studies investigating the nature of interprofessional practice in rural contexts are not common. Rural contexts also present research design, particularly data collection, challenges. This proposed research is one of the first to identify the factors that facilitate or constrain effective interprofessional work in rural settings. This is particularly important, given the continuing workforce shortages and maldistribution and poorer health outcomes in rural communities globally.
Parents‐CARE: A Suicide Prevention Program for Parents of At‐Risk Youth
Authors: Hooven Carole 
Published: January 2013

TopicFamilies play an important role in youth suicide prevention, as both a source of protection and a source of risk, and thus are an important target for adolescent suicide prevention programs.PurposeThis article describes in detail Parents‐CARE, a brief youth suicide prevention program for parents, for which effectiveness has been demonstrated. Engaging parents in preventive intervention can be challenging; therefore, the feasibility, acceptability, and relevance of the program to parents are examined.Sources UsedA total of 289 households participated in Parents‐CARE. Parent attendance data and parent and interventionist process data are utilized to demonstrate the positive response by parents to the program.ConclusionThe Parents‐CARE program was highly attended, and ratings demonstrate that parents were engaged in the program. Ratings show parents found the program both acceptable and relevant. Hence, the program described is promising for clinicians working with at‐risk youth as they seek brief, accessible, and effective interventions that include parents in order to amplify the effects of an individual intervention approach.
School Difficulties and Co‐Occurring Health Risk Factors: Substance Use, Aggression, Depression, and Suicidal Behaviors
Authors: Thompson Elaine Adams , Connelly Cynthia D. , Thomas‐Jones Deborah , Eggert Leona L. 
Published: January 2013

ProblemEffective prevention requires understanding vulnerable populations, early signs of health risks, and the impact of social contexts. We tested a model of co‐occurring mental health risks among at‐risk youth experiencing school difficulties.MethodsWe analyzed data from a random sample of 336 at‐risk youth, grades 9–12, who completed a comprehensive risk/protective factors assessment.FindingsSimultaneously controlling for correlations among health risks, we observed systematic associations among risk factors, with generally consistent patterns for males and females.ConclusionsThe findings underscore the importance of developing interventions that incorporate contextual influences and of identifying common adaptable strategies for attenuating co‐occurring health risks for at‐risk youth.