bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lower incidence of recorded cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes using insulin aspart vs. those on human regular insulin: observational evidence from general practices
Authors: Rathmann W. , Kostev K. 
Published: November 2012

AimsInsulin aspart has a higher ability to treat postprandial glucose than regular human insulin, which may have favourable cardiovascular effects. The aim was to collect and compare the incidence of recorded macro‐ and microvascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes with insulin aspart or regular human insulin in general practices.MethodsComputerized data from 3154 aspart and 3154 regular insulin users throughout Germany (Disease Analyzer, January 2000 to July 2011) were analysed after matching for age (60 ± 10 years), sex (men: 57%), health insurance (private: 5.8%) and diabetes treatment period in practice (2.2 ± 2.5 years). Hazard ratios (HR; Cox regression) for macro‐ or microvascular outcomes (follow‐up: 3.5 years) were further adjusted for diabetologist care, practice region, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, co‐medication (basal insulin, oral antidiabetics, antihypertensives, lipid‐lowering agents and antithrombotic drugs), previous treatment with rapid‐acting insulins, hypoglycaemia and the Charlson co‐morbidity score. Furthermore, adjustment was carried out for baseline microvascular complications when analysing macrovascular outcomes and vice versa.ResultsOverall, the risk of combined macrovascular outcomes was 15% lower for insulin aspart users (p = 0.01). For insulin aspart there was also a decreased risk incident stroke [HR: 0.58; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.45–0.74], myocardial infarction (HR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.54–0.88) and peripheral vascular disease (HR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.69–0.93). For microvascular complications (retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy), no significant differences were observed (HR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.87–1.06).ConclusionUse of the rapid‐acting insulin analogue aspart was associated with a reduced incidence of macrovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes in general practices. It is important to confirm this finding in a randomized controlled trial.
Many ways to make a novel structure: a new mode of sex comb development in Drosophilidae
Authors: Atallah Joel , Watabe Hideaki , Kopp Artyom 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYOn macroevolutionary time scales, the same genes can regulate the development of homologous structures through strikingly different cellular processes. Comparing the development of similar morphological traits in closely related species may help elucidate the evolutionary dissociation between pattern formation and morphogenesis. We address this question by focusing on the interspecific differences in sex comb development in Drosophilids. The sex comb is a recently evolved, male‐specific structure composed of modified bristles. Previous work in the obscura and melanogaster species groups (Old World Sophophora) has identified two distinct cellular mechanisms that give rise to nearly identical adult morphologies. Here, we describe sex comb development in a species from a more distantly related lineage, the genus Lordiphosa. Although the expression of key regulatory genes is largely conserved in both clades, the cell behaviors responsible for sex comb formation show major differences between Old World Sophophora and Lordiphosa. We suggest that the many‐to‐one mapping between development and adult phenotype increases the potential for evolutionary innovations.
Segmental disinhibition suppresses C‐fiber inputs to the rat superficial medullary dorsal horn via the activation of GABAB receptors
Authors: Melin Céline , Jacquot Florian , Dallel Radhouane , Artola Alain 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSpecialized primary afferents, although they terminate in different laminae within the dorsal horn (DH), are known to interact through local circuit excitatory and inhibitory neurons. That a loss of segmental inhibition probably contributes to persistent pain hypersensitivity during chronic pain raises the question as to how disinhibition‐induced changes in cross‐modal interactions account for chronic pain symptoms. We sought to characterize how pharmacological blockade of glycine and gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors modifies synaptic transmission between primary afferent fibers and second‐order neurons by recording field potentials in the superficial medullary dorsal horn (MDH) of anesthetized rats. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation evokes three negative field potentials elicited by, from earliest to latest, Aβ‐, Aδ‐ and C‐fiber primary afferents. Blocking segmental glycine and/or GABAA receptors, with strychnine and bicuculline, respectively, strongly facilitates Aβ‐ and Aδ‐fiber‐evoked polysynaptic field potentials but, conversely, inhibits, or even abolishes, the whole C‐fiber field potential. Blocking segmental GABAB receptors, with phaclofen, reverses such suppression of C‐fiber field potentials. Interestingly, it also potentiates C‐fiber field potentials under control conditions. Finally, activation of segmental GABAB receptors, with baclofen, preferentially inhibits C‐fiber field potentials. Our results suggest that activation of A‐fiber primary afferents inhibits C‐fiber inputs to the MDH by the way of polysynaptic excitatory pathways, last‐order GABAergic interneurons and presynaptic GABAB receptors on C‐fiber primary afferents. Under physiological conditions, activation of such local DH circuits is closely controlled by segmental inhibition but it might contribute to paradoxically reduced pain hypersensitivity under pathological disinhibition.
Heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate‐binding protein‐coupled modulatory actions of motilin on K+ channels and postsynaptic γ‐aminobutyric acid receptors in mouse medial vestibular nuclear neurons
Authors: Todaka Hiroshi , Tatsukawa Tetsuya , Hashikawa Tsutomu , Yanagawa Yuchio , Shibuki Katsuei , Nagao Soichi 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSome central nervous system neurons express receptors of gastrointestinal hormones, but their pharmacological actions are not well known. Previous anatomical and unit recording studies suggest that a group of cerebellar Purkinje cells express motilin receptors, and motilin depresses the spike discharges of vestibular nuclear neurons that receive direct cerebellar inhibition in rats or rabbits. Here, by the slice‐patch recording method, we examined the pharmacological actions of motilin on the mouse medial vestibular nuclear neurons (MVNs), which play an important role in the control of ocular reflexes. A small number of MVNs, as well as cerebellar floccular Purkinje cells, were labeled with an anti‐motilin receptor antibody. Bath application of motilin (0.1 μm) decreased the discharge frequency of spontaneous action potentials in a group of MVNs in a dose‐dependent manner (Kd, 0.03 μm). The motilin action on spontaneous action potentials was blocked by apamin (100 nm), a blocker of small‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channels. Furthermore, motilin enhanced the amplitudes of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) and miniature IPSCs, but did not affect the frequencies of miniature IPSCs. Intracellular application of pertussis toxin (PTx) (0.5 μg/μL) or guanosine triphosphate‐γ‐S (1 mm) depressed the motilin actions on both action potentials and IPSCs. Only 30% of MVNs examined on slices obtained from wild‐type mice, but none of the GABAergic MVNs that were studied on slices obtained from vesicular γ‐aminobutyric acid transporter‐Venus transgenic mice, showed such a motilin response on action potentials and IPSCs. These findings suggest that motilin could modulate small‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channels and postsynaptic γ‐aminobutyric acid receptors through heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate‐binding protein‐coupled receptor in a group of glutamatergic MVNs.
How did this snail get here? Several dispersal vectors inferred for an aquatic invasive species
Authors: VAN LEEUWEN CASPER H. A. , HUIG NAOMI , VAN DER VELDE GERARD , VAN ALEN THEO A. , WAGEMAKER CORNELIS A. M. , SHERMAN CRAIG D. H. , KLAASSEN MARCEL , FIGUEROLA JORDI 
Published: November 2012

Summary1. How species reach and persist in isolated habitats remains an open question in many cases, especially for rapidly spreading invasive species. This is particularly true for temporary freshwater ponds, which can be remote and may dry out annually, but may still harbour high biodiversity. Persistence in such habitats depends on recurrent colonisation or species survival capacity, and ponds therefore provide an ideal system to investigate dispersal and connectivity.2. Here, we test the hypothesis that the wide distributions and invasive potential of aquatic snails is due to their ability to exploit several dispersal vectors in different landscapes. We explored the population structure of Physa acuta (recent synonyms: Haitia acuta, Physella acuta, Pulmonata: Gastropoda), an invasive aquatic snail originating from North America, but established in temporary ponds in Doñana National Park, southern Spain. In this area, snails face land barriers when attempting to colonise other suitable habitat.3. Genetic analyses using six microsatellite loci from 271 snails in 21 sites indicated that (i) geographically and hydrologically isolated snail populations in the park were genetically similar to a large snail population in rice fields more than 15 km away; (ii) these isolated ponds showed an isolation‐by‐distance pattern. This pattern broke down, however, for those ponds visited frequently by large mammals such as cattle, deer and wild boar; (iii) snail populations were panmictic in flooded and hydrologically connected rice fields.4. These results support the notion that aquatic snails disperse readily by direct water connections in the flooded rice fields, can be carried by waterbirds flying between the rice fields and the park and may disperse between ponds within the park by attaching to large mammals.5. The potential for aquatic snails such as Physa acuta to exploit several dispersal vectors may contribute to their wide distribution on various continents and their success as invasive species. We suggest that the interaction between different dispersal vectors, their relation to specific habitats and consequences at different geographic scales should be considered both when attempting to control invasive freshwater species and when protecting endangered species.
Ecosystem size structure response to 21st century climate projection: large fish abundance decreases in the central North Pacific and increases in the California Current
Authors: Woodworth‐Jefcoats Phoebe A. , Polovina Jeffrey J. , Dunne John P. , Blanchard Julia L. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractOutput from an earth system model is paired with a size‐based food web model to investigate the effects of climate change on the abundance of large fish over the 21st century. The earth system model, forced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special report on emission scenario A2, combines a coupled climate model with a biogeochemical model including major nutrients, three phytoplankton functional groups, and zooplankton grazing. The size‐based food web model includes linkages between two size‐structured pelagic communities: primary producers and consumers. Our investigation focuses on seven sites in the North Pacific, each highlighting a specific aspect of projected climate change, and includes top‐down ecosystem depletion through fishing. We project declines in large fish abundance ranging from 0 to 75.8% in the central North Pacific and increases of up to 43.0% in the California Current (CC) region over the 21st century in response to change in phytoplankton size structure and direct physiological effects. We find that fish abundance is especially sensitive to projected changes in large phytoplankton density and our model projects changes in the abundance of large fish being of the same order of magnitude as changes in the abundance of large phytoplankton. Thus, studies that address only climate‐induced impacts to primary production without including changes to phytoplankton size structure may not adequately project ecosystem responses.
Primary brachial vein transposition for hemodialysis access: Report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Lambidis Constantinos , Galanopoulos Georgios 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe superiority of autogenous fistulae in patients with end‐stage renal disease, performing hemodialysis, is well established and largely accepted. However, in case that superficial veins in the upper arm are not available for fistula construction, brachial vein transposition may be a viable alternative prior to graft placement. This transposition could be done as a primary or staged procedure, depending on the vein size. We present the case of a 63‐year‐old male patient with a thrombosed arteriovenous graft in the forearm and a large brachial vein in the ipsilateral upper arm. A one‐stage (primary) brachial vein transposition was performed. The fistula, 10 months after its construction, is still patent. No complications have occurred.
Evaluation of fragmented red cell (FRC) counting using Sysmex XE‐5000 – Does hypochromia play a role?
Authors: Chalvatzi K. , Spiroglou S. , Nikolaidou A. , Diza E. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryIntroductionSchistocytes are major signs of micro‐ and macroangiopathic haemolytic anaemia. The aim was to evaluate automated fragmented red cell (FRC) count compared to visual microscopy, and to assess FRCs in the presence of microcytosis and hypochromia using Sysmex automated counters.MethodsSchistocytes were determined with visual microscopy after the observation of 1000 erythrocytes, and the automated counting with Sysmex XE‐5000. Indices of microcytosis (%MicroR) and hypochromia (%Hypo‐He) were also analysed in the XE‐5000 analyser.ResultsLinear regression analysis showed a good correlation between automated and manual FRC% count (r = 0.824, P < 0.0001), but Bland–Altman's plot revealed an overestimation of FRC of 0.82%. There is a global correlation between %MicroR and FRCs. In subgroup analysis of %MicroR (reference value: 0.3–3%, mild microcytosis: 3.1–7.2% and severe microcytosis: 7.3–56.7%), no correlations with automated %FRC were noticed (P > 0.05). Based on %Hypo‐He subgroups (mild hypochromia: 1.2–5.2%, and severe hypochromia: 5.3–35.4%), a significant correlation of automated %FRC with mild hypochromia was found (r = 0.621, P < 0.01).ConclusionDespite the agreement between FRC count and the manual method, the overvaluation of FRC was high, leading to false‐positive results. Microcytosis appeared to have no impact on FRC count, whereas mild hypochromia seemed to be related with FRC count. Particular attention is required to assess automated FRCs in samples with mild hypochromia.
Trends of influenza infection in Suriname
Authors: Adhin Malti R. , Grunberg Meritha , Labadie‐Bracho Mergiory 
Published: November 2012

Please cite this paper as: Adhin et al. (2012) Trends of Influenza infection in Suriname. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/irv.12037.The trends of influenza infection in Suriname were assessed from February 2010 through February 2011. Testing of 393 patients with symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) revealed 15·3% Influenza B and 18·6% could be identified as influenza A positive, consisting of 56% influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and 44% seasonal A(H3N2). Influenza infection occurred throughout the year, and all three influenza types affected young children as the primary population. The annual incidence of A(H1N1)pdm09 was 6·88 per 100 000 inhabitants [CI] 4·87–9·45. The spread of influenza could neither be linked to tourist flow from the Netherlands nor to contact rates related to school schedules.
Body fat distribution in relation to smoking and exogenous hormones in British women
Authors: Kwok See , Canoy Dexter , Soran Handrean , Ashton David W. , Lowe Gordon D. O. , Wood David , Humphries Stephen E. , Durrington Paul N. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryObjective  Both cigarette smoking and use of exogenous hormones are associated with changes in regional distribution of body fat, but their combined effects are less investigated. We examined the interrelation between smoking, exogenous hormones and fat distribution in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.Method  We used data from 20 962 women without known cardiovascular disease (CVD) who were employees of a major department store in Britain. They completed a health questionnaire and attended a clinical examination that included waist and hip circumference measurements. The cross‐sectional analyses were conducted using linear regression models.Results  Cigarette smoking, particularly smoking ≥20 cigarettes/day, was associated with larger waist circumference and higher waist/hip ratio (WHR) in pre‐ and postmenopausal women after adjusting for potential confounding factors (all P < 0·001). Premenopausal women using combined oral contraceptive (COC) and postmenopausal women using oestrogen‐only hormone replacement therapy (HRT) had lower WHR than non‐hormone users in both smokers and nonsmokers. However, smokers had higher WHR than nonsmokers in both groups of hormone users and nonusers. There was no significant interaction between smoking and hormone use in premenopausal and postmenopausal women (P > 0·05).Conclusion  Although exogenous hormones use was related to a more favourable fat distribution in women, smoking was associated with greater abdominal fat accumulation.
The impact of CO2 on the electrical properties of water bearing porous media – laboratory experiments with respect to carbon capture and storage
Authors: Börner Jana H. , Herdegen Volker , Repke Jens‐Uwe , Spitzer Klaus 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTWe conducted a detailed experimental investigation of the effect of CO2 injection on the electrical conductivity of water bearing porous media, needed for an improved geophysical monitoring of CO2 storage reservoirs. Therefore, we developed an experimental set‐up that allows to investigate electrical characteristics of the injection process as well as the impact of dissolved CO2 on pore water conductivity. We found that a gaseous, fluid and supercritical pure CO2 phase bears no relevant conductivity at pressures up to 13 MPa and temperatures up to 50° C. When CO2 dissolves in pore water, pressure‐dependent dissociation processes can double the pore water conductivity, that can be used in leakage detection. This is quantified by an adaptation of Archie’s law. The empirical adaptation and the experimental data are confirmed by combined geochemical‐geoelectrical modelling. Furthermore, water‐saturated sand samples were investigated while CO2 displaced the pore water at pressures up to 13 MPa and temperatures up to 40° C. A decrease in electrical conductivity by a factor of up to 33 was measured, corresponding to a residual water saturation of 14–19%. Qualitatively, a decrease was also demonstrated under supercritical conditions. As an integrative interpretation, a conceptual model of electrical rock properties during CO2 sequestration is presented.
Non‐permissive C6/36 cell culture for the Australian isolate of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus
Authors: Hayakijkosol O , Owens L 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMacrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) that causes white tail disease (WTD) is an emerging disease that contributes to serious production losses in Macrobrachium hatcheries worldwide. Mosquito cell lines (C6/36) have been reported to support the growth of MrNV and used to observe the cytopathic effects (CPE) in infected cells. This study determined the susceptibility of C6/36 mosquito cells to the Australian isolate of MrNV in order to use fewer animals in further investigations. Different staining methods were used to observe MrNV viral activity in C6/36 cells. Typical cytopathic effects such as vacuolation and viral inclusion bodies were observed in infected C6/36 cells with H&E and Giemsa staining. With acridine orange, it was easier to detect presumptive MrNV messenger ribonucleic acid in the infected cells. Using neutral red staining to measure mitochondrial activity showed light absorption of infected cells maximized at day 4 (O.D. = 0.6) but was significantly lower (chi‐square = 41.265, df = 1, P < 0.05) than control groups (O.D. = 2) which maximized at day 12. Using trypan blue staining to count the number of cells with disrupted cell membranes, the maximum number of presumptively dead cells at day 8 (4 × 105 cells) in infected treatments was higher than the control treatment at day 10 (1.8 × 105 cells). However, TaqMan real‐time PCR did not confirm the replication of MrNV in the cells over 14 days. The mean viral copies and mean cycle times of positive samples were stable at 2.07 × 104 and 24.12, respectively. Limited evidence of viral replication was observed during four serial passages. This study determined the mortality of the C6/36 cell line to the Australian isolate of MrNV but suggests limited patent replication was occurring. Trying different cell lines or adapting the virus to the C6/36 cells may be necessary to successfully replicate Australian MrNV in cell lines.
The impact of prolonged violent video‐gaming on adolescent sleep: an experimental study
Authors: King Daniel L. , Gradisar Michael , Drummond Aaron , Lovato Nicole , Wessel Jason , Micic Gorica , Douglas Paul , Delfabbro Paul 
Published: November 2012

SummaryVideo‐gaming is an increasingly prevalent activity among children and adolescents that is known to influence several areas of emotional, cognitive and behavioural functioning. Currently there is insufficient experimental evidence about how extended video‐game play may affect adolescents' sleep. The aim of this study was to investigate the short‐term impact of adolescents' prolonged exposure to violent video‐gaming on sleep. Seventeen male adolescents (mean age = 16 ± 1 years) with no current sleep difficulties played a novel, fast‐paced, violent video‐game (50 or 150 min) before their usual bedtime on two different testing nights in a sleep laboratory. Objective (polysomnography‐measured sleep and heart rate) and subjective (single‐night sleep diary) measures were obtained to assess the arousing effects of prolonged gaming. Compared with regular gaming, prolonged gaming produced decreases in objective sleep efficiency (by 7 ± 2%, falling below 85%) and total sleep time (by 27 ± 12 min) that was contributed by a near‐moderate reduction in rapid eye movement sleep (Cohen's d = 0.48). Subjective sleep‐onset latency significantly increased by 17 ± 8 min, and there was a moderate reduction in self‐reported sleep quality after prolonged gaming (Cohen's d = 0.53). Heart rate did not differ significantly between video‐gaming conditions during pre‐sleep game‐play or the sleep‐onset phase. Results provide evidence that prolonged video‐gaming may cause clinically significant disruption to adolescent sleep, even when sleep after video‐gaming is initiated at normal bedtime. However, physiological arousal may not necessarily be the mechanism by which technology use affects sleep.