bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Trials in Pulmonary Hypertension: Time for a Consortium
Authors: Newman John H. , Elliott Gregory C. , Haworth Glennis S. , Zampaglione Edio , Brar Satjit , Gibbs Simon J. , Sandoval Julio 
Published: January 2014

Current and past clinical trials in pulmonary hypertension, while valuable, are limited by the absence of mechanistic aims, by dissatisfaction with endpoints and the inability to share data. Clinical studies in pulmonary hypertension might be enhanced by a consortium approach that utilizes the expertise of academic medicine, the treatment initiatives of the pharmaceutical industry and study design from funding agencies interested in biological mechanisms. A meeting of interested parties, the Pulmonary Hypertension Academic Research Consortium (PHARC), was held from 30 April to 1 May 2012 in Bethesda, Maryland. Members at the conference were from the USA Federal Drug Administration (FDA); pharmaceutical industry (Pfizer, Novartis, Bayer and Gilead); USA National Institutes of Health (NHLBI); the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute (PVRI), a non‐governmental organization (NGO); and research and clinical members of pulmonary hypertension programs of international scope. A recommendation to develop a clinical trials consortium was the product of the working group on academic standards in clinical trials. The working group concluded that clinical trials hold immense promise to move the field of pulmonary hypertension forward if the trials are designed by a consortium with input from multiple groups. This would result in study design, conduct and analysis determined by consortium members with a high degree of independent function. The components of a well‐balanced consortium that give it scientific effectiveness are: (1) the consortium can work with multiple companies simultaneously; (2) sponsors with special interests, such as testing biological mechanisms, can add investigations to a study at lower cost than with present granting strategies; (3) data handling including archiving, analysis and future sharing would be improved; (4) ancillary studies supported by the collection and dissemination of tissues and fluids would generate a broader approach to discovery than is now possible; and (5) development of improved endpoints in consultation with regulatory agencies, industry and academia would be possible.
De nominale woordgroep vanuit dialectvergelijkend perspectief - Variaties en generalisaties
Authors: Corver Norbert , Koppen, van Marjo , Kranendonk Huib 
Published: January 2014

This paper discusses the DiDDD-project (Diversity in Dutch DP Design) which ran at Utrecht University from 2005-2010 and was funded by NWO. The project investigated the morpho-syntactic variation in the nominal domain of Dutch dialects, Frisian dialects and older varieties of Dutch. Its purpose was to describe the variation within the nominal domain, to analyze it within the framework of generative grammar and to identify the parameters within this framework that facilitate the attested linguistic variation. The data from this project are publically available as part of the Mimore-project. This article can therefore be seen as background information for this project.
This paper discusses both the practical-methodological aspects of the project (methodology of data collection and storage) as well as the descriptive-theoretical dimensions by discussing the most important empirical generalizations.
Domestic Ideals and Devotional Authority in The Book of Margery Kempe
Authors: Park Hwanhee 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT
Margery Kempe scholarship has not given enough credit to medieval conduct books and their influence on the construction of Margery in The Book of Margery Kempe. This article argues that as a work intending to offer a devotional example to readers, the Book uses the ideals of a domestic woman described in conduct books in order to render its protagonist authoritative. Margery becomes an ideal wife and mother who does service for her household; by imposing the lay ideals of houswifery in devotional contexts, the Book successfully validates Margery's status as a mystic with secular ties.
Margery Kempe and the Legal Status of Defamation
Authors: VanGinhoven Bryan 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT
Scholars have noted the dependence of The Book of Margery Kempe on defamation, or slander, as a tool of establishing the metaphorical, if not literal, martyrdom of its titular figure. Few, however, have investigated the historical situation of legal cases and penalties for public slanderous speech. Viewing Margery's Book in light of court records of legal charges of slander, as well as public knowledge of slander as demonstrated in mystery plays and public announcements at parish churches, makes it clear that the Book employs common knowledge of legal proceedings related to slander to establish Margery's willingness to undergo her public humiliation for devotional purposes. The “negative context” of slander—“negative” because legal recourse to clear Margery's name is not mentioned in the Book, seemingly intentionally—provides evidence of Margery using public, secular institutions to advance her status as a mystic.
Reconstruction Techniques for Tissue Defects Formed after Preauricular Sinus Excision
Authors: Lee Myung Joon , Yang Ho Jik , Kim Jong Hwan 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundPreauricular sinuses are congenital abnormalities caused by a failure of fusion of the primitive tubercles from which the pinna is formed. When persistent or recurring inflammation occurs, surgical excision of the infected tissue should be considered. Preauricular defects inevitably occur as a result of excisions and are often difficult to resolve with a simple suture; a more effective reconstruction technique is required for treating these defects.
MethodsAfter total excision of a preauricular sinus, the defect was closed by a plastic surgeon. Based on the depth of the defect and the degree of tension when apposing the wound margins, the surgeon determined whether to use primary closure or a posterior auricular flap.
ResultsA total of 28 cases were examined. In 5 cases, including 2 reoperations for dehiscence after primary repair, reconstruction was performed using posterior auricular transposition flaps. In 16 cases of primary closure, the defects were closed using simple sutures, and in 7 cases, closure was performed after wide undermining.
ConclusionsIf a preauricular defect is limited to the subcutaneous layer and the margins can be easily approximated, primary closure by only simple suturing may be used to perform the repair. If the defect is deep enough to expose the perichondrium or if there is tension when apposing the wound margins, wide undermining should be performed before primary closure. If the extent of the excision exposes cartilage, the procedure follows dehiscence of the primary repair, or the tissue is not sufficiently healthy, the surgeon should use a posterior auricular flap.
Face Reconstruction Using Lateral Intercostal Artery Perforator-Based Adipofascial Free Flap
Authors: Jeong Jae Hoon , Hong Jin Myung , Imanishi Nobuaki , Lee Yoonho , Chang Hak 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of lateral intercostal artery perforator-based adipofascial free flaps for facial reconstruction in patients with facial soft tissue deficiency.
MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of five consecutive patients diagnosed with facial soft tissue deficiency who underwent operations between July 2006 and November 2011. Flap design included the area containing the perforators. A linear incision was made along the rib, which had the main intercostal pedicle. First, we dissected below Scarpa's fascia as the dorsal limit of the flap. Then, the adipofascial flap was elevated from the medial to the lateral side, including the perforator that pierces the serratus anterior muscle after emerging from the lateral intercostal artery. After confirming the location of the perforator, pedicle dissection was performed dorsally.
ResultsDominant perforators were located on the sixth to eighth intercostal space, and more than four perforators were found in fresh-cadaver angiography. In the clinical case series, the seventh or eighth intercostal artery perforators were used for the free flaps. The mean diameter of the pedicle artery was 1.36 mm, and the mean pedicle length was 61.4 mm. There was one case of partial fat necrosis. No severe complications occurred.
ConclusionsThis is the first study of facial contour reconstruction using lateral intercostal artery perforator-based adipofascial free flaps. The use of this type of flap was effective and can be considered a good alternative for restoring facial symmetry in patients with severe facial soft tissue deficiency.
Mild Ptosis Correction with the Stitch Method During Incisional Double Fold Formation
Authors: Lee Edward Ilho , Ahn Tae Joo 
Published: January 2014

Background Numerous methods exist for simultaneous correction of mild blepharoptosis during double eyelid surgery. These methods are generally categorized into either incisional (open) or non-incisional (suture) methods. The incisional method is commonly used for the creation of the double eyelid crease in patients with excessive or thick skin. However, concurrent open ptosis correction is often marred by the lengthy period of intraoperative adjustment, causing more swelling, a longer recovery time, and an increased risk of postoperative complications.
Methods The authors have devised a new, minimally invasive technique to alleviate mild ptosis during incisional double eyelid surgery. The anterior lamella is approached through the incisional technique for the creation of a double eyelid while the posterior lamella, including Muller's and levator muscles, is approached with the suture method for Muller's plication and ptosis correction.
Results The procedure described was utilized in 28 patients from June 2012 to August 2012. Postoperative asymmetry was noted in one patient who had severe preoperative conjunctival scarring. Otherwise, ptosis was corrected as planned in the rest of the cases and all of the patients were satisfied with their postoperative appearance and experienced no complications.
Conclusions Our hybrid technique combines the benefits of both the incisional and suture methods, allowing for a predictable and easily reproducible correction of blepharoptosis with an aesthetically pleasing double eyelid.
Autodétermination et sécession : le cas Kurde
Authors: Denicourt-Fauvel Camille 
Published: January 2014

Le droit à l'autodétermination est complexe en droit international public. Contrairement à ce qui est souvent véhiculé, on ne saurait en réduire la portée au droit à la sécession. Apparaissant souvent comme un droit arbitraire, il ne s'applique pas de la même façon pour tous les peuples. Dans les faits, le droit à la sécession n'existe pas en dehors du contexte colonial. Le colonialisme classique ayant disparu de notre monde, on pourrait croire que le droit à la sécession s'est éteint avec la fin de ce phénomène. Or, bien que la sécession soit, de nos jours, un évènement d'une extrême rareté, le cas du Kosovo suffit pour démontrer qu'il est toujours d'actualité. La réticence de la communauté internationale à admettre un précédent, créant un droit à la sécession, rend cependant bien complexe la situation d'autres peuples qui, à l'instar des kosovars, aspirent à l'indépendance.
C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrit le cas kurde. Peuple longtemps opprimé et ayant été sujet à certaines des pires atrocités de l'histoire moderne, le droit international ne présente actuellement pourtant aucun outil juridique permettant aux Kurdes de revendiquer leur indépendance. C'est à travers une analyse de l'origine et de l'évolution de la question kurde, que nous étudierons le droit à l'autodétermination. Nous démontrerons que le sombre destin de l'aspiration kurde est davantage tributaire du contexte international que du droit international public. Nous avancerons, en outre, les solutions émancipatrices résiduelles émanant des autres facettes du droit à l'autodétermination.
La protection de la vie privée dès la conception ou l’intégration de la Privacy by Design comme mécanisme du régime général sur la protection des données en droit Européen
Authors: Mouchard Émilie 
Published: January 2014

Développé par la commissaire à la vie privée de l’Ontario dès 1999, le mécanisme de Privacy by Design est aujourd’hui intégré dans le projet de directive européenne portant refonte du droit à la protection des données personnelles.
Poussées par des affaires comme celle dite des « Google Cars », les autorités de contrôle ont pris la mesure de l’importance de l’intégration de mécanismes de protection plus flexibles, plus efficient et assurant la mise en place de l’idée de l’« organisation responsable ».
Dans le cadre de cette évolution, l’Union européenne fait le choix de procéder au développement d’un acteur, jusqu’alors peu connu le « délégué à la protection des données personnelles », qui viendra en soutien aux autorités de protection des données et assurera un meilleur relai dans la transmission des informations entre ces autorités et les acteurs du secteur privé.
Passive scalar dispersion in a turbulent boundary layer from a line source at the wall and downstream of an obstacle
Authors: VINÇONT J.-Y. , SIMOËNS S. , AYRAULT M. , WALLACE J. M. 
Published: July 2002

Simultaneous measurements of the velocity and scalar concentration fields have been
made in the plume emitting from a two-dimensional line source at the wall. The source
is one obstacle height, h, downstream of a two-dimensional square obstacle located on
the wall of a turbulent boundary layer. These measurements were made in two fluid
media: water and air. In both media particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used for the
velocity field measurements. For the scalar concentration measurements laser-induced
uorescence (LIF) was used for the water flow and Mie scattering diffusion (MSD) for
the air flow. Profiles of the mean and root-mean-square streamwise and wall-normal
velocity components, Reynolds shear stress and mean and root-mean-square scalar
concentration were determined at x = 4h and 6h downstream of the obstacle in the
recirculation region and above it in the mixing region. At these streamwise stations
the scalar fluxes, uc and vc, were also
determined from the simultaneous velocity and
scalar concentration field data. Both of these fluxes change sign from negative to
positive with increasing distance from the wall in the recirculating region at 4h.A conditional analysis of the data was carried out by sorting them into the eight
categories (octants) given by the sign combinations of the three variables:
±u, ±v and ±c. The octants with
combinations of these three variables that correspond to types
of scalar concentration flux motions that can be approximated by mean gradient
scalar transport models are the octants that make the dominant contributions to uc
and vc. However, in the recirculating zone, counter-gradient transport type motions
also make significant contributions. Based on this conditional analysis, second-order
mean gradient models of the scalar and the momentum uxes were constructed; they
compare well to the measured values at 4h and 6h, particularly for the streamwise
scalar flux, uc.Additional measurements of the velocity and concentration fields were made further
downstream of the reattachment location in the wake region of the air flow. The mean
velocity deficit profile determined from these measurements at x = 20h compares quite
well to a similarity solution profile obtained by Counihan, Hunt & Jackson (1974).
Their analysis was extended in the present investigation to the concentration field.
The similarity solution obtained for the mean concentration compares well to profiles
measured at x = 12h, 15h, and 20h, up to about three obstacle heights above the wall.
Numerical solutions for unsteady gravity-driven
flows in collapsible tubes: evolution and
roll-wave instability of a steady state
Authors: BROOK B. S. , FALLE S. A. E. G. , PEDLEY T. J. 
Published: July 2002

Unsteady flow in collapsible tubes has been widely studied for a number of different
physiological applications; the principal motivation for the work of this paper is
the study of blood flow in the jugular vein of an upright, long-necked subject (a
giraffe). The one-dimensional equations governing gravity- or pressure-driven flow in
collapsible tubes have been solved in the past using finite-difference (MacCormack)
methods. Such schemes, however, produce numerical artifacts near discontinuities such
as elastic jumps. This paper describes a numerical scheme developed to solve the one-dimensional equations using a more accurate upwind finite volume (Godunov) scheme
that has been used successfully in gas dynamics and shallow water wave problems.
The adapatation of the Godunov method to the present application is non-trivial due
to the highly nonlinear nature of the pressure–area relation for collapsible tubes.The code is tested by comparing both unsteady and converged solutions with
analytical solutions where available. Further tests include comparison with solutions
obtained from MacCormack methods which illustrate the accuracy of the present
method.Finally the possibility of roll waves occurring in collapsible tubes is also considered,
both as a test case for the scheme and as an interesting phenomenon in its own right,
arising out of the similarity of the collapsible tube equations to those governing
shallow water flow.
Identity: Logic, Ontology, Epistemology
Authors: WERTHEIMER ROGER 
Published: July 2002

Greece is Hellas and Greeks are Hellenes. Azure is cobalt and everything (coloured) azure is (coloured) cobalt. Pre-Fregeans would call all these statements of identity. Frege taught us to distinguish betweenConaming [Name] [Name]. Ngh: Greece is Hellas g=h. Nac: Azure is cobalt a=cCopredicating [Predicate] [Predicate]. PGH: Greeks are Hellenes	(x)(Gx≡Hx).
PAC: Everything azure is cobalt	(x)(Ax≡Cx)Singular Predication [Name] [Predicate]. PcA: Como is azure	Ac. PaC: Azure is a colour	Ca. PaL: Azure is like indigo	Lai. PgD: Greece defeated Persia	Dgp.With Frege the contrasts became marked but misconceived.
Disability and psychiatric disorders in an urban community:
measurement, prevalence and outcomes
Authors: BASSETT S. S. , CHASE G. A. , FOLSTEIN M. F. , REGIER D. A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The purpose of this analysis was to examine:

(1) the prevalence of psychiatric disorders
among disabled people, using seven different measures of disability;
(2) variation in disability between and within psychiatric diagnostic categories;
and
(3) relationship of diagnosis and disability to health service utilization.Method. Data were drawn from Phase I and Phase II of the
Eastern Baltimore Mental Health Survey, part of the Epidemiologic Catchment
Area
Program (ECA) conducted in 1980–1 to survey
mental morbidity within the adult population. A total of 810 individuals

received both a household
interview and a standardized clinical psychiatric evaluation. Estimated
prevalence rates were
computed using appropriate survey sampling weights.Results. Prevalence of disability ranged from 2·5 to

19·5%, varying with specific disability measure.
Among those classified as disabled by any of the measures examined, 56
to 92%
had a psychiatric disorder and serious chronic medical conditions were
present
in the majority of these cases (54 to 78%). Disability was expressed differently

among the various diagnostic groups. Diagnostic
category and disability were significant independent predictors of medical

service utilization and receipt of disability payments.Conclusions. The majority of disabled adults living in the
community
have diagnosable psychiatric
disorders, with the majority of these individuals suffering from significant
chronic medical
conditions as well, thus making co-morbidity the norm.
Sentence verification and delusions: a content-specific deficit
Authors: ROSSELL S. L. , SHAPLESKE J. , DAVID A. S. 
Published: July 2002

Background. A sentence verification task was developed
to investigate
semantic memory in schizophrenia.Methods. The test consisted of three types of sentence
(true, unlikely and nonsense) and seven
different types of content (neutral, persecutory, grandiose,
political, religious, relationships and
somatic) representing common delusional themes present in schizophrenic
patients. Sixty-three
schizophrenic patients and 66 matched control subjects were asked to make

true/false judgements to 143 sentences.Results. Overall accuracy was similar across the two groups;

sentences with some emotional themes
and sentences of the unlikely type produced the most violations.
Significant differences between the
two subject groups were found specifically on nonsense sentences with persecutory
and religious
themes. Patients made significantly more incorrect responses (acceptance)
to nonsense sentences
that had an emotional content congruent with their delusional
beliefs, past or present, and also on
unlikely sentences (incorrect rejections) whose content was not congruent
with their delusions.
Further analysis of response bias in the patients showed, overall,
that there were more incorrect
rejections (a reflection of the large number of unlikely sentence
errors) and more incorrect responses
to sentences congruent with patients delusions. Furthermore,
analysis of those patients currently
experiencing delusions revealed more incorrect responses to sentences congruent
with their
delusional ideas compared with patients not currently deluded.Conclusions. These findings are indicative of cognitive
bias in schizophrenia towards certain
emotional themes that may underlie illogical semantic connections and delusions.
Conserved geometrical base-pairing patterns in RNA
Authors: LEONTIS NEOCLES B. , WESTHOF ERIC 
Published: July 2002

1. INTRODUCTION 3992. DEFINITIONS 4013. CIS BASEPAIRS 4103.1 Cis Watson–Crick/Watson–Crick 4103.2 Wobble pairings 4113.3 Cis Watson–Crick/Hoogsteen pairings 4163.4 Bifurcated pairings 4173.5 Cis open and water-inserted 4214. TRANS BASEPAIRS 4234.1 Trans Watson–Crick/Watson–Crick 4234.2 Trans wobble pairs 4244.3 Trans Watson–Crick/Hoogsteen pairs 4244.4 Trans Hoogsteen/Hoogsteen pairs 4304.5 Trans bifurcated pairings 4325. SHALLOW-GROOVE PAIRINGS 4325.1 Hoogsteen/Shallow-groove pairs 4335.2 Watson–Crick/Shallow-groove pairings 4385.3 Shallow-groove/Shallow-groove pairings 4406. SIDE-BY-SIDE BASES 4467. DEFINING A LIBRARY OF ISOSTERIC PAIRINGS 4468. CONCLUSIONS 4519. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 45210. REFERENCES 452RNA molecules fold into a bewildering variety of complex 3D structures.
Almost every new RNA structure obtained at high resolution reveals new,
unanticipated structural motifs, which we are rarely able to predict at the current
stage of our theoretical understanding. Even at the most basic level of specific
RNA interactions – base-to-base pairing – new interactions continue to be
uncovered as new structures appear. Compilations of possible non-canonical base-pairing geometries have been presented in previous reviews and monographs
(Saenger, 1984; Tinoco, 1993). In these compilations, the guiding principle
applied was the optimization of hydrogen-bonding. All possible pairs with
two standard H-bonds were presented and these were organized according to
symmetry or base type. However, many of the features of RNA base-pairing
interactions that have been revealed by high-resolution crystallographic analysis
could not have been anticipated and, therefore were not incorporated into these
compilations. These will be described and classified in the present review. A
recently presented approach for inferring basepair geometry from patterns of
sequence variation (Gautheret & Gutell, 1997) relied on the 1984 compilation of
basepairs (Saenger, 1984), and was extended to include all possible single H-bond
combinations not subject to steric clashes. Another recent review may be
consulted for a discussion of the NMR spectroscopy and thermodynamic effects
of non-canonical (‘mismatched’) RNA basepairs on duplex stability (Limmer,
1997).