bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interdisciplinary management of an adolescent patient with significant previous trauma to the upper incisors
Authors: Ong D , Ton L 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSignificant dental trauma may result in short‐term and long‐term clinical dilemmas. There are many factors to consider when formulating the relevant and reasonable treatment options for such patients. Interdisciplinary management has the potential to significantly improve both aesthetic and functional outcomes in challenging cases. With respect to each presented option, the patient must be informed of the inherent advantages and disadvantages, the appropriate treatment timing, duration and the costs involved, both financial and biological.
The Social, Spatial, and Economic Roots of Urban Inequality in Africa: Contextualizing Jane Jacobs and Henry George
Authors: Obeng-Odoom Franklin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractUnravelling the social and economic roots of urban inequality in Africa has remained a thorny issue in African political economy. Stripped to its bare essentials, the critical questions are who causes urban inequality, what causes it, and how it is caused? While all different, the questions are interrelated. Answering the “who causes inequality” question requires a related analysis of what and why, and that is connected to the how question. Indeed, the how question has two parts—how inequality is caused and how it can be addressed. Both are connected to the why question and to its resolution. Unfortunately, while studies about urban inequality abound, they tend to hive off one aspect or another of the tripartite questions on inequality and, even worse, they study the three questions separately. This article tries to overcome the existing atomistic and piecemeal approach to the study of urban inequality in Africa by contextualizing the work of Jane Jacobs and Henry George, who took a holistic view of urban inequality. It argues that Jacobsianism and Georgism have much to offer in terms of understanding urban inequality in Africa, but neither analysis goes far enough to be able to serve as a solid foundation for policy. Ultimately, it is in their approach to urban analysis—the emphasis on context, on actual urban problems, inductivism, and some of their mechanisms for change such as George's land tax and cautious abstraction, in that order, along with their combined vision—which I call “diversity in equality”—that can add to the insights of postcolonialism in understanding and transforming urban inequality in Africa.
Jane Jacobs on Henry George: Progress or Poverty?
Authors: Ikeda Sanford 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHenry George and Jane Jacobs each have devoted followers today who remain mainly outside the intellectual mainstream, both are iconic American intellectuals largely sympathetic to and quite knowledgeable about how markets work, and they each challenged the prevailing economic orthodoxies of their day. Much has been written, pro and con, on George's single tax and on Jacobs's battles with urban planners, and while I don't directly address either here, what I say does have implications for those controversies. In particular, I show how and why their views on the nature of economic progress, and of cities in that progress, fundamentally differ. I trace the difference to George's essentially classical approach to economics in contrast to Jacobs's subjectivist approach, which more radically transcends the economics of her time.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of ultrasound versus electrical stimulation for peripheral nerve location and blockade
Authors: Munirama S. , McLeod G. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryWe systematically reviewed peripheral nerve blockade guided by ultrasound versus electrical stimulation. We included 26 comparisons in 23 randomised controlled trials of 2125 participants. Ultrasound reduced the rate of pain during the procedure, relative risk (95% CI) 0.60 (0.41–0.89), p = 0.01. Ultrasound with or without electrical stimulation reduced the rate of analgesic or anaesthetic rescue versus electrical stimulation alone, relative risk (95% CI) 0.40 (0.29–0.54) and 0.29 (0.16–0.52), respectively, p < 0.0001 for both. The rate of rescue was unaffected by the addition of electrical stimulation to ultrasound, relative risk (95% CI) 1.07 (0.54–2.10), p = 0.85. Ultrasound, with or without electrical stimulation, reduced the pooled rate of vascular puncture, relative risk (95% CI) 0.23 (0.15–0.37), p < 0.0001. There was no difference in the rate of postoperative neurological side‐effects, relative risk (95% CI) 0.76 (0.53–1.09), p = 0.13.
Reliability of manikin‐based studies: an evaluation of manikin characteristics and their impact on measurements of ventilatory variables
Authors: De Luca A. , Sall F. S. , Sailley R. , Capellier G. , Khoury A. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryFindings from manikin‐based studies on ventilation are commonly directly extrapolated to clinical practice. The aim of this study was to determine how the use of manikins affects measurements of ventilatory variables. We connected a lung simulator to a manikin, which was then ventilated at different inspiratory flows. We defined three experimental models to compare measurements of ventilatory variables between the mechanical ventilator and the lung simulator. Even when no leakage occurred, significant tidal volume deviations were observed; from a mean (SD) of 21 (2) ml to 49 (9) ml, and from 40 (4) ml to 88 (5) ml for invasive and non‐invasive ventilation, respectively (p < 0.001). Significant peak pressure deviations from 0.7 (0.1) cmH2O to 10.6 (0.3) cmH2O were also recorded during non‐invasive ventilation (p < 0.001). Evaluation of manikin resistance and airway dead space may be essential to limit study bias. We suggest a recalibration of the recorded data if comparisons are made between different tests performed at different inspiratory flows.
Person‐centred positive emotions, object‐centred negative emotions: 2‐year‐olds generalize negative but not positive emotions across individuals
Authors: Vaish Amrisha , Grossmann Tobias , Woodward Amanda 
Published: May 2015

Prior work suggests that young children do not generalize others' preferences to new individuals. We hypothesized (following Vaish et al., 2008, Psychol. Bull., 134, 383–403) that this may only hold for positive emotions, which inform the child about the person's attitude towards the object but not about the positivity of the object itself. It may not hold for negative emotions, which additionally inform the child about the negativity of the object itself. Two‐year‐old children saw one individual (the emoter) emoting positively or negatively towards one and neutrally towards a second novel object. When a second individual then requested an object, children generalized the emoter's negative but not her positive emotion to the second individual. Children thus draw different inferences from others' positive versus negative emotions: Whereas they view others' positive emotions as person centred, they may view others' negative emotions as object centred and thus generalizable across people. The results are discussed with relation to the functions and implications of the negativity bias.
Allosteric modulation of sigma‐1 receptors elicits anti‐seizure activities
Authors: Guo Lin , Chen Yanke , Zhao Rui , Wang Guanghui , Friedman Eitan , Zhang Ao , Zhen Xuechu 
Published: May 2015

Background and PurposeApplication of orthosteric sigma‐1 receptor agonists as anti‐seizure drugs has been hindered by questionable efficacy and potential adverse effects. Here, we have investigated the anti‐seizure effects of the novel and potent allosteric modulator of sigma‐1 receptors, SKF83959 and its derivative SOMCL‐668 (3‐methyl‐phenyl‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐benzo[d]azepin‐7‐ol).Experimental ApproachThe anti‐seizure effects of SKF83959 were investigated in three mouse models, maximal electroshock seizures, pentylenetetrazole‐induced convulsions and kainic acid‐induced ‘status epilepticus’. Also, in rats, the cortical epileptiform activity induced by topical application of picrotoxin was recorded in electrocorticograms. In rat hippocampal brain slices, effects of the drugs on the high potassium‐evoked epileptiform local field potentials were studied. Anti‐seizure activities of SOMCL‐668, a newly developed sigma‐1 receptor selective allosteric modulator, were also investigated.Key ResultsSKF83959 (20, 40 mg·kg−1) exhibited anti –seizure actitity in the three mouse models and reduced the cortical epileptiform activity without alteration of spontaneous motor activity and motor coordination. These effects were blocked by the sigma‐1 receptor antagonist BD1047, but not the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390. SKF83959 alone did not directly inhibit the epileptiform firing of CA3 neurons induced by high potassium in hippocampal slices, but did potentiate inhibition by the orthosteric sigma‐1 receptor agonist SKF10047. Lastly, a selective sigma‐1 receptor allosteric modulator SOMCL‐668, which does not bind to dopamine receptors, exerted similar anti‐seizure activities.Conclusions and ImplicationsSKF83959 and SOMCL‐668 displayed anti‐seizure activities, indicating that allosteric modulation of sigma‐1 receptors may provide a novel approach for discovering new anti‐seizure drugs.
The effects of physical exercise in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized control trials
Authors: Cerrillo‐Urbina A. J. , García‐Hermoso A. , Sánchez‐López M. , Pardo‐Guijarro M. J. , Santos Gómez J. L. , Martínez‐Vizcaíno V. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to examine the evidence for the effectiveness of exercise interventions on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)‐related symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, anxiety and cognitive functions in children and adolescents.MethodFive databases covering the period up to November 2014 (PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, EBSCO [E‐journal, CINAHL, SportDiscus] and The Cochrane Library) were searched. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane tool of bias. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated, and the heterogeneity of the studies was estimated using Cochran's Q‐statistic.ResultsEight randomized controlled trials (n = 249) satisfied the inclusion criteria. The studies were grouped according to the intervention programme: aerobic and yoga exercise.The meta‐analysis suggests that aerobic exercise had a moderate to large effect on core symptoms such as attention (SMD = 0.84), hyperactivity (SMD = 0.56) and impulsivity (SMD = 0.56) and related symptoms such as anxiety (SMD = 0.66), executive function (SMD = 0.58) and social disorders (SMD = 0.59) in children with ADHD. Yoga exercise suggests an improvement in the core symptoms of ADHD.ConclusionsThe main cumulative evidence indicates that short‐term aerobic exercise, based on several aerobic intervention formats, seems to be effective for mitigating symptoms such as attention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, anxiety, executive function and social disorders in children with ADHD.
Naturally occurring tolerance acquisition to foods in previously allergic children is characterized by antigen specificity and associated with increased subsets of regulatory T cells
Authors: Qamar N. , Fishbein A. B. , Erickson K. A. , Cai M. , Szychlinski C. , Bryce P. J. , Schleimer R. P. , Fuleihan R. L. , Singh A. M. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryBackgroundFood allergy affects approximately 6–8% of children, and increasing in prevalence. Some children naturally outgrow their food allergy without intervention, but the mechanisms by which this occurs remain poorly understood. We sought to investigate the role of regulatory T cells in the development of naturally acquired tolerance.MethodsFifty‐eight children (1–18 years) with either egg or peanut allergy, recent acquisition of natural tolerance to egg or peanut, or no food allergy were studied. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from these groups were stimulated with relevant antigen for 48 h and flow cytometry performed to characterize both surface (CD3, CD4, CD25, CD14, CD19, and CD127) and intracellular markers (IL‐10, Foxp3, and IL‐5).ResultsResting PBMC from naturally tolerant patients had significantly increased CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127loFoxp3+ cells, when compared to allergic or control patients (mean 6.36 vs. 2.37 vs. 2.62%, respectively, P < 0.05). Upon stimulation with relevant antigen, naturally tolerant patients also had increased IL‐10‐expressing CD25+CD127lo cells (6.33 vs. 1.65 vs. 0.7, P < 0.01), Foxp3+ cells (mean 12.6 vs. 5.42 vs. 3%, P < 0.01), and CD4+ cells (mean 4.48 vs. 1.59 vs. 0.87%, P < 0.01); the increase was not observed in PBMCs from allergic or control patients. Additionally, this upregulation was only seen with relevant antigen stimulation and not upon stimulation with unrelated antigen.ConclusionThe increased CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127lo cells at baseline and upon stimulation and increased induction of IL‐10‐producing cells of several types, including Tr1 cells, from naturally tolerant patients suggests an important role for regulatory T cell subsets in the acquisition of natural tolerance.
The exaggerated inflammatory response in Behçet's syndrome: identification of dysfunctional post-transcriptional regulation of the IFN-γ/CXCL10 IP-10 pathway
Authors: Ambrose N , Khan E , Ravindran R , Lightstone L , Abraham S , Botto M , Johns M , Haskard D O 
Published: May 2015

Summary
The mechanisms underlying the exaggerated inflammatory response in Behçet's syndrome (BS) remain poorly understood. We investigated the response of CD14+ blood monocytes to interferon (IFN)-γ, focusing on the chemokine CXCL10. Chemokine synthesis and release were analysed at a protein and mRNA level following stimulation with IFN-γ. Findings in BS patients were compared with 25 healthy controls (HC), 15 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 15 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease control patients. BS monocytes produced significantly more CXCL10 protein than HC monocytes from 2 h following IFN-γ stimulation, despite equivalent quantities of mRNA, suggesting more efficient translation. This was significantly more pronounced in BS with high disease activity and in those with ocular and neurological clinical manifestations. The imbalance between CXCL10 protein and mRNA expression was not observed in either RA or SLE patients, and was not seen with other chemokines studied (CXCL9, CXCL11 and CCL2). Furthermore, BS monocytes treated with an alternative stimulant (LPS) did not show abnormal tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α release. Sucrose density gradients to segregate monocyte CXCL10 mRNA into free RNA or polysome-associated RNA showed equal proportions in BS and HC samples, suggesting that the difference between BS and HC may be due to reduced negative control of CXCL10 translation in BS at a post-initiation level. We conclude that BS monocytes have dysfunctional post-transcriptional regulation of CXCL10 mRNA, resulting in over-expression of CXCL10 protein upon IFN-γ stimulation. As CXCL10 is a chemokine that recruits mononuclear cells, this abnormality may contribute to the exaggerated inflammatory responses that characterizes BS.
Factors impeding the discovery of an intervention-based treatment for type 1 diabetes
Authors: von Herrath M G , Korsgren O , Atkinson M A 
Published: May 2015

Summary
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common and severe chronic diseases affecting both children and adults. The aetiology of the disease remains unknown, and thus far no ‘true’ cure for those affected is available. Indeed, exogenous insulin replacement therapy to manage glucose metabolism to the best degree possible remains the current standard of care. However, despite a recent array of truly impressive improvements designed to enhance disease management (e.g. insulin analogues, continuous glucose monitoring, insulin pumps), it is still difficult for the vast majority of patients to reach recommended target HbA1C levels (&lt; 7·0%). As a result of suboptimal disease management, far too many patients with T1D have an increased risk for disease-associated complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy, as well as hypoglycaemia. New treatment modalities are therefore needed urgently to bring a ‘true’ cure (disease prevention/disease reversal) to patients with T1D. Here we consider issues that collectively pose a major stumbling block in T1D research with respect to identifying a means to prevent and/or cure the disease. We begin this Perspective by discussing new insights emanating from studies of the pancreas in human T1D; findings which may, at least in part, explain why previous interventions seeking disease prevention/reversal have yielded insufficient benefit. We then turn to suggestions that could optimise the outcome of future clinical trials. Finally, we direct attention to recommendations for the global T1D research community; messages we deem to have the potential to improve our chances of finding the elusive T1D ‘cure’.
Fragments of “Cultures of Mobility”: Everyday Movement of Parents with Children in Cagliari, Southern Italy
Authors: CUZZOCREA VALENTINA , MANDICH GIULIANA 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis article develops a portrait of cultures of mobility emerging from empirical research conducted in Cagliari, southern Italy. The research focuses on the everyday mobility enacted by parents as they aim to take good care of their young children. To illuminate that mobility is more than the transport of bodies, but creates sets of different cultural meanings, we draw on Thévenot's work on “pragmatic regimes” (2001), or ways people use to engage with reality in their everyday lives (here, through mobility practices). This further interlinks with “structural stories” (Freudendal‐Pedersen 2009, this issue), redefinitions of proximity, and “motility” (Flamm and Kaufmann 2006).We argue fragments of cultures of mobility arise through these modalities and enhance understandings of mobility and the ways in which particular cities shape and are shaped by everyday experiences. Data were collected using semi‐structured interviews and “map‐elicitation,” a visual approach that allows participants to elucidate their preferences regarding daily routines that were not necessarily aligned with rational explanations of routines or with politically‐correct discourse.
Investigating Conversational Dynamics: Interactive Alignment, Interpersonal Synergy, and Collective Task Performance
Authors: Fusaroli Riccardo , Tylén Kristian 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis study investigates interpersonal processes underlying dialog by comparing two approaches, interactive alignment and interpersonal synergy, and assesses how they predict collective performance in a joint task. While the interactive alignment approach highlights imitative patterns between interlocutors, the synergy approach points to structural organization at the level of the interaction—such as complementary patterns straddling speech turns and interlocutors. We develop a general, quantitative method to assess lexical, prosodic, and speech/pause patterns related to the two approaches and their impact on collective performance in a corpus of task‐oriented conversations. The results show statistical presence of patterns relevant for both approaches. However, synergetic aspects of dialog provide the best statistical predictors of collective performance and adding aspects of the alignment approach does not improve the model. This suggests that structural organization at the level of the interaction plays a crucial role in task‐oriented conversations, possibly constraining and integrating processes related to alignment.
Direct current stimulation over the human sensorimotor cortex modulates the brain's hemodynamic response to tactile stimulation
Authors: Wang Ye , Hao Ying , Zhou Junhong , Fried Peter J. , Wang Xiaoying , Zhang Jue , Fang Jing , Pascual‐Leone Alvaro , Manor Brad 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTactile stimuli produce afferent signals that activate specific regions of the cerebral cortex. Noninvasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effectively modulates cortical excitability. We therefore hypothesised that a single session of tDCS targeting the sensory cortices would alter the cortical response to tactile stimuli. This hypothesis was tested with a block‐design functional magnetic resonance imaging protocol designed to quantify the blood oxygen level‐dependent response to controlled sinusoidal pressure stimulation applied to the right foot sole, as compared with rest, in 16 healthy young adults. Following sham tDCS, right foot sole stimulation was associated with activation bilaterally within the precentral cortex, postcentral cortex, middle and superior frontal gyri, temporal lobe (subgyral) and cingulate gyrus. Activation was also observed in the left insula, middle temporal lobe, superior parietal lobule, supramarginal gyrus and thalamus, as well as the right inferior parietal lobule and claustrum (false discovery rate corrected, P < 0.05). To explore the regional effects of tDCS, brain regions related to somatosensory processing, and cortical areas underneath each tDCS electrode, were chosen as regions of interest. Real tDCS, as compared with sham tDCS, increased the percent signal change associated with foot stimulation relative to rest in the left posterior paracentral lobule. These results indicate that tDCS acutely modulated the cortical responsiveness to controlled foot pressure stimuli in healthy adults. Further study is warranted, in both healthy individuals and patients with sensory impairments, to link tDCS‐induced modulation of the cortical response to tactile stimuli with changes in somatosensory perception.
Effect of a single and repeated stress exposure on gene expression of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes in brainstem catecholaminergic cell groups in rats
Authors: Mravec Boris , Vargovic Peter , Filipcik Peter , Novak Michal , Kvetnansky Richard 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBrainstem catecholaminergic neurons significantly participate in the regulation of neuroendocrine system activity, particularly during stressful conditions. However, so far the precise quantitative characterisation of basal and stress‐induced changes in gene expression and protein levels of catecholaminergic biosynthetic enzymes in these neurons has been missing. Using a quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction method, we investigated gene expression of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes in brainstem noradrenergic and adrenergic cell groups in rats under resting conditions as well as in acutely and repeatedly stressed animals. For the first time, we described quantitative differences in basal levels of catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme mRNA in brainstem catecholaminergic ascending and descending projecting cell groups. Moreover, we found and defined some differences among catecholaminergic cell groups in the time‐course of mRNA levels of catecholaminergic enzymes following a single and especially repeated immobilisation stress. The data obtained support the assumption that brainstem catecholaminergic cell groups represent a functionally differentiated system, which is highly (but specifically) activated in rats exposed to stress. Therefore, potential interventions for the treatment of stress‐related diseases need to affect the activity of brainstem catecholaminergic neurons not uniformly but with some degree of selectivity.