bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Psychology of Radicalization and Deradicalization: How Significance Quest Impacts Violent Extremism
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Gelfand Michele J. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Sheveland Anna , Hetiarachchi Malkanthi , Gunaratna Rohan 
Published: January 2014

We present a model of radicalization and deradicalization based on the notion that the quest for personal significance constitutes a major motivational force that may push individuals toward violent extremism. Radicalization is defined as the process of supporting or engaging in activities deemed (by others) as in violation of important social norms (e.g., the killing of civilians). In these terms, radicalization (1) is a matter of degree (in which mere attitudinal support for violence reflects a lower degree of radicalization than actual engagement in violence); (2) represents a subjective judgment proffered by those for whom the violated norms seem important but not by those who have devalued or suppressed the norms in question.Our radicalization/deradicalization model contains three crucial components: (1) the motivational component (the quest for personal significance) that defines a goal to which one may be committed, (2) the ideological component that in addition identifies the means of violence as appropriate for this goal's pursuit, and (3) the social process of networking and group dynamics through which the individual comes to share in the violence‐justifying ideology and proceeds to implement it as a means of significance gain. We present empirical evidence consistent with our model's assumptions and discuss its implications for policies of preventing radicalization and effecting deradicalization.
Industrial Upgrading in a Multiple‐cone Heckscher–Ohlin Model: The Flying Geese Patterns of Industrial Development
Authors: Kiyota Kozo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper examines empirically how the multiple‐cone version of the Heckscher–Ohlin (HO) model fits the “flying geese” patterns of industrial development: a series of industries appear, prosper, then decline and finally disappear one after another. Using Japanese manufacturing data from 1975 to 2006, the analysis shows that the multiple‐cone model fits well with the flying geese patterns of Japanese industrial development. The result suggests that part of the industrial upgrading can be explained by the multiple‐cone HO model. This also implies that an underlying mechanism of macroeconomic growth is industrial upgrading, part of which can be attributed to capital accumulation.
Extraosseous Calcification in End‐stage Renal Disease: From Visceral Organs to Vasculature
Authors: Molenaar Femke M. , van Reekum Franka E. , Rookmaaker Maarten B. , Abrahams Alferso C. , van Jaarsveld Brigit C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn earlier days, periarticular accumulations of calcium phosphate causing tumor‐like depositions were considered the result of passive precipitation and referred to as metastatic calcifications. From sophisticated computer tomographic studies and growing insight, we have learned that calcifications in the cardiovascular system are far more threatening and in fact one of the most important sequela of end‐stage renal disease. The histologic characteristic of uremia‐related calcification is arteriosclerosis of the media. In addition, there is atherosclerosis of the intima, due to the high prevalence of classic cardiovascular risk factors in renal disease. The two vascular features can frequently exist at different sites in the vasculature. Novel diagnostic techniques are helping to elucidate the pathogenetic mechanisms of active conversion of vascular smooth muscle cells to osteochondritic cells. Through this process, extensive calcification of the central and peripheral vasculature ensues, influenced by different promotors and inhibitors. Calciphylaxis is a special form of extraosseous calcification leading to skin necrosis. The factors that trigger the development of calciphylaxis are not completely understood, but this syndrome shares part of the pathophysiologic basis of extraosseous calcification in general. However, the therapeutic approach must be prompt and aggressive, because of the poor prognosis. Frequently, a fatal outcome cannot be avoided in calciphylaxis.
Self‐Centering, Split‐Tip Catheter has Better Patency than Symmetric‐Tip Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheter: Single‐Center Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Balamuthusamy Saravanan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe performance and safety of a new self‐centering, split‐tip hemodialysis tunneled catheter was compared with a symmetric‐tip catheter. The new catheter has a greater separation between the arterial and venous tips, with dual apertures designed to permanently face the center of the blood vessel. The design is intended to improve dialysis efficiency by increasing flow rates while decreasing recirculation, fibrin sheath formation, thrombosis, and vessel wall occlusions. The study results indicated that the self‐centering, split‐tip catheter had statistically greater patency after 3 months with similar clearance, blood flow, and safety.
The History of Affirmative Action in the USA: A Teaching and Learning Guide
Authors: Pierce Jennifer L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis Teaching and Learning Guide is designed to accompany my Sociology Compass article on affirmative action. The sample syllabus is organized historically beginning with FDR's New Deal and the first use of the term affirmative action and ending with the most recent Supreme Court's deliberations on this policy. In doing so, it attends not only to the varied meanings and forms of affirmative action across time but also the different interest groups arguing for and against this remedial policy. Along the way, it explores the changing history of race relations in the USA, considers the value of personal narratives as sources in exploring meaning and personhood, examines the ways the news media has framed the debate in contemporary America, and finally, speculates about the future of this controversial policy.
The Influences Affecting and the Influential Effects of Multiracials: Multiracialism and Stratification
Authors: Strmic‐Pawl Hephzibah V. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractEarly research on multiracials documents the existence of a newly emergent population, those who identify with more than one race or what is commonly now known as multiracials. Contemporary research on multiracialism has a new focus on the stratification that multiracials experience and how multiracials may be influencing a new racial hierarchy. This paper discusses some of the primary issues of multiracialism and stratification including colorism, the racial hierarchy, social class, gender and sexual orientation, and multiracial as a celebrity‐like status. As the multiracial population grows, so must the field of multiracialism grows to include critical issues and questions regarding stratification.
Diffusion of Protest
Authors: Walsh‐Russo Cecelia 
Published: January 2014

AbstractStudies of diffusion have a long‐standing history within the social sciences. Recent concurrent political uprisings within the mid‐East and the global spread of the Occupy! Movement have renewed focus on the spread of tactics within and between social movements organizations. The article discusses the historical context of diffusion research, with an emphasis on diffusion research within the study of social movements. The author calls for continued research on the spread of tactics within international social movements given that such movements are currently dynamic and contested sites of struggle.
Organising Generations – What Can Sociology Offer to the Understanding of Generations at Work?
Authors: Kelan Elisabeth K. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractGenerations at work is a topic of much concern for research and practice, yet sociological scholarship on generations in a work context is scarce. This article brings together sociological research on generations with popular and psychological research on generations at work and explores the potential of a sociology of generations at work through a discussion of the latest generation entering the workplace. The article proceeds to explore which contribution a sociology of generations at work might make and suggests some potential avenues for further research.
Debating US Contemporary Feminism
Authors: Reger Jo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe US women's movement has challenged societal norms, policies, laws, and culture since its inception. However, at the same time, it has inspired debates about its goals, ideology, tactics, and outcomes. These debates emerge from two main sources: the mainstream media as it reflects dominant culture and among feminist activists and/or scholars. I elaborate on three of the most contentious aspects of contemporary feminism through a series of questions: Is the movement still in existence? What is the relationship between generations of feminists? And finally, how have feminists addressed diversity, privilege, and inclusion in the movement, particularly around issues of race‐ethnicity? I conclude that while the movement still exists, feminists continue to struggle with generational relations, and contemporary activists have not created an inclusive and diverse movement. However, I argue that these debates and struggles are evidence of a vibrant movement that continues into the 21st century.
Slab–mantle flow interaction: influence on subduction dynamics and duration
Authors: Rodríguez‐González Juan , Negredo Ana M. , Carminati Eugenio 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe investigate the influence of mantle flow relative to the lithosphere on subduction dynamics. We use 2D thermo‐mechanical models assuming incompressible non‐Newtonian fluid rheology. Different mantle flow velocities consistent with absolute plate motion models are tested, as well as both directions of flow, either sustaining or opposing slab dip. The effects of different inflow/outflow velocity profiles, slab strengths and upper–lower mantle viscosity contrasts are also evaluated. Slab dip deviations between models with opposite mantle flow directions range from 37° for relatively strong slabs (ηmax = 1025 Pa s) to 50° for weaker slabs (ηmax = 1024 Pa s), accounting for a significant amount of natural slab dip variability. For imposed mantle flow supporting the slab, the initial stage of slab steepening is followed by a stage of continuous slab dip decrease. This slab shallowing eventually leads to mantle wedge closure, subduction cessation and slab break‐off, possibly driving subduction flips.
The Role of GATT/WTO as a Commitment Device in the Presence of a Time Lag: Free Trade, Time‐consistent Tariff Policy and Market Size
Authors: Toshimitsu Tsuyoshi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe consider whether a free trade policy is superior to tariff policies in the presence of a time lag between production and trade decisions. We show that the preferable choice between a free trade policy and a time‐consistent tariff policy depends on the market size of the importing country. However, because a free trade policy itself is not necessarily credible in the presence of a time lag, the importing country requires an international organisation such as GATT/WTO as a commitment device. Accordingly, employing a non‐cooperative game approach, we analyse under what conditions becoming a member of such an international organisation is a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium and show that free trade under the GATT/WTO regime is Pareto improving for the importing and exporting countries.
Automation of blood component preparation from whole blood collections
Authors: Cid J. , Magnano L. , Lozano M. 
Published: January 2014

Background and objectivesAutomation of blood component preparation (BCP) from whole blood (WB) collections is increasingly being widespread implemented. This review summarizes the quality of blood components obtained with new automated devices.Materials and methodsWe reviewed available literature on the quality of blood components obtained with new automated devices developed in the 2000s.ResultsBlood components obtained with the new devices met European standards. Of note, compared with platelet concentrates obtained with manual methods, automation of BCP improved the consistency of the final products.ConclusionThe complete automation of BCP from WB collections is still in development and it represents a huge change in paradigm.
Direct Liquid Cooling of High Flux LED Systems: Hot Spot Abatement
Authors: Tamdogan Enes , Arik Mehmet , Dogruoz M. Baris 
Published: January 2014

With the recent advances in wide band gap device technology, solid-state lighting (SSL) has become favorable for many lighting applications due to energy savings, long life, green nature for environment, and exceptional color performance. Light emitting diodes (LED) as SSL devices have recently offered unique advantages for a wide range of commercial and residential applications. However, LED operation is strictly limited by temperature as its preferred chip junction temperature is below 100 °C. This is very similar to advanced electronics components with continuously increasing heat fluxes due to the expanding microprocessor power dissipation coupled with reduction in feature sizes. While in some of the applications standard cooling techniques cannot achieve an effective cooling performance due to physical limitations or poor heat transfer capabilities, development of novel cooling techniques is necessary. The emergence of LED hot spots has also turned attention to the cooling with dielectric liquids intimately in contact with the heat and photon dissipating surfaces, where elevated LED temperatures will adversely affect light extraction and reliability.
In the interest of highly effective heat removal from LEDs with direct liquid cooling, the current paper starts with explaining the increasing thermal problems in electronics and also in lighting technologies followed by a brief overview of the state of the art for liquid cooling technologies. Then, attention will be turned into thermal consideration of approximately a 60W replacement LED light engine. A conjugate CFD model is deployed to determine local hot spots and to optimize the thermal resistance by varying multiple design parameters, boundary conditions, and the type of fluid. Detailed system level simulations also point out possible abatement techniques for local hot spots while keeping light extraction at maximum.
Basic Study on Transient Temperature Response of Papers in a Thermal Transfer Printer
Authors: Hirose Koichi , Fukue Takashi , Nakagawa Fumiya , Ito Risa , Wauke Tomoko , Hoshino Hisashi , Terao Hirotoshi 
Published: January 2014

This study describes temperature response of papers in a thermal transfer printer. Thermal transfer printer produces an image by heating heat sensitive papers using a thermal head. The print quality of the thermal printing is highly dependent on a temperature response of the paper.
Our research targets to develop a control technique of temperature of the printing paper to improve the print quality of the thermal transfer printer. In this report, our special attention is paid to investigate the temperature response of a paper when the heat is applied by the thermal head. The temperature transient in the paper is measured while changing the type of the paper. Moreover, in order to investigate a relationship between thermophysical properties of papers and the temperature response, the thermophysical properties are measured. A thermal network analysis is additionally performed and the effects of a contact resistance between the paper and the thermal head are also investigated. It is found that transient temperature response of the printing paper is strongly dependent on a type of the printing paper and the level of an input heat. A change of the temperature response is caused by the difference of thermophysical properties of the paper and a variation of a contact resistance between the paper and the thermal head.
Design and Control of the IBM Power 775 Supercomputer Water Conditioning Unit
Authors: Ellsworth Michael J. , Zoodsma Randy J. , Cascio Frank , Behrendt Eileen 
Published: January 2014

In 2011 IBM announced the Power 775 Supercomputing node/system which, for the time, was a significant increase in computing performance and energy efficiency. The system was designed from the start with water cooling in mind. The result: a system with greater than 95% of its heat load conducted directly to water and a system that, together with a rear door heat exchanger, removes 100% of its heat load to water with no requirement for room air conditioning. In addition to direct water cooling the processor, the memory, power conversion, and I/O electronics also conduct their heat directly to water. Also included within the framework of the system is a disk storage unit (i.e. disc enclosure) containing an interboard air-to-water heat exchanger.
The heart of the water cooling system is the Water Conditioning Unit (WCU). The WCU circulates system water at a controlled temperature and flow rate while also transferring the electronics heat load to the data center facility (building chilled water) system. The brain for this system is the motor drive and control assembly (MDA-WCU). In addition to the pump motor drive function, the MDA-WCU contains the control circuitry and associated firmware that maintains system water at a prescribed temperature above the room dew point irrespective of system and or facilities thermal/flow transients. It is also capable of error detection and fault isolation that, together with higher level system firmware, facilitates serviceability and availability. The paper will present the WCU and MDA-WCU design with an emphasis on the control methodologies and algorithms.
Enhanced Electrical and Thermal Interconnects by the Self-Assembly of Nanoparticle Necks Utilizing Capillary Bridging
Authors: Brunschwiler Thomas , Schlottig Gerd , Ni Songbo , Liu Yu , Goicochea Javier V. , Zürcher Jonas , Wolf Heiko 
Published: January 2014

This work presents enhanced composite joints that support both electrical or thermal transport in electronic packages. The joints are sequentially formed by applying a nanoparticle suspension, evaporating a solvent, self-assembling of nanoparticles by capillary bridging, and the formation of so called “necks” between micron-sized features. This sequence is used to either form low temperature electrical joints under copper pillars or enhanced percolating thermal underfills with areal contacts between filler particles of the composite. The report discusses processing aspects of the capillary bridges evolution and of uniform neck formation, it discusses strategies to achieve mechanically stable necks, and it compares the performance of the achieved joints against state-of-the-art solutions.
The capillary bridge evolution during liquid evaporation was investigated in copper pillar arrays and random particle beds. The vapor-liquid interface first penetrates locations of low pillar or particle density resulting in a dendritic fluid network. Once the network breaks up individual necks form. For aqueous nano-suspensions highly uniform necks with high yield were obtained by evaporation at 60°C. Isothermal conditions were preferred to yield equal neck counts at the cavity’s top and bottom surfaces. Mechanically stable silver necks required an annealing at only 150°C, dielectric necks an annealing at 140°C with a bi-modal approach. Therein polystyrene nanoparticles occupy interstitial positions in densly packed alumina necks, then melt and adhere to the alumina. The electrical necks showed a shear strength of 16 MPa, equivalent to silver joints used in power electronic packages. The thermal necks yielded a thermal conductivity of up to 3.8 W/mK, 5-fold higher than commercially available capillary thermal underfills.
A Comparison of Methods to Measure the Thermal Diffusivity of Anisotropic Graphite Heat Spreaders
Authors: Beyerle Rick , Smalc Martin , Wayne Ryan , Reynolds R. A. 
Published: January 2014

In thin handheld electronic devices, such as smartphone and tablet computers, high conductivity flexible graphite heat spreaders have become the passive thermal management solution of choice. Graphite is used in these applications because of its unique anisotropic properties of high in-plane thermal conductivity and low thru-thickness thermal conductivity. With the ratio of in-plane to thru-thickness thermal diffusivity and conductivity as high as 500:1, the anisotropic nature of graphite sheets defies isotropic thermal measurement techniques and complicates numerical analysis. Reliable measurement of in-plane thermal diffusivity is advantageous to the design and manufacture of these high performance graphite heat spreaders.
Angstrom’s method for determining thermal diffusivity is the fundamental technique for measuring this property in thin sheets. This technique involves applying a periodic heat load to one end of a sample and detecting the resulting temperature variations in the sample at different distances from the heat source. This paper compares two instruments based on Angstrom’s method. The first is a custom built laboratory device and the second is a commercially available instrument. The implementation of Angstrom’s method in each device is different. One unit uses a Peltier device to induce a sinusoidal heat load at one end of a long specimen and two thermocouples to determine the temperature profile. The other device steps a pulsed laser along a short specimen at incremental distances and uses a single fixed thermocouple to capture the temperature profile.
This paper compares thermal diffusivity measurements made with each device on several grades of graphite sheets, with nominal in-plane conductivity in the range of 300–1500 W/m·K. A Measurement System Analysis that uses statistical techniques to examine the reproducibility and repeatability of each instrument is performed and results are compared as a function of instrument, material and operator.