bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A PDF-Based Formulation of Microphysical Variability in Cumulus Congestus Clouds*
Authors: Kogan Yefim L. , Mechem David B. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Calculating unbiased microphysical process rates over mesoscale model grid volumes necessitates knowledge of the subgrid-scale (SGS) distribution of variables, typically represented as probability distribution functions (PDFs) of the prognostic variables. In the 2014 Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences paper by Kogan and Mechem, they employed large-eddy simulation of Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) trade cumulus to develop PDFs and joint PDFs of cloud water, rainwater, and droplet concentration. In this paper, the approach of Kogan and Mechem is extended to deeper, precipitating cumulus congestus clouds as represented by a simulation based on conditions from the TOGA COARE field campaign. The fidelity of various PDF approximations was assessed by evaluating errors in estimating autoconversion and accretion rates. The dependence of the PDF shape on grid-mean variables is much stronger in congestus clouds than in shallow cumulus. The PDFs obtained from the TOGA COARE simulations for the calculation of accretion rates may be applied to both shallow and congestus cumulus clouds. However, applying the TOGA COARE PDFs to calculate autoconversion rates introduces unacceptably large errors in shallow cumulus clouds, thus precluding the use of a “universal” PDF formulation for both cloud types.
The Influence of Sea Ice Dynamics on the Climate Sensitivity and Memory to Increased Antarctic Sea Ice
Authors: Parise Claudia K. , Pezzi Luciano P. , Hodges Kevin I. , Justino Flavio 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The study analyzes the sensitivity and memory of the Southern Hemisphere coupled climate system to increased Antarctic sea ice (ASI), taking into account the persistence of the sea ice maxima in the current climate. The mechanisms involved in restoring the climate balance under two sets of experiments, which differ in regard to their sea ice models, are discussed. The experiments are perturbed with extremes of ASI and integrated for 10 yr in a large 30-member ensemble. The results show that an ASI maximum is able to persist for ~4 yr in the current climate, followed by a negative sea ice phase. The sea ice insulating effect during the positive phase reduces heat fluxes south of 60°S, while at the same time these are intensified at the sea ice edge. The increased air stability over the sea ice field strengthens the polar cell while the baroclinicity increases at midlatitudes. The mean sea level pressure is reduced (increased) over high latitudes (midlatitudes), typical of the southern annular mode (SAM) positive phase. The Southern Ocean (SO) becomes colder and fresher as the sea ice melts mainly through sea ice lateral melting, the consequence of which is an increase in the ocean stability by buoyancy and mixing changes. The climate sensitivity is triggered by the sea ice insulating process and the resulting freshwater pulse (fast response), while the climate equilibrium is restored by the heat stored in the SO subsurface layers (long response). It is concluded that the time needed for the ASI anomaly to be dissipated and/or melted is shortened by the sea ice dynamical processes.
A Practical Method of Extracting Wind Sea and Swell from Directional Wave Spectrum
Authors: Chen Zezong , Zhang Longgang , Zhao Chen , Chen Xi , Zhong Jianbo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWind sea and swell representing different weather conditions generally coexist in both open waters and coastal areas, which results in bimodal or multipeaked features in directional wave spectrum. Because they make wave parameters such as significant wave height and mean wave period of the mixed sea state less meaningful, the processes of separation and identification of wind sea and swell are crucial. Consistent wind sea and swell results can be obtained by a commonly used method based on wave age (WA) with the directional wave spectrum and wind velocity. However, the subjective dependence of wave age threshold selection and the required wind information restrict the application of this method. In this study, a practical method based on the overshoot phenomenon (OP) in wind-generated waves is proposed to extract wind sea and swell from the directional wave spectrum without any other meteorology information. Directional wave spectra derived from an S-band Doppler radar deployed on the coast of the South China Sea have been utilized as the datasets to investigate the performance of both methods. The proposed OP method is then validated by comparing it with the WA method and the verifying results are presented.
Risk factors for delirium after on-pump cardiac surgery: a systematic review
Authors: Gosselt Alex NC , Slooter Arjen JC , Boere Pascal RQ , Zaal Irene J 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Introduction
As evidence-based effective treatment protocols for delirium after cardiac surgery are lacking, efforts should be made to identify risk factors for preventive interventions. Moreover, knowledge of these risk factors could increase validity of etiological studies in which adjustments need to be made for confounding variables. This review aims to systematically identify risk factors for delirium after cardiac surgery and to grade the evidence supporting these associations.

Method
A prior registered systematic review was performed using EMBASE, CINAHL, MEDLINE and Cochrane from 1990 till January 2015 (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42014007371). All studies evaluating patients for delirium after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) using either randomization or multivariable data analyses were included. Data was extracted and quality was scored in duplicate. Heterogeneity impaired pooling of the data; instead a semi-quantitative approach was used in which the strength of the evidence was graded based on the number of investigations, the quality of studies, and the consistency of the association reported across studies.

Results
In total 1462 unique references were screened and 34 were included in this review, of which 16 (47 %) were graded as high quality. A strong level of evidence for an association with the occurrence of postoperative delirium was found for age, previous psychiatric conditions, cerebrovascular disease, pre-existent cognitive impairment, type of surgery, peri-operative blood product transfusion, administration of risperidone, postoperative atrial fibrillation and mechanical ventilation time. Postoperative oxygen saturation and renal insufficiency were supported by a moderate level of evidence, and there is no evidence that gender, education, CPB duration, pre-existent cardiac disease or heart failure are risk factors.

Conclusion
Of many potential risk factors for delirium after cardiac surgery, for only 11 there is a strong or moderate level of evidence. These risk factors should be taken in consideration when designing future delirium prevention strategies trials or when controlling for confounding in future etiological studies.
Exogenous marker-engineered mesenchymal stem cells detect cancer and metastases in a simple blood assay
Authors: Liu Linan , Zhang Shirley X. , Aeran Rangoli , Liao Wenbin , Lu Mengrou , Polovin George , Pone Egest J. , Zhao Weian 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent stem cells that possess regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. They have been widely investigated as therapeutic agents for a variety of disease conditions, including tissue repair, inflammation, autoimmunity, and organ transplantation. Importantly, systemically infused MSCs selectively home to primary and metastatic tumors, though the molecular mechanisms of tumor tropism of MSCs remain incompletely understood. We have exploited the active and selective MSCs homing to cancer microenvironments to develop a rapid and selective blood test for the presence of cancer.

Methods
We tested the concept of using transplanted MSCs as the basis for a simple cancer blood test. MSCs were engineered to express humanized Gaussia luciferase (hGluc). In a minimally invasive fashion, hGluc secreted by MSCs into circulation as a reporter for cancer presence, was assayed to probe whether MSCs co-localize with and persist in cancerous tissue.

Results
In vitro, hGluc secreted by engineered MSCs was detected stably over a period of days in the presence of serum. In vivo imaging showed that MSCs homed to breast cancer lung metastases and persisted longer in tumor-bearing mice than in tumor-free mice (P < 0.05). hGluc activity in blood of tumor-bearing mice was significantly higher than in their tumor-free counterparts (P < 0.05).

Conclusions
Both in vitro and in vivo data show that MSCs expressing hGluc can identify and report small tumors or metastases in a simple blood test format. Our novel and simple stem cell-based blood test can potentially be used to screen, detect, and monitor cancer and metastasis at early stages and during treatment.
Exploring individuals' experiences of having an ileostomy and Crohn's disease and following dietary advice
Authors: Morris Andrew , Leach Bethan 
Published: September 2015

Background Dietary advice for individuals with an ileostomy centres on providing a balanced, nutritious diet, but may not take into account the underlying pathology for the ileostomy, for example, Crohn's disease (CD). The study explores the suitability of such advice for individuals with CD and an ileostomy. Method A phenomenological study design used in-depth, semi-structured interviews with six adults with CD and an ileostomy; the interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis and member checking were undertaken. Results Dietary advice was deemed difficult to follow as it did not match with an individual's real-life situation, for example, adverse food reactions. These experiences affected compliance with advice, resulting in adaptation to a diet that could be followed inside and outside the home. Conclusion Health professionals must adapt healthy-eating advice to account for the underlying pathology of an ileostomy. Practical and emotional support around following dietary advice may need to be offered.
ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF INTERNAL QUALITY OF PRODUCTS IN THE MANUFACTURING COMPANIES HOLDING SNI IN EAST JAVA
Authors: Maghviroh Rovilla El 
Published: September 2015

This study is a confirmatory study that was carried out by testing several hypotheses in order to figure out the causal relationship of all the stated variables. In attempt to such efforts, the study took the population of 205 manufacturing companies in East Java. All of them hold SNI (standard recognision of product). This study employed complete enumeration or census method; for that reason, the sample and sampling technique were not required. The technical analysis applied to test the research hypothesis was Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the support of Amos 5 program. The results of this research show that there are positive and significant relationship between communication level of objectives, frequency of feedback, effectiveness of incentive system of the quality on product internal and external quality and on change of financial performance. The benefit of this research is for scientific information regarding the variables of communication level of objectives, frequency of feedback, and effectiveness of incentive system of the quality on internal and external quality of product and on change of financial performance of the manufacturing companies in East java.
Acoustic Estimation of Resonance Frequency and Sonodestruction of SonoVue Microbubbles
Authors: Jurkonis Rytis , Lamanauskas Nerijus , Šatkauskas Saulius 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAcoustic properties of ultrasound (US) contrast agent microbubbles (MB) highly influence sonoporation efficiency and intracellular drug and gene delivery. In this study we propose an acoustic method to monitor passive and excited MBs in a real time. MB monitoring system consisted of two separate transducers. The first transducer delivered over an interval of 1 s US pulses (1 MHz, 1% duty cycle, 100 Hz repetition frequency) with stepwise increased peak negative pressure (PNP), while the second one continuously monitored acoustic response of SonoVue MBs. Pulse echo signals were processed according to the substitution method to calculate attenuation coefficient spectra and loss of amplitude. During US exposure at 50–100 kPa PNP we observed a temporal increase in loss of amplitude which coincided with the US delivery. Transient increase in loss of amplitude vanished at higher PNP values. At higher PNP values loss of amplitude decreased during the US exposure indicating MB sonodestruction. Analysis of transient attenuation spectra revealed that attenuation coefficient was maximal at 1.5 MHz frequency which is consistent with resonance frequency of SonoVue MB. The method allows evaluation of the of resonance frequency of MB, onset and kinetics of MB sonodestruction.
Assessment of Geometric Parameters of Tibiotarsal Bones in White Kołuda Geese Using Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography
Authors: Charuta Anna , Biesiada-Drzazga Barbara , Dzierzęcka Małgorzata , Poławska Ewa , Trusewicz Matylda , Gordon Cooper Ross 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate geometrical parameters of tibiotarsal bones in geese depending on age, sex and place in the bone and conditions of breeding. The inner structure of tibiotarsal bones of White Kołuda® geese (W31) subjected to intensive breeding was analyzed using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT ). The analyzed bones were derived from birds representing five age groups: one-day-old as well as birds of 2, 4, 6 and 8 wk of age. Bones of 10 males and 10 females were isolated from each group. The analysis was conducted at two levels of the bone: the area of the proximal metaphysis and at half the length of the diaphysis. The proximal metaphysis was selected for the research as it had higher content of the cancellous bone than the distal metaphysis. It was known that the cancellous bone was characterized by a higher rate of metabolic changes. The following geometric parameters were determined: total bone area (TOT _A), trabecular area (TRAB _A), cortical area (CRT _A), cortical thickness (CRT _TH K_C), periosteal circumference (PERI C), endocortical circumference (ENDO _C) and Strength Strain Index (SSI ). It was found that 6 wk of life may be considered as critical in the postnatal development of geese. In the group of 6 wk males in the shafts of the tibial bones, there was a decrease in the values of the following parameters: TOT _A, TRAB _A, PERI _C, ENDO _C. Whereas in 8 wk, an attenuation of the values of all geometric parameters of tibiotarsal bones was observed in both sexes (with the exception of CRT _TH K_C), which may have a negative influence on bone resistance to fractures. In this period, a significant decrease in the values of geometric parameters of tibiotarsal bones could be observed, negatively affecting the resistance of the bone to fractures in 8 wk. The values of SSI parameter at the proximal metaphysis of the tibiotarsal bone decreased in both males and females in 8 wk. In turn, at mid-diaphysis, the SSI values decreased only in males in 8 wk. The achieved results and observations justify the use of optimal environmental and nutritional conditions in geese in order to improve the quality of their skeletal system and to minimize the risk of the occurrence of deformities and fractures of the pelvic limb during the breeding.
Effect of Genotype and Slaughter Age on Carcass Traits and Meat Quality of the Celta Pig Breed in Extensive System
Authors: Franco Daniel , Carballo Javier , Bermñudez Roberto , Lorenzo José M. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of genotype and slaughter age on carcass traits and meat quality of the Celta pig breed. Samples from 95 pigs of three lines (Barcina, Santiaguesa and Carballina) slaughtered at two different ages (12 and 16 months) were analysed. Pigs’ slaughter at 16 months showed significantly (P<0.001) higher live weight (157.2 vs. 178.9 kg), cold carcass weight (122.9 vs. 141.9 kg) and killing out percentage (77.7 vs. 79.5%; P<0.001) compared to those slaughtered at 12 months. Genotype also affected the live weight and cold carcass weight, both of which were highest in the Santiaguesa line. Changes in meat quality in relation to slaughter age and genotype were observed. The fat content increased with slaughter age, but did not vary with genotype. Regarding colour parameters, the L* values (48.53) were lower and a* values (11.55) were higher in samples of the Barcina line, indicating that the meat was darker and redder than in the other two lines. Both slaughter age and genotype had significant effects on texture parameters measured by the Warner Bratzler test, whereas textural profile analysis revealed significant differences mainly due to genotype.
Content of Macro- and Microelements in the Meat of Young Bulls of Three Native Breeds (Polish Red, White-Backed and Polish Black-and-White) in Comparison with Simmental and Polish Holstein-Friesian
Authors: Litwińczuk Zygmunt , Domaradzki Piotr , Florek Mariusz , Żółkiewski Paweł , Staszowska Agnieszka 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The material for the study consisted of 80 samples taken from the longissimus lumborum (LL) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles of young bulls of five breeds (8 samples of each muscle per breed), including three native breeds included in the genetic resources conservation programme, i.e. Polish Red, White-Backed and Polish Black-and-White, which together with the Simmental and Polish Holstein-Friesian breeds. The content of the elements (K, Na, Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu) analysed in the meat of the young bulls (fattened in a semi-intensive system on fodder from permanent grassland) was found to depend (in varying degrees) on the breed of cattle. The greatest differences (P<0.01 and P<0.05) were noted between the Polish Holstein-Friesians (PHF) and the remaining breeds, mainly in the content of Mg, Ca, Zn and Mn. The results obtained in the four other breeds for most of the macro- and microelements were more uniform, with the highest content noted in the muscles of the young bulls of the native breeds.
Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Spirulina (Arthrospira Platensis) and Thyme (Thymus Vulgaris) on Serum Biochemistry, Immune Response and Antioxidant Status of Rabbits
Authors: Kovács Melinda , Tuboly Tamás , Mézes Miklós , Balogh Krisztián , Gerencsér Zsolt , Matics Zsolt , Dal Bosco Alessandro , Szendrő Zsolt , Tornyos Gábor , Hafner Dóra , Milisits Gábor , Balogh-Zándoki Erika , Dalle Zotte Antonella 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Growing rabbits’ (42 rabbits/group, 3 rabbits/cage, 14 cages/treatment) diet was supplemented with 5% Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and 3% thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) powder single (S or T) and in combination (ST) between 35 and 77 days of age. On day 0 (weaning at 35 days of age) 14 rabbits were vaccinated with 100 μg/animal ovalbumin to provoke immune response. Blood samples were taken on days 0, 14, 28 and 42 of the experimental period. Sampling dates significantly influenced total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, urea, creatinine concentration and enzyme (AST, ALT, GGT) activities, with a significant age × diet interaction in the case of TP and CREA. There was a significant increase in ALT (+45 and 74%) and GGT (+87 and 102%) activity after immunisation. While Spirulina and thyme significantly ameliorated the rise in AST activity, their effect was inefficient in the case of GGT. Spirulina, both single and in combination showed a tendency in higher IgG level as compared to control (P<0.05). No significant effect of sampling date or treatment on phagocytic activity or secretory IgA was demonstrable (P>0.05). Higher MDA concentration was measured in the red blood cells of S, T and ST animals, while no other significant diet effect on the antioxidant parameters was detected, however, significant sampling date × diet interaction was found in the case of GPx activity. Plasma GGT (increase by 19-66%) was inversely associated with GSH (decrease by 66-113%) between days 0 to 42 of the experimental period (r=-0.57, P<0.05). It can be concluded that Spirulina supplementation alone resulted in higher IgG production, but none of the phytobiotics, at the dose used, affected significantly the antioxidant status of blood.
Does Water Quality Improve When a Safe Drinking Water Act Violation Is Issued? A Study of the Effectiveness of the SDWA in California
Authors: Grooms Katherine K. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The Safe Drinking Water Act addresses harmful contaminants in drinking water by providing states the authority to monitor public water systems, notify the public of exceedances above allowable levels, and cite persistent violators. Violating water systems are subject to intense regulatory and public scrutiny. The response of contaminant levels to violation status has not been explored empirically. This paper addresses this relationship through an event study using data on arsenic and nitrate levels in California. I find that violation status has a significant positive effect on nitrate levels post-violation, but no effect on arsenic levels. I also examine the effect of the 2006 arsenic Maximum Contaminant Level revision, finding a discontinuity in contaminant levels at revision. These results suggest that while public disclosure may deter systems from violating, once they go into violation the Public Notification Rule is not effective at encouraging a return to compliance.
Bottlenecks and needs in human-human and human-machine interaction – a view from and into the neurosurgical OR
Authors: Blaar Melanie , Janß Armin , Dell’Anna Jasmin , Höllig Anke , Radermacher Klaus , Clusmann Hans 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe number and complexity of user interfaces in the OR has been considerably increasing during the last years. Moreover, increasing cost and time pressure force surgeons and surgical nurses to perform different tasks in parallel. We analyzed the workflow of 25 neurosurgical procedures with a workflow analysis tool in order to analyze the present situation in the neurosurgical OR and to identify potential use-oriented risks and to develop first proposals for respective countermeasures. Application of the navigation system, the CUSA ultrasonic aspirator, and the PACS-PC was associated with errors and resulting potential risks. A number of different disruptive factors have been identified, the most prominent of those being intraoperative duty phone calls, longer absence of the circulating nurses or slipped off foot switches. Furthermore, the identified problems may lead to risks for patient, and also for staff by use errors, associated with an inappropriate cognitive workload of the surgeon or nurses. Organizational and technical countermeasures are necessary: to enhance communication, team trainings could be helpful, and the setup of a mailbox could reduce the number of intraoperative duty phone calls. Technical deficiencies have to be reduced, e.g. with more user-oriented design of devices, such as foot switches, or standard design for user interfaces. For further risk reduction in the case of use deficiencies, we propose the implementation of device interoperability and the use of a sterile integrated user interface in a networked OR.