bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experience and the Perception of Biological Motion
Authors: Pollick Frank E. , Jola Corinne , Petrini Karin , McKay Lawrie S. , McAleer Phil , Jang Seon Hee , MacLeod, Christine , Simmons David R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMany discussions of biological motion perception involve a description of observers’ attunements for recognizing gender, emotion, action, and identity from point-light displays. This chapter describes an often-neglected determinant of biological motion perception: the role of expertise. First, the authors describe how variability among observers is essential for developing a comprehensive theory of biological motion perception. Then, they describe how the distributed network of brain areas devoted to biological motion perception provides an opportunity for this brain network to be applied to new tasks and environments.
Variability in the Visual Perception of Human Motion as a Function of the Observer’s Autistic Traits
Authors: Kaiser Martha D. , Shiffrar Maggie 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Typical observers exhibit a remarkable sensitivity to the social information conveyed by the body motions of others. Scholars have asserted that successful social behavior depends on successful social perceptions, yet observers of these motions naturally vary in their social skills. This chapter explores how natural variability in social skills—specifically for observers with autism spectrum disorders—provides insights into the relation between social skills and social behaviors by exploring the relation between visual sensitivity and social capabilities.
Models on Concentration and Growth
Authors: Rohit  
Published: January 2013

AbstractChapter 4 presents a brief overview of the existing theories in the heterodox economics tradition, which study the linkages between income inequalities and growth trajectories. It includes a review of the Kalecki-Steindl tradition in its original avatar as well as its contemporary interpretations. Steindl had argued that with increase in income inequalities and business concentration, a tendency towards stagnation sets in under capitalism because workers have a higher propensity to consume out of their wages as compared to the capitalist class, a process which was named underconsumption. However, contemporary Steindlian models have studied this relationship in the context of possibilities of debt-financed consumption, wealth and financialisation and found that these could run counter to the stagnationist tendency. One important component that most of these explanations miss is Steindl’s argument on underinvestment which results from an increase in business concentration as the need to build capacity decreases with a decline in competitiveness.
The Wealth Effect
Authors: Rohit  
Published: January 2013

AbstractChapter 5 modifies Steindl’s model to include of wealth-induced consumption of the capitalists which counteracts the tendency of underconsumption in the short run. While the tendency towards stagnation (as a result of both underconsumption and underinvestment) could exist, there are ways to inflate capitalists’ expenditure through sources outside of current demand which will help avert this problem in the short run. This external impetus can be provided by bubbles in asset price markets which generate wealth effects on capitalists’ consumption. Short run dynamics shows that if the wealth effect is stronger than the effects of underconsumption and underinvestment, the economy faces a boom which can last as long as the asset market is booming. Just the opposite would follow when the asset market goes bust. This asset market could be of any asset, including non-financial assets like housing.
An Overview of the US Economy
Authors: Rohit  
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn chapter 7, an overview of the US economy since the 1950s is presented to draw a comparative analysis between the pre- and post-mid 1970s periods. Accordingly, the overall period is divided broadly into two categories -- golden age (1950-73) and age of finance (1973 onwards) -- based on the changes in the policy orientation in the US economy. Stark contrast shows up in the value of different macroeconomic variables for these two periods, thereby, endorsing the view that there was a structural break. The growth rate, average levels of capacity utilization of the economy were significantly higher in the first period.
Consumption Behaviour in the US
Authors: Rohit  
Published: January 2013

AbstractChapter 8 tests the hypotheses made in the theoretical models of Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 on the wealth effect and the debt effect on consumption using advanced econometric methods. Since macroeconomic level time series data generally have unit roots, a cointegration analysis between these variables is performed. It is found that the wealth effect indeed was one of the main contributors to increasing consumption which more than compensated for underconsumption in the 1990s. A similar result is shown for the debt effect. Both these hypotheses are tested with respect to household data too and the results are no different from the overall macroeconomic picture.
The Britons and the Irish, 350–800
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Late‐Roman Britain was subject to attack across the the Irish Sea as well as the North Sea. Many of these attacks were intended to take captives, who were then carried off into slavery in Ireland. One of them was St Patrick, who escaped but returned as a Christian missionary. He and other British missionaries in Ireland created the conditions in which the cultures of Celtic Britain and Ireland were closely linked. Other Irish settled in Britain and became much more receptive to Roman culture than were the Anglo‐Saxon settlers in the east of Britain. The political shape of what became Wales may have been changed by a political transformation in Ireland c. 500.
Kingship
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Early‐medieval Welsh kingship is best approached from two directions: by analysing the political inheritance from Roman Britain and by identifying aspects of Welsh kingship in the twelfth century that were probably inherited from an earlier period. The inheritance from Roman Britain is marked in the Post‐Roman period, 400–600, both in the work of Gildas and in the inscriptions. Aspects of twelfth‐century Welsh kingship are comparable with early Irish kingship of the pre‐Viking period and are thus likely to descend from an early period. Concepts of kingship and royal succession are both discussed.
The Britons and their Neighbours under the Mercian Hegemony, 685–825
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter continues the history of the relationship between the Welsh and the Mercians taking its start from the decline of Northumbrian power after the battles of the Trent and Nechtanesmere (679 and 685). This is the period which sees the rise of Mercia to become the dominant power in England south of the Humber. Its relations with Wales are an essential part of this development, as revealed by Offa's Dyke, to which one part of the chapter is devoted; another discusses the Pillar of Eliseg which may be a key to Offa's Dyke; other sections discuss relations between the Cornishmen and the West Saxons and between the Britons of the kingdom of Alclud (Dumbarton) and their Pictish, English, and Gaelic neighbours.
Wright on Moore
Authors: Zalabardo José L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTo the sceptic’s contention that I don’t know that I have hands because I don’t know that there is an external world, the Moorean replies that I know that there is an external world because I know that I have hands. Crispin Wright has argued that the Moorean move is illegitimate, and has tried to block it by limiting the applicability of the principle of the transmission of knowledge by inference — the principle that recognizing the validity of an inference from known premises generates knowledge of the conclusion. This chapter argues that, in the presence of some plausible assumptions, blocking the Moorean move does not require limiting the applicability of the transmission principle. Then it argues against Jim Pryor’s contention that the Moorean argument transmits evidential support from its premises to its conclusion.
2 A New World of Goods: Groceries in the Long Eighteenth Century
Authors: Stobart Jon 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter considers the ways in which the stock of groceries available to English consumers was transformed during the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The overall context for reappraising the impact of new groceries on English retailing is laid out in terms of the shifting geography of supply and the growing importance of empire in provisioning English consumers. The chapter then assesses how far grocers were able to capitalise on demand for new imported goods, and the ways in which these helped to stimulate more general growth in retailing, as Shammas suggests. This chapter argues that grocers quickly came to dominate the provision of tea, coffee, etc. Lastly, the chapter examines the extent to which these goods carried associations of empire, and argues that imperial associations formed just one point of reference for the shopkeeper and consumer.
Cultural Integration in Spain
Authors: Rica Sara de la , Ortega Francesc 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter compares the economic and cultural gaps of the largest foreign-born ethnic minorities in Spain: Latinos, Eastern Europeans, and Moroccans. The chapter focuses on several outcomes: the gender education gap, early marriage, inter-ethnic marriage, fertility, female employment, command of Spanish, and social participation. The results suggest that Latinos are the group with patterns of behaviour closest to those of natives, followed by Eastern Europeans. In several dimensions, such as the marriage penalty for females, Moroccans are the groups with largest gaps relative to natives. Our results also show large improvements in the educational attainment of younger Moroccan cohorts, which is an important determinant of the outcomes that have been analysed. Finally, the chapter notes that even though employment rates of immigrants tend to be higher than those of natives, immigrants are much more likely to be employed in low- paying occupations.
Form, Function, and Matter: Crossing the Border of Materiality
Authors: Kallinikos Jannis 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTechnological objects are devices crafted and used to serve particular purposes or functions. Traditionally, function (e.g., pierce, cut, contain) has been embodied on durable materials, worked up, and appropriately shaped or structured. Craftsmanship has developed around the mastery of specific materials such as wood, stone, clay, gold and iron, and textiles. However, technological evolution has loosened the bonds between function, form, and matter and progressively allotted greater importance to function. Variously supported by modern science, current technology betrays the growing domestication of matter, as a means of serving the functions embodied on a proliferating universe of devices or technological systems. The preeminence computing technologies have acquired in contemporary societies further accentuates these trends but also brings interesting and ambiguous shifts.
Aristotle On Deformed Animal Kinds
Authors: Witt Charlotte 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
There is a surprising number of deformed animal kinds mentioned in Aristotle’s biological works. The number is surprising because, according to the standard understanding of deformed animals in Aristotle, it should be zero. And the number is significant because there are just too many deformed kinds at too many classificatory levels mentioned in too many works to dismiss them as a minor aberration or as an infiltration of folk belief into biology proper. This paper has two goals. The first is to develop an interpretation of deformed animal kinds in Aristotle, which focuses on the meaning of deformity applied to kinds. The second goal is to draw out the consequences of that interpretation for our understanding of Aristotle’s view of normal animal kinds. The paper ends with a brief consideration of what the meaning of deformity tells us about Aristotle’s view of normal animal kinds.
Grace and Despair
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter describes the interaction of grace, which is an unexpected sense of peacefulness and plenitude; and despair, which is a natural and rational response to the way the world is. A suggestion is offered that despite all the cruelties and losses we have suffered and inflicted, we can still take comfort, and even joy, in the fact “that it ever existed at all.”
Early Experience, Neurobiology, Plasticity, Vulnerability, and Resilience
Authors: Lamb Michael E. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In this commentary, the author cautions that correlations between neurobiological and behavioral markers could have multiple explanations and do not demonstrate causal relationships nor the necessity of particular experiences. Infants and children have proven resilient in the face of adverse experiences, and the interesting questions concern developmental processes and the individual differences in reactions to similar experiences. The contrasting foci of researchers who emphasize clinical evidence as opposed to normative developmental processes may distort conclusions by both groups.
Born for Art, and the Joyful Companionship of Fiction
Authors: Trevarthen Colwyn 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA search for the early modern human infant and mother who enjoyed a long and intense attachment within a family group leads to the conclusion that what was new in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA) was not just the large-brained head that required an early birth or the weak body, but the artful mind that asked for specially sensitive and imaginative care and cooperation. A human infant is born seeking an intimate companion with whom to share creative actions and ideas. The brains of Homo sapiens sapiens change themselves and one another epigenetically while transforming the environment and harvesting its resources. They join their imaginations in synrhythmic displays of social cooperation, making culture. This is passionately emotional intelligence, not just calculatingly cognitive. Its early development needs a secure, loving, and playful family, the essential base for a future industrious community of adults who trust one another and work together.
Play, Plasticity, and Ontogeny in Childhood
Authors: Pellegrini Anthony D. , Pellegrini Adam F. A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter contrasts the authors’ epigenetic position with an environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA) position, as represented in evolutionary psychology and its intellectual forbearer, sociobiology. In contrast to the EEA/evolutionary psychology position, this chapter stresses the importance of developmental plasticity during early ontogeny and how play, specifically, might affect the course of development, behavior, and possibly evolution. The chapter shows how epigenetic theories highlight the impact of the environment and behavior in the ontogenetic process as part of the organism's dynamic adaptation to ever-changing ecological niches. Play, the chapter argues, is a paradigm example of a behavioral strategy used by juveniles to explore and subsequently acclimate to or change their current niche. The variation in ability to use play as an acclimation strategy is hypothesized to impact evolution, assuming it contains some genetic basis. To this end, the final section of the chapter outlines ways in which play affects both ontogeny and phylogeny.
Perspective 1: Why Would Natural Selection Craft an Organism Whose Future Functioning Is Influenced by Its Earlier Experiences?
Authors: Belsky Jay 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA focus on proximate determinants of human development is quite different, even if not entirely distinct, from ultimate explanations. This chapter discusses the “differential susceptibility” and “biological-sensitivity-to-context” theses. Both arguments also define individual differences in developmental plasticity to mean that some children and even adults will be more susceptible than others to both the adverse and beneficial effects of, respectively, unsupportive and supportive contextual conditions.
Perspective 7: “It's Dangerous to Be an Infant”: Ongoing Relevance of John Bowlby's Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness in Promoting Healthier Births, Safer Maternal–Infant Sleep, and Breastfeeding in a Contemporary Western Industrial Context
Authors: McKenna James J. , Gettler Lee T. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAnthropologists rightly critique aspects of Bowlby’s concept of the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA), particularly as regards his limited temporal focus on the Pleistocene, on one specific, marginalized hunting and gathering society, the !Kung, and for his misconception regarding how many individuals infants can “attach to” simultaneously. He underestimated the critical role of breastfeeding in shaping contours around which his version of infantile “reflexive perceptuo-motor mechanisms” related to attachment evolved. Nevertheless, this volume illustrates how Bowlby’s polymathic scholarship continues to foster new insights, especially in evolutionary medicine, and highlights scenarios stressing the role of alloparents (substitute caregivers) throughout human (Homo) evolution. Moreover, Bowlby’s original formulations provide a critical beginning point for explaining how and why, even within the more multiplex nexus of infant social relationships, contact and proximity with at least one committed primary caregiver remains a prerequisite for facilitating human psychological resilience.
The Image of the City
Authors: Antrim Zayde 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the textual strategy of describing the urban built environment. By engaging the visual imagination, this strategy stimulated the recognition of a “cityscape” distinctive from other landscapes in the discourse of place. Describing or depicting the built environment was intended to make cities legible, or comprehensible in terms of their written or graphic representation, and thus to make them compelling as categories of belonging for people whether or not they had firsthand experience of the city. Central to a city’s legibility was often the evocation of a monumental structure, one that dominated the cityscape because of its great size, lavish adornment, powerful patrons, or ritual function. This chapter considers contrasting claims to “insider” and “citational” authority in describing urban built environments and analyzes a variety of texts, including images and poems.
Assessing Early Childhood Development
Authors: Bornstein Marc H. , Lansford Jennifer E. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Policymakers and practitioners use assessments of early childhood development (ECD) to guide decisions regarding allocation of resources, interventions for children, and national policies. It is therefore important to measure ECD in rigorous and methodologically sound ways. This chapter addresses issues related to ethics, research design, psychometrics, comparison across countries or cultures, measurement equivalence, and other technical points germane to ECD assessment. It provides illustrations to demonstrate these issues in the case of specific ECD indicators. The chapter concludes by recommending that ECD assessments should be obtained with care, to ensure the protection of children’s rights; appropriately linked to the purpose of the assessment; valid and reliable; adapted from existing measures, with careful attention paid to making the measures culturally appropriate or developed anew using principles of sound test construction; and easy to obtain and use in low-resource settings. Rigorous ECD assessments are valuable to promote children’s well-being worldwide.
Monitoring Progress Toward Fulfilling Rights in Early Childhood Under the Convention on the Rights of the Child to Improve Outcomes for Children and Families
Authors: Hertzman Clyde , Vaghri Ziba , Arkadas-Thibert Adem 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Can the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN-CRC), to which 193 countries are signatory, be used as a tool to support developmental health in the early years? Improving early childhood development (ECD) requires finding ways for social determinants and child rights approaches to work together, which, to date, has not occurred. However, in 2005, the UN-CRC Monitoring Committee issued General Comment 7: Implementing Rights in Early Childhood (GC7) in response to the observation that children under the age of 8 were often overlooked in countries’ reporting of progress toward implementing UN-CRC. This chapter shows how a commitment from the UN-CRC Monitoring Committee and key relevant international agencies (WHO, UNICEF) to a long-term program of monitoring compliance with GC7, in conjunction with monitoring of ECD developmental outcomes in all signatory countries, could help move global society toward equity in developmental health from the start of life.
Closing Commentary
Authors: Haregot Aster 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
One of the largest challenges in improving the quality of early childhood development (ECD) programs and policies is service provider capacity. Often, programs cannot be implemented because of limited ability for service provision. This commentary provides examples of training models that can use indigenous approaches to child development to create opportunities to build capacity in ECD in low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries. With an emphasis on higher learning, and using examples from Africa, this commentary provides useful recommendations for other regions and countries interested in building ECD capacity.
Introduction
Authors: Hayot Eric 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins by considering efforts to expand the boundaries of modernism beyond their usual confines, first by adding women authors and then by expanding the reach of modernism beyond the Anglophone. It suggests that each of these approaches has the same weakness, in that it produces literary value by placing authors and artists into an already existing theory of modernism whose center remains European. The problem of the non-West's apparent incapacity to generate literary history in the modern period has nothing to do with sexism or racism or Anglocentrism per se, but with the way in which the categories governing the way we think about literary history have made it impossible to write a history of modernism (and indeed of modernity) that included the non-West as an equal partner in its production. The chapter then presents an overview of the three parts of the book, followed by answers to some questions about the book's choices and limitations, about its position in larger conversations.
The Planet and the World
Authors: Hayot Eric 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses two significant events which are most literally relevant to world-making. These are, first, the series of cosmological and geographical revolutions leading from Ptolemy through Copernicus (On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres, 1543) to Galileo and Newton; second, the circumnavigation of the planet and the European discovery of the Americas, hermetically figured by Magellan (who did not complete his voyage, which ended in 1522) and Christopher Columbus. In subsequent imaginaries, the two events are readily conjoined.