bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reviews
Authors: Velikovsky JT , Bray John Patrick , Greens Rob 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The Screenplay Business: Managing Creativity and Script Development in the Film Industry, Peter Bloore, 2013 London and New York: Routledge, 350 pp., ISBN 978-0415613330, p/bk, £26.99
Writing the Science Fiction Film, Robert Grant, 2013 Studio City: Michael Wiese Productions, 244 pp., ISBN 978-1615931361, p/bk, £17.99
Filmcraft: Screenwriting, Tim Grierson, 2013 Lewes: ILEX, 192 pp., ISBN 978-1908150714, p/bk, £19.99
The Influence of Zinc Oxide Eugenol (ZOE) and Glass Ionomer (GI) Base Materials on the Microhardness of Various Composite and GI Restorative Materials
Authors: Itskovich Roee , Lewinstein Israel , Zilberman Uri 
Published: March 2014

Objective:
Re-examining the well accepted concept that Zinc-Oxide-Eugenol bases (ZOE) have a negative effect on composite restoration materials microhardness, in light of the advancement in composite materials and newer publications.

Methods:
Five modern composite restoration materials were used, including hybrid (Xtra-fill and Z250), micro-fill hybrid (G-aenial and Gradia-direct) and methacrylate-free restorative material (Silorane- oxirane). Two base materials were used IRM (ZOE-base) and Fuji-IX (GI-base). Samples were made using a designed mold, in which composite discs were cured on top and in close relation to base materials. Micro-hardness testing was performed using a DMH-2 microhardness tester utilizing the Knoop method.

Results:
Statistic analysis demonstrated significantly better microhardness of three composite materials when IRM was used as base in comparison to control (G-aenial, Gradia direct and Filtek silorane), and no differences in two materials (Filtek universal Z250 and Voco Xtra-fil). Fuji-IX bases showed a significant positive effect on the microhardness of four composite materials, and a negative effect on one material (Voco Xtra-fill). In comparison with other tested restoration materials, both Voco Xtra-fill and Fuji-IX showed higher microhardness results (P<0.05).

Significance:
Related to microhardness, both ZOE and GI bases can be used safely as bases under composite restorations. The results of this study together with the results published recently showed that the concept of not using ZOE or GI bases under composite must be reconsidered. Fuji IX showed microhardness results similar to the best composite material and therefore it can be used as a restorative material.
Evolutionary Model of the Bank Size Distribution
Authors: Kaldasch Joachim 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
An evolutionary model of the bank size distribution is presented based on the exchange and creation of deposit money. In agreement with empirical results the derived size distribution is lognormal with a power law tail. The theory is based on the idea that the size distribution is the result of the competition between banks for permanent deposit money. The exchange of deposits causes a preferential growth of banks with a fitness that is determined by the competitive advantage to attract permanent deposits. While growth rate fluctuations are responsible for the lognormal part of the size distribution, treating the mean growth rate of banks as small, large banks benefit from economies of scale generating the Pareto tail.
In Search of the Origins of theOpłatek
Authors: Anderson Claire M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPrompted by the curiosity that the uniquely Slavic Christmas wafer has a Latin-based name in Polish, "opłatek," the author traces archaeological, etymological, and ethnographic clues in search of the history of the opłatek. An indigenous Slavic custom of sharing hearthcakes at the winter solstice may have facilitated the expansion of the western Christian monastic industry of wafer making. The earliest possible dating of the arrival of the word "opłatek" is the high Middle Ages when the western Church established dioceses and monasteries in Poland. The latest possible dating is the late eighteenth century, just decades before renowned Polish ethnographer Oskar Kolberg documented widespread practice of the custom. Between those dates, the sharing of the Christmas wafer swelled in popularity throughout the noble and peasant classes and over a huge geographic territory. Today it is a tradition kept by 97 percent of first-generation Polish Americans.
A comparison of satellite‐ and ground‐based measurements of SO2 emissions from Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador
Authors: McCormick Brendan T. , Herzog Michael , Yang Jian , Edmonds Marie , Mather Tamsin A. , Carn Simon A. , Hidalgo Silvana , Langmann Baerbel 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSatellite‐measured SO2 mass loadings and ground‐based measurements of SO2 emission rate are not directly comparable, with ∼40% differences between mean emissions reported by each technique from Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador, during late 2007. Numerical simulations of postemission processing and dispersal of Tungurahua's SO2 emissions enable more effective comparison of ground‐ and satellite‐based SO2 data sets, reducing the difference between them and constraining the impact of plume processing on satellite SO2 observations. Ground‐based measurements of SO2 emission rate are used as the model input, and simulated SO2 mass loadings are compared to those measured by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). The changing extent of SO2 processing has a significant impact on daily variation in SO2 mass loading for a fixed volcanic emission rate. However, variations in emission rate at Tungurahua are large, suggesting that overall volcanic source strength and not subsequent processing is more likely to be the dominant control on atmospheric mass loading. SO2 emission rate estimates are derived directly from the OMI observations using modeled SO2 lifetime. Good agreement is achieved between both observed and simulated mass loadings (∼21%) and satellite‐derived and ground‐measured SO2 emission rates (∼18%), with a factor of 2 improvement over the differences found by simple direct comparison. While the balance of emission source strength and postemission processing will differ between volcanoes and regions, under good observation conditions and where SO2 lifetime is ∼24 hours, satellite‐based sensors like OMI may provide daily observations of SO2 mass loading which are a good proxy for volcanic source strength.
Lichtinduzierte Totalsynthese von 17‐Desoxyprovidencin
Authors: Toelle Nina , Weinstabl Harald , Gaich Tanja , Mulzer Johann 
Published: March 2014

AbstractEine asymmetrische Synthese des Diterpenoids 17‐Desoxyprovidencin wird beschrieben. Schlüsselschritte sind eine Aldoladdition, eine basenkatalysierte Furancyclisierung nach Wipf, eine Z‐selektive Ringschlussmetathese zum Makrocyclus, eine photochemische E/Z‐Isomerisierung zum hochgespannten, konformativ eingeschränkten Ringsystem, sowie die stereoselektive Bildung zweier Epoxide am Ring.
Twisted but Conjugated: Building Blocks for Low Bandgap Polymers
Authors: Chiu Chien‐Yang , Wang Hengbin , Brunetti Fulvio G. , Wudl Fred , Hawker Craig J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractHere we report a novel twisted monomer based on a distorted CC double bond for low bandgap conjugated copolymers. This new building block provides several unique characteristics when compared to classical planar systems such as high solubility, electron accepting ability, and isomeric tunability. The resulting copolymers exhibit broad absorption spanning both visible and near‐infrared regions leading to promising solar cell performance.
Light‐Mediated Total Synthesis of 17‐Deoxyprovidencin
Authors: Toelle Nina , Weinstabl Harald , Gaich Tanja , Mulzer Johann 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAn asymmetric synthesis of the diterpenoid 17‐deoxyprovidencin is described. Key steps include an aldol addition, a base‐catalyzed Wipf‐type furan formation, a Z‐selective ring‐closing metathesis for macrocyclization, a photochemical E/Z isomerization to a highly strained and conformationally restricted ring system, and the stereoselective formation of two epoxides on the ring.
Preparation and chemical reactions of rigid cross‐linked poly(vinyl chloride) foams modified by epoxy compounds
Authors: Jiang Zhiwei , Yao Kun , Du Zhonghui , Xue Jian , Tang Tao , Liu Wenbin 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTA novel method to prepare semi‐interpenetrating polymer network rigid cross‐linked poly(vinyl chloride) (c‐PVC) foams with improved shear toughness in the absence of anhydride components is reported. The cross‐linked network structure in the c‐PVC foams was composed of polyurea network modified by epoxy structure. The cellular morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Tensile, compressive, and shear properties of the foams were studied. The obtained c‐PVC foams showed high shear properties compared with the comparative samples with the same density and cellular morphology. Possible reactions during the preparation of c‐PVC foams were studied by means of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements through the model experiments. The results showed that allophanate structure resulting from the reaction between isocyanate compounds and epoxy compounds formed in the molding step, which was included into the final cross‐linked network in the cross‐linking step. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40567.
High‐tensile‐strength polyvinyl alcohol films prepared from freeze/thaw cycled gels
Authors: Fukumori Taishi , Nakaoki Takahiko 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe mechanical properties and molecular structure of a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) film, which was obtained by eliminating water from a PVA hydrogel using repeated freeze/thaw cycles, were investigated by tensile tests, thermal analysis, and X‐ray diffraction measurements. The mechanical properties of PVA with 99.9% saponification were measured as a function of the number of freeze/thaw cycles performed. The tensile strength and Young's modulus increased and the elongation at break decreased with increasing freeze/thaw cycles. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of PVA films obtained after seven freeze/thaw cycles were as high as 255 MPa and 13.5 GPa after annealing at 130°C. Thermal analysis and X‐ray diffraction measurements revealed that this is because of a high crystallinity and a large crystallite size. A good relationship between the tensile strength and the glass transition temperature was obtained, regardless of the degree of saponification and annealing conditions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40578.
Cationic microgel emulsion with a high solid content by a multistep addition method in inverse microemulsion polymerization
Authors: Li Guanghui , Zhang Guicai , Wang Lei , Ge Jijiang 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe multistep addition of a monomer and initiator was developed to successfully synthesize cationic polyacrylamide microgels with solid contents (SCs) greater than 35% and cationic monomer concentrations of 0–40 mol % by inverse microemulsion polymerization. Two feed methods, three‐step nonuniform addition and five‐step uniform addition, were implemented to obtain microgel emulsions with 37% SC. The former addition method was designed according to the solubilization limit of the microemulsion before step polymerization, and that of the latter was a constant based on the remaining surfactant weight in the reactor. The product properties in the intermediate processes of these two methods were compared by dynamic light scattering and viscosity measurement. The results show that the products here were translucent microemulsions instead of milky ones when they were synthesized by a semicontinuous polymerization. Also, the particle sizes of these two methods were almost the same; this indicated that the oscillation phenomenon in continuous polymerization at a high SC was avoided. With the former feed method, the risk and operation cost in the synthesis process could be cut down greatly. Moreover, the viscosity of the cationic microgel emulsion conformed to the Krieger–Dougherty equation with a greater value of intrinsic viscosity than that of a hard‐sphere system because of an electroviscous effect. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40585.
Effect of thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(ether ketone)arylates on the processibility and properties of poly(ether ether ketone)s fibers
Authors: Li Ruosong , Wu Ting , Zeng Luxian , Xu Jianjun , Liu Pengqing 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTA series of composite fibers based on poly(ether ether ketone)s (PEEK) and a thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(ether ketone)arylates (PEKAR) have been prepared by melt spinning. The structure, compatibility, and properties of these composite fibers were investigated in detail by rheological measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, orientation degree test, and mechanical properties test. The results showed that the addition of PEKAR could reduce the apparent melt viscosity of the blends obviously, which is beneficial in improving the processibility of PEEK at a relatively low temperature. After adding 1 wt % PEKAR to PEEK, the tensile strength of the post‐treatment fiber improved by 8.8%, whereas the crystallinity of the as‐spun fiber increased from 21.76% to 31.51%, and the orientation degree also increased with the addition of PEKAR. The result of morphology research suggested that PEKAR had a good compatibility with PEEK resin. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40595.
Effect of steam explosion on degumming efficiency and physicochemical characteristics of banana fiber
Authors: Sheng Zhanwu , Gao Jinhe , Jin Zhiqiang , Dai Haofu , Zheng Lili , Wang Bizun 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTA steam explosion degumming method coupled with the 16 (44) orthogonal array design was used to investigate the efficient retting of fibers. Four parameters were examined to determine the residual gum and lignin content of retted fibers, and the optimum extraction conditions were determined to be the following: banana fiber moisture content of 10%, 1.2% NaOH, steam pressure of 1.75 MPa, and residence time of 90 s. Under optimized conditions, the experimental yield of residual gum (5.47 ± 0.22%) and lignin (3.78 ± 0.12%) agreed closely with the predicted yield. The chemical composition of the fibers was analyzed, and the retted fibers exhibited an increase in the cellulose content and a decrease in the lignin and hemicellulose contents. This result was further confirmed by XRD and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The scanning electron microscopy analysis of the treated fibers showed a change in their surface morphology compared with that of the raw fibers. Their thermal characterization showed an enhanced thermal stability of the retted fibers compared to the raw fibers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40598.
Molybdate‐doped copolymer coatings for corrosion prevention of stainless steel
Authors: Li Feng , Li Guo‐xi , Zeng Jing , Gao Gui‐hong 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe polypyrrole and polyaniline copolymer coating (PPy‐PAni) and PPy‐PAni doped with sodium molybdate copolymer coating (
) were synthesized on stainless steel by cyclic voltammetry. The effect of molybdate on the passivation of stainless steel was investigated by linear sweep voltammetry in 0.2 mol L−1 of oxalic acid. The corrosion prevention performances of these copolymer coatings for stainless steel were investigated by linear sweep voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 1 mol L−1 of sulfuric acid, and potentiodynamic polarization in 0.1 mol L−1 of hydrochloric acid. Copolymer coating doped with molybdate could accelerate the formation of the passive oxide film and have better corrosion prevention efficiencies than PPy‐PAni coating on stainless steel. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40602.
Preparation and properties of UV‐curable fluorinated polyurethane acrylates
Authors: Park Jeong‐Min , Lee Young‐Hee , Park Hyun , Kim Han‐Do 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTA series of UV‐curable polyurethane acrylates (PUA0, FPUA3, FPUA6, FPUA 9 FPUA12, FPUA15, where the numbers indicate the wt % of perfluoroalkyl acrylate), were prepared from a reactive oligomer [4,4 ́‐dicyclohexymethanediisocyanate(H12MDI)/ poly(tetramethylene glycol)(PTMG)/2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA): 2/1/2 molar ratio, prepolymer:40 wt %] and diluents [methyl methacrylate (MMA, 20 wt %)/ isobornyl acrylate (IBOA, 40–25 wt %)/heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate (PFA, 0–15 wt), total diluents: 60 wt %]. This study examined the effect of PFA/IBOA weight ratio on the properties of the UV‐curable polyurethane acrylates for antifouling coating materials. The as‐prepared UV‐curable coating material containing a 15 wt % PFA content in diluents (MMA/IBOA/PFA) form a heterogeneous mixture, indicating that a PFA content of approximately 15 wt % was beyond the limit of the dilution capacity of diluents for the oligomer. In the wavelength range of 400–800 nm, the UV‐cured PUA0 film sample was quite transparent (transmittance%: near 100%). On the other hand, the transmittance% of the FPUA film sample decreased markedly with increasing PFA content. XPS showed that the film‐air surface of the UV‐cured polyurethane acrylate film had a higher fluorine content than the film‐glass dish interface. As the PFA content increased from 0 to 12 wt %, the surface tension of the UV‐cured urethane acrylates decreased from 26.8 to 15.6 mN/m, whereas the water/methylene iodide contact angles of the film–air surface increased from 90.1/63.6° to 120.9/87.1°. These results suggest that the UV‐curable polyurethane acrylates containing a PFA content up to 12 wt % have strong potential as fouling‐release coating materials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40603.
Perspectives on Systems Change Among Local Change Agents: A Comparative Study
Authors: Collura Jessica J. , Christens Brian D. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTCommunity organizers and activists draw on multiple traditions of community building and collective action in attempts to galvanize change. The diversity of perspectives on social change processes indicates corresponding differences in perspectives on systems and what is required to change them. Twenty‐two in‐depth interviews with community organizers and activists in the Midwestern USA were conducted to identify differences in perspectives on systems change efforts. Four models used by organizers were identified: action/issue‐centric, identity‐centric, relationship‐centric, and organizing‐development. Strategies for recruitment, issue selection, leadership determination, and action were compared across models. Analyses revealed that some models might be better suited to action on certain issues (e.g. identity‐centric models when organizing around homelessness), whereas others may have advantages for use in certain settings (e.g. relationship‐centric models in congregations). These findings suggest that practitioners and scholars should pay close attention to contextual factors and focal issues when determining strategies for creating systems change. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How atypical can Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome be?
Authors: Sajan Thomas , Vinay Srinivasa , Sonu Nigam , Alan Parnham 
Published: March 2014

Key Clinical MessageA 24‐year‐old man with diarrhea found to have acute renal failure with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA). A diagnosis of hemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) was made. He was initiated on plasma exchange and hemodialysis. On day 6, he was started on eculizumab. His renal functions progressively improved. His main complication during eculizumab therapy was hypertension‐related posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.
Dynamic Properties of Molecular Tweezers with a Bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidine Backbone
Authors: Tsuchido Yoshitaka , Suzaki Yuji , Ide Tomohito , Osakada Kohtaro 
Published: March 2014

Abstract4,6‐Bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐alkylpyrimidines with two anthryl or 9‐ethylnylanthryl substituents at the positions para to the OH groups prefer a U‐shaped conformation supported by two intramolecular OH⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonds in the solid state and in CDCl3 solution. The compound with a hexyl substituent on the pyrimidine group and two 9‐ethynylanthryl arms at the hydroxyphenyl groups forms a 1:1 complex with 2,4,7‐trinitrofluorenone. Its association constant Ka was estimated to be 2100 M−1 at 298 K, which is larger than those of other molecular tweezers (Ka<1000 M−1). DFT calculations suggested that the complex adopts a stable conformation supported by intramolecular hydrogen bonds among the OH groups and the pyrimidine ring as well as by intermolecular π–π interaction between the anthryl groups and 2,4,7‐trinitrofluorenone. Addition of nBu4NF to a solution of the molecular tweezers or their complexes causes the cleavage of one or two OH⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonds, formation of new O⋅⋅⋅HF hydrogen bonds, and changes in the molecular conformation. The resulting structure of the molecular tweezers contains nonparallel anthryl groups, which do not bind the guest molecule. Photochemical measurements on 4,6‐bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐methylpyrimidine with two anthryl substituents showed negligible luminescence (quantum yield ϕ<0.01), owing to photoinduced electron transfer of the molecule with a U‐shaped structure. However, the O‐hexylated compound exhibits emission from the anthryl groups with ϕ=0.39.
Cyclodimerization versus Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate Induced byN‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Nzahou Ottou Winnie , Bourichon Damien , Vignolle Joan , Wirotius Anne‐Laure , Robert Fredéric , Landais Yannick , Sotiropoulos Jean‐Marc , Miqueu Karinne , Taton Daniel 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe activation behavior of twoN‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), namely, 1,3‐bis(isopropyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene(NHCiPr) and 1,3‐bis(tert‐butyl) imidazol‐2‐ylidene (NHCtBu), as organic nucleophiles in the reaction with methyl methacrylate (MMA) is described. NHCtBu allows the polymerization of MMA in DMF at room temperature and in toluene at 50 °C, whereas NHCiPr reacts with two molecules of MMA, forming an unprecedented imidazolium–enolate cyclodimer (NHCiPr/MMA=1:2). It is proposed that the reaction mechanism occurs by initial 1,4‐nucleophilic addition of NHCiPr to MMA, generating a zwitterionic enolate2, followed by addition of2to a second MMA molecule, forming a linear imidazolium–enolate3(NHCiPr/MMA=1:2). Proton transfer, generating intermediate5, followed by cyclization and release of methanol yielded the aforementioned zwitterionic cyclodimer 1:2 adduct7, the molecular structure of which has been established by NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and mass spectrometry. This unexpected difference between NHCtBu and NHCiPr in the reaction with MMA (polymerization and cyclodimerization, respectively) can be rationalized by using DFT calculations. In particular, the nature of the NHC strongly influences the cyclodimerization pathway, the cyclization of5and the release of methanol are the discriminating step and limiting step, respectively. In the case of NHCtBu, both steps are strongly disfavoured compared with that of NHCiPr (energetic difference of around 14 and 9 kcal mol−1, respectively), preventing the cyclization mechanism from a kinetic viewpoint. Moreover, addition of a third molecule of MMA in the polymerization pathway results in a lower activation barrier than that of the limiting step in the cyclodimerization pathway (difference of around 14 kcal mol−1), in agreement with the formation of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) by using NHCtBu as nucleophile.