bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Actitudes lingüísticas en Santiago de Chile
Authors: Rojas Darío 
Published: November 2014

Resumen
Este artículo analiza las actitudes lingüísticas de hablantes nativos de español de la ciudad de Santiago, hacia al español de Chile y hacia el español de los otros países hispanohablantes: El artículo es parte de los resultados del Proyecto LIAS (Linguistic Identity and attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America), financiado por El Consejo Noruego de Investigación (RCN). La recolección de los datos se realizó en la capital del país, entrevistando una muestra de 400 informantes estratificada con las variables de edad, sexo y nivel socioeconómico. Entre nuestros hallazgos, destacan los siguientes: 1) los santiaguinos muestran seguridad lingüística en comparación con variedades regionales del español de Chile, pero una gran inseguridad cuando se comparan con el habla de otros países; 2) sus actitudes se ven influenciadas tanto por características lingüísticas (modelo ideal de lengua, conservador y de raigambre colonial) como por características extralingüísticas (estatus social); 3) el concepto de mayor peso dentro de la ideología lingüística de los santiaguinos es la corrección idiomática, que se articula con otros dos conceptos clave: el de unidad lingüística y el de entendimiento (o comprensión lingüística).

Abstract
This article analyzes the linguistic attitudes of Spanish speakers from Santiago, towards Spanish spoken in Chile and in the other Spanish-speaking countries. It is a result of the LIAS-Project (Linguistic Identity and attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America), funded by The Research Council of Norway (RCN). The data were gathered in the capital of the country, interviewing a stratified sample of 400 persons based on the variables of age, sex and socioeconomic status. Our main findings are the following: 1) Santiaguinos show linguistic confidence when they compare their speech to regional varieties of Chilean Spanish, but they show great insecurity when they compare their speech to those of other countries; 2) Their attitudes are influenced by both linguistic characteristics (an ideal, conservative language model of colonial origin) and non-linguistic characteristics (social status); 3) The most important concept of their language ideology is that of linguistic correctness, which is linked to two other key concepts: linguistic unity and language comprehension.
Las actitudes lingüísticas en el español de San José, Costa Rica
Authors: Calvo Shadid Annette , Castillo Rivas Jacqueline 
Published: November 2014

Resumen
Este artículo analiza las actitudes lingüísticas de hablantes nativos de español de cuatro distritos de la capital, San José, frente al español Costa Rica y el español de los otros países hispanohablantes. La presente investigación constituye un estudio sociolingüístico cuantitativo y es parte de los resultados del Proyecto LIAS (Linguistic Identity and attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America), financiado por El Consejo Noruego de Investigación (RCN). La recolección de los datos se realizó en la capital del país, entrevistando a una muestra de 404 informantes estratificada con las variables de edad, sexo y nivel socioeconómico. En el artículo se abordan las actitudes lingüísticas desde tres tipos de percepciones, a saber, percepciones cognitivo-lingüísticas y actitudes afectivas sobre el español nacional, opiniones sobre la corrección lingüística y los medios de comunicación y sobre la unidad o diversidad del español; percepciones cognitivo-lingüísticas sobre el español de los otros países, y actitudes afectivas y preferencias por otras variedades lingüísticas del idioma.

Abstract
This article analyzes the linguistic attitudes of Spanish speakers from four districts of the capital, San José, towards Spanish spoken in Costa Rica and in the other Spanish-speaking countries. It is based on a quantitative sociolinguistic study and is a result of the LIAS-Project (Linguistic Identity and attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America), funded by The Research Council of Norway (RCN). The data were gathered in the capital of the country, interviewing a stratified sample of 404 respondents based on the variables of age, sex and socioeconomic status. The linguistic attitudes are studied from three types of perceptions, namely, cognitive-linguistic perceptions and affective attitudes on national Spanish, opinions about the linguistic correction and the media, and about the unity or diversity of the Spanish language; cognitive-linguistic perceptions on the Spanish language spoken in other countries, and affective attitudes and preferences for other linguistic varieties of the language.
Actitudes lingüísticas en Ecuador. Una tradición normativa que subsiste
Authors: Flores Mejía Esthela 
Published: November 2014

Resumen
Este artículo analiza las actitudes lingüísticas de hablantes nativos de español de Quito, hacia al español del Ecuador y hacia el español de los otros países hispanohablantes. El artículo es parte de los resultados del Proyecto LIAS (Linguistic Identity and Attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America), financiado por El Consejo Noruego de Investigación (RCN). La recolección de los datos se realizó en la capital del país, entrevistando una muestra de 395 informantes previamente estratificada con las variables de edad, sexo y nivel socioeconómico. El estudio presentado es el primero de esta naturaleza que se realiza en Ecuador; sus resultados muestran, de forma general, la forma de hablar de la provincia de Loja es la que cuenta con mayor prestigio, en contraste con el bajo aprecio por el habla de Guayaquil y Cuenca. Los habitantes de la Capital reconocen como similar la forma de hablar de las provincias aledañas a la suya y diferentes sobre todo a las provincias de la Costa. En líneas generales se puede establecer que, aunque hay algunas variantes del español que les agradan, como las que se hablan en España y en Colombia, el afecto y el prestigio que los ecuatorianos asignan a su propia forma de hablar es muy fuerte.

Abstract
This article analyzes the linguistic attitudes of native Spanish speakers from Quito, towards Spanish spoken in Ecuador and in the other Spanish-speaking countries. It is a result of the LIAS-Project (Linguistic Identity and Attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America), funded by The Research Council of Norway (RCN). The data were gathered in the capital of the country, interviewing a stratified sample of 395 respondents, based on the variables of age, sex and socioeconomic status. This research study is the first of its kind in Ecuador. Its results show that the Spanish spoken in the Loja province has high prestige, in contrast to the Spanish spoken in Guayaquil and Cuenca. Residents of Quito, the capital, recognize that they and the neighbor provinces speak a similar variety of Spanish, which is different from that of the coastal provinces. In general, although there are some varieties of Spanish that Ecuadorians like, such as the ones spoken in Spain and in Colombia, Ecuadorians assign a high degree of prestige and affection to their own variety of the language.
Actitudes Lingüísticas en España
Authors: Yraola Aitor 
Published: November 2014

Resumen
Este artículo analiza las actitudes lingüísticas de hablantes nativos de español de Madrid hacia al español de España y el de los otros países hispanohablantes. Este artículo hace parte de los resultados del Proyecto LIAS (Linguistic Identity and Attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America), financiado por El Consejo Noruego de Investigación (RCN). La recolección de los datos se realizó en la capital del país, entrevistando a una muestra de 400 personas, estratificada con las variables de edad, sexo y nivel socioeconómico. Los resultados de la investigación muestran la alta autoestima de Castilla y Madrid como puntos referenciales del idioma español y la apreciación positiva de su propia variante, mientras que hacia las regiones del Norte y del Sur presentan actitudes negativas. Respecto de los países hispanoamericanos, resultaron conocidas y apreciadas las hablas de Colombia, Argentina y Chile.

Abstract
This article analyzes the linguistic attitudes of native Spanish speakers from Madrid towards Spanish spoken in Spain and in the other Spanish-speaking countries. It is a result of the LIAS-Project (Linguistic Identity and Attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America), funded by The Research Council of Norway (RCN). The data were gathered in the capital of the country, interviewing a stratified sample of 400 respondents based on the variables of age, sex and socioeconomic status. The results presented in this article reflect the high self-esteem of Castile and Madrid as central references of the Spanish language, and the positive attitude towards their spoken variety of the language, while the regions of Northern and Southern Spain are perceived in a negative way. Regarding the Spanish-speaking Latin American countries, Spanish spoken in Colombia, Argentina and Chile is appreciated.
Una mirada hacia las actitudes lingüísticas en Puerto Rico
Authors: Mojica De León Carla M. 
Published: November 2014

Resumen
Este artículo analiza las actitudes lingüísticas de hablantes nativos de español de San Juan de Puerto Rico hacia al español del país y el de los otros países hispanohablantes. El artículo es parte de los resultados del Proyecto LIAS (Linguistic Identity and Attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America), financiado por El Consejo Noruego de Investigación (RCN). La recolección de los datos se realizó en la capital del país, entrevistando a una muestra de 400 personas estratificada con las variables de edad, sexo y nivel socioeconómico. Se presentan los resultados que revelan las actitudes lingüísticas de los puertorriqueños hacia su español, las diversas creencias cognitivas y afectivas que las motivan y la percepción que muestran hacia el resto de las variedades del español. Nuestros hallazgos revelan que los puertorriqueños presentan una actitud positiva hacia su variedad y la variante peninsular, aunque rechazan algunos fenómenos lingüísticos de ambos dialectos. Se constata, además, que el habla de los grupos migratorios, representada en nuestro caso por la variedad dominicana, se percibe con menos prestigio.

Abstract
This article analyzes the linguistic attitudes of native Spanish speakers from San Juan de Puerto Rico towards Spanish spoken in the country and in the other Spanish-speaking countries. It is a result of the LIAS-Project (Linguistic Identity and Attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America), funded by The Research Council of Norway (RCN). The data were gathered in the capital, interviewing a stratified sample of 400 respondents, based on the variables of age, sex and socioeconomic status. The results of the study reveal the linguistic attitudes of Puerto Ricans toward their variety of Spanish, their cognitive and affective beliefs, and the perception they have of the other varieties of the Spanish language. Our findings confirm that Puerto Ricans have positive attitudes towards their own variety and the one spoken in Spain, although they reject some of the characteristics of both dialects. In addition, dialects of migratory groups, such as Dominicans in Puerto Rico, are perceived as less prestigious.
Actitudes lingüísticas en Uruguay. Tensiones entre la variedad y la identidad
Authors: García de los Santos Elizabeth 
Published: November 2014

Resumen
Este artículo analiza las actitudes lingüísticas de los hablantes nativos de español de la ciudad de Montevideo hacia al español de Uruguay y el de los otros países hispanohablantes. El artículo es parte de los resultados del Proyecto LIAS (Linguistic Identity and Attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America), financiado por El Consejo Noruego de Investigaciones (RCN). La recolección de los datos se realizó en la capital del país, entrevistando a una muestra de 400 informantes previamente estratificada con las variables de edad, sexo y nivel socioeconómico. Los resultados presentan el grado de identificación de los hablantes frente a su variedad del español (creencias, lealtad hacia la norma propia) y las actitudes de los hablantes respecto a las variedades entendidas como de mayor o menor prestigio; se encuentran ciertas regularidades en las causas que determinan estas actitudes. El estudio analizar el grado de tolerancia a las diferencias lingüísticas de acuerdo a distintos géneros discursivos (noticias de radio y televisión, información telefónica, publicidades) y los resultados muestran que el contexto y el medio de comunicación son importantes para la manera en la que el hablante reacciona al uso del lenguaje.

Abstract
This article analyzes the linguistic attitudes of native Spanish-speakers from Montevideo towards Spanish spoken in Uruguay and in the other Spanish-speaking countries. It is a result of the LIAS-Project (Linguistic Identity and Attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America), funded by The Research Council of Norway (RCN). The data were gathered in the capital of the country, interviewing a stratified sample of 400 respondents, based on the variables of age, sex and socioeconomic status. The results describe the degree of identification of the speakers with their own variety of Spanish (beliefs, loyalty to the norm) and their attitudes toward linguistic varieties of high or low prestige, and the findings identify certain regularities regarding the causes of these attitudes. The study analyzes speakers' degree of tolerance toward various discursive genres (radio and TV news, telephone information, advertisement), and the findings show that the context and the media are important for the way speakers react to language use.
Generalized Null Bertrand Curves In Minkowski Space-Time
Authors: Aksoyak Ferdag Kahraman , Gok Ismail , Ilarslan Kazim 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Çöken and ÇIFTCI proved that a null Cartan curve in Minkowski space-time E41 is a null Bertrand curve if and only if k2 is nonzero constant and k3 is zero. That is, the null curve with non-zero curvature k2 is not a Bertrand curve in Minkowski space-time E41.
So, in this paper we defined a new type of Bertrand curve in Minkowski space-time E41 for a null curve with non-zero curvature k3 by using the similar idea of generalized Bertrand curve given by Matsuda and Yorozu and we called it a null (1, 3)-Bertrand curve. Also, we proved that if a null curve with non-zero curvatures in Minkowski space-time E41 is a null (1, 3)-Bertrand curve then it is a null helix. We give an example of such curves.
Frequency of Morphologic Prognostic Factors in Surgically Treated Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Drike Inese , Strumfa Ilze , Vanags Andrejs , Gardovskis Janis 
Published: November 2014

Summary

Introduction. Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequent malignant tumours worldwide. In Latvia, the incidence and mortality from colorectal cancer has increased over the past five years. Surgery is the mainstay of colorectal cancer treatment. However, the prognosis of an individual patient after the operation depends on many factors. Here, we report the prognostically important morphologic factors in potentially radically operated colorectal cancer patients in order to create the “morphologic prognostic portrait” - the basic morphologic characteristics of colorectal cancer in Latvian patients. Such data could be helpful in prognostic estimates.

Aim of the study was to describe the local tumour spread by pT, to evaluate the occurrence of certain morphologic prognostic factors and to assess lymph node involvement in potentially radically operated colorectal cancer patients.

Material and methods. In a retrospective study, 173 consecutive patients who underwent a potentially radical operation in a single university hospital within the year 2012 were identified by archive search. The pathology reports that have been created by protocol approach and diagnostic microscopy slides were reanalysed. Tumour morphology and pTN parameters were assessed according to the World Health Organization and the American Joint Committee on Cancer classifications.

Results. The study included 98 women (56.6%) and 75 men (43.4%). The mean age of patients was 68.5 years [95% confidence interval: 66.9 – 70.1]. Only 4.6% [2.4 – 8.9] of patients were younger than 50 years. The most frequent histological tumour types were colorectal adenocarcinoma in 86.7% [80.8 – 90.9] patients and mucinous carcinoma in 9.2% [5.7 – 14.5] of patients. Evaluating the pT parameter, pT3 was found in 43.2% [36.1 – 50.6] and pT4 in 39.8% [32.8 – 47.2] of cases. Lymphatic invasion was found in 35.1% [25.3 – 46.2] of pT3 and 75.4% [64.0 – 84.0] of pT4 cases; p < 0.001. Perineural cancer invasion in pT3 and pT4 tumours was found in 29.9% [20.8 – 40.9] and 69.6% [57.9 – 79.2], respectively; p < 0.001.

Conclusions. Colorectal cancer affects both genders with equal frequency. The tumour is mostly diagnosed after the age of 60 years. Adenocarcinoma is the predominant colorectal cancer type in radically operated patients. Perineural and lymphatic invasion in pT4 tumours is statistically significantly more frequent than in less advanced tumours and thus may be pathogenetically linked to wide local tumour spread.
Heterogeneity of Ki-67 and p53 Expression in Glioblastoma
Authors: Jakovlevs Arvids , Vanags Andrejs , Balodis Dainis , Gardovskis Janis , Strumfa Ilze 
Published: November 2014

Summary

Introduction. Heterogeneity is a characteristic feature of malignant tumours. It challenges the treatment regimens as well as can impair the diagnostic accuracy. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a high-grade malignant glial tumour, is known for the extreme morphological heterogeneity giving rise also to the term itself.

Aim of the study was to evaluate heterogeneity of pathogenetically and diagnostically important cardinal tumour features, namely, cellular proliferation and tumour suppressor protein expression in GBMs.

Material and methods. The study group comprised 101 GBMs, retrospectively identified by archive search. The inclusion criteria comprised validated diagnosis (by World Health Organisation criteria) and lack of prior treatment. Recurrent GBMs as well as other glial and non-glial tumours were excluded from the study. Insufficient tissue materials comprising stereotactic biopsies and tissues affected by widespread necrosis (exceeding 90%) were also excluded. Proliferation activity (by Ki-67) and expression of aberrant p53 protein was detected by immunohistochemical investigation (IHC) of formalin-fixed, paraplast-embedded tumour samples. Polymeric visualisation system was used to detect bound primary antibodies. The expression of each antigen was measured by computed morphometry in at least 200 cells of hot and cold spots in each tumour. The data were expressed as the relative value. Heterogeneity was estimated as the mathematical difference between the highest and lowest expression value in each tumour. Descriptive statistics was applied. The 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined as well.

Results. The highest proliferation activity ranged 15 – 95%; mean 43.9% [95% CI = 40.3 – 47.6]. The lowest proliferation activity ranged 2 – 95%, mean 20.1% [16.8 – 23.4]. The mean proliferation heterogeneity was 23.8% [21.5 – 26.2]; range 0 – 67%. The mean heterogeneity of p53 protein expression was 11.7% [8.9 – 14.6], ranging 0 – 75%.

Conclusions. GBM is characterized by marked heterogeneity regarding proliferation rate and expression of p53 protein that may affect diagnostic accuracy and grading of gliomas in small samples of tissue material as well as survival in case of small residual tumour after surgical treatment.
Tumour Volume Assessment in Gastric Cancer
Authors: Bogdanova Tatjana , Abolins Arnis , Vanags Andrejs , Gardovskis Janis , Strumfa Ilze 
Published: November 2014

Summary

Introduction. Gastric cancer is a frequent malignant tumour worldwide along with lung, colorectal, and breast carcinoma. It is characterised by male predominance and peaks at the age of 70 – 75 years. Gastric carcinoma is also an important cause of oncological mortality. Among the limited treatment options of this tumour, radical surgical intervention is the mainstay and can occasionally result in extended survival. Nevertheless, the 5-year survival of gastric cancer patients nowadays is still low, approaching only 22%, therefore more exact prognostic assessment of the surgically treated patients must be elaborated. Tumour volume has been evaluated in other solid neoplasms. However, the application of this parameter in gastric cancer is still unclear.

Aim of the study is to measure gastric cancer volume in the surgical material and to assess the results regarding pTN classification in order to develop basic estimates of tumour volume applicability.

Material and methods. The research was designed as a retrospective study including 88 consecutive potentially radically surgically treated gastric cancer cases. The tumour volume was calculated using the three-dimensional ellipsoid formula. The cases were divided into 5 classes by the obtained volume and characterised by pTN classification and grade. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. To detect statistically significant differences, the 95% confidence interval was calculated by CIA software and the findings were further confirmed by the χ2 test. Any difference was considered significant, if p value was less than 0.05.

Results. The largest number of cases presented with the smallest tumour volume not exceeding 5 cm3, namely, 24 cases or 27.3% [95% confidence interval = 19.1 – 38.3]. The pT1 and pT2 carcinomas significantly more frequently were smaller than 5 cm3: 56.5% [36.8 – 74.4] in contrast with 15.4 % [8.6 – 26.1] among pT3 – pT4. There was also notable association between the tumour volume and presence of regional metastases (p < 0.001) as all pN0 tumours invariably were smaller than 10 cm3.

Conclusions. Smaller tumour volume was statistically significantly associated with a less extensive local spread by pT. The pN0 finding was limited to smaller carcinomas not exceeding the volume of 10 cm3. The association between the tumour volume and pTN parameters indirectly indicates the prognostic value.
Start of Polytrauma Management in University Hospital: First Experience with Liver Trauma
Authors: Stabina Solvita , Kaminskis Aleksejs , Pupelis Guntars 
Published: November 2014

Summary

Introduction. Trauma is a leading cause of death, particularly among young patients. Spleen is the most commonly damaged organ in blunt abdominal trauma and liver injury is the main cause of death.

Aim of the study. Review of the literature and recent clinical experience in the management of blunt liver injuries in the Riga East clinical university hospital.

Materials and methods. Three-year experience in the management of liver traumatic rupture was retrospectively and prospectively analysed. The study included 64 patients over 15 years of age with blunt hepatic injuries. Exclusion criteria were patients with life-incompatible haemorrhagic shock. The Statistical analysis of the data was performed by median and mean of the Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS 22 version.

Results. A total of 64 patients were treated in our institution during the period from November 2010 till November 2013. Isolated liver injuries were diagnosed in 49 cases, combined liver and spleen injuries in 15 cases. Most commonly mechanism ofinjury were road traffic accidents, falls and low energy blunt traumas (criminal beaten, sports injuries);19 patients underwent laparotomy for haemostasis while nonoperative management was used in 45 patients. Haemodynamic stability of the patient and CT confirmed liver injury were the main criteria for nonoperative management. One patient died atthe time of laparotomy from injuries not compatible with life – severe head injury with basal skull fracture, aortic arc rupture, flail chest and liver and spleen injury.

Conclusions. Conservative management of liver trauma is justified in haemodynamically(HD) stable patients after thorough risk assessment and computed tomography (CT) based injury grading in centres with sufficient expertise and medical resources.