bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do agonistic behaviours bias baited remote underwater video surveys of fish?
Authors: Dunlop Katherine M. , Marian Scott E. , Parsons Darren , Bailey David M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMarine environments require monitoring to determine the effects of impacts such as climate change, coastal development and pollution and also to assess the effectiveness of conservation measures. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are being established globally and require periodic monitoring to determine whether their objectives are being met. Baited underwater video systems are becoming a popular method for monitoring change within protected fish populations, because they are less damaging to habitats than bottom trawling and allow for more statistical powerful comparisons to determine spatial and temporal patterns in the relative abundances, lengths and biomass of demersal and pelagic fishes. However, much remains uncertain about how interactions between the fish and bait and between the fish themselves affect the results obtained. Agonistic behaviours are frequently observed around the bait of the camera and potentially bias fish density estimates by altering the number and size classes seen at cameras. Here we counted the number of agonistic behaviours between pink snappers (Pagrus auratus), the size of fish involved and whether the fish left the field of view following such behaviours. The study consisted of 20 baited underwater video deployments inside a New Zealand marine reserve and 20 in adjacent open areas. We observed a significant relationship between the peak number of fish observed at the camera and the total number of agonistic behaviours, as well as the number of both aggressor and subordinate fish leaving the camera field of view following interactions. The slope of the latter relationship and thus the absolute numbers of fish leaving were higher for subordinate fish. As subordinates were significantly smaller than aggressors, the apparent size frequency distribution is likely skewed away from smaller size classes. The staying time of the fish and thus the maximum number of fish present at the camera will be reduced by agonistic behaviours and the absolute magnitude of this effect appears to be greater at high fish densities. Our results suggest that an overall effect of these phenomena is to underestimate the differences in abundance between MPAs and open areas, but also to overestimate differences in average size.
Mycobiota associated with the rhodophyte alien species Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan de Saint‐Léon in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Garzoli Laura , Gnavi Giorgio , Varese Giovanna C. , Picco Anna M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis study is the first to investigate and characterize the mycobiota associated with the alien species Asparagopsis taxiformis, a rhodophyte classified as one of the ‘100 worst invasive species’ in the Mediterranean Sea by the Hellenic Center for Marine Research, as it threatens biodiversity. Fungal endophyte and epiphyte communities were investigated on algal specimens from two sampling sites on the island of Linosa (Marine Protected Area Isole Pelagie, Italy). 87% of the 24 specimens that were analysed for epiphytes displayed a microfungal colonization. No endophytes were found. Only a small amount of microfungi was found to be associated with this alga. Only five fungal taxa were isolated; two of which are sporadically associated with the alga, while three, Eurotium rubrum, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides, seem to be related to A. taxiformis. This scarcity could be related to algal chemical composition.
Genomics of the divergence continuum in an African plant biodiversity hotspot, I: drivers of population divergence in Restio capensis (Restionaceae)
Authors: Lexer C. , Wüest R. O. , Mangili S. , Heuertz M. , Stölting K. N. , Pearman P. B. , Forest F. , Salamin N. , Zimmermann N. E. , Bossolini E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the drivers of population divergence, speciation and species persistence is of great interest to molecular ecology, especially for species‐rich radiations inhabiting the world's biodiversity hotspots. The toolbox of population genomics holds great promise for addressing these key issues, especially if genomic data are analysed within a spatially and ecologically explicit context. We have studied the earliest stages of the divergence continuum in the Restionaceae, a species‐rich and ecologically important plant family of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa, using the widespread CFR endemic Restio capensis (L.) H.P. Linder & C.R. Hardy as an example. We studied diverging populations of this morphotaxon for plastid DNA sequences and >14 400 nuclear DNA polymorphisms from Restriction site Associated DNA (RAD) sequencing and analysed the results jointly with spatial, climatic and phytogeographic data, using a Bayesian generalized linear mixed modelling (GLMM) approach. The results indicate that population divergence across the extreme environmental mosaic of the CFR is mostly driven by isolation by environment (IBE) rather than isolation by distance (IBD) for both neutral and non‐neutral markers, consistent with genome hitchhiking or coupling effects during early stages of divergence. Mixed modelling of plastid DNA and single divergent outlier loci from a Bayesian genome scan confirmed the predominant role of climate and pointed to additional drivers of divergence, such as drift and ecological agents of selection captured by phytogeographic zones. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of population genomics for disentangling the effects of IBD and IBE along the divergence continuum often found in species radiations across heterogeneous ecological landscapes.
Understanding process in group cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis
Authors: Lecomte Tania , Leclerc Claude , Wykes Til , Nicole Luc , Abdel Baki Amal 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundGroup cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis (GCBTp) has shown to be effective in diminishing symptoms, as well as in improving other psychosocial dimensions such as self‐esteem. But little is known regarding the processes that generate these therapeutic improvements and might be harnessed to further improve its effectiveness.ObjectivesThe current study aimed at investigating these processes, particularly those linked to interpersonal relationships.DesignThe participants were all assessed at baseline, were given 24 sessions of GCBTp over the course of 3 months and were assessed again at post‐treatment as well as 6 months later (9 months from baseline).MethodSixty‐six individuals with early psychosis took part in a study of GCBTp where therapist alliance and group cohesion were assessed at three time points during the therapy, and punctual (each session) self‐perceptions on symptoms and optimism were collected.ResultsImprovements in symptoms (BPRS), self‐esteem (SERS‐SF) and in self‐perceived therapeutic improvements (CHOICE) were linked to specific aspects of the alliance, group cohesion, as well as optimism. The variables retained were not always overall scores, suggesting the importance of the variables at key moments during the therapy.ConclusionsThe results clearly demonstrate the importance of the alliance and group cohesion, together significantly explaining improvements measured at post‐therapy or follow‐up.Practitioner points

This study has attempted to focus mostly on relational aspects, as well as on self‐perceptions, in the context of a GCBTp for individuals with early psychosis.

This study also showed that these therapeutic relationships are especially useful when they are more stable and at specific moments during the therapy, namely when more difficult psychological work is done.
Redirection of metabolic flux for high levels of omega‐7 monounsaturated fatty acid accumulation in camelina seeds
Authors: Nguyen Huu Tam , Park Hyunwoo , Koster Karen L. , Cahoon Rebecca E. , Nguyen Hanh T. M. , Shanklin John , Clemente Thomas E. , Cahoon Edgar B. 
Published: July 2014

SummarySeed oils enriched in omega‐7 monounsaturated fatty acids, including palmitoleic acid (16:1∆9) and cis‐vaccenic acid (18:1∆11), have nutraceutical and industrial value for polyethylene production and biofuels. Existing oilseed crops accumulate only small amounts (<2%) of these novel fatty acids in their seed oils. We demonstrate a strategy for enhanced production of omega‐7 monounsaturated fatty acids in camelina (Camelina sativa) and soybean (Glycine max) that is dependent on redirection of metabolic flux from the typical ∆9 desaturation of stearoyl (18:0)‐acyl carrier protein (ACP) to ∆9 desaturation of palmitoyl (16:0)‐acyl carrier protein (ACP) and coenzyme A (CoA). This was achieved by seed‐specific co‐expression of a mutant ∆9‐acyl‐ACP and an acyl‐CoA desaturase with high specificity for 16:0‐ACP and CoA substrates, respectively. This strategy was most effective in camelina where seed oils with ~17% omega‐7 monounsaturated fatty acids were obtained. Further increases in omega‐7 fatty acid accumulation to 60–65% of the total fatty acids in camelina seeds were achieved by inclusion of seed‐specific suppression of 3‐keto‐acyl‐ACP synthase II and the FatB 16:0‐ACP thioesterase genes to increase substrate pool sizes of 16:0‐ACP for the ∆9‐acyl‐ACP desaturase and by blocking C18 fatty acid elongation. Seeds from these lines also had total saturated fatty acids reduced to ~5% of the seed oil versus ~12% in seeds of nontransformed plants. Consistent with accumulation of triacylglycerol species with shorter fatty acid chain lengths and increased monounsaturation, seed oils from engineered lines had marked shifts in thermotropic properties that may be of value for biofuel applications.
A melanocyte–melanoma precursor niche in sweat glands of volar skin
Authors: Okamoto Natsuko , Aoto Takahiro , Uhara Hisashi , Yamazaki Satoshi , Akutsu Hidenori , Umezawa Akihiro , Nakauchi Hiromitsu , Miyachi Yoshiki , Saida Toshiaki , Nishimura Emi K. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryDetermination of the niche for early‐stage cancer remains a challenging issue. Melanoma is an aggressive cancer of the melanocyte lineage. Early melanoma cells are often found in the epidermis around sweat ducts of human volar skin, and the skin pigmentation pattern is an early diagnostic sign of acral melanoma. However, the niche for melanoma precursors has not been determined yet. Here, we report that the secretory portion (SP) of eccrine sweat glands provide an anatomical niche for melanocyte–melanoma precursor cells. Using lineage‐tagged H2B‐GFP reporter mice, we found that melanoblasts that colonize sweat glands during development are maintained in an immature, slow‐cycling state but renew themselves in response to genomic stress and provide their differentiating progeny to the epidermis. FISH analysis of human acral melanoma expanding in the epidermis revealed that unpigmented melanoblasts with significant cyclin D1 gene amplification reside deep in the SP of particular sweat gland(s). These findings indicate that sweat glands maintain melanocyte–melanoma precursors in an immature state in the niche and explain the preferential distribution of early melanoma cells around sweat glands in human volar skin.
Abnormal interactions between context, memory structure, and mood in schizophrenia: An ERP investigation
Authors: Pinheiro Ana P. , Del Re Elisabetta , Nestor Paul G. , Mezin Jenna , Rezaii Neguine , McCarley Robert W. , Gonçalves Óscar F. , Niznikiewicz Margaret 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis study used event‐related potentials to examine interactions between mood, sentence context, and semantic memory structure in schizophrenia. Seventeen male chronic schizophrenia and 15 healthy control subjects read sentence pairs after positive, negative, or neutral mood induction. Sentences ended with expected words (EW), within‐category violations (WCV), or between‐category violations (BCV). Across all moods, patients showed sensitivity to context indexed by reduced N400 to EW relative to both WCV and BCV. However, they did not show sensitivity to the semantic memory structure. N400 abnormalities were particularly enhanced under a negative mood in schizophrenia. These findings suggest abnormal interactions between mood, context processing, and connections within semantic memory in schizophrenia, and a specific role of negative mood in modulating semantic processes in this disease.
Predictors of valued everyday occupations, empowerment and satisfaction in day centres: implications for services for persons with psychiatric disabilities
Authors: Eklund Mona , Sandlund Mikael 
Published: July 2014

This study addresses predictors of occupational value, empowerment and satisfaction with the rehabilitation received in day centres for people with psychiatric disabilities. These outcomes represent varying aspects of relevance for the day centre context and together create a manifold outcome picture. This was a longitudinal study with approval from the regional research vetting board. Self‐report instruments were used, and the investigated predictors motivation for going to the day centre, occupational engagement, socio‐demographic factors and self‐reported diagnosis. Attendees (N = 108) at 8 day centres participated and filled in self‐report questionnaires regarding the predictor and outcome variables. A baseline measurement and a 14‐month follow‐up composed the data. Occupational engagement at baseline could predict all three outcomes at the follow‐up. Motivation for the day centre activities and not preferring work before attending the day centre were positive for satisfaction with the day centre. A low participation rate, although comparable with previous studies on the target group, was a limitation of this study. To conclude, both occupational engagement and motivation are factors that can be stimulated by the staff in day centres. Actions for how to accomplish that, and thereby also more positive outcomes of the day centre services, are proposed, such as a system of freedom of choice among day centres, and between day centres and supported employment.
Optimal Reserves and Short‐Term Interest Rates in a Model of Bank Runs
Authors: Selvaretnam Geethanjali 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA global game framework of bank runs is used to analyse a bank's choice of its reserve level and short‐term interest rate. Higher level of reserves and a lower short‐term interest rate would decrease the probability of bank runs. When the bank's reserve policy is transparent, it will hold excess reserves to discourage withdrawals by patient depositors. This inefficiency of excess reserves increases with the proportion of impatient depositors. When the bank has private information about its reserve level, it will follow a more risky strategy of choosing lower reserves and higher early return than what maximizes depositor welfare and increases the probability of bank runs.
The Effects of Early Institutionalization and Foster Care Intervention on Children's Social Behaviors at the Age of Eight
Authors: Almas Alisa N. , Degnan Kathryn A. , Walker Olga L. , Radulescu Anca , Nelson Charles A. , Zeanah Charles H. , Fox Nathan A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe present study compared the social behaviors of eight‐year‐old previously institutionalized Romanian children from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) in two groups: (1) children randomized to foster care homes (FCG), and (2) children randomized to care as usual (remaining in institutions) (CAUG). Children were observed interacting with an age‐ and gender‐matched unfamiliar, non‐institutionalized peer from the community during six interactive tasks, and their behavior was coded for speech reticence, social engagement, task orientation, social withdrawal, and conversational competence. Group comparisons revealed that FCG children were rated as significantly less reticent during a speech task than CAUG children. For CAUG children, longer time spent in institutional care was related to greater speech reticence and lower social engagement. Using an actor–partner interdependence model, CAUG children's behaviors, but not FCG, were found to influence the behavior of unfamiliar peers. These findings are the first to characterize institutionalized children's observed social behaviors toward new peers during middle childhood and highlight the positive effects of foster care intervention in the social domain.
Children's Beliefs About Self‐disclosure to Friends Regarding Academic Achievement
Authors: Zhang Zhenxin , Heyman Gail D. , Fu Genyue , Zhang Di , Yang Yue , Lee Kang 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSelf‐disclosure to friends is a potentially useful way for children to pursue a range of desired goals. Here we examined reasoning about the appropriateness of disclosing one's own academic outcomes in a sample of 7‐, 9‐, 11‐, 13‐, and 15‐year‐old Chinese participants (N = 150). The valence of (1) the outcomes to be disclosed and (2) the corresponding outcomes for the potential audience for the disclosure was manipulated factorially, and participants judged whether disclosure was advisable and explained their responses. Disclosure was seen as more appropriate under valence‐matching conditions than valence‐mismatching conditions. How participants judged each type of disclosure under valence‐mismatching conditions varied as a function of participant age: As compared with younger participants, older participants considered disclosure of weak performance to a stronger performer more acceptable and disclosure of strong performance to a weaker performer less acceptable. These findings suggest that older children are more likely than younger children to appreciate that self‐disclosing positive performance outcomes can bring social costs, and that self‐disclosing negative performance outcomes can bring social benefits.
Black–White Earnings Gap among Restaurant Servers: A Replication, Extension, and Exploration of Consumer Racial Discrimination in Tipping
Authors: Brewster Zachary W. , Lynn Michael 
Published: July 2014

There is a rich history of social science research centering on racial inequalities that continue to be observed across various markets (e.g., labor, housing, and credit markets) and social milieus. Existing research on racial discrimination in consumer markets is, however, relatively scarce and that which has been done has disproportionately focused on consumers as the victims of race‐based mistreatment. As such, we know relatively little about how consumers contribute to inequalities in their roles as perpetrators of racial discrimination. In response, in this article, we elaborate on a line of research that is only in its infancy stages of development and yet is ripe with opportunities to advance the literature on consumer racial discrimination and racial earnings inequities among tip‐dependent employees in the United States. Specifically, we analyze data derived from an exit survey of restaurant consumers (N = 394) in an attempt to replicate, extend, and further explore the recently documented effect of service providers’ race on restaurant consumers’ tipping decisions. Our results indicate that both white and black restaurant customers discriminate against black servers by tipping them less than their white co‐workers. Importantly, we find no evidence that this black tip penalty is the result of inter‐racial differences in service skills possessed by black and white servers. We conclude by delineating directions for future research in this neglected but salient area of study.
Optical coherence tomography applied to tests of skin care products in humans – a case study
Authors: Vasquez‐Pinto L. M. C. , Maldonado E. P. , Raele M. P. , Amaral M. M. , de Freitas A. Z. 
Published: July 2014

Background/purposeWhen evaluating skin care products for human skin, quantitative test methods need to be simple, precise and reliable. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), provides high‐resolution sectional images of translucent materials to a depth of a few millimeters, a technique usually applied to medical measurements in ophthalmology and dermatology. This study aimed to demonstrate the application of OCT as the main technique for monitoring changes in skin topography during tests of a wrinkle‐reduction product in humans.MethodsWe used a commercial OCT apparatus to perform clinical examinations of skin roughness in treated and non‐treated sites in the periorbital region of thirty human voluntaries who were using an anti‐aging product commercially available: Natura Chronos® Flavonóides de Passiflora 45+ FPS15, from Natura Cosméticos, Brazil. Measurements were performed days 0, 7, 14 and 28 of treatment. Equipment and software allowed real‐time recording of skin roughness parameters and wrinkle depths.ResultsThe OCT measurements have allowed the monitoring of changes in skin roughness, which have shown reduction in treated sites around 10%. The obtained depth distributions also indicate reduction in the occurrence of wrinkles deeper than 170 μm. The verified results are consistent with those typically obtained after successful treatment with modern anti‐aging products.ConclusionBy using the OCT technique, it was possible to quantify changes in skin roughness and in the distribution of depths of skin wrinkles, with adequate sensitivity. OCT imaging allows the direct visualization of the skin topography with resolution of micrometers, a reliable and interactive tool for clinical use. Therefore, for the first time, we demonstrated the use of OCT technique to verify the efficacy of cosmetic products in real time.
Imaging wavelength and light penetration depth for water content distribution measurement of skin
Authors: Arimoto H. , Egawa M. 
Published: July 2014

Background/purposeWe investigate the measurement sensitivity for the water content distribution in Near‐infrared (NIR) imaging ranging up to 2 μm.MethodsTo evaluate the sensitivity, our attention is focused to the light penetration depth in the skin tissue because the thickness of a layer where the water content can be varied is very thin and deep light penetration decreases the signal variation. The light penetration depths in the wavelengths of 1300, 1450, and 1920 nm are calculated theoretically based on the Monte Carlo light transport simulation.ResultsIt is clarified that the wavelength of 1920 nm gives the smallest penetration depth. A NIR imaging experiment is demonstrated to verify the difference of imaging sensitivity. The experiment result shows that the NIR image taken at 1920 nm gives the most sensitive measurement of the water content distribution in skin.