bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of projection in the control of bird flocks
Authors: Pearce Daniel J. G. , Miller Adam M. , Rowlands George , Turner Matthew S. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
We propose a new model for long-range information exchange in bird flocks based on the projected view of each individual out through the flock. Visual input is coarse grained to a pattern of (dark) bird against (light) sky. We propose the simplest hybrid projection model that combines metric-free coalignment, and noise, with this projected view; here the birds fly toward the resolved vector sum of all the domain boundaries. This model leads to robustly coherent flocks that self-assemble to a state of marginal opacity. It therefore provides a mechanism for the control of density. Although it involves only two primary control parameters, it also gives rise to several distinct phenotypes. We compare our predictions with experimental data.
Commensal microbes drive intestinal inflammation by IL-17–producing CD4
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T cells through ICOSL and OX40L costimulation in the absence of B7-1 and B7-2
Authors: Xin Lijun , Jiang Tony T. , Chaturvedi Vandana , Kinder Jeremy M. , Ertelt James M. , Rowe Jared H. , Steinbrecher Kris A. , Way Sing Sing 
Published: July 2014

Significance
T-cell activation requires cognate antigen encounter plus additional stimulation through B7 costimulatory molecules. This explains why B7 costimulation blockade is therapeutically effective in many autoimmune disorders including diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. Interestingly, however, intestinal inflammation is uniquely resistant to B7-neutralizing therapies. We show that colonization with commensal bacteria predisposes the intestine to inflammation despite B7 deprivation caused by IL-17–producing T cells that become activated through the acces-sory costimulation molecules ICOSL and OX40L. Reciprocally, intestinal inflammation is silenced when either commensal enteric bacteria or stimulation through ICOSL/OX40L is eliminated. These results suggest that simultaneously neutralizing accessory costimulation molecules may be needed to extinguish inflammation in tissues like the intestine that retain prominent B7-independent pathways for T-cell activation.
TOR complex 2-Ypk1 signaling is an essential positive regulator of the general amino acid control response and autophagy
Authors: Vlahakis Ariadne , Graef Martin , Nunnari Jodi , Powers Ted 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Autophagy recycles cytoplasmic components to facilitate cellular homeostasis and adaptation in response to nutrient deprivation. Impaired autophagy regulation is linked to numerous metabolic and aging-related disorders. One important regulator of autophagy is the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase, which assembles into two complexes: TOR Complex 1 (TORC1) and TOR Complex 2 (TORC2), where TORC1 is a well-established negative regulator of autophagy. Here we characterize a pathway wherein TORC2 and its downstream target kinase, Ypk1, act as positive regulators of autophagy by promoting the activation of the general amino acid control response during amino acid starvation. Thus TOR functions in two distinct complexes to provide a tunable autophagy response according to the cellular metabolic state.
Enhancement of protein expression by alphavirus replicons by designing self-replicating subgenomic RNAs
Authors: Kim Dal Young , Atasheva Svetlana , McAuley Alexander J. , Plante Jessica A. , Frolova Elena I. , Beasley David W. C. , Frolov Ilya 
Published: July 2014

Significance
One of the goals of modern molecular medicine is delivery and expression of heterologous genes in living organisms. RNA-based delivery vectors are a safer choice than DNA vectors, but they are prone to degradation and are highly dependent on efficient delivery methods. One of the ways to improve RNA vector performance is to increase the level of expression of the encoded proteins. We followed this approach and modified standard alphavirus replicon-based expression systems to make the transcribed subgenomic RNA additionally amplifiable by viral replication enzymes. Higher levels of subgenomic RNA synthesis increased the replicons’ expression efficiency at least 10-fold. Such replicons can be widely applied for development of efficient DNA and RNA vaccines and protein production in vitro.
An investigation into fisheries interaction effects using Atlantis
Authors: Smith Michael D. , Fulton Elizabeth A. , Day Robert W. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Fisheries management is commonly based on the outputs of single-species stock assessment models. While such models are appropriate for tactical issues such as quota setting, they typically omit explicit trophic interactions between different parts of the ecosystem. To successfully manage multiple fisheries in the same ecosystem, we need to understand how fishing one species may indirectly affect other species. In this paper, we used a simulation model of the southern Benguela ecosystem, built in the Atlantis framework, to explore fisheries interaction effects. We first measured the impact of fishing different stocks individually at FMSY, the hypothetical level of fishing effort which produces maximum sustainable yield (MSY) in a single-species modelling context. We then applied FMSY to all stocks simultaneously and compared the simultaneous yield with the sum of yields from the individual applications of FMSY. Contrary to expectations, the total catch was higher under the simultaneous scenario. We explored our results by studying the influences of trophic interaction between species at different levels of the foodweb, and found that our overall result was driven by two key factors: volumetric dominance of small pelagic fish in the total catch, and asymmetric influences of competition and predation between piscivorous and planktivorous species. The simultaneous increase in fishing pressure across multiple species in the model led to increased effective carrying capacity for small pelagic species (due to reduced competition), but reduced carrying capacity for piscivorous species (due to reduced small pelagic prey). This work has important implications for the design of tactical multispecies models for use in ecosystem-based fisheries management.
On Practice
Authors: Fewster Kathryn 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis chapter argues that, despite the fact that the integration of a theory of practice into archaeology was a fashionable subject of the 1990s and early 2000s, there appears to be less discussion of it in recent years, apart from a few stalwarts. This is a shame, because there could not be a view of the world better suited to archaeology. Unfortunately, the programme of investigation that began in around 2000 is not yet complete, and confusion remains about some of the basic terminology; nor have we seen the development of a methodology by which a theory of practice may be routinely incorporated into archaeological interpretation. The aim of this chapter is to revisit the ideas of Bourdieu and Giddens to reiterate their suitability for archaeology. As an exemplifier of how a methodology might develop, I tentatively posit ethnoarchaeology as a potential candidate and use the principles of sociological ethnomethodology as a blueprint.
Finger-based representation of mental arithmetic
Authors: Andres Michael , Pesenti Mauro 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Human beings are permanently required to process the world numerically and, consequently, to perform computations to adapt their behaviour and they have developed various calculation strategies, some of them based on specific manipulations of the fingers. In this chapter, we argue that the way we express physically numerical concepts by raising fingers while counting leads to embodied representations of numbers and calculation procedures in the adult brain. To illustrate this, we focus on number and finger interactions in the context of simple arithmetic operations. We show that the fixed order of fingers on the hand provides human beings with unique facilities to increment numerical changes or represent a cardinal value while solving arithmetic problems. In order to specify the influence of finger representation on mental arithmetic both at the cognitive and neural level, we review past and recent findings from behavioural, electrophysiological, and brain imaging studies. We start with anthropological and developmental data showing the role of fingers in the acquisition of arithmetic knowledge, then address the issue of whether number and finger interactions are also observed in adults solving arithmetic problems mentally. We suggest that arithmetic performance depends on the integrity of finger representations in children and adults. Finally, we overview the results of recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies showing a common brain substrate for finger and number representations during and after the acquisition of arithmetic skills.
What is There to Learn from International Surveys of Mathematical Achievement?
Authors: Sturman Linda 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
TIMSS and PISA are two high-profile international surveys evaluating the achievement of students in mathematics or mathematical literacy, among other subjects. Surveys such as these are of increasing importance to policy-makers in the UK and further afield, allowing participants to measure their national achievement at a given point in time and over time, to explore factors related to that achievement, and to benchmark their achievement against that of other countries. This chapter looks at what can, or cannot, be learned from these surveys and explores issues related to apparently different findings from the two surveys of mathematical achievement/literacy within a country.
Arithmetic in the Child and Adult Brain
Authors: Menon Vinod 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This review examines brain and cognitive processes involved in arithmetic. I take a distinctly developmental perspective because neither the cognitive nor the brain processes involved in arithmetic can be adequately understood outside the framework of how developmental processes unfold. I review four basic neurocognitive processes involved in arithmetic, highlighting (1) the role of core dorsal parietal and ventral temporal-occipital cortex systems that form basic building blocks from which number form and quantity representations are constructed in the brain; (2) procedural and working memory systems anchored in the basal ganglia and frontoparietal circuits, which create short-term representations that allow manipulation of multiple discrete quantities over several seconds; (3) episodic and semantic memory systems anchored in the medial and lateral temporal cortex that play an important role in long-term memory formation and generalization beyond individual problem attributes; and (4) prefrontal cortex control processes that guide allocation of attention resources and retrieval of facts from memory in the service of goal-directed problem solving. Next I examine arithmetic in the developing brain, first focusing on studies comparing arithmetic in children and adults, and then on studies examining development in children during critical stages of skill acquisition. I highlight neurodevelopmental models that go beyond parietal cortex regions involved in number processing, and demonstrate that brain systems and circuits in the developing child brain are clearly not the same as those seen in more mature adult brains sculpted by years of learning. The implications of these findings for a more comprehensive view of the neural basis of arithmetic in both children and adults are discussed.
Niche Communication in Political Campaigns
Authors: Frankel Laura Lazarus , Hillygus D. Sunshine 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Dramatic changes in communication technology and the information environment in recent years have changed not only our daily lives, but also campaign communications. With each new election cycle, candidates seem to add to the expanding list of communication technologies used—smartphones, Facebook, blogs, and the like—to get their message to intended recipients. In this essay, we review the limited, but growing, research that examines candidates’ use of niche campaign communications, conceptualized here as any communication medium candidates employ to directly and narrowly target a particular audience. There is a tendency to think of the use of new technologies as a supplemental communication tool for conducting politics as usual. The authors suggest, however, that new communication technologies have changed not only how candidates communicate, but also whom they contact and what they are willing to say. In this way, niche communications have fundamentally changed candidate strategy and campaign dynamics.
Two-Step Flow, Diffusion, and the Role of Social Networks in Political Communication
Authors: Southwell Brian G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
An increasing array of political communication scholars and political scientists now include interpersonal communication as part of their models. The central theoretical foundation for much of that work owes much to two long-running works of literature directly intersecting in, and stemming from, Katz and Lazarsfeld’s 1955 Personal Influence: research on the two-step flow and investigation of information diffusion. Consequently, a broad overview of political communication theories calls for a discussion of the theoretical underpinnings of the two-step flow (and its linkage to diffusion), major findings to date, and future directions for research. This essay provides such a discussion. While evidence has suggested a somewhat more complicated picture of the sequence of information and influence flow than described in the earliest formulations of the two-step flow hypothesis, the general theoretical orientation suggested by that tradition continues to be relevant to political communication in the 21st century.
The Appeal of the Crime Genre
Authors: Cavender Gray , Jurik Nancy 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the longevity and popular appeal of the crime genre and its relevance to the field of criminology. In our discussion we include such media as novels, television programs, and films that present fictionalized stories about crime, its investigation, and its solutions. We offer a brief history of the crime genre, indicators of its popularity, and a review of expert opinions explaining its appeal. Then we discuss evidence from conversations and surveys that we conducted with academics and other professionals as well as with students about their views of and engagement with crime genre productions. Our data suggest the myriad ways in which audiences actively engage crime fiction.
Religion, Crime, and Criminal Justice
Authors: Johnson Byron R. , Schroeder Curtis S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractReligion and crime are independent subjects that continue to receive significant attention in most societies. However, we do not have an extensive or well-developed research literature examining the direct and indirect ways in which these two topics relate to each other. This curious oversight is unfortunate, because upon close examination of the extant literature, we find that the relationship between religion and crime is quite robust, consistently inverse, and carries with it relevant implications for theory and practice. Additionally, the relationship between religion and crime offers important insights for sacred-secular approaches to crime prevention strategies and policy formation that ultimately improves the overall effectiveness of the criminal justice system.
The Psychology of White-Collar Offending
Authors: Benson Michael L. , Manchak Sarah M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA growing body of research seems to contradict prior assumptions that individual characteristics are unimportant to the etiology of white-collar offending. This article highlights the theoretical thinking and the empirical research that underscores the need to attend to white-collar offenders’ personality traits, neutralizations, and criminal thinking styles. More research is needed to better understand what individual psychological factors contribute to the risk for becoming a white-collar offender and to inform intervention efforts and policy options for white-collar and corporate crime.
Metabolomic analysis reveals rewiring of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 primary metabolism by ntcA overexpression
Authors: Osanai Takashi , Oikawa Akira , Iijima Hiroko , Kuwahara Ayuko , Asayama Munehiko , Tanaka Kan , Ikeuchi Masahiko , Saito Kazuki , Hirai Masami Yokota 
Published: July 2014

SummaryNtcA is a cAMP receptor protein‐type transcription factor conserved among cyanobacteria and is essential for gene expression in response to nitrogen status. NtcA has been widely studied; however, no metabolomic analysis has been conducted using the ntcA mutant. Here, we generated a strain that overexpresses ntcA in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, named NOX10, and performed physiological, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. NOX10 grew faster than the wild‐type strain under photoautotrophic conditions, but slower under light‐activated heterotrophic conditions. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of genes related to primary metabolism was altered by ntcA overexpression particularly under nitrogen‐depleted conditions. Metabolomic analysis revealed that metabolite levels in sugar, purine/pyrimidine nucleotide, organic acid and amino acid metabolism were widely altered by ntcA overexpression. The protein levels of nitrogen‐regulated transcriptional regulators were altered by ntcA overexpression during nitrogen starvation. These results demonstrate the alteration of primary metabolism by genetic engineering of NtcA, and they contribute to the current understanding of metabolic regulation of unicellular cyanobacteria.
RcsB positively regulates the Yersinia Ysc‐Yop type III secretion system by activating expression of the master transcriptional regulator LcrF
Authors: Li Yunlong , Hu Yangbo , Francis Matthew S. , Chen Shiyun 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe Rcs phosphorelay is a complex signaling pathway used by the family Enterobacteriaceae to sense, respond and adapt to environmental changes during free‐living or host‐associated lifestyles. In this study, we show that the Rcs phosphorelay pathway positively regulates the virulence plasmid encoded Ysc‐Yop type III secretion system (T3SS) in the enteropathogen Yesinia pseudotuberculosis. Both the overexpression of the wild‐type Rcs regulator RcsB or the constitutive active RscB(D56E) variant triggered more abundant Ysc‐Yop synthesis and secretion, whereas the non‐phosphorylatable mutant RcsB(D56Q) negated this. Congruently, enhanced Yops expression and secretion occurred in an in cis rscB(D56E) mutant but not in an isogenic rscB(D56Q) mutant. Screening for regulatory targets of RcsB identified the virG‐lcrF operon that encodes for LcrF, the Ysc‐Yop T3SS master regulator. Protein‐DNA binding assays confirmed that RcsB directly bound to this operon promoter, which subsequently caused stimulated lcrF transcription. Moreover, active RcsB enhanced the ability of bacteria to deliver Yop effectors into immune cells during cell contact, and this promoted an increase in bacterial viability. Taken together, our study demonstrates the role of the Rcs system in regulating the Ysc‐Yop T3SS in Yersinia and reports on RcsB being the first transcriptional activator known to directly control lcrF transcription.
Comparison of Emergency Care Delivered to Children and Young Adults With Complex Chronic Conditions Between Pediatric and General Emergency Departments
Authors: Murtagh Kurowski Eileen , Byczkowski Terri , Grupp‐Phelan Jacqueline M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectivesIncreasing attention is being paid to medically complex children and young adults, such as those with complex chronic conditions, because they are high consumers of inpatient hospital days and resources. However, little is known about where these children and young adults with complex chronic conditions seek emergency care and if the type of emergency department (ED) influences the likelihood of admission. The authors sought to generate nationwide estimates for ED use by children and young adults with complex chronic conditions and to evaluate if being of the age for transition to adult care significantly affects the site of care and likelihood of hospital admission.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study using discharge data from the 2008 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS), Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to evaluate visits to either pediatric or general EDs by pediatric‐aged patients (17 years old or younger) and transition‐aged patients (18 to 24 years old) with at least one complex chronic condition. The main outcome measures were hospital admission, ED charges for treat‐and‐release visits, and total charges for admitted patients.ResultsIn 2008, 69% of visits by pediatric‐aged and 92% of visits by transition‐aged patients with multiple complex chronic conditions occurred in general EDs. Not surprisingly, pediatric age was the strongest predictor of seeking care in a pediatric ED (odds ratio [OR] = 15.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 12.3 to 20.5). Technology dependence (OR = 1.56; 95% CI =1.2 to 2.0) and presence of multiple complex chronic conditions (OR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.2 to 1.6) were also associated with higher odds of seeking care in a pediatric ED. When controlling for patient and hospital characteristics, type of ED was not a significant predictor of admission (p = 0.87) or total charges (p = 0.26) in either age group.ConclusionsOverall, this study shows that, despite their complexity, the vast majority of children and young adults with multiple complex chronic conditions are cared for in general EDs. When controlling for patient and hospital characteristics, the admission rate and total charges for hospitalized patients did not differ between pediatric and general EDs. This result highlights the need for increased attention to the care that these medically complex children and young adults receive outside of pediatric‐specialty centers. These results also emphasize that any future performance metrics developed to evaluate the quality of emergency care for children and young adults with complex chronic conditions must be applicable to both pediatric and general ED settings.