bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substitution of whole cows’ milk with defatted milk for 4 months reduced serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and total apoB in a sample of Mexican school-age children (6–16 years of age)
Authors: Villalpando Salvador , Lara Zamudio Yaveth , Shamah-Levy Teresa , Mundo-Rosas Verónica , Manzano Alejandra Contreras , Lamadrid-Figueroa Héctor 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe carried out this study to compare the effect of consuming whole, partially defatted and defatted cows’ milk for 4 months on serum concentrations of blood indicators of cardiovascular risk (CVR) in Mexican children and adolescents. Children aged between 6 and 16 years living in indigenous boarding schools in Mexico and who were usual consumers of whole milk were recruited to this study. Totally, thirteen boarding schools were randomly selected to receive full supplies of whole, partially defatted and defatted cows’ milk for 4 months. Serum total cholesterol (TC), TAG, HDL-cholesterol, apoA and total apoB, and Lp(a) concentrations were measured before and after the intervention. Comparisons were made with multi-level mixed-effects linear regression models using the difference in differences approach. Compared with the whole milk group, TC, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and total apoB were lower in defatted milk consumers by –0·43, –0·28, –0·16 mmol/l and −0·05 g/l, respectively (allP<0·001). Compared with the whole milk group, the group that consumed partially defatted milk showed a significant decrease in the concentrations of LDL-cholesterol (−0·12,P=0·01), apoA (−0·05 g/l,P=0·01) and total apoB (−0·05 g/l,P=0·001). Defatted milk intake for 4 months reduced some of the serum indicators of CVR.
Partial resistance to homologous challenge infections of the digenean Echinostoma caproni in ICR mice
Authors: Muñoz-Antoli C. , Cortés A. , Martín-Grau C. , Fried B. , Esteban J.G. , Toledo R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn the present paper, we analyse the effect of a primary infection of ICR mice with Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) on the generation of resistance against homologous challenge infections. In ICR mice, E. caproni induces chronic infections concomitantly with strong responses characterized by the development of T-helper 1 (Th1)-type local immune responses with elevated levels of local interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and inflammatory and antibody responses. Here, the effect of the response generated against a primary infection with E. caproni in the generation of resistance against subsequent homologous infections was analysed. For this purpose, ICR mice were challenged with metacercariae of E. caproni and the results obtained showed that primary infection induces partial resistance against subsequent homologous infections in ICR mice. This resistance was expressed as a reduced rate of infection, worm recovery and worm size, indicating that primary infection induces changes in the host, making a hostile environment for the development of the parasite.
Amandinea lobarica, a new corticolous species from Guatemala, with notes on some additionalAmandineataxa
Authors: Giralt Mireia , van den Boom Pieter P. G. , Elix John A. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract:Amandinea lobarica, a new corticolous lichen species, is described from high elevations in Guatemala. It is characterized by a thin, granulose, brownish thallus containing lobaric acid, small, convex lecideine apothecia, filiform conidia and large, narrowly ellipsoid ascospores with roughly ornamented walls. The new species is compared with otherBuellias. lat. taxa that possess rather large and strongly ornamented ascospores, such asBuellia hypothallina, here placed in synonymy withGassicurtia vaccinii, Amandinea leucomela, A. mediospora, A. megaspora,A. subduplicataand five very closely related taxa treated here as belonging to theAmandinea incrustansgroup. Two tables summarizing the main differences between these species and a key are provided. New data on the chemistry ofA. leucomelaand a new record ofA. montanafor Guatemala are also included.
Phylogeny ofCladonia uncialis(Cladoniaceae, Lecanoromycetes) and its allies
Authors: Stenroos Soili , Pino-Bodas Raquel , Weckman Diana , Ahti Teuvo 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe species fromCladoniasectionUncialesare characterized by the absence of squamules and soredia on the corticate podetia and the presence of usnic acid. Different subspecies, varieties and forms have been distinguished in the type speciesC. uncialis. In this study, a molecular phylogeny ofCladonia uncialisand members of the traditionally recognized sectionUnciales, along with additional potentially allied species, was constructed. DNA sequences from three gene loci, namely ITS rDNA, IGS rDNA andß-tubulin, were analyzed using Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian methods. Eleven species were analyzed for the first time using DNA sequence data.Cladonia uncialissubsp.uncialisand subsp.biuncialiswere recognized as distinct taxa. The recognition ofC. pseudostellataas a species was not supported by the analyses, but it represents a hypothamnolic acid chemotype, which is reported here as new to Europe (Scotland). The presence of subsp.biuncialisin North America (Newfoundland) was substantiated. The subsp.uncialisusually lacks squamatic acid, but in the eastern United States a morph referred to as subsp.uncialisdoes normally contain that acid. However, this morph did not attain taxonomic recognition based on phylogenetic analyses. All the other taxa formerly included in sect.Uncialesturned out to belong to other groups ofCladonia, mainlyAmaurocraeae,Borya,Divaricatae, andPerviae.The formerly recognized genusCladina(reindeer lichens) is non-monophyletic, consisting of three groups withinCladonia, making the conceptCladinaeven nomenclaturally useless. Alternative topology tests rejected the monophyly ofC. pseudostellata, sectionUncialesandCladina.
Investigation of metamemory functioning in the at-risk mental state for psychosis
Authors: Eisenacher S. , Rausch F. , Ainser F. , Mier D. , Veckenstedt R. , Schirmbeck F. , Lewien A. , Englisch S. , Andreou C. , Moritz S. , Meyer-Lindenberg A. , Kirsch P. , Zink M. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundMetamemory describes the monitoring and knowledge about one's memory capabilities. Patients with schizophrenia have been found to be less able in differentiating between correct and false answers (smaller confidence gap) when asked to provide retrospective confidence ratings in previous studies. Furthermore, higher proportions of very-high-confident but false responses have been found in this patient group (high knowledge corruption). Whether and how these biases contribute to the early pathogenesis of psychosis is yet unclear. This study thus aimed at investigating metamemory function in the early course of psychosis.MethodPatients in an at-risk mental state for psychosis (ARMS, n = 34), patients with a first episode of psychosis (FEP, n = 21) and healthy controls (HCs, n = 38) were compared on a verbal recognition task combined with retrospective confidence-level ratings.ResultsFEP patients showed the smallest confidence gap, followed by ARMS patients, followed by HCs. All groups differed significantly from each other. Regarding knowledge corruption, FEP patients differed significantly from HCs, whereas a statistical trend was revealed in comparison of ARMS and FEP groups. Correlations were revealed between metamemory, measures of positive symptoms and working memory performance.ConclusionsThese data underline the presence of a metamemory bias in ARMS patients which is even more pronounced in FEP patients. The bias might represent an early cognitive marker of the beginning psychotic state. Longitudinal studies are needed to unravel whether metacognitive deficits predict the transition to psychosis and to evaluate therapeutic interventions.
Amplification of filamentation instability by negative hydrogen ions stream driven by a magnetized counterstreaming e–H− plasmas
Authors: Ghorbanalilu Mohammad , Shokri Babak 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe main purpose of this theory is to present a simple picture of magnetic field generation by a relativistic equilibrium counterstreaming electron–negative hydrogen ion (e–H−) plasmas propagating parallel to an ambient external magnetic field. The existence of such kind of plasma flows can be imagined during the negative hydrogen ion propagation through neutralizing plasma, in order to generate an energetic neutral hydrogen beam. The produced magnetic field deflects the electron and negative hydrogen ion flows and reduces the efficiency of hydrogen neutral beam generation. We focused our analysis on the influences of the negative hydrogen ion contribution, the particles thermal velocity and the external magnetic field on the growth rate of generated sheared magnetic field. The dispersion relation is obtained using a relativistic two-fluid model and Maxwell equations. The analytical and numerical solutions admit generation of a purely growing transverse electromagnetic field across the ambient external magnetic field. It is shown that H− current filaments are responsible for deep penetration of the sheared magnetic fields into plasma, however, applying a weak magnetic field ${\rm \omega} _{{\rm ce}}^2 {\rm \ll} {\rm \omega} _{{\rm pe}}^2 $ suppresses magnetic field generation for a counterstreaming e–H− plasma in the absence of H− ions dynamics. On the other hand, a magnetic field exists with a small growth rate for strongly magnetized (${\rm \omega} _{{\rm ce}}^2 \;{\rm \gg}\; {\rm \omega} _{{\rm pe}}^2 $) e–H− plasma when the influence of H− ions is included. Although the growth rate is small, we expect that magnetic field generation is further amplified and the penetration depth is increased owing to H− ions stream, on a time scale much longer than the plasma period $t\;{\rm \gg}\; {\rm \omega} _{{\rm pe}}^{ - 1} $.
High-intensity terahertz generation by nonlinear frequency-mixing of lasers in plasma with DC magnetic field
Authors: Malik Anil K. , Singh Kunwar Pal 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe propose a mechanism of highly focused, tunable and high-intensity terahertz (THz) radiation generation by frequency-mixing of two super-Gaussian lasers with frequencies ω1, ω2 and wave numbers k1, k2 (laser profile index p > 2) in a corrugated plasma in the presence of external static magnetic field ${B_0}\hat z$. In this process, a strong nonlinear ponderomotive force is offered to the plasma electrons at frequency ω′ = ω1 − ω2 and wave number k′ = k1 − k2 by laser beams. The ponderomotive force results in a strong, controllable nonlinear transverse oscillatory current, which can be optimized by optimizing the external magnetic field, ripple parameters, and laser indexes. This controllable current produces focused and intense THz radiation of tunable frequency and power along with a remarkable efficiency ~25%.
Stimulated compton scattering of surface plasma wave excited over metallic surface by a laser
Authors: Goel Deepika , Chauhan Prashant , Varshney Anshu , Singh D.B. , Sajal Vivek 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA high-frequency surface plasma wave (SPW) excited over metallic surface irradiated by a laser beam, can undergo stimulated Compton scattering if phase velocity of daughter plasma wave is equal to the Fermi velocity for metal. The pump SPW${\rm (}{{\rm \omega} _0},{\vec k_{0{\rm z}}})$parametrically excites a quasi-electrostatic plasma wave${\rm (\omega}, {\vec k_{\rm z}})$and a backscattered sideband SPW${\rm (}{{\rm \omega} _1},{\vec k_{1{\rm z}}})$at resonance ω0= ω − ω1and${\vec k_{0{\rm z}}} = {\vec k_{\rm z}} - {\vec k_{1{\rm z}}}$. The growth rate of Compton process increases with the frequency of incident laser and turns out to be 5.425 × 1010rad/s at laser frequency ω0= 0.7595 × 1015rad/s for incident laser amplitudeA0L= 11 × 1011V/m, laser spot size b = 1.38 × 10−5m, and free electron density of metaln0= 5.85 × 1028/m3. The excitation of highly damped quasi-electrostatic plasma wave in this parametric process provide a better nonlinear option for surface heating as compared with direct laser heating. The process can also be used for diagnostics purposes.
AGAINST MORAL HEDGING
Authors: Nissan-Rozen Ittay 
Published: July 2015

Abstract:It has been argued by several philosophers that a morally motivated rational agent who has to make decisions under conditions of moral uncertainty ought to maximize expected moral value in his choices, where the expectation is calculated relative to the agent's moral uncertainty. I present a counter-example to this thesis and to a larger family of decision rules for choice under conditions of moral uncertainty. Based on this counter-example, I argue against the thesis and suggest a reason for its failure – that it is based on the false assumption that inter-theoretical comparisons of moral value are meaningful.
Managing Political Opposition Groups in China: Explaining the Continuing Anti-Falun Gong Campaign
Authors: Noakes Stephen , Ford Caylan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn this article, we seek to explain the persistence of the Communist Party's campaign to suppress the Falun Gong religious movement. We argue that the unrecoverable investment of more than a decade's worth of suppression work, compounded by the ineffectiveness of these efforts (as evinced in official documents and by the continuation of resistance activities), limits the state's ability to halt its campaign against Falun Gong. Our findings shed light on some of the Chinese state's current strategies for the management and control of domestic opposition groups, and challenge the view of the Party as adaptable and highly capable of reform from within.
Yu Keping and Chinese Intellectual Discourse on Good Governance
Authors: Wang Qinghua , Guo Gang 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBy reviewing the ideas of Yu Keping, one of the most prominent Chinese theorists on Chinese-style democracy and a key contributor to Chinese intellectual discourse on good governance, this article has two objectives: to fill a research gap in China studies by examining influential discourse during the past decade; and to shed light on Yu's controversial conception of Chinese-style democracy, which is intertwined with his views on good governance. We find that the discourse revolves around the call to “move China towards good governance.” First, the ultimate objective of China's political reform is to move towards good governance, and not towards what Western social scientists call “democracy.” Second, “good government” and civil society are two keys for achieving good governance, which demonstrates that Yu's basic orientation is liberal. Third, governance reform, constituting a major component of China's political reform, has achieved much progress.
Predicting the characteristics of the aetiological agent for Kawasaki disease from other paediatric infectious diseases in Japan
Authors: NAGAO Y. , URABE C. , NAKAMURA H. , HATANO N. 
Published: July 2015

SUMMARYAlthough Kawasaki disease (KD), which was first reported in the 1960s, is assumed to be infectious, its aetiological agent(s) remains unknown. We compared the geographical distribution of the force of infection and the super-annual periodicity of KD and seven other paediatric infectious diseases in Japan. The geographical distribution of the force of infection, which was estimated as the inverse of the mean patient age, was similar in KD and other paediatric viral infections. This similarity was due to the fact that the force of infection was determined largely by the total fertility rate. This finding suggests that KD shares a transmission route, i.e. sibling-to-sibling infection, with other paediatric infections. The super-annual periodicity, which is positively associated with the sum of an infectious disease's incubation period and infectious period, was much longer for KD and exanthema subitum than other paediatric infectious diseases. The virus for exanthema subitum is known to persist across the host's lifespan, which suggests that the aetiological agent for KD may also be capable of persistent infection. Taken together, these findings suggest that the aetiological agent for KD is transmitted through close contact and persists asymptomatically in most hosts.
The longest common substring problem
Authors: CROCHEMORE MAXIME , ILIOPOULOS COSTAS S. , LANGIU ALESSIO , MIGNOSI FILIPPO 
Published: July 2015

Given a set$\mathcal{D}$ofqdocuments, the Longest Common Substring (LCS) problem asks, for any integer 2 ⩽k⩽q, the longest substring that appears inkdocuments. LCS is a well-studied problem having a wide range of applications in Bioinformatics: from microarrays to DNA sequences alignments and analysis. This problem has been solved by Hui (2000International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering1573–76) by using a famous constant-time solution to the Lowest Common Ancestor (LCA) problem in trees coupled with the use of suffix trees.In this article, we present a simple method for solving the LCS problem by using suffix trees (STs) and classical union-find data structures. In turn, we show how this simple algorithm can be adapted in order to work with other space efficient data structures such as the enhanced suffix arrays (ESA) and the compressed suffix tree.
Astrobiology from early-career scientists’ perspective
Authors: Noack Lena , Verseux Cyprien , Serrano Paloma , Musilova Michaela , Nauny Philippe , Samuels Toby , Schwendner Petra , Simoncini Eugenio , Stevens Adam 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWhat is astrobiology? Which fields does it comprise and what makes an astrobiologist? Ask five scientists and you may end up with six different definitions. This issue was raised at the first symposium of the European network of Astrobiology Graduates (AbGradE), held last year in Edinburgh, when discussing whether the attendees’ fields of study were represented in the astrobiology community.
The role of brief CBT in the treatment of anxiety and depression for young adults at a UK university: a pilot prospective audit study
Authors: Dickson Joanne M. , Gullo Matthew J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) has rarely been offered to students seeking professional psychological help at universities in the UK. Here, we aimed to investigate whether a brief course of CBT would improve anxious and depressive symptoms. Forty-eight student patients received a brief course of CBT at a university National Health Service, Student Health Centre in England. Patients completed weekly self-report measures of anxiety and depression at the commencement of each CBT session. Student patients receiving CBT showed significant decreases in anxiety and depression. These effects remained after controlling for a range of potential covariates (e.g. primary problem, total time in treatment, therapist qualifications). Findings suggest CBT is effective in reducing anxiety and depressive symptoms in a ‘real-world’ university clinic.
Role of acid sphingomyelinase bioactivity in human CD4+ T-cell activation and immune responses
Authors: Bai A , Kokkotou E , Zheng Y , Robson S C 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAcid sphingomyelinase (ASM), a lipid hydrolase enzyme, has the potential to modulate various cellular activation responses via the generation of ceramide and by interaction with cellular receptors. We have hypothesized that ASM modulates CD4+ T-cell receptor activation and impacts immune responses. We first observed interactions of ASM with the intracellular domains of both CD3 and CD28. ASM further mediates T-cell proliferation after anti-CD3/CD28 antibody stimulation and alters CD4+ T-cell activation signals by generating ceramide. We noted that various pharmacological inhibitors of ASM or knockdown of ASM using small hairpin RNA inhibit CD3/CD28-mediated CD4+ T-cell proliferation and activation. Furthermore, such blockade of ASM bioactivity by biochemical inhibitors and/or molecular-targeted knockdown of ASM broadly abrogate T-helper cell responses. In conclusion, we detail immune, pivotal roles of ASM in adaptive immune T-cell responses, and propose that these pathways might provide novel targets for the therapy of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Activation of the SIRT1/p66shc antiapoptosis pathway via carnosic acid-induced inhibition of miR-34a protects rats against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Shan W , Gao L , Zeng W , Hu Y , Wang G , Li M , Zhou J , Ma X , Tian X , Yao J 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRecent studies have demonstrated that miR-34a expression is significantly upregulated and associated with apoptosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Carnosic acid (CA) is a novel antioxidant and a potential inhibitor of apoptosis in organ injury, including liver injury. This study aimed to investigate the signaling mechanisms underlying miR-34a expression and the antiapoptotic effect of CA in NAFLD. CA treatment significantly reduced the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced elevations in aminotransferase activity as well as in serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels but increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Moreover, CA treatment ameliorated the increase in cleaved caspase-3 caused by HFD exposure and completely reversed the HFD-induced decreases in manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and B-cell lymphoma-extra large expression. CA also counteracted the HFD- or palmitic acid (PA)-induced increases in caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity. Mechanistically, CA reversed the HFD- or PA-induced upregulation of miR-34a, which is the best-characterized regulator of SIRT1. Importantly, the decrease in miR-34a expression was closely associated with the activation of the SIRT1/p66shc pathway, which attenuates hepatocyte apoptosis in liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. A dual luciferase assay in L02 cells validated the modulation of SIRT1 by CA, which occurs at least partly via miR-34a. In addition, miR-34a overexpression was significantly counteracted by CA, which prevented the miR-34a-dependent repression of the SIRT1/p66shc pathway and apoptosis. Collectively, our results support a link between liver cell apoptosis and the miR-34a/SIRT1/p66shc pathway, which can be modulated by CA in NAFLD.
Observation of universal strong orbital-dependent correlation effects in iron chalcogenides
Authors: Yi M. , Liu Z-K , Zhang Y. , Yu R. , Zhu J.-X. , Lee J.J. , Moore R.G. , Schmitt F.T. , Li W. , Riggs S.C. , Chu J.-H. , Lv B. , Hu J. , Hashimoto M. , Mo S.-K. , Hussain Z. , Mao Z.Q. , Chu C.W. , Fisher I.R. , Si Q. , Shen Z.-X. , Lu D.H. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractEstablishing the appropriate theoretical framework for unconventional superconductivity in the iron-based materials requires correct understanding of both the electron correlation strength and the role of Fermi surfaces. This fundamental issue becomes especially relevant with the discovery of the iron chalcogenide superconductors. Here, we use angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to measure three representative iron chalcogenides, FeTe0.56Se0.44, monolayer FeSe grown on SrTiO3 and K0.76Fe1.72Se2. We show that these superconductors are all strongly correlated, with an orbital-selective strong renormalization in the dxy bands despite having drastically different Fermi surface topologies. Furthermore, raising temperature brings all three compounds from a metallic state to a phase where the dxy orbital loses all spectral weight while other orbitals remain itinerant. These observations establish that iron chalcogenides display universal orbital-selective strong correlations that are insensitive to the Fermi surface topology, and are close to an orbital-selective Mott phase, hence placing strong constraints for theoretical understanding of iron-based superconductors.