bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-elevation paleoenvironmental change during MIS 6–4 in the central Rockies of Colorado as determined from pollen analysis
Authors: Anderson R. Scott , Jiménez-Moreno Gonzalo , Ager Thomas , Porinchu David F. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPaleoecological studies from Rocky Mountain (USA) high elevations encompassing the previous interglacial (MIS 5e) are rare. The ~10-m composite profile from the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site (2705 m asl) of central Colorado allows us to determine paleoenvironments from Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages (MIS) 6– 4 using pollen zones that are approximately equivalent to marine oxygen isotope stages. During Pollen Zone (PZ) 6 time, pollen assemblages dominated by Artemisia (sagebrush) suggest that alpine tundra or steppe occurred nearby. The transition to PZ 5e was characterized by a rapid increase in tree pollen, initially Picea (spruce) and Pinus (pine) but also Quercus (oak) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir). Non-arboreal pollen (NAP) types increased during PZ 5d, while Abies (fir) and Juniperus (juniper) increased during PZ 5c. Pollen evidence suggests that temperatures during PZ 5b were as cold as during PZ 6, with the site again surrounded by alpine tundra. Picea dominated during PZ 5a before the onset of cooler conditions during PZ 4. The MIS 6–MIS 5e transition here was similar to the MIS 2–MIS 1 transition at other Rocky Mountain sites. However, the Ziegler Reservoir pollen record contains evidence suggesting unexpected climatic trends at this site, including a warmer-than-expected MIS 5d and cooler-than-expected MIS 5b.
When the smoke clears: expertise, learning and policy diffusion
Authors: Shipan Charles R. , Volden Craig 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn federal systems, governments have the opportunity to learn from the policy experiments – and the potential successes – of other governments. Whether they seize such opportunities, however, may depend on the expertise or past experiences of policymakers. Based on an analysis of state-level adoptions of antismoking restrictions targeted towards youths, we find that US states are more likely to emulate other states that have demonstrated the ability to successfully limit youth smoking. In addition, we find that political expertise (as captured by legislative professionalism) and policy expertise (as captured by previous youth access policy experiments at the local level) enhance the likelihood of emulating policy successes found in other states. As such, we establish that internal expertise and external learning are complements, rather than substitutes.
Dynamic modeling and parameter estimation for traction, rolling, and lateral wheel forces to enhance mobile robot trajectory tracking
Authors: Bayar Gokhan , Koku A. Bugra , Konukseven E. Ilhan 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYStudying wheel and ground interaction during motion has the potential to increase the performance of localization, navigation, and trajectory tracking control of a mobile robot. In this paper, a differential mobile robot is modeled in a way that (traction, rolling, and lateral) wheel forces are included in the overall system dynamics. Lateral wheel forces are included in the mathematical model together with traction and rolling forces. A least square parameter estimation process is proposed to estimate the parameters of the wheel forces. In order to implement the proposed methodologies, an experimental setup is used. The setup contains a differentially driven mobile robot, a specially constructed test surface, and a camera system attached at the top of surface for obtaining ground truth. Models having one or more wheel forces are simulated to find the most realistic model. Simulation results are verified by experiments.
General practitioners’ beliefs about the clinical utility of complementary and alternative medicine
Authors: Jarvis Aron , Perry Rachel , Smith Debbie , Terry Rohini , Peters Sarah 
Published: June 2014

AimTo investigate GPs’ beliefs about complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and its role in clinical practice.BackgroundDespite the prevalence of CAM in the United Kingdom, little is known about GPs beliefs regarding these alternative approaches to patient management and how they view it in relation to their clinical conduct and practice.MethodA qualitative study conducted on 19 GPs recruited from the North West of England. Semi-structured telephone interviews were analysed using an inductive thematic analysis.ResultsThree themes emerged from the data: limited evidence base, patient demand and concerns over regulation.ConclusionDespite recognising the limited evidence base of CAM, GPs continue to see a role for it within clinical practice. This is not necessarily led by patient demand that is highly related to affluence. However, GPs raised concerns over the regulation of CAM practitioners and CAM therapies.
Physical ischaemia induced by isometric exercise facilitated collateral development in the remote ischaemic myocardium of humans
Authors: Lin Song , Chen Yan , Li Yongxue , Li Jianan , Lu Xiao 
Published: June 2014

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of isometric-handgrip-induced PIT (physical ischaemia training) on remote coronary recruitment and growth. A total of 74 CAD (coronary artery disease) patients were randomly assigned to either the IHG (isometric handgrip group) or NEG (non-exercise group). Patients in the IHG performed isometric handgrip exercises during 1 min of coronary balloon occlusion, whereas patients in the NEG remained sedentary. CFI (collateral flow index), HR (heart rate), SBP (systolic blood pressure) and DBP (diastolic blood pressure) were evaluated before and at the end of occlusion. In a second study, 21 CAD patients were randomly divided into the IHT (isometric handgrip training) group or the NTG (non-training group). Patients in the IHT group performed 3 months of IHT, whereas patients in the control group remained sedentary. SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography) was used to evaluate myocardial perfusion, and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) levels were determined using ELISA. In the IHG, CFI was significantly higher than in the control group (P&lt;0.01). HR, SBP and DBP in the IHG were significantly higher than in the NEG (P&lt;0.01) at the end of occlusion. In the second study, myocardial perfusion (P&lt;0.05) and left ventricular ejection fraction (P&lt;0.01) were significantly improved in the IHT group. VEGF levels in the IHT group were significantly increased (P&lt;0.01). Levels of VEGF were negatively correlated with the summed rest score of SPECT (r=−0.60, P&lt;0.01). In conclusion, isometric handgrip exercise-induced PIT may promote remote collateral recruitment and growth in CAD patients.
Study on an interleaved buck power factor corrector with gallium nitride field effect transistor and integrated inductor
Authors: Lin Chien‐Yu , Liu Yu‐Chen , Chiu Huang‐Jen , Lo Yu‐Kang , Lin Chung‐Yi , Tseng Po‐Jung , Cheng Shih‐Jen 
Published: June 2014

In this study, a buck power factor corrector (PFC) with gallium nitride field effect transistor (GaN FET) and integrated inductor is studied. An interleaved constant‐frequency clamped‐current control method is adopted to achieve high power factor, low input and output current ripples as well as high efficiency. Two inductors in the studied interleaved buck PFC are integrated to reduce the core loss. A 300 W/80 V laboratory prototype with 300 kHz switching frequency was built and tested under universal input voltage conditions. Experimental results are shown to verify the performance of the studied converter. According to the experimental verifications, the efficiency can reach higher than 95% from 10 to 100% load variations at 115 V input. The measured input current harmonic can meet with the IEC 61000‐3‐2 Class D standard.
Pruning of memories by context-based prediction error
Authors: Kim Ghootae , Lewis-Peacock Jarrod A. , Norman Kenneth A. , Turk-Browne Nicholas B. 
Published: June 2014

Significance
Forgetting is often considered to be bad, but selective forgetting of unreliable information can have the positive side effect of reducing mental clutter, thereby making it easier to access our most important memories. Prior studies of forgetting have focused on passive mechanisms (decay, interference) or on effortful inhibition by cognitive control. Here we report the discovery of an active mechanism for forgetting that weakens memories selectively and without burdening the conscious mind. Specifically, we show that the brain automatically generates predictions about which items should appear in familiar contexts; if these items fail to appear, their memories are weakened. This process is adaptive, because such memories may have been encoded incorrectly or may represent unstable aspects of the world.
Engineering of a red-light–activated human cAMP/cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase
Authors: Gasser Carlos , Taiber Sandra , Yeh Chen-Min , Wittig Charlotte Helene , Hegemann Peter , Ryu Soojin , Wunder Frank , Möglich Andreas 
Published: June 2014

Significance
Sensory photoreceptors not only enable organisms to derive spatial and temporal cues from incident light but also provide the basis for optogenetics, which denotes the manipulation by light of living systems with supreme spatial and temporal resolution. To expand the scope of optogenetics, we have engineered the light-activated phosphodiesterase LAPD, which degrades the ubiquitous second messengers cAMP and cGMP in a red-light–stimulated manner. Both cAMP and cGMP are key to the regulation of manifold physiological responses, and LAPD now augurs red-light control over these processes. As we demonstrate for two eukaryotic systems, LAPD does not require any additional exogenous factors, and thus permits the light perturbation of living cells in hitherto unrealized ways.
Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging reveals increased DOI-induced brain activity in a mouse model of schizophrenia
Authors: Malkova Natalia V. , Gallagher Joseph J. , Yu Collin Z. , Jacobs Russell E. , Patterson Paul H. 
Published: June 2014

Significance
Here, we model a positive symptom of schizophrenia, hallucination-like activity, in a mouse model of an environmental risk factor of schizophrenia, maternal immune activation (MIA). MIA offspring display an enhanced susceptibility to the hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) and demonstrate elevated DOI-induced brain activity as measured by induction of immediate early genes and manganese-enhanced MRI. High sensitivity to DOI in MIA offspring can be explained by an increased level of serotonin receptor 2A (5-HT2AR) that mediates the effect of DOI on the prefrontal cortex. Chronic treatment with the 5-HT2AR antagonist ketanserin reduces DOI-induction of head twitching in MIA offspring. Our data demonstrate that DOI-induced hallucination-like activity can be modeled in the MIA mouse model and suggest 5-HT2AR as a potential therapeutic target for schizophrenia.
Water-mediated ion–ion interactions are enhanced at the water vapor–liquid interface
Authors: Venkateshwaran Vasudevan , Vembanur Srivathsan , Garde Shekhar 
Published: June 2014

Significance
Developing a framework for understanding self-assembly at aqueous interfaces requires the knowledge of how interfaces affect ionic and hydrophobic interactions in their vicinity. We use molecular simulations to focus on ion–ion interactions at the water vapor–liquid interface. We show that the effective forces between small ions change character dramatically near the interface, whereas oppositely charged ions attract each other more strongly than in bulk water and like-charged ions repel less strongly and can even attract each other when drawn to the vapor side of the interface. Our results suggest that water-mediated electrostatic interactions may play an even more important role in biological and colloidal assembly at soft aqueous interfaces compared with that in bulk.
Photoinduced transformations of stiff-stilbene-based discrete metallacycles to metallosupramolecular polymers
Authors: Yan Xuzhou , Xu Jiang-Fei , Cook Timothy R. , Huang Feihe , Yang Qing-Zheng , Tung Chen-Ho , Stang Peter J. 
Published: June 2014

Significance
Coordination-driven self-assembly is a synthetic method used to generate complex structures based on the simple formation of metal–ligand bonds between molecular building blocks. These building blocks can be functionalized in a variety of ways, endowing the process with a wide range of modularity and tunability. Here, a building block is used that changes its structure when it absorbs light. Because the geometry of each building block is a critical determinant of overall structure, when the precursor changes its shape the final assembly transforms from a discrete metallacycle to an extended 1D network. This technique demonstrates that coordination-driven self-assembly can be used to obtain dynamic materials that respond to external stimuli.
Conductance and Fano factor in normal/ferromagnetic/normal bilayer graphene junction
Authors: Rashidian Z , Mojarabian F M , Bayati P , Rashedi G , Ueda A , Yokoyama T 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
We theoretically investigate the transport properties of bilayer graphene junctions, where the ferromagnetic strips are attached to the middle region of the graphene sheet. In these junctions, we can control the band gap and the band structure of the bilayer graphene by using the bias voltage between the layers and the exchange field induced on the layers. The conductance and Fano factor (F ) are calculated by the Landauer–Büttiker formula. It is found that when the voltage between the layers or the exchange field are tuned, the pseudodiffusive (F = 1/3) transport turns into tunneling (F = 1) or ballistic transport (F = 0). By tuning the potential difference between the layers, one can control the spin polarization of the current.
The Political Economy of Regulation of Biotechnology in Agriculture
Authors: Graff Gregory D. , Hochman Gal , Zilberman David 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn Europe and in many developing countries, genetically modified (GM) crops are effectively banned. Some countries limit the direct use of such crops as food for human consumption to a few niche agricultural products, such as papaya, sweet corn, and squash. These restrictions can be traced to public decision-making processes reflecting the interplay of sometimes conflicting economic interests of different groups within society. This chapter examines the political economy underlying the regulation of biotechnology in agriculture. It begins with a review of the literature on the politics and political economy of agricultural biotechnology policies, followed by a discussion of how political choices regarding GM crops have evolved over time. It then considers the agricultural economics literature regarding the distributional impacts of the adoption of GM crops, focusing on the impact of the introduction of GM crop varieties on the economic welfare of different groups in society. It also assesses the formation and evolution of agricultural biotechnology policies in Europe and their effects on salient interest groups such as consumers, farmers, environmental interest groups, and industrial sectors.
Paradigms and Theories
Authors: Scheib John W. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of theoretical frameworks utilized in published music education qualitative research. Due to the appearance of a somewhat inconsistent view on the role, use, and definition of theoretical frameworks in qualitative research, this chapter also investigates commonly referenced research methodology texts and ultimately frames the discussion using a model based on the congruent arguments provided by Anfara and Mertz (2006) and Ravitch and Raggan (2012), separating paradigms and orientations from empirical/quasi-empirical theoretical constructs. The purpose of this chapter is not only to try to clear away the silt from the murky waters surrounding understandings of what constitutes a theoretical framework, but also, equally important, to provide readers with potentially useful theories, frameworks, and their applications toward helping readers in their own scholarly pursuits.
Community Music Education
Authors: Kruse Nathan B. , Hansen Erin M. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This chapter provides a collection of qualitative studies that exemplify diverse and successful community music (CM) models for youths and adults. It illustrates the common musical, social, instructional, and administrative qualities researchers have identified as contributing to the successes of these models and explores the growing relevancy of community-based music activities in the United States and its relationship to school music education. Categories include band, choral, and orchestral music-making activities; community music schools and summer music programs; cultural connections made through vernacular, folk, and online music experiences; and community music opportunities as social justice. This chapter serves as a collective foray into the qualitative nature of CM education as well as a platform for sustaining conversation regarding lifelong music learning and the use of qualitative designs in the study of CM programs.
The Politics of PublicationVoices, Venues, and Ethics
Authors: Robinson Mitchell 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
For music and music education researchers, notions of what constitutes scholarship, or creative activity, are too often contentious and confusing. Questions have come from colleagues outside of music as to what forms of activity “count” as research, and queries regarding the boundaries between research, teaching, and service. For qualitative scholars in music education, these challenges have come from both outside the discipline and from within, as colleagues who hold different assumptions about the nature and structure of research in music education have questioned the very tenets of qualitative inquiry. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the issues surrounding the publication enterprise in music education, with particular attention to the dissemination of scholarship to the multiple constituent audiences. The first section will discuss the issue of finding and developing a scholarly “voice,” and suggest new forms of delivering and presenting research findings. The second section will address how authors can choose the appropriate venues to present their work and make the case for a broader conceptualization of what constitutes the dissemination of scholarly work. The chapter will conclude with a discussion of ethical considerations in respect to the publication of qualitative work.
W. D. Muhammad’s Hermeneutics of the Second Resurrection
Authors: Adhami Zaid 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The majority of the earlier literature dealing with the history of the Nation of Islam (NOI) has represented the transition to Warith Deen Muhammad’s leadership as a rupture with the past, characterized by a disavowal and repudiation of Elijah Muhammad’s legacy and African American religious traditions in general. Taking more recent developments in the field as a point of departure, however, this chapter emphasizes the continuities in that transition by illustrating W. D. Muhammad’s multifaceted hermeneutical approach to understanding the legacy of the NOI. By paying attention to this hermeneutical framework, we can see the continuities between Elijah Muhammad’s and Warith Deen Muhammad’s leadership tenures in two ways: First, this hermeneutical approach itself is a form of continuity with past hermeneutical practices in the NOI and African American biblical interpretation. Second, and more important, W. D. Muhammad’s keen attention to hermeneutics served as the epistemic grounds that made possible his community’s experience of religious continuity with the NOI.
Cotyledon-Generated Auxin Is Required for Shade-Induced Hypocotyl Growth in Brassica rapa
Authors: Procko Carl , Crenshaw Charisse Michelle , Ljung Karin , Noel Joseph Patrick , Chory Joanne 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Plant architecture is optimized for the local light environment. In response to foliar shade or neighbor proximity (low red to far-red light), some plant species exhibit shade-avoiding phenotypes, including increased stem and hypocotyl growth, which increases the likelihood of outgrowing competitor plants. If shade persists, early flowering and the reallocation of growth resources to stem elongation ultimately affect the yield of harvestable tissues in crop species. Previous studies have shown that hypocotyl growth in low red to far-red shade is largely dependent on the photoreceptor phytochrome B and the phytohormone auxin. However, where shade is perceived in the plant and how auxin regulates growth spatially are less well understood. Using the oilseed and vegetable crop species Brassica rapa, we show that the perception of low red to far-red shade by the cotyledons triggers hypocotyl cell elongation and auxin target gene expression. Furthermore, we find that following shade perception, elevated auxin levels occur in a basipetal gradient away from the cotyledons and that this is coincident with a gradient of auxin target gene induction. These results show that cotyledon-generated auxin regulates hypocotyl elongation. In addition, we find in mature B. rapa plants that simulated shade does not affect seed oil composition but may affect seed yield. This suggests that in field settings where mutual shading between plants may occur, a balance between plant density and seed yield per plant needs to be achieved for maximum oil yield, while oil composition might remain constant.
Stigma, deviance and morality in young adults' accounts of inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Saunders Benjamin 
Published: June 2014

AbstractFor young adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), perceived stigma has been found to be a salient concern. Drawing on interviews with individuals withIBDaged 18–29 (n= 16), this article uses rhetorical discourse analysis to explore how stigma is discursively constructed by young adults, with a focus on the moral underpinnings of the participants' talk. Their representations showed both felt stigma and enacted stigma; principally related to the perceived taboo surrounding the symptoms of their condition, which often led to the non‐disclosure or concealment of the condition. The different ways in which stigma is manifested in the accounts present a challenge to recent arguments questioning the relevance of this concept in chronic illness research, though it was found that it is not adequate to look at stigma alone and, given the unstable nature ofIBD, negotiating stigma in relation to possible charges of deviance is a pertinent issue for these young adults. For instance, non‐disclosure because of shame could result in individuals experiencing blame. Accounts were constructed through a range of discursive strategies, allowing the participants to present themselves in morally appropriate ways throughout. Suggestions are made about future directions in addressing stigma and deviance in relation to this cohort.