bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining some assumptions and limitations of research on the effects of emerging technologies for teaching and learning in higher education
Authors: Kirkwood Adrian , Price Linda 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis paper examines assumptions and beliefs underpinning research into educational technology. It critically reviews some approaches used to investigate the impact of technologies for teaching and learning. It focuses on comparative studies, performance comparisons and attitudinal studies to illustrate how under‐examined assumptions lead to questionable findings. The extent to which it is possible to substantiate some of the claims made about the impact of technologies on the basis of these approaches and methods is questioned. We contend researchers should ensure that they acknowledge underlying assumptions and the limitations imposed by the approach adopted in order to appropriately interpret findings.
An evaluation of the use of Turnitin for electronic submission and marking and as a formative feedback tool from an educator's perspective
Authors: Buckley Emily , Cowap Lisa 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe aim of this project was to pilot plagiarism detection software and online marking, evaluating its use with staff on a first year undergraduate module within the psychology department at a UK university. One hundred and sixty undergraduate psychology students submitted three assignments via Turnitin, and staff used the software to check for instances of academic misconduct and marked submissions using the GradeMark feature in the software, providing online feedback to students. Eleven members of teaching staff took part in focus groups to gain insight into their experiences of using Turnitin in this manner, and this paper reports the findings. Results indicated that staff identified several strengths but also several weaknesses to the implementation of Turnitin and GradeMark. The OriginalityCheck feature received very positive evaluations due to its capacity to provide a clear and timely indicator of plagiarism levels in assignments and a useful formative learning tool for students from an educator perspective. Staff did however encounter some technical difficulties when using the software. In conclusion, for staff, the benefits of using Turnitin were clear, and it has the potential to be a very valuable asset to plagiarism detection and electronic marking.
Using social media applications for educational outcomes in college teaching: A structural equation analysis
Authors: Cao Yingxia , Ajjan Haya , Hong Paul 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAs more and more faculty members jump on the wagon of social media, an increasing number of publications began to investigate the adoption of social media applications and its motivators in and out of the classrooms. However, little research has paid close attention to the educational outcomes of social media utilization in college teaching. Thus, this study focused on the educational outcomes and examined a research model of antecedents and consequences of social media use. It analyzed the quantitative responses of 168 faculty members using social media in their teaching. A partial least squares (PLS) analysis indicates that (1) perceived usefulness, external pressure and compatibility of task‐technology have positive effects on social media use; (2) the higher the perceived risk of using social media utilization, the less likely faculty will use the technology to support in‐class instructions frequently; and (3) social media use has a positive effect on student's learning outcomes and their satisfaction. The proposed model provides educators with a depiction of how social media educational use delivers higher performance in the classroom.
Transitional B cell subsets in human bone marrow
Authors: Agrawal S , Smith S A B C , Tangye S G , Sewell W A 
Published: June 2013

SummaryB cells originate from precursors in the bone marrow, and the first cells which migrate to the peripheral blood have been classified as ‘transitional B cells’. Transitional B cells have been characterized in human blood with stage 1 (T1) and stage 2 (T2) subsets being proposed. In the present study, 27 normal human bone marrow samples were analysed for transitional B cell markers by eight-colour flow cytometry. T1 transitional B cells (CD45+CD19+CD10+IgM+IgDlo) and T2 transitional B cells (CD45+CD19+CD10+IgM+IgD+) were identified in normal bone marrow samples at a mean frequency of 3·2 and 3·1% of total B lineage cells, respectively. A majority of the bone marrow transitional B cells were CD24hiCD38hi, the phenotype of blood transitional B cells. Consistent with recent peripheral blood data, T2 B cells had a significantly higher CD21 expression compared with T1 B cells (72·4 versus 40·9%) in the bone marrow. These data raise the possibility that transitional B cells are capable of differentiating from T1 to T2 B cells within the bone marrow. Furthermore, transitional cells at either stages 1 or 2 might be capable of migrating out of the bone marrow.
Fracture resistance of single‐tooth implant‐supported zirconia‐based indirect composite‐layered molar restorations
Authors: Taguchi Kohei , Komine Futoshi , Fushiki Ryosuke , Blatz Markus B. , Kamio Shingo , Matsumura Hideo 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectivesThis study evaluated the fracture resistance of single‐tooth implant‐supported zirconia‐based indirect composite‐layered molar restorations.Material and methodsForty‐four titanium abutments (GingiHue Post) were placed on dental implants (Osseotite Implant). Standardized single‐tooth cement‐retained implant‐supported mandibular molar restorations were fabricated for each of four test groups (n = 11) as follows: porcelain‐fused‐to‐metal crowns (PFM), zirconia‐based all‐ceramic crowns (ZAC), zirconia‐based indirect composite‐layered crowns primed with Estenia Opaque Primer for zirconia frameworks (ZIC‐E), and zirconia‐based indirect composite‐layered crowns (ZIC). The crowns were luted with a glass‐ionomer cement (Ketac Cem Easymix). Fracture resistance (N) was determined by force application of a perpendicular load to the crowns with a universal testing machine. One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey's HSD test were used to assess differences in fracture resistance values (α = 0.05).ResultsMean fracture resistances (SD) were 3.09 (0.22) kN, 3.11 (0.34) kN, 2.84 (0.21) kN, and 2.50 (0.36) kN for the PFM, ZAC, ZIC‐E, and ZIC groups, respectively. Fracture resistance in the ZIC specimens was significantly lower (P < 0.044) than that in the other groups, which did not significantly differ.ConclusionsThe fracture resistance of single‐tooth implant‐supported zirconia‐based indirect composite‐layered molar crowns primed with Estenia Opaque Primer for zirconia frameworks (ZIC‐E) is comparable to that of porcelain‐fused‐to‐metal (PFM) and zirconia‐based all‐ceramic (ZAC) restorations. Application of Estenia Opaque Primer to zirconia ceramic framework provides superior fracture resistance in implant‐supported zirconia‐based indirect composite‐layered molar crowns.
Radiotherapy for T1‐2N0 glottic cancer: a multivariate analysis of predictive factors for the long‐term outcome in 1050 patients and a prospective assessment of quality of life and voice handicap index in a subset of 233 patients
Authors: Al‐Mamgani A. , van Rooij P.H. , Woutersen D.P. , Mehilal R. , Tans L. , Monserez D. , Baatenburg de Jong R.J. 
Published: June 2013

ObjectivesTo evaluate the outcomes of patients with early stage glottic cancer (GC) treated with radiotherapy (RT).Design, setting and participantsThe current study report on a retrospective analysis of oncologic outcome of 1050 patients with T1‐2N0 glottic cancer treated with radiotherapy. Prospective assessment of quality of life (QoL) and voice handicap index (VHI) was performed in all patients treated from 2006 onwards (n = 233).Main outcome measuresLocal control (LC), regional control (RC), disease‐free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), quality of life and voice handicap index.ResultsAfter a median follow‐up of 90 months (range 3–309), the actuarial rates of local control, regional control, disease‐free survival and overall survival were 85%, 99%, 84% and 81% at 5 years and 82%, 98%, 80% and 61% at 10 years, respectively. On multivariate analysis, T2 tumours, smoking after radiotherapy and conventional radiation scheme correlated significantly with poor local control. Patients who continued smoking after radiotherapy had also significantly lower overall survival rates (OR 4.3, P < 0.001). Hypothyroidism was reported in 18% of patients. Slight and temporary deterioration of quality of life scores was reported. Patient‐reported xerostomia and dysphagia at 48 months were −7.1 and −6.5, compared with baseline, respectively. Voice handicap index improved significantly from 37 at baseline to 18 at 48 months. Patients with T2b and those who continued smoking had significantly worse voice handicap index.ConclusionsIn the current study, excellent outcome with good quality of life and voice handicap index scores were reported. T2 tumours, in particular T2b, and continuing smoking after radiotherapy correlated significantly with poor local control and worse voice handicap index.
Oviposition patterns and larval damage by the invasive horse‐chestnut leaf miner Cameraria ohridella on different species of Aesculus
Authors: D'COSTA LILLA , KORICHEVA JULIA , STRAW NIGEL , SIMMONDS MONIQUE S.J. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Preference–performance relationships are thought to be particularly important for sessile herbivores, such as leaf miners, whose choice of host plant is entirely determined by the ovipositing female. However, this relationship has seldom been examined between a non‐native herbivore and non‐native host plants.
Leaf damage and oviposition patterns by the invasive horse‐chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic, 1986 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), were investigated on 11 different species of Aesculus L. (Sapindaceae) at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The tree species studied were of different continental origin and belonged to four different sections of the genus Aesculus.
Oviposition was recorded on all the investigated species of Aesculus, with egg densities being greatest on Aesculus hippocastanum L. and Aesculus turbinata Blume. By contrast, mines were formed on only six out of the 11 studied species.
There was a positive correlation between eggs laid on leaves of a species and levels of leaf tissue damage by C. ohridella, although eggs were laid on species on which larvae did not develop.
Host suitability for C. ohridella was related to the phylogeny of the genus Aesculus. Species belonging to the section Aesculus were susceptible to the leaf miner; species in the section Pavia showed variable susceptibility; and species in the section Calothyrsus and Macrothyrsus were found to be resistant.
Toll‐like receptor‐9 in Spanish multiple sclerosis patients: an association with the gender
Authors: Dominguez‐Mozo M. I. , Garcia‐Montojo M. , López‐Cavanillas M. , De Las Heras V. , Garcia‐Martinez A. , Arias‐Leal A. M. , Casanova I. , Urcelay E. , Arroyo R. , Alvarez‐Lafuente R. 
Published: June 2013

Background and purposeToll‐like receptor‐9 (TLR9) is a potent inducer of innate immune system triggered by infection with viruses, some of them previously related to multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to analyze the possible association of two TLR9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs352162 and rs187084) with susceptibility to MS.MethodsTwo independent cohorts of MS patients and controls were included: 574 clinically definite relapsing‐remitting MS patients (367 females) and 807 healthy controls (418 females) for the first cohort; and 366 relapsing‐remitting MS patients (238 females) and 224 healthy controls (160 females) for the second cohort. Genotyping was performed by TaqMan assays.ResultsThe AT haplotype was found to be significantly higher in women than in men (P = 0.013 and P = 0.044).ConclusionsHere two possible genetic markers are proposed that could be also associated with the differences observed in the clinical course of MS in both genders. Further studies with larger cohorts should be performed to confirm these results.
Commentary – Should consciousness be included in the classification of focal (partial) seizures?
Authors: Blumenfeld Hal , Jackson Graeme D. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryThe ILAE 2010 report does not classify focal seizures and instead uses “descriptors” to distinguish focal seizures with versus without impaired consciousness. Below, we recall a recent informal conversation that took place while traveling a back road in Australia (true story), discussing problems with the old terms as well as new biological and practical evidence separating events formerly known as complex partial versus simple partial seizures. Impaired level of consciousness is a core distinguishing feature of focal seizures, which arises from established physiological mechanisms and can be readily determined based on behavior in most cases. After some debate, we arrive at succinct terms compatible with the old as well as the new ILAE classification report: Focal Impaired Consciousness Seizures (FICS), and Focal Aware Conscious Seizures (FACS). We hope that this discussion will bring impaired consciousness off the back roads of epilepsy classification, and provide useful names for these two very common seizure types.
A global heterothermic continuum in mammals
Authors: Boyles Justin G. , Thompson Amy B. , McKechnie Andrew E. , Malan Ezit , Humphries Murray M. , Careau Vincent 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimThe ability of endotherms to physiologically regulate body temperature (Tb) is presumed to be important in the adaptive radiation of birds and mammals. Recently, attention has shifted towards determining the extent and energetic significance ofTbvariation documented in an ever‐expanding list of species. Thus, we provide the first global synthesis of ecological and evolutionary correlates of variation in mammalianTb.LocationWorld‐wideMethodsWe conducted a phylogenetically informed analysis ofTbvariation using two complementary metrics, namelyThermoregulatoryScope (TS) andHeterothermyIndex (HI), that treatTbvariation as a continuous variable. We included morphological (e.g. body mass), ecological (e.g. food habits) and environmental (e.g. latitude) correlates in the analysis.ResultsAmong 560 mammal species included in theTSanalysis,Tbrelates most strongly to body mass (included in all models), season (relative parameter weight: 0.95), absolute latitude (0.80) and hoarding behavior (0.72), with small‐bodied, high latitude and non‐hoarding species expressing the mostTbvariation. Small‐bodied and high latitude species also express a greater range of thermoregulatory patterns than large‐bodied and low latitude species. Results were generally similar inHIanalysis, but in summer the extent of heterothermy decreases with latitude.Main conclusionsMammalian heterothermy is related to evolutionary history, climate conditions constraining minimumTb, resource conditions mediating energy supply for maintaining highTb, and latitudinal variation in the nature of seasonality. Our analysis further shows that traditional classification of mammals as hibernators, daily heterotherms or homeotherms is clouded or possibly misleading.
Does fragmentation increase extinction thresholds? A European‐wide test with seven forest birds
Authors: Rueda Marta , Hawkins Bradford A. , Morales‐Castilla Ignacio , Vidanes Rosa M. , Ferrero Mila , Rodríguez Miguel Á. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimTheory predicts that fragmentation aggravates habitat loss, increasing the extinction threshold of habitat specialists. However, contradictory empirical results have fuelled claims that fragmentation has been overemphasized, and more attention should be given to habitat loss for preserving species. We assess variation in species sensitivity to forest amount and fragmentation and evaluate if fragmentation is related to extinction thresholds in seven forest bird species.LocationEurope.MethodsWe use the percentage of forest cover and the proportion of cover occurring in the largest patch to partition effects of forest amount versus fragmentation, and apply logistic regression to model the presence–absence of 17 forest bird species. For seven species showing robust models, we define two fragmentation scenarios, low and maximum, across the forest cover gradient and quantify species' sensitivity to forest contraction with no fragmentation, and to fragmentation under constant forest cover. Finally, we develop two tests of the extinction threshold hypothesis by comparing the occurrence probability of each species under the two fragmentation scenarios at different forest covers.ResultsAs expected, forest contraction had negative impacts on the occurrence probability of all seven species modelled, but – in line with theory – fragmentation also led to a higher extinction threshold for three (Western capercaillie, Hazel grouse and Eurasian pygmy‐owl). One species (Black woodpecker) exhibited the opposite pattern indicating that it probably benefits from fragmentation. Differences among species responses may reflect dispersal abilities, specializations in resources/habitat characteristics and/or sensitivity to potential modifications of interspecific interactions.Main conclusionsAlthough forest amount is of primary importance for the persistence of forest specialist birds, fragmentation is also relevant for some, and neglecting forest fragmentation would be a mistake for these species. Species‐specific traits can be helpful for interpreting species' reactions to fragmentation, and it should not be assumed that it always, or never, matters.
Nonlinear causality in Castells's network society: disorder as problem and opportunity under globalization
Authors: HODGE BOB 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this article I consider Castells's network society trilogy as a key site for examining claims that globalization today is driven by a new paradigm, in which networks and digital technologies play a decisive role in producing revolutionary new forms of economics, politics, culture and society. To theorize this change I draw on a rich, explicit account of non‐linear causal processes found in far‐from‐equilibrium cybernetics, foregrounding the all‐pervasive, constitutive phenomenon of disorder, coming from below as well as above through a multiplicity of networks, old and new, digital and non‐digital.
Humanitarian collective security: restoring order?
Authors: GOODMAN JAMES 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn 2005, the United Nations reinterpreted its charter to facilitate humanitarian intervention, defining military action to prevent serious human rights abuses as a legitimate means of maintaining international peace and security. Under circumstances of ‘genocide, ethnic cleansing and other such crimes against humanity’, states have a ‘responsibility to protect’ the victims and, if required, to use military means to do so. This new state responsibility is a response to new asymmetries in the exercise of sovereign power worldwide. In theory, it imposes new conditions on the exercise of state sovereignty that extend the principle of collective security beyond states to include all people. In practice, it gives those with the capacity to intervene, namely the dominant powers, the responsibility to intervene in the affairs of weaker ‘failing’ states. In this article, I use official texts to explore this new humanitarian collective security. Drawing on a range of accounts, including the Australian experience of intervention in East Timor, I argue that the grounds for humanitarian intervention lie as much in the defence of order as in the pursuit of justice. Dominant states assert their shared vulnerability and justify intervention as pre‐empting presumed threats; they thus recruit humanitarianism for state security. Humanitarianism, however, is not so easily contained. As military practice collides with normative rhetoric, deep contradictions emerge between order and justice. Normative claims implode and spill over, feeding alternative humanitarianisms founded on mutuality and solidarity. The disordering order–justice dialectic can thereby prefigure reorderings beyond hegemonism.
Worlds to endure: weathering disorder from Arnhem Land to Chicago
Authors: WALKER JEREMY 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this article I consider the cosmopolitical enfolding of Western and indigenous ontologies of order and disorder implicit in the production of a ‘carbon offset’ by the West Arnhem Land Fire Abatement (WALFA) project. The resumption in Arnhem Land of broad‐scale land management by indigenous fire ecologists and its reframing as ‘carbon farming’ is contextualized within an historical analysis of the distinctions made between ‘magical thinking’ and ‘rational’ notions of agency, causality and cosmic order. I move from the account of Australian totemism in classical anthropology, through cold war climatology, to the theories of rational expectations that support contemporary carbon trading. Examining the entangling of Aboriginal and late‐modern pyrotechnical orders, I contrast ubietous (place‐oriented) ontologies of land, law and cosmic order with their Western counterparts in sovereignty, land law and finance theory. Arguing that the elder Australians possessed a philosophically coherent political economy grounded in detailed earth sciences and topological networks of economic practices, I reverse the anthropological mirror back upon the economic doctrines of the neoliberal era, which advocate the reimposition of order on the wild climate by means of a comprehensive financialization.
Population pharmacokinetics of recombinant factor IX: implications for dose tailoring
Authors: Björkman S. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryThe principles of pharmacokinetic (PK) dose tailoring in clinical practice, using limited blood sampling and Bayesian PK analysis, have been described for factor VIII (FVIII). This study applied the same procedure to recombinant FIX (rFIX), i.e. population PK modelling and the use of a simplified (one‐compartment) model to describe only the terminal part of the coagulation factor vs. time curve. Data from a previous study on rFIX in 56 patients (4–56 years, 18–133 kg) were used to define a three‐compartment population PK model. The average FIX clearance was 8.4 mL h−1 kg−1. Elimination half‐life ranged between 14 and 27 h. Data obtained from 24 h after the infusion were found to define the terminal phase of FIX disposition. Doses to produce a target trough FIX level (set at 0.01 IU mL−1) at 72 h predicted by the Bayesian analysis, with blood sampling at either 24, 48 and 72 h or at only 24 and 48 h, were within −40% to +67% of those predicted using the three‐compartment model, and within −57% to +125% for targeting a level at 96 h. These errors were lower than the overall interindividual variance in dose requirements. As three‐compartment models are needed to characterize the PK of both plasma‐derived FIX and rFIX, simplification to a one‐compartment model is less straightforward than for FVIII, and the methodology should be investigated further before clinical application. Limited blood sampling and Bayesian analysis could still, however, be potentially useful for targeting rFIX trough levels during prophylaxis.