bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Excipients on Acetaminophen Metabolism and Its Implications for Prevention of Liver Injury
Authors: Ganetsky Michael , Böhlke Mark , Pereira Luis , Williams David , LeDuc Barbara , Guatam Shiva , Salhanick Steven D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAcetaminophen poisoning is the most frequent cause of acute hepatic failure in the US. Toxicity requires reductive metabolism of acetaminophen, primarily via CYP2E1. Liquid acetaminophen preparations contain propylene glycol, a common excipient that has been shown to reduce hepatocellular injury in vitro and in rodents. Children are less susceptible to acetaminophen toxicity for unclear reasons. We conducted a pharmacokinetic single‐blinded crossover study of 15 healthy adult volunteers comparing the CYP2E1 and conjugative metabolism of a 15 mg/kg dose of liquid versus solid preparations of acetaminophen. Measured AUC's for the CYP2E1 metabolites were 16–17% lower and extrapolated AUC's were 25–28% lower in the liquid formulation arm while there was no difference in conjugative metabolite production. The formation rate constants for reductive metabolites were equivalent between solid and liquid formulations indicating that enzyme inhibition was competitive. Propylene glycol, an established CYP2E1 competitive antagonist, was detected in the liquid formulation but not solid formulation arm. Since children tend to ingest liquid preparations, the protective effect of this excipient could explain their decreased susceptibility to acetaminophen toxicity. A less hepatotoxic formulation of acetaminophen could potentially be developed if co‐formulated with a CYP2E1 inhibitor.
Error bounds for reduction of multi‐port resistor networks
Authors: Ugryumova M. V. , Rommes J. , Schilders W. H. A. 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYThe interconnect layouts of chips can be modeled by large resistor networks. In order to be able to speed up simulations of such large networks, reduction techniques are applied to reduce the size of the networks. For some class of networks, an existing reduction strategy does not provide sufficient reduction in terms of the number of resistors appearing in the final network. In this paper, we propose an approach for obtaining a further reduction in the amount of resistors. The suggested approach improves sparsity of the conductance matrix by neglecting resistors that do not contribute significantly to the behavior of the circuit. Explicit error bounds, which give an opportunity to control the errors due to approximation, have been derived. Numerical examples show that the suggested approach appears promising for multi‐terminal resistor networks, and in combination with the existing reduction strategy, leads to better reduction. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of multiblock partially fluorinated hydrophobic poly(arylene ether sulfone)‐hydrophilic disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymers for proton exchange membranes
Authors: Chen Yu , Rowlett Jarrett R. , Lee Chang Hyun , Lane Ozma R. , VanHouten Desmond J. , Zhang Mingqiang , Moore Robert B. , McGrath James E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHydrophobic‐hydrophilic sequence multiblock copolymers, based on alternating segments of phenoxide terminated fully disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (BPS100) and fluorine‐terminated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (6FBPS0) were synthesized and evaluated for application as proton exchange membranes. By utilizing mild reaction conditions the ether–ether interchange reactions were minimized, preventing the randomization of the multiblock copolymers. Tough, ductile, transparent membranes were solution cast from the block copolymers and were characterized with regard to intrinsic viscosity, morphology, water uptake, and proton conductivity. The conductivity values of the 6FBPS0‐BPSH100 membranes were compared to Nafion 212 and a partially fluorinated sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) random copolymer (6F40BP60). The nanophase separated morphology was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and small angle X‐ray scattering, and enhanced proton conductivity at reduced relative humidity was observed with longer block lengths. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Shotgun proteomics of archival triple‐negative breast cancer samples
Authors: Gámez‐Pozo Angelo , Ferrer Nuria Ibarz , Ciruelos Eva , López‐Vacas Rocío , Martínez Fernando García , Espinosa Enrique , Vara Juan Ángel Fresno 
Published: February 2013

PurposeTriple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15–20% of all breast cancers, and has a worse prognosis compared with hormone receptor‐positive disease. Its unfavorable outcome and the lack of hormonal receptors determine the use of adjuvant chemotherapy as part of the standard treatment for these tumors, although several studies have documented that the current standard combination chemotherapy is suboptimal. Therefore, a new functional taxonomy of breast cancer and new targets for therapeutic development are urgently needed.Experimental designIn this study, we have analyzed the proteome of TNBC applying a high‐throughput proteomics approach to routinely archived formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tumor tissues.ResultsWe have been able to identify and quantify more than 1000 protein groups. Some of these proteins are of outstanding interest in the biology and clinical management of this disease, such as CD44 and PARP1. Moreover, we have characterized some signaling pathways that could be related to TNBC genesis and development.Conclusion and clinical relevanceOur results open up new avenues for the use of proteomics technologies in clinically relevant studies using archival samples. Shotgun LC‐MS/MS studies could serve to discover new biomarkers and may provide clues to the genesis of TNBC and underlying molecular alterations.
A Comparative Study of Micellization Behavior of an Ethoxylated Alkylphenol in Aqueous Solutions of Glycine and Leucine
Authors: Chauhan Suvarcha , Sharma Kundan , Kumar Kuldeep , Kumar Girish 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDensities (d) and sound velocities (v) of an ethoxylated alkyl phenol surfactant in aqueous solutions of two amino acids, namely glycine and leucine, have been measured over a temperature range of 25–40 °C at intervals of 5 °C by using density and sound analyzers. Experimental data have been used to calculate the isentropic compressibilities (κs), apparent molar volumes (ϕv) and apparent molar adiabatic compressions (ϕκ) in order to explain amino acid–surfactant interactions. The results have been discussed in terms of the effect of amino acids on the micellization behavior of the surfactant. A comparative study of both the amino acids has been carried out and is found that both amino acids produce a decrease in the CMC value of nonionic surfactant but to different extents.
The impact of obesity-related SNP on appetite and energy intake
Authors: Dougkas Anestis , Yaqoob Parveen , Givens D. Ian , Reynolds Christopher K. , Minihane Anne M. 
Published: February 2013

An increasing number of studies have reported a heritable component for the regulation of energy intake and eating behaviour, although the individual polymorphisms and their ‘effect size’ are not fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between specific SNP and appetite responses and energy intake in overweight men. In a randomised cross-over trial, forty overweight men (age 32 (sd 09) years; BMI 27 (sd 2) kg/m2) attended four sessions 1 week apart and received three isoenergetic and isovolumetric servings of dairy snacks or water (control) in random order. Appetite ratings were determined using visual analogue scales and energy intake at an ad libitum lunch was assessed 90 min after the dairy snacks. Individuals were genotyped for SNP in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO), leptin (LEP), leptin receptor (LEPR) genes and a variant near the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) locus. The postprandial fullness rating over the full experiment following intake of the different snacks was 17·2 % (P= 0·026) lower in A carriers compared with TT homozygotes for rs9939609 (FTO, dominant) and 18·6 % (P= 0·020) lower in G carriers compared with AA homozygotes for rs7799039 (LEP, dominant). These observations indicate that FTO and LEP polymorphisms are related to the variation in the feeling of fullness and may play a role in the regulation of food intake. Further studies are required to confirm these initial observations and investigate the ‘penetrance’ of these genotypes in additional population subgroups.
Dusty plasma processes in Earth's polar summer mesosphere
Authors: POPEL S. I. , DUBINSKY A. Yu. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA self-consistent model for the description of dusty plasma structures, such as noctilucent clouds (NLC) and polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE), which are frequently grouped together under the common term polar mesospheric clouds, is presented. The model takes into account the processes of condensation of water vapor, ionization, recombination, action of solar radiation, sedimentation, dust particle growth, dust particle charging, electric fields, etc. Using the model, we explain the basic data of observations on the behavior of charged component in polar summer mesosphere. Furthermore, we show the influence of initial distributions of fine particles as well as that of the processes of condensation and water molecule absorption by fine particles on the formation of NLC and PMSE. We also illustrate the possibility of the formation of layered structure and sharp boundaries of NLC.
The influence of park access during drought on attitudes toward wildlife and lion killing behaviour in Maasailand, Kenya
Authors: HAZZAH LEELA , DOLRENRY STEPHANIE , KAPLAN DAVID , FRANK LAURENCE 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYMinimizing the inherent conflict between protecting fauna and flora and accommodating the needs of the local communities is one of the greatest challenges facing protected area (PA) management in developing countries of the world. Allowing pastoralists access to PAs and their resources remains a contentious issue in southern Kenya, where retaliatory killing of African lions (Panthera leo) by Maasai pastoralists has caused a steep decline in the lion population, threatening local extinction. Previous studies that have shown that local people often have negative attitudes toward PAs; here PA policy during times of hardship is linked to attitudes toward lions and behavioural intentions. Different access policies to grazing inside Tsavo and Nairobi National Parks during the 2008/2009 drought influenced Maasai attitudes toward lions and their propensity to kill them. A semi-structured questionnaire (n = 206) and a multivariate model examine the relative importance of PA access and 11 additional predictors on individuals’ attitudes and reported inclination to kill lions. Access for livestock to PAs, benefits from wildlife and higher education were associated with positive attitudes toward lions and a lower reported propensity to kill. The success of lion conservation in Maasailand may depend upon recognizing and accommodating pastoralists’ inherent vulnerability to drought-induced livestock mortality.
Norovirus outbreaks: a systematic review of commonly implicated transmission routes and vehicles
Authors: BITLER E. J. , MATTHEWS J. E. , DICKEY B. W. , EISENBERG J. N. S. , LEON J. S. 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYCausal mechanisms of norovirus outbreaks are often not revealed. Understanding the transmission route (e.g. foodborne, waterborne, or environmental) and vehicle (e.g. shellfish or recreational water) of a norovirus outbreak, however, is of great public health importance; this information can facilitate interventions for an ongoing outbreak and regulatory action to limit future outbreaks. Towards this goal, we conducted a systematic review to examine whether published outbreak information was associated with the implicated transmission route or vehicle. Genogroup distribution was associated with transmission route and food vehicle, but attack rate and the presence of GII.4 strain were not associated with transmission route, food vehicle, or water vehicle. Attack rate, genogroup distribution, and GII.4 strain distribution also varied by other outbreak characteristics (e.g. setting, season, hemisphere). These relationships suggest that different genogroups exploit different environmental conditions and thereby can be used to predict the likelihood of various transmission routes or vehicles.
Mass-media, violence and mental illness. Evidence from some Italian newspapers
Authors: Carpiniello Bernardo , Girau Roberta , Orrù Maria Germana 
Published: February 2013

SummaryAims – Media reports related to people suffering from mental illness appear to deal prevalently with acts of violence and crimes. The present study focused on all newspaper reports relating to homicides, suicide, and other acts of violence, in an attempt to ascertain whether a different pattern emerged in some Italian newspapers in describing deeds committed by the mentally ill. Materials and methods – All articles published over a six–month period in the two main national and two main regional newspapers relating to homicides, suicides, and other acts of violence were selected. A comparison of reports regarding events attributed to mentally ill people was performed according to quantitative parameters. Results – 2279 articles were considered; 54% regarded homicides, 8.2% suicides and attempted suicides, 2.1% homicides/suicides; the remaining 35.8% regarded other acts of violence. A significantly higher number of words, accompanying photos and a more stigmatizing language were used in reporting deeds when attributed to mentally ill people. Conclusion – An excessive emphasis on deeds related to a psychopathological condition still emerged in media reports, almost as though acts of violence committed by the mentally insane should be viewed in a different light. These findings support the hypothesis that media portrayal mirrors the enduring stereotype of “diversity” of the mentally ill.Declaration of Interest: no conflict of interest declared.
Inferring the Relative Oceanic Distribution of Salmon from Patterns in Age‐Specific Arrival Timing
Authors: Bracis C. , Anderson J. J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe oceanic distribution of Columbia River spring–summer Chinook SalmonOncorhynchus tshawytschais essentially unknown, as they are first detected in the fishery at the mouth of the river and then at Bonneville Dam, located 235 km upstream of the river mouth. Although the composite run timing to Bonneville Dam varies interannually, earlier studies revealed that the distinct populations comprising this run are ordered in arrival time. Our analysis of returning tagged adults shows that within populations, the oldest fish (3‐ocean; i.e., those that spend 3 years in the ocean) arrive first, the 2‐ocean fish arrive next, and the 1‐ocean fish arrive last. To explore possible mechanisms underlying this persistent age‐dependent ordering of arrival time, we simulated the fish's return migration using a model based on a geomagnetic homing mechanism with age‐specific swimming speeds. To reproduce the observed age‐dependent differences in arrival time with the model, the 2‐ocean and 3‐ocean fish within a population needed to initiate migration from the same location and time, while 1‐ocean fish could initiate homeward migration from a more consistent location in the northern Gulf of Alaska with some delay. Arrival timing patterns provide valuable information that can be used to infer the features of homing migrations, which in turn may be useful for managing fish harvest by integrating age information into existing management techniques and for considering potential responses to climate change.
Hepatitis B inactive carriers: Clinical course and outcomes
Authors: Tong Myron J. , Trieu Judy 
Published: February 2013

ObjectiveHepatitis B virus (HBV) inactive carriers are HBV e antigen (HBeAg)‐negative patients with normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and HBV DNA of ≤ 10 000 copies/mL. We aimed to determine the clinical impact of ALT and HBV DNA elevations during the course of HBV infection.MethodsFrom January 1989 to January 2012, 146 inactive carriers were prospectively followed every 6–12 months with ALT and HBV DNA measurements and with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance.ResultsDuring the follow‐up of 8 ± 6.3 years, 56 of the 146 patients maintained ALT ≤ 40 U/L and HBV DNA ≤ 10 000 copies/mL. However, 39 had rises of ALT > 40–80 U/L and 4 had ALT > 80 U/L; all except one reverted to baseline values. Also, during follow up, 69 (47.3%) inactive carriers had increases in HBV DNA of > 10 000–999 999 copies/mL; 38 of these patients’ HBV DNA returned to baseline levels, while the remaining 31 patients maintained elevated HBV DNA values but had corresponding ALT of ≤ 40 U/L. There were four liver‐related outcomes: 129 (88.4%) remained “inactive carriers”, 13 (8.9%) had loss of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), one (0.7%) had a spontaneous reactivation to HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis, and two (1.4%) developed HCC.ConclusionsAlthough the prognosis of inactive carrier is favorable, transient ALT and HBV DNA elevations may be observed but have minimal clinical significance. Moreover, continuous HCC surveillance remains necessary since the risk of development still exists.
A Review of the Tetrapod Track Record in China, with Special Reference to Type Ichnospecies: Implications for Ichnotaxonomy and Paleobiology
Authors: LOCKLEY Martin G. , Jianjun LI , Rihui LI , MATSUKAWA Masaki , HARRIS Jerald D. , Lida XING 
Published: February 2013

Abstract“Splitting” and “lumping” are perpetual problems in vertebrate, especially dinosaur, ichnotaxonomy. Chinese dinosaur ichnotaxonomy, which began in 1940, provides a series of interesting case studies, highlighting the dual problems of historical and dubious ichnotaxonomy. Chinese Mesozoic tetrapod track types have been placed into 63 ichnospecies (one Triassic, 28 Jurassic, and 34 Cretaceous), exclusive of other, non‐type ichnospecies or ichnotaxa identified from China. Fifty‐two (∼83%) of these 63 tetrapod ichnospecies were placed in monospecific ichnogenera. At the ichnogenus level, we prune—either by recognizing nomina dubia or by synonymy—17 from the list of 53 dinosaurian ichnogenera (a 32% reduction), leaving 36 ichnotaxa that we consider valid. Most of the cuts affect Jurassic theropod ichnotaxa, which are reduced from 23 to only nine because most ichnogenera are subjective junior synonyms of Grallator and Eubrontes. Fewer Chinese Cretaceous ichnotaxa (only six of 21 ichnogenera) are obvious nomina dubia or subjective synonyms, suggesting greater east Asian endemism during this time. Because ichnospecies differences are subtle, we provisionally retain ichnospecies as valid pending detailed comparative analyses of congeneric ichnospecies. This synthesis is long overdue and is necessary to address problems of historical and provincial ichnotaxonomy, which severely hamper comparisons of tetrapod ichnofaunas in space and time.
Geochronological and Geochemical Constrains on Petrogenesis of the Jietebutiao A‐type Granite in West Junggar, Xinjiang
Authors: Gaoxue YANG , Yongjun LI , Lili TONG , Bing ZHANG , Zhixian TIAN , Baokai YANG 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLate Paleozoic post‐collisional granitoids are widespread in West Junggar, as well as northern Xinjiang. As a representative of those intrusions, the Jietebutiao granite occurs in the southwestern margin of the West Junggar (northwest China), and is mainly composed of mid‐coarse‐grained monzogranite and syenogranite. In the present study, we report the results of high‐precision zircon laser‐ablation–inductively‐coupled plasma mass–spectrometry U–Pb dating on the Jietebutiao granite for the first time, and yield weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages of 287 ± 9 Ma and 278 ± 3 Ma for monzogranite and syenogranite, respectively. The Jietebutiao granite has a pronounced A‐type affinity; it is metaluminons to slightly peraluminous; has a high‐K calc‐alkaline composition; high concentrations of Na2O + K2O, varying from 6.8 to 8.5 wt%; high FeOt/MgO; 10 000Ga/Al ratios, a low CaO, MgO, and TiO2 content; enriched in some large ion lithophile elements (LILE, such as Rb and Th) and high field strength elements (HFSE, such as Zr, Hf, and Y); and depleted in Sr, Ba, and Ti. In addition, the granite has a relatively high rare earth element (REE) content (except for Eu), with significant negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*= 0.01–0.72), and showing slight tetrad REE patterns and non‐charge and radius controlled (CHARAC) trace element behavior. Petrographic, geochemical, and geochronological data suggest that the parental magma of Jietebutiao intrusions are of mixed origin, and are most probably formed by the interaction between the lower crust‐ and mantle‐derived magmas in the Early Permian post‐collisional tectonic setting. The basaltic magmas underplated and interacted with the lower crust that was dominated by deeply buried arc (and back‐arc basin) series and the oceanic crust formed in the Paleozoic, and then triggered the partial melting of the juvenile lower crust, producing voluminous granitic melts and forming the Jietebutiao A2‐type monzogranites, with the lithospheric mantle progressively thinning and rifting to form A‐type granites, such as syenogranites, in the Jietebutiao pluton. This further proves the important contribution of Late Paleozoic granitic magmatism in terms of vertical crustal growth in northern Xinjiang.
The effects of goal specificity and scaffolding on programming performance and self‐regulation in game design
Authors: Feng Chia‐Yen , Chen Ming‐Puu 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of goal specificity and scaffolding on the programming performance and self‐regulation of elementary students engaged in learning game design. This study recruited 232 students for the experimental activities. Two levels of goal specificity were employed: specific and nonspecific. Structuring and problematizing scaffolds were also used to support students in the process of learning. Our results reveal the following: (1) nonspecific goals and structuring scaffolds led to superior comprehension of programming, (2) nonspecific goals with problematizing scaffolds led to better problem‐solving performance, (3) problematizing scaffolds were more effective than structuring scaffolds in the development of self‐regulation behavior, and (4) nonspecific goals were more effective than specific goals in the promotion of resource management associated with self‐regulation.