bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photoinitiated polymerization of acrylate, methacrylate, and vinyl ether end‐functional polyisobutylene macromonomers
Authors: Tripathy Ranjan , Crivello James V. , Faust Rudolf 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPolyisobutylene‐based UV cured networks potentially useful as sealants were synthesized by photopolymerization of well‐defined polyisobutylene methacrylate (PIB‐MA), acrylate (PIB‐A) and vinyl ether (PIB‐VE) di‐ and trifunctional macromonomers. The kinetics of photocrosslinking were measured using an optical pyrometer apparatus and optimized with respect to different experimental parameters. PIB‐MA/A macromonomers displayed enhanced reactivity in radical photopolymerization in the presence of a bis(acylphosphine) oxide photoinitator. PIB‐VE macromonomers exhibited a high rates of photopolymerization with (4‐n‐octyloxyphenyl)phenyliodonium hexafluroantimonate as the photoinitiator. The rates as well as the ultimate monomer conversions were increased by increasing the irradiation light intensity. The inherent induction period associated with oxygen inhibition in the photopolymerization of PIB‐MA was significantly reduced by optimizing the choice of photoinitiator. A detailed investigation of the concentration of MA/A/VE end groups revealed the presence of a prominent saturation effect in the photopolymerization of PIB‐A, which was absent with PIB‐MA and PIB‐VE. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Synthesis and morphology investigations of a novel alkyne‐functionalized diblock copolymer
Authors: Wei Xinyu , Gu Weiyin , Li Le , Shen Xiaobo , Kim Jung‐Keun , Russell Thomas P. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe reported the synthesis and morphology of a novel alkyne‐functionalized diblock copolymer (di‐BCP) poly(methyl methacrylate‐random‐propargyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(4‐bromostyrene). The di‐BCPs were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization and postpolymerization deprotection, with good control over molecular weight and polydispersity index. Microphase separation in bulk di‐BCPs was confirmed by thermal analysis, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Microphase‐separated morphologies were also observed in thin films, and the orientation of the microdomains can be conveniently controlled by annealing under different solvents. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Fast printing of thin, large area, ITO free electrochromics on flexible barrier foil
Authors: Søndergaard Roar R. , Hösel Markus , Jørgensen Mikkel , Krebs Frederik C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractProcessing of large area, indium tin oxide (ITO) free electrochromic (EC) devices has been carried out using roll‐to‐roll (R2R) processing. By use of very fine high‐conductive silver grids with a hexagonal structure, it is possible to achieve good transparency of the electrode covered substrates and when used in EC devices switching times are similar to corresponding ITO devices. This is obtained without the uneven switching of larger areas, which is generally observed when using ITO because of its high‐sheet resistance. The silver electrode structures for 18 × 18 cm2 devices can be processed at high speed (10 m/min) on PET by flexographic printing and the EC polymer ECP‐Magenta as well as a minimal color changing polymer MCCP by slot‐die coating, showing the potential for fast fabrication of large volumes of low‐priced flexible EC devices by use of R2R processing techniques. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013
Non‐oral contraceptive options: their efficacy and suitability
Authors: Everett Marian , Wokoma Tonye 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThere are a wide range of non‐oral contraceptives and the risks and benefits of each option should be discussed to allow an informed decision. Our drug review discusses the properties, efficacy and suitability of the available non‐oral contraceptives, followed by sources of further information.
Photoluminescence of obsidian: A particle‐dispersed natural glass
Authors: Tanaka Keiji , Nemoto Noriyuki 
Published: October 2012

AbstractStructural and optical properties of an obsidian, called Tokachi stone, have been studied from a standpoint of optical glasses. The absorption edge rises from ∼3.2 eV, which is governed by Fe3+ oxides in almino‐silicate glassy matrices. It is discovered that, under excitations of ultraviolet light, the obsidian exhibits visible luminescence, the intensities varying with excitation energy and temperature. The characteristics are related to the localized‐extended excitations in inhomogeneous noncrystalline structures (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties and electronic band structure of Cu2ZnSnSe4kesterite semiconductor
Authors: Ozaki Shunji , Namba Toru 
Published: October 2012

AbstractOptical properties of a kesterite‐type semiconductor Cu2ZnSnSe4 have been studied by optical absorption, spectroscopic ellipsometry, and thermoreflectance measurements. Optical absorption measurements suggest that Cu2ZnSnSe4 is a direct‐gap semiconductor having the band gap of ∼1.02 eV at 300 K. The complex dielectric‐function spectra, ϵ (E)=ϵ1(E)+iϵ2(E), measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry reveal distinct structures at energies of the critical points in the Brillouin zone. Thermoreflectance spectrum facilitates the precision determination of the critical point energy. By performing the band‐structure calculation, these critical points are successfully assigned to specific points in the Brillouin zone (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cooperative enhancement of water binding to antiparallel β‐sheet models: Analysis by ab initio calculations
Authors: Sun Chang‐Liang , Jiang Xiao‐Nan , Wang Chang‐Sheng 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe cooperative enhancement of water binding to the antiparallel β‐sheet models has been studied by quantum chemical calculations at the MP2/6‐311++G**//MP2/6‐31G* level. The binding energies of the two antiparallel β‐sheet models consisting of two strands of diglypeptide are calculated by supermolecular approach. Then water molecules are gradually bonded to the diglypeptide by NH···OH2 and CO···HOH hydrogen bonds. Our calculation results indicated that the hydrogen bond length and the atom charge distribution are affected by the addition of H2O molecules. The binding energy of antiparallel diglypeptide β‐sheet models has a great improvement by the increasing of the hydrogen bond cooperativity and the more H2O molecules added the more cooperativity enhancement can be found. The orbital interactions are calculated by natural bond orbital analysis, and the results indicate that the cooperative enhancement is closely related to the orbital interaction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mesoporous Block‐Copolymer Nanospheres Prepared by Selective Swelling
Authors: Mei Shilin , Jin Zhaoxia 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBlock‐copolymer (BCP) nanospheres with hierarchical inner structure are of great interest and importance due to their possible applications in nanotechnology and biomedical engineering. Mesoporous BCP nanospheres with multilayered inner channels are considered as potential drug‐delivery systems and templates for multifunctional nanomaterials. Selective swelling is a facile pore‐making strategy for BCP materials. Herein, the selective swelling‐induced reconstruction of BCP nanospheres is reported. Two poly(styrene‐block‐2‐vinylpyridine) (PS‐b‐P2VP) samples with different compositions (PS23600‐b‐P2VP10400 and PS27700‐b‐P2VP4300) are used as model systems. The swelling reconstruction of PS‐b‐P2VP in ethanol, 1‐pyrenebutyric acid (PBA)/ethanol, or HCl/ethanol (pH = 2.61) is characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It is observed that the length of the swellable block in BCP is a critical factor in determining the behavior and nanostructures of mesoporous BCP nanospheres in selective swelling. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the addition of PBA modifies the swelling structure of PS23600‐b‐P2VP10400 through the interaction between PBA and P2VP blocks, which results in BCP nanospheres with patterned pores of controllable size. The patterned pores can be reversibly closed by annealing the mesoporous BCP nanospheres in different selective solvents. The controllable and reversible open/closed reconstruction of BCP nanospheres can be used to enclose functional nanoparticles or drugs inside the nanospheres. These mesoporous BCP nanospheres are further decorated with gold nanoparticles by UV photoreduction. The enlarged decoration area in mesoporous BCP nanospheres will enhance their activity and sensitivity as a catalyst and electrochemical sensor.
Classification of lightning damage to wind turbine blades
Authors: Yasuda Yoh , Yokoyama Shigeru , Minowa Masayuki , Satoh Tomoyuki 
Published: October 2012

AbstractLightning damage to wind turbine blades is of great concern to wind power installations. We investigate various issues arising from lightning damage and assess the causes through actual lightning observations as well as from high‐voltage and large‐current experiments. Although installing lightning receptors and down conductors provide a good countermeasure, blade damage can still be caused by lightning still. New techniques are needed to better protect blades from lightning surges; these may include not only better performance and layout of receptors, but also independent lightning towers and new types of blade materials. This paper provides a classification of blade damage sustained in winter lightning, ranked in severity by analyzing the many incidents of damage that have actually occurred in Japan. Moreover, a list of possible causes of damage and relative countermeasures is also presented. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Smart dynamic rotor control using active flaps on a small‐scale wind turbine: aeroelastic modeling and comparison with wind tunnel measurements
Authors: Barlas T.K. , van Wingerden W. , Hulskamp A.W. , van Kuik G.A. M. , Bersee H.E. N. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the proof of concept of a smart rotor is illustrated by aeroelastic simulations on a small‐scale rotor and comparison with wind tunnel experiments. The application of advanced feedback controllers using actively deformed flaps in the wind tunnel measurements is shown to alleviate dynamic loads leading to considerable fatigue load reduction. The numerical method for aeroelastically simulating such an experiment is described, together with the process of verifying the methods for accurate prediction of the load reduction potential of such concepts. The small‐scale rotor is simulated using the aeroelastic tool, load predictions are compared with the wind tunnel measurements, and similar control concepts are compared and evaluated in the numerical environment. Conclusions regarding evaluation of the performance of smart rotor concepts for wind turbines are drawn from this threefold research investigation (simulation, experiment and comparison). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of wind turbine surge motion on rotor thrust and induced velocity
Authors: de Vaal J.B. , Hansen M.O. L. , Moan T. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTOffshore wind turbines on floating platforms will experience larger motions than comparable bottom fixed wind turbines—for which the majority of industry standard design codes have been developed and validated. In this paper, the effect of a periodic surge motion on the integrated loads and induced velocity on a wind turbine rotor is investigated. Specifically, the performance of blade element momentum theory with a quasisteady wake as well as two widely used engineering dynamic inflow models is evaluated. A moving actuator disc model is used as reference, since the dynamics associated with the wake will be inherently included in the solution of the associated fluid dynamic problem. Through analysis of integrated rotor loads, induced velocities and aerodynamic damping, it is concluded that typical surge motions are sufficiently slow to not affect the wake dynamics predicted by engineering models significantly. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen Bond and π–π Interactions in a 3D Supramolecular Structure Containing 1D Helical Chains
Authors: Bai Fenghua , Xu Jinjin , Su Haiquan , Gu Xiaojun 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe reaction of 2, 2′‐bipyridine‐6, 6′‐dicarboxylic acid (H2bpdc) with zinc nitrate and different rare earth chlorides generates two novel three‐dimensional supramolecules Zn(6‐bpc)2·2H2O (1) and Ce(bpdc)2·H2O (2) (6‐Hbpc = 2, 2′‐bipyridine‐6‐carboxylic acid). The left‐and right‐handed helical chains give rise to a 3D supramolecular framework through hydrogen‐bond and weak π–π interactions in complex 1. Interestingly, the decarboxylation occurred and the bpdc ligand was transformed into 6‐bpc species under the hydrothermal reaction in the presence of NdIII ions, while the decarboxylation did not occur when CeIII ions were used. In the structure of 2, one central Ce(IV) atom coordinates to two bpdc ligands, resulting in a discrete molecule. These discrete units are further extended into a 3D supramolecular structure through intermolecular hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions.
Preparation, Structure, and Optical Properties of the 1D Chain Red Luminescent Europium Coordination Polymer: {[Eu2L6(DMF)­(H2O)]·2DMF·H2O}n(L = C9H6ClO2–)
Authors: Zhou Xianju , Zhou Kaining , Wang Zhiliang , Yang Shuguang 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe 1D chain red luminescent europium coordination polymer: {[Eu2L6(DMF)(H2O)]·2DMF·H2O}n(I) (L = 4‐chloro‐cinnamic acid anion, C9H6ClO2–, DMF =N, N‐dimethylformamide) was synthesized by the reaction of Eu(OH)3and 4‐chloro‐cinnamic acid ligand. The structure of the coordination polymer was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. It reveals that there exists two crystallographically nonequivalent europium atoms in each unit of this coordination polymer and Eu3+ions are connected by two alternating bridging modes to form an endless polymer structure. The luminescent properties and energy transfer process in the complex are investigated at room temperature.
Extra-virgin olive oil consumption improves the capacity of HDL to mediate cholesterol efflux and increases ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression in human macrophages
Authors: Helal Olfa , Berrougui Hicham , Loued Soumaya , Khalil Abdelouahed 
Published: October 2012

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) consumption on the capacity of HDL to promote cholesterol efflux (CE) and to determine which CE pathways are modulated by EVOO consumption. Whole HDL and HDL2/HDL3subclasses were isolated from the plasma of twenty-six healthy volunteers before and after 12 weeks of EVOO consumption (25 ml/d). EVOO consumption increased the capacity of serum and HDL to mediate CE from THP-1, J774 macrophages and Fu5AH cells by 9·8–24·57 %, depending on the cell type. The increase in CE was independent of both HDL concentration and subclass distribution. The three HDL-mediated CE pathways (ATP-binding cassette (ABC) A1, ABCG1 and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI)) were modulated by EVOO consumption. The fluidity of the phospholipidic layer of HDL increased by 13 % (P< 0·001) following EVOO consumption compared with baseline. EVOO consumption also increased the release of excess cholesterol from human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) by 44 % (P< 0·001), andABCA1andABCG1mRNA transcription by 16·08 % (P< 0·001) and 35·79 % (P< 0·01), respectively. The protein expression of these two cholesterol transporters also increased after EVOO consumption. In contrast, SR-BI mRNA and protein expression in HMDM were significantly lower after 12 weeks of EVOO consumption. Incubating J774 macrophages with EVOO polyphenol extracts induced a concentration-dependent up-regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression in macrophages. After 12 weeks of EVOO consumption, the capacity of HDL to mediate CE was improved and the ability of HMDM to release excess cholesterol was enhanced by increasing the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 transporters.
Human bioavailability of flavanols and phenolic acids from cocoa-nut creams enriched with free or microencapsulated cocoa polyphenols
Authors: Vitaglione Paola , Barone Lumaga Roberta , Ferracane Rosalia , Sellitto Sereno , Morelló José Ramón , Reguant Miranda Jordi , Shimoni Eyal , Fogliano Vincenzo 
Published: October 2012

Human bioavailability of cocoa flavanols and phenolic acids from a cocoa-nut cream (CC) and from CC enriched with a 1·5 % (w/w) cocoa polyphenol extract in free form (FPC) or encapsulated with a gastric-resistant high-amylose maize starch (EPC), was studied. In a randomised cross-over protocol, with 1-week wash-out in between, twelve healthy volunteers had three portions/d of each cream, providing approximately 190 μmol/d of total flavanols and 12 μmol/d of total phenolic acids with CC and 385 and 28 μmol/d with both FPC and EPC, respectively. Blood, urine and faecal samples were analysed by HPLC/MS/MS. Serum (epi)catechin was absent at baseline and after CC consumption, while 22·1 (sem 2·62) and 1·59 (sem 0·22) nmol (P <0·05) were found after FPC and EPC, respectively. The EPC increased faecal excretion of total flavanols compared to FPC (151·0 (sem 54·6) v. 28·0 (sem 14·0) nmol; P <0·05). Within 6 h after consumption, serum phenolic acid content was 50-fold higher than (epi)catechin; no difference between CC and FPC was observed, but a significant reduction after EPC (1954 (sem 236·3) and 1459 (sem 137·6) v. 726·8 (sem 73·4) nmol, P <0·05) was recorded. Short-term phenolic acid urinary excretions were significantly higher after FPC than CC and EPC, the values being 11·4 (sem 5·1) v. 3·1 (sem 1·7) and 0·9 (sem 0·5) μmol, respectively. Faecal phenolic acids were approximately 60-fold reduced after FPC (8·1 (sem 0·13) nmol) and EPC (14·7 (sem 2·7) nmol) consumption compared to CC (641·4 (sem 99·1) nmol) consumption. The data demonstrated that: (i) (epi)catechin was absorbed from CC; (ii) cocoa polyphenols' consumption increased circulating phenolic acids; and (iii) encapsulated ingredient increased flavanol delivering into the gut. Further studies should evaluate whether encapsulated cocoa polyphenols may be a functional prebiotic ingredient.
Reputation, Symmetry, and Alliance Design
Authors: Mattes Michaela 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThere is significant variation in the design of military alliances but scholars currently do not have a good understanding of when members choose one design over another. This article argues that alliance design is motivated, at least in part, by reliability considerations. If concerns about opportunism are high—when prospective members have a history of alliance violation—the signatories should be more willing to implement costly reliability-enhancing provisions such as greater precision in when alliance obligations apply, issue linkage, and increased institutionalization. However, this should be more likely in symmetric alliances where members of similar power levels rely on the support of their partners and thus sensitivity to opportunism is high. In asymmetric alliances, major powers may not find reliability-enhancing provisions necessary and minor powers, who do worry about the reliability of their partners, are unable to force more costly alliance designs given their limited bargaining power. The theoretical expectations are tested using data on bilateral alliances between 1919 and 2001 and the results are generally supportive of the hypotheses.
Regional climate change impacts on agricultural crop production in Central and Eastern Europe – hotspots, regional differences and common trends
Authors: EITZINGER J. , TRNKA M. , SEMERÁDOVÁ D. , THALER S. , SVOBODOVÁ E. , HLAVINKA P. , ŠIŠKA B. , TAKÁČ J. , MALATINSKÁ L. , NOVÁKOVÁ M. , DUBROVSKÝ M. , ŽALUD Z. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYThe present study investigates regional climate change impacts on agricultural crop production in Central and Eastern Europe, including local case studies with different focuses in Austria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The area studied experiences a continental European climate and is characterized by strong climatic gradients, which may foster regional differences or trends in the impacts of climate change on agriculture. To study the regional aspects and variabilities of climate change impacts on agriculture, the effect of climate change on selected future agroclimatic conditions, crop yield and variability (including the effect of higher ambient CO2 concentrations) and the most important yield limiting factors, such as water availability, nitrogen balance and the infestation risks posed by selected pests were studied. In general, the results predicted significant agroclimatic changes over the entire area during the 21st century, affecting agricultural crop production through various pathways. Simulated crop yield trends confirmed past regional studies but also revealed that yield-limiting factors may change from region to region. For example, pest pressures, as demonstrated by examining two pests, are likely to increase due to warmer conditions. In general, higher potentials for cereal yield increase are seen for wetter and cooler regions (i.e. uplands) than for the drier and warmer lowlands, where yield potentials will be increasingly limited by decreasing crop water availability and heat under most scenarios. In addition, yield variability will increase during the coming decades, but this may decrease towards the end of the 21st century. The present study contributes to the interpretation of previously conducted climate change impact and adaptation studies for agriculture and may prove useful in proposing future research in this field.
Predicting the potential distribution ofVexillata(Nematoda: Ornithostrongylidae) and its hosts (Mammalia: Rodentia) within America
Authors: Martínez-Salazar E.A. , Escalante T. , Linaje M. , Falcón-Ordaz J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSpecies distribution modelling has been a powerful tool to explore the potential distribution of parasites in wildlife, being the basis of studies on biogeography.Vexillataspp. are intestinal nematodes found in several species of mammalian hosts, such as rodents (Geomyoidea) and hares (Leporidae) in the Nearctic and northern Neotropical regions. In the present study, we modelled the potential distribution ofVexillataspp. and their hosts, using exclusively species from the Geomyidae and Heteromyidae families, in order to identify their distributional patterns. Bioclimatic and topographic variables were used to identify and predict suitable habitats forVexillataand its hosts. Using these models, we identified that temperature seasonality is a significant environmental factor that influences the distribution of the parasite genus and its host. In particular, the geographical distribution is estimated to be larger than that predicted for its hosts. This suggests that the nematode has the potential to extend its geographical range and also its spectrum of host species. Increasing sample size and geographical coverage will contribute to recommendations for conservation of this host–parasite system.