bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Method of Gas Plateau Rate Optimisation: A Win-Win Solution for the Gas Field Operator and the Government as the Owner
Authors: Ariadji Tutuka , Kautsar M Telaga , Duha Dany Kurniawan 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
A gas field company concern is to seek the highest gas plateau rate as possible for a contract rate of sale gas to obtain the most economics field development scenario. On the other hand, the higher plateau rate causes more gas reserve left underground after end of the plateau rate for the rest of the life of a field, and this reserve left would be the government concern as the owner to maximize the field ultimate recovery. Having this fact, a new concept has been brought up to solve this optimization problem to find a meeting point between the two concerns by figuring the performance of the Recovery Factor (RF) at the end of the plateau rate or until the end of the contract; we name it Contractor Concern Recovery Factor (CCRF), and the performance of Remaining Recovery Factor (RFR) after the contract ends until the Field Ultimate Recovery Factor; we name it Government Concern Recovery factor (GCRF), with respect to Rate of Return (ROR), at which the two performances behave oppositely. We define this meeting point of CCRF and GCRF the optimum for both parties, a win-win solution for the gas field company as an operator and the government as the owner.
Having this optimization concept, a reservoir model of a real gas field is run for a sensitivity analysis study and Design of Experiment (DoE) of important parameters for the optimum gas plateau flow rate, and the results suggest that Original Gas in Place, is the most influencing parameter followed by average permeability and gas relative permeability. Finally, a correlation is introduced by applying the Least-Square method to find a relationship between the optimum gas plateau flow rate with the parameters, and the resulted correlation has an acceptable accuracy.
Applications and Lessons Learned During Integrated Subsurface Experimental Design ED Studies of a Giant NW Australia Gas Field
Authors: O'Reilly D. I. , Lightfoot T. J. , Das S. , Chung A. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In this multi-Tcf subsea gas development off the North West coast of Australia, reservoir simulation supports the key business decisions and processes. An important factor when providing production forecasts is ensuring that a range of possible outcomes (low-mid-high) are captured accurately by the models. The output from these models may then be used by decision makers for evaluating different developments and scenarios. The design of experiments (DoE) is commonly employed to aid the evaluation of subsurface uncertainties and characterise the impact and influence to key model outcomes supporting development decisions.
Field production performance is often driven by uncertainty in reservoir outcome. This paper is helpful to practitioners involved in any computer modelling of petroleum reservoirs who are interested in capturing the uncertainty inherent in a field and building an appropriate workflow for the development and sensitivity of a range of models. Both model building and using DoE to evaluate developments and Value of Information (VoI) studies for reservoir management will be shared. Integrated DoE focusing on static, dynamic and well-based uncertainties will be illustrated.
Results will cover:
– Lessons learned and best practices using ED (Experimental Design) to generate low-mid-high reservoir simulation models – Understanding reservoir and well based uncertainties separately – Evaluating incremental field developments using ED – Utilizing ED to anticipate range of surveillance responses
Few papers exist on the integrated application of ED to giant gas fields using reservoir simulation. Firstly, this case study will highlight some pitfalls to avoid during the workflow. Secondly, the authors will discuss the important issue of how to integrate or separate static, dynamic, well and facility based uncertainties. Thirdly, the work will show the unique application of ED in VoI and field development scoping.
Samarang Integrated Operations IO: Real Time Integration of Wells and Field for Gas Lift Surveillance and Optimization Using Analytical Integrated Modelling Approach
Authors: Sayung Colin Lajim , Ahmad Zul Izzi , Som M Kasim , Salim M. Muhamed , Lee Hin Wong , Biniwale S. S. , Tri N. Vo , Soh K. K. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Samarang field started its first oil in year 1975 and has since, producing for last 39 years as we speak. The asset has embarked on a Field Redevelopment Project in 2010. The Field Redevelopment Project consists of infill drilling, production enhancement as well as an Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) scheme.
Integrated Operations (IO) is executed as part of Redevelopment Plan and was incepted in year 2011 with front end design and subsequently a multi-phases implementation that aligns to overall Field Redevelopment Plan. The main business drivers of Integrated Operations (IO) is to enable Samarang asset a real time production, reservoir and process surveillance & optimization in order to gain reservoir and production understanding for effective asset management.
As a brown field, over 90% of Samarang wells are being gas lifted. As such, gas lift surveillance and optimization workflow is identified as one of the key workflows in Samarang Integrated Operations (IO) implementation to ramp up production of the Samarang field.
The status quo operating environment in Samarang with majority of the platforms were installed with pneumatic instrumentation, control and shutdown systems, with no provision for remote monitoring and control has posed challenges in performing surveillance and hence, hinder the efforts to perform production optimization. Furthermore, the flow from multiple wells are commingling at production headers in each of the platforms that resulted in sporadic well test measurement, delay in well models updates and in turn, deferring opportunity for production optimization and enhancement.
The gas lift surveillance and optimization workflows within Samarang Integrated Operations (IO) include modification of control valves, installation of wellhead transmitters for pressure, temperature and flow measurements. The instrumentation provides real time data input to analytical models to determine the optimum set points for gas injection. The general merits of the workflow are as follows: Continuously monitoring of Gas Utilization Factor (GUF) in real-time,Keeping well and network models up-to-date.Optimize the production rate by re-distributing the lift gas within the active production wells by honoring production constraints.Continuously to optimize gas utilization, reduce production deferments and improve production.
This paper describes the implementation of gas lift surveillance and optimization workflow, the architecture and benefits within the Samarang Integrated Operations (IO).
Enhanced Rock Strength Modelling, Combining Triaxial Compressive Tests, Non-Destructive Index Testing and Well Logs
Authors: Khaksar A. , Gui F. , Taylor P. G. , Younessi A. , Rahman K. , Richard T. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Knowledge of rock mechanical properties, including unconfined compressive strength (UCS), is essential for accurate geomechanical evaluations. Reliable quantitative data on UCS can only be derived at specific depths from laboratory tests on core samples, typically through destructive tests. Rock strength evaluation is primarily based on well log strength indicators, calibrated where possible against limited measurements on cores.
A number of techniques have been developed to supplement plug-based destructive tests to indicate the rock's strength. Scratch and Schmidt hammer tests are examples of such techniques with the ability to provide continuous or semi-continuous, fine-scale measurements of rock mechanical properties. Both of these index tests are non-destructive; do not cause significant damage to the core and no special core preparation is required prior testing.
In this paper we examine laboratory test results from both conventional triaxial testing on plugs and semi-continuous, non-destructive, index testing along core sections in conjunction with well log calibration, for a range of rocks from oil wells in different geological settings. The rocks represent a range of strengths from very weak to very strong (competent) rocks with UCS ranging between 1 and100 MPa. We show that the use of generalized (global) correlations of index testing versus UCS may provide reasonable estimates, however a local calibration based on triaxial tests would still be required for more accurate UCS profiling. Once calibrated to a few conventional plug tests, the continuous index test results can be correlated with petrophysical logs to generate a reliable strength log, coupled with sedimentological and diagenetic classification.
We show that besides the direct application to geomechanical evaluation, the index tests can be used as a screening tool to optimize plug sampling to characterize the range of heterogeneity of the cored interval and also for filling the gaps in the core strength data where plugging is practically impossible or difficult, due to natural or coring-induced reasons.
Impact of the New Brazilian Fiscal System on Development of Oil Production Strategy
Authors: Marques L. M. , Gaspar A. T. , Schiozer D. J. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Production strategy is an important component of the oil reservoir development phase. Among, the main parameters are the geometry, number and position of wells and platform liquid capacity, influencing the level of the project investment required, which all depend on geological characteristics, economic scenarios and fiscal regimes. In the oil industry, companies produce under a fiscal system imposed by the government, which has a strong impact on economic and operational indicators, influencing production strategy.
Recently, the Brazilian government established a law changing its fiscal terms on pre-salt areas from Royalty and Tax (R&T) to Production Sharing Contract (PSC) to increase the government take. Previous works have shown that, in optimistic scenarios, an optimal recovery strategy presents low discrepancy in the production strategy configuration across both fiscal regimes. This study considers four economic scenarios for further evaluation. For this purpose, a simulation model was submitted to the production strategy selection process for both fiscal systems.
In more pessimistic economic scenarios, the results indicate that the number of wells and the level of investment tend to be lower under PSC than under R&T system. Thus, the new system could lead to fewer industrial investments, which would reduce the government return compared to the former tax system. In the most pessimistic scenario considered, profitable production could be expected under R&T, while under PSC it would be unprofitable, generating lower revenues.
It is still not clear whether a company, under PSC, will also be able to develop its strategy plan based on NPV or whether negotiation with the government regarding a minimum oil recovery factor will take place. Regardless, this study identifies the impact on production strategy selection for the new Brazilian PSC system compared to optimized strategy for R&T, and in both cases the objective-function is the company's NPV. From the company's point of view, depending on the economic scenario, the prevailing fiscal system will influence decisions at the level of the investment to be made. The results show the importance of considering the impact of the new fiscal system when selecting production strategies.
Advanced Stimulation Technologies for Enhanced Unconventional Oil and Gas Recovery
Authors: Viktorovich Krachenko Oleg , Alekseevich Veligotskii Dmitrii , Asgatovich Khabibullin Ruslan 
Published: September 2014

Summary
The report presents an advanced stimulation technology to increase well productivity and recovery of unconvencional oil and gas reserves based on a multistage thermal-gas-and-chemical process, wherein gases (first of all hydrogen, and hot acids – nitrogen acid and hydrogen acid, and sometimes fluoric acid) are formed at the bottomhole of the well.
Hydrogen is generated at the initial stage of the thermal-gas-and-chemical process and it improves permeability of tight formations, and fosters filtration of active chemical components into the formation, where secondary reactions of its mineral part and colmatants take place. Hydrogen cracking of ARPD (asphalt, resin, and paraffin deposition) occurs during the high temperature stage of the process (250-350 °C) under high pressures, and in the presence of atomic and molecular hydrogen and catalyst agents leading to formation of vapory and distilled fractions.
Salinity Effects on Germination, Growth, Photosynthesis, and Ion Accumulation in Wild Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. Populations
Authors: Sun Qian , Yamada Toshihiko , Takano Tetsuo 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe lignocellulosic crop Miscanthus spp. has been identified as a good candidate for biomass production. To satisfy the need for high yield and to avoid competition with food production by growing the crop in marginal areas, we studied the responses of M. sinensis to salinity. Effects of salt concentrations (0−360 mM NaCl) on seed germination, growth, photosynthesis, and shoot ion accumulation were examined. In the germination test of 17 accessions, high salt concentration inhibited seed germination in all accessions, while germination percentage varied significantly among the accessions. Two accessions showing variable salt tolerance, JM0119 (salt‐tolerant) and JM0099 (salt‐sensitive), were selected for a greenhouse study on plant dry weight, leaf chlorophyll content, total leaf area, tiller number, photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), photosystem‐II (PSII) operating efficiency (∆F/F´m), and shoot ion concentration during various lengths of time. The experiment was performed twice, but for most parameters, no significant differences between runs were observed. Salinity resulted in a reduction of plant growth. Photosynthetic rate and gs were adversely affected by all salt treatment levels, while ∆F/F´m was not reduced until salt concentrations reached 120 mM NaCl. In contrast to the increases of shoot Na+ and Cl− concentrations, shoot K+ concentration declined in the presence of salt. Overall, this study revealed a great variability for salt tolerance in M. sinensis germplasm. The relative advantage of JM0119 over JM0099 under saline conditions was primarily associated with larger leaf area, a greater number of tillers, greater photosynthetic capacity, and restricted Na+ accumulation in shoots.
Genetic Differentiation of Asian Weedy Rice Revealed with InDel Markers
Authors: Zhang Shulin , Li Juan , Lee Dongsun , Xu Hongyun , Zhang Lidong , Dongchen Wenhua , Xiong Haibo , Zhu Qian , Zhang Xiaoling , Lu Bao‐rong , Chen Lijuan 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTTo elucidate occurrence patterns and genetic differentiation of weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) from diverse geographical regions, we analyzed 142 weedy rice accessions, 25 cultivated rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.), and 9 common wild rice accessions (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) from various regions in Asia using InDel molecular markers. Principal component analysis revealed significant genetic differentiation of weedy rice into 2 distinct groups. Results indicated a significant indica–japonica differentiation of weedy rice. Analysis of the geographic distribution indicated that the indica types were found across latitudes from 5 to 40° N without a significant correlation with latitude (R2 = 0.1041, P > 0.05). Japonica types were mostly limited to latitudes >35°N and correlated with latitude gradients (R2 = 0.426, P < 0.05). Most intermediate types were distributed in regions at latitudes <35° N. The relationship among weedy, cultivated, and wild rice as analyzed by a neighbor‐joining phylogenetic tree revealed a two‐group classification. The first group included japonica‐type weedy rice accessions and japonica cultivars from higher latitude gradients (>35° N), suggesting that in these regions, the Asian weedy rice varieties are genetically closer to japonica cultivars—particularly to local cultivars—and have probably originated from local cultivars. The second group included indica cultivars and wild rice entries, indicating that weedy rice entries from latitude gradients (≤35° N.) are genetically closer to wild rice. Thus, weedy rice may have genetically evolved from wild rice or resulted from natural crossing of wild rice and cultivars. These findings provide a strong scientific basis for the occurrence patterns and control strategy of weedy rice.
A New Dominant Gene E9 Conditions Early Flowering and Maturity in Soybean
Authors: Kong Fanjiang , Nan Haiyang , Cao Dong , Li Ying , Wu Fangfang , Wang Jialin , Lu Sijia , Yuan Xiaohui , Cober Elroy R. , Abe Jun , Liu Baohui 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTAdaptability of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to a wide range of latitudes is attributed to the natural variation in the major genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) that control flowering time and maturity. Identification of novel genes and understanding their molecular basis is critical to improving soybean productivity. We identified a new locus conditioning days to flowering and maturity that was detected in hybrid progeny between cultivated and wild soybeans. A backcross was made between the recurrent parent Tokei 780 and two early‐flowering recombinant inbred lines (RILs; from the cross Tokei 780 × Hidaka 4, a wild soybean accession, all of which possessed an identical genotype at the major four maturity loci, E1 to E4). The segregation patterns observed in the F2 and F3 progeny derived from the two crosses revealed that early‐flowering was controlled by a single dominant gene. The gene was fine‐mapped to a 245‐kb interval between markers M5 and M7 on Gm16. A tagging marker ID1 was significantly associated with the variation in days to flowering (0.82, p < 0.01) and maturity (0.76, p < 0.01) in the F2 population. The new early‐flowering gene and its tagging marker are very useful for molecular breeding towards early maturity and stable productivity of soybean under high‐latitude environments. The gene symbol E9e9 has been assigned. E9E9 results in early maturity and e9e9 results in late maturity.
Molecular Genetic Mapping of the Major Effect Photoperiod Response Locus in Pima Cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.)
Authors: Zhu Linglong , Kuraparthy Vasu 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTPhotoperiod sensitivity is a major barrier to using introgressions from the tropical gene pool in cotton breeding programs in North America. To better understand the genetic processes underlying photoperiod response in Pima cotton, a photoperiod‐insensitive line, Pima S‐7, was crossed to a photoperiod‐sensitive landrace accession, NC7018. An F2 mapping population of 211 individuals was used to establish that a single dominant gene controls the photoperiod sensitivity in Gossypium barbadense. Molecular mapping with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers localized the photoperiod response gene Gb_Ppd1 to a 3.3‐cM region on chromosome 25 of the Pima cotton genetic map. Orthologous mapping of the flanking markers with the draft diploid D‐genome sequence resolved the photoperiod response gene to a 5.8 Mb region close to the centromere on chromosome 10 of Gossypium raimondii. In silico mapping of the flowering‐time candidate genes of model plant species suggested that the putative gene Gorai.010G161200 of G. raimondii, which has a function involved in photoperiodism, was mapped in the genomic region of Gb_Ppd1. Identification of closely linked molecular markers and the delineated genomic region in sequenced G. raimondii genome will aid marker‐assisted selection and molecular isolation of photoperiod response loci in cotton.
Enhancing Freedom to Operate for Plant Breeders and Farmers through Open Source Plant Breeding
Authors: Luby Claire H. , Kloppenburg Jack , Michaels Thomas E. , Goldman Irwin L. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe Open Source Seed Initiative (OSSI) (www.osseeds.org) seeks to address the dramatic transition over the past 100 yr in how plant germplasm is distributed, developed, and released: from a freely available resource primarily located in the public sector to proprietary structures managed largely by the private sector. OSSI was developed by a group of plant breeders, farmers, seed companies, nonprofit organizations, and policymakers with the goal of promoting and maintaining open access to plant genetic resources worldwide. OSSI seeks to provide an alternative to pervasive intellectual property rights agreements that restrict freedom to use plant germplasm through the development and promulgation of a Pledge which is intended both to raise awareness of these issues and to ensure that germplasm can be freely exchanged now and into the future. In this paper we discuss the historical forces and trends that have led to various types of biological and intellectual property protections and how this has potentially limited plant breeders' “freedom to operate” and farmers' sovereignty over seed. We then discuss how OSSI is providing an alternative to increasingly restrictive intellectual property rights for plants and working to maintain open access to plant germplasm.
Using a vision cognitive algorithm to schedule virtual machines
Authors: Zhao Jiaqi , Mhedheb Yousri , Tao Jie , Jrad Foued , Liu Qinghuai , Streit Achim 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Scheduling virtual machines is a major research topic for cloud computing, because it directly influences the performance, the operation cost and the quality of services. A large cloud center is normally equipped with several hundred thousand physical machines. The mission of the scheduler is to select the best one to host a virtual machine. This is an NPhard global optimization problem with grand challenges for researchers. This work studies the Virtual Machine (VM) scheduling problem on the cloud. Our primary concern with VM scheduling is the energy consumption, because the largest part of a cloud center operation cost goes to the kilowatts used. We designed a scheduling algorithm that allocates an incoming virtual machine instance on the host machine, which results in the lowest energy consumption of the entire system. More specifically, we developed a new algorithm, called vision cognition, to solve the global optimization problem. This algorithm is inspired by the observation of how human eyes see directly the smallest/largest item without comparing them pairwisely. We theoretically proved that the algorithm works correctly and converges fast. Practically, we validated the novel algorithm, together with the scheduling concept, using a simulation approach. The adopted cloud simulator models different cloud infrastructures with various properties and detailed runtime information that can usually not be acquired from real clouds. The experimental results demonstrate the benefit of our approach in terms of reducing the cloud center energy consumption
An unconditionally positive and global stability preserving NSFD scheme for an epidemic model with vaccination
Authors: Ding Deqiong , Ma Qiang , Ding Xiaohua 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In this paper, a NonStandard Finite Difference (NSFD) scheme is constructed, which can be used to determine numerical solutions for an epidemic model with vaccination. Here the NSFD method is employed to derive a set of difference equations for the epidemic model with vaccination. We show that difference equations have the same dynamics as the original differential system, such as the positivity of the solutions and the stability of the equilibria, without being restricted by the time step. Our proof of global stability utilizes the method of Lyapunov functions. Numerical simulation illustrates the effectiveness of our results