bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From words and sentences to interjections: The anatomy of exclamations in Peirce and Wittgenstein
Authors: Gorlée Dinda L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractInterjections are exclamatory signs fostering a realistic conception of the perils and uncertainties of human experience. Natural interjections are reactionary signs in degenerate pre-signs (preverbs or prenouns), unconnected to other syntactic forms of grammar. The simplicity of natural interjections are distinguished from the more complex occasional interjections, expressed in full pseudo-sentences with grammatical constructions. The prehistory of the natural interjections are first the simple cries of babies, and second the artificial construction of pidgin (creolization) of mixed languages. In interjections, literal language becomes transformed into figurative and metaphorical “language,” that is intermedial speech with vocalization and gestures. Peirce’s “syntax” (Charles Sanders Peirce 1839–1914) argues for the pragmatic interjections in the exclamations of spontaneous cries and shouts. In the framework of Peirce’s logical categories, interjections represent first of secondness. The degenerate form analyzes the vague or indeterminate meaning through pictures of diagrams. Wittgenstein’s social “grammar” (Ludwig Wittgenstein 1889–1951) of language-games is subject to cultural forms of life. Wittgenstein disagrees on accepting the “nonsensical” or meaningless interjections, but in his later writings he will agree to giving the interjections fuzzy meanings.
A Trigger Tool to Detect Harm in Pediatric Inpatient Settings
Authors: Stockwell David C. , Bisarya Hema , Classen David C. , Kirkendall Eric S. , Landrigan Christopher P. , Lemon Valere , Tham Eric , Hyman Daniel , Lehman Samuel M. , Searles Elizabeth , Hall Matt , Muething Stephen E. , Schuster Mark A. , Sharek Paul J. 
Published: May 2015

OBJECTIVES:
An efficient and reliable process for measuring harm due to medical care is needed to advance pediatric patient safety. Several pediatric studies have assessed the use of trigger tools in varying inpatient environments. Using the Institute for Healthcare Improvement’s adult-focused Global Trigger Tool as a model, we developed and pilot tested a trigger tool that would identify the most common causes of harm in pediatric inpatient environments.

METHODS:
After formal training, 6 academic children’s hospitals used this novel pediatric trigger tool to review 100 randomly selected inpatient records per site from patients discharged during the month of February 2012.

RESULTS:
From the 600 patient charts evaluated, 240 harmful events (“harms”) were identified, resulting in a rate of 40 harms per 100 patients admitted and 54.9 harms per 1000 patient days across the 6 hospitals. At least 1 harm was identified in 146 patients (24.3% of patients). Of the 240 total events, 108 (45.0%) were assessed to have been potentially or definitely preventable. The most common patient harms were intravenous catheter infiltrations/burns, respiratory distress, constipation, pain, and surgical complications.

CONCLUSIONS:
Consistent with earlier rates of all-cause harm in adult hospitals, harm occurs at high rates in hospitalized children. Availability and use of an all-cause harm identification tool will establish the epidemiology of harm and will provide a consistent approach to assessing the effect of interventions on harms in hospitalized children.
Validity of Bronchiolitis Outcome Measures
Authors: Fernandes Ricardo M. , Plint Amy C. , Terwee Caroline B. , Sampaio Cristina , Klassen Terry P. , Offringa Martin , van der Lee Johanna H. 
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUND:The Respiratory Distress Assessment Instrument (RDAI) and Respiratory Assessment Change Score (RACS) are frequently used in bronchiolitis clinical trials, but evidence is limited on their measurement properties. We investigated their validity, reliability, and responsiveness.METHODS:We included data from up to 1765 infants with bronchiolitis enrolled in 2 studies conducted in pediatric emergency departments. We assessed RDAI construct validity by testing hypotheses of associations with physiologic measures (respiratory rate, oxygen saturation) and with constructs related to hospitalization, using correlation coefficients, and multivariable analysis. RDAI/RACS responsiveness was evaluated by using anchors of change based on these constructs; measures of responsiveness included the area under the curve. RDAI test-retest agreement and interrater reliability were evaluated by using limits of agreement and intraclass correlation coefficients.RESULTS:Baseline RDAI scores were weakly correlated with respiratory rate (r = 0.38, P &lt; .001), and scores increased in lower oxygen saturation categories (P &lt; .001). Higher RDAI scores were associated with hospitalization (odds ratio: 1.36; 95% confidence interval: 1.26–1.47); scores differed between participants who were discharged, admitted, or stayed in the emergency department (P &lt; .001). Our hypotheses were met, but the magnitude of associations was below our predefined thresholds. RDAI test-retest limits of agreement were −3.80 to 3.64 (20% of the range), whereas interrater reliability was good (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.93). Formulated hypotheses for responsiveness were confirmed, with moderate responsiveness (area under the curve: RDAI, 0.64–0.70; RACS, 0.72).CONCLUSIONS:RDAI has poor to moderate construct validity, with good discriminative properties but considerable test-retest measurement error. The RDAI and RACS are responsive measures of respiratory distress in bronchiolitis but do not encompass all determinants of disease severity.
Programas Educativos Universitarios Para Mayores: Evaluación de su Impacto en la Autopercepción del Apoyo Social y la Salud Mental
Authors: Lucas-Molina Beatriz , Pérez-Albéniz Alicia , Fonseca-Pedrero Eduardo , Ortuño-Sierra Javier 
Published: May 2015

Algunos estudios indican que los programas universitarios para mayores pueden tener un impacto positivo en la autopercepción del apoyo social y la salud de los participantes. Sin embargo, dichos estudios no evalúan estas variables con instrumentos de medida estandarizados y grupos de control dentro y fuera del programa. En el presente trabajo se utilizó un grupo experimental y dos grupos control que fueron evaluados en dos momentos con instrumentos estandarizados. Los resultados no confirmaron los efectos beneficiosos esperados de los programas. Es necesario seguir profundizando en esta línea de actuación y explorar el efecto de variables socioafectivas en estudios longitudinales.
Size control of gas phase grown silicon nanoparticles by varying the plasma OFF time in silane pulsed plasma
Authors: Mohan A. , Poulios I. , Schropp R.E.I. , Rath J.K. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTSilicon nanoparticles are synthesized by very high frequency Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (vhf-PECVD) in the gas phase. Pulsed plasmas are used to obtain particles with a narrow size distribution. The role of plasma OFF times is studied to tailor the size of the silicon nanoparticles. Various plasma OFF times are chosen, both longer- and shorter -than the residence time of the gases in the discharge. Time resolved optical emission spectroscopy (TROES) studies provide additional information about the growth precursor dynamics during plasma modulation. The size and the size distribution studies of the particles are done with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These studies reveal that a plasma OFF time longer than the residence time is favorable for the formation of quantum sized silicon particles.
Wet Chemical and UV-Vis Spectrometric Iron Speciation in Quenched Low and Intermediate Level Nuclear Waste Glasses
Authors: Weaver Jamie L. , Wall Nathalie A. , McCloy John S. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study wet chemical methods combined with UV-Vis spectroscopy were performed to quantify Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratios and total iron content of quenched alkali alumino-boro-silicate (simulated nuclear waste) glasses, applying a colorimetric method. We report lessons learned from experimental challenges encountered associated with the colorimetric method, where 1,10 phenanthroline method is complexed with dissolved glass powder and the resulting solution measured for absorbance at 520 nm to determine Fe(II). To obtain total iron, the solution was then equilibrated with a mild reducing agent to chance all Fe to Fe(II), and the absorbance measured again at 520 nm. These absorbance values allowed for calculation of the Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratio, and the total iron content in the glasses. Total Fe measured is somewhat higher than as-batched target values for waste glasses, but very accurate for reference BCR-2G glass. All quenched alumino-boro-silicate glasses analyzed showed a Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratio between 0.06 (± 0.01) and 0.04 (± 0.01). These values are consistent with those obtained for similar glass compositions melted under analogous conditions, indicating a composition of ca. 94-96% Fe(III).
Thin film silicon solar module encapsulation technology research
Authors: Cheng Yu , Hu Huayi , Gao Zhihong , Zhou Ke , Wang Xiaona , Xiang Shihong , Chen Xiaohui 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe encapsulation failure is a serious problem which leads to power degradation and life time reduction of silicon based thin film solar module. Therefore, the encapsulation material and related technology research and development become more and more important. This article describes some different junction box and middle foil encapsulation technology of the silicon based thin film solar module, different encapsulation materials and processes are compared and their impact on the manufacturing cost and module performance are discussed. The aim of this study is to find an appropriate solution of module encapsulation failure.
A Sampling Method for Semi-Quantitative and Quantitative Electron Microprobe Analysis of Glass Surfaces
Authors: Weaver Jamie L. , Reiser Joelle , Neill Owen K. , McCloy John S. , Wall Nathalie A. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe determination of the long-term stability and corrosion of vitrified nuclear waste is an important aspect of research for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). It is necessary to understand the rate and mechanisms of Nuclear Waste Glass (NWG) corrosion to determine whether or not the glassy matrix will be able to retain radionuclides for the required repository performance time period. Glass corrosion and the rate of glass corrosions is determined by both chemical and microscopy. Electron Microprobe Analysis (EPMA) is a common and powerful method utilized in the examination of the chemographic difference between corroded and uncorroded NGWs. In this work, two forms of quantitative and semi-quantitative EPMA methods are defined by optimizing the instruments counting statistics against a standard glass and NIST minerals that have compositions similar to the glasses under examination. Data collected on both the planar and cross-sectioned surfaces of an unaltered simulated NWG by Standard based Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy (WDS) was found to be comparable to the theoretical composition of the glass. Conventional standardless Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) data collected on the same surfaces was not comparable. However, standard-based EDS analysis is shown to be able to discriminate between unaltered and corroded glass surfaces.
Novel Linear and Hyperbranched Polythiophene Derivatives Containing Diketopyrrolopyrroles as Linking Groups
Authors: Yang Sheng-Hsiung , Hsieh Chia-Hao 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe goal of this research is to synthesize novel linear and hyperbranched polythiophene derivatives containing diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) as linking groups, and to investigate thermal, optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties of those derivatives. Polymers with high regioregularity were synthesized via the Universal Grignard metathesis polymerization. Those linear or hyperbranched polythiophenes containing DPP bridging moieties showed higher molecular weights and better thermal stability compared with normal P3HT. The UV-vis absorption spectra of the DPP-containing polymers are similar to that of P3HT in film state, while they show distinct attenuation in fluorescent emission. Finally, all polymers were blended with PC61BM and used as active layers for fabrication of inverted solar devices. The devices based on those DPP-containing polythiophenes revealed the open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.55–0.58 V, the short-circuit current (JSC) of 8.62–16.21 mA/cm2, the fill factor (FF) of 36–41%, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.73–3.74%.
Electron Beam Effects during In-Situ Annealing of Self-Ion Irradiated Nanocrystalline Nickel
Authors: Muntifering Brittany , Dingreville Rémi , Hattar Khalid , Qu Jianmin 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTTransmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a valuable methodology for investigating radiation-induced microstructural changes and elucidating the underlying mechanisms involved in the aging and degradation of nuclear reactor materials. However, the use of electrons for imaging may result in several inadvertent effects that can potentially change the microstructure and mechanisms active in the material being investigated. In this study, in situ TEM characterization is performed on nanocrystalline nickel samples under self-ion irradiation and post irradiation annealing. During annealing, voids are formed around 200 °C only in the area illuminated by the electron beam. Based on diffraction patterns analyses, it is hypothesized that the electron beam enhanced the growth of a NiO layer resulting in a decrease of vacancy mobility during annealing. The electron beam used to investigate self-ion irradiation ultimately significantly affected the type of defects formed and the final defect microstructure.
The Impact of Increased Skin-to-Skin Contact With the Mother in Breastfeeding Neonates on Exclusive Breastfeeding at 4 and 8 Weeks Postpartum
Authors: Ruxer Deborah J. , Brewer Tracy , Mateer Karen , Burkhardt Melissa , Shay Mary 
Published: May 2015

Objective: To evaluate dose of skin-to-skin (STS) contact as a nursing intervention to increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding after dischargeDesign: A descriptive correlational studySetting: A Level II maternity unit in OhioParticipants:
Women who had a vaginal delivery of a term, well newborn, with intent to exclusively breastfeedMethods: Newborns were placed STS with their mothers at birth. Mothers were encouraged to maintain frequent STS with their newborns while in the hospital, and kept a log of STS time.
A lactation consultant made follow-up phone calls at 4 weeks and 8 weeks postpartum to assess breastfeeding exclusivity. Spearman rho was used to analyze the data.Results: Duration of STS was not correlated with exclusive breastfeeding at either 4 weeks or 8 weeks postpartum. However,
early STS was correlated with exclusive breastfeeding at 4 weeks postpartum.
A General Method for the Selection of an Optimum Choke Management Strategy
Authors: Karantinos Emmanouil , Sharma Mukul M. , Ayoub Joseph A. , Parlar Mehmet , Chanpura Rajesh A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Different choke management strategies have been adopted by operators in the field. However, no general method exists for systematically selecting an optimum choke management strategy. In this study, we propose a general method for the selection of bean-up duration and bean-up strategy (choke management), that will maximize well productivity by minimizing formation damage, reducing sand production and reducing the impact of multiphase flow effects.
Strategies of stepwise bottom-hole pressure (BHP) adjustments are compared using the principle of superposition and the analytical solution of the diffusivity equation for vertical wells operating under different choke settings. The optimum choke management strategy is based on the anticipated formation damage mechanisms. For example, if fines migration and sand production are a concern, then minimizing the near wellbore pressure gradients is the primary criterion for the selection of the optimum choke management strategy.
Results indicate that the selection of the optimum strategy (sequence of choke settings) is independent of the drawdown and depends primarily on the duration of the ramp-up period. Among the 251 strategies evaluated, three of them consistently appear to be the optimum. We further refine strategies using a single parameter, incorporated in a dimensionless expression of BHP as a function of time. From simulation results, we conclude that for relatively short bean-up durations (i.e., infinite acting behavior), the pressure gradient reduction at the wellbore varies logarithmically with time. Choke management strategies appear to have similar performance as far as no more than 70% of the drawdown is applied during the initial 20% of the overall bean-up duration. For longer durations (i.e., when the presence of the no-flow boundary is felt), the optimum strategy depends on both reservoir properties and radial extent. For the case of square drainage area, a plot suggesting the optimum strategy with respect to dimensionless duration is presented. Positive skin and multiphase flow near the wellbore, negatively affect the performance of bean-up strategies. For vertical wells producing from multiple layers, bean-up strategies should be selected with respect to the effective horizontal permeability, ultimately yielding the greatest pressure gradient reduction in the low permeability zones.
The proposed method enables engineers to select the optimum choke management strategy with respect to bean-up duration and formation properties. The duration of the bean-up process is drawdown dependent thus further research is encouraged in determining the maximum allowable pressure gradient in order to curtail sand production.
Thermal Decomposition Effects on Perforating Performance and Safety
Authors: Boock A. E. , Brinsden M. S. , Sokolove C. , Golian T. G. , Maienschein J. L. , Glascoe E. A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Explosive thermal stability is an important topic for oilfield perforating operations and impacts perforating system performance and safety. Explosives have time dependent temperature limits which can lead to thermal decomposition when exceeded and, under some circumstances, can result in performance losses and safety hazards. Explosive thermal stability information is currently provided by perforating system manufacturers through time versus temperature plots. While these plots have proved useful for many years, this review of current industry thermal stability data and practices aims to highlight a need for improvement and expanded testing representative of the energetic materials as used in actual well environments.
More specifically, this review discusses the potential economic impact on well performance and operational safety when thermal stability limits are exceeded. When using currently available time versus temperature plots, operators sometimes must select lower performing explosives which are thermally stable at higher temperatures especially for high temperature well environments. As a result, operators risk optimal well inflow performance with significant economic impact. Furthermore, exceeding the time dependent temperature limits can lead to thermal decomposition. Off-gassing from thermal decomposition can trap pressure inside of gun carriers creating safety hazards during misruns. This review includes a reference to a known occurrence where overexposure to temperature led to thermal runaway and a surface explosion of a recovered perforating system.
Additionally, this review discusses shortcomings in thermal stability test methods and related API recommended practices. Current methods assessing thermal stability, including vacuum thermal stability, ampule, and ODTX (One Dimensional Time to Explosion) tests tend to use unrealistic test conditions. The API recommended practices do not directly assess thermal decomposition which is important in developing safe practices for recovered perforating systems which may have been exposed to temperatures exceeding thermal stability limits.
This review concludes with recommendations for future work to better understand thermal stability in oilfield explosives. More suitable thermal stability tests which evaluate oilfield explosives in well environment conditions will lead to improved safety recommendations and has the potential for significant economic impact on well productivity through enhanced understanding of the time dependent temperature limits. Finally, this paper draws on the urgent requirements of the Operator community, the experience of the manufacturing community and the advanced technical support of a US National Laboratory to provide a concise review and recommendations which can then be promulgated through the API, as a major step in enhancing safety and ultimately well performance.
A New Class of Associative Polymer for Hydraulic Fracturing Applications
Authors: Cadix A. , Wilson J. , Carouhy T. , Harrisson S. , Guichon H. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Fluids used in stimulation are designed to open fractures and transport proppant along the length of the fracture. As a consequence, the rheological behavior of that fluid is very carefully designed. Throughout the past years many systems have been developed to achieve a subtle balance of properties in which the fluid initially develops a specified viscosity in the fracture, followed by rapid fluid rheology breaking and fracture cleanup at the end of the operation. In addition, a good fluid loss control is of key importance for treatment efficiency as well as for the prevention of formation damage. Current grades of derivatized guars show improved cleanup versus native guars but are still not fully satisfactory. In addition, polymer free systems based on viscoelastic surfactants (VES) have raised considerable interest due to their ease of cleanup leaving no residues in the fractures. Nevertheless, these systems still need high active concentrations to develop rheology at elevated temperature and in hard water conditions.
Alternative systems based on synthetic polymers have shown increasing interest over the past years for Oil and Gas applications but their utilization as rheology modifiers in stimulation fluids are still limited. Most of their application is in polymer flooding (EOR) or friction reduction.
Associative polymers based on polyacrylamide derivatives can demonstrate dramatically enhanced rheological performance over standard hydrophilic polymers. Hydrophobic associations behave like crosslinking points providing improved Proppant suspension. These crosslinking points are physical associations and can easily be disrupted just like VES with dilution or in the presence of hydrocarbons or surfactants and leave little to no residues in a Proppant pack.
In order to meet challenging Oil and Gas rheological performance targets focusing on high temperature efficiency, associative polymers are here prepared using the Micellar polymerization process. This process consists of the aqueous polymerization of hydrophilic monomers in presence of micelles containing hydrophobic monomers and yields hydrophilic polymers bearing a small amount of hydrophobic groups with multiple hydrophobic monomers per group. The amounts of groups as well as the number of hydrophobes per group are can be tuned to meet rheology targets. In addition, coupling this process with a controlled radical polymerization technique affords associative polymers of significantly higher performance through the reduction of chain to chain compositional heterogeneities which are known to be a significant limitation of the Micellar polymerization process.
The present study demonstrates that primary rheological performance can be met up to very high temperatures using this unique process. In addition, fluid-loss control data as well as a preliminary assessment of cleanup are presented and discussed versus classical gelling systems.