bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
uPA and PAI-1 as biomarkers in breast cancer: validated for clinical use in level-of-evidence-1 studies
Authors: Duffy Michael J , McGowan Patricia M , Harbeck Nadia , Thomssen Christoph , Schmitt Manfred 
Published: August 2014

AbstractUrokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is an extracellular matrix-degrading protease involved in cancer invasion and metastasis, interacting with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which was originally identified as a blood-derived endogenous fast-acting inhibitor of uPA. At concentrations found in tumor tissue, however, both PAI-1 and uPA promote tumor progression and metastasis. Consistent with the causative role of uPA and PAI-1 in cancer dissemination, several retrospective and prospective studies have shown that elevated levels of uPA and PAI-1 in breast tumor tissue are statistically independent and potent predictors of poor patient outcome, including adverse outcome in the subset of breast cancer patients with lymph node-negative disease. In addition to being prognostic, high levels of uPA and PAI-1 have been shown to predict benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with early breast cancer. The unique clinical utility of uPA/PAI-1 as prognostic biomarkers in lymph node-negative breast cancer has been confirmed in two independent level-of-evidence-1 studies (that is, in a randomized prospective clinical trial in which the biomarker evaluation was the primary purpose of the trial and in a pooled analysis of individual data from retrospective and prospective studies). Thus, uPA and PAI-1 are among the best validated prognostic biomarkers currently available for lymph node-negative breast cancer, their main utility being the identification of lymph node-negative patients who have HER-2-negative tumors and who can be safely spared the toxicity and costs of adjuvant chemotherapy. Recently, a phase II clinical trial using the low-molecular-weight uPA inhibitor WX-671 reported activity in metastatic breast cancer.
Deep sequencing of the X chromosome reveals the proliferation history of colorectal adenomas
Authors: De Grassi Anna , Iannelli Fabio , Cereda Matteo , Volorio Sara , Melocchi Valentina , Viel Alessandra , Basso Gianluca , Laghi Luigi , Caselle Michele , Ciccarelli Francesca D 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Background
Mismatch repair deficient colorectal adenomas are composed of transformed cells that descend from a common founder and progressively accumulate genomic alterations. The proliferation history of these tumors is still largely unknown. Here we present a novel approach to rebuild the proliferation trees that recapitulate the history of individual colorectal adenomas by mapping the progressive acquisition of somatic point mutations during tumor growth.

Results
Using our approach, we called high and low frequency mutations acquired in the X chromosome of four mismatch repair deficient colorectal adenomas deriving from male individuals. We clustered these mutations according to their frequencies and rebuilt the proliferation trees directly from the mutation clusters using a recursive algorithm. The trees of all four lesions were formed of a dominant subclone that co-existed with other genetically heterogeneous subpopulations of cells. However, despite this similar hierarchical organization, the growth dynamics varied among and within tumors, likely depending on a combination of tumor-specific genetic and environmental factors.

Conclusions
Our study provides insights into the biological properties of individual mismatch repair deficient colorectal adenomas that may influence their growth and also the response to therapy. Extended to other solid tumors, our novel approach could inform on the mechanisms of cancer progression and on the best treatment choice.
Diversity and biochemical features of culturable fungi from the coastal waters of Southern China
Authors: Li Li , Singh Purnima , Liu Ying , Pan Shenquan , Wang Guangyi 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Fungi play a major role in various biogeochemical cycles of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. However, fungi in marine environments remain to be one of the most under-studied microbial groups. This study investigates the diversity of planktonic fungi from the coastal habitat off Pearl River Delta (China) using culture-dependent approach. A total of 22 fungi and 9 yeast isolates were recovered from 30 seawater and 2 sediment samples. Microscopic and ITS rRNA gene sequence analyses revealed that most of the fungi belonged to the phylum Ascomycota and Basidiomycota with a very small percentage (3%) of the subphylum Mucoromycotina of the Phylum Zygomycota. Most of these fungal isolates exhibited considerable production of extracellular enzymes, cellulase, lipase and laccase. Fungal isolates of two genera Mucor and Aspergillus sp. demonstrated pelletization capability over a wide range of pH, suggesting them as potential agents towards algae harvesting and wastewater treatment.
Reduced catabolic protein expression in Clostridium butyricum DSM 10702 correlate with reduced 1,3-propanediol synthesis at high glycerol loading
Authors: Gungormusler-Yilmaz Mine , Shamshurin Dmitry , Grigoryan Marine , Taillefer Marcel , Spicer Victor , Krokhin Oleg V , Sparling Richard , Levin David B 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Higher initial glycerol loadings (620 mM) have a negative effect on growth and 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) synthesis in Clostridium butyricum DSM 10702 relative to lower initial glycerol concentrations (170 mM). To help understand metabolic shifts associated with elevated glycerol, protein expression levels were quantified by LC/MS/MS analyses. Thirty one (31) proteins involved in conversion of glycerol to 1,3-PDO and other by-products were analyzed by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The analyses revealed that high glycerol concentrations reduced cell growth. The expression levels of most proteins in glycerol catabolism pathways were down-regulated, consistent with the slower growth rates observed. However, at high initial glycerol concentrations, some of the proteins involved in the butyrate synthesis pathways such as a putative ethanol dehydrogenase (CBY_3753) and a 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (CBY_3045) were up-regulated in both exponential and stationary growth phases. Expression levels of proteins (CBY_0500, CBY_0501 and CBY_0502) involved in the reductive pathway of glycerol to 1,3-PDO were consistent with glycerol consumption and product concentrations observed during fermentation at both glycerol concentrations, and the molar yields of 1,3-PDO were similar in both cultures. This is the first report that correlates expression levels of glycerol catabolism enzymes with synthesis of 1,3-PDO in C. butyricum. The results revealed that significant differences in the expression of a small subset of proteins were observed between exponential and stationary growth phases at both low and high glycerol concentrations.
EU enlargement and the race to the bottom of welfare states
Authors: Skupnik Christoph 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
After the introduction of the freedom of movement for Eastern European workers, EU-15 countries were expected to reduce public benefits in order to avoid becoming “welfare magnets”. However, OECD data do not support the prediction of a race to the bottom in benefit levels. Using EU-LFS data, I analyze the determinants of migration flows and do not find evidence that welfare state variables affect migration flows when controlling for temporary political restrictions of the freedom of movement. This explains why the pressure to modify welfare spending is small. Furthermore, evidence is found that the restrictions offset the migration incentive effects of work-related pull factors.
PAGAL - Properties and corresponding graphics of alpha helical structures in proteins
Authors: Chakraborty Sandeep , Rao Basuthkar J. , Dandekar Abhaya M. 
Published: August 2014

Alpha helices (AH) are peptide fragments characterized by regular patterns of hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl oxygen and amino nitrogen of residues regularly spaced in sequence, resulting in spiral conformations. Their preponderance in protein structures underlines their importance. Interestingly, they are invariably present in all anti-microbial peptides. For example, the cecropin component of the chimeric anti-microbial protein designed previously by our group comprises of two AHs linked by a short stretch of random coil. These anti-microbial peptides are often amphipathic (quantified by a hydrophobic moment), aligning hydrophobic residues on one surface and charged residues on the others. In the current work, we reproduce previously described computational methods to compute the hydrophobic moment of AHs - and provide open access to the source code (PAGAL). We simultaneously generated input files for TikZ (a package for creating high resolution graphics programmatically) to obtain the Edmundson wheel and showing the direction and magnitude of the hydrophobic moment, and Pymol scripts to generate color coded protein surfaces. Additionally, we have observed an empirical structural property of AHs: the distance between the Cα atoms of the ith and (i+4)th residue is equal to the distance between the carbonyl oxygens of the ith and (i+4)th residue. We validated this using 100 non-homologous high resolution structures from the PISCES database. The source code and manual is available at http://github.com/sanchak/pagal and on http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11136.
Effect of High Speed Blowing on the Bulk Density of Ground Residues
Authors: Zamora-Cristales Rene , Sessions John , Smith David , Marrs Gevan 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Transportation costs of ground forest residues can be reduced by increasing the dry wood bulk density per trailer per trip. Increasing the dry wood bulk density can be achieved by compacting the material into the trailer after it is processed by a grinder. However, increasing load density is often difficult to achieve in conventional conveyor-fed, gravity drop loading methods. The effect of high speed blowing during loading of low moisture wood grindings on the final bulk density was analyzed for two feedstock piece sizes, branches-and-tops and pulpwood. A structured fully randomized field test was implemented with two factors: loading method (high speed blowing and conveyor fed) and bit type (carbide hammer bits and knife-edge bits). The high speed blowing of grindings was made using a blower system to pack the material into the trailer during loading. The resulting bulk density using high speed blowing was compared against the results obtained from the conventional conveyor-fed (gravity drop) loading. The high speed blowing method produced a significant increase in bulk density ranging between 24 and 35 percent more than the conventional conveyor-fed loading. In terms of grinding configuration, knife-edge bits produced a higher bulk density (9%) compared with carbide hammer bits but only for the pulpwood piece size class. The use of high speed blowing during loading was the most powerful factor impacting truckload bulk density in these trials and demonstrated promising results that can lead to significantly lower transportation costs when processing low moisture content harvest residues.
Mechanical and Physical Properties of Thermally Modified Plywood and Oriented Strand Board Panels
Authors: Aro Matthew D. , Brashaw Brian K. , Donahue Patrick K. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Thermal modification can increase resistance to biological degradation, reduce equilibrium moisture content, and improve the dimensional stability of solid wood. In this study, oriented strand board (OSB) and two types of plywood were thermally modified as a posttreatment at 140°C, 150°C, 160°C, 170°C, and 180°C. Plywood moduli of rupture (MOR) and elasticity (MOE) decreased up to 54 and 22 percent, respectively, at the 180°C treatment, while OSB MOR and MOE decreased up to 25 and 4.3 percent, respectively. Internal bond strength of plywood decreased with increasing temperature, while OSB experienced minimal change. Screw-holding strength of all panels was more adversely affected by increasing temperatures than nail-holding strength, with OSB experiencing 17 and 27 percent maximum reductions in nail- and screw-holding strengths, respectively. Thickness swell performance of all panels improved with increasing temperature, with plywood exhibiting 41 and 77 percent improvements at the 160°C and 180°C treatments, respectively. Mass increase (when subjected to a water soak) of OSB decreased 12 percent at the 150°C treatment, after which it increased.
These results suggest that thermal modification posttreatments can improve the thickness swell and water absorption performance of plywood and OSB panels. However, some mechanical properties decreased significantly at treatment temperatures exceeding 160°C. The results provide a technical baseline that may help advance thermal modification technology from primarily solid-wood-only applications toward new, high-volume engineered wood markets. With further research, it may be possible to optimize the treatment technique(s) to ensure that the panels retain sufficient mechanical strength for the desired end-use applications.
The later-McLuhan’s dialogue with the church
Authors: Chrystall Andrew B. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This article provides a retrospective of the later-McLuhan’s dialogue with the Christian community and seeks to demonstrate how one facet of McLuhan’s enterprise was orientated towards enabling the Church to perform a media ecological role as an anti-environment in the era of ‘discarnate man [sic]’. The value of this retrospective is, primarily, historical. This case study of media ecological praxis provides a fresh perspective on McLuhan’s procedure of organizing ignorance for discovery, how he managed his dramatis personae, and offers a nuanced portrait of McLuhan as a figure who was in touch with the Church and sought the new via calculated translation, transposition and transformation of the old into the living present.
Rua Augusta and Carnaby Street: The street as a setting for youth sociability in the 1960s
Authors: Zimmermann Maíra 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This article discusses the creation of youth culture in the 1960s, focusing on the meaning of the urban space as a place of sociability for the youth of the day. The streets that were centres of youth sociability and culture in the 1960s, as Rua Augusta in São Paulo and Carnaby Street, the nucleus of the effervescence then called Swinging London, are the core of this analysis, and a comparison is drawn between both places. In Brazil, the establishment of youth culture is also related to the development of consumer habits and the occupation of an urban space. Rua Augusta constituted a locale for this growing public in the city of São Paulo. In the middle of the Jardins district, this commercial street was a scene of freedom, and used to be closed off on Saturdays, when it would turn into a sort of a boulevard. This street acted as a showcase for a new sociability and a space where youth could coexist, nourishing recognition and identity.
The genesis of the Brazilian fashion magazine and fashion editorial (1827–1851)
Authors: Silva Ana Cláudia Suriani da 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This article focuses on the periodicals with fashion content published in Rio de Janeiro in the first half of the nineteenth century: O Espelho Diamantino (1827–1828), A Mulher do Simplício (1832–1846), Correio das Modas (1839–1840), O Gosto (1843), Espelho Fluminense (1843), and O Martinho (1851). First it discusses the rise of Brazilian fashion magazines against the background of the development in Rio de Janeiro of the printing and clothes industries. Second, by examining the section ‘Modas’/‘Fashions’ against the pictorial and other textual contents of the above-mentioned periodicals, it presents the principal characteristics of the first Brazilian fashion magazines and establishes the origins of the Brazilian fashion editorial as a journalistic genre.
Zigzagging with Ronaldo Fraga’s world-clothes
Authors: Mesquita Cristiane 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This article discusses the path of the creations of Brazilian designer Ronaldo Fraga in conjunction with the concepts of territory, authorship, politics and game, as conceived of by the philosopher Gilles Deleuze and the psychoanalyst Felix Guattari. Reference is also made to excerpts from writers and poets who are themselves the objects of Fraga’s investigation. To this end, this article briefly explores various aspects of the designer’s collections, from his first, launched in 1996, until the 2012 catwalk show.
Fur as fashion in America
Authors: Strege Gayle 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Animal skins and furs are some of the earliest clothing items worn by humankind and the practicality of their toughness and warmth is one of the reasons why they are still worn today. Beyond its practical use, fur acquired the added appeal of decoration and luxury throughout fashion history, and its wearers, criticism via accusations of ostentation. With the rise in the late nineteenth century of a middle class with economic means, greater demand for luxury fashions such as fur ensued. To meet market and fashion trend demands, overharvesting of fur species led to rapid declines in animal populations. This in turn resulted in industry regulations protecting endangered species and domestic farming of fur animals. Aggressive activities of animal rights organizations in the late twentieth century resulted in devastating consequences for indigenous economies dependant on fur hunting. These peoples in turn organized to counter misinformation and promote fur as the ultimate natural fibre contrasted to fake furs that are petroleum by-products with their own harmful environmental harvesting issues.
Nollywood’s aporias part 1: Gatemen
Authors: Mboti Nyasha 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Nigerian video films are distinct for the way in which they have apparently revolutionized – and then standardized – the portrayal of everyday social worlds. Many scripts routinely place ordinary men and women at the centre of the unfolding of everyday-world stories. However, the character of the gateman – as that of the okada rider and the market woman, among others – in ‘generic’ Nigerian movies is surprisingly underdeveloped. Gatemen in Nigerian video films are constantly not shown. Their recurring function is to open and close gates, allowed here and there to say a few words in response to the oga or madam’s questions. They seldom speak when not spoken to. This article draws attention to the aporetic structured absences in Nollywood films and Nollywood film criticism, specifically the parts played and not played by gate-men. It argues that the non-portrayal of the everyday worlds of gatemen – beyond opening and closing gates – suggests that Nollywood movies and Nollywood theorists are yet to fully evolve a ‘thinking’ and re-thinking of everyday social worlds in terms that specifically call into question hierarchy and what-is. The article uses the figure of the gateman to present semi-theoretical reflections by a non-Nigerian African, reflecting on the reading of gaps in the generic Nollywood film. Its purpose is less an exploration of Nigerian socio-politics as a polemical theoretical reflection on exigencies of method.
Active audiences of Nollywood video-films: An experience with a Bukusu audience community in Chwele market of Western Kenya
Authors: Waliaula Solomon 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This article explores the distinctively heuristic approach to Nollywood video-films used by a Bukusu-speaking audience community in Chwele Market, Western Kenya. As this audience views video-films on witchcraft in particular – which tend to be very popular – the reception process becomes remarkably dialogic. The process illuminates the audience’s adaptation of the video-films into their sociocultural world. Most important is that this audience seems to not only relish, but speak back to, representations of magical power, especially as it is symbolized by snakes and women. I have argued that as they speak back to the visual images and narrative representations they not only reflect on and ‘speak back’ to critical aspects of their society and culture but also illuminate the cultural assumptions and ideological positions informing the iconography and social imagination of the video-films. Furthermore, this ‘speaking back’ takes the form of storytelling, in which the audience spontaneously generates oral narratives that sometimes diverge from and other times converge with the video-film’s content. I have further argued that the reception experience can be perceived as a medium of oral performance, and in this light I have explored the use of various formal characteristics of oral performance such as the use of symbolism, imagery, irony and hyperbole during a screening of Snake Girl I (Umeasor, 2008). It is significant that these formal stylistic features are appropriated from the visual and narrative form of the video-film and reconstructed in a manner that creates an exchange between, on the one hand, their screen representation and, on the other, the way in which the audience uses them in their reception stories. Also significant is the ‘dialogue’ at the level of imagery and symbolism between what is represented in the video-film and the one that the audiences have been socialized into. In the end, I have argued that the process of Nollywood video-film audience reception I observed at Chwele Market of Western Kenya can be read as the adaptation of the audience reception experience to fit in the frame of an oral performance.
Audience pleasure and Nollywood popularity in Uganda: An assessment
Authors: Dipio Dominica 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Since the mid 1990s, Nigerian movies have become part of the entertainment media across Africa and beyond. In this article I assess the popularity of Nigerian movies as reflected in the weekly TV programming in Uganda, and in recent years, its dominance in ‘video halls’. Nollywood’s popularity has continued despite competing TV serials and soaps from Latin America, the Philippines and Hollywood. The comparative popularity of this genre, in the context of Uganda, is due to the interventions of the video jockeys (VJs), who appropriate and ‘rewrite’ the films as they simultaneously translate them into local languages for the benefit of non-English-speaking audiences in specific contexts of viewing the movies. As I analyse the reasons for the continued longevity and popularity of Nollywood, I focus on the demographic features of the audiences. Focus group discussions and keynote interviews were used to understand the popularity patterns among the various social groups. Participant observation was also crucial in my interpretation of audience viewing strategies. Notwithstanding competition from other genres, Nigerian movies continue to strike a strong cord with Ugandan audiences, especially among the lower income brackets. These committed audiences have appropriated and ‘owned’ Nollywood enough to challenge it to get better to ensure their continued adherence to it. I use, in synergy, the ‘active audience’ idea espoused in Uses and Gratifications theory, Alessandro Jedlowski’s concept of Nollywood as a dynamic hybrid between cinema and television and Joseph Straubhaar’s idea of cultural proximity as one of the principles guiding audience’s preference of media.
Reviews
Authors: Donders Karen , Taylor Gregory , Joye Stijn 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Public Service Broadcasting Online: A Comparative European Policy Study of PSB 2.0, Benedetta Brevini (2013) Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 216 pp., ISBN: 9781137295095, h/bk, £50.
The Digital Television Revolution: Origins to Outcomes, Michael Starks (2013) Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 272 pp., ISBN: 9781137273345, h/bk, £50.
The Global News Challenge: Market Strategies of International Broadcasting Organizations in Developing Countries, Anne Geniets (2013) New York: Routledge, 188 pp., ISBN: 9780415640664, h/bk, £85.