bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between fasting plasma citrulline concentration and small intestinal function in the critically ill
Authors: Poole Alexis , Deane Adam , Summers Matthew , Fletcher Janice , Chapman Marianne 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Introduction
In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether fasting plasma citrulline concentration predicts subsequent glucose absorption in critically ill patients.

Methods
In a prospective observational study involving 15 healthy and 20 critically ill subjects, fasting plasma citrulline concentrations were assayed in blood samples immediately prior to the administration of a liquid test meal (1 kcal/ml; containing 3 g of 3-O-methylglucose (3-OMG)) that was infused directly into the small intestine. Serum 3-OMG concentrations were measured over the following 4 hours, with the area under the 3-OMG concentration curve (AUC) calculated as an index of glucose absorption.

Results
The groups were well matched in terms of age, sex and body mass index (BMI) (healthy subjects versus patients, mean (range) values: age, 47 (18 to 88) versus 49 (21 to 77) years; sex ratio, 60% versus 80% male; BMI, 25.2 (18.8 to 30.0) versus 25.5 (19.4 to 32.2) kg/m2). Compared to the healthy subjects, patients who were critically ill had reduced fasting citrulline concentration (26.5 (13.9 to 43.0) versus 15.2 (5.7 to 28.6) μmol/L; P < 0.01) and glucose absorption (3-OMG AUC, 79.7 (28.6 to 117.8) versus 61.0 (4.5 to 97.1) mmol/L/240 min; P = 0.05). There was no relationship between fasting citrulline concentration and subsequent glucose absorption (r = 0.28; P = 0.12).

Conclusions
Whereas both plasma citrulline concentrations and glucose absorption were reduced in critical illness, fasting plasma citrulline concentrations were not predictive of subsequent glucose absorption. These data suggest that fasting citrulline concentration does not appear to be a marker of small intestinal absorptive function in patients who are critically ill.
Variation in Rotavirus Vaccine Coverage by Provider Location and Subsequent Disease Burden
Authors: Sahni Leila C. , Tate Jacqueline E. , Payne Daniel C. , Parashar Umesh D. , Boom Julie A. 
Published: January 2015

BACKGROUND:
Rotavirus vaccines were introduced in the United States in 2006. Full-series coverage is lower than for other vaccines, and disease continues to occur. We examined variation in vaccine coverage among provider locations and correlated coverage with the detection of rotavirus in children who sought treatment of severe acute gastroenteritis (AGE).

METHODS:
Vaccine records of children enrolled in an AGE surveillance program were obtained and children were grouped by the location that administered each child’s 2-month vaccines. Cases were children with laboratory-confirmed rotavirus AGE; controls were children with rotavirus-negative AGE or acute respiratory infection. Location-level coverage was calculated using ≥1 dose rotavirus vaccine coverage among controls and classified as low (&lt;40%), medium (≥40% to &lt;80%), or high (≥80%). Rotavirus detection rates among patients with AGE were calculated by vaccine coverage category.

RESULTS:
Of controls, 80.4% (n = 1123 of 1396) received ≥1 dose of rotavirus vaccine from 68 locations. Four (5.9%) locations, including a NICU, were low coverage, 22 (32.3%) were medium coverage, and 42 (61.8%) were high coverage. In low-coverage locations, 31.4% of patients with AGE were rotavirus-positive compared with 13.1% and 9.6% in medium- and high-coverage locations, respectively. Patients with AGE from low-coverage locations had 3.3 (95% confidence interval 2.4–4.4) times the detection rate of rotavirus than patients with AGE from high vaccine coverage locations.

CONCLUSIONS:
We observed the highest detection of rotavirus disease among locations with low rotavirus vaccine coverage, suggesting that ongoing disease transmission is related to failure to vaccinate. Educational efforts focusing on timely rotavirus vaccine administration to age-eligible infants are needed.
The Present and Future of Oil and Gas in Canada
Authors: Sproule J.C. , Edgington A.N. , Cleland N.A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The oil and gas industry in Canada is the largest single source of mineral income in the country, generating income in excess of one billion dollars every year. Oil and gas supply over 70 per cent of Canada's energy requirements. At its present level of development, the industry could supply the total domestic oil and gas demand, but, due to geographic, economic, industry and political considerations, outside sources supply a large percentage of the Canadian consumption. The large volume of Canadian oil and gas that is exported to the United States amounts to something less than the total imports.
In the future, Canadian energy requirements are expected to grow at 4 1/2 percent per year and the percentage supplied by oil and gas is expected to remain at the present level. This means that production will treble within the next 25 years.
The reserves needed to provide this rate of production will not all be developed in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, but will be found in the Arctic Islands Basin and the basins off the east and west costs of Canada. The Athabasca Oil Sands will also provide a significant share of future production.
The industry must continue to search for new markets in order to utilize the anticipated production capability. The most logical extensions are into the Montreal and Chicago areas, but Arctic and offshore production should also be able to compete in the world markets as a secure source of supply.
Calculation of temperature distribution and rheological properties of the lithosphere along transect II in the Western Carpathian-Pannonian Basin region
Authors: Dérerová Jana , Bielik Miroslav , Pašiaková Mariana , Kohút Igor , Hlavńová Petra 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The temperature model of the lithosphere along transect II passing through the Western Carpathians and the Pannonian Basin has been calculated using 2D integrated geophysical modelling methodology. Based on the extrapolation of failure criteria, lithology and calculated temperature distribution, we derived the rheology model of the lithosphere in the area. Our results indicate a decrease of the lithospheric strength from the European platform and the Western Carpathians towards the Pannonian Basin. The largest strength can be observed within the upper crust which suggests rigid deformation in this part of the lithosphere. In the lithospheric mantle, strength almost disappears which allows us to assume that the ductile deformation dominates in this part of the lithosphere
Asbestos manufacturing plants in Poland
Authors: Wilk Ewa , Krówczyńska Małgorzata , Zagajewski Bogdan 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The unique set of physical and chemical properties of asbestos has led to its many industrial applications, such as roof coverings, textiles, rope, cord and yarn, paper, friction and composition materials, household product, acid-resistant filters, packing, insulation, and certain types of lagging, amongst others. In Poland asbestos-containing products were manufactured from raw materials imported mainly from the former Soviet Union, with production launched at the beginning of 20th century. According to Annex 4 to the Act of 19 June 1997 on the prohibition of the use of asbestos-containing products, there were 28 asbestos manufacturing plants in Poland located in 11 provinces throughout the country. The current survey was undertaken to enable asbestos manufacturing plants to be arranged, described and divided in order to contribute to further surveys.
DOENÇAS EM CULTIVOS DE GÉRBERA NO ESTADO DO PARANÁ
Authors: FERRONATO Marlene De Lurdes , LIMA NETO Vismar Da Costa , TOMAZ Roberto 
Published: January 2015

Em inspeções realizadas em 15 propriedades produtoras de gérbera (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hook. f.) de corte e de vaso, no período compreendido entre o 1º semestre de 2004 e 2º semestre de 2006, abrangendo nove regiões do Estado do Paraná, foram identificados nove agentes causais de doenças: oito de natureza fúngica e uma bacteriana: Erysiphe cichoracearum, Pythium sp., Phytophthora sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Cercospora gerberae, Botrytis cinerea, Albugo tragopogonis, Capnodium sp. e Pseudomonas cichorii. A identificação dos agentes causais das doenças, descrição dos sintomas e épocas de ocorrência, realizados neste trabalho, fornece dados básicos para a realização de futuras pesquisas sobre a epidemiologia e medidas de controle mais adequadas para a cultura da gérbera no Estado do Paraná.
Structure of exhaust jets produced by magnetic reconnection localized in the out‐of‐plane direction
Authors: Pritchett P. L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThree‐dimensional electromagnetic particle‐in‐cell simulations are used to investigate the structure of exhaust jets produced by magnetic reconnection localized in the out‐of‐plane direction. The localized reconnection is produced by periodically blocking the cross‐tail current density, a procedure that has effects analogous to those produced by the assumption of a region of anomalous resistivity in fluid treatments of reconnection. The width of the blocking region is varied between 4 and 24di, where di is the ion inertial length. After an initial displacement in the electron‐drift direction, the jet front undergoes a marked expansion in the ion‐drift direction, reaching a total cross‐tail width of 15–20di regardless of the initial width. The jet front breaks up into small‐scale finger structures of the order of 1–2di in width, which appears to be due to the action of the ballooning/interchange instability. Ahead of the front, the ion pressure Pixx is increased due to reflection of ions from the moving front and the penetration of high‐speed ions in the jet through the front. The ion temperature Tixx exhibits a minimum within the front, while the electron temperature is enhanced in the front. The properties of the reconnection‐generated fronts are compared and contrasted with those of interchange heads produced by a decreasing entropy profile.
Three‐dimensional quantification of soil hydraulic properties using X‐ray Computed Tomography and image‐based modeling
Authors: Tracy Saoirse R. , Daly Keith R. , Sturrock Craig J. , Crout Neil M. J. , Mooney Sacha J. , Roose Tiina 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe demonstrate the application of a high‐resolution X‐ray Computed Tomography (CT) method to quantify water distribution in soil pores under successive reductive drying. We focus on the wet end of the water release characteristic (WRC) (0 to −75 kPa) to investigate changes in soil water distribution in contrasting soil textures (sand and clay) and structures (sieved and field structured) and to determine the impact of soil structure on hydraulic behavior. The 3‐D structure of each soil was obtained from the CT images (at a 10 μm resolution). Stokes equations for flow were solved computationally for each measured structure to estimate hydraulic conductivity. The simulated values obtained compared extremely well with the measured saturated hydraulic conductivity values. By considering different sample sizes we were able to identify the smallest possible representative sample size which is required to determine a globally valid hydraulic conductivity.
Natalizumab restores aberrant miRNAexpression profile in multiple sclerosis and reveals a critical role for miR‐20b
Authors: Ingwersen Jens , Menge Til , Wingerath Britta , Kaya Derya , Graf Jonas , Prozorovski Tim , Keller Andreas , Backes Christina , Beier Markus , Scheffler Matthias , Dehmel Thomas , Kieseier Bernd C. , Hartung Hans‐Peter , Küry Patrick , Aktas Orhan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo identify microRNAs (miRNAs) regulated by anti‐α4 integrin monoclonal antibody therapy (natalizumab) in the peripheral blood of patients with relapsing‐remitting (RR) multiple sclerosis (MS) and to confirm their role in experimental settings in vivo.MethodsIn a longitudinal study of 17 RR‐MSpatients, we investigated blood miRNAexpression profiles at baseline and after 1 year of natalizumab therapy by microarray technique and quantitativePCRvalidation. We compared the baseline expression profiles of these patients to those of 18 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls. We confirmed the contribution of resulting candidate miRNAs in an animal model ofMS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by adoptive transfer of proteolipid protein (PLP)139–151‐activated lymphocytes inSJL/J mice or by active immunization of miR‐106a~363‐deficient C57BL/6 mice (or wildtype litter mates) with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55.ResultsOur longitudinal analysis revealed that miR‐18a, miR‐20b, miR‐29a, and miR‐103 were upregulated and predominantly expressed byCD4+T cells, whereas miR‐326 was downregulated upon natalizumab treatment. A comparison of untreatedRR‐MSpatients at baseline with healthy controls revealed that the four natalizumab‐upregulated targets were initially downregulated inMS. All confirmed targets showed disease‐dependent expression in splenocytes of mice suffering fromEAE. Genetic deletion of the miRNAcluster miR‐106a~363 (containing natalizumab‐regulated miR‐20b) resulted in a more severeEAEcourse and an in vivo upregulation of the miR‐20b target genesrorgt, stat3, andvegfa.InterpretationOur study indicates that natalizumab restores dysregulated miRNApatterns inMSand reveals the contribution of miR‐20b in autoimmune demyelination in vivo.
Synthetic Strategies for Oligoynes
Authors: Jevric Martyn , Nielsen Mogens Brøndsted 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOligoynes with alternating carbon–carbon single and triple bonds and with suitable end groups are interesting compounds for materials science and molecular electronics. Here we present recent synthetic strategies for the preparation of oligoynes as well as a few oligoenynes, in both linear and cyclic scaffolds, with different end groups, which are present either to incorporate additional functionality and properties to the molecule (such as redox properties) or to sterically shield the oligoyne chain. The strategies involve a variety of metal‐catalyzed reactions as well as procedures in which the oligoyne is prepared in the final step of the synthesis from related conjugated precursors. End‐capping of terminal alkynes with phosphine‐gold(I) complexes presents a way to enhance the stability and has been used not only to construct oligoynes, but also cyclic radiaannulene structures from stable and isolable tetraethynylethene building blocks (see frontispiece); upon ready reduction, these cyclic enynes can form cumulenic structures.
Steuerung der subtilen Energiebalance in protischen ionischen Flüssigkeiten: Dispersionskräfte im Wettstreit mit Wasserstoffbrücken
Authors: Fumino Koichi , Fossog Verlaine , Stange Peter , Paschek Dietmar , Hempelmann Rolf , Ludwig Ralf 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDie einzigartigen Eigenschaften ionischer Flüssigkeiten werden durch ein fein austariertes Energiegleichgewicht zwischen Coulomb‐Wechselwirkungen, Wasserstoffbrücken und Dispersionskräften bestimmt. Wir können innerhalb einer sorgfältig gewählten Zusammenstellung protischer ionischer Flüssigkeiten (PILs) mit Trialkylammonium‐Kationen und Methylsulfonat‐ bzw. Triflat‐Anionen in der PIL [(C6H13)3NH][CF3SO3] einen Übergang von H‐Brücken‐dominierter zu dispersionsdominierter Wechselwirkung beobachten. Die charakteristischen Merkmale der Schwingungen beider Ionenpaarspezies können in den Ferninfrarotspektren zweifelsfrei detektiert und zugeordnet werden. Das temperaturabhängige Gleichgewicht beider Spezies liefert die Enthalpie des Übergangs von der H‐Brücken‐ zur dispersionsdominierten Spezies. Diese Vorgehensweise ermöglicht direkten Zugang zur relativen Stärke von H‐Brücken und Dispersionskräften in einem Coulomb‐dominierten System. Dispersionskorrigierte Dichtefunktionalrechnungen stützen das experimentelle Ergebnis, dass der Übergang zwischen nicht kovalent gebundenen Spezies nur dann erfolgt, wenn die H‐Brücke zwischen Kation und Anion wie beim Triflat‐Anion ausreichend schwach ist und gleichzeitig die Dispersionskräfte groß genug sind, wie es hier durch die drei Hexylgruppen des [(C6H13)3NH]‐Kations gewährleistet wird. Die Dispersionskräfte tragen quantitativ etwa 2.3 kJ mol−1 pro zusätzlicher Methylengruppe in den Ammonium‐Kationen bei.
Electromanipulating Water Flow in Nanochannels
Authors: Kou Jianlong , Yao Jun , Lu Hangjun , Zhang Bo , Li Aifen , Sun Zhixue , Zhang Jianguang , Fang Yunzhang , Wu Fengmin , Fan Jintu 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn sharp contrast to the prevailing view that a stationary charge outside a nanochannel impedes water permeation across the nanochannel, molecular dynamics simulations show that a vibrational charge outside the nanochannel can promote water flux. In the vibrational charge system, a decrease in the distance between the charge and the nanochannel leads to an increase in the water net flux, which is contrary to that of the fixed‐charge system. The increase in net water flux is the result of the vibrational charge‐induced disruption of hydrogen bonds when the net water flux is strongly affected by the vibrational frequency of the charge. In particular, the net flux is reaches a maximum when the vibrational frequency matches the inherent frequency of hydrogen bond inside the nanochannel. This electromanipulating transport phenomenon provides an important new mechanism of water transport confined in nanochannels.
Versatile Colorant Syntheses by Multiple Condensations of Acetyl Anilines with Perylene Anhydrides
Authors: Jänsch Daniel , Li Chen , Chen Long , Wagner Manfred , Müllen Klaus 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe report a key step forward in rylene chemistry: the transformation of rylenes into novel chromophore families. The imidization of rylene anhydrides with 2‐acetyl anilines could be controlled by the choice of the solvent, thus causing a transformation into either a 4‐hydroxyquinoline (4‐HQ) or a 4‐oxoquinoline (4‐OQ) unit. The 4‐OQ motif contains an aminoenone group formed by intramolecular aldol condensation and is the first vinylogous rylene imide. The concept of vinylogy was further developed by utilizing 2,6‐diacetyl aniline leading to an 3a‐aza‐1,6‐phenalenedione‐extended rylene skeleton fully embracing the nitrogen atom. By functionalization of the aminoenone motifs, for example, malononitrile addition at the carbonyl groups, the optical and electronic properties could be further tuned.
Simultaneous determination of bupropion, metroprolol, midazolam, phenacetin, omeprazole and tolbutamide in rat plasma by UPLC‐MS/MS and its application to cytochrome P450 activity study in rats
Authors: Ma Jianshe , Wang Shuanghu , Zhang Meiling , Zhang Qingwei , Zhou Yunfang , Lin Chongliang , Lin Guanyang , Wang Xianqin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA specific ultra‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method is described for the simultaneous determination of bupropion, metroprolol, midazolam, phenacetin, omeprazole and tolbutamide in rat plasma with diazepam as internal standard, which are the six probe drugs of the six cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP2B6, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2C19 and CYP2C9. Plasma samples were protein precipitated with acetonitrile. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a UPLC® BEH C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 µm). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water (containing 0.1% formic acid) with gradient elution. The triple quadrupole mass spectrometric detection was operated by multiple reaction monitoring in positive electrospray ionization. The precisions were <13%, and the accuracy ranged from 93.3 to 110.4%. The extraction efficiency was >90.5%, and the matrix effects ranged from 84.3 to 114.2%. The calibration curves in plasma were linear in the range of 2–2000 ng/mL, with correlation coefficient (r2) >0.995. The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of the six probe drugs of the six CYP450 isoforms and used to evaluate the effects of erlotinib on the activities of CYP2B6, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 in rats. Erlotinib may inhibit the activity of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4, and may induce CYP2C9 of rats. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction of a High‐Mannose‐Type Glycan Library by a Renewed Top‐Down Chemo‐Enzymatic Approach
Authors: Fujikawa Kohki , Koizumi Akihiko , Hachisu Masakazu , Seko Akira , Takeda Yoichi , Ito Yukishige 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA comprehensive method for the construction of a high‐mannose‐type glycan library by systematic chemo‐enzymatic trimming of a single Man9‐based precursor was developed. It consists of the chemical synthesis of a non‐natural tridecasaccharide precursor, the orthogonal demasking of the non‐reducing ends, and trimming by glycosidases, which enabled a comprehensive synthesis of high‐mannose‐type glycans in their mono‐ or non‐glucosylated forms. It employed glucose, isopropylidene, and N‐acetylglucosamine groups for blocking the A‐, B‐, and C‐arms, respectively. After systematic trimming of the precursor, thirty‐seven high‐mannose‐type glycans were obtained. The power of the methodology was demonstrated by the enzymatic activity of human recombinant N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase‐I toward M7–M3 glycans, clarifying the substrate specificity in the context of high‐mannose‐type glycans.
Proton therapy for low‐grade gliomas: Results from a prospective trial
Authors: Shih Helen A. , Sherman Janet C. , Nachtigall Lisa B. , Colvin Mary K. , Fullerton Barbara C. , Daartz Juliane , Winrich Barbara K. , Batchelor Tracy T. , Thornton Lauren T. , Mancuso Sarah M. , Saums Michele K. , Oh Kevin S. , Curry William T. , Loeffler Jay S. , Yeap Beow Y. 
Published: January 2015

BACKGROUNDIn this prospective study, the authors evaluated potential treatment toxicity and progression‐free survival in patients with low‐grade glioma who received treatment with proton radiation therapy.METHODSTwenty patients with World Health Organization grade 2 glioma who were eligible for radiation therapy were enrolled in a prospective, single‐arm trial of proton therapy. The patients received proton therapy at a dose of 54 Gy (relative biological effectiveness) in 30 fractions. Comprehensive baseline and regular post‐treatment evaluations of neurocognitive function, neuroendocrine function, and quality of life (QOL) were performed.RESULTSAll 20 patients (median age, 37.5 years) tolerated treatment without difficulty. The median follow‐up after proton therapy was 5.1 years. At baseline, intellectual functioning was within the normal range for the group and remained stable over time. Visuospatial ability, attention/working memory, and executive functioning also were within normal limits; however, baseline neurocognitive impairments were observed in language, memory, and processing speed in 8 patients. There was no overall decline in cognitive functioning over time. New endocrine dysfunction was detected in 6 patients, and all but 1 had received direct irradiation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary axis. QOL assessment revealed no changes over time. The progression‐free survival rate at 3 years was 85%, but it dropped to 40% at 5 years.CONCLUSIONSPatients with low‐grade glioma tolerate proton therapy well, and a subset develops neuroendocrine deficiencies. There is no evidence for overall decline in cognitive function or QOL. Cancer 2015;121:1712–1719. © 2015 American Cancer Society.