bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of temporal evolution of the helium plasmasphere based on a sequence of IMAGE/EUV images
Authors: Nakano S. , Fok M.‐C. , Brandt P. C. , Higuchi T. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe have developed a technique for estimating the temporal evolution of the plasmaspheric helium ion density based on a sequence of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) data obtained from the IMAGE satellite. In the proposed technique, the estimation is obtained by incorporating EUV images from IMAGE into a two‐dimensional fluid model of the plasmasphere using a data assimilation approach based on the ensemble transform Kalman filter. Since the motion and the spatial structure of the helium plasmasphere is strongly controlled by the electric field in the inner magnetosphere, the electric field around the plasmapause can also be estimated using the ensemble transform Kalman filter. We performed an experiment using synthetic images that were generated from the same numerical model under a certain condition. It was confirmed that the condition that generated the synthetic images was successfully reproduced. We also present some results obtained using real EUV imaging data. Finally, we discuss the possibility of estimating the density profile along a magnetic field line. Since each EUV image was taken from a different direction due to the motion of the IMAGE satellite, we could obtain the information on the density profile along a field line by combining multiple images.
Is the new Grand minimum in progress?
Authors: Zolotova N. V. , Ponyavin D. I. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe sunspot numbers and polar faculae are analyzed to demonstrate that the current solar activity is close to the Grand minimum. Notably protracted Cycle 23 is found to be similar to the cycles on the eve of the Dalton and Gleissberg–Gnevyshev minima. The polar faculae as proxy of the polar field replicate variations of the sunspot cycle amplitude over the last 100 years. The weak sunspot activity of Cycle 24 is assumed to result in the weak polar field.
Electron density inside Enceladus plume inferred from plasma oscillations excited by dust impacts
Authors: Ye S.‐Y. , Gurnett D. A. , Kurth W. S. , Averkamp T. F. , Morooka M. , Sakai S. , Wahlund J.‐E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEnceladus' southern plume is one of the major discoveries of the Cassini mission. The water neutrals and water ice particles (dust) ejected by the cryovolcanic activity populate Saturn's E ring and the neutral torus, and they interact with the plasma environment of Saturn's magnetosphere. The plasma neutrality inside Enceladus' plume has been shown by the Langmuir probe measurement to be modified by the presence of the dust particles. We present an independent method of determining the electron density inside the plume. Sometimes, after dust impacts, plasma oscillations (ringing) were detected by the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrument. The frequencies of these oscillations have been shown to be consistent with the local plasma frequency, thus providing a measurement of the local electron density.
Testing the Cognitive Interview with Professional Interviewers: Enhancing Recall of Specific Details of Recurring Events
Authors: Rivard Jillian R. , Fisher Ronald P. , Robertson Belinda , Hirn Mueller Dana 
Published: April 2014

SummaryLaboratory research and field research have reliably shown that the cognitive interview (CI) enhances eyewitness recall in comparison with standard interview protocols in a criminal investigation context. To address some of the major criticisms of the existing CI literature, the current experiment compared the CI with the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center's five‐step interview protocol in an intelligence‐gathering context using experienced interviewers and adult interviewees. The CI elicited significantly more event‐relevant information from the interviewees than the five‐step model, the standard training offered at Federal Law Enforcement Training Center. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Twenty years of workers' compensation costs due to falls from height among union carpenters, Washington State
Authors: Lipscomb Hester J. , Schoenfisch Ashley L. , Cameron Wilfrid , Kucera Kristen L. , Adams Darrin , Silverstein Barbara A. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundFalls from height (FFH) are a longstanding, serious problem in construction.MethodsWe report workers' compensation (WC) payments associated with FFH among a cohort (n = 24,830; 1989–2008) of carpenters. Mean/median payments, cost rates, and adjusted rate ratios based on hours worked were calculated using negative‐binomial regression.ResultsOver the 20‐year period FFH accounted for $66.6 million in WC payments or $700 per year for each fulltime equivalent (2,000 hr of work). FFH were responsible for 5.5% of injuries but 15.1% of costs. Cost declines were observed, but not monotonically. Reductions were more pronounced for indemnity than medical care. Mean costs were 2.3 times greater among carpenters over 50 than those under 30; cost rates were only modestly higher.ConclusionsSignificant progress has been made in reducing WC payments associated with FFH in this cohort particularly through 1996; primary gains reflect reduction in frequency of falls. FFH that occur remain costly. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:984–991, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Saxitoxin
Authors: Thottumkara Arun P. , Parsons William H. , Du Bois J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDie lähmend wirkende Verbindung (+)‐Saxitoxin (STX), die mit den Roten Tiden der Meere und der paralytischen Schalentiervergiftung assoziiert wird, ist ein potenter Inhibitor der elektrischen Leitung in erregbaren Zellen. Seine tückischen Wirkungen sind eine Folge der Hemmung spannungsgesteuerter Natriumionenkanäle (NaVs), d. h. der Proteine, die für die Initiierung und Fortpflanzung von Aktionspotentialen unerlässlich sind. Ein entscheidender Punkt für den Fortschritt der Ionenkanalforschung und die Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von NaVs war die Verfügbarkeit von STX und des verwandten Guanidiniumderivats Tetrodotoxin. Die Besonderheit von STX zeigt sich in seiner Funktion und Form, weist dieses außerordentlich kompakte Dikation doch mehr Heteroatome als Kohlenstoffzentren auf. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die Chemie und die chemische Biologie dieses faszinierenden Naturstoffs und zeigt Perspektiven für die gezielte Erforschung der Struktur und Funktion von NaV auf.
On‐Top π‐Stacking of Quasiplanar Molecules in Hole‐Transporting Materials: Inducing Anisotropic Carrier Mobility in Amorphous Films
Authors: Wakamiya Atsushi , Nishimura Hidetaka , Fukushima Tatsuya , Suzuki Furitsu , Saeki Akinori , Seki Shu , Osaka Itaru , Sasamori Takahiro , Murata Michihisa , Murata Yasujiro , Kaji Hironori 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDimers of partially oxygen‐bridged triarylamines were designed and synthesized as hole‐transporting materials. X‐ray structural analyses revealed that these compounds form on‐top π‐stacking aggregates in the crystalline state. TRMC measurements showed that high levels of anisotropic charge transport were induced in the direction of the π‐stacking. Surprisingly, even in vacuum‐deposited amorphous films, these compounds retained some of the face‐on π‐stacking, thus facilitating an out‐of‐plane carrier mobility.
Silver‐Catalyzed Oxidative Activation of Benzylic CH Bonds for the Synthesis of Difluoromethylated Arenes
Authors: Xu Peng , Guo Shuo , Wang Liyan , Tang Pingping 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA mild and catalytic method to form difluoromethylated arenes through the activation of benzylic CH bonds has been developed. Utilizing AgNO3 as the catalyst, various arenes with diverse functional groups undergo activation/fluorination of benzylic CH bonds with commercially available Selectfluor reagent as a source of fluorine in aqueous solution. The reaction is operationally simple and amenable to gram‐scale synthesis.
Saxitoxin
Authors: Thottumkara Arun P. , Parsons William H. , Du Bois J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe paralytic agent (+)‐saxitoxin (STX), most commonly associated with oceanic red tides and shellfish poisoning, is a potent inhibitor of electrical conduction in cells. Its nefarious effects result from inhibition of voltage‐gated sodium channels (NaVs), the obligatory proteins responsible for the initiation and propagation of action potentials. In the annals of ion channel research, the identification and characterization of NaVs trace to the availability of STX and an allied guanidinium derivative, tetrodotoxin. The mystique of STX is expressed in both its function and form, as this uniquely compact dication boasts more heteroatoms than carbon centers. This Review highlights both the chemistry and chemical biology of this fascinating natural product, and offers a perspective as to how molecular design and synthesis may be used to explore NaV structure and function.
Biosynthesis and Chemical Synthesis of Presilphiperfolanol Natural Products
Authors: Hong Allen Y. , Stoltz Brian M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPresilphiperfolanols constitute a family of biosynthetically important sesquiterpenes which can rearrange to diverse sesquiterpenoid skeletons. While the origin of these natural products can be traced to simple linear terpene precursors, the details of the enzymatic cyclization mechanism that forms the stereochemically dense tricyclic skeleton has required extensive biochemical, computational, and synthetic investigation. Parallel efforts to prepare the unique and intriguing structures of these compounds by total synthesis have also inspired novel strategies, thus resulting in four synthetic approaches and two completed syntheses. While the biosynthesis and chemical synthesis studies performed to date have provided much insight into the role and properties of these molecules, emerging questions regarding the biosynthesis of newer members of the family and subtle details of rearrangement mechanisms have yet to be explored.
Use of encounter data to model spatio‐temporal distribution patterns of endangered smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata, in the western Atlantic
Authors: Waters John D. , Coelho Rui , Fernandez‐Carvalho Joana , Timmers Amy A. , Wiley Tonya , Seitz Jason C. , Mcdavitt Matthew T. , Burgess George H. , Poulakis Gregg R. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTSawfishes are among the most threatened fish species globally, with only the smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata) currently regularly observed in the western Atlantic. The National Sawfish Encounter Database (NSED) documents reported encounters with sawfishes in the western Atlantic and contains 4945 reports of 8773 individual P. pectinata (1782–2011).Statistical modelling (generalized linear models and generalized additive models) and kernel density analyses were used to (1) identify spatio‐temporal patterns among encounter reports, including range reduction in the western Atlantic; (2) determine current distribution to identify areas and time periods where conservation and recovery efforts could be focused; and (3) identify and describe spatio‐temporal distribution patterns of large juveniles and adults.Pristis pectinata were found to be year‐round residents of Florida but showed relatively consistent spatial and temporal trends by life stage throughout the year. Although the historical range in the western Atlantic included coastal waters from North Carolina to Brazil, the current geographic range of the species was limited to Florida from 2001 through 2011, with occasional reports in neighbouring states, the Bahamas, and Cuba.Seasonally, encounters of all life stages peaked from March through July and annual recruitment of juveniles was apparent during the study period. Spatial hotspots based on increased numbers of encounters of large juveniles (201–340 cm) and adults (>340 cm) were identified in southern Charlotte Harbor, the Ten Thousand Islands, Florida Bay, the Atlantic side of the Florida Keys, and off St. Lucie in south‐east Florida. The analyses presented herein provide evidence of range reduction in the western Atlantic, provide an important tool for resource managers to focus research, monitoring, and conservation efforts, and may provide a framework to model and predict habitat use of other species. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The persistence of abnormal return on assets: an exploratory analysis of the performance of firms by country and sector
Authors: Gallizo José Luis , Gargallo Pilar , Saladrigues Ramon , Salvador Manuel 
Published: April 2014

This study offers an exploratory statistical analysis of the persistence of annual abnormal returns across a sample of firms from different European Union countries. To this end, a hierarchical Bayesian dynamic model has been used that enables the annual behaviour of those profits to be broken down into a permanent structural component and a transitory component, while also distinguishing between general effects affecting the industry as a whole and specific effects impacting on each firm in particular. This breakdown of the behaviour of profits allows for a more accurate assessment of the relative importance of these fundamental components by country and sector. Furthermore, through the Bayesian approach, it is possible to test different hypotheses about the homogeneity of the dynamic behaviour of the aforementioned components with respect to the sector and the country where the firm develops its activity.We find that although both the industry and firm effects are significant, the latter are more important to explain the dynamic evolution of abnormal returns. Specifically, firm effects account for 68% of total variation of the abnormal returns and display a lower degree of persistence with adjustment speeds oscillating at around 34%, while industry effects only account for 9% and have adjustment speeds oscillating between 7% and 8%. However, this pattern is not homogeneous and depends on the sector and country in which the firm carries out its activity. These results highlight the need to take into account both aspects simultaneously in order to analyse the dynamic behaviour of abnormal returns. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Information initiatives of mobile retailers: a regression analysis of zero‐truncated count data with underdispersion
Authors: Chou Yen‐Chun , Chuang Howard Hao‐Chun , Shao Benjamin B.M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOur paper presents an empirical analysis of the association between firm attributes in electronic retailing and the adoption of information initiatives in mobile retailing. In our attempt to analyze the collected data, we find that the count of information initiatives exhibits underdispersion. Also, zero‐truncation arises from our study design. To tackle the two issues, we test four zero‐truncated (ZT) count data models—binomial, Poisson, Conway–Maxwell–Poisson, and Consul's generalized Poisson. We observe that the ZT Poisson model has a much inferior fit when compared with the other three models. Interestingly, even though the ZT binomial distribution is the only model that explicitly takes into account the finite range of our count variable, it is still outperformed by the other two Poisson mixtures that turn out to be good approximations. Further, despite the rising popularity of the Conway–Maxwell–Poisson distribution in recent literature, the ZT Consul's generalized Poisson distribution shows the best fit among all candidate models and suggests support for one hypothesis. Because underdispersion is rarely addressed in IT and electronic commerce research, our study aims to encourage empirical researchers to adopt a flexible regression model in order to make a robust assessment on the impact of explanatory variables. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classic bladder exstrophy: Frequent 22q11.21 duplications and definition of a 414 kb phenocritical region
Authors: Draaken Markus , Baudisch Friederike , Timmermann Bernd , Kuhl Heiner , Kerick Martin , Proske Judith , Wittler Lars , Pennimpede Tracie , Ebert Anne‐Karoline , Rösch Wolfgang , Stein Raimund , Bartels Enrika , von Lowtzow Catharina , Boemers Thomas M. , Herms Stefan , Gearhart John P. , Lakshmanan Yegappan , Kockum Christina Clementsson , Holmdahl Gundela , Läckgren Göran , Nordenskjöld Agnetha , Boyadjiev Simeon A. , Herrmann Bernhard G. , Nöthen Markus M. , Ludwig Michael , Reutter Heiko 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundClassic bladder exstrophy (CBE) is the most common form of the bladder exstrophy and epispadias complex. Previously, we and others have identified four patients with a duplication of 22q11.21 among a total of 96 unrelated CBE patients.MethodsHere, we investigated whether this chromosomal aberration was commonly associated with CBE/bladder exstrophy and epispadias complex in an extended case‐control sample. Multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification and microarray‐based analysis were used to identify 22q11.21 duplications in 244 unrelated bladder exstrophy and epispadias complex patients (including 217 CBE patients) and 665 healthy controls.ResultsNew duplications of variable size were identified in four CBE patients and one control. Pooling of our previous and present data (eight duplications in 313 CBE patients) yielded a combined odds ratio of 31.86 (95% confidence interval, 4.24–1407.97). Array‐based sequence capture and high‐throughput targeted re‐sequencing established that all breakpoints resided within the low‐copy repeats 22A to 22D. Comparison of the eight duplications revealed a 414 kb phenocritical region harboring 12 validated RefSeq genes. Characterization of these 12 candidate genes through whole‐mount in situ hybridization of mouse embryos at embryonic day 9.5 suggested that CRKL, THAP7, and LZTR1 are CBE candidate genes.ConclusionOur data suggest that duplication of 22q11.21 increases CBE risk and implicate a phenocritical region in disease formation. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:512–517, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Red‐shifted emission from 1,2‐dioxetane‐based chemiluminescent reactions
Authors: Park Jason Y. , Gunpat Joshua , Liu Li , Edwards Brooks , Christie Alana , Xie Xian‐Jin , Kricka Larry J. , Mason Ralph P. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTCommercial chemiluminescent reagents emit across a broad portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (400–500 nm). A challenge to the use of chemiluminescence to monitor biological processes is the presence of interfering substances in the biological optical window. In the present study, longer wavelength emitting fluorophores (the organic dyes Alexa 568 and Alexa 647), and a semiconductor nanoparticle (QDOT800) were used to red‐shift the emission from commercially available 1,2‐dioxetane‐based chemiluminescent substrate reactions. By adding non‐conjugated fluorescent emitters into chemiluminescent reaction mixtures, an emission peak occurred at the predicted wavelength of the fluorescent emitter. The excitation and emission from QDOT800 was preserved in the presence of a 100 µm‐thick glass barrier separating it from the chemiluminescent reaction components. The maximum tissue phantom penetration by QDOT800 emission was 8.5 mm; in comparison, the native chemiluminescent emission at 500 nm was unable to penetrate the thinnest tissue phantom of 2.5 mm. The described method for red‐shifted emissions from chemiluminescent reactions does not require direct interaction between the chemiluminescent reaction and the fluorescent emitters. This suggests that the mechanism of chemiluminescent excitation of fluorophores and QDOT800 is not exclusive to chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer or sensitized chemiluminescence, but rather by broad energization from the native chemiluminescent emission. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utilizing a nano‐sorbent for the selective solid‐phase extraction of vanillic acid prior to its determination by photoluminescence spectroscopy
Authors: Abdolmohammad‐Zadeh Hossein , Mahmoudi‐kordi Fatemeh , Rahmati Manoochehr 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTVanillic acid (VA) is a phenolic acid, and acts as a natural antioxidant in fruits, vegetables and plants. The extraction and determination of trace levels of VA in plants is important, because stimulation of protein synthesis and activation of antioxidant enzymes occur in the presence of phenolic acids at trace levels. In this research, a photoluminescence spectroscopic method was developed for the quantification of VA in plant samples after separation and pre‐concentration. Selective extraction of VA from aqueous solution was performed using a solid‐phase extraction column packed with nickel–aluminum layered double hydroxide as a nano‐sorbent. After elution of extracted analyte from the column using 3 mL of a 3 mol/L NaOH solution, its concentration was determined spectrofluorometrically at λem = 357 nm with excitation at λex = 280 nm. The spectrofluorometry method gave a linear response for VA within the range 20.0–900.0 µg/L, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9982. The limit of detection and sorption capacity were 7.6 µg/L and 66.2 mg/g, respectively. The method was validated by comparing the obtained results with gas chromatographic data. This method was used to determine VA in Chenopodium album and Prangos asperula plants. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A web‐based method for building and simulating standard cell circuits—A classroom application
Authors: Beg Azam 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe characterization of standard cells (basic digital blocks) is an iterative and arduous process. Our web‐based tool enables the students/users to quickly perform a large number of characterization experiments. The tool is useful for various courses on micro/nano‐electronics and circuit design, and eliminates the need for costly CAD‐software/hardware. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:304–313, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21600
Interactive computer modules for undergraduate chemical engineering instruction
Authors: Fogler H. Scott , Montgomery Susan M. , Zipp Robert P. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractInteractive computer modules have been developed for four of the core courses in the Chemical Engineering curriculum: Introduction to Chemical Engineering, Fluids/Transport, Separations, and Kinetics. These modules generally consist of a review of the material, followed by an interactive problem‐solving session, which may include a computer simulation of the processes involved. The problem is often presented as part of a scenario, to capture the student's interest, and hints are available to guide the student. This study examines the components of these modules, as well as considerations that educators should take into account when developing interactive computer modules.
Multimedia‐based educational applications of computer simulations of chemical engineering processes
Authors: Squires R. G. , Andersen P. K. , Reklaitis G. V. , Jayakumar S. , Carmichael D. S. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA series of computer simulations of industrial chemical engineering processes designed to be used as senior chemical engineering laboratory “experiments” are being developed. Each company sponsor has also produced a 20‐minute videotape of the process so that students may “tour” the facilities. Four modules have been completed. Two additional modules are currently being developed. The distribution of all materials will be handled by CACHE. Although the modules were designed for use in the senior chemical engineering laboratory course, schools report success in applying the modules in other chemical engineering courses.