bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specializations of intercellular junctions are associated with the presence and absence of hair cell regeneration in ears from six vertebrate classes
Authors: Burns Joseph C. , Collado Maria Sol , Oliver Eric R. , Corwin Jeffrey T. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSensory hair cell losses lead to hearing and balance deficits that are permanent for mammals, but temporary for nonmammals because supporting cells in their ears give rise to replacement hair cells. In mice and humans, vestibular supporting cells grow exceptionally large circumferential F‐actin belts and their junctions express E‐cadherin in patterns that strongly correlate with postnatal declines in regeneration capacity. In contrast, chicken supporting cells retain thin F‐actin belts throughout life and express little E‐cadherin. To determine whether the junctions in chicken ears might be representative of other ears that also regenerate hair cells, we investigated inner ears from dogfish sharks, zebrafish, bullfrogs,Xenopus, turtles, and the lizard,Anolis. As in chickens, the supporting cells in adult zebrafish,Xenopus, and turtle ears retained thin circumferential F‐actin belts and expressed little E‐cadherin. Supporting cells in adult sharks and bullfrogs also retained thin belts, but were not tested for E‐cadherin. Supporting cells in adultAnolisexhibited wide, but porous webs of F‐actin and strong E‐cadherin expression.Anolissupporting cells also showed some cell cycle reentry when cultured. The results reveal that the association between thin F‐actin belts and low E‐cadherin is shared by supporting cells in anamniotes, turtles, and birds, which all can regenerate hair cells. Divergent junctional specializations in supporting cells appear to have arisen independently inAnolisand mammals. The presence of webs of F‐actin at the junctions inAnolisappears compatible with supporting cell proliferation, but the solid reinforcement of the F‐actin belts in mammals is associated with its absence. J. Comp. Neurol., 521:1430–1448, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomical distribution of sex steroid hormone receptors in the brain of female medaka
Authors: Zempo Buntaro , Kanda Shinji , Okubo Kataaki , Akazome Yasuhisa , Oka Yoshitaka 
Published: November 2012

AbstractEstrogen and androgen play crucial roles in coordinating reproductive functions through estrogen receptors (ERs) and androgen receptors (ARs), respectively. These receptors are considered important for regulation of the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐gonadal (HPG) axis. Despite their biological importance, the distribution of sex steroid receptors has not been fully analyzed anatomically in the teleost brain. The teleosts have many characteristic features, which allow unique approaches toward an understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of reproductive functions. Medaka serves as a good model system for studying the mechanisms by which steroid receptor‐mediated systems are regulated, because 1) their breeding conditions can be easily manipulated; 2) we can take advantage of the genome database; and 3) molecular genetic tools, such as transgenic techniques, are applicable. We analyzed the distribution of ERα, ERβ1, ERβ2, ARα, and ARβ mRNA by in situ hybridization in the brain of female medaka. We found that all subtypes of ERs and ARs were expressed in the following nuclei: the dorsal part of the ventral telencephalic area (Vd), supracommissural part of the ventral telencephalic area (Vs), postcommissural part of the ventral telencephalic area (Vp), preoptic area (POA), and nucleus ventralis tuberis (NVT). These regions are known to be involved in the regulation of sexual behavior (Vd, Vs, Vp, POA) or the HPG axis (NVT). These ER‐ and/or AR‐expressing neurons may regulate sexual behavior or the HPG axis according to their axonal projections. Future analysis should be targeted to the neurons described in the present study to extend our understanding of the central regulatory mechanisms of reproduction. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:1760–1780, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The significance of leaf water repellency in ecohydrological research: a review
Authors: Rosado Bruno H. P. , Holder Curtis D. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTNumerous studies in materials science and chemistry have expanded our understanding of the repellency of water droplets from surfaces. Much of the inspiration for the development of synthetic water‐repellent materials came from the examination of water‐repellent properties of animals and plants in the natural environment. The hydrological significance of water repellency in the natural environment remains an underexplored research topic. Although the hydrological significance of soil water repellency has become well established in the ecohydrology and water resources literature, fewer studies have examined the significance of leaf water repellency. This review examines the properties of leaf water repellency, the methodologies used to calculate leaf water repellency, the leaf surface properties that promote leaf water repellency, and the significance of leaf water repellency in ecohydrological research. The repellency of a water droplet by a leaf surface is functionally important among plant species and may reflect selective strategies that either favour leaf water uptake in drought‐prone environments or promote higher photosynthetic efficiency during prolonged periods of precipitation through higher repellency. Information on the functional significance of leaf water repellency in hydrologic models could enhance our understanding of the delivery of water resources to municipal reservoirs and fill in a missing gap in our understanding of leaf water repellency as a process that influences discharge, and by extension, water resources. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of fatty acid chlorides in the iron‐catalyzed depolymerization of polyethers
Authors: Enthaler Stephan 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn the present study we have set up a straightforward methodology for the depolymerization of polyethers with fatty acid chlorides in the presence of catalytic amounts of abundant and cheap FeCl2 · 4H2O to yield well‐defined products. The produced chloroesters can be useful building blocks in polymerization chemistry to prepare new high quality polymers. Thus, recycling of polymers is feasible using this protocol.
Graphenes Prepared by Hummers, Staudenmaier and Hofmann Methods for Analysis of TNT‐Based Nitroaromatic Explosives in Seawater
Authors: Ong Beng Khong , Poh Hwee Ling , Chua Chun Kiang , Pumera Martin 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe detection of TNT and related nitroaromatic compounds in seawater is of great interest. Electrochemical techniques can be applied for detection purposes since nitroaromatic compounds contain easily reducible nitro groups. In this study, we investigate the performance of thermally reduced graphenes prepared by three different oxidative methods: Hummers, Staudenmaier and Hofmann methods with consequent thermal exfoliation. The Hofmann method‐based graphene was found to exhibit the highest sensitivity in detecting TNT electrochemically. Extended study on the detection of TNT in seawater using the graphene material provided significant improvements in the detection sensitivity. These findings will have profound impacts on the detection of nitroaromatic explosives in seawater.
Cholesterol and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Renewed focus on an old villain
Authors: Kerr Thomas A. , Davidson Nicholas O. , Groszmann Roberto J. , Iwakiri Yasuko , Taddei Tamar H. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with increased cardiovascular and liver-related mortality. NAFLD is characterized by both triglyceride and free cholesterol (FC) accumulation without a corresponding increment in cholesterol esters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of cholesterol metabolic genes in NAFLD and relate these to disease phenotype. NAFLD was associated with increased SREBP-2 maturation, HMG CoA reductase (HMGCR) expression and decreased phosphorylation of HMGCR. Cholesterol synthesis was increased as measured by the circulating desmosterol:cholesterol ratio. miR-34a, a microRNA increased in NAFLD, inhibited sirtuin-1 with downstream dephosphorylation of AMP kinase and HMGCR. Cholesterol ester hydrolase was increased while ACAT-2 remained unchanged. LDL receptor expression was significantly decreased and similar in NAFLD subjects on or off statins. HMGCR expression was correlated with FC, histologic severity of NAFLD and LDL-cholesterol. These data demonstrate dysregulated cholesterol metabolism in NAFLD which may contribute to disease severity and cardiovascular risks.
Heat transfer on peristaltically induced Walter's B fluid flow
Authors: Mehmood Obaid Ullah , Mustapha Norzieha , Shafie Sharidan 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis paper look at the effects of heat transfer on peristaltic flow of Walter's B fluid in an asymmetric channel. The regular perturbation method is used to solve the governing equations by taking the wave number as the small parameter. Expressions for stream function, temperature distribution, and heat transfer coefficient are presented in explicit form. Solutions are analyzed graphically for different values of arising parameters. It has been found that these parameters affect considerably the considered flow characteristics. Results show that with an increase in the Eckert and Prandtl numbers, the temperature and heat transfer coefficient increase. Further, the absolute value of the heat transfer coefficient increases with an increasing viscoelastic parameter. Comparison with published results for viscous fluid is also presented. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21021
Nonsimilar solutions for mixed convection of water at 4°C over a vertical surface with a convection boundary condition in a porous medium
Authors: Khan Waqar A. , Gorla Rama Subba Reddy 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA boundary layer analysis has been presented for the mixed convection of water at 4°C over a vertical plate embedded in a porous medium. The Robin or convective boundary condition at the surface has been considered where the heat lost from the surface is the product of a heat transfer coefficient and the temperature difference between the surface and the free stream. The governing non‐similar boundary layer equations for both the forced and free convection dominated regimes were solved numerically by means of an implicit finite difference method. The friction factor and dimensionless heat transfer rate (Nusselt number) are presented for several values of the dimensionless heat transfer coefficient and buoyancy parameter. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21022
Effect of the opening aspect ratio on a buoyant pulsating exchange flow through a circular ceiling opening in a horizontal partition
Authors: Gera B. , Sharma P.K. , Singh R.K. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAn interesting transport phenomenon is observed through openings between two compartments separated by a thin, vented, horizontal partition such as those between containment areas in nuclear power systems, in other installations in the event of fire, passive cooling of heated structures, and in natural building ventilation. A heavier fluid located on the top of a lighter fluid and separated by a horizontal vent constitutes a gravitationally unstable system. Horizontal vents produce flow, which are unstable with irregular oscillatory behavior. The objective of the present work was to simulate such type of flow across a circular opening in a horizontal partition in the presence of a buoyancy force. Unsteady, axisymmetric Navier–Stokes equations were solved using the in‐house CFD code based upon the well‐established finite volume methodology. In terms of temporal differencing a second‐order accurate Crank–Nicolson scheme was used. Interpolation to cell faces for the convective terms was performed using a third‐order QUICK scheme and a second‐order central differencing was used for the viscous terms. Pressure‐velocity coupling was based on the SIMPLE procedure. The upper chamber was filled with salt water and the lower chamber with fresh water, creating a density differential between the two chambers. Opposing forces at the interface created a gravitationally unstable system, and an oscillating exchange of fluid developed. Several cases were numerically simulated and classified with respect to an aspect ratio L/D, where L represents the thickness of the partition and D represents the diameter of the opening in the partition. The flow coefficients and pulsation frequency have been determined. The effect of opening aspect ratio on frequency and flow coefficient was observed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21023
Ovarian cancer cells, not normal cells, are damaged by Mirk/Dyrk1B kinase inhibition
Authors: Hu Jing , Deng Holly , Friedman Eileen A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPrior studies had shown that the Mirk/dyrk1B gene is amplified/upregulated in about 75% of ovarian cancers, that protein levels of this kinase are elevated in quiescent G0 cells and that Mirk maintains tumor cells in quiescence by initiating rapid degradation of cyclin D isoforms and by phosphorylation of a member of the DREAM complex. Depletion of Mirk/dyrk1B led to increased cyclin D levels, an elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and loss of viability. However, many normal cells in vivo are quiescent, and therefore, targeting a kinase found in quiescent cells might be problematic. In our study, Mirk kinase activity was found to be higher in ovarian cancer cells than in normal cells. Pharmacological inhibition of Mirk/dyrk1B kinase increased cyclin D levels both in quiescent normal diploid cells and in quiescent CDKN2A‐negative ovarian cancer cells, but led to more active CDK4/cyclin D complexes in quiescent ovarian cancer cells, allowing them to escape G0/G1 quiescence, enter cycle with high ROS levels and undergo apoptosis. The ROS scavenger N‐acetyl cysteine reduced both the amount of cleaved poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) and the extent of cancer cell loss. In contrast, normal cells were spared because of their expression of cyclin directed kinase (CDK) inhibitors that blocked unregulated cycling. Quiescent early passage normal ovarian epithelial cells and two strains of quiescent normal diploid fibroblasts remained viable after the inhibition of Mirk/dyrk1B kinase, and the few cells that left G0/G1 quiescence were accumulated in G2+M. Thus, inhibition of Mirk kinase targeted quiescent ovarian cancer cells.
Cytotoxic and immune‐mediated killing of human colorectal cancer by reovirus‐loaded blood and liver mononuclear cells
Authors: Adair Robert A. , Scott Karen J. , Fraser Sheila , Errington‐Mais Fiona , Pandha Hardev , Coffey Matt , Selby Peter , Cook Graham P. , Vile Richard , Harrington Kevin J. , Toogood Giles , Melcher Alan A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractReovirus is a promising oncolytic virus, acting by both direct and immune‐mediated mechanisms, although its potential may be limited by inactivation after systemic delivery. Our study addressed whether systemically delivered reovirus might be shielded from neutralising antibodies by cell carriage and whether virus‐loaded blood or hepatic innate immune effector cells become activated to kill colorectal cancer cells metastatic to the liver in human systems. We found that reovirus was directly cytotoxic against tumour cells but not against fresh hepatocytes. Although direct tumour cell killing by neat virus was significantly reduced in the presence of neutralising serum, reovirus was protected when loaded onto peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which may carry virus after intravenous administration in patients. As well as handing off virus for direct oncolytic killing, natural killer (NK) cells within reovirus‐treated blood mononuclear cells were stimulated to kill tumour targets, but not normal hepatocytes, in a Type I interferon‐dependent manner. Similarly, NK cells within liver mononuclear cells became selectively cytotoxic towards tumour cells when activated by reovirus. Hence, intravenous reovirus may evade neutralisation by serum via binding to circulating mononuclear cells, and this blood cell carriage has the potential to investigate both direct and innate immune‐mediated therapy against human colorectal or other cancers metastatic to the liver.
Non‐CpG island promoter hypomethylation and miR‐149 regulate the expression of SRPX2 in colorectal cancer
Authors: Øster Bodil , Linnet Lene , Christensen Lise Lotte , Thorsen Kasper , Ongen Halit , Dermitzakis Emmanouil T , Sandoval Juan , Moran Sebastian , Esteller Manel , Hansen Torben F. , Lamy Philippe ,   On behalf of the COLOFOL steering group, Laurberg Søren , Ørntoft Torben F. , Andersen Claus L. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractGene silencing by DNA hypermethylation of CpG islands is a well‐characterized phenomenon in cancer. The effect of hypomethylation in particular of non‐CpG island genes is much less well described. By genome‐wide screening, we identified 105 genes in microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal adenocarcinomas with an inverse correlation (Spearman's ρ ≤ −0.40) between methylation and expression. Of these, 35 (33%) were hypomethylated non‐CpG island genes and two of them, APOLD1 (Spearman's ρ = −0.82) and SRPX2 (Spearman's ρ = −0.80) were selected for further analyses. Hypomethylation of both genes were localized events not shared by adjacent genes. A set of 662 FFPE DNA samples not only confirmed that APOLD1 and SRPX2 are hypomethylated in CRC but also revealed hypomethylation to be significantly (p < 0.01) associated with tumors being localized in the left side, CpG island methylator phenotype negative, MSS, BRAF wt, undifferentiated and of adenocarcinoma histosubtype. Demethylation experiments supported SRPX2 being epigenetically regulated via DNA methylation, whereas other mechanisms in addition to DNA methylation seem to be involved in the regulation of APOLD1. We further identified miR‐149 as a potential novel post‐transcriptional regulator of SRPX2. In carcinoma tissue, miR‐149 was downregulated and inversely correlated to SRPX2 (ρ = −0.77). Furthermore, ectopic expression of miR‐149 significantly reduced SRPX2 transcript levels. Our study highlights that in colorectal tumors, hypomethylation of non‐CpG island‐associated promoters deregulate gene expression nearly as frequent as do CpG‐island hypermethylation. The hypomethylation of SRPX2 is focal and not part of a large block. Furthermore, it often translates to an increased expression level, which may be modulated by miR‐149.
Tunneling nanotube formation is essential for the regulation of osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Takahashi Akira , Kukita Akiko , Li Yin‐ji , Zhang Jing‐qi , Nomiyama Hisayuki , Yamaza Takayoshi , Ayukawa Yasunori , Koyano Kiyoshi , Kukita Toshio 
Published: November 2012

AbstractOsteoclasts are the multinucleated giant cells formed by cell fusion of mononuclear osteoclast precursors. Despite the finding of several membrane proteins involving DC‐STAMP as regulatory proteins required for fusion among osteoclast precursors, cellular and molecular events concerning this process are still ambiguous. Here we identified Tunneling Nanotubes (TNTs), long intercellular bridges with small diameters, as the essential cellular structure for intercellular communication among osteoclast precursors in prior to cell fusion. Formation of TNTs was highly associated with osteoclastogenesis and it was accompanied with the significant induction of the M‐Sec gene, an essential gene for TNT formation. M‐Sec gene expression was significantly upregulated by RANKL‐treatment in osteoclast precursor cell line. Blockage of TNT formation by Latrunclin B or by M‐Sec siRNA significantly suppressed osteoclastogenesis. We have detected the rapid intercellular transport of not only the membrane phospholipids labeled with DiI but also the DC‐STAMP‐GFP fusion protein through TNTs formed among osteoclast precursors during osteoclastogenesis. Transportation of such regulatory molecules through TNTs would be essential for the process of the specific cell fusion among osteoclast precursors. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 1238–1247, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Theoretical study on the mechanism and kinetics of addition of hydroxyl radicals to fluorobenzene
Authors: Kovacevic Goran , Sabljic Aleksandar 
Published: November 2012

AbstractGeometries, frequencies, reaction barriers, and reaction rates were calculated for the addition of OH radical to fluorobenzene using Möller–Plesset second‐order perturbation (MP2) and G3 methods. Four stationary points were found along each reaction path: reactants, prereaction complex, transition state, and product. A potential for association of OH radical and fluorobenzene into prereaction complex was calculated, and the associated transition state was determined for the first time. G3 calculations give higher reaction barriers than MP2, but also a significantly deeper prereaction complex minimum. The rate constants, calculated with Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theory using G3 energies, are much faster and in much better agreement with the experiment than those calculated with MP2 method, as the deeper well favors the formation of prereaction complex and also increases the final relative populations of adducts. The discrepancies between the experimental and calculated rate constants are attributed to the errors in calculated frequencies as well as to the overestimated G3 reaction barriers and underestimated prereaction complex well depth. It was possible to rectify those errors and to reproduce the experimental reaction rates in the temperature range 230–310 K by treating the relative translation of OH radical and fluorobenzene as a two‐dimensional particle‐in‐the‐box approximation and by downshifting the prereaction complex well and reaction barriers by 0.7 kcal mol−1. The isomeric distribution of fluorohydroxycyclohexadienyl radicals is calculated from the reaction rates to be 30.9%ortho, 22.6%meta, 38.4%para, and 8.3%ipso. These results are in agreement with experiment that also shows dominance oforthoandparachannels. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.