bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimisation Techniques for Reduction of Enviromental Emissions from the Energy Industry
Authors: Iwegbu M. C. , Ugolo J. U. , Onwochei A. , Osokogwu U. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
With the 2023 United Nations Climate change conference focus on transitioning to clean energy and theme on fast tracking energy transition and cutting emissions before 2030 to limit global warming to 1.5 0C above pre-industrial levels, it has become imperative especially for developing countries requiring more and more energy for their developmental needs to strike a balance between providing basic energy infrastructure for her economic development and the obligation for these developing countries to make commitments, set targets including adjusting national legislation in order to cope with increasing global environmental pressure calling for the reduction of environmental emissions and subsequently build climate resilience.
This paper examined the possible optimization techniques for reducing environmental emissions of a typical minigrid power plant by carrying out a technical and economic simulation of an existing 85KW solar based renewable energy minigrid project in Nigeria with the objective of providing the cheapest energy cost along with zero or minimum environmental emissions.
HOMER pro software was used for the simulation using Solar PV (PV), Storage Battery (B), Diesel Generator (DG) and Converter as the base case scenario; also, other alternative sources of fuel scenarios were also modelled using Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). The results showed that the Solar PV + BAT + LPG scenario using LPG as an alternative source of fuel reduced the base case scenario C02 emissions by 8% while the Solar PV + BAT + CNG scenario using CNG as an alternative source of fuel reduced the base case scenario C02 emissions by 13.5%.
This paper proposes the following optimization techniques for minigrid power projects in Nigeria in order to achieve the least environmental emissions targets by adopting the following; increase in the renewable energy fraction by further adopting any existing local renewable energy resource, switching from higher to lower carbon emitting sources of fuel, use of lower emission generating devices, optimization of the stored battery power and consequently a reduction in the running hours required by the backup power source to support the intermittent renewable energy based minigrids.
Combating Pipeline Internal Corrosion Using Jatropha Tanjorensis
Authors: Ngwu Daniel , Toyin Odutola 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This study explores the corrosion inhibition potential of Jatropha tanjorensis on aluminum (Al), mild steel (MS), and galvanized steel (GA) specimens immersed in a corrosive crude oil medium. Twelve specimens, divided into 4 groups for each metal type, were suspended in the corrosive medium using a unique setup involving plastic containers and wooden sticks. The inhibitor, extracted from 100g of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves in 400ml of ethanol, resulted in a 0.25M concentration solution. The MS, Al, and GA specimens were exposed to a control solution containing 100ml of crude oil with 1M H2SO4. Three concentrations (4ml, 6ml, and 8ml) of the Jatropha tanjorensis extract were added to separate cylinders, and corrosive crude oil with H2SO4 was introduced, following a gravimetric method for weight loss calculations. Results over 120 hours indicated poor inhibitor performance on aluminum, with increasing weight loss. Conversely, galvanized steel and mild steel showed minimal weight loss at all concentrations for the initial 48 hours, with a slight increase thereafter. Notably, the 6ml concentration of inhibitor exhibited the best overall corrosion inhibition and an optimal effectiveness in inhibiting corrosion of galvanized steel by 85.38%, and mild steel by 91.91%. This research contributes insights into combating internal corrosion in pipelines, particularly in the context of the oil and gas industry, and suggests avenues for further studies to refine corrosion inhibition strategies
IoT Based Sensor Network for Air Quality Monitoring in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Ngonadi I. V. , Ajiroghene S. , Orji O. M. , Oyewo M. O. , Oshasha R. I. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractEmissions from the petroleum industry occur in every chain of the oil producing process from extraction to the consumption phase. During the extraction phase, various pollutants like methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and methanol are released. These pollutants cause air pollution which can be harmful to humans, animals and plants. This paper develops an IoT based sensor network for air quality monitoring in the oil and gas industry which monitors the quality of air around the oil and gas facilities with a view to ensuring that the quality of air is within tolerable limit at all times. This was achieved by deploying the MQ2 and MQ8 sensors together with ESP32 processor. The MQ2 and MQ8 sensors monitor gases like LPG, carbon monoxide, smoke and hydrogen and send the data to the ESP32 processor. The processor massages the raw data and sends the result to the cloud via the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol to the losant dashboard for data analytics and visualization. A C++ program which was written in the Arduino text editor enables communication between the processor and the losant platform. When the sensors get an abnormal reading, they send messages to the control center and automatically shuts down the drilling pump until the situation is brought under control. The result of this research effort is an air quality monitoring system which deploys sensors to monitor the quality of air around the oil and gas facilities and ensures that the gases emitted around the oil and gas facility are controlled at all times.
A Machine Learning Approach to Determining the CO2 Adsorption Capacity of Coconut Shell-Derived Activated Carbon
Authors: Kevin D. A. , Aimikhe V. J. , Ikeokwu C. C. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Coconut shell-derived activated carbon is widely used for the adsorption of gaseous contaminants including CO2 capture applications due to its availability, low costs, high surface area and tunable porous structure. However, determining the adsorption capacity of activated carbons through experimentation is challenging due to time constraints and the required equipment and experimental costs. This study aimed to develop a machine-learning model correlating the pore size distribution, pore volume, surface area, temperature, and pressure of activated carbons to their CO2 adsorption capacity. The Cochran model was used to determine the minimum number of data samples required to perform an unbiased representative analysis. Consequently, over 100 published coconut shell–derived activated carbon samples were collected from the open literature. A decision tree and linear regression model were developed to relate the pore volumes, pore diameter in different size intervals, surface area, temperature, and pressure to the maximum CO2 adsorption capacity. The model achieved good predictive accuracy with the decision tree regressor mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.49 on the test set. This data-driven machine learning model can be useful for predicting CO2 capacities based on synthesized pore structures and can become a useful tool for determining first estimates of CO2 adsorption capacity of coconut shell-derived activated carbon. The approach demonstrated here can be extended to model the adsorption of other gases on microporous carbons and utilized for software applications.
Downhole Fluid Analysis and Sampling: Some Results and Learnings from Shallow Offshore Niger Delta
Authors: Lawal Kazeem A. , Ukaonu Cyril , Cliff-Ekubo Cathy , Sanyaolu Adeniyi , Pelemo Olatunbosun , Preye Indutimi , Otubanjo Modupe , Sunmonu Rasak , Owolabi Segun 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Downhole fluid analysis (DFA) and sampling entails deploying special tools and sensors to measure some physical and chemical properties of reservoir fluids for quality control in-situ before extracting samples of same fluid downhole. In principle, samples preceded by DFA should yield more representative fluid properties for reservoir characterization and other applications than obtainable with surface sampling. Typically, DFA tools are either optical or nuclear. The latter employs nuclear sources and detectors, while the former utilizes light sources and detectors to measure the optical properties of reservoir fluids. Combined with proprietary algorithms, the optical properties are exploited to determine relevant fluid properties such as fluid type, density, gas-oil ratio (GOR), composition, and condensate-gas ratio (CGR). Towards improving confidence in DFA, this paper presents the results and learnings from deploying optical-type DFA services in some oil and gas reservoirs in the shallow-water area of the Niger Delta. We compare results from DFA against outcome of laboratory studies (gas chromatography and phase behaviour) conducted on same fluid samples. Deviations between DFA and laboratory measurements of fluid compositions and other properties are about 2 - 308%. For the fluid samples examined in this study, the largest deviations between DFA and laboratory measurements apply to composition (~308%) and GOR (~74%). Relevant learnings and improvement areas for future DFA applications include (i) proper pre-job planning amid subsurface uncertainties, (ii) rigorous quality-control of results plus post-job engagements, and (iii) robust integration of results with other independent sources such as petrophysical logs, static-pressure profiling, equation-of-state models, and analogues. Based on this study and learnings from other applications, major improvement areas for DFA include (i) reliable determination of fluid contamination downhole before initiating sample extraction, (ii) robustness of compositional analysis in terms of accuracy and range of components covered, as well as (iii) accuracy of GOR/CGR measurements. Body text 2 paragraphs.
A Critical Review of Commingled and Stacked Reservoir Performances and Impact on Reservoir Management in Nigeria
Authors: Nwonodi Chike , Obi Onyekonwu Michael , Atubokiki Ajienka Joseph , Chima Emelle , Amieibibama Joseph 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In many of the world's prolific hydrocarbon basins, multiple reservoirs are encountered stacked one above the other. Often, these stacked reservoirs are laterally extensive, each requiring multiple individual wells due to materiality in volumes and pattern of compartmentalization for proper and timely reservoir development. In Nigeria, the government regulations and good petroleum practices prescribe that the production of conventional oil and gas from distinct reservoirs or pools must be well accounted for good resource management and optimal reservoir development. Indeed, the development of commingled reservoirs and challenges of interval allocation remain a critical development concern. While most of these developments, present huge opportunity for accelerated reservoir exploitation, little or no review of the field performance evaluation for these reservoirs under commingled production are handy.
To maximize the recovery of well penetrating through stacked reservoirs, most of the wells are usually with dual strings multi-zones selective completions. Commingling wells have historically provided an avenue to economically produce marginal reservoirs and production acceleration of multiple reservoirs through a single conduit when the conditions are deemed acceptable for reservoir management and volume recovery. These decisions are generally made with limited understanding of future well and reservoir performance. One of most famous challenges is trying to prevent early water or gas breakthrough. Another known challenge is failure of Interval Control Valves (ICV) or the intelligent completion systems, before the lifecycle of the reservoir, leading to early abandonment or production losses. More challenges like cross flow or pressure impact between zones, non-uniform flow from production zones and sand control issues are well-known challenges and these challenges individually present severe impact to the development objective. Of these development, equipment reliability issues and failures have been the key challenge to the lifecycle development of commingled smart wells. This performance review indicates a probability of survival after 5 years more than 96%. The extrapolated expected probability of survival after 10 years is more than 85%.
This paper presents an in-depth review of actual well performances of commingled reservoir production in Nigeria. The paper also details the technical considerations required to reduce smart well completion failures and their impact on the reservoir management integrity and development objective. A guidance on the recovery factor benchmarks for productivity of intelligently completed wells, screening workflow and reservoir management strategies are presented. Finally, the paper highlights key performance and productivity indicators for smart well screening and selection for optimal reservoir management.
Reduction of Carbon Emissions via Production of Blue Hydrogen and Sustainable Fertilizer
Authors: Okoh C. I. , Maduabuchi G. I. , Ebere E. N. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The escalating threat of climate change necessitates innovative solutions to mitigate carbon emissions. This paper addresses the challenge by proposing a groundbreaking integrated system that combines Blue Hydrogen production through Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and the sustainable generation of fertilizer using Chlorella Algae. The synergistic approach not only reduces carbon emissions but also fosters sustainable agriculture.
The study meticulously details the methodologies employed for Blue Hydrogen production and Chlorella Algae cultivation. It explicates the chosen SMR technologies, the intricacies of Chlorella Algae cultivation, and the orchestrated synergy between the two processes, emphasizing the utilization of waste heat and CO2 from SMR for algae cultivation.
The findings from this study encompasses technical feasibility, economic viability, and scalability aspects of the integrated system. The results reveal the potential for significant greenhouse gas emission reduction, validated through life cycle assessments and comparisons with conventional methods.
This research projects a promising pathway for sustainable energy and agriculture and fosters sustainable practice on a global scale.
Optimization Strategy for Producing a Low Permeability Non-Associated Gas Reservoir
Authors: Nwankwo Kenechukwu , Adeyinka Adeboye , Jaja Adagogo , Olayomi Joe , Udeh Uchenna , Ajao Oyekunle , Idowu Hamed 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Planning a well to drain low permeability non associated gas reservoirs is challenging especially when, production from existing wells from other reservoirs has started declining and the need to sustain gas volume contract requirement becomes imperative. The fundamental expectation is to demonstrate that product volumes add up to an acceptable stipulated economic standard to approve or endorse project execution. Commitment to Flow Assurance management (surface and subsurface) is also paramount while optimizing all other objective functions. This paper reviews the optimization strategy of a non-associated gas reservoir taking into consideration the dynamics of operational needs and then carrying out the value chain optimization of products to provide a profitable solution.
An Inflow Performance Relation (IPR) modelled from a Drill stem Test (DST) data was used to estimate productivity from an Experimental Design (ED) methodology involving varied reservoir thickness, reservoir permeability and Gas Initially In Place volumes. Vertical lift performance was designed to ensure that the overall well flow honored darcy flow of analogue gas reservoirs that are currently producing in experimented data space. An Integrated Production model was developed out of reservoir model, well model and surface flow model to mimic productivity in real time conditions and serve as the basis for reserves forecasting, project life and product volume forecasting. Additionally, the model enables investigation of surface and subsurface Flow Assurance.
Results from the forecasts were used to update reserves, optimize wells’ drilling plan, improve expected products volume records, and adequately plan the flow assurance of the wells. One well per reservoir, adjudged from economics as being optimal, was planned on three reservoirs and the economics indicator (Discounted Profitability Index – DPI) for the individual projects were (5.0, 2.9 and 1.7) uniquely proven worthwhile for any standard investment. A total gain of about 80 MMSCFD and 4,100 BPD of condensate was achieved proving up about 250 BCF of gas with associated condensate reserves of 7 MMSTB.
Strategic Reservoir Management for Sustainable Tight Gas Extraction: Navigating Future Prospects and Challenges in Exploration
Authors: Igwe Justus Uzoma 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The growing global energy demand has brought unconventional resources into focus, with tight gas sandstones holding significant importance and promise. Tight gas sandstones are characterized by low permeability but contain substantial amounts of natural gas. Efficient gas production from these reservoirs necessitates a comprehensive understanding of their geological and physical properties, including sedimentary facies, depositional setting, diagenesis, flow units, porosity, permeability, fluid saturation, capillary pressure, and pore size distribution. This paper provides an overview of tight gas sandstone reservoirs, their distribution, and their global significance. The main challenges in tight gas extraction include environmental concerns, regulatory frameworks, water usage, reservoir characteristics, and economics. To overcome these challenges, cutting-edge production and retrieval approaches are employed, including horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing, and advanced wellbore imaging. Additionally, artificial intelligence is increasingly applied in reservoir characterization to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of reservoir modeling and evaluation. This research explores the application of different AI techniques in characterizing tight gas reservoirs, aiming to minimize uncertainty in estimating rock properties and identifying pay zones within gas fields. The strategic management of tight gas reservoirs is crucial for sustainable development, and this paper highlights the technological advancements and sustainable practices that have significantly improved extraction efficiency, emphasizing the role of reservoirs in enhancing energy security and generating economic gains.
The Role of Natural Gas in Energy Transition in Nigeria
Authors: Oruwari H. , Salihu A. , Obunwa Q. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Nigeria is endowed with abundant natural gas; Nigeria’s proven gas reserve is placed at 209.5 trillion cubic feet. The natural gas sector holds significant potential. Natural gas is a strategic asset and a transition fuel that will foster sustainable development in Nigeria. The study investigated the role of natural gas in the energy transition in Nigeria. Despite abundant natural gas reserves in Nigeria, the role of natural gas in the country's energy transition has been minimal. The main problems with the efficient utilization of natural gas in the energy transition in Nigeria are inadequate funding and limited domestic gas penetration. Using a literature review and case studies of natural gas projects to illustrate how natural gas can contribute to sustainable development. The study findings revealed that while natural gas can play a vital role in addressing emission impacts, helping to decarbonizes the energy industry, and mitigating climate change, the key challenges to a low-carbon gas future in Nigeria are inadequate infrastructure, gas flaring, inadequate funding, and limited gas penetration for domestic use. The study concluded and recommended that the government should provide an enabling environment that will boost investors confidence, such as adequate security, the right legal and regulatory framework, the development of the gas market in the supply chain, and strengthening other gas development structures.
Contrasting Two Methods Along the Spectrum of Geologic Concept vs Seismic-Driven Approaches to Reservoir Modeling: Case Study from a Deepwater Field, Offshore Nigeria
Authors: Anene C. C. , Nwachukwu D. U. , Oshuntuyi T. O. , Adebowale B. T. , Ndianefo U. K. , Adegbaju A. S. , Onyido C. P. , Dada R. D. , Olopade B. A. , Orupabo B. A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The approach taken to integrate static data in reservoir modeling, varies along a spectrum from purely concept driven on one end to data driven on the other. Different methods can be adopted along this spectrum with varying levels of data integration and control. The method adopted usually depends on several factors including time available for the study, quality of data available etc. In this study, we contrast two methods along this spectrum to show the pros and cons of both.
The study uses data from a mature field in deep-water Nigeria with over 16 years of production from 11 oil producers and eight water injectors. Declining field production and a depleting opportunity inventory necessitated a comprehensive study of the field and building of integrated reservoir models. The results from the field study will be the basis for drill-well and workover opportunity generation/maturation, water injection optimization and other value-added field depletion optimization strategies.
A dual pronged approach was adopted for the reservoir modeling: A concept-driven approach involving representation of key reservoir architectural elements using object-based modeling (OBM) and use of qualitative seismic-conditioning to distribute key reservoir properties such as Net-To-Gross ratio, porosity etc.A seismic data-driven approach involving direct sampling of seismic inversion-derived properties into the model grids.
Two distinct reservoir models were built and taken through model initialization, history-matching, and flow simulation. The history-matched model scenarios will be instrumental in generating production forecasts for field management and for infill well opportunity generation/maturation.
This dual pronged approach enabled comparison of both modeling methods in terms of quality of match to existing static and dynamic data, reservoir characterization cycle time and achievement of field study objectives. The key learnings from the application of these two methods in a mature field and considerations for their application in other mature and green fields are the focus of this paper.