bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Long‐Term Survival in “Low‐Risk” Adults
Authors: Barlow Carolyn E. , DeFina Laura F. , Radford Nina B. , Berry Jarett D. , Cooper Kenneth H. , Haskell William L. , Jones Lee W. , Lakoski Susan G. 
Published: September 2012

Background

We sought to establish whether cardiorespiratory fitness had important implications for long‐term cardiovascular risk among individuals classified as low risk by the Framingham Risk Score (10‐year coronary heart disease risk
<
10%). Prognostic factors of long‐term cardiovascular risk are needed for low‐risk subjects who make up the largest percentage of the
US
population.

Methods and Results

The study population was composed of men and women, 30 to 50 years of age, who had a baseline medical exam at the Cooper Clinic, Dallas,
TX
, between 1970 and 1983. Eligible individuals were defined as at low risk for coronary heart disease by Framingham Risk Score at the time of study entry and had no history of diabetes (n=11 190). Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by maximum graded exercise treadmill tests. Over an average 27±2‐year period, 15% of low‐fit (quintile 1) compared to 6% of high‐fit (quintile 5) individuals died (
P<
0.001). A 1–metabolic equivalent level increase in baseline fitness was associated with an 11% reduction in all‐cause deaths and an 18% reduction in deaths due to cardiovascular disease (
CVD
) after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, blood glucose levels, smoking, and early family history of coronary disease. There was an incremental decrease in
CVD
risk with increasing fitness quintile, such that the high fit had the lowest adjusted 30‐year
CVD
mortality rate (hazard ratio 0.29, 95%
CI
: 0.16–0.51) compared to the low fit.

Conclusions

Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with a significant reduction in long‐term
CVD
among individuals identified as low risk by Framingham Risk Score. These data suggest that preventive lifestyle interventions geared to optimize cardiorespiratory fitness, even among a “low‐risk” subset, should be considered to improve
CVD
‐free survival. (
J Am Heart Assoc
. 2012;1:e001354 doi: 10.1161/
JAHA
.112.001354.)
A Novel Surface Electrocardiogram–Based Marker of Ventricular Arrhythmia Risk in Patients With Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Nicolson William B. , McCann Gerry P. , Brown Peter D. , Sandilands Alastair J. , Stafford Peter J. , Schlindwein Fernando S. , Samani Nilesh J. , Ng G. André 
Published: September 2012

Background
Better sudden cardiac death risk markers are needed in ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM). Increased heterogeneity of electrical restitution is an important mechanism underlying the risk of ventricular arrhythmia (VA). Our aim was to develop and test a novel quantitative surface electrocardiogram–based measure of VA risk in patients with ICM: the Regional Restitution Instability Index (R2I2).

Methods and Results

R2I2, the mean of the standard deviation of residuals from the mean gradient for each ECG lead at a range of diastolic intervals, was measured retrospectively from high‐resolution 12‐lead ECGs recorded during an electrophysiology study. Patient groups were as follows: Study group, 26 patients with ICM being assessed for implantable defibrillator; Control group, 29 patients with supraventricular tachycardia undergoing electrophysiology study; and Replication group, 40 further patients with ICM. R2I2 was significantly higher in the Study patients than in Controls (mean ± standard error of the mean: 1.09±0.06 versus 0.63±0.04,
P
<0.001). Over a median follow‐up period of 23 months, 6 of 26 Study group patients had VA or death. R2I2 predicted VA or death independently of demographic factors, electrophysiology study result, left ventricular ejection fraction, or QRS duration (Cox model,
P
=0.029). R2I2 correlated with peri‐infarct zone as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (r=0.51,
P
=0.024). The findings were replicated in the Replication group: R2I2 was significantly higher in 11 of 40 Replication patients experiencing VA (1.18±0.10 versus 0.92±0.05,
P
=0.019). In combined analysis of ICM cohorts, R2I2 ≥1.03 identified subjects with significantly higher risk of VA or death (43%) compared with R2I2 <1.03 (11%) (
P
=0.004).

Conclusions

In this pilot study, we have developed a novel VA risk marker, R2I2, and have shown that it correlated with a structural measure of arrhythmic risk and predicted risk of VA or death in patients with ICM. R2I2 may improve risk stratification and merits further evaluation. (

J Am Heart Assoc
. 2012;1:e001552 doi

:
10.1161/JAHA.112.001552
.)
Stroke and Cancer
Authors: Schwarzbach Christopher J. , Schaefer Anke , Ebert Anne , Held Valentin , Bolognese Manuel , Kablau Micha , Hennerici Michael G. , Fatar Marc 
Published: September 2012

Background and Purpose—
The importance of cancer-associated hypercoagulability as a possible stroke etiology in patients with cancer has received relatively little attention to date. A recent study has suggested that cancer-associated hypercoagulation may be of special importance in the absence of conventional stroke mechanisms.

Methods—

We identified patients with ischemic stroke sequentially admitted to our stroke center with the additional diagnosis of active and malignant cancer from 2002 to 2011. By using our prospectively collected stroke, MRI, and laboratory data banks, the etiology and risk factors of stroke, types of cancer, deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism,
d-
dimer levels, and diffusion-weighted imaging lesion patterns were compared to an age- and sex-matched control group. Patients with cancer with a conventional stroke etiology and patients with an unidentified and/or cancer-associated stroke etiology were analyzed separately.

Results—

One hundred forty patients with cancer and 140 control subjects were included. Unidentified stroke (
P
<0.001) and infarction in multiple vascular territories (
P
<0.001) were significantly more frequent and
d-
dimer levels significantly higher (
P
<0.05) in patients with cancer. Vice versa, risk factors such as hypertension (
P
<0.05) and hyperlipidemia (
P
<0.01) were more prevalent in control subjects. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism were more frequent (
P
<0.01) and
d-
dimer levels higher (
P
<0.01) in the patients with unidentified and/or cancer-associated stroke etiology compared to the patients with cancer with a conventional stroke etiology. Lung and pancreatic cancer were significantly overrepresented and
d-
dimer levels higher in these patients compared with other patients with cancer (
P
<0.01).

Conclusions—

Our data confirm the concept of cancer-associated hypercoagulation as a widely underestimated important stroke risk factor in patients with cancer, especially in those with severely elevated
d-
dimer levels and in the absence of conventional risk factors.
Diffusion Lesion Reversal After Thrombolysis
Authors: Labeyrie Marc-Antoine , Turc Guillaume , Hess Agathe , Hervo Patrice , Mas Jean-Louis , Meder Jean-François , Baron Jean-Claude , Touzé Emmanuel , Oppenheim Catherine 
Published: September 2012

Background and Purpose—
In acute stroke, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesions are commonly considered markers of irreversible ischemia yet can occasionally reverse. However, the extent and clinical correlates of DWI reversal in thrombolyzed patients remain unclear. We assessed the extent of reversible acute DWI lesions (RADs) and their relationships with clinical outcome in patients thrombolyzed ≤4.5 hours from onset.

Methods—
Data were retrospectively analyzed. RAD was defined as an acute DWI lesion not part of a 24-hour DWI lesion as determined voxelwise. Associations with an early neurological improvement (early neurological improvement=ΔNational Institutes of Health Stroke Scale ≥8 or National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale ≤2 at 24 hours) or an excellent outcome (modified Rankin Scale ≤1) were assessed in multivariate analyses.

Results—

One hundred seventy-six patients were included. The median (interquartile range) time to treatment from onset was 150 minutes (120–194). Eighty-nine patients (50%) exhibited visually-detectable RAD irrespective of its extent. Over the whole population, the median percentage and volume of RAD were 11% (4–36) and 2.4mL (0.5–8). Subtracting RAD from initial DWI altered perfusion-weighted imaging–DWI classification in 5 of 100 patients (shift from “no mismatch” to “mismatch” profile in all). Percent RAD was significantly greater in patients treated ≤3 hours (
P
=0.049), without proximal occlusion (
P
=0.003), and in 24-hour recanalizers (
P
<0.001). Early neurological improvement was independently associated with percent RAD. This association increased with percent RAD split in quartiles in a “dose-dependent” manner (
P
for trend=0.01). Excellent outcome was independently associated with percent RAD (
P
for trend <0.001).

Conclusion—
DWI reversal was often sizeable in patients treated ≤4.5 hours. It was strongly associated with, albeit not necessarily causal for, early neurological improvement.
The Incidence of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Coutinho Jonathan M. , Zuurbier Susanna M. , Aramideh Majid , Stam Jan 
Published: September 2012

Background and Purpose—
The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of adult cerebral venous thrombosis.

Methods—

A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among all 19 hospitals located in 2 Dutch provinces serving 3.1 million people. Adult cerebral venous thrombosis cases diagnosed between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2010, were identified using the Dutch financial coding system for hospital care and the
International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision
. Medical records of potential patients were hand searched to identify cerebral venous thrombosis cases. The Dutch National Bureau for Statistics provided population
figures
of the 2 provinces during 2008 to 2010.

Results—
Among 9270 potential cases, we identified 147 patients diagnosed with cerebral venous thrombosis. Of these, 53 patients did not meet the inclusion criteria; therefore, 94 patients were included in the analysis. The overall incidence was 1.32 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI, 1.06–1.61). Among women between the ages of 31 and 50 years, the incidence was 2.78 (95% CI, 1.98–3.82).

Conclusions—
The incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis among adults is probably higher than previously believed.
Investigation of the Effects of Different Land Use and Land Cover Patterns on Mesoscale Meteorological Simulations in the Taiwan Area
Authors: Cheng Fang-Yi , Hsu Yu-Ching , Lin Pay-Liam , Lin Tang-Huang 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) land use (LU) data employed in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model classify most LU types in Taiwan as mixtures of irrigated cropland and forest, which is not an accurate representation of current conditions. The WRF model released after version 3.1 provides an alternative LU dataset retrieved from 2001 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite products. The MODIS data correctly identify most LU-type distributions, except that they represent western Taiwan as being extremely urbanized. A new LU dataset, obtained using 2007 Système Probatoire d’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) satellite imagery [from the National Central University of Taiwan (NCU)], accurately shows the major metropolitan cities as well as other land types. Three WRF simulations were performed, each with a different LU dataset. Owing to the overestimation of urban area in the MODIS data, WRF-MODIS overpredicts daytime temperatures in western Taiwan. Conversely, WRF-USGS underpredicts daytime temperatures. The temperature variation estimated by WRF-NCU falls between those estimated by the other two simulations. Over the ocean, WRF-MODIS predicts the strongest onshore sea breezes, owing to the enhanced temperature gradient between land and sea, while WRF-USGS predicts the weakest onshore flow. The intensity of the onshore breeze predicted by WRF-NCU is between those predicted by WRF-MODIS and WRF-USGS. Over Taiwan, roughness length is the key parameter influencing wind speed. WRF-USGS significantly overpredicts the surface wind speed owing to the shorter roughness length of its elements, while the surface wind speeds estimated by WRF-NCU and WRF-MODIS are in better agreement with the observed data.
Assessing Future Changes in the East Asian Summer Monsoon Using CMIP3 Models: Results from the Best Model Ensemble
Authors: Seo Kyong-Hwan , Ok Jung 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Future changes in the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) have been estimated from the six best-performing models in phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) included in the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The composite mean rainband over East Asia during the summer season exhibits the characteristic EASM front relatively well with slightly less precipitation over east–central China and the baiu front aligned more steeply in the latitudinal direction. An ensemble from the coupled models that poorly simulated the EASM is shown to degrade the overall results, giving rise to an underestimation of the projected increase rate in precipitation. In a quantitative estimate, the 22-member ensemble-mean precipitation for the period 2079–99 is anticipated to increase by only 5%–10%, which is half the increase in the corresponding mean precipitation from the good models (10%–20%). Moisture budget analysis demonstrates that the good-model ensemble mean is in a much closer correspondence with observations than the poor- or all-model ensemble mean, supporting the reliable selection of the best-performing models. An increase in the vertically integrated moisture flux convergence is attributed to the enhanced precipitation in the future climate. In particular, a significant increase in atmospheric water vapor because of a warmer SST over the western Pacific plays a more critical role in the enhanced precipitation than a change in monsoonal low-level circulation does. In contrast to the apparent meridional shift of the primary location of the future EASM front presented in previous studies, the current analysis shows a negligible amount of meridional movement.
Statistical Characterization of Arctic Polar-Night Jet Oscillation Events
Authors: Hitchcock Peter , Shepherd Theodore G. , Manney Gloria L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA novel diagnostic tool is presented, based on polar-cap temperature anomalies, for visualizing daily variability of the Arctic stratospheric polar vortex over multiple decades. This visualization illustrates the ubiquity of extended-time-scale recoveries from stratospheric sudden warmings, termed here polar-night jet oscillation (PJO) events. These are characterized by an anomalously warm polar lower stratosphere that persists for several months. Following the initial warming, a cold anomaly forms in the middle stratosphere, as does an anomalously high stratopause, both of which descend while the lower-stratospheric anomaly persists. These events are characterized in four datasets: Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) temperature observations; the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalyses; and an ensemble of three 150-yr simulations from the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model. The statistics of PJO events in the model are found to agree very closely with those of the observations and reanalyses.The time scale for the recovery of the polar vortex following sudden warmings correlates strongly with the depth to which the warming initially descends. PJO events occur following roughly half of all major sudden warmings and are associated with an extended period of suppressed wave-activity fluxes entering the polar vortex. They follow vortex splits more frequently than they do vortex displacements. They are also related to weak vortex events as identified by the northern annular mode; in particular, those weak vortex events followed by a PJO event show a stronger tropospheric response. The long time scales, predominantly radiative dynamics, and tropospheric influence of PJO events suggest that they represent an important source of conditional skill in seasonal forecasting.
Mechanisms of Global Teleconnections Associated with the Asian Summer Monsoon: An Intermediate Model Analysis*
Authors: Liu Fei , Wang Bin 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) and western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM) are two subsystems of the Asian summer monsoon, and they exhibit different global teleconnection patterns. The enhanced ISM strengthens the South Asian high and Mascarene high, and the WNPSM excites a meridional tripolar wave train in the Northern Hemisphere and affects the Australian high in the Southern Hemisphere. To understand the dynamics behind these global teleconnections, especially the processes responsible for the cross-equatorial teleconnection, an intermediate model, describing a two-level troposphere and a steady planetary boundary layer (PBL), is linearized from the background horizontal wind field. The model results indicate that the ISM heating, located under the strong easterly vertical shear (VS) and close to the westerly jet in the Northern Hemisphere, can excite a barotropic Rossby wave that emanates northwestward and then propagates downstream along the westerly jet. Since the WNPSM heating is far away from the westerly jet over the North Pacific, it only excites a weak Rossby wave train, which cannot explain the meridional tripolar teleconnection associated with the WNPSM. It is found that both the ISM and WNPSM heating excite strong teleconnections in the Southern Hemisphere via an advection mechanism; that is, the background upper-level northerly winds can transport energy across the equator from the Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon to the Southern Hemisphere westerly jet. In addition, the PBL enhances monsoon teleconnections by trapping more energy in the upper troposphere. The elevated maximum monsoon heating also reinforces upper-level perturbations and enhances the teleconnection pattern.
Field Measurements of Wind Turbine Wakes with Lidars
Authors: Iungo Giacomo Valerio , Wu Yu-Ting , Porté-Agel Fernando 
Published: September 2012

AbstractField measurements of the wake flow produced from a 2-MW Enercon E-70 wind turbine were performed using three scanning Doppler wind lidars. A GPS-based technique was used to determine the position of the wind turbine and the wind lidar locations, as well as the direction of the laser beams. The lidars used in this study are characterized by a high spatial resolution of 18 m, which allows the detailed characterization of the wind turbine wake. Two-dimensional measurements of wind speed were carried out by scanning a single lidar over the vertical symmetry plane of the wake. The mean axial velocity field was then retrieved by averaging 2D scans performed consecutively. To investigate wake turbulence, single lidar measurements were performed by staring the laser beam at fixed directions and using the maximum sampling frequency. From these tests, peaks in the velocity variance are detected within the wake in correspondence of the turbine top tip height; this enhanced turbulence could represent a source of dangerous fatigue loads for downstream turbines. The spectral density of the measured velocity fluctuations shows a clear inertial-range scaling behavior. Then, simultaneous measurements with two lidars were performed in order to characterize both the axial and the vertical velocity components. For this setup, the two velocity components were retrieved only for measurement points for which the two laser beams crossed nearly at a right angle. Statistics were computed over the sample set for both velocity components, and they showed strong flow fluctuations in the near-wake region at turbine top tip height, with a turbulence intensity of about 30%.
Storm-Relative Observations in Tropical Cyclone Data Assimilation with an Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors: Aksoy Altuğ 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
A storm-relative data assimilation method for tropical cyclones is introduced for the ensemble Kalman filter, using the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) Ensemble Data Assimilation System (HEDAS) developed at the Hurricane Research Division of the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The method entails translating tropical cyclone observations to storm-relative coordinates and requires the assumption of simultaneity of all observations. The observations are then randomly redistributed to assimilation cycles to achieve a more homogeneous spatial distribution. A proof-of-concept study is carried out in an observing system simulation experiment in which airborne Doppler radar radial wind observations are simulated from a higher-resolution (4.5/1.5 km) version of the same model. The results here are compared to the earth-relative version of HEDAS. When storm-relative observations are assimilated using the original HEDAS configuration, improvements are observed in the kinematic representation of the tropical cyclone vortex in analyses. The use of the storm-relative observations with a more homogeneous spatial distribution also reveals that a reduction of the covariance localization horizontal length scale by ½ to ~120 km provides the greatest incremental improvements. Potential positive impact is also seen in the slower cycle-to-cycle error growth. Spatially smoother analyses are obtained in the horizontal, and the evolution of the azimuthally averaged wind structure during short-range forecasts demonstrates better consistency with the nature run.
Object-Based Evaluation of a Storm-Scale Ensemble during the 2009 NOAA Hazardous Weather Testbed Spring Experiment
Authors: Johnson Aaron , Wang Xuguang 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Object-based verification of deterministic forecasts from a convection-allowing ensemble for the 2009 NOAA Hazardous Weather Testbed Spring Experiment is conducted. The average of object attributes is compared between forecasts and observations and between forecasts from subensembles with different model dynamics. Forecast accuracy for the full ensemble and the subensembles with different model dynamics is also evaluated using two object-based measures: the object-based threat score (OTS) and the median of maximum interest (MMI).
Forecast objects aggregated from the full ensemble are generally more numerous, have a smaller average area, more circular average aspect ratio, and more eastward average centroid location than observed objects after the 1-h lead time. At the 1-h lead time, forecast objects are less numerous than observed objects. Members using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW) have fewer objects, more linear average aspect ratio, and smaller average area than members using the Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model (NMM). The OTS aggregated from the full ensemble is more consistent with the diurnal cycles of the traditional equitable threat score (ETS) than the MMI because the OTS places more weight on large objects, while the MMI weights all objects equally. The group of ARW members has higher OTS than the group of NMM members except at the 1-h lead time when the group of NMM members has more accurate maintenance and evolution of initially present precipitation systems provided by radar data assimilation. The differences between the ARW and NMM accuracy are more pronounced with the OTS than the MMI and the ETS.