bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxygen reduction by plasma cleaning in low-energy ion implantation of silver ions in titanium
Authors: Souza Andreia Valim de , Soares Tatiana Pacheco , Figueroa Carlos Alejandro , Aguzzoli Cesar 
Published: May 2015

In this study silver ions were implanted on titanium surface through the technique of ion implantation at low energy in a device called Ion Plating Diversified. The titanium reacts easily at room temperature forming a thin oxide layer on its surface. Which may reduce the efficiency of the process, damaging it not only by forming a barrier to implementation but also by the reaction of oxygen with silver, nullifying its bactericidal effect. To reduce the oxygen effect, a strategy was elaborated for surface cleaning to remove of this oxide prior to ion implantation. To verify the effectiveness of implantation and qualitative reduction of oxygen to physical-chemical characterization samples were evaluated. The results show that silver is actually implanted on the surface of titanium, a few nanometers in depth, as well as a qualitative reduction of oxygen on the surface. Comparing the different types of treatment it was found that the plasma cleaning can be applied prior to the implantation process, proving effective in reducing the oxygen, and also because it is a non-polluting technique. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v3iss1p12
Response to fire, thermal insulation and acoustic performance of rigid polyurethane agglomerates with addition of natural fiber
Authors: Rizzo Marcos Vinicius , Nunes Maria Fernanda de Oliveira , Zeni Mara , Grisa Ana Maria Coulon 
Published: May 2015

This paper aims to reuse rigid polyurethane waste in the preparation of composites with the addition of banana fibers and cellulose in order to qualify the acoustic performance, thermal insulation and reaction to fire the material with the addition of 7% of polysulfone. Agglomerated with 100% of polyurethane and either with 20% of banana fiber or 20% of cellulose were characterized in the sound transmission loss, thermal conductivity and reaction to fire, take into account variations in the granulometry of the solid polyurethane and type of pressing. Natural fiber composites had lower thermal conductivity, higher acoustic insulation in medium frequencies and the addition of polysulfone delayed the total time of firing the material. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v3iss1p17
What determines tree mortality in dry environments? a multi‐perspective approach
Authors: Dorman Michael , Svoray Tal , Perevolotsky Avi , Moshe Yitzhak , Sarris Dimitrios 
Published: May 2015

Forest ecosystems function under increasing pressure due to global climate changes, while factors determining when and where mortality events will take place within the wider landscape are poorly understood. Observational studies are essential for documenting forest decline events, understanding their determinants, and developing sustainable management plans. A central obstacle towards achieving this goal is that mortality is often patchy across a range of spatial scales, and characterized by long‐term temporal dynamics. Research must therefore integrate different methods, from several scientific disciplines, to capture as many relevant informative patterns as possible.We performed a landscape‐scale assessment of mortality and its determinants in two representativePinus halepensisplanted forests from a dry environment (~300 mm), recently experiencing an unprecedented sequence of two severe drought periods. Three data sources were integrated to analyze the spatiotemporal variation in forest performance: (1) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time‐series, from 18 Landsat satellite images; (2) individual dead trees point‐pattern, based on a high‐resolution aerial photograph; and (3) Basal Area Increment (BAI) time‐series, from dendrochronological sampling in three sites.Mortality risk was higher in older‐aged sparse stands, on southern aspects, and on deeper soils. However, mortality was patchy across all spatial scales, and the locations of patches within “high‐risk” areas could not be fully explained by the examined environmental factors. Moreover, the analysis of past forest performance based on NDVI and tree rings has indicated that the areas affected by each of the two recent droughts do not coincide.The association of mortality with lower tree densities did not support the notion that thinning semiarid forests will increase survival probability of the remaining trees when facing extreme drought. Unique information was obtained when merging dendrochronological and remotely sensed performance indicators, in contrast to potential bias when using a single approach. For example, dendrochronological data suggested highly resilient tree growth, since it was based only on the “surviving” portion of the population, thus failing to identify past demographic changes evident through remote sensing. We therefore suggest that evaluation of forest resilience should be based on several metrics, each suited for detecting transitions at a different level of organization.
Cartographic sign as a core of multimedia map prepared by non-cartographers in free map services
Authors: Medyńska-Gulij Beata 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The fundamental importance of cartographic signs in traditional maps is unquestionable, although in the case of multimedia maps their key function is not so obvious. Our aim was to search the problem of cartographic signs as a core of multimedia maps prepared by non-cartographer in on-line Map Services. First, preestablished rules for multimedia map designers were prepared emphasizing the key role of the cartographic signs and habits of Web-users. The comparison of projects completed by a group of designers led us to the general conclusion that a cartographic sign should determine the design of a multimedia map in on-line Map Services. Despite the selection of five different map topics, one may list the general characteristics of the maps with a cartographic sign in the core.
Optical fixing the positions of the off-shore objects applying the method of two reference points
Authors: Naus Krzysztof , Szulc Dariusz 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The Paper presents the optical method of fixing the off-shore objects positions from the land. The method is based on application of two reference points, having the geographical coordinates defined. The first point was situated high on the sea shore, where also the camera was installed. The second point was intended for use to determine the topocentric horizon plane and it was situated at the water-level.
The first section of the Paper contains the definition of space and disposed therein reference systems: connected with the Earth, water-level and the camera system.
The second section of the Paper provides a description of the survey system model and the principles of the Charge Coupled Device - CCD array pixel’s coordinates (plate coordinates) transformation into the geographic coordinates located on the water-level.
In the final section there are presented the general rules of using the worked out method in the optical system.
Presentation of spatio-temporal data in the context of information capacity and visual suggestiveness
Authors: Cybulski Paweł 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The aim of this article is to present the concept of information capacity and visual suggestiveness as a map characteristic on the example of two maps of human migration. From this viewpoint the literature study has been performed. Proposed by the author the features of cartographic visualization are an attempt to establish cartographic pragmatics and find the way to increase effectiveness of dynamic maps with large information capacity. Among the works on cartographic pragmatics, muliaspectuality of spatio-temporal data the proposed solution has not been taken so far, and refers to the map design problematic.
Can Ultrasound Biomicroscopy Be Used to Predict Accommodation Accurately?
Authors: Ramasubramanian Viswanathan , Glasser Adrian 
Published: May 2015

PURPOSE:
Clinical accommodation testing involves measuring either accommodative optical changes or accommodative biometric changes. Quantifying both optical and biometric changes during accommodation might be helpful in the design and evaluation of accommodation restoration concepts. This study aims to establish the accuracy of ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) in predicting the accommodative optical response (AOR) from biometric changes.

METHODS:
Static AOR from 0 to 6 diopters (D) stimuli in 1-D steps were measured with infrared photorefraction and a Grand Seiko autorefractor (WR-5100 K; Shigiya Machinery Works Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan) in 26 human subjects aged 21 to 36 years. Objective measurements of accommodative biometric changes to the same stimulus demands were measured from UBM (Vu-MAX; Sonomed Escalon, Lake Success, NY) images in the same group of subjects. AOR was predicted from biometry using linear regressions, 95% confidence intervals, and 95% prediction intervals.

RESULTS:
Bland–Altman analysis showed 0.52 D greater AOR with photorefraction than with the Grand Seiko autorefractor. Per-diopter changes in accommodative biometry were: anterior chamber depth (ACD): −0.055 mm/D, lens thickness (LT): +0.076 mm/D, anterior lens radii of curvature (ALRC): −0.854 mm/D, posterior lens radii of curvature (PLRC): −0.222 mm/D, and anterior segment length (ASL): +0.030 mm/D. The standard deviation of AOR predicted from linear regressions for various biometry parameters were: ACD: 0.24 D, LT: 0.30 D, ALRC: 0.24 D, PLRC: 0.43 D, ASL: 0.50 D.

CONCLUSIONS:
UBM measured parameters can, on average, predict AOR with a standard deviation of 0.50 D or less using linear regression. UBM is a useful and accurate objective technique for measuring accommodation in young phakic eyes.

[
J Refract Surg.
2015;31(4):266–273.]
Historical trends in Canadian forest entomology
Authors: Quiring Dan , Quiring Vanessa , Quiring Anne-Marie , Edwards Sara 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCanada has a distinguished history of research in forest entomology. The number of peer-reviewed publications emanating from studies in forest entomology in Canada greatly increased following the Second World War. Much of the outstanding historical success in Canadian forest entomological research is attributable to the work of entomologists employed by the Canadian Forest Service, who authored the majority of studies until the mid 1970s and usually published them in The Canadian Entomologist. Since that time the majority of studies have been published by Canadian universities in a broad range of journals. Most early research in forest entomology in Canada was carried out by men, but since that time the proportion of forest entomological research carried out by women has increased significantly. The majority of research in central and eastern Canada focussed on defoliators and their natural enemies and host plants whereas the majority of research in western Canada examined bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and their natural enemies and host plants. Although publications on defoliators and their natural enemies have occurred continuously throughout the historical development of forest entomology in Canada, the numbers of publications on wood borers (Coleoptera: Buprestidae, Cerambycidae) and bark beetles and their natural enemies have never been higher than they are presently.
Cost Analysis of Failed Shoulder Stabilization
Authors: Godin Jonathan A , Skendzel Jack G , Sekiya Jon K 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundShoulder instability is a common problem, especially in the young, active population. Revision stabilization has a high rate of recurrent instability, low rates of return to play, and low clinical outcome scores. The challenge for surgeons is identifying the best surgery for each patient. To our knowledge, no studies have been published examining the cost of failed shoulder stabilization.HypothesisThe high cost of index and revision stabilization procedures in a cohort of patients with recurrent shoulder instability can be reduced through judicious preoperative planning and the use of more aggressive surgical techniques during the index operation.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records and billing information of 18 consecutive patients treated at our institution for failed shoulder instability repairs during a 36-month period. Using the billing records for each case, a cost analysis was conducted from a societal perspective.ResultsThe actual costs of index stabilization and revision stabilization procedures for our cohort of 18 patients amounted to $1,447,690. The costs of revision surgeries conducted for this cohort by a single surgeon at our institution amounted to $673,248. The hypothetical costs of primary arthroscopic stabilization and open stabilization for a cohort of 18 patients leading to permanent repair was $395,415 and $585,639 respectively. The incremental difference between actual costs and hypothetical costs of primary osteoarticular (OA) allograft stabilization for patients with bony defects is $278,394. For patients with significant bone defects, an open repair with failure rate of 44.9%, or an arthroscopic repair with failure rate of 62.8%, is cost neutral to a primary open repair with OA allograft. In addition, an open repair with failure rate of 13.0%, or an arthroscopic repair with failure rate of 41.3%, is cost neutral to a primary definitive repair.ConclusionFailed shoulder stabilization bears high costs to society, even without considering the psychological costs to patients. We must identify and refine diagnostic and prognostic factors to better determine the appropriate treatment modality for patients with primary shoulder instability.Godin JA, Skendzel JG, Sekiya JK. Cost Analysis of Failed Shoulder Stabilization. The Duke Orthop J 2015;5(1):14-19.
Management of Terrible Triad Injuries of the Elbow
Authors: Vovos Tyler , Blizzard Daniel J , Garrigues Grant 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
The term ‘Terrible Triad’ was initially coined by Hotchkiss et al to describe fracture-dislocations of the elbow involving three specific injuries: a posterolateral dislocation, coronoid fracture and radial head fracture.1 Fracture-dislocations of this type are notoriously unstable secondary to loss of the anterior buttress support from the coronoid, valgus support from the radial head, and the posterolateral stabilization of the lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL).2,3 Furthermore, these injury patterns are particularly difficult to treat and have resulted in poor functional outcomes including the need for multiple reoperations.4-6
Herein, the pathoanatomy, classification, diagnosis and management of these challenging injuries will be discussed.
Vovos T, Blizzard DJ, Garrigues G. Management of Terrible Triad Injuries of the Elbow. The Duke Orthop J 2015;5(1): 2834.
Forecasting the response of Earth's surface to future climatic and land use changes: A review of methods and research needs
Authors: Pelletier Jon D. , Brad Murray A. , Pierce Jennifer L. , Bierman Paul R. , Breshears David D. , Crosby Benjamin T. , Ellis Michael , Foufoula‐Georgiou Efi , Heimsath Arjun M. , Houser Chris , Lancaster Nick , Marani Marco , Merritts Dorothy J. , Moore Laura J. , Pederson Joel L. , Poulos Michael J. , Rittenour Tammy M. , Rowland Joel C. , Ruggiero Peter , Ward Dylan J. , Wickert Andrew D. , Yager Elowyn M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn the future, Earth will be warmer, precipitation events will be more extreme, global mean sea level will rise, and many arid and semiarid regions will be drier. Human modifications of landscapes will also occur at an accelerated rate as developed areas increase in size and population density. We now have gridded global forecasts, being continually improved, of the climatic and land use changes (C&LUC) that are likely to occur in the coming decades. However, besides a few exceptions, consensus forecasts do not exist for how these C&LUC will likely impact Earth‐surface processes and hazards. In some cases, we have the tools to forecast the geomorphic responses to likely future C&LUC. Fully exploiting these models and utilizing these tools will require close collaboration among Earth‐surface scientists and Earth‐system modelers. This paper assesses the state‐of‐the‐art tools and data that are being used or could be used to forecast changes in the state of Earth's surface as a result of likely future C&LUC. We also propose strategies for filling key knowledge gaps, emphasizing where additional basic research and/or collaboration across disciplines are necessary. The main body of the paper addresses cross‐cutting issues, including the importance of nonlinear/threshold‐dominated interactions among topography, vegetation, and sediment transport, as well as the importance of alternate stable states and extreme, rare events for understanding and forecasting Earth‐surface response to C&LUC. Five supplements delve into different scales or process zones (global‐scale assessments and fluvial, aeolian, glacial/periglacial, and coastal process zones) in detail.
Acceleration of ions by electric field pulses in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Liu J. , Angelopoulos V. , Runov A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIntense (∼5–15 mV/m), short‐lived (≤1 min) electric field pulses have been observed to accompany earthward propagating, dipolarizing flux bundles (flux tubes with a strong magnetic field) before they are stopped by the strong dipole field. Using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms observations and test particle modeling, we investigate particle acceleration around L shell ∼7–9 in the nightside magnetosphere and demonstrate that such pulses can effectively accelerate ions with tens of keV initial energy to hundreds of keV. This acceleration occurs because the ion gyroradius is comparable to the spatial scale of the localized electric field pulse at the leading edge of the flux bundle before it stops. The proposed acceleration mechanism can reproduce observed spectra of high‐energy ions. We conclude that the electric field associated with dipolarizing flux bundles prior to their stoppage in the inner magnetosphere provides a natural site for intense local ion acceleration.
Volumetric computed tomography analysis of the olfactory cleft in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Soler Zachary M. , Pallanch John F. , Sansoni Eugene Ritter , Jones Cameron S. , Lawrence Lauren A. , Schlosser Rodney J. , Mace Jess C. , Smith Timothy L. 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundCommonly used computed tomography (CT) staging systems for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) focus on the sinuses and do not quantify disease in the olfactory cleft. The goal of the current study was to determine whether precise measurements of olfactory cleft opacification better correlate with olfaction in patients with CRS.MethodsOlfaction was assessed using the 40‐item Smell Identification Test (SIT‐40) before and after sinus surgery in adult patients. Olfactory cleft opacification was quantified precisely using three‐dimensional (3D), computerized volumetric analysis, as well as via semiquantitative Likert scale estimations at predetermined anatomic sites. Sinus opacification was also quantified using the Lund‐Mackay staging system.ResultsThe overall cohort (n = 199) included 89 (44.7%) patients with CRS with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) and 110 (55.3%) with CRS without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP). The olfactory cleft opacified volume correlated with objective olfaction as determined by the SIT‐40 (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient [Rs] = −0.461; p < 0.001). The correlation was significantly stronger in the CRSwNP subgroup (Rs = −0.573; p < 0.001), whereas no appreciable correlation was found in the CRSsNP group (Rs = −0.141; p = 0.141). Correlations between sinus‐specific Lund‐Mackay CT scoring and SIT‐40 scores were weaker in the CRSwNP (Rs = −0.377; p < 0.001) subgroup but stronger in the CRSsNP (Rs = −0.225; p = 0.018) group when compared to olfactory cleft correlations. Greater intraclass correlations (ICCs) were found between quantitative volumetric measures of olfactory cleft opacification (ICC = 0.844; p < 0.001) as compared with semiquantitative Likert grading (ICC = 0.627; p < 0.001).ConclusionQuantitative measures of olfactory cleft opacification correlate with objective olfaction, with the strongest correlations seen in patients with nasal polyps.
A versatile, non genetically modified organism (GMO)‐based strategy for controlling low‐producer mutants in Bordetella pertussis cultures using antigenic modulation
Authors: Goffin Philippe , Slock Thomas , Smessaert Vincent , De Rop Philippe , Dehottay Philippe 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe uncontrolled presence of non‐producer mutants negatively affects bioprocesses. In Bordetella pertussis cultures, avirulent mutants emerge spontaneously and accumulate. We characterized the dynamics of accumulation using high‐throughput growth assays and competition experiments between virulent and avirulent (bvg–) isolates. A fitness advantage of bvg– cells was identified as the main driver for bvg– accumulation under conditions of high virulence factor production. Conversely, under conditions that reduce their expression (antigenic modulation), bvg– takeover could be avoided. A control strategy was derived, which consists in applying modulating conditions whenever virulence factor production is not required. It has a wide range of applications, from routine laboratory operations to vaccine manufacturing, where pertussis toxin yields were increased 1.4‐fold by performing early pre‐culture steps in modulating conditions. Because it only requires subtle modifications of the culture medium and does not involve genetic modifications, this strategy is applicable to any B. pertussis isolate, and should facilitate regulatory acceptance of process changes for vaccine production. Strategies based on the same concept, could be derived for other industrially relevant micro‐organisms. This study illustrates how a sound scientific understanding of physiological principles can be turned into a practical application for the bioprocess industry, in alignment with Quality by Design principles.