bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytonemes and the dispersion of morphogens
Authors: Kornberg Thomas B. 
Published: September 2014

Filopodia are cellular protrusions that have been implicated in many types of mechanosensory activities. Morphogens are signaling proteins that regulate the patterned development of embryos and tissues. Both have long histories that date to the beginnings of cell and developmental biology in the early 20th century, but recent findings tie specialized filopodia called cytonemes to morphogen movement and morphogen signaling. This review explores the conceptual and experimental background for a model of paracrine signaling in which the exchange of morphogens between cells is directed to sites where cytonemes directly link cells that produce morphogens to cells that receive and respond to them.WIREs Dev Biol2014, 3:445–463. doi: 10.1002/wdev.151This article is categorized under:Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > GradientsInvertebrate Organogenesis > Flies
Policy Effectiveness in Historical Context: Pre‐Prohibition Liquor‐Control Studies Revisited
Authors: Schrad Mark Lawrence 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe touchstone event in the history of alcohol control policy—both in the United States and globally—has unquestionably been the American experiment with alcohol prohibition. Yet in our haste to dismiss this failed policy as the product of misguided temperance zealotry, we risk overlooking a vast historical literature of objective liquor‐control studies that are surprisingly similar to more modern studies of policy effectiveness. This article explores this largely undiscovered liquor‐control literature, and places it into the context of the long history of alcohol‐control studies. The article concludes that not only is this early liquor‐control literature an important part of the heritage of the policy‐studies discipline, but also a potentially valuable resource for future historical and longitudinal studies into alcohol and alcohol‐control issues.
Suckling behavior in Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx L.) cubs: Characteristics and correlation with competitive interactions
Authors: Glukhova Alla , Naidenko Sergey 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThere is substantial evidence in the literature that the offspring of many mammal species prefer a particular pair of nipples. There is also a definite “nipple order” in individual litters in which each young predominantly uses one or two particular nipples. In combination with early competitive interactions, such “constancy” can play an important role in the social development of the young. In this study, we reveal an unequal use of different pairs of mothers' nipples by 42 Eurasian lynx cubs in 16 litters and investigate the relationship of this phenomenon with the early competitive interactions of the cubs and their physical development. For the lynx cubs, the most often used pair of nipples is the middle pair. There is also definite “nipple order” in each litter. We found a negative correlation between nipples use by the offspring and their competitive activity. No influence of “nipple order” on the cubs' growth rate was detected. Zoo Biol. 33:388–393, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Creating Musculoskeletal Programs for Culturally Diverse, Underserved Communities: A Community-Based Participatory Research Survey
Authors: Goldsmith Sandra , Friedman Dana , Horton Roberta , Seehaus Mavis , Robbins Laura 
Published: September 2014

Background Arthritis and other musculoskeletal diseases are the most prevalent health conditions in the USA, causing enormous financial and social burdens, especially in underserved communities. Targeted care and prevention programs are urgently needed. Questions/Purposes Within an overall goal of revealing health disparities, the questionnaire explored (1) the use of and access to healthcare, (2) the factors affecting quality of life, and (3) the levels of provider–patient communication. Methods A New York City musculoskeletal hospital conducted a community health needs survey among its diverse ethnic/racial communities. A 39-item questionnaire was administered online, by mail, and in person (in English, Spanish, and Chinese). Answers were analyzed in terms of sociodemographics, to define health disparities within a total sample and two subsamples. Results In the total sample, respondents were 60% White, 16% Black, 14% Hispanic/Latino, and 11% Asian, mostly female, and aged 50 to 79. More than 17% of the total sample indicated they could not access a healthcare provider when needed. Poor nutrition and lack of physical activity were large areas of concern, as were falls and poor self-reported health status. Nearly all respondents said they took steps to communicate with their healthcare providers. Dramatic health disparities were found between Whites and non-Whites (e.g., non-Whites were most likely to rate their health poorly, consider their diet fair or poor, lack health insurance, and be unable to access a healthcare provider). Conclusion The findings are being used to further refine, develop, and expand the hospital's community programs, especially for culturally diverse and underserved communities.
Building a science of spending: Lessons from the past and directions for the future
Authors: Dunn Elizabeth W. , Weidman Aaron C. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA decade of research suggests that people derive more happiness from buying experiences (e.g., vacations, concert tickets) than from buying material things (e. g., shoes, televisions; see Gilovich, Kumar, & Jampol, 2014, this issue). This highly impactful program of research provides a valuable model to apply in building a broader “science of spending.” By examining both the strengths and limitations of research comparing experiential and material consumption, we extract two lessons for researchers interested in studying how consumers can buy the most happiness with their money, and suggest two methodological improvements that could yield new insights into the happiness benefits of experiential and material purchases. In addition, moving beyond past research on the material/experiential distinction, we offer two fertile areas for future research in the science of spending.
Impact dynamics for a floating elastic membrane
Authors: Duchemin L. , Vandenberghe N. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe study impacts of a rigid body on a thin elastic sheet floating on a liquid. When struck by a solid object of small size, the elastic sheet deforms and waves propagate in and on the membrane. The impact triggers a longitudinal elastic wave effectively stretching the membrane. The hydroelastic transverse wave that propagates in the stretched domain is similar to capillary waves on a free surface with an equivalent ‘surface tension’ that results from the stretching of the elastic membrane. Two limiting cases, for which a self-similar solution can be computed, corresponding to short and long times are identified. Surprisingly, our study reveals that the fluid–body system behaves as a regular liquid–gas interface, but with an effective surface tension coefficient that scales linearly with the impact velocity.
Networks' characteristics are important for systems biology
Authors: RIDER ANDREW K. , MILENKOVIĆ TIJANA , SIWO GEOFFREY H. , PINAPATI RICHARD S. , EMRICH SCOTT J. , FERDIG MICHAEL T. , CHAWLA NITESH V. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA fundamental goal of systems biology is to create models that describe relationships between biological components. Networks are an increasingly popular approach to this problem. However, a scientist interested in modeling biological (e.g., gene expression) data as a network is quickly confounded by the fundamental problem: how to construct the network? It is fairly easy to construct a network, but is itthenetwork for the problem being considered? This is an important problem with three fundamental issues: How to weight edges in the network in order to capture actual biological interactions? What is the effect of the type of biological experiment used to collect the data from which the network is constructed? How to prune the weighted edges (or what cut-off to apply)? Differences in the construction of networks could lead to different biological interpretations.Indeed, we find that there are statistically significant dissimilarities in the functional content and topology between gene co-expression networks constructed using different edge weighting methods, data types, and edge cut-offs. We show that different types of known interactions, such as those found through Affinity Capture-Luminescence or Synthetic Lethality experiments, appear in significantly varying amounts in networks constructed in different ways. Hence, we demonstrate that different biological questions may be answered by the different networks. Consequently, we posit that the approach taken to build a network can be matched to biological questions to get targeted answers. More study is required to understand the implications of different network inference approaches and to draw reliable conclusions from networks used in the field of systems biology.
Stellar Populations and the Star Formation Histories of LSB Galaxies: III. Stellar Population Models
Authors: Schombert James , McGaugh Stacy 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA series of population models are designed to explore the star formation history of gas-rich, low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies. LSB galaxies are unique in having properties of very blue colors, low Hα emission and high gas fractions that indicated a history of constant star formation (versus the declining star formation models used for most spirals and irregulars). The model simulations use an evolving multi-metallicity composite population that follows a chemical enrichment scheme based on Milky Way observations. Color and time sensitive stellar evolution components (i.e., BHB, TP-AGB and blue straggler stars) are included, and model colors are extended into theSpitzerwavelength regions for comparison to new observations. In general, LSB galaxies are well matched to the constant star formation scenario with the variation in color explained by a fourfold increase/decrease in star formation over the last 0.5 Gyrs (i.e., weak bursts). Early-type spirals, from the S4G sample, are better fit by a declining star formation model where star formation has decreased by 40% in the last 12 Gyrs.
INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR DOMESTIC ADJUDICATION: DENIAL OF JUSTICE DECONSTRUCTED
Authors: Douglas Zachary 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis article revisits the core difficulties with the international delict known as a denial of justice and, drawing insights from philosophical writing on adjudication, offers novel solutions to three principal issues: (a) the scope of the acts and omissions that can form the predicate conduct for a denial of justice; (b) the proper threshold for liability in respect of those acts or omissions; (c) the relationship between denial of justice and other international norms impacting upon domestic adjudication. The article concludes with a restatement of the law of denial of justice.
Long-term follow up of sudden sensorineural hearing loss patients treated with intratympanic steroids: audiological and quality of life evaluation
Authors: Dallan I , Fortunato S , Casani A P , Bernardini E , Sellari-Franceschini S , Berrettini S , Nacci A 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the long-term stability of intratympanic steroids and investigate the ‘real’ impact of sudden sensorineural hearing loss on patients.Method:A total of 14 patients treated with intratympanic steroids were evaluated by audiometric and vestibular examinations. The modified Glasgow Benefit Inventory was used to evaluate quality of life changes after intratympanic steroid treatment.Results:There was no significant difference between pure tone average post-intratympanic steroids and at follow up. The general Glasgow Benefit Inventory score was not significantly associated with the presence of tinnitus or dizziness, or with patient age. The change in pure tone average after intratympanic steroid treatment did not correlate with social or physical scores, but correlated strongly with the general Glasgow Benefit Inventory score (p = 0.0023). Intratympanic steroid administration led to a stable improvement in hearing. Quality of life assessment showed that patients can feel satisfaction regardless of the hearing outcome. Patients who regained a social hearing level expressed greater satisfaction than patients without serviceable hearing. Overall, quality of life improvement was not related to hearing improvement.Conclusion:Sudden sensorineural hearing loss is devastating. Considering the audiological effects alone ignores the ‘human’ perspective. Audiological success can correlate with poor quality of life outcome.
Performance and style in the work of Olgyay and Olgyay
Authors: Leatherbarrow David , Wesley Richard 
Published: September 2014

The sun control device has to be on the outside of the building, an element of the facade, an element of architecture. And because this device is so important a part of our open architecture, it may develop into as characteristic a form as the Doric column.Victor Olgyay (1910–1970), a Hungarian architect who came to the United States in 1947 with his twin brother and collaborator, Aladár (1910–1963), is best known today as the author of Design with Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism (1963), an important book often referenced in the environmental building design field [1]. As leaders in research in bioclimatic architecture from the early 1950s to the late 1960s, the Olgyay brothers could be considered the ‘fathers’ of contemporary environmental building design. Their research and publications laid the foundation for much of the building simulation software in use today. Other than the difference between working on graph paper and using computer-generated graphics, there is little difference between Autodesk's Ecotect Analysis (simulation and building energy analysis software) and the Olgyays' techniques for the analysis of environmental factors and graphical representation of climate. The manner in which the Olgyays established connections between building design and the science of climate laid the foundation for the development of environmental simulation, one of contemporary architecture's leading methods of form generation. Victor Olgyay's teaching, however, represents another kind of thinking, a broader concern for architecture, beyond energy performance. ‘The primary task of architecture,’ Olgyay announced to his students, ‘is to act in man's favour; to interpose itself between man and his natural surroundings in order to remove the environmental load from his shoulders.
Sequential transcriptional changes dictate safe and effective antigen-specific immunotherapy
Authors: Burton Bronwen R. , Britton Graham J. , Fang Hai , Verhagen Johan , Smithers Ben , Sabatos-Peyton Catherine A. , Carney Laura J. , Gough Julian , Strobel Stephan , Wraith David C. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAntigen-specific immunotherapy combats autoimmunity or allergy by reinstating immunological tolerance to target antigens without compromising immune function. Optimization of dosing strategy is critical for effective modulation of pathogenic CD4+ T-cell activity. Here we report that dose escalation is imperative for safe, subcutaneous delivery of the high self-antigen doses required for effective tolerance induction and elicits anergic, interleukin (IL)-10-secreting regulatory CD4+ T cells. Analysis of the CD4+ T-cell transcriptome, at consecutive stages of escalating dose immunotherapy, reveals progressive suppression of transcripts positively regulating inflammatory effector function and repression of cell cycle pathways. We identify transcription factors, c-Maf and NFIL3, and negative co-stimulatory molecules, LAG-3, TIGIT, PD-1 and TIM-3, which characterize this regulatory CD4+ T-cell population and whose expression correlates with the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10. These results provide a rationale for dose escalation in T-cell-directed immunotherapy and reveal novel immunological and transcriptional signatures as surrogate markers of successful immunotherapy.
A Mechanistic, Multiscale Mathematical Model of Immunogenicity for Therapeutic Proteins: Part 1—Theoretical Model
Authors: Chen X , Hickling TP , Vicini P 
Published: September 2014

A mechanistic, multiscale mathematical model of immunogenicity for therapeutic proteins was formulated by recapitulating key biological mechanisms, including antigen presentation, activation, proliferation, and differentiation of immune cells, secretion of antidrug antibodies (ADA), as well as in vivo disposition of ADA and therapeutic proteins. This system‐level model contains three scales: a subcellular level representing antigen presentation processes by dendritic cells; a cellular level accounting for cell kinetics during humoral immune response; and a whole‐body level accounting for therapeutic protein in vivo disposition. The model simulations for in vivo responses against antigenic protein challenge are consistent with many known immunological observations. By simulating immune responses under various initial parameter conditions, the model suggests hypotheses for future experimental investigation and contributes to the mechanistic understanding of immunogenicity. With future experimental validation, this model may potentially provide a platform to generate and test hypotheses about immunogenicity risk assessment and ultimately aid in immunogenicity prediction.CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e133; doi:10.1038/psp.2014.30; published online 03 September 2014
A Mechanistic, Multiscale Mathematical Model of Immunogenicity for Therapeutic Proteins: Part 2—Model Applications
Authors: Chen X , Hickling TP , Vicini P 
Published: September 2014

A mechanistic, multiscale mathematical model of immunogenicity for therapeutic proteins was built by recapitulating key underlying known biological processes for immunogenicity. The model is able to simulate immune responses based on protein‐specific antigenic properties (e.g., number of T‐epitopes and their major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐II binding affinities) and host‐specific immunological/physiological characteristics (e.g., MHC‐II allele genotype, drug clearance rate). Preliminary validation was performed using mouse studies with antigens such as ovalbumin (OVA) or OVA‐derived peptide. Further, using adalimumab as an example therapeutic protein, the model is able to simulate immune responses against adalimumab in individual subjects and in a population, and also provides estimations of immunogenicity incidence and drug exposure reduction that can be validated experimentally. This is a first attempt at modeling immunogenicity of biologics, so the model simulations should be used to help understand the immunogenicity mechanisms and impacting factors, rather than making direct predictions. This prototype model needs to be subjected to extensive experimental validation and refinement before fulfilling its ultimate mission of predicting immunogenicity. Nevertheless, the current model could potentially set up the starting framework to integrate various in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical immunogenicity assessment results to help meet the challenge of immunogenicity prediction.CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e134; doi:10.1038/psp.2014.31; published online 03 September 2014
Transcriptomic profiling of rat liver samples in a comprehensive study design by RNA-Seq
Authors: Gong Binsheng , Wang Charles , Su Zhenqiang , Hong Huixiao , Thierry-Mieg Jean , Thierry-Mieg Danielle , Shi Leming , Auerbach Scott S. , Tong Weida , Xu Joshua 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRNA-Seq provides the capability to characterize the entire transcriptome in multiple levels including gene expression, allele specific expression, alternative splicing, fusion gene detection, and etc. The US FDA-led SEQC (i.e., MAQC-III) project conducted a comprehensive study focused on the transcriptome profiling of rat liver samples treated with 27 chemicals to evaluate the utility of RNA-Seq in safety assessment and toxicity mechanism elucidation. The chemicals represented multiple chemogenomic modes of action (MOA) and exhibited varying degrees of transcriptional response. The paired-end 100 bp sequencing data were generated using Illumina HiScanSQ and/or HiSeq 2000. In addition to the core study, six animals (i.e., three aflatoxin B1 treated rats and three vehicle control rats) were sequenced three times, with two separate library preparations on two sequencing machines. This large toxicogenomics dataset can serve as a resource to characterize various aspects of transcriptomic changes (e.g., alternative splicing) that are byproduct of chemical perturbation.
Enhanced heat transfer is dependent on thickness of graphene films: the heat dissipation during boiling
Authors: Ahn Ho Seon , Kim Jin Man , Kim TaeJoo , Park Su Cheong , Kim Ji Min , Park Youngjae , Yu Dong In , Hwang Kyoung Won , Jo HangJin , Park Hyun Sun , Kim Hyungdae , Kim Moo Hwan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBoiling heat transfer (BHT) is a particularly efficient heat transport method because of the latent heat associated with the process. However, the efficiency of BHT decreases significantly with increasing wall temperature when the critical heat flux (CHF) is reached. Graphene has received much recent research attention for applications in thermal engineering due to its large thermal conductivity. In this study, graphene films of various thicknesses were deposited on a heated surface and enhancements of BHT and CHF were investigated via pool-boiling experiments. In contrast to the well-known surface effects, including improved wettability and liquid spreading due to micron- and nanometer-scale structures, nanometer-scale folded edges of graphene films provided a clue of BHT improvement and only the thermal conductivity of the graphene layer could explain the dependence of the CHF on the thickness. The large thermal conductivity of the graphene films inhibited the formation of hot spots, thereby increasing the CHF. Finally, the provided empirical model could be suitable for prediction of CHF.
The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 facilitates the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps
Authors: Neumann Ariane , Berends Evelien T. M. , Nerlich Andreas , Molhoek E. Margo , Gallo Richard L. , Meerloo Timo , Nizet Victor , Naim Hassan Y. , von Köckritz-Blickwede Maren 
Published: September 2014

NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps) have been described as a fundamental innate immune defence mechanism. During formation of NETs, the nuclear membrane is disrupted by an as-yet unknown mechanism. In the present study we investigated the role of human cathelicidin LL-37 in nuclear membrane disruption and formation of NETs. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that 5 μM LL-37 significantly facilitated NET formation by primary human blood-derived neutrophils alone, in the presence of the classical chemical NET inducer PMA or in the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. Parallel assays with a random LL-37 fragment library indicated that the NET induction is mediated by the hydrophobic character of the peptide. The trans-localization of LL-37 towards the nucleus and the disruption of the nuclear membrane were visualized using confocal fluorescence microscopy. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates a novel role for LL-37 in the formation of NETs.