bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of substrate temperature upon the compositions of Mg and Se in Zn1‐xMgx Sey Te1‐y layer grown by MOVPE
Authors: Nishio M. , Saito K. , Ito R. , Tanaka K. , Urata K. , Nakamura Y. , Tanaka T. , Guo Q. X. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe growth of Zn1‐xMgx Sey Te1‐y layers was performed on (100) ZnTe substrate by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy using dimethylzinc, bis‐methylcyclopentadienyl‐magnesium, diethyltelluride and diethylselenide. The effects of substrate temperature upon the compositions of Mg and Se have been investigated. The Mg composition in Zn1‐xMgx Sey Te1‐y layer is significantly enhanced at low substrate temperature. Although the Se composition decreases with decreasing the substrate temperature, Zn1‐xMgx Sey Te1‐y layer with a relatively high Se composition of 0.3 is obtainable at a low substrate temperature as low as 380 ºC. For all the layers, a two‐mode behaviour with ZnTe‐ and MgTe‐like longitudinal optical phonon modes is confirmed by Raman scattering. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of surface morphology on the field emission property of ZnO films
Authors: Zulkifli Zurita , Munisamy Subramanian , Yusop Mohd Zamri Mohd , Tanemura Masaki 
Published: March 2014

AbstractStable and high crystalline quality of ZnO nanocones have been successfully fabricated on glass substrates at room temperature. In 3 min irradiation by argon ion on ZnO thin film surface, ZnO nanocones with a number density of 8‐15 µm‐2 can be observed from SEM images. For a high performance of field emission (FE) device, an emission current stability test was carried out at a fixed electric field of 12 V/µm for 60 min. A stable current of 2.5 µA was observed after 30 min without any obvious irregular current flow. The current density of 1 µA cm‐2 was achieved at 9.8 V/µm and 7.8 V/µm before and after stability test, respectively. Even though some of the ZnO nanocones tip were melted due to Joule heating induced by high intensity of electric field, the field enhancement factor are still comparable with other types of nanostructure emitters. The surface morphology of ZnO nanocones after the stability test showed the nanocones of shorter length are not affected by the high electric field at the emission area in which this revealed the robustness of ZnO compared to CNTs/CNFs. The ZnO nanocones at out of the emission area are also not affected by the high electric field or by any heat generated in the vacuum chamber during field emission. Thus, due to the high thermal and mechanical stability, ZnO nanocones is reliable to be as a promising field emitter. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation of p‐contact layers for BeZnSeTe/MgZnCdSe optical devices on InP substrates
Authors: Takamatsu Shingo , Nomura Ichirou , Kobayashi Toshiki , Murakami Keisuke , Shiraishi Tomohiro , Kishino Katsumi 
Published: March 2014

AbstractZnTe and ZnSeTe p‐contact layers were investigated for use in BeZnSeTe/MgZnCdSe optical devices on InP sub‐strates. The contact resistances (Rc) of Au electrodes to N‐doped p‐ZnTe and p‐ZnSeTe contact lay‐ers were evaluated using the circular transmission line model (c‐TLM) method. A lower Rc (3.1×10‐3 Ωcm2) was obtained for the ZnSeTe p‐contact sample than for the ZnTe sample (6.3×10‐3 Ωcm2). BeZnSeTe/MgZnCdSe yellow‐light‐emitting devices with a ZnTe or ZnSeTe p‐contact layer grown on InP substrates were characterized. A comparison of the current‐voltage (I‐V) characteristics of these devices showed that the turn‐on voltage of the ZnSeTe contact device was about 4 V lower than that of the ZnTe device. From the aging characteristics of these devices under direct‐current injection at room temperature, it was shown that the lifetime of the ZnSeTe contact device was 30 times longer than that of the ZnTe contact device. These results show that a ZnSeTe contact layer is more suitable for BeZnSeTe/MgZnCdSe optical devices on InP substrates than a ZnTe contact layer. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of charged defects for substitutionally doped chromium in hexagonal barium titanate from first‐principles theory
Authors: Nayak Sanjeev K. , Adeagbo Waheed A. , Langhammer Hans T. , Hergert Wolfram , Müller Thomas , Böttcher Rolf 
Published: March 2014

Abstractmagnified imageWe have studied the defect properties of substitutionally doped chromium in hexagonal barium titanate using the density functional theory together with the generalized gradient approximation restricted to exclusively electronic compensation of the charged defect. The supercell used in our studies is large enough to mimic a chromium concentration of about 2 mol%, which corresponds to an amount typically applied in experiments. Chromium is found to prefer the Ti sites inside the face‐sharing oxygen octahedra compared with the other non‐equivalent Ti sites within the exclusively corner‐sharing octahedra of the hexagonal host lattice. Analysis of formation energy, derived from the total energies of defective supercells in various charge states and systematic post‐processing, shows that the charge state of –1 is stable for wide range of Fermi energy within the band gap. The charge state of 0 is only stable for a very low electron concentration, i.e. for highly oxidizing conditions. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bias in parametric estimation: reduction and useful side‐effects
Authors: Kosmidis Ioannis 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe bias of an estimator is defined as the difference of its expected value from the parameter to be estimated, where the expectation is with respect to the model. Loosely speaking, small bias reflects the desire that if an experiment is repeated indefinitely then the average of all the resultant estimates will be close to the parameter value that is estimated. The current article is a review of the still‐expanding repository of methods that have been developed to reduce bias in the estimation of parametric models. The review provides a unifying framework where all those methods are seen as attempts to approximate the solution of a simple estimating equation. Of particular focus is the maximum likelihood estimator, which despite being asymptotically unbiased under the usual regularity conditions, has finite‐sample bias that can result in significant loss of performance of standard inferential procedures. An informal comparison of the methods is made revealing some useful practical side‐effects in the estimation of popular models in practice including: (1) shrinkage of the estimators in binomial and multinomial regression models that guarantees finiteness even in cases of data separation where the maximum likelihood estimator is infinite and (2) inferential benefits for models that require the estimation of dispersion or precision parameters.This article is categorized under:Data: Types and Structure > Categorical DataAlgorithms and Computational Methods > Maximum Likelihood MethodsStatistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Bootstrap and Resampling
The engineering of artificial cellular nanosystems using synthetic biology approaches
Authors: Wu Fan , Tan Cheemeng 
Published: March 2014

Artificial cellular systems are minimal systems that mimic certain properties of natural cells, including signaling pathways, membranes, and metabolic pathways. These artificial cells (or protocells) can be constructed following a synthetic biology approach by assembling biomembranes, synthetic gene circuits, and cell‐free expression systems. As artificial cells are built from bottom‐up using minimal and a defined number of components, they are more amenable to predictive mathematical modeling and engineered controls when compared with natural cells. Indeed, artificial cells have been implemented as drug delivery machineries and in situ protein expression systems. Furthermore, artificial cells have been used as biomimetic systems to unveil new insights into functions of natural cells, which are otherwise difficult to investigate owing to their inherent complexity. It is our vision that the development of artificial cells would bring forth parallel advancements in synthetic biology, cell‐free systems, and in vitro systems biology.This article is categorized under:

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
The multifaceted roles of RNA binding in APOBEC cytidine deaminase functions
Authors: Prohaska Kimberly M. , Bennett Ryan P. , Salter Jason D. , Smith Harold C. 
Published: March 2014

Cytidine deaminases have important roles in the regulation of nucleoside/deoxynucleoside pools for DNA and RNA synthesis. The APOBEC family of cytidine deaminases (named after the first member of the family that was described, Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Catalytic Subunit 1, also known as APOBEC1 or A1) is a fascinating group of mutagenic proteins that use RNA and single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) as substrates for their cytidine or deoxycytidine deaminase activities. APOBEC proteins and base‐modification nucleic acid editing have been the subject of numerous publications, reviews, and speculation. These proteins play diverse roles in host cell defense, protecting cells from invading genetic material, enabling the acquired immune response to antigens and changing protein expression at the level of the genetic code in mRNA or DNA. The amazing power these proteins have for interphase cell functions relies on structural and biochemical properties that are beginning to be understood. At the same time, the substrate selectivity of each member in the family and their regulation remains to be elucidated. This review of the APOBEC family will focus on an open question in regulation, namely what role the interactions of these proteins with RNA have in editing substrate recognition or allosteric regulation of DNA mutagenic and host‐defense activities. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:493–508. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1226This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Recognition
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Small Molecule–RNA Interactions
RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification
Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of 1D and 2D Coordination Polymers based on Flexible 1, 3‐Adamantanediacetic Acid and Exo‐bidentate Organic Linkers
Authors: Haldar Ritesh , Maji Tapas Kumar 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFive mixed‐linkers based coordination polymers, namely {M(1, 3‐Hadc)(bpy)(H2O)2}n [M = NiII (1), CoII (2)], {Zn(1, 3‐adc)(bpy)0.5}n (3), {Cd(1, 3‐Hadc)2(bpy)}n (4), and {Cu(1, 3‐Hadc)2(bpp)}n (5) [1, 3‐H2adc = 1, 3‐adamantanediacetic acid, bpy = 4, 4′‐bipyridine, bpp = 1, 3‐bis(4‐pyridyl)propane] were synthesized by solvent diffusion reactions. Their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses. Compounds 1 and 2 are isostructural and they have 1D linear coordination polymer structure that are further interdigitated via hydrogen bonding resulting in 2D extended networks. The dehydrated 1 shows type‐I profile for H2O vapor suggesting hydrophilic nature of the framework. In compound 3, a paddle‐wheel type secondary building unit (SBU) directs the overall structure to form a 2D square grid type structure. The 2D sheets further stack along the c axis in a AB fashion and leaves no void space. Compound 4 has a hexacoordinate CdII and forms a zigzag coordination polymer chain‐like structure and these chains form a 2D structure by hydrogen bonding interactions. Compound 5 contains a longer linker bpp compared to bpy and forms a 2D structure similar to that of 4. These results demonstrate that by changing the metal ions coordination mode versatile structures with different dimensionalities and network topologies can be realized in a same mixed linkers system.
Enhanced Recovery Pathway for Urgent Colectomy
Authors: Roulin Didier , Blanc Catherine , Muradbegovic Mirza , Hahnloser Dieter , Demartines Nicolas , Hübner Martin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundEnhanced recovery protocols have been proven to decrease complications and hospital stay following elective colorectal surgery. However, these principles have not yet been reported for urgent surgery procedures. We aimed to assess our initial experience with urgent colectomies performed within an established enhanced recovery pathway.
MethodsIn a prospective cohort study, all patients undergoing colonic resection between April 2012 and March 2013 were treated according to a standardized enhanced recovery protocol. Urgent surgeries were compared with the elective procedures with regards to baseline characteristics, compliance with enhanced recovery items, and clinical outcome.ResultsPatients (N = 28) requiring urgent colonic resection were included and compared with patients undergoing elective colectomy (N = 63). Overall compliance with the protocol was 57 % for the urgent compared with 77 % for the elective procedures (p = 0.006). The pre‐operative compliance was 64 versus 96 % (p < 0.001), the intra‐operative compliance was 77 versus 86 % (p = 0.145), and the post‐operative compliance was 49 versus 67 % (p = 0.015), for the urgent and elective resections, respectively. Overall, 18 urgent patients (64 %) and 32 elective patients (51 %) developed postoperative complications (p = 0.261). Median postoperative length of stay was 8 days in the urgent setting compared with 5 days in the elective setting (p = 0.006).ConclusionsMany of the intra‐operative and post‐operative enhanced recovery items can also be applied to urgent colectomy, entailing outcomes that approach the results achieved in the elective setting.
Eco-friendly methodology for efficient synthesis and scale-up of 2-ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate using Rhizopus oryzae lipase and its biological evaluation
Authors: Kumar Vinod , Jahan Firdaus , Kameswaran Karthikeya , Mahajan Richi V , Saxena Rajendra Kumar 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Lipase-mediated synthesis of phenolic acid esters is a green and economical alternative to current chemical methods. Octyl methoxycinnamate, an important UVB-absorbing compound, was synthesized by the esterification of p-methoxycinnamic acid with 2-ethyl hexanol using Rhizopus oryzae lipase. A molar ratio of 1:2 of p-methoxycinnamic acid and 2-ethyl hexanol was found to give an optimum yield using cyclo-octane (50 ml) as reaction solvent, at a temperature of 45 °C, and 750 U of lipase, resulting in a yield of 91.3 % in 96 h. This reaction was successfully scaled up to 400-ml reaction size where 88.6 %bioconversion was achieved. The synthesized compound was found to have superior antioxidant activity as compared to ascorbic acid. The synthesized compound also exhibited good antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aures, Candida albicans (yeast), Aspergillus niger, Alternaria solani, and Fussarium oxysporum by well diffusion method in terms of zone of inhibitions (in mm).
Identifying Pediatric Emergence Delirium by Using the PAED Scale: A Quality Improvement Project
Authors: Stamper Matthew J. , Hawks Sharon J. , Taicher Brad M. , Bonta Juliet , Brandon Debra H. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPediatric emergence delirium is a postoperative phenomenon characterized by aberrant cognitive and psychomotor behavior, which can place the patient and health care personnel at risk for injury. A common tool for identifying emergence delirium is the Level of Consciousness‐Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (LOC‐RASS), although it has not been validated for use in the pediatric population. The Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale (PAED) is a newly validated tool to measure emergence delirium in children. We chose to implement and evaluate the effectiveness and fidelity of using the PAED Scale to identify pediatric emergence delirium in one eight‐bed postanesthesia care unit in comparison with the traditional LOC‐RASS. The overall incidence of pediatric emergence delirium found by using the LOC‐RASS with a retrospective chart review (3%) was significantly lower than the incidence found by using the LOC‐RASS (7.5%) and PAED Scale (11.5%) during the implementation period. Our findings suggest that the PAED Scale may be a more sensitive measure of pediatric emergence delirium, and, in the future, we recommend that health care personnel at our facility use the PAED Scale rather than the LOC‐RASS.
Enhancing the Translation of Disaster Health Competencies Into Practice
Authors: Walsh Lauren , Altman Brian A. , King Richard V. , Strauss-Riggs Kandra 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectivesDisaster health workers currently have no common standard based on a shared set of competencies, learning objectives, and performance metrics with which to develop courses or training materials relevant to their learning audience. We examined how existing competency sets correlate within the 2012 pyramidal learning framework of competency sets in disaster medicine and public health criteria and describe how this exercise can guide curriculum developers.MethodsWe independently categorized 35 disaster health-related competency sets according to the 4 levels and criteria of the pyramidal learning framework of competency sets in disaster medicine and public health.ResultsUsing the hierarchical learning framework of competency sets in disaster medicine and public health criteria as guidance, we classified with consistency only 10 of the 35 competency sets.ConclusionsThe proposed series of minor modifications to the framework should allow for consistent classification of competency sets. Improved education and training of all health professionals is a necessary step to ensuring that health system responders are appropriately and adequately primed for their role in disasters. Revising the organizing framework should assist disaster health educators in selecting competencies appropriate to their learning audience and identify gaps in current education and training. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness.2014;8:70-78)
Effect of feeding a commercial ammonia binding product De-Odorase™ on broiler chicken performance
Authors: Lazarevic M. , Resanovic R. , Vucicevic I. , Kocher A. , Moran C.A. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryAmmonia production in commercial poultry sheds poses a problem for farmers as high levels can affect animal's respiratory health, resulting in hock and foot pad lesions and thereby affecting performance. A study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of whole, chopped and dried Yucca schidigera (De-Odorase™, Alltech Inc, USA) to reduce ammonia excretion from broilers and investigate the impact on broiler performance. Nine hundred and two, one-day-old Cobb broilers were randomly assigned to one of two diets, without (control) or supplemented with 500 g/t De-Odorase™. Birds fed the treatment diet had significantly higher body weight (P < 0.05) at 42 d and improved FCR (P < 0.05). Significant reductions in ammonia from litter were reported at 37 and 42 days old (P < 0.05 and P < 0.1, respectively). No significant differences were seen in foot pad, gait score, feather score or carcass data; although the birds fed De-Odorase™ had consistent numerical improvements in these parameters. The results of this study suggest that feeding whole, chopped and dried Yucca schidigera as a functional ingredient in the diet can be part of an ammonia management programme to improve broiler welfare and zootechnical performance.
A fluid-mechanical model of elastocapillary coalescence
Authors: Singh Kiran , Lister John R. , Vella Dominic 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe present a fluid-mechanical model of the coalescence of a number of elastic objects due to surface tension. We consider an array of spring–block elements separated by thin liquid films, whose dynamics are modelled using lubrication theory. With this simplified model of elastocapillary coalescence, we present the results of numerical simulations for a large number of elements, $N=O(10^4)$. A linear stability analysis shows that pairwise coalescence is always the most unstable mode of deformation. However, the numerical simulations show that the cluster sizes actually produced by coalescence from a small white-noise perturbation have a distribution that depends on the relative strength of surface tension and elasticity, as measured by an elastocapillary number $K$. Both the maximum cluster size and the mean cluster size scale like $K^{-1/2}$ for small $K$. An analytical solution for the response of the system to a localized perturbation shows that such perturbations generate propagating disturbance fronts, which leave behind ‘frozen-in’ clusters of a predictable size that also depends on $K$. A good quantitative comparison between the cluster-size statistics from noisy perturbations and this ‘frozen-in’ cluster size suggests that propagating fronts may play a crucial role in the dynamics of coalescence.
Pre-Mainsequence Stellar Evolution in N-Body Models
Authors: Railton Anna D. , Tout Christopher A. , Aarseth Sverre J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe provide a set of analytic fits to the radii of pre-mainsequence stars in the mass range 0.1 < M/M⊙ < 8.0. We incorporate the formulae in N-body cluster models for evolution from the beginning of pre-main sequence. In models with 1 000 stars and high initial cluster densities, pre-mainsequence evolution causes roughly twice the number of collisions between stars than in similar models with evolution begun only from the zero-age main sequence. The collisions are often all part of a runaway sequence that creates one relatively massive star.
The Heat is On: Local Government and Climate Governance in South Africa
Authors: du Plessis Anél , Kotzé Louis J 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDeparting from the fact that climate change poses localized effects, this article critically considers from a legal perspective the role of local authorities in the South African government's response to climate change. A brief review of the relevance of climate mitigation and adaptation is followed by an explanation of what these concepts mean for local government. The article then discusses the extent to which the country's environmental and local government law and policy framework provides for municipalities' participation and involvement in climate governance. The article identifies strengths and weaknesses in relation to the local sphere of government's formal involvement in climate governance vis-à-vis authorities in the provincial and national spheres. It concludes that, as a result of their proximity to the effects of climate change, municipalities have a critically important role to play in the climate governance effort, despite the patchwork of environmental and local government laws and lack of explicit, consolidated policy and legal arrangements to this effect.