bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Polystyrene Nanocomposites Reinforced with Magnetite Nanoparticles
Authors: Yan Xingru , He Qingliang , Zhang Xi , Gu Hongbo , Chen Haoran , Wang Qiang , Sun Luyi , Wei Suying , Guo Zhanhu 
Published: September 2013

AbstractPolystyrene (PS)/magnetite (Fe3O4) polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) are successfully synthesized by a solvent extraction method. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the nanoparticles are well distributed in the PS matrix with 5, 10, and 20 wt% without obvious agglomeration. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that the PS/Fe3O4 PNCs are synthesized with strong interaction between PS and nanoparticles. The thermogravimetic analyzer and microscale combustion calorimetry reveal an enhanced thermal stability and reduced flammability. The differential scanning calorimetry demonstrates both glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) increased with increasing the Fe3O4 nanoparticle loading. The observed monotonically decreased complex viscosity indicates a strong shear thinning behavior in the PNCs; meanwhile, the percolation takes place in the low frequency range (0.1–1 Hz) when the nanoparticles are introduced in the matrix. The Tg of the PS/Fe3O4 nanocomposites determined from the dynamic mechanical analysis shifts to a higher temperature compared with that of pure PS. Enhanced dielectric properties relate to the Fe3O4 NP loadings. In addition, the PS/Fe3O4 PNCs exhibit superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature.
Cyclodextrins in Polymer Synthesis: Enantiodiscrimination in Free‐Radical Polymerization of Cyclodextrin‐Complexed Racemic N‐Methacryloyl‐D,L‐phenylalanine Methyl Ester
Authors: Schwarz‐Barać Sabine , Ritter Helmut , Schollmeyer Dieter 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe enantiodiscriminating polymerization of racemic cyclodextrin‐complexed N‐methacryloyl‐phenylalanine methyl ester is investigated. 1H NMR spectra of the complexes with methylated β‐cyclodextrin in D2O manifest splittings due to chiral recognition. The different stabilities of the diastereomeric complexes influence the kinetics of the homopolymerization, particularly at 0 °C. An enrichment of the residual N‐methacryloyl‐L‐phenylalanine methyl ester of 14 % was achieved after 21 h of polymerization.
Striatal parvalbuminergic neurons are lost in Huntington's disease: implications for dystonia
Authors: Reiner Anton , Shelby Evan , Wang Hongbing , DeMarch Zena , Deng Yunping , Guley Natalie Hart , Hogg Virginia , Roxburgh Richard , Tippett Lynette J. , Waldvogel Henry J. , Faull Richard L.M. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTAlthough dystonia represents a major source of motor disability in Huntington's disease (HD), its pathophysiology remains unknown. Because recent animal studies indicate that loss of parvalbuminergic (PARV+) striatal interneurons can cause dystonia, we investigated if loss of PARV+ striatal interneurons occurs during human HD progression, and thus might contribute to dystonia in HD. We used immunolabeling to detect PARV+ interneurons in fixed sections, and corrected for disease‐related striatal atrophy by expressing PARV+ interneuron counts in ratio to interneurons co‐containing somatostatin and neuropeptide Y (whose numbers are unaffected in HD). At all symptomatic HD grades, PARV+ interneurons were reduced to less than 26% of normal abundance in rostral caudate. In putamen rostral to the level of globus pallidus, loss of PARV+ interneurons was more gradual, not dropping off to less than 20% of control until grade 2. Loss of PARV+ interneurons was even more gradual in motor putamen at globus pallidus levels, with no loss at grade 1, and steady grade‐wise decline thereafter. A large decrease in striatal PARV+ interneurons, thus, occurs in HD with advancing disease grade, with regional variation in the loss per grade. Given the findings of animal studies and the grade‐wise loss of PARV+ striatal interneurons in motor striatum in parallel with the grade‐wise appearance and worsening of dystonia, our results raise the possibility that loss of PARV+ striatal interneurons is a contributor to dystonia in HD.
Poly(ADP‐ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP1) in Atherosclerosis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Xu Suowen , Bai Peter , Little Peter J. , Liu Peiqing 
Published: September 2013

AbstractPoly(ADP‐ribosyl)ation reactions, carried out by poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerases (PARPs/ARTDs), are reversible posttranslational modifications impacting on numerous cellular processes (e.g., DNA repair, transcription, metabolism, or immune functions). PARP1 (EC 2.4.2.30), the founding member of PARPs, is particularly important for drug development for its role in DNA repair, cell death, and transcription of proinflammatory genes. Recent studies have established a novel concept that PARP1 is critically involved in the formation and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques in experimental animal models and in humans. Reduction of PARP1 activity by pharmacological or molecular approaches attenuates atherosclerotic plaque development and enhances plaque stability as well as promotes the regression of pre‐established atherosclerotic plaques. Mechanistically, PARP1 inhibition significantly reduces monocyte differentiation, macrophage recruitment, Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) inactivation, endothelial dysfunction, neointima formation, foam cell death, and inflammatory responses within plaques, all of which are central to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This article presents an overview of the multiple roles and underlying mechanisms of PARP1 activation (poly(ADP‐ribose) accumulation) in atherosclerosis and emphasizes the therapeutic potential of PARP1 inhibition in preventing or reversing atherosclerosis and its cardiovascular clinical sequalae.
Field procedures in the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS)
Authors: Heeringa Steven G. , Gebler Nancy , Colpe Lisa J. , Fullerton Carol S. , Hwang Irving , Kessler Ronald C. , Naifeh James A. , Nock Matthew K. , Sampson Nancy A. , Schoenbaum Michael , Zaslavsky Alan M. , Stein Murray B. , Ursano Robert J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS) is a multi‐component epidemiological and neurobiological study of unprecedented size and complexity designed to generate actionable evidence‐based recommendations to reduce US Army suicides and increase basic knowledge about determinants of suicidality by carrying out coordinated component studies. A number of major logistical challenges were faced in implementing these studies. The current report presents an overview of the approaches taken to meet these challenges, with a special focus on the field procedures used to implement the component studies. As detailed in the paper, these challenges were addressed at the onset of the initiative by establishing an Executive Committee, a Data Coordination Center (the Survey Research Center [SRC] at the University of Michigan), and study‐specific design and analysis teams that worked with staff on instrumentation and field procedures. SRC staff, in turn, worked with the Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of the Army (ODUSA) and local Army Points of Contact (POCs) to address logistical issues and facilitate data collection. These structures, coupled with careful fieldworker training, supervision, and piloting, contributed to the major Army STARRS data collection efforts having higher response rates than previous large‐scale studies of comparable military samples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Implementation of augmented Lagrangian method in the two‐dimensional discontinuous deformation Analysis
Authors: Bao Huirong , Zhao Zhiye , Tian Qian 
Published: September 2013

SummaryThe discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) is a discontinuum‐based method, which employs a penalty method to represent the contact between blocks. The penalty method is easy to be implemented in the program, but the contact constraint is only approximately satisfied. Penetrations between contacting blocks are unavoidable even if the penalty value is very large. To improve the contact precision in the DDA, an augmented Lagrangian method is introduced, which can make use of advantages of both the Lagrangian multiplier method and the penalty method. This paper provides a detailed implementation of the augmented Lagrangian method in the DDA program and compares it with the standard DDA on the computational efficiency and contact precision. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Representation of singular fields without asymptotic enrichment in the extended finite element method
Authors: Natarajan Sundararajan , Song Chongmin 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYIn this paper, we replace the asymptotic enrichments around the crack tip in the extended finite element method (XFEM) with the semi‐analytical solution obtained by the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM). The proposed method does not require special numerical integration technique to compute the stiffness matrix, and it improves the capability of the XFEM to model cracks in homogeneous and/or heterogeneous materials without a priori knowledge of the asymptotic solutions. A Heaviside enrichment is used to represent the jump across the discontinuity surface. We call the method as the extended SBFEM. Numerical results presented for a few benchmark problems in the context of linear elastic fracture mechanics show that the proposed method yields accurate results with improved condition number. A simple code is annexed to compute the terms in the stiffness matrix, which can easily be integrated in any existing FEM/XFEM code. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A direct coupling method for 3D hydroelastic analysis of floating structures
Authors: Kim Ki‐Tae , Lee Phill‐Seung , Park K. C. 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYThis paper presents a complete formulation for three‐dimensional hydrodynamic analysis of floating flexible structures subjected to surface regular waves, as well as other excitation forces, by employing a direct tight coupling method. The continuum mechanics‐based finite element method is employed to model floating structures with arbitrary geometries, which can account for the geometric nonlinearities and initial stress effects that result from the hydrostatic analysis, whereas the boundary element method is used for the fluid via total potential formulation. The simplicity and generality of the present formulation are revealed as compared with the conventional formulation. Numerical examples demonstrate the general capability of the formulation proposed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perfectly matched transmission problem with absorbing layers: Application to anisotropic acoustics in convex polygonal domains
Authors: Demaldent E. , Imperiale S. 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYThis paper presents an original approach to design perfectly matched layers for anisotropic scalar wave equations. This approach is based, first, on the introduction of a modified wave equation and, second, on the formulation of general ‘perfectly matched’ transmission conditions for this equation. The stability of the transmission problem is discussed by way of the adaptation of a high frequency stability (necessary) condition, and we apply our approach to construct perfectly matched layer suited for any convex domain with straight boundaries. A new variational formulation of the problem, including a Lagrange multiplier at the interface between the physical and the absorbing domains, is then set, and numerical results are presented in 2D and 3D. These results show the efficiency of our approach when using constant damping coefficients combined with high order elements. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decision‐Making Fairness and Consensus Building in Multisector Community Health Alliances: A Mixed‐Methods Analysis
Authors: Hearld Larry R. , Alexander Jeffrey A. , Bodenschatz Laura , Louis Christopher J. , O'Hora Jennifer 
Published: September 2013

AbstractGiven their inherently diverse composition and potentially competing interests, a foundational activity of community health alliances is establishing consensus on the vision and strategies for achieving its goals. Using an organizational justice framework, we examined whether member perceptions of fairness in alliances' decision‐making processes are associated with the perceived level of consensus among members regarding the alliance vision and strategies. We used a mixed‐methods design to examine the relationship between perceptions of fairness and consensus within fourteen multisector community health alliances. Quantitative analysis found the perceived level of consensus to be positively associated with decision‐making transparency (procedural fairness), inclusiveness (procedural fairness), and benefits relative to costs (distributive fairness). Qualitative analysis indicated that the consensus‐building process is facilitated by using formal decision‐making frameworks and engaging alliance members in decision‐making processes early. Alliance leaders may be more successful at building consensus when they recognize the need to appeal to a member's sense of procedural and distributive fairness, and, perhaps equally important, recognize when one rather than the other is called for and draw upon decision‐making processes that most clearly evoke that sense of fairness. Our findings reinforce the importance of fairness in building and sustaining capacity for improving community health.
Global genetic variation in the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and the endosymbiont Wolbachia: links between Iran and the USA detected
Authors: Lashkari Mohammadreza , Manzari Shahab , Sahragard Ahad , Malagnini Valeria , Boykin Laura M , Hosseini Reza 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is one of the most serious pests of citrus in the world, because it transmits the pathogen that causes citrus greening disease. To determine genetic variation among geographic populations of D. citri, microsatellite markers, mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) and the Wolbachia–Diaphorina, wDi, gene wsp sequence data were used to characterize Iranian and Pakistani populations. Also, a Bayesian phylogenetic technique was utilized to elucidate the relationships among the sequences data in this study and all mtCOI and wsp sequence data available in GenBank and the Wolbachia database.RESULTSMicrosatellite markers revealed significant genetic differentiation among Iranian populations, as well as between Iranian and Pakistani populations (FST = 0.0428, p < 0.01). Within Iran, the Sistan–Baluchestan population is significantly different from the Hormozgan (Fareghan) and Fars populations. By contrast, mtCOI data revealed two polymorphic sites separating the sequences from Iran and Pakistan. Global phylogenetic analyses showed that D. citri populations in Iran, India, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Mexico, Florida and Texas (USA) are similar. Wolbachia, wDi, wsp sequences were similar among Iranian populations, but different between Iranian and Pakistani populations.CONCLUSIONThe South West Asia (SWA) group is the most likely source of the introduced Iranian populations of D. citri. This assertion is also supported by the sequence similarity of the Wolbachia, wDi, strains from the Florida, USA and Iranian D. citri. These results should be considered when looking for biological controls in either country. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Azadirachtin blocks the calcium channel and modulates the cholinergic miniature synaptic current in the central nervous system of Drosophila
Authors: Qiao Jingda , Zou Xiaolu , Lai Duo , Yan Ying , Wang Qi , Li Weicong , Deng Shengwen , Xu Hanhong , Gu Huaiyu 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDAzadirachtin is a botanical pesticide, which possesses conspicuous biological actions such as insecticidal, anthelmintic, antifeedancy, antimalarial effects as well as insect growth regulation. Deterrent for chemoreceptor functions appears to be the main mechanism involved in the potent biological actions of Azadirachtin, although the cytotoxicity and subtle changes to skeletal muscle physiology may also contribute to its insecticide responses. In order to discover the effects of Azadirachtin on the central nervous system (CNS), patch‐clamp recording was applied to Drosophila melanogaster, which has been widely used in neurological research.RESULTSHere, we describe the electrophysiological properties of a local neuron located in the suboesophageal ganglion region of D. melanogaster using the whole brain. The patch‐clamp recordings suggested that Azadirachtin modulates the properties of cholinergic miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) and calcium currents, which play important roles in neural activity of the CNS. The frequency of mEPSC and the peak amplitude of the calcium currents significantly decreased after application of Azadirachtin.CONCLUSIONOur study indicates that Azadirachtin can interfere with the insect's CNS via inhibition of excitatory cholinergic transmission and partly blocking the calcium channel. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
In‐situ series connection of an amorphous silicon photovoltaic tandem module
Authors: Garamoun Ahmed , Merz Rainer , Miyajima Shinsuke , Schubert Markus B. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractLocal shading during thin film deposition monolithically interconnects thin film solar cells into photovoltaic modules. This in‐situ series connection method is, for the first time, applied to an amorphous silicon tandem cell structure. Sequential maskingand mask‐shifting forms the electrical series connection in‐situ, i.e. during the sputtering and plasma depositions of the contact and semiconductor layers of the thin film solar cell structure. The resulting photovoltaic module consists of five amorphous silicon tandem cells with a total module area A_{\rm m} =12.5\mathop {\;{\rm cm}}\nolimits^2. The module exhibits a fill factor {\rm FF}_{\rm m} > 72% and a total area efficiency \eta _{\rm m} =6.2%. Thermographic imaging proves successful patterning by local shading and attributes low shunt resistances of some component cells to single pinhole formation. The dark‐shunt resistance of each cell of the module amounts to R_{{\rm sc}{\rm,dark}{\rm,cell}} > 13\;{\rm k\Omega }\;{\rm cm}^{2} and for the complete module to R_{{\rm sc}{\rm,dark}{\rm,module}} =454\;{\rm k\Omega }\;{\rm cm}^{2}. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ongoing verification of a multiphysics community code: FLASH
Authors: Dubey Anshu , Weide Klaus , Lee Dongwook , Bachan John , Daley Christopher , Olofin Samuel , Taylor Noel , Rich Paul M. , Reid Lynn B. 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYWhen developing a complex, multi‐authored code, daily testing on multiple platforms and under a variety of conditions is essential. It is therefore necessary to have a regression test suite that is easily administered and configured, as well as a way to easily view and interpret the test suite results. We describe the methodology for verification of FLASH, a highly capable multiphysics scientific application code with a wide user base. The methodology uses a combination of unit and regression tests and an in‐house testing software that is optimized for operation under limited resources. Although our practical implementations do not always comply with theoretical regression‐testing research, our methodology provides a comprehensive verification of a large scientific code under resource constraints.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
At the Edge of Stability – Preparation of Methyl‐substituted Arylsilanetriols and Investigation of their Condensation Behavior
Authors: Hurkes Natascha , Spirk Stefan , Belaj Ferdinand , Pietschnig Rudolf 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA series of arylsilanetriols [Aryl–Si(OH)3, Aryl = 2,6‐dimethylphenyl, 2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl 2,3,5,6‐tetramethylphenyl] with two, three, and four methyl groups at the phenyl ring was prepared from the corresponding trichlorosilanes. While the durene substituted silanetriol was formed exclusively, the other silanetriols were obtained together with their primary condensation products in a constant ratio 4:1. For the mesityl‐substituted derivative an alternative synthetic access via the trialkoxysilane was explored, which turned out to be inferior in terms of product yield. Despite their increased steric size the methylated phenylsilanetriols are prone to condensation in solution as well in the solid state, although the dimerization rate is reduced compared to the unsubstituted phenylsilanetriol. All compounds were characterized with 29Si, 1H, 13C NMR, HRMS elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and in some cases single X‐ray crystallography.
Volumetric stratification of cT4 stage head and neck cancer
Authors: Studer G. , Glanzmann C. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background
Locoregionally advanced stage head and neck cancer (HNC) is known for unfavorable outcome with only ~ 40–50 % 3-year overall survival (OS). Clinical T4 stage includes a wide range of tumor burden. The lack of further nonsurgical subgrouping of cT4 stage makes intercenter outcome of irradiated cohorts difficult. Aim of this analysis was to further stratify cT4 stage HNC using volumetric staging.

Material and methods
Between January 2002 and January 2013, a total of 201 cT4 stage squamous cell cancer (SCC) HNC patients referred to our center for curative definitive radiation were consecutively irradiated. Radiation was performed using modulated techniques. Total gross tumor volumes (tGTV: primary + nodal tumor volume) of all patients have retrospectively been stratified using a prospectively evaluated volumetric staging system which bases on 3 cut-offs (15/70/130 ml), translating into 4 prognostic subgroups [V1: 1–15 ml (n = 15), V2: 16–70 ml (108), V3: 71–130 ml (62), V4: > 130 ml (16)]. OS, disease-free survival (DFS), locoregional control (LRC), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) rates were calculated.

Results
The mean/median follow-up was 31/23 months (range 1–116 months). The 3-year OS, DFS, LRC, and DMFS rates of the entire cohort were 63, 44, 48, and 77 %, respectively. Volumetric staging revealed its potential to prognostically statistically significantly divide the cT4 cohort into 4 volume subgroups (V1/2/3/4): OS: 90 %/72 %/58 %/18 %; DFS: 83 %/50 %/39 %/10 %; LRC: 81 %/53 %/47 %/15 %; DMFS: 93 %/90 %/70 %/41 %, all p < 0.0001.

Conclusion
Volumetric staging allowed a highly statistically significant stratification of cT4 HNC stages into prognostic subgroups, which offers the chance of better intercenter comparability of irradiated advanced stage HNC cohorts.
Various species of Pyricularia constitute a robust clade distinct from Magnaporthe
salvinii and its relatives in Magnaporthaceae
Authors: Murata Nobuaki , Aoki Takayuki , Kusaba Motoaki , Tosa Yukio , Chuma Izumi 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
In a phylogenetic analysis of species of Magnaporthaceae based on nucleotide sequences of rDNA-ITS and the RPB1 gene, isolates of the tested species were divided into two clusters with high bootstrap support. One group was composed of Pyricularia spp.; the other was composed of Magnaporthe salvinii, M. rhizophila, M. poae, Gaeumannomyces graminis, and G. incrustans. On the basis of this result, we concluded that Pyricularia spp. constitute a large but distinct phylogenetic species group that is not congeneric with Magnaporthe salvinii, the type species of Magnaporthe.