bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypothalamic Hypocretinergic/Orexinergic Neurons Projecting to the Oral Pontine Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Inducing Site in the Cat
Authors: García‐García Berta , Reinoso‐Suárez Fernando , Rodrigo‐Angulo Margarita L. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe cat ventral oral pontine reticular nucleus (vRPO) is responsible for the generation and maintenance of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Hypothalamic neurons containing the peptide hypocretin‐1 (also called orexin‐A) which will be herewith defined as orexinergic (Orx) neurons, occupy a pre‐eminent place in the integration and stabilization of arousal networks as well as in the physiopathology of narcolepsy/cataplexy. In the previous investigations, low‐volume and dose microinjections of hypocretin‐1 in cat vRPO produced a specific and significant suppression of REM sleep. The aim of this study is to map the hypothalamic Orx neurons that project to the vRPO and suppress REM sleep generation in the cat. Five adult cats received microinjections of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin (CTb) into the vRPO. Brains were processed employing both CTb staining and antiorexin‐A immunocytochemistry techniques. A large number of double‐labeled neurons (Orx–CTb) intermingled with the single CTb‐positive and single Orx neurons were detected in the ipsilateral lateral, perifornical, dorsal, anterior, perimammillothalamic, and posterior hypothalamic areas but were very scarce in the paraventricular, dorsomedial, ventromedial, and periventricular hypothalamic nuclei. A considerable number of double‐labeled neurons were also observed in both the dorsal and the lateral hypothalamic areas in the contralateral hypothalamus. Our results suggest that the widely distributed Orx neuronal hypothalamic groups could physiologically inhibit REM sleep generation in vRPO. Anat Rec, 296:815–821, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gamma‐aminobutyric acid B Receptor Immunoreactivity in the Mouse Adrenal Medulla
Authors: Oomori Yukio , Murabayashi Hiroshi , Kuramoto Hirofumi , Kawano Hitoshi , Kato Kanae , Nakagawa Chieko , Sasaki Motoki , Kitamura Nobuo , Ishikawa Katsushi , Tanaka Kunio 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe present study examined gamma‐aminobutyric acid B (GABAB) receptor, GABA, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunoreactivities in the mouse adrenal medulla. GABAB receptor immunoreactivity was seen in numerous chromaffin cells and in a few ganglion cells of the adrenal medulla. By using a formaldehyde‐induced fluorescence (FIF) method, GABAB receptor immunoreactivity was observed in numerous adrenaline (A) cells, but not in noradrenaline (NA) cells showing blue‐white fluorescence. This suggests that GABAB receptors may be present in the A cells and be related to the secretory activity of A cells but not NA cells in the mouse adrenal medulla. GABAB receptor immunoreactive ganglion cells were shown to be nNOS immunopositive by using a double immunostaining method. Weak GABA immunoreactivity was visible in some chromaffin cells and in the numerous nerve fibers of the medulla. By using the FIF method, weak GABA‐immunoreactive chromaffin cells were shown to be in the NA cells showing blue‐white fluorescence. GABA‐immunoreactive nerve fibers were in dense contact in A cells, but not NA cells. GABA‐immunoreactive nerve fibers closely contacted a few ganglion cells. Numerous GABA‐immunoreactive nerve fibers in the medulla showed ChAT immunoreactive. This result suggests that GABA and acetylcholine may be released from the same nerve fibers and may have a secretory effect on the A cells of the medulla. Anat Rec, 296:971–978, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel Spatiotemporal Glycome Changes in the Murine Placenta During Placentation Based on BS‐I Lectin Binding Patterns
Authors: Charalambous Christina , Drakou Katerina , Nicolaou Stavros , Georgiades Pantelis 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAlthough spatiotemporal changes of the glycome (full set of glycans, otherwise known as saccharides or carbohydrates) during placenta formation (placentation) are functionally and clinically important, they are poorly defined. Here, we elucidated novel aspects of the glycome during mouse placentation, from embryonic day 6.5 (E6.5) to E12.5, by investigating the largely unexplored binding distribution of lectin I from Bandeiraea simplicifolia (BS‐I lectin), a glycan‐binding protein that recognizes the DGalNAc and DGal glycans found at the terminal ends of specific oligosaccharides attached to lipids or proteins. We show that BS‐I lectin binding marks all trophoblast cells during early placentation (E7.5 and E8.5 stages), continues in labyrinthine and junctional zone trophoblast but is lost from parietal trophoblast giant cells by E10.5/E11.5 (definitive placenta stage) and is lost from all trophoblast types, but marks the fetal capillary endothelium of the labyrinth, by E12.5. In the decidua basalis (the maternal part of the placenta), BS‐I lectin positivity mainly marks the decidual stroma cells of the venous sinusoid area (E7.5 and E8.5 stages) and the entire decidua basalis by E10.5, as well as the osteopontin‐positive subset of uterine natural killer (uNK) cells from E7.5 onwards. This work provides the first comprehensive description of the hitherto ill‐defined spatiotemporal binding distribution of BS‐I lectin in the fetal and maternal placenta between E6.5 and E12.5, thereby contributing to glycome elucidation during placentation. It also establishes BS‐I lectin positivity as a novel pan‐trophoblast marker during early placentation and as a new marker for mature uNK cells from E7.5 onwards. Anat Rec, 296:921–932, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bone Histology of the Stegosaur Kentrosaurus aethiopicus (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania
Authors: Redelstorff Ragna , Hübner Tom R. , Chinsamy Anusuya , Sander P. Martin 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTUsing bone histology, a slow growth rate, uncommon for most dinosaurs, has been interpreted for the highly derived stegosaur Stegosaurus (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) and the basal thyreophoran Scutellosaurus. In this study, we examine whether this slow growth rate also occurs in the more basal stegosaur Kentrosaurus from the Tendaguru beds of Tanzania. The bone histology of six femora of Kentrosaurus representing an ontogenetic series from subadult to adult was studied, as well as one scapula. The primary bone is mainly highly vascularized fibro‐lamellar bone with some reticular organization of the vascular canals. In addition to LAGs and annuli, distinctive shifts in the pattern of vascularization occur, which have been interpreted as potential growth marks. The variation in the development of growth marks may reflect annual climatic fluctuations. The overall bone depositional rate, and hence growth rate in Kentrosaurus appears to be higher than in Stegosaurus and Scutellosaurus. Considering that Stegosaurus is the larger‐sized of the two stegosaurs, this would be contrary to an earlier supposition that small‐bodied dinosaurs have slower growth rates than larger ones. Our finding of rapid rates of bone deposition in Kentrosaurus suggests that slow growth rates previously reported in Scutellosaurus and Stegosaurus are not a phylogenetic characteristic of the Thyreophora. Thus, slow growth rates are not plesiomorphic for the Thyreophora. We propose that the slow growth rates documented in the highly derived Stegosaurus could have been secondarily derived or alternatively that Kentrosaurus is the exception having increased growth rates. Anat Rec, 296:933–952, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Silencing the YB‐1 Gene Inhibits Cell Migration in Gastric Cancer In Vitro
Authors: Guo Tian Tian , Yu Ying Nan , Cheong Yip George Wai , Matsumoto Ken , Bay Boon Huat 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe Y‐Box‐Binding Protein‐1 (YB‐1) is known to regulate the processes of transcription, translation, cellular response to drug treatment and viral infection as well as DNA repair among others. As gastric cancer is a common cancer with a high incidence in countries in Asia, we evaluated the association of YB‐1 with the malignant potential of gastric cancer cells in vitro. YB‐1 mRNA expression levels were first determined by real‐time RT‐PCR in two adherent gastric cancer cell lines (viz., MKN7 and NUGC3 gastric cancer cells) and a normal GES‐1 gastric epithelial cell line. Poorly differentiated NUGC3 gastric cancer cells were found to have the highest YB‐1 gene expression among the adherent cells. YB‐1 gene expression was also observed to be higher in non‐adherent SNU5 gastric cancer cells compared to more aggressive SNU16 cells. Silencing of the YB‐1 gene by siRNA in NUGC3 cells was associated with a significant reduction of the YB‐1 protein by more than 55% as verified by Western blot analysis. Down‐regulation of YB‐1 protein expression was further demonstrated qualitatively by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. Silencing of the YB‐1 gene induced significant inhibition of cell migration in NUGC3 cells by 60% but did not influence cell invasion. Although epithelial‐mesenchymal‐transition (EMT) is known to be associated with the migratory phenotype in cancer cells, there was no change in the expression of EMT genes when YB‐1 expression was modulated. YB‐1 appears to have an integral role in cancer cell migration, a process which is important for gastric cancer metastasis. Anat Rec, 296:891–898, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Black Bears With Longer Disuse (Hibernation) Periods Have Lower Femoral Osteon Population Density and Greater Mineralization and Intracortical Porosity
Authors: Wojda Samantha J. , Weyland David R. , Gray Sarah K. , Mcgee‐Lawrence Meghan E. , Drummer Thomas D. , Donahue Seth W. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTIntracortical bone remodeling is persistent throughout life, leading to age related increases in osteon population density (OPD). Intracortical porosity also increases with age in many mammals including humans, contributing to bone fragility and fracture risk. Unbalanced bone resorption and formation during disuse (e.g., physical inactivity) also increases intracortical porosity. In contrast, hibernating bears are a naturally occurring model for the prevention of both age‐related and disuse osteoporoses. Intracortical bone remodeling is decreased during hibernation, but resorption and formation remain balanced. Black bears spend 0.25–7 months in hibernation annually depending on climate and food availability. We found longer hibernating bears demonstrate lower OPD and higher cortical bone mineralization than bears with shorter hibernation durations, but we surprisingly found longer hibernating bears had higher intracortical porosity. However, bears from three different latitudes showed age‐related decreases in intracortical porosity, indicating that regardless of hibernation duration, black bears do not show the disuse‐ or age‐related increases in intracortical porosity which is typical of other animals. This ability to prevent increases in intracortical porosity likely contributes to their ability to maintain bone strength during prolonged periods of physical inactivity and throughout life. Improving our understanding of the unique bone metabolism in hibernating bears will potentially increase our ability to develop treatments for age‐ and disuse‐related osteoporoses in humans. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative and Quantitative Myology of the Forearm and Hand of Prosimian Primates
Authors: Gyambibi Akua , Lemelin Pierre 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAssociations between the relative development of muscles of the forearm and hand of prosimian primates and locomotor behavior, body size, and grasping specializations have been made on the basis of qualitative observations. These associations are here tested through comparative and quantitative analyses of muscle mass data for a broad sample of prosimian species (i.e., strepsirrhines and tarsiers). The musculature of the forearm and hand of 17 fresh‐frozen specimens representing six families and 12 species was dissected and weighed. Muscle weights were scaled relative to body mass of individual specimens using regression and compared by limb compartment and functional group. Forearm and digital flexor muscle masses are highly correlated with body mass (r = 0.97 and r = 0.96, respectively) and scale isometrically. As a general trend within the prosimian sample, the relative mass of the flexor compartment increases with body size. Interspecific comparisons of functional groups of muscles did not identify any association between larger muscle mass and locomotor adaptations or grasping specializations of the hand. However, compared to other prosimians, the adductor pollicis muscle of Nycticebus is more developed (52% of the intrinsic hand musculature sampled) and the flexor digitorum profundus muscle has two well‐separated heads with more individualized tendons, with the pollex and digit IV receiving tendinous contributions from both muscle heads. These differences that characterize the forearm and hand of Nycticebus correlate with the extreme thumb divergence and pincer‐like grips of lorises. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distribution of Transglutaminase 6 in the Central Nervous System of Adult Mice
Authors: Liu Yu‐Tao , Tang Bei‐Sha , Lan Wei , Song Ning‐Ning , Huang Ying , Zhang Lei , Guan Wen‐Juan , Shi Yu‐Ting , Shen Lu , Jiang Hong , Guo Ji‐Feng , Xia Kun , Ding Yu‐Qiang , Wang Jun‐Ling 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTOur previous study identified a new form of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), in which mutations in the gene coding for transglutaminase 6 (TG6) were suggested to be causative. However, the data concerning cellular distribution of TG6 in the brain is still fragmentary. Therefore, we now report a comprehensive immunohistochemical examination of the expression profile of TG6 in adult mouse brain. TG6 was abundantly expressed in the septal region, basal ganglia, hypothalamus and brainstem. Notably, numerous TG6‐positive neurons were found in the key brain regions involved in regulating locomotion activity, including the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, cerebellum, some precerebellar nuclei, and spinal motor neurons. Double immunostaining showed that the vast majority of TG6‐positive neurons in the reticular nigra were GABAergic and those in the compact nigra were not dopaminergic. In addition, double staining for TG6 with either anti‐NeuN or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibodies demonstrated exclusive NeuN‐TG6 co‐localization. This study presents a comprehensive overview of TG6 expression in the mouse brain, and provides insight for investigating the role of TG6 in the development of SCA. Anat Rec, 296:1576–1587, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microscopic Clusters of Sensory Neurons in C1 Spinal Nerve Roots and in the C1 Level of the Spinal Accessory Nerve in Adult Humans
Authors: Hovorka Michelle S. , Uray Nandor J. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis study examined C1 spinal nerve roots and their anastomotic connections with the spinal accessory nerve for histological evidence of sensory neurons in adult humans. C1 spinal nerves and roots with the adjacent segments of the spinal accessory nerve and the spinal cord were dissected en bloc from cadaveric specimens, and prepared for histological study. Results show that in 39.3% of specimens studied, no sensory component to the C1 spinal nerve could be identified. The C1 dorsal root was present 35.7% of the time, and when present it always contained neuronal cell bodies. In the remaining specimens, the sensory contribution to the C1 spinal nerve came through an anastomotic connection with the spinal accessory nerve. The investigators were able to identify clusters of neuronal cell bodies along the spinal accessory nerve at the level of C1 in 100% of the specimens examined. Anat Rec, 296:1588–1593, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphogenesis and Three‐Dimensional Movement of the Stomach During the Human Embryonic Period
Authors: Kaigai N. , Nako A. , Yamada S. , Uwabe C. , Kose K. , Takakuwa T. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe stomach develops as the local widening of the foregut after Carnegie stage (CS) 13 that moves in a dramatic and dynamic manner during the embryonic period. Using the magnetic resonance images of 377 human embryos, we present the morphology, morphometry, and three‐dimensional movement of the stomach during CS16 and CS23. The stomach morphology revealed stage‐specific features. The angular incisura and the cardia were formed at CS18. The change in the angular incisura angle was approximately 90° during CS19 and CS20, and was <90° after CS 21. The prominent formations of the fundus and the pylorus differentiate at around CS20. Morphometry of the stomach revealed that the stomach gradually becomes “deflected” during development. The stomach may appear to move to the left laterally and caudally due to its deflection and differential growth. The track of the reference points in the stomach may reflect the visual three‐dimensional movement. The movement of point M, representing the movement of the greater curvature, was different from that of points C (cardia) and P (pyloric antrum). The P and C were located just around the midsagittal plane in all the stages observed. Point M moved in the caudal‐left lateral direction until CS22. Moreover, the vector CP does not rotate around the dorsoventral axis, as widely believed, but around the transverse axis. The plane CPM rotated mainly around the longitudinal axis. The data obtained will be useful for prenatal diagnosis in the near future. Microsc. Res. Tech, 297:791–797, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Angiogenic and Tissue Remodeling Factors in the Prostate of Elderly Rats Submitted to Hormonal Replacement
Authors: Montico Fábio , Hetzl Amanda Cia , Cândido Eduardo Marcelo , Cagnon Valéria Helena Alves 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe influence of senescence and hormone replacement on the onset of pathologic processes in the prostate is not yet fully understood. The aim was to identify the immunoreactivity and protein levels of molecules involved in cell proliferation, tissue remodeling and angiogenesis in the ventral prostate of elderly rodents following hormonal replacement. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were separated into one Young group (4‐months old), treated with peanut oil (5 mL kg−1, s.c.), and six Senile groups. The senile rats (10‐months old) were subdivided into: Senile group (SEN) (5 mL kg−1 peanut oil, s.c.); Testosterone group (TEST) (5 mg kg−1 testosterone cipionate, s.c.); Estrogen group (EST) (25 µg kg−1 17β‐estradiol, s.c.); castrated group (CAS) (surgical castration); castrated‐testosterone group (CT) (same treatment as CAS and TEST groups); and castrated‐estrogen group (CE) (same treatment as CAS and EST groups). After 30 days, samples of the ventral prostate were harvested for analyses of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGFR‐1), matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endostatin features. IGFR‐1 and MMP‐9 showed increased protein levels and epithelial immunolabeling both after hormonal replacement and castration. Increased VEGF levels and reduced endostatin were verified in the SEN group. Hormonal therapy and castration led to a higher increase of VEGF, especially in the EST, CAS, and CE groups. Endostatin increased mainly in the TEST and CT groups. Hormonal therapy in senescence generated a reactive microenvironment characterized by the increase of mitogenic and tissue remodeling factors and by the imbalance of angiogenesis, which possibly compromised organ function and predisposed toward glandular disorders. Anat Rec, 296:1758–1767, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Induction of iPS Cells and of Cancer Stem Cells: The Stem Cell or Reprogramming Hypothesis of Cancer?
Authors: Trosko James E. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis article as designed to examine whether the “stoichiometric” or “elite models” of the origin of the “induced pluripotent stem” (iPS) cells fits some experiment facts from the developmental biology of adult stem cells and from the field of cancer research. In brief, since the evidence presented to support the stoichiometric model failed to recognize the factual existence of adult organ specific stem cells, the model has not been rigorously tested. In addition, the demonstration of a subset of cells (MUSE cells) in normal primary in vitro cultures of human fibroblasts (the usual source of iPS cells) seems to be the origin of the iPS cells. Moreover, from the field of carcinogenesis, the “stem cell” versus “de‐differentiation” or “reprogramming” hypotheses were examined. Again, using the role of glycolysis, known to be associated with the Warburg effect in cancer cells, a list of experiments showing that (a) normal stem cells, which have few mitochondria, metabolize via glycolysis; (b) the stem cells are targets for “initiation” or “immortalization” or the blockage of differentiation and apoptosis of the stem cells by “immortalizing viruses”; (c) Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), when expressed, is associated with glycolysis and therefore, must be expressed in normal adult stem cells, as well as in cancer cells; and (d) p53, depleted or rendered dysfunctional by SV40 Large T antigen, is associated with the reduction of mitochondrial function and mass and is associated with the Warburg effect. Together, these observations from the iPS and “cancer stem cell” fields support the idea that both iPS cells and cancer stem cell are derived from adult organ‐specific stem cells that do not restore or switch their metabolism of glucose from oxidative metabolism to glycolysis but, rather, in both cases, the adult stem cell, which metabolizes by glycolysis, is prevented from differentiation or from metabolizing by oxidative phosphorylation. Anat Rec, 297:161–173. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perspectives in Multiphasic Osteochondral Tissue Engineering
Authors: Jeon June E. , Vaquette Cedryck , Klein Travis J. , Hutmacher Dietmar W. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTCritical‐sized osteochondral defects are clinically challenging, with limited treatment options available. By engineering osteochondral grafts using a patient's own cells and osteochondral scaffolds designed to facilitate cartilage and bone regeneration, osteochondral defects may be treated with less complications and better long‐term clinical outcomes. Scaffolds can influence the development and structure of the engineered tissue, and there is an increased awareness that osteochondral tissue engineering concepts need to take thein vivocomplexities into account in order to increase the likelihood of successful osteochondral tissue repair. The developing trend in osteochondral tissue engineering is the utilization of multiphasic scaffolds to recapitulate the multiphasic nature of the native tissue. Cartilage and bone have different structural, mechanical, and biochemical microenvironments. By designing osteochondral scaffolds with tissue‐specific architecture, it may be possible to enhance osteochondral repair within shorter timeframe. While there are promisingin vivooutcomes using multiphasic approaches, functional regeneration of osteochondral constructs still remains a challenge. In this review, we provide an overview ofin vivoosteochondral repair studies that have taken place in the past three years, and define areas which needs improvement in future studies. Anat Rec, 297:26–35, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.