bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinicopathologic and electrocardiographic features of Akita dogs with high and low erythrocyte potassium phenotypes
Authors: Conrado Francisco O. , Oliveira Simone T. , Lacerda Luciana A. , Silva Mariana O. D. , Hlavac Nicole , González Félix H. D. 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundCanineRBCs are expected to have high sodium and low potassium (LK) concentrations. However, some dogs have a low sodium and high potassium (HK) phenotype due to a Na‐K pump in the matureRBCmembrane. Awareness of this particularity avoids misinterpretation of hyperkalemia in affected dogs.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare theCBCs, serum biochemistry profiles, urinalysis data, and electrocardiography data inHKandLKAkita dogs.MethodsIn this study, the intra‐RBCpotassium (KRBC) was measured in 48 healthy adult Akita dogs. The HK group included dogs withKRBCconcentration at least 5‐fold that of plasma, while the LK dogs served as controls.ResultsTheHKphenotype was determined in 10 dogs (21%). With the exception of higher plasma potassium concentrations in theHKgroup compared withLKcontrols (6.6 mmol/L vs 4.4 mmol/L,P < .001), there were no other differences in serum biochemistry variables. In hematology, mean HGB concentration (13.5 vs 15.9,P < .001),PCV(42.9 vs 46.7,P = .009),RBC(6.1 vs 7.4,P < .001), andMCHC(31.3 vs 34.0,P < .001) were significantly lower in theHKgroup, whileMCV(70.0 vs 63.4,P < .001) was higher compared with theLKcontrols. There were no significant differences in urinalysis or electrocardiography data between groups.ConclusionsHKAkita dogs showed significant differences in several hematologic variables, as well as higher plasma potassium concentration. Therefore, theHKphenotype should be considered in the interpretation of these variables in this breed.
The Association Between Changes in Speed Skating Technique and Changes in Skating Velocity
Authors: Noordhof Dionne A. , Foster Carl , Hoozemans Marco J.M. , de Koning Jos J. 
Published: January 2014

A meaningful association between changes (Δ) in push-off angle or effectiveness (e) and changes in skating velocity (v) has been found during 5000-m races, although no significant association was found between changes in knee (θ0) and trunk angle (θ1) and Δv. It might be that speed skating event, sex, and performance level influence these associations.Purpose:To study the effect of skating event, sex, and performance level on the association between Δe and Δv and between Δθ0 and Δθ1 and Δv.Methods:Video recordings were made from frontal (e) and sagittal views (θ0 and θ1) during 1500- and 5000-m men’s and women’s World Cup races. Radio-frequency identification tags provided data of v.Results:Skating event influenced the association between Δe and Δv, which resulted in a significant association between Δe and Δv for the 5000-m (β = –0.069, 95% confidence interval [–0.11, –0.030]) but not for the 1500-m (β = –0.011 [–0.032, 0.010]). The association between Δθ0 and Δθ1 and Δv was not significantly influenced by skating event. Sex and performance level did not substantially affect the association between Δe and Δv and between Δθ0 and Δθ1 and Δv.Conclusions:Skating event significantly influenced the association between Δe and Δv; a 1° change in e results in a 0.011-m/s decrease in v during the 1500-m and a 0.069-m/s decrease in v during the 5000-m. Thus, it seems especially important to maintain a small e during the 5000-m.
A Common Polymorphism of the MCT1 Gene and Athletic Performance
Authors: Fedotovskaya Olga N. , Mustafina Leysan J. , Popov Daniil V. , Vinogradova Olga L. , Ahmetov Ildus I. 
Published: January 2014

Purpose:In red skeletal muscle, monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) is required for lactate to enter the myocytes for oxidation. The A1470T polymorphism (rs1049434) in the MCT1 gene was shown to be associated with lactate transport rates in human skeletal muscles. The aim of the study was to compare genotype and allele frequencies of the MCT1 gene polymorphism in 323 Russian athletes and 467 nonathletic controls and to investigate the association of the MCT1 gene A1470T polymorphism with maximal oxygen consumption and maximal lactate concentration in rowers (n = 79).Methods:Genotyping for the A1470T MCT1 polymorphism was performed by PCR-RFLP method. Physiological measurements of 79 Russian rowers of national competitive standard were determined during an incremental test to exhaustion on a rowing ergometer.Results:Frequencies of the A allele (71.8% vs 62.5%, P < .0001) and AA genotype (59.8% vs 39.4%, P < .0001) were significantly higher in endurance-oriented athletes (n = 142) than in the control group. Mean blood lactate concentration was higher in male rowers with the T allele (AT+TT 10.26 ± 1.89 mmol/L, AA 8.75 ± 1.69 mmol/L, P = .005).Conclusions:MCT1 gene A1470T polymorphism is associated with endurance athlete status and blood lactate level after intensive exercise.
Aerobic and Anaerobic Contributions to Energy Production Among Junior Male and Female Cross-Country Skiers During Diagonal Skiing
Authors: McGawley Kerry , Holmberg Hans-Christer 
Published: January 2014

Purpose:Cross-country-ski races place complex demands on athletes, with events lasting between approximately 3 min and 2 h. The aim of the current study was to compare the aerobic and anaerobic measures derived from a short time trial (TT) between male and female skiers using diagonal cross-country skiing.Methods:Twenty-four highly trained cross-country skiers (12 male and 12 female, age 17.4 ± 1.4 y, body mass 68.2 ± 8.9 kg, height 174 ± 8 cm) participated. The submaximal VO2–speed relationship and VO2max were derived from an incremental ramp test to exhaustion (RAMP), while the accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD), peak VO2, and performance time were measured during a 600-m TT.Results:The female skiers took longer to complete the TT than the males (209 ± 9 s vs 166 ± 7 s, P < .001) and exhibited a lower relative anaerobic contribution (20% ± 4% vs 24% ± 3%, P = .015) and a higher fractional utilization of VO2max (84% ± 4% vs 79% ± 5%, P = .007) than males. Although there was no significant difference in AOD between the sexes (40.9 ± 9.5 and 47.3 ± 7.4 mL/kg for females and males, respectively; P = .079), the mean difference ± 90% confidence intervals of 6.4 ± 6.0 mL/kg reflected a likely practical difference (ES = 0.72). The peak VO2 during the TT was significantly higher than VO2max during the RAMP for all participants combined (62.3 ± 6.8 vs 60.5 ± 7.2 mL · kg−1 · min−1, P = .011), and the mean difference ± 90% confidence intervals of 1.8 ± 1.1 mL · kg−1 · min−1 reflected a possible practical difference (ES = 0.25).Conclusions:These results show that performance and physiological responses to a self-paced TT lasting approximately 3 min differ between sexes. In addition, a TT may provide a valid measure of VO2max.
B-Cell-Specific Peptides of Leptospira interrogans LigA for Diagnosis of Patients with Acute Leptospirosis
Authors: Kanagavel Murugesan , Shanmughapriya Santhanam , Anbarasu Kumarasamy , Natarajaseenivasan Kalimuthusamy 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTLeptospirosis is a reemerging infectious disease that is underdiagnosed and under-recognized due to low-sensitivity and cumbersome serological tests. Rapid reliable alternative tests are needed for early diagnosis of the disease. Considering the importance of the pathogenesis-associated leptospiral LigA protein expressedin vivo, we have evaluated its application in the diagnosis of the acute form of leptospirosis. The C-terminal coding sequence ofligA(ligA-C) was cloned into pET15b and expressed inEscherichia coli. Furthermore, the B-cell-specific epitopes were predicted and were synthesized as peptides for evaluation along with recombinant LigA-C. Epitope 1 (VVIENTPGK), with a VaxiJen score of 1.3782, and epitope 2 (TALSVGSSK), with a score of 1.2767, were utilized. A total of 140 serum samples collected from leptospirosis cases during the acute stage of the disease and 138 serum samples collected from normal healthy controls were utilized for evaluation. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for the recombinant LigA-C-specific IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and were found to be 92.1%, 97.7%, 92.8%, and 97.5%, respectively. Epitopes 1 and 2 used in the study showed 5.1 to 5.8% increased sensitivity over recombinant LigA-C in single and combination assays for IgM antibody detection. These findings suggest that these peptides may be potential candidates for the early diagnosis of leptospirosis.
Impact of New Antifungal Breakpoints on Antifungal Resistance in Candida Species
Authors: Fothergill Annette W. , Sutton Deanna A. , McCarthy Dora I. , Wiederhold Nathan P. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

We reviewed our antifungal susceptibility data for micafungin, anidulafungin, fluconazole, and voriconazole against
Candida
species and compared resistance rates determined by the previous and recently revised CLSI antifungal breakpoints. With the new breakpoints, resistance was significantly increased for micafungin (from 0.8% to 7.6%), anidulafungin (from 0.9% to 7.3%), and voriconazole (from 6.1% to 18.4%) against
Candida glabrata
. Resistance was also increased for fluconazole against
Candida albicans
(from 2.1% to 5.7%).
The Nef-Like Effect of Murine Leukemia Virus Glycosylated Gag on HIV-1 Infectivity Is Mediated by Its Cytoplasmic Domain and Depends on the AP-2 Adaptor Complex
Authors: Usami Yoshiko , Popov Sergei , Göttlinger Heinrich G. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef enhances the infectivity of progeny virions. However, Nef is dispensable for the production of HIV-1 virions of optimal infectivity if the producer cells are superinfected with certain gammaretroviruses. In the case of the ecotropic Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MLV), the Nef-like effect is mediated by the glycosylated Gag (glycoGag) protein. We now show that the N-terminal intracellular domain of the type II transmembrane protein glycoGag is responsible for its effect on HIV-1 infectivity. In the context of a fully active minimal M-MLV glycoGag construct, truncations of the cytoplasmic domain led to a near total loss of activity. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic domain of M-MLV glycoGag was fully sufficient to transfer the activity to an unrelated type II transmembrane protein. Although the intracellular region of glycoGag is relatively poorly conserved even among ecotropic and xenotropic MLVs, it was also fully sufficient for the rescue of
nef
-deficient HIV-1 when derived from a xenotropic virus. A mutagenic analysis showed that only a core region of the intracellular domain that exhibits at least some conservation between murine and feline leukemia viruses is crucial for activity. In particular, a conserved YXXL motif in the center of this core region was critical. In addition, expression of the μ2 subunit of the AP-2 adaptor complex in virus producer cells was essential for activity. We conclude that the ability to enhance HIV-1 infectivity is a conserved property of the MLV glycoGag cytoplasmic domain and involves AP-2-mediated endocytosis.

IMPORTANCE
The Nef protein of HIV-1 and the entirely unrelated glycosylated Gag (glycoGag) protein of a murine leukemia virus (MLV) similarly enhance the infectiousness of HIV-1 particles by an unknown mechanism. MLV glycoGag is an alternative version of the structural viral Gag protein with an extra upstream region that provides a cytosolic domain and a plasma membrane anchor. We now show for the first time that the cytosolic domain of MLV glycoGag contains all the information needed to enhance HIV-1 infectivity and that this function of the cytosolic domain is conserved despite limited sequence conservation. Within the cytosolic domain, a motif that resembles a cellular sorting signal is critical for activity. Furthermore, the enhancement of HIV-1 infectivity depends on an endocytic cellular protein that is known to interact with such sorting signals. Together, our findings implicate the endocytic machinery in the enhancement of HIV-1 infectivity by MLV glycoGag.
Predictors and clinical relevance of hemorrhagic transformation after endovascular therapy for anterior circulation large vessel occlusion strokes: a multicenter retrospective analysis of 1122 patients
Authors: Nogueira Raul G , Gupta Rishi , Jovin Tudor G , Levy Elad I , Liebeskind David S , Zaidat Osama O , Rai Ansaar , Hirsch Joshua A , Hsu Daniel P , Rymer Marilyn M , Tayal Ashis H , Lin Ridwan , Natarajan Sabareesh K , Nanda Ashish , Tian Melissa , Hao Qing , Kalia Junaid S , Chen Michael , Abou-Chebl Alex , Nguyen Thanh N , Yoo Albert J 
Published: January 2014

Background and purposeEndovascular techniques are frequently employed to treat large artery occlusion in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We sought to determine the predictors and clinical impact of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) after endovascular therapy.MethodsRetrospective analysis of consecutive patients presenting to 13 high volume stroke centers with AIS due to proximal occlusion in the anterior circulation who underwent endovascular treatment within 8 h from symptom onset. Logistic regression was performed to determine the variables associated with ICH, hemorrhagic infarction (HI), and parenchymal hematomas (PHs), as well as 90 day poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale score ≥3) and mortality.ResultsThere were a total of 363 ICHs (overall rate 32.3%; HI=267, 24%; PH=96, 8.5%) among the 1122 study patients (mean age 67±15 years; median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score 17 (IQR 13–20)). Independent predictors for HI included diabetes mellitus (OR 2.27, 95% CI (1.58 to 3.26), p<0.0001), preprocedure IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (1.43 (1.03 to 2.08), p<0.037), Merci thrombectomy (1.47 (1.02 to 2.12), p<0.032), and longer time to puncture (1.001 (1.00 to 1.002), p<0.026). Patients with atrial fibrillation (1.61 (1.01 to 2.55), p<0.045) had a higher risk of PH while the use of IA tPA (0.57 (0.35 to 0.90), p<0.008) was associated with lower chances of PH. Both the presence of HI (2.23 (1.53 to 3.25), p<0.0001) and PH (6.24 (3.06 to 12.75), p<0.0001) were associated with poor functional outcomes; however, only PH was associated with higher mortality (3.53 (2.19 to 5.68), p<0.0001).ConclusionsGreater understanding about the predictors and consequences of ICH post endovascular stroke therapy is essential to improve risk assessment, patient selection/clinical outcomes, and early prognostication. Our data suggest that patients with atrial fibrillation are particularly prone to severe ICH and question the ‘benign’ nature of HI suggested by earlier studies.
microRNAs miR-27a and miR-27b Directly Regulate Liver Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Expression through Two Conserved Binding Sites
Authors: Offer Steven M. , Butterfield Gabriel L. , Jerde Calvin R. , Fossum Croix C. , Wegner Natalie J. , Diasio Robert B. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD, encoded by DPYD) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the uracil catabolic pathway and has a pivotal role in the pharmacokinetics of the commonly prescribed anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Deficiency of DPD, whether due to inadequate expression or deleterious variants in DPYD, has been linked to severe toxic responses to 5-FU. Little is known about the mechanisms governing DPD expression in the liver. In this report, we show increased accumulation of RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) proteins on DPYD mRNA in cells overexpressing the highly homologous microRNAs (miRNA) miR-27a and miR-27b. These miRNAs were shown to repress DPD expression through two conserved recognition sites in DPYD. The IC50 of 5-FU for HCT116 cells overexpressing miR-27a or miR-27b was 4.4 μmol/L (both), significantly lower than that for cells expressing a nontargeting (scramble) control miRNA (14.3 μmol/L; P = 3.3 × 10−5 and P = 1.5 × 10−7, respectively). Mouse liver DPD enzyme activity was inversely correlated with expression levels of miR-27a (R2 = 0.49; P = 0.0012) and miR-27b (R2 = 0.29; P = 0.022). A common variant in the hairpin loop region of hsa-mir-27a (rs895819) was also shown to be associated with elevated expression of the miR-27a in a panel of cell lines (P = 0.029) and in a transgenic overexpression model (P = 0.0011). Furthermore, rs895819 was associated with reduced DPD enzyme activity (P = 0.028) in a cohort of 40 healthy volunteers. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-27a and miR-27b expression may be pharmacologically relevant modulators of DPD enzyme function in the liver. Furthermore, our data suggest that rs895819 may be a potential risk allele for 5-FU sensitivity. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(3); 742–51. ©2014 AACR.
Brain Signature of Working Memory for Sentence Structure: Enriched Encoding and Facilitated Maintenance
Authors: Bonhage Corinna E. , Fiebach Christian J. , Bahlmann Jörg , Mueller Jutta L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSentences are easier to memorize than ungrammatical word strings, a phenomenon known as the sentence superiority effect. Yet, it is unclear how higher-order linguistic information facilitates verbal working memory and how this is implemented in the neural system. The goal of the current fMRI study was to specify the brain mechanisms underlying the sentence superiority effect during encoding and during maintenance in working memory by manipulating syntactic structure and working memory load. The encoding of sentence material, as compared with the encoding of ungrammatical word strings, recruited not only inferior frontal (BA 47) and anterior temporal language-related areas but also the medial-temporal lobe, which is not classically reported for language tasks. During maintenance, it was sentence structure as contrasted with ungrammatical word strings that led to activation decrease in Broca's area, SMA, and parietal regions. Furthermore, in Broca's area, an interaction effect revealed a load effect for ungrammatical word strings but not for sentences. The sentence superiority effect, thus, is neurally reflected in a twofold pattern, consisting of increased activation in classical language as well as memory areas during the encoding phase and decreased maintenance-related activation. This pattern reflects how chunking, based on sentential syntactic and semantic information, alleviates rehearsal demands and thus leads to improved working memory performance.
Prestimulus Oscillations in the Alpha Band of the EEG Are Modulated by the Difficulty of Feature Discrimination and Predict Activation of a Sensory Discrimination Process
Authors: Roberts Daniel M. , Fedota John R. , Buzzell George A. , Parasuraman Raja , McDonald Craig G. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated that the occipital–temporal N1 component of the ERP is sensitive to the difficulty of visual discrimination, in a manner that cannot be explained by simple differences in low-level visual features, arousal, or time on task. These observations provide evidence that the occipital–temporal N1 component is modulated by the application of top–down control. However, the timing of this control process remains unclear. Previous work has demonstrated proactive, top–down modulation of cortical excitability for cued spatial attention or feature selection tasks. Here, the possibility that a similar top–down process facilitates performance of a difficult stimulus discrimination task is explored. Participants performed an oddball task at two levels of discrimination difficulty, with difficulty manipulated by modulating the similarity between target and nontarget stimuli. Discrimination processes and cortical excitability were assessed via the amplitude of the occipital–temporal N1 component and prestimulus alpha oscillation of the EEG, respectively. For correct discriminations, prestimulus alpha power was reduced, and the occipital–temporal N1 was enhanced in the hard relative to the easy condition. Furthermore, within the hard condition, prestimulus alpha power was reduced, and the occipital–temporal N1 was enhanced for correct relative to incorrect discriminations. The generation of ERPs contingent on relative prestimulus alpha power additionally suggests that diminished alpha power preceding stimulus onset is related to enhancement of the occipital–temporal N1. As in spatial attention, proactive control appears to enhance cortical excitability and facilitate discrimination performance in tasks requiring nonspatial, feature-based attention, even in the absence of competing stimulus features.
Double-Diffusive Recipes. Part I: Large-Scale Dynamics of Thermohaline Staircases
Authors: Radko T. , Bulters A. , Flanagan J. D. , Campin J.-M. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Three-dimensional dynamics of thermohaline staircases are investigated using a series of basin-scale staircase-resolving numerical simulations. The computational domain and forcing fields are chosen to reflect the size and structure of the North Atlantic subtropical thermocline. Salt-finger transport is parameterized using the flux-gradient formulation based on a suite of recent direct numerical simulations. Analysis of the spontaneous generation of thermohaline staircases suggests that thermohaline layering is a product of the gamma instability, associated with the variation of the flux ratio with the density ratio . After their formation, numerical staircases undergo a series of merging events, which systematically increase the size of layers. Ultimately, the system evolves into a steady equilibrium state with pronounced layers 20–50 m thick. The size of the region occupied by thermohaline staircases is controlled by the competition between turbulent mixing and double diffusion. Assuming, in accordance with observations, that staircases form when the density ratio is less than the critical value of , the authors arrive at an indirect estimate of the characteristic turbulent diffusivity in the subtropical thermocline.
Observations of Upper-Tropospheric Influence on a Monsoon Trough over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Geng Biao , Yoneyama Kunio , Shirooka Ryuichi 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This study examined the synoptic evolution and internal structure of a monsoon trough in association with the deep equatorward intrusion of a midlatitude upper trough in the western North Pacific Ocean in June 2008. The study was based on data from routine synoptic observations and intensive observations conducted on board the research vessel Mirai at 12°N, 135°E. The monsoon trough was first observed to extend southeastward from the center of a tropical depression. It then moved northward, with its eastern edge moving faster and approaching a surface low pressure cell induced by the upper trough. The distinct northward migration caused the monsoon trough to become oriented from the southwest to the northeast. The monsoon trough merged with the surface low pressure cell and extended broadly northeastward. The passage of the monsoon trough over the Mirai was accompanied by lower pressure, higher air and sea surface temperature, and minimal rainfall. The monsoon trough extended upward to nearly 500 hPa and sloped southward with height. It was overlain by northwesterly winds, negative geopotential height and temperature anomalies, and extremely dry air in the upper troposphere. Precipitation systems were weak and scattered near the monsoon trough but were intense and extensive south of the surface monsoon trough, where intense low-level convergence and upper-level divergence caused deep and vigorous upward motion. It appears that the upper trough exerted important impacts on the development of both the monsoon trough and associated precipitation, which are discussed according to the observational results.