bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Survival of Juvenile Turbot Scophthalmus maximus by Using Bacteria Associated with Cultured Oysters
Authors: Farto Seguín Rosa M. , Bermúdez María Bobo , Rivera Leticia , Nieto Teresa P. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Preventing vibriosis in juvenile cultured Turbot Scophthalmus maximus caused by Vibrio anguillarum frequently requires the use of feed supplemented with antibiotics in addition to vaccines. Whether the use of probiotics instead of antibiotics in juvenile Turbot is a safer strategy requires more study. The antibacterial potential of 148 Vibrio spp. strains (mostly isolated from cultures of healthy oysters, clams, and Turbot) was analyzed in vitro against V. anguillarum and other pathogens by means of an agar diffusion assay. A wide spectrum of inhibitory activity was shown by 9 strains. Based on their easy phenotypic differentiation from V. anguillarum, we selected two strains (S1 and S2, both isolated from the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis) for testing in juvenile Turbot (3 g). None of the strains were virulent by intraperitoneal or bath challenges, and all were susceptible to the antibiotics most frequently used in aquaculture. Three different stocks of Turbot, which were assayed separately, were significantly protected from infection with V. anguillarum. The final survival rates of fish treated in mixed challenges with S1 or S2 and V. anguillarum were 44% and 66%, respectively, whereas only 17% of the fish treated with only the pathogenic strain survived. The application of probiotic strains also increased the survival time of juvenile Turbot after infection with V. anguillarum. Both strains persisted in the epidermal mucus layer of the fish for 30 d, and they were not displaced by the pathogen. These data prove the efficacy of using bacteria well adapted to the dynamics of culture production as a way to provide juvenile Turbot immediate protection against infection by V. anguillarum. Moreover, the epidermal mucus sampling was useful for investigating the persistence of both probiotic strains when exposed to the pathogen.
Received October 11, 2013; accepted March 10, 2014
Development of singlet oxygen absorption capacity (SOAC) assay method. 4. Measurements of the SOAC values for vegetable and fruit extracts
Authors: Iwasaki Yuko , Takahashi Shingo , Aizawa Koichi , Mukai Kazuo 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Measurements of the second-order rate constants and the singlet oxygen absorption capacity (SOAC) values for the reaction of singlet oxygen (1O2) with 23 kinds of food extracts were performed in ethanol/chloroform/D2O (50:50:1, v/v/v) solution at 35 °C. It has been clarified that the SOAC method is useful to evaluate the 1O2-quenching activity (i.e. the SOAC value) of food extracts having two orders of magnitude different rate constants from 3.18 × 104 L g−1 s−1 for tomato to 1.55 × 102 for green melon. Furthermore, comparison of the observed rate constants for the above food extracts with the calculated ones based on the concentrations of seven kinds of carotenoids included in the food extracts and the rate constants reported for each carotenoids was performed, in order to ascertain the validity of the SOAC assay method developed and to clarify the ratio of the contribution of principal carotenoids to the SOAC value.
Automated structural classification of lipids by machine learning
Authors: Taylor Ryan , Miller Ryan H. , Miller Ryan D. , Porter Michael , Dalgleish James , Prince John T. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Motivation: Modern lipidomics is largely dependent upon structural ontologies because of the great diversity exhibited in the lipidome, but no automated lipid classification exists to facilitate this partitioning. The size of the putative lipidome far exceeds the number currently classified, despite a decade of work. Automated classification would benefit ongoing classification efforts by decreasing the time needed and increasing the accuracy of classification while providing classifications for mass spectral identification algorithms.
Results: We introduce a tool that automates classification into the LIPID MAPS ontology of known lipids with &gt;95% accuracy and novel lipids with 63% accuracy. The classification is based upon simple chemical characteristics and modern machine learning algorithms. The decision trees produced are intelligible and can be used to clarify implicit assumptions about the current LIPID MAPS classification scheme. These characteristics and decision trees are made available to facilitate alternative implementations. We also discovered many hundreds of lipids that are currently misclassified in the LIPID MAPS database, strongly underscoring the need for automated classification.
Availability and implementation: Source code and chemical characteristic lists as SMARTS search strings are available under an open-source license at https://www.github.com/princelab/lipid_classifier.
Contact: ryanmt@byu.net
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Minimum 5-year Follow-up Results for Occipitocervical Fusion Using the Screw-Rod System in Craniocervical Instability
Authors: Ando Kei , Imagama Shiro , Ito Zenya , Kobayashi Kazuyoshi , Yagi Hideki , Shinjo Ryuichi , Hida Tetsuro , Ito Kenyu , Ishikawa Yoshimoto , Ishiguro Naoki 
Published: October 2014

Study Design:
Retrospective clinical study.

Objective:
To evaluate the clinical outcome of patients who had undergone occipitocervical (OC) fusion using pedicle screws and rods over a minimum 5-year follow-up.

Summary of Background Data:
Few studies have evaluated occipitocervical (OC) fusion using pedicle screws and rods for long-term follow-up.

Methods:
Twenty-seven consecutive patients treated underwent posterior OC fusion using pedicle screws and rods over a minimum 5-year follow-up. The Modified McCormick scale to grade a patient’s functional status and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scoring system were used to evaluate preoperative and postoperative neurological function. We assessed fusion by both direct and indirect evidence; bony trabeculae at the graft-recipient interface on lateral cervical radiographs and sagittal computed tomography reconstruction was considered direct evidence of union.

Results:
The mean follow-up period was 7.2 years (5–14 y). JOA scores were 8.1±3.8 before surgery and 11.7±3.7 at the final follow-up. The recovery rate calculated from the JOA scores was 42.0±30.0%. Functional status did improve at least 1 grade according to the modified McCormick scale in 18 patients (66.7%). There was no deterioration at the final follow-up.
There were postoperative implant-related complications in 8 patients (29.6%): loosening of pedicle screws in 2, rod breakage in 2, plate breakage in 1, screw breakage in 1, pullout of pedicle screws in 1, and wiring induced myelopathy in 1 patient. The average duration between surgery and implant failure was 31.2 months (12–60 mo) except for 2.

Conclusions:
Sufficient bone grafting, proper decortication of the bone bed, using thicker and high stiffness rods, and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene tape as a fixation or reinforcement of implant may help prevent implant failure.
Analysis of the Factors That Could Predict Segmental Range of Motion After Cervical Artificial Disk Replacement
Authors: Tian Wei , Wang Han , Yan Kai , Han Xiao , Jin Peihao 
Published: October 2014

Study Design:
A retrospective cohort study.

Objective:
To identify the potential preoperative factors and surgical technique factors that are associated with long-term range of motion (ROM) after surgery. Further, this article aimed to guide selection of patients with cervical artificial disk replacement and a fine surgical technique.

Summary of Background Data:
Segmental ROM is the most important parameter concerning cervical kinematics after a cervical artificial disk replacement. There are few researches regarding the influencing factors on postoperative ROM, and consistent results have not yet been reported.

Methods:
The cohort comprised a total of 68 disks implanted into 57 patients who were retrospectively analyzed. The mean follow-up period was 84.1 months. Segmental ROM and other useful parameters were measured using lateral neutral, extension, and flexion radiographs, which were obtained preoperatively, 3 months after surgery, and at last follow-up. Preoperative CT and clinical assessment were also used. To find out associated factors, the patients were divided into 2 groups according to the segmental ROM at last follow-up.

Results:
After surgery, the clinical outcomes were satisfactory. The segmental ROM at last follow-up (7.8±4.3 degrees) was preserved without significant change from preoperative ROM (8.8±3.8 degrees). The patients who had a better segmental ROM after surgery were found to have a higher preoperative segmental ROM, a younger age, a better disk insertion angle, and disk insertion depth. These 4 factors were identified as independent risk factors (P=0.027, 0.017, 0.036, and 0.046, respectively) for long-term ROM.

Conclusions:
The postoperative long-term, segmental ROM was well preserved and found to be affected by the preoperative segmental ROM, patient’s age, disk insertion angle, and disk insertion depth.
Development of a Remodeled Caspar Retractor and Its Application in the Measurement of Distractive Resistance in an In Vitro Anterior Cervical Distraction Model
Authors: Wen Junxiang , Xu Jianwei , Li Lijun , Yang Mingjie , Pan Jie , Chen Deyu , Jia Lianshun , Tan Jun 
Published: October 2014

Study Design:
In vitro biomechanical study of the cervical intervertebral distraction using a remodeled Caspar retractor.

Objective:
To investigate the torques required for distraction to different heights in an in vitro C3–C4 anterior cervical distraction model using a remodeled Caspar retractor, focusing on the influence of the intervertebral disk, posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL), and ligamentum flavum (LF).

Summary of Background Data:
No previous studies have reported on the torques required for distraction to various heights or the factors resisting distraction in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion.

Methods:
Anterior cervical distractions at C3–C4 was performed in 6 cadaveric specimens using a remodeled Caspar retractor, under 4 conditions: A, before disk removal; B, after disk removal; C, after disk and PLL removal; and D, after disk and PLL removal and cutting of the LF. Distraction was performed for 5 teeth, and distractive torque of each tooth was recorded.

Results:
The torque increased with distraction height under all conditions. There was a sudden increase in torque at the fourth tooth under conditions B and C, but not D. Under condition A, distraction to the third tooth required 84.8±13.3 cN m. Under conditions B and C, distraction to the third tooth required <13 cN m, and further distraction required dramatically increased torque. Under condition D, no marked increase in torque was recorded.

Conclusions:
Distraction of the intervertebral space was much easier after disk removal. An intact LF caused a sudden marked increase in the force required for distraction, possibly indicating the point at which the LF was fully stretched. This increase in resistance may help to determine the optimal distraction height to avoid excessive stress to the endplate spacer. The remodeled Caspar retractor in the present study may provide a feasible and convenient method for intraoperative measurement of distractive resistance.
Virus-Induced Alterations in Primary Metabolism Modulate Susceptibility toTobacco rattle virusin Arabidopsis
Authors: Fernández-Calvino Lourdes , Osorio Sonia , Hernández M. Luisa , Hamada Ignacio B. , del Toro Francisco J. , Donaire Livia , Yu Agnés , Bustos Regla , Fernie Alisdair R. , Martínez-Rivas José M. , Llave César 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDuring compatible virus infections, plants respond by reprogramming gene expression and metabolite content. While gene expression studies are profuse, our knowledge of the metabolic changes that occur in the presence of the virus is limited. Here, we combine gene expression and metabolite profiling in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) infected with Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) in order to investigate the influence of primary metabolism on virus infection. Our results revealed that primary metabolism is reconfigured in many ways during TRV infection, as reflected by significant changes in the levels of sugars and amino acids. Multivariate data analysis revealed that these alterations were particularly conspicuous at the time points of maximal accumulation of TRV, although infection time was the dominant source of variance during the process. Furthermore, TRV caused changes in lipid and fatty acid composition in infected leaves. We found that several Arabidopsis mutants deficient in branched-chain amino acid catabolism or fatty acid metabolism possessed altered susceptibility to TRV. Finally, we showed that increments in the putrescine content in TRV-infected plants correlated with enhanced tolerance to freezing stress in TRV-infected plants and that impairment of putrescine biosynthesis promoted virus multiplication. Our results thus provide an interesting overview for a better understanding of the relationship between primary metabolism and virus infection.
Mentoring as a practical training in higher education of entrepreneurship
Authors: Gimmon Eli 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the benefits of enriching higher education of entrepreneurship through mentoring potential entrepreneurs.

Design/methodology/approach
– Students in entrepreneurship classes were offered being mentors along with being mentored by professional senior staff in either one of two programmes designed to defined age groups: first, adolescent entrepreneurs in a high school and second, retired nascent entrepreneurs. This exploratory study was undertaken in the mode of action research.

Findings
– Most students who participated in either one of these programmes for at least one semester reported “substantial” improvement in their personal entrepreneurial abilities and higher self-efficacy. The rate of students who reported this reflection is more than double higher in relative to their classmates who did not elect to undertake mentoring in these programmes.

Research limitations/implications
– Due to the limitation of a case study, further research with additional data is needed to validate the benefits to students being mentors in entrepreneurship programmes.

Practical implications
– Additional tools for active learning are needed since previous research indicates it may not be sufficient to teach entrepreneurial talent in the classroom setting. Providers of higher education in entrepreneurship could consider incorporating students as mentors in different practical programmes in order to enhance their capabilities and self-efficacy.

Originality/value
– Practical training and active learning have long been exercised in many fields, including engineering and business studies. This reflective study brings together pedagogy and theories of high education in entrepreneurship. A novel approach is suggested in which students are mentors rather than mentees in practicing entrepreneurship.
Enterprise skills and training needs of postgraduate research students
Authors: Smith Kelly , Williams Dina , Yasin Naveed , Pitchford Ian 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present a survey of postgraduate research (PGRs) students studying at the University of Huddersfield, concentrating on entrepreneurial attributes and the importance of enterprise-related skills future career intentions.

Design/methodology/approach
– Electronic survey questions asked respondents to rate their confidence in a series of enterprise-related skills, and each skill's importance in their career development. Identification with attributes relating to independence, risk taking, self-efficacy, tolerance of ambiguity, and innovativeness were explored. Further questions probed the importance of enterprise skills development, research impact, and career aspirations including business start-up potential.

Findings
– Respondents identified with entrepreneurial attributes and were positive towards enterprise skills development. The majority felt that their research could have commercial impact, and over a third reported that starting a business appealed to them. Comparisons of importance and confidence ratings identified skills areas where confidence was relatively low and needed to be improved, where there is a large gap between confidence and importance, and where a skill was rated as having lower importance than is optimal from an institutional perspective. Interestingly, different groups of students considered “self-employment” compared with “business start-up” as a career option.

Research limitations/implications
– These single-institution results suggest that PGRs are more entrepreneurial than might be expected. Is the higher education (HE) sector underestimating the entrepreneurial potential of the PGR population, their appetite for engaging in enterprise, and their enterprise and commercialisation training needs?

Originality/value
– The results have relevance for the HE community in terms of understanding PGR entrepreneurial attributes, and training needs for enterprise and commercialisation of research output.
Attitudes of Sports Development and Sports Management undergraduate students towards entrepreneurship
Authors: Jones Paul , Jones Amanda 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– Given the high unemployment rates being experienced by graduates, the importance of small business start-up has increased significantly, with greater priority being placed upon the development of entrepreneurial skills across the educational sector. However, there is a limited literature considering the student experience and issues involved with supporting non-Business discipline students attaining entrepreneurial competencies. The purpose of this paper is to explore the attitudes and experience of Sports Development and Sports Management students towards entrepreneurship education, highlighting best practice from a pedagogical perspective.

Design/methodology/approach
– Over 120 Sports Development and Sports Management students on an undergraduate degree were interviewed over a two year period using a semi-structured research instrument. The focus and content of the questionnaire was developed from prior studies undertaken in the field, measuring the impact and value of entrepreneurship education upon attitudes, knowledge and career choice.

Findings
– The results found that Sports Development and Sports Management students were typically enterprising by nature due to their prior experience in coaching and training within their respective sports disciplines. The majority of students indicated that they were attracted to a future entrepreneurial career in a sports-related discipline. This was driven by the potential of an entrepreneurial career option and the limited alternative choices. Sports Development and Sports Management students were characterised by their mature attitudes towards their career development and future inclination regarding an entrepreneurial career choice.

Practical implications
– The results will inform the teaching of entrepreneurship education to non-Business discipline specialist students in terms of the effective construction of entrepreneurship curriculum. Best practice in terms of customised subject informed teaching material, guest talks and interactive pedagogical practice are highlighted.

Originality/value
– This study will be of interest to entrepreneurship education providers delivering content to non-Business disciplines at all levels and aid them in the construction of their curriculum to provide fit for purpose provision.
Claiming the future of enterprise education
Authors: Jones Colin , Matlay Harry , Penaluna Kathryn , Penaluna Andy 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of enterprise educators working collectively to develop a unique scholarship of teaching. The authors argue that the time is right for educators in this domain to secure the future of enterprise education. Acknowledging the debate between “entrepreneurship education” and “enterprise education,” the authors set out to develop a unification model through which educators can act collectively to demonstrate the leadership required to secure the autonomy of the domain.Design/methodology/approach– The authors bring several pertinent ideas (pedagogical content knowledge, heutagogy and academagogy) to the attention of academics/researchers involved in the design, development and delivery of enterprise education. The innovative approach to combine these ideas with prevailing thinking in this domain has facilitated a model for collective action.Findings– It is at the level of the shared philosophical positions that the authors can best cooperate to shape the future direction of enterprise education. The authors argue against dwelling upon how the authors differ in terms of context and process issues. Such matters can only fragment the theory and practice of enterprise education. The authors need to develop greater appreciation of shared philosophical positions and leverage this understanding into a unique scholarship of teaching, specific to enterprise education.Practical implications– As enterprise education becomes more global, it is also likely to become more attractive to business schools that long for a new positioning tool in the increasingly overcrowded markets that they compete in.Originality/value– This paper encourages enterprise educators to reflect upon the knowledge they hold of their own practice, and that of other enterprise educators.
Social entrepreneurship among participants in the students in free enterprise program
Authors: Othman Norasmah , Ab Wahid Hariyaty 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to identify social entrepreneurship dimensions that emphasize the specific personal characteristics of social entrepreneurs (SPCSE) and social entrepreneurship organization (SEO) among students in higher education institutions who are active participants of the Students in Free Enterprise (SIFE) program in Malaysia.

Design/methodology/approach
– Quantitative approaches and instruments were used to analyze the profile of social entrepreneurship in this cross-sectional survey study, which involved 394 active SIFE students in Malaysia in 2011. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data and describe the SIFE student's SPCSE and SEO.

Findings
– The social entrepreneurship of the SIFE students was high, with a dominant SEO. However, the dimensions of SPCSE need to be applied effectively to the students involved, whose social entrepreneurship was merely moderate. There was a strong positive relationship between SPCSE and SEO of SIFE students, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.73.

Research limitations/implications
– It is recommended that further longitudinal research be conducted to assess the depth of the impact of social entrepreneurship on SIFE students. In this manner, more useful information related to the impact can be leveraged to improve the pattern of the social entrepreneurship program.

Practical implications
– The SIFE participants’ social entrepreneurship profile can be used by the Ministry of Higher Education in formulating social entrepreneurship policy for higher education institutions. The Malaysia SIFE Foundation and the administrators of higher education institutions should encourage more university students to participate in SIFE program to increase the number of social entrepreneurs who will help solve social, economic, and environmental problems.

Originality/value
– There has been no discussions of the social entrepreneurship programs in Malaysia. This paper attempts to fill the current gap.