bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marine Wind and Wave Height Trends at Different ERA-Interim Forecast Ranges
Authors: Aarnes Ole Johan , Abdalla Saleh , Bidlot Jean-Raymond , Breivik Øyvind 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Trends in marine wind speed and significant wave height are investigated using the global reanalysis ERA-Interim over the period 1979–2012, based on monthly-mean and monthly-maximum data. Besides the traditional reanalysis, the authors include trends obtained at different forecast range, available up to 10 days ahead. Any model biases that are corrected differently over time are likely to introduce spurious trends of variable magnitude. However, at increased forecast range the model tends to relax, being less affected by assimilation. Still, there is a trade-off between removing the impact of data assimilation at longer forecast range and getting a lower level of uncertainty in the predictions at shorter forecast range. Because of the sheer amount of assimilations made in ERA-Interim, directly and indirectly affecting the data, it is difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish effects imposed by all updates. Here, special emphasis is put on the introduction of wave altimeter data in August 1991, the only type of data directly affecting the wave field. From this, it is shown that areas of higher model bias introduce quite different trends depending on forecast range, most apparent in the North Atlantic and eastern tropical Pacific. Results are compared with 23 in situ measurements, Envisat altimeter winds, and two stand-alone ECMWF operational wave model (EC-WAM) runs with and without wave altimeter assimilation. Here, the 48-h forecast is suggested to be a better candidate for trend estimates of wave height, mainly due to the step change imposed by altimeter observations. Even though wind speed seems less affected by undesirable step changes, the authors believe that the 24–48-h forecast more effectively filters out any unwanted effects.
Horizontally Explicit and Vertically Implicit (HEVI) Time Discretization Scheme for a Discontinuous Galerkin Nonhydrostatic Model
Authors: Bao Lei , Klöfkorn Robert , Nair Ramachandran D. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A two-dimensional nonhydrostatic (NH) atmospheric model based on the compressible Euler system has been developed in the (x, z) Cartesian domain. The spatial discretization is based on a nodal discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method with exact integration. The orography is handled by the terrain-following height-based coordinate system. The time integration uses the horizontally explicit and vertically implicit (HEVI) time-splitting scheme, which is introduced to address the stringent restriction on the explicit time step size due to a high aspect ratio between the horizontal (x) and vertical (z) spatial discretization. The HEVI scheme is generally based on the Strang-type operator-split approach, where the horizontally propagating waves in the Euler system are solved explicitly while the vertically propagating waves are treated implicitly. As a consequence, the HEVI scheme relaxes the maximum allowed time step to be mainly determined by the horizontal grid spacing. The accuracy of the HEVI scheme is rigorously compared against that of the explicit strong stability-preserving (SSP) Runge–Kutta (RK) scheme using several NH benchmark test cases. The HEVI scheme shows a second-order temporal convergence, as expected. The results of the HEVI scheme are qualitatively comparable to those of the SSP-RK3 scheme. Moreover, the HEVI DG formulation can also be seamlessly extended to account for the second-order diffusion as in the case of the standard SSP-RK DG formulation. In the presence of orography, the HEVI scheme produces high quality results, which are visually identical to those produced by the SSP-RK3 scheme.
Passive cooling by phase change material usage in construction
Authors: Muthuvel S , Saravanasankar S , Sudhakarapandian R , Muthukannan M 
Published: October 2014

This work examines the significance of using phase change material (PCM) in the construction works for conservation of energy. The objective of using PCMs is that the materials help in enhancing thermal performance of buildings as these have the advantage of high storage density with small temperature swing. Among various types of PCM, rice bran distilled fatty acid – grade A (RBDFA), which is a non-paraffin type was selected considering its thermal and physical parameters, particularly its melting point that falls between human comfort temperature range. Two types of investigations, numerical and experimental, were followed in the methodology to identify the thermal performance of building during PCM usage. The results indicated that inclusion of RBDFA in construction gives positive effect in maintaining less temperature variation at indoor. Practical application: Phase change materials are substances capable of storing or releasing thermal energy as latent heat. Phase change material has wide applications in many fields, such as building envelope design to reduce ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) energy consumption in buildings, solar energy utilization, waste heat recovery, thermo-regulated smart textiles, and active and passive cooling of electronic devices.
Macroeconomic Modelling of Emerging Scenarios for India’s Twelfth Five-Year Plan
Authors: Bhide Shashanka , Parida Purna Chandra 
Published: October 2014

India’s 12th Five-Year Plan (2012–13 to 2016–17) emphasises ‘faster, sustainable and more inclusive growth’. The GDP growth target for the Plan was initially fixed at 9 per cent and later revised to 8 per cent against the backdrop of significant contraction of domestic output during the first two years of the Plan period. The Plan document has set a target of achieving a 2 percentage point reduction in poverty per annum. However, the document has cautioned that achieving the revised growth target also needs special efforts and structural reforms in the economic, social and political systems. For the first time, the Planning Commission has proposed to work on ‘scenario planning’ for the 12th Plan. It has proposed three scenarios: ‘The Flotilla Advances’, ‘Muddling Along’ and ‘Falling Apart’. The main thrust of scenario analysis is to highlight the need for specific interventions in policy to achieve the goals of the Plan. Using the macroeconometric model developed by the National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER) in India, the study finds that GDP growth rate will decline significantly under the Falling Apart scenario compared with the other two scenarios. As a result, poverty reduction is expected to be marginal under this scenario. The Falling Apart scenario will also lead to an unsustainable fiscal and current account deficit situation over the medium term. The other important finding of the study is that investment in social infrastructure (education and health) and physical infrastructure would not only achieve higher economic growth but also sustain it in the long term and both infrastructures have a similar impact on growth. JEL Classification: B22, O21, E37
Determinants of Yields on Government Securities in India
Authors: Dua Pami , Raje Nishita 
Published: October 2014

This article examines the determinants of government yields in India using weekly data from April 2001 through June 2012. The analysis covers treasury bills with residual maturity of 15–91 days and government securities of residual maturity 1, 5 and 10 years. The empirical estimates show that a long-run relationship exists between each of these interest rates and the policy rate, rate of growth of money supply, inflation, interest rate spread, foreign interest rate and forward premium. At the same time, the empirical results show that the relative importance of the determinants varies across the maturity spectrum. The normalised generalised variance decompositions suggest that the policy rate and the rate of growth of high powered money are more important in explaining the proportion of variation in shorter-term interest rates than the longer-term rates. The weight of the forward premium also diminishes as we move towards higher maturity interest rates. The inflation rate becomes relatively less important in explaining variations in the yields as the maturity of the security increases. The yield spread, on the other hand, is more important in explaining the longer-term rates. The results also show that a large proportion of the variation in the rates on the 5-year and 10-year government securities is attributed to the interest rate itself, suggesting that the unexplained variation may be a result of cyclical factors that are relatively more important for longer-term rates but are not captured by the yield spread and are omitted from the estimations in this article due to the high frequency of data employed here. JEL Classification: C5, E43
Macroeconomic Policy: Implications for Inclusive Growth
Authors: Goyal Ashima 
Published: October 2014

This article addresses the issue of past and future types of monetary-fiscal coordination that can deliver inclusive growth and low inflation in the Indian context. After India’s Independence, monetary policy was subordinated to planned development and, therefore, implicitly directed at inclusion. But large areas of the economy were still not monetised, and the modern sector was small. So inclusion was about expanding the sphere of the modern economy. Once a populous emerging market (EM) crosses a critical threshold and high catch-up growth is established, higher labour mobility blurs the distinction between the formal and informal sectors. A macroeconomics of the aggregate economy becomes both necessary and feasible. Since monetary policy affects a larger part of the economy, it can directly affect inclusion by affecting the pace of job creation. But bottlenecks that raise costs, pushing up the price at which any level of output is available, can force monetary tightening. If fiscal policies are redesigned for active inclusion that expands human capacity, makes more productive labour available, and reduces wasteful distortions, monetary policy can better support the objective of inclusive growth. The change in the type and efficacy of government policies designed for inclusion required has become politically and technologically feasible. JEL Classification: E63, E31, O11, O23
Angiotensin II, via angiotensin receptor type 1/nuclear factor-κB activation, causes a synergistic effect on interleukin-1-β-induced inflammatory responses in cultured mesangial cells
Authors: Alique Matilde , Sánchez-López Elsa , Rayego-Mateos Sandra , Egido Jesús , Ortiz Alberto , Ruiz-Ortega Marta 
Published: October 2014

Introduction: The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is an important regulator of the inflammatory response. Angiotensin II (Ang II) activates the NF-κB pathway linked to renal inflammation. Although both AT1 and AT2 receptors are involved in Ang II-mediated NF-κB activation, the biological processes mediated by each receptor are not fully characterized. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is an important macrophage-derived cytokine that regulates immune and inflammatory processes, activating intracellular pathways shared with Ang II, including the NF-κB. Materials and methods: In vitro studies were done in primary cultured rat mesangial cells. NF-κB pathway was evaluated by phosphorylated levels of p65/IκB and DNA binding activity. The Ang II receptor subtype was determined by pretreatment with AT1 and AT2 antagonists. Results: In mesangial cells the simultaneous presence of Ang II and IL-1β caused a synergistic activation of the NF-κB pathway and a marked upregulation of proinflammatory factors under NF-κB control, including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. The AT1, but not AT2, antagonist abolished the synergistic effect on NF-κB activation and proinflammatory genes caused by coincubation of Ang II and IL-1β. Conclusions: These data indicates that Ang II, via AT1/NF-κB pathway activation, cooperates with IL-β to increase the inflammatory response in mesangial cells.
Relationship between CYP11B2-344T>C polymorphsim and atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis
Authors: Fu Xiaodan , Ma Xiangyu , Zhong Li , Song Zhiyuan 
Published: October 2014

Introduction: The aldosterone synthase ( CYP11B2)-344T>C gene polymorphism has been reported to influence the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) in many studies; however, the results remain controversial and ambiguous. Materials and methods: We therefore carried out a meta-analysis of published case-control studies to investigate the association between CYP11B2-344T>C polymorphism and AF susceptibility. Electronic searches were conducted on links between this variant and AF in several databases. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for homozygous, dominant model, recessive model and allele were calculated to estimate the strength of associations in fixed and random effect models. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also assessed. Results: A total of nine case-control studies were identified. The C allele was associated with an increased susceptibility risk of AF compared with the T allele among hypertension populations (OR=1.26; 95% CI=1.09–1.45). The contrast of homozygotes and the recessive model produced the same pattern of results as the allele contrast. In the hypertension population, a significant association was found for the genetic models that were examined. Conclusions: Our pooled data suggest a significant association exists between CYP11B2-344T>C polymorphism and AF among hypertension populations.
An American Indian Community Implements the Chronic Care Model
Authors: Langwell Kathryn , Keene Catherine , Zullo Matthew , Ogu Linda Chioma 
Published: October 2014

The chronic care model (CCM) has been initiated most frequently in clinical settings with outreach to the community to obtain involvement and guidance. Implementation of the CCM by communities that reach out to clinicians and develop linkages and coordination to improve care for community members with chronic conditions is less frequently observed. This commentary describes the implementation of the CCM by the Eastern Shoshone Tribe of the Wind River Indian Reservation. The design emphasized community-based leadership, with the Tribe having the primary role in developing and implementing culturally tailored community self-management supports, improving linkages with Indian Health Service (IHS) clinicians and cultural knowledge of providers, and developing a coalition of organizations with additional resources to create a more comprehensive system of diabetes care for Tribal members with diabetes. Results indicate that community-initiated implementation of the CCM can be an effective strategy for creating a comprehensive community-clinical system of care for community members with diabetes. Overall, by the fourth implementation year, approximately 25% of Tribal members with diabetes had participated in the program and 28% of people on the Diabetes Registry had HbA1c levels above 9.0 compared to 32% before the Wind River ARDD program. The success of the Wind River program suggests that community-driven approaches are a valuable strategy in our nation’s efforts to eliminate health disparities and ensure equal and fair access to quality health care for all citizens.
The antibacterial effect of 2-octyl cyanoacrylate (Dermabond®) skin adhesive
Authors: Rushbrook Jeremy L , White Grace , Kidger Lizi , Marsh Philip , Taggart Thomas FO 
Published: October 2014

Dermabond® is a tissue adhesive commonly used for wound or surgical incision closure. Its use has previously been associated with a reduction in wound infection, and it has been thought to act as a physical barrier to bacteria accessing the wound. This study aimed to establish whether the Dermabond® adhesive demonstrated any intrinsic antimicrobial properties. Solidified pellets of Dermabond® were placed on standardised Agar plates cultured with a variety of pathogens. Inhibition of growth was demonstrated against Gram-positive bacteria. Culture swabs taken from the inhibition rings demonstrated no growth, suggesting that Dermabond has a bactericidal mechanism of action. Based on the design of this study, the results suggest that Dermabond® demonstrates bactericidal properties against Gram-positive bacteria. Its use for wound closure following surgical intervention may reduce postoperative wound infection by Gram-positive organisms.
The Impact of Superior Labral Anterior to Posterior Lesions on Functional Status in Shoulder Instability
Authors: Gaudelli Cinzia , Hébert-Davies Jonah , Balg Frédéric , Pelet Stéphane , Djahangiri Ali , Godbout Véronique , Rouleau Dominique M. 
Published: October 2014

Background: Type IV superior labral anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesions, which are superior labral detachments associated with Bankart tears, are reported to occur in up to 25% of recurrent shoulder instability patients. However, the clinical implications of this finding are debatable. Purpose: To determine whether there are any functional differences between anterior instability patients with and without type IV SLAP lesions at the time of presentation and at short-term follow-up after surgical intervention. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A prospective, multicenter database was established to follow the clinical evolution of patients with shoulder instability. Patients were diagnosed as having a type IV SLAP lesion at the time of arthroscopic Bankart surgery (SLAP+). These patients were compared with a group of patients who simply had a Bankart lesion (SLAP–). The 2 groups had their functional outcomes (Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index [WOSI]; Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand [QuickDASH]; and Walch-Duplay) compared prior to surgery and 1 year postoperatively. Results: A total of 103 subjects were included in the study; of these, 56 (43 men, 13 women) completed 1-year follow-up. Twenty-three subjects had a type IV SLAP tear, and most had this repaired along with their Bankart lesion. At baseline, SLAP+ subjects had inferior QuickDASH scores compared with SLAP– subjects (37.8 vs 29.0) as well as poorer pain subscores on both the WOSI and QuickDASH. At 1-year follow-up, however, there were no significant differences in any of the outcome measures. Conclusion: A type IV SLAP lesion can be expected in 22% of patients with recurrent shoulder instability. This finding implies that at baseline, the patient will have slightly worse functional scores related to pain. However, following surgical management of the labral pathology, these patients will have equivalent functional outcomes at short-term follow-up. Clinical Relevance: With surgical management of the superior and anteroinferior labrum, patients with type IV SLAP lesions will do as well as those with only Bankart tears. Thus, the presence of SLAP lesions should not alter the decision to provide surgical management and should not change the prognosis for a specific patient.
Filamin A interaction with the CXCR4 third intracellular loop regulates endocytosis and signaling of WT and WHIM-like receptors
Authors: Gómez-Moutón Concepción , Fischer Thierry , Peregil Rosa M. , Jiménez-Baranda Sonia , Stossel Thomas P. , Nakamura Fumihiko , Mañes Santos 
Published: October 2014

Key PointsFilamin A interacts directly with the third intracellular loop and the C-terminal tail of CXCR4. Disruption of FLNA binding to the ICL3 attenuates signaling and restores CXCL12-mediated endocytosis of WHIM-like CXCR4 receptor mutants.
Spatial-temporal distribution of salinity and temperature in the Oued Loukkos estuary, Morocco: using vertical salinity gradient for estuary classification
Authors: Geawhari Mohamed Ali , Huff Lloyd , Mhammdi Nadia , Trakadas Athena , Ammar Abdellah 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Background
Several different classifications to characterize estuarine systems have been proposed. In this present paper, one of the most important estuaries in North Africa, the Oued Loukkos (Morocco), forms a case-study for proposing a systematic classification of this particular tidal estuary according to the vertical salinity gradient.

Findings
This study, conducted using a CTD, shows that the spatial-temporal distribution of salinity depends on the stage of the tide and the upstream distance from the mouth of the river. In this case, it is also evident that the morphology of the bottom was capable of impacting the distribution of salinity by locally changing the water circulation.

Conclusions
Based on the vertical salinity gradient measurement, the Oued Loukkos represents an estuarine environment with one section near its mouth that can be characterized as a mixed mesotidal estuary and another section upstream which can be characterized as a stratified mesotidal estuary. Between, there is an intermediate zone with a low vertical gradient of salinity, classified as a partially mixed mesotidal estuary. When the effect of terrestrial inputs is low compared to marine inputs, the river bed topography plays a role in the stratification of salinity by either disrupting the vertical stratification of the water or by changing the lateral distribution of salinity. The proposed classification deepens our hydrological knowledge and provides descriptive labels to the Oued Loukkos estuary. It provides a valid starting point for predicting the environmental impact of future recreational, agricultural and commercial activities on the estuary.
Self-organized Superstructure and Electronic Properties of a Liquid-crystalline Tetraazapentacene Derivative
Authors: Isoda Kyosuke , Abe Tomonori , Kawamoto Ippei , Tadokoro Makoto 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Herein, we report the syntheses and characterization of liquid-crystalline (LC) 5,6,13,14-tetraazapentacene (BTANC) derivatives. A LC BTANC derivative self-organized to form a layered smectic A LC phase over a wide temperature range, including room temperature. Cyclic voltammetry of the LC BTANC derivate showed a reversible two-step and two-electron transfer in the reduction region. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the derivatives of LC BTANC.
A Mild CuCl-catalyzed Glaser-type Homocoupling Reaction: Air Oxidation and Room Temperature
Authors: Chen Xi , Zhang Hailong , Chen Jinping , Gong Hang 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A mild and efficient Cu(I)-catalyzed Glaser-type homocoupling reaction is described. Various terminal alkynes can be transformed into the corresponding 1,3-diynes in good to excellent yields. The reaction is carried out in air at room temperature and is operationally simple.
Liquid Flow and Mixing in Bottom Regions of Baffled and Unbaffled Vessels Agitated by Turbine-Type Impeller
Authors: Yoshida Masanori , Shimada Naoki , Kanno Rei , Matsuura Satoshi , Otake Yohei 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
For a vessel agitated by the turbine-type impeller, the liquid flow and mixing in the bottom region were studied for comparison between conditions with and without baffles. Visualization of the flow and its measurement were done using particle tracking velocimetry. The flow along the bottom surface of the unbaffled vessel was observed to be more intensified than that of the baffled one. The related local energy dissipation was larger and the effective energy transmission was indicated for the condition without the baffles. For the unbaffled vessel, enhancement of micromixing near the bottom was demonstrated through a mixing experiment in a system involving chemical reactions.