bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Cash Benefits on Health Care Utilization and Health
Authors: Agarwal Sumit D. , Cook Benjamin Lê , Liebman Jeffrey B. 
Published: July 2024

ImportancePoverty is associated with greater barriers to health care and worse health outcomes, but it remains unclear whether income support can improve health.ObjectiveTo examine the effect of cash benefits on health care utilization and health.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThe City of Chelsea, Massachusetts, a low-income community near Boston, randomly assigned individuals by lottery to receive cash benefits. Participants’ medical records were linked across multiple health systems. Outcomes were assessed during the intervention period from November 24, 2020, to August 31, 2021.InterventionCash benefits via debit card of up to $400 per month for 9 months.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was emergency department visits. Secondary outcomes included specific types of emergency department visits, outpatient use overall and by specialty, COVID-19 vaccination, and biomarkers such as cholesterol levels.ResultsAmong 2880 individuals who applied for the lottery, mean age was 45.1 years and 77% were female. The 1746 participants randomized to receive the cash benefits had significantly fewer emergency department visits compared with the control group (217.1 vs 317.5 emergency department visits per 1000 persons; adjusted difference, −87.0 per 1000 persons [95% CI, −160.2 to −13.8]). This included reductions in emergency department visits related to behavioral health (−21.6 visits per 1000 persons [95% CI, −40.2 to −3.1]) and substance use (−12.8 visits per 1000 persons [95% CI, −25.0 to −0.6]) as well as those that resulted in a hospitalization (−27.3 visits per 1000 persons [95% CI, −53.6 to −1.1]). The cash benefit had no statistically significant effect on total outpatient visits (424.3 visits per 1000 persons [95% CI, −118.6 to 967.2]), visits to primary care (−90.4 visits per 1000 persons [95% CI, −308.1 to 127.2]), or outpatient behavioral health (83.5 visits per 1000 persons [95% CI, −182.9 to 349.9]). Outpatient visits to other subspecialties were higher in the cash benefit group compared with the control group (303.1 visits per 1000 persons [95% CI, 32.9 to 573.2]), particularly for individuals without a car. The cash benefit had no statistically significant effect on COVID-19 vaccination, blood pressure, body weight, glycated hemoglobin, or cholesterol level.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this randomized study, individuals who received a cash benefit had significantly fewer emergency department visits, including those related to behavioral health and substance use, fewer admissions to the hospital from the emergency department, and increased use of outpatient subspecialty care. Study results suggest that policies that seek to alleviate poverty by providing income support may have important benefits for health and access to care.
Bullying victimization and bullying perpetration, social anxiety, and social withdrawal in Portuguese adolescents: A reciprocal association model
Authors: Sousa Mariana , Cruz Sara , Inman Richard , Marchante Marta , Coelho Vítor Alexandre 
Published: July 2024

AbstractFurther research is needed to clarify the association of the different forms of bullying with social anxiety and social withdrawal over time in adolescents. This two‐wave panel study with a 1‐year time lag (October 2021–October 2022) examined the cross‐lagged relationships between bullying victimization and bullying perpetration, social anxiety (i.e., fear or distress in social situations), and social withdrawal (i.e., consistent, and deliberate social solitude). Participants were 485 middle school students (234 girls) attending the seventh or eighth grade at Time 1 (T1) (Mage = 12.67 years, SD = 1.14 years). Social anxiety and social withdrawal were assessed using subscales of the Social and Emotional Competencies Evaluation Questionnaire. Bullying perpetration and bullying victimization were assessed using the Bullying and Cyberbullying Behavior Questionnaire–Short Form. The within‐wave associations between the study variables were similar at T1 and Time 2 (T2), with the exception that the association between bullying perpetration and social anxiety was much weaker at T1 than at T2. The results of the path analysis showed that T1 bullying perpetration predicted T2 social anxiety, and that T1 bullying victimization predicted T2 social withdrawal. We also found a reciprocal relationship between social anxiety and social withdrawal. These findings highlight the importance of preventive and remediation interventions to reduce social anxiety in adolescents who engage in and experience bullying behavior.
Investigating cortical hypoxia in multiple sclerosis via time‐domain near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Williams Thomas , Lange Frédéric , Smith Kenneth J. , Tachtsidis Ilias , Chataway Jeremy 
Published: July 2024

AbstractObjectivesHypoperfusion and tissue hypoxia have been implicated as contributory mechanisms in the neuropathology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Our objective has been to study cortical oxygenation in vivo in patients with MS and age‐matched controls.MethodsA custom, multiwavelength time‐domain near‐infrared spectroscopy system was developed for assessing tissue hypoxia from the prefrontal cortex. A cross‐sectional case–control study was undertaken assessing patients with secondary progressive MS (SPMS) and age‐matched controls. Co‐registered magnetic resonance imaging was used to verify the location from which near‐infrared spectroscopy data were obtained through Monte Carlo simulations of photon propagation. Additional clinical assessments of MS disease severity were carried out by trained neurologists. Linear mixed effect models were used to compare cortical oxygenation between cases and controls, and against measures of MS severity.ResultsThirty‐three patients with secondary progressive MS (median expanded disability status scale 6 [IQR: 5–6.5]; median age 53.0 [IQR: 49–58]) and 20 age‐matched controls were recruited. Modeling of photon propagation confirmed spectroscopy data were obtained from the prefrontal cortex. Patients with SPMS had significantly lower cortical hemoglobin oxygenation compared with controls (−6.0% [95% CI: −10.0 to −1.9], P = 0.004). There were no significant associations between cortical oxygenation and MS severity.InterpretationUsing an advanced, multiwavelength time‐domain near‐infrared spectroscopy system, we demonstrate that patients with SPMS have lower cortical oxygenation compared with controls.
Inhibiting the Deep Reconstruction of Ni‐Based Interface by Coordination of Chalcogen Anions for Efficient and Stable Glycerol Electrooxidation
Authors: Wang Shuo , Yan Yong , Du Yongping , Zhao Yuguo , Li Tongxian , Wang Dong , Schaaf Peter , Wang Xiayan 
Published: July 2024

AbstractRecently, Ni‐based chalcogenides havedemonstrated remarkable activity and selectivity for alcohol electrooxidation, but the mechanisms remain debated. This study synthesizes Ni‐based electrodeswith different chalcogen anion coordination on nickel nanorod arrays (NiOx/Ni,NiSx/Ni, and NiSex/Ni NRAs). NiSex/Ni NRAsshowcases superior performance (Faradaic efficiency 92.9%) in glycerolelectrooxidation reaction (GOR). In situ spectroscopy reveals that NiSecoordination inhibits deep oxidative reconstruction of the Ni‐based interface, preventingNiOOH phase formation during GOR, enhancing activity and stability of NiSex/NiNRAs. Conversely, NiS and NiO coordination lead to deep reconstruction with NiOOHphase formation, limiting GOR performance. Differently, during competingreaction of GOR, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) leads to deepreconstruction of NiSex interface due to the instability of Ni‐Sebonds, inducing performance degradation and dissolution of Se components. Furthermechanism investigation elucidates that the rate‐determining step (RDS) ofGOR at the NiSex interface involves oxidation of *C2H3O3 intermediatesthrough H2O adsorption, favoring stable formate production.Contrarily, the RDS at the NiSx, NiOx, and NiOOHinterfaces predominantly focus on the decarboxylation of multi‐carbon intermediates, raisingenergy barriers and over‐oxidizing formate to CO2. These results providenew insights for designing Ni‐based non‐oxide catalysts forefficient and stable electrocatalytic oxidation.
Multifunctional Hydrogel Based on Silk Fibroin Promotes Tissue Repair and Regeneration
Authors: Lin Demin , Li Muqing , Wang Lulu , Cheng Jialing , Yang Yanfang , Wang Hongliang , Ye Jun , Liu Yuling 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe creation of functional hydrogels with robust load‐bearing capacity adaptable to complex tissue regeneration remains challenging. Silk fibroin (SF) is a natural biomaterial with excellent mechanical strength and cell adhesion capacity, possessing tremendous potential to solve the aforementioned dilemma. The excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility and the molecular structure with multiple modifiable moieties provide opportunities for the injectability and multifunctionality of hydrogels. Furthermore, the incorporation of other polymers or active ingredients can improve the basic properties, confer biological activities and pharmacological effects, and provide the prerequisites for hydrogels to fulfill specific requirements. Therefore, SF‐based hydrogels are widely applied in tissue repair and regeneration, especially in bone, skin, nerve, liver, myocardium, and cornea, which have effectively addressed the challenges of scaffolds' lack of cell adhesion sites, excessive degradation, as well as the lack of efficient, long‐lasting antimicrobial properties. This review outlines the properties of SF, discusses the types of materials commonly used in the preparation of hydrogels and their characteristics, and describes the current construction methods of SF hydrogels. Simultaneously, recent advancements in applying SF‐based multifunctional hydrogels within biological tissues are explored, with a focus on their role in tissue repair, highlighting the repair mechanism of SF based on bone and skin.
Interactions of Clay Minerals with Biomolecules and Protocells Complex Structures in the Origin of Life: A Review
Authors: Yan Ying , Yang Huaming 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe origin of life (OoL) has always been a mysterious and challenging topic that puzzles human beings. Clay minerals have unique properties and wide distribution in early Earth environments. They can not only adsorb biological small molecules to catalyze their polymerization, but play an active role in the formation and evolution of protocells. In this review, the research progress on the interactions of clay minerals with biomolecules and protocells complex structures in the field of the OoL based on chemical evolution theory is summarized. The types, structures and properties of clay minerals, biological molecules and protocell models related to the OoL are introduced in detail. The mechanism of interaction between clay minerals and biological molecules, the construction of protocells and the role of clay minerals in the formation, structure and stability of protocells are systematically described. Finally, the future research priorities and challenges in the field of OoL based on clay minerals, biomolecules and protocells are discussed. It is aspired that this review can further advance the exploration of the OoL from a new perspective, and can also bring some interesting findings and ideas to the interdisciplinary research of materials, biology, chemistry and other related disciplines.Clay minerals have a variety of interactions with small biomolecules, which can be used as structural and functional templates to promote the organic synthesis of biomolecules and the formation and evolution of protocells, playing a non‐negligible role in the field of the OoL.
Multifunctional Power Generators beyond Moisture Limitation
Authors: Liu Yanhui , Li Zihao , Yang Xijia , Yang Yue , Li Xuesong , Jiang Yi , Gao Yang , Wang Liying , Lü Wei 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe moisture‐enabled electricity generators (MEGs) represent an appealing clean power strategy within the realm of hydrovoltaic technology. However, their stable operation under all‐weather conditions is still challengeable due to the effect of ambient humidity. Herein, a self‐water‐storage MEGs with multifunctionality was developed. Gel textiles are employed as the proton‐release layer, while graphite fibers loaded with tin‐bismuth alloy liquid metal serve as water‐storing electrode. The gel textiles absorb water permeating down from the electrodes, releasing protons, which then react with the active electrode to enhance output performance. The experiment demonstrates that a device can generate a voltage of 0.55 V and a current of 7.08 μA after water storage, with a maximum power density of 1.14 μW·cm‐². The device's performance output can remain stable within a wide temperature range. The experiment confirms that the electrical output of the device originates from ionic diffusion, while density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) calculations reveal the importance of the strong hydrolysis ability of the polymer and the high adsorption energy of the liquid metal for H3O+ on the output performance of the device. Furthermore, the integrated device has demonstrated effective applications in driving microelectronic devices, charging capacitors and, self‐powered health monitoring.
Unlocking Chlorine Oxide‐Based Ultra‐Wideband Near‐Infrared Phosphor and Advancing Spectral Performance via Lattice Engineering
Authors: Zhao Qianqian , Xia Wenqi , Du Longsheng , Du Feng , Leng Zhihua , Xie Huidong , Tang Zuobin 
Published: July 2024

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR) phosphor‐converted light–emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs) are increasingly used in night vision, surveillance, and biomedicine. A major challenge is to identify a phosphor that efficiently converts blue light into wideband NIR emission. In this paper, a rare‐earth divalent europium (Eu2+)‐activated halogen oxide (Sr3GeO4Cl2) phosphor is unlocked via a high‐temperature solid‐state reaction. The Sr3GeO4Cl2:Eu2+ phosphor emits a wide spectrum (500–950 nm) with a peak at 700 nm when excited by 450 nm blue light. Extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis reveals that the NIR emission primarily originates from Eu2+ ions, and the Eu─O bond length closely resembles the Sr─O bond length. Lattice engineering, specifically Ge/Si cation substitution, increased Eu2+ incorporation into the crystal lattice, boosting luminescence intensity by 75%–122% and quantum efficiency from 15% to 26%. This is related to the combined effect of reduced non‐radiative energy transfer and changes in the local lattice structure of Eu2+. A NIR pc‐LED device using the optimized phosphor showed a photoelectric efficiency of 16.5% and an optical output of 25.07 mW at 100 mA. This study not only explores new Eu2+‐activated NIR phosphors but also highlights the importance of crystal engineering to enhance luminescence properties, guiding future research for efficient NIR pc‐LED development.
Carbon Dots in the Pathological Microenvironment: ROS Producers or Scavengers?
Authors: Dong Chen , Wang Yanan , Chen Tianxiang , Ren Wenzhi , Gao Changyong , Ma Xuehua , Gao Xiang , Wu Aiguo 
Published: July 2024

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS), as metabolic byproducts, play pivotal role in physiological and pathological processes. Recently, studies on the regulation of ROS levels for disease treatments have attracted extensive attention, mainly involving the ROS‐induced toxicity therapy mediated by ROS producers and antioxidant therapy by ROS scavengers. Nanotechnology advancements have led to the development of numerous nanomaterials with ROS‐modulating capabilities, among which carbon dots (CDs) standing out as noteworthy ROS‐modulating nanomedicines own their distinctive physicochemical properties, high stability, and excellent biocompatibility. Despite progress in treating ROS‐related diseases based on CDs, critical issues such as rational design principles for their regulation remain underexplored. The primary cause of these issues may stem from the intricate amalgamation of core structure, defects, and surface states, inherent to CDs, which poses challenges in establishing a consistent generalization. This review succinctly summarizes the recently progress of ROS‐modulated approaches using CDs in disease treatment. Specifically, it investigates established therapeutic strategies based on CDs‐regulated ROS, emphasizing the interplay between intrinsic structure and ROS generation or scavenging ability. The conclusion raises several unresolved key scientific issues and prominent technological bottlenecks, and explores future perspectives for the comprehensive development of CDs‐based ROS‐modulating therapy.
Effective Dissolution of a Gaseous Odorant in Liquid Using Gas Flow
Authors: Nakane Takuma , Osaki Toshihisa , Mimura Hisatoshi , Takamori Sho , Miki Norihisa , Takeuchi Shoji 
Published: July 2024

AbstractOlfactory receptors are known for their high specificity, sensitivity, and nanometer‐sized sensing element, making them ideal for in situ odorant sensor applications. However, one of the major limitations of these sensors is the requirement for an aqueous environment to maintain their function, while most odorants are poorly soluble in water. To address this issue, a microfluidic device consisting of a gas‐flow channel and a microwell is proposed that enables the effective dissolution of a gaseous odorant in an aqueous solution. Computational simulations are used to design the gas‐flow channel and the well, and the performance of the odorant dissolution is verified using the fabricated device. This study considers that convection in water induced by the gas flow enhances the dissolution of a gaseous odorant. The feasibility of the device is demonstrated for on‐site detection of a gaseous odorant. This approach facilitates the development of highly responsive and portable sensors utilizing olfactory receptors, offering a promising solution to the limitations of current odorant sensors.
Chip‐Scale Optically Pumped Magnetometry Enabled by Tailorable Elliptical Dichroism Metasurface
Authors: Hu Jinsheng , Liang Zihua , Zhou Peng , Liu Lu , Hu Gen , Ye Mao 
Published: July 2024

AbstractEmerging miniaturized optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) are becoming one of the most desirable approaches for biomagnetic imaging, especially for OPM with elliptically polarized light, which promises single‐light optical pumping and detection with high sensitivity. However, conventional schemes of this kind require a set of bulk polarization optics and tedious adjustment procedures, which compromise the system's compactness and practicality. In this paper, a novel chip‐scale OPM scheme that leverages the monolithic elliptical meta‐polarizer is presented and experimentally demonstrated. The meta‐polarizer with a side length of 3 mm is laid out on a 2 × 2 cm2 glass wafer. It offers the capability to convert arbitrary incident polarization into the desired elliptical polarization and exhibits a tailorable elliptical dichroism (ED) of ≈0.77 at the wavelength of 795 nm. A 4 × 4 × 4 mm3 vapor cell containing 87Rb and N2 is combined with this elliptical meta‐polarizer to construct a miniaturized OPM. The sensitivity of this sensor reaches approximately 13 fT/Hz1/2 in a four‐layer magnetic shield with a dynamic range near zero magnetic field ≈ ±0.55 nT. By exploiting the advantages of planar integrated optics, reduced footprints and scalability are promised. And this work paves the way for the integration of emerging quantum sensors on a chip.
Tetrahedral Structure Based on Triphenylgermanium for Quenching‐Resistant Multi‐Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters
Authors: Ni Hua‐Xiu , Zhu Jia‐Zhen , Hu Jia‐Jun , Yuan Li , Liao Xiang‐Ji , Xing Shuai , Zheng You‐Xuan 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe rigid planar architecture of multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) molecules employing boron/nitrogen (B/N) frameworks typically results in severe aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) and spectral broadening. Herein, a steric modification strategy is proposed by incorporating a tetrahedral architecture of triphenylgermanium (TPhGe) into the para‐position of B/N/N, B/N/O, and B/N/S frameworks for the first time, formed three MR‐TADF emitters, BNNGe, BNOGe, and BNSGe, with narrowband emissions ranging from bluish‐green to pure blue. Consequently, these emitters exhibit high photoluminescence quantum yields of > 90% in doped films. Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on BNNGe, BNOGe, and BNSGe demonstrate impressive maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEmaxs) of 30.1% to 15.5%, and 20.7%, respectively. The unique tetrahedral TPhGe moiety, with its bulky size conformation, effectively separates adjacent MR‐TADF molecules, resulting in efficient luminescence across a broad range of doping concentrations (5–30 wt%) in doped films, thereby successfully suppressing the ACQ in devices. Furthermore, OLEDs containing BNSGe display low‐efficiency roll‐offs because of higher spin‐orbital coupling and reverse intersystem crossing rates of the emitter, attributed to the heavy atom effect. Notably, the device with 5 wt% BNOGe exhibits a pure blue emission peaking at 461 nm, with a narrow full‐width at half‐maximum of 32 nm.
Off‐Stoichiometry Synthesis of 0D Metal Halide Polycrystals for High‐Performance X‐Ray Imaging
Authors: Wang Yongquan , Wang Yulong , Zhan Xinjiang , Shi Huaiyao , Zhu Wenjuan , Chen Bing , Liu Shujuan , Xu Xiuwen , Zhao Qiang 
Published: July 2024

Abstract0D organic–inorganic metal halides (OIMHs) with intriguing luminescence encoded in their diverse crystal structure open wide opportunities for next‐generation optoelectronics. Yet, this structural diversity makes their precise synthesis challenging. Here, a facile yet efficient off‐stoichiometry antisolvent precipitation protocol is devised to synthesize pure Bmpip2PbBr4 (Bmpip = 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpiperidinium) polycrystals. Optical investigations reveal that the key to suppressing the by‐product, Bmpip9[Pb3Br11][PbBr4]2, generally occurring in a typical stoichiometric synthesis is to create a Br‐rich environment to promote the [PbBr4]2− formation while suppressing the formation of [Pb3Br11]5−. Moreover, this off‐sociometric protocol can be extended to the precise synthesis of Bzmim3SbCl6 (Bzmim = 1‐benzyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) polycrystals through the meticulous control of [SbCl6]3− formation in the solution. The resulting Bzmim3SbCl6 polycrystals show a nominal light yield of 24600 photons MeV−1, which is 6.8 times higher than that of its by‐product, namely Bzmim2SbCl5, and outperforms that of commercial LuAG:Ce. As a result, the scintillators made of Bzmim3SbCl6@PMMA achieve a decent spatial resolution of 8.3 lp mm−1. This work highlights the importance of regulating the metal polyhalide intermediates in precisely synthesizing 0D OIMHs.