bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studying Your Own Country: Social Scientific Knowledge for Our Times and Places
Authors: Noël Alain 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPolitical science is both a generalizing and an anchored, nationally defined, discipline. Too often, the first perspective tends to crowd out the latter, because it appears more prestigious, objective, or scientific. Behind the international/national dichotomy, there are indeed rival conceptions of social science and important ontological, epistemological and methodological assumptions. This article discusses these assumptions and stresses the critical contribution of idiographic, single-outcome studies, the importance of producing relevant, usable knowledge and the distinctive implications of studying one's own country, where a scholar is also a citizen, involved in more encompassing national conversations. The aim is not to reject the generalizing, international perspective, or even the comparative approach, but rather to reaffirm the importance of maintaining as well, and in fact celebrating, the production of social scientific knowledge directly relevant for our own times and places.
DIRECTLY FINITE ALGEBRAS OF PSEUDOFUNCTIONS ON LOCALLY COMPACT GROUPS
Authors: CHOI YEMON 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAn algebraAis said to be directly finite if each left-invertible element in the (conditional) unitization ofAis right invertible. We show that the reduced group C*-algebra of a unimodular group is directly finite, extending known results for the discrete case. We also investigate the corresponding problem for algebras ofp-pseudofunctions, showing that these algebras are directly finite ifGis amenable and unimodular, or unimodular with the Kunze–Stein property. An exposition is also given of how existing results from the literature imply thatL1(G) is not directly finite whenGis the affine group of either the real or complex line.
MAPS PRESERVING THE LOCAL SPECTRUM OF PRODUCT OF OPERATORS
Authors: BOURHIM ABDELLATIF , MASHREGHI JAVAD 
Published: December 2014

AbstractLetXandYbe infinite-dimensional complex Banach spaces, and${\mathcal B}$(X) (resp.${\mathcal B}$(Y)) be the algebra of all bounded linear operators onX(resp. onY). For an operatorT∈${\mathcal B}$(X) and a vectorx∈X, let σT(x) denote the local spectrum ofTatx. For two nonzero vectorsx0∈Xandy0∈Y, we show that a map ϕ from${\mathcal B}$(X) onto${\mathcal B}$(Y) satisfies$ \sigma_{\varphi(T)\varphi(S)}(y_0)~=~\sigma_{TS}(x_0),~(T,~S\in{\mathcal B}(X)), $if and only if there exists a bijective bounded linear mappingAfromXintoYsuch thatAx0=y0and either ϕ(T) =ATA−1or ϕ(T) = -ATA−1for allT∈${\mathcal B}$(X).
The Right of Return: Chinese displaced persons and the International Refugee Organization, 1947–56
Authors: OYEN MEREDITH 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis article examines the rise of the international refugee regime in Asia, focusing on the work of the International Refugee Organization in repatriating overseas Chinese from mainland China back to their homes in Southeast Asia from 1947 to 1956. It looks both at how the International Refugee Organization inherited this repatriation project from its predecessor—the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration—and its survival after a civil war installed a new, Communist government on the Chinese mainland. Doing so reveals the extent to which both Chinese governments had to rely on outside assistance to fulfil an important task of maintaining positive ties between Chinese abroad and the homeland. Using research from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs archives in Beijing and Taipei, as well as records from relevant parties in the British and American governments, this article places the repatriation programme and the larger efforts of the International Refugee Organization in Asia in a broader context of regional foreign relations and the origins of the Cold War.
Oxford Philosophy in the 1950s
Authors: Searle John R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDuring the period roughly of the 1950s Oxford was generally regarded as the most important center of philosophy in the world, the one where the most interesting philosophical activity was going on. It was indeed so distinctive that the very name ‘Oxford Philosophy’ meant not just the philosophy that happened to be practiced in Oxford but a special kind of philosophy that gave a central importance to the study of language as the major topic of philosophical investigation. It is not an exaggeration to describe this period as a golden age of Oxford Philosophy. Quite by coincidence, my initial stay in Oxford from 1952–1959 happened to be during the high watermark of Oxford Philosophy.
Global Cultural Law and Policy in the Age of Ubiquitous Internet
Authors: Burri Mira 
Published: December 2014

Abstract:Digital technologies and the Internet in particular have transformed the ways we create, distribute, use, reuse, and consume cultural content; have impacted the workings of the cultural industries, and more generally the processes of making, experiencing, and remembering culture in local and global spaces. Yet, few of these, often profound, transformations have found reflection in law and institutional design. Cultural policy toolkits, in particular at the international level, are still very much offline and analog and conceive of culture as static property linked to national sovereignty and state boundaries. The article describes this state of affairs and asks the key question of whether there is a need to reform global cultural law and policy and if yes, what the essential elements of such a reform should be. The article is informed by the ongoing and vibrant digital copyright and creativity discourse1but seeks to address also the less discussed, non–intellectual property tools of the cultural policy package. It thematizes the complexity and the interconnectedness of different fields of policymaking, as various decisions critical to cultural processes are made by institutions without cultural mandate. While this problem is not entirely new and is naturally triggered by the intrinsic duality of cultural goods and services, the article argues that the digital networked environment has only accentuated complexity, spillover effects, and unintended consequences. The question is how to navigate this newly created and profoundly fluid space, so as to ensure the preservation and sustainable provision of culture. The article hopes to contribute to the process of finding answers to this taxing question by identifying a few essential elements that need to be taken into consideration when designing future-oriented cultural policy.
Imaging Samples in Silica Aerogel Using an Experimental Point Spread Function
Authors: White Amanda J. , Ebel Denton S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractLight microscopy is a powerful tool that allows for many types of samples to be examined in a rapid, easy, and nondestructive manner. Subsequent image analysis, however, is compromised by distortion of signal by instrument optics. Deconvolution of images prior to analysis allows for the recovery of lost information by procedures that utilize either a theoretically or experimentally calculated point spread function (PSF). Using a laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM), we have imaged whole impact tracks of comet particles captured in silica aerogel, a low density, porous SiO2 solid, by the NASA Stardust mission. In order to understand the dynamical interactions between the particles and the aerogel, precise grain location and track volume measurement are required. We report a method for measuring an experimental PSF suitable for three-dimensional deconvolution of imaged particles in aerogel. Using fluorescent beads manufactured into Stardust flight-grade aerogel, we have applied a deconvolution technique standard in the biological sciences to confocal images of whole Stardust tracks. The incorporation of an experimentally measured PSF allows for better quantitative measurements of the size and location of single grains in aerogel and more accurate measurements of track morphology.
Identification and characterization of the interactive proteins with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2α
Authors: Nga Bui Thi To , Luziga Claudius , Yamamoto Misa , Kusakabe Ken Takeshi , Yamamoto Yoshimi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractCytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2α (CTLA-2α) is a potent inhibitor of cathepsin L-like cysteine proteases. Recombinant CTLA-2α is known to be a potent, competitive inhibitor of cathepsin L-like cysteine proteases. In this study, cathepsin L, cathepsin C, and tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen-related protein 1 (TINAGL1) were identified as novel interactive proteins of CTLA-2α by the yeast two-hybrid screening system. The direct interactions and co-localization of these proteins with CTLA-2α were confirmed using co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. The disulfide-bonded CTLA-2α/cathepsin L complex was isolated from mouse tissue. CTLA-2α was found to be specific and consistently expressed on the maternal side of the mouse placenta. Double immunofluorescence analysis showed that CTLA-2α was co-localized with cathepsin L, cathepsin C, and TINAGL1 in placenta. A simple cell-based fluorescence assay revealed that CTLA-2α exhibited inhibitory activity toward cathepsin C in live cells, which indicated that CTLA-2α is a novel endogenous inhibitor of cathepsin C.
The opioid system majorly contributes to preference for fat emulsions but not sucrose solutions in mice
Authors: Sakamoto Kazuhiro , Okahashi Tatsuya , Matsumura Shigenobu , Okafuji Yoko , Adachi Shin-ichi , Tsuzuki Satoshi , Inoue Kazuo , Fushiki Tohru 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Rodents show a stronger preference for fat than sucrose, even if their diet is isocaloric. This implies that the preference mechanisms for fat and sucrose differ. To compare the contribution of the opioid system to the preference of fat and sucrose, we examined the effects of mu-, delta-, kappa-, and non-selective opioid receptor antagonists on the preference of sucrose and fat, assessed by a two-bottle choice test and a licking test, in mice naïve to sucrose and fat ingestion. Administration of non-selective and mu-selective opioid receptor antagonists more strongly inhibited the preference of fat than sucrose. While the preference of fat was reduced to the same level as water by the antagonist administration that of sucrose was still greater than water. Our results suggest that the preference of fat relies strongly on the opioid system, while that of sucrose is regulated by other mechanisms in addition to the opioid system.
Functional and structural characteristics of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase from Pyrococcus horikoshii
Authors: Yabuta Yukinori , Kamei Yukiko , Bito Tomohiro , Arima Jiro , Yoneda Kazunari , Sakuraba Haruhiko , Ohshima Toshihisa , Nakano Yoshihisa , Watanabe Fumio 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) requires 5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as a cofactor and is widely distributed in organisms from bacteria and animals. Although genes encoding putative MCMs are present in many archaea, they are separately encoded in large and small subunits. The large and small subunits of archaeal MCM are similar to the catalytic and AdoCbl-binding domains of human MCM, respectively. In Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3, putative genes PH1306 and PH0275 encode the large and small subunits, respectively. Because information on archaeal MCM is extremely restricted, we examined the functional and structural characteristics of P. horikoshii MCM. Reconstitution experiments using recombinant PH0275 and PH1306 showed that these proteins assemble in equimolar ratios and form of heterotetrameric complexes in the presence of AdoCbl. Subsequent immunoprecipitation experiments using anti-PH0275 and anti-PH1306 antibodies suggested that PH0275 and PH1306 form a complex in P. horikoshii cells in the presence of AdoCbl.
Essentials to Understand Probabilistic Graphical Models: A Tutorial about Inference and Learning
Authors: Sinoquet Christine 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to offer an advanced tutorial to scientists with no background or no deep background on probabilistic graphical models. To readers more familiar with these models, this chapter is to be used as a compendium of definitions and general methods, to browse through at will. Intentionally self-contained, this chapter first begins with reminders of essential definitions such as the distinction between marginal independence and conditional independence. Then the chapter briefly surveys the most popular classes of probabilistic graphical models: Markov chains, Bayesian networks, and Markov random fields. Next probabilistic inference is explained and illustrated in the Bayesian network context. Finally parameter and structure learning are presented.
Process morphology
Authors: Inkelas Sharon 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe counterpart to morphologically conditioned phonology is morphology which is manifested as a phonological process other than concatenation of morphemes. When such a process is the sole mark of a morphological category, the interchangeable terms “realizational morphology” and “process morphology” apply. This chapter surveys process morphology and compares it to morphologically conditioned phonology. Process morphology is a challenge to morphological theories which are highly item-based: not every case of process morphology can be reanalyzed as additive. How a particular phonological process is characterized—as morphologically conditioned phonology or process morphology—is highly relevant to the diagnosis of multiple exponence. The close study of process morphology potentially informs theories of morphologically conditioned phonology and bears on the testing of hypotheses regarding the range of variation within a given language in its phonological patterns.
Morphologically derived environment effects
Authors: Inkelas Sharon 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSome phonological patterns are imposed only in morphologically derived environments, i.e. those produced by a morphological operation like affixation or reduplication or compounding. This chapter surveys a number of cases of this kind, termed “nonderived environment blocking,” and explores the question of whether they can all be reduced to a single principle. While the canonical case of a stem-final segment alternating in the company of a suffix are easily dealt with by various theories, less canonical examples of derived environment effects are less tractable. This chapter explores the variety of theoretical analyses that have been developed for the range of cases that have been observed, ranging from the older strict cyclity approach to the newer Comparative Markedness, and concludes that none extends to the full range of cases. The chapter concludes by exploring the question of whether morphologically derived environment effects are in fact a unified and distinct phenomenon or whether this apparent phenomenon is better subsumed into the more general category of morphologically conditioned phonology.
Large volume re-irradiation with bevacizumab is a feasible salvage option for patients with refractory high-grade glioma
Authors: Back Michael , Gzell Cecelia E. , Kastelan Marina , Guo Linxin , Wheeler Helen R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundClinical studies of re-irradiation (ReRT) for relapsed high-grade glioma (HGG) have generally reported the use of small volume ReRT techniques such as stereotactic radiosurgery in selected patients with isolated focal relapse. This study reports the outcome with large-volume ReRT to manage the more common mescenario of extensive diffuse relapse of HGG.MethodsAll HGG patients managed with an overlapping second course of radiation therapy (RT) for refractory progression of HGG between October 2009 and April 2013 were included. ReRT was initially used with bevacizumab (BEV), then used when disease was refractory to BEV, and finally used upfront with BEV-naïve patients. Tumor volume (GTV) and specific RT dosimetry factors, including the target volume treated (PTV), and cumulative RT dose maximum (Dmax), were analyzed. Median survival post ReRT was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and SPPS v19 software.ResultsEighteen HGG participants with refractory, bulky contrast-enhancing disease received ReRT. Thirteen participants had a maximum tumor diameter &gt;5 cm, and median GTV was 54 cm3. Seven participants had BEV-refractory disease, and 8 participants were BEV naïve. ReRT dose was 35–40 Gy in 15 fractions; median PTV was 133 cm3, and median Dmax was 98.2 Gy. Median survival post ReRT for all participants was 8 months (95%CI, 5.8–10.2 months); with 10 months and 3 months for the BEV-naïve and BEV-refractory participants, respectively (P = .024). Two early participants, who were managed without BEV, were later salvaged with BEV, including one who required craniotomy for radiation necrosis at 6 weeks post RT. No other significant morbidity was reported.ConclusionReRT combined with BEV is a feasible salvage treatment option for diffuse refractory HGG.
Estimation of erythrocyte surface area in mammals
Authors: Udroiu Ion 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTMeasures of erythrocytes volume and surface are helpful in several physiological studies, both for zoologists and veterinarians. Whilst diameter and volume are assessed with ease from observations of blood smears and complete blood count, respectively, thickness and surface area, instead, are much more difficult to be obtained.The accurate description of the erythrocyte geometry is given by the equation of the oval of Cassini, but the formulas deriving from it are very complex, comprising elliptic integrals. In this article three solids are proposed as models approximating the erythrocyte: sphere, cylinder and a spheroid with concave caps. Volumes and Surface Areas obtained with these models are compared to those effectively measured.
Shrinkage of dispersion parameters in the binomial family, with application to differential exon skipping
Authors: Ruddy Sean , Johnson Marla , Purdom Elizabeth 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe prevalence of sequencing experiments in genomics has led to an increased use of methods for count data in analyzing high-throughput genomic data to perform analyses. The importance of shrinkage methods in improving the performance of statistical methods remains. A common example is that of gene expression data, where the counts per gene are often modeled as some form of an over-dispersed Poisson. In this case, shrinkage estimates of the per-gene dispersion parameter have led to improved estimation of dispersion in the case of a small number of samples.We address a different count setting introduced by the use of sequencing data: comparing differential proportional usage via an over-dispersed binomial model. This is motivated by our interest in testing for differential exon skipping in mRNA-Seq experiments. We introduce a novel method that is developed by modeling the dispersion based on the double binomial distribution proposed by Efron (1986). Our method (WEB-Seq) is an empirical bayes strategy for producing a shrunken estimate of dispersion and effectively detects differential proportional usage, and has close ties to the weighted-likelihood strategy of edgeR developed for gene expression data (Robinson and Smyth, 2007; Robinsonet al., 2010). We analyze its behavior on simulated data sets as well as real data and show that our method is fast, powerful and gives accurate control of the FDR compared to alternative approaches. We provide implementation of our methods in the R packageDoubleExpSeqavailable on CRAN.
Drapery in Exile:EdwardIII,Colchester and theFlemings, 1351–1367
Authors: Lambert Bart , Pajic Milan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThroughout the fourteenth century,EdwardIIIissued several letters of protection encouragingFlemish textile workers to establish their trade inEngland. During the centuries that followed, historians have disagreed about the newcomers' contribution to the development of theEnglish drapery. Lacking in each debate were quantifiable data related to the presence of Flemish cloth‐workers onEnglish soil. This article argues that, between 1351 and 1367, over 100 immigrants from theLowCountries settled inColchester, twenty‐seven of whom wereFlemish textile manufacturers exiled fromFlanders and welcomed byEdwardIIIin 1351. Attracted by excellent natural conditions for clothmaking, a shortage of manpower following theBlackDeath and an open economic environment, they made a vital contribution to the town's development as an internationally renowned centre of textile production that was able to withstand the pattern of urban decay so prevalent in other parts of late medievalEngland.
Is an unfavourable cardiovascular risk profile a risk factor for vasomotor menopausal symptoms? Results of a population‐based cohort study
Authors: van den Berg M J , Herber‐Gast G C M , van der Schouw Y T 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveEvidence suggests an association between vasomotor menopausal symptoms (VMSs), i.e. hot flushes and night sweats, and cardiovascular disease. However, the causal pathway is unclear. We investigated whether an unfavourable cardiovascular risk profile is a risk factor for VMS later in life.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingWomen aged 50‐70 from the general population.PopulationThe Prospect‐European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (Prospect‐EPIC) cohort is a population‐based cohort of women who enrolled between 1993 and 1997. Follow‐up questionnaires were sent at 5‐year intervals for 15 years. Women who returned the third questionnaire, answered questions regarding lifetime VMS and did not report VMS prior to baseline were included in this study (n = 1295).MethodsAt baseline, the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) was determined. We used logistic regression analysis to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for the association between baseline FRS and incident VMS.Main outcome measureIncident VMS.ResultsAt baseline (mean age ± standard deviation, 52.2 ± 3.6 years), 21.2% had a FRS > 10%. During follow‐up, 40.2% of women reported the onset of VMS. Adjusted for body mass index, physical activity, education and alcohol consumption, each point increase in FRS was associated with a decreased incidence of VMS [OR, 0.94 (95% CI, 0.91–0.97)]. Additional adjustment for menopausal status attenuated the OR to null [OR, 0.98 (95% CI, 0.95–1.01)]. None of the separate FRS variables were associated with VMS after adjustment for age.ConclusionsIn our cohort, an unfavourable cardiovascular risk profile was not associated with VMS, and therefore we found no evidence for the involvement of a vascular mechanism in the etiology of VMS.
Spatial Extended Hazard Model with Application to Prostate Cancer Survival
Authors: Li Li , Hanson Timothy , Zhang Jiajia 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThis article develops a Bayesian semiparametric approach to the extended hazard model, with generalization to high-dimensional spatially grouped data. County-level spatial correlation is accommodated marginally through the normal transformation model of Li and Lin (2006, Journal of the American Statistical Association101, 591–603), using a correlation structure implied by an intrinsic conditionally autoregressive prior. Efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms are developed, especially applicable to fitting very large, highly censored areal survival data sets. Per-variable tests for proportional hazards, accelerated failure time, and accelerated hazards are efficiently carried out with and without spatial correlation through Bayes factors. The resulting reduced, interpretable spatial models can fit significantly better than a standard additive Cox model with spatial frailties.