bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competing Histories
Authors: Rain Liivoja 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter analyses the attempts of three Baltic states — Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania — to prosecute offences against international law committed in their territories by the Soviet authorities during and after World War II. It highlights the storytelling or history-writing function of trials of international crimes. The situation of the Baltic states also illustrates what happens if the historical record produced by such trials is in conflict with existing historical paradigms.
Universal Jurisdiction
Authors: Julia Selman-Ayetey 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses the law of universal jurisdiction and its application in Norway in the case of Public Prosecutor v Mirsad Repak. It examines constitutional issues raised by the case and addresses the question of whether any other legal forum would have been better suited to try the case. Norway's increasing tendency to investigate, arrest, extradite, and prosecute foreign war criminals demonstrates to the rest of the world that the country that respects international humanitarian law will not hesitate to utilize its extraterritorial powers when necessary. The case of Mirsad Repak illustrates that such prosecutions can be achieved in an effective and just manner, and should encourage other states to take similar action should the need arise.
Reading the Shadows of History
Authors: Nyamuya Maogoto Jackson 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines Turkish and Ethiopian domestic trials, which used the framework of extant penal codes to prosecute international crimes in accordance with domestic penal codes. Turkish authorities invoked norms encompassing the laws of humanity and crimes against humanity in the prosecution of its political and military elite. The Ethiopian prosecutions (Red Terror Trials) focused on the former ruling military junta (the Derg), whose senior military and political officials were suspected of committing mass human rights violations — genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
The Crime of Aggression
Authors: Clark Roger S. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter turns to the August 1946 trial of the Japanese general — Takashi Sakai — by a domestic tribunal in Nanking, the Republic of China, in order to reflect on the meaning of the concept of a ‘crime against peace’ or the ‘crime of aggression’, and the exercise of national jurisdiction. It raises three basic questions: What is the crime of aggression? Who can commit it? Where may they be prosecuted?
‘Germans are the Lords and Poles are the Servants’
Authors: Drumbl Mark A. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the trial of Arthur Greiser, who served as Gauleiter (i.e., governor/territorial leader) of the Warthegau, a large expanse of western Poland illegally annexed to Nazi Germany, beginning in September 1939. It begins with a biographical sketch of Greiser — his youth, his family, his path to power, and his eventual dénouement. It then discusses Greiser's trial, judgment, and punishment, noting how the proceedings narrated his story and, in turn, a tale of aggressive war. Finally, it charts the impact of the Greiser judgment on international criminal law.
The Finnish War-Responsibility Trial in 1945–6
Authors: Tallgren Immi 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the Finnish war-responsibility trial in 1945–6. The trial demonstrates the difficulty of the national exercise of jurisdiction based on an international obligation; how limited and contingent the instrument of criminal justice may prove to be in elucidating historical contexts or addressing collective loss; and the far-reaching and powerful effects criminal trials.
Eros, Woundedness, and Creativity in Plato’sSymposium
Authors: McCoy Marina Berzins 
Published: January 2014

AbstractChapter five examines the links between eros and vulnerability. Against those who read the Symposium’s ‘ladder of love’ as a move away from loving the ordinary and imperfect, I advocate an understanding of philosophy that retains a care for the imperfect and ordinary. Diotima’s speech describes eros at its last stage before reaching the finality of eternal contemplation, as the place where human creativity takes place. Reproduction in not only a physical, but also intellectual and creative sense, is part of the human response to our own need and lack, as we strive for but cannot yet reach the eternal. The fruitfulness of eros depends upon a lack and need in human beings, and their responsiveness to the neediness of one another, and not an other-worldly or perfectionistic orientation. Alcibiades’ entrance into the party as a drunk, erotic, and frustrated young man who speaks of suffering from a Socratically induced ‘snakebite’ also suggests a tragic dimension to eros.
Political Experiences and the Security of Community
Authors: Nehring Holger 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The attempts at sociological identification and definition by activists and observers alike were at once struggles over the representation of the activists’ political experiences. This chapter explores these diverse political experiences behind anti-nuclear-weapons activism and is concerned with delineating the social networks on which the British and West German campaigns rested. It charts the processes during which people in both Britain and Germany turned into activists, and is concerned with uncovering the diverse genealogies of motivations that led people towards the campaigns. This chapter's focus is on the main (and often overlapping and interconnected) groups that were involved in the protests, as most of the activists still identified themselves with other social groups and parties: intellectuals, Christians, members of the labour movements, youth movement activists and pacifists.
‘Peace’, the Nation, and International Relations
Authors: Nehring Holger 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Behind the movements’ clear agendas lurked a more complicated set of policy proposals that were deeply ingrained in nationally specific experiences and in specific ways of framing the role of their respective nation in world affairs. While the British and West German activists brought with them a multiplicity of views about international relations, we can nevertheless see nationally specific ways of framing the issue of nuclear armaments. At the core of this convergence around nationally specific issues were the activists’ severe misgivings about a real and substantial defence policy problem, which arose out of the nuclearization of the strategies of the NATO countries since the mid-1950s.
Demonstrating Security
Authors: Nehring Holger 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter provides a thick description of the symbolic politics and activist experiences at the annual Aldermaston and Easter Marches as well as other protest events. It was primarily on the protest marches themselves that the activists embodied the movements and the definitions of the ‘peace’, national identity, and international relations they stood for, and that they expressed their desire for security against the threat of nuclear war. On the marches, the boundary between the activists and the society surrounding them became visible. At the same time, the marches themselves symbolized the journey the activists intended their society as a whole to take. It was by marching and protesting that British and West German protesters came to experience fellowship and belonging. The marches themselves embodied experiences of conversion and signified progress towards activists’ dream of a more civilized world.
Redefining Solidarity
Authors: Nehring Holger 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the changing relationship between politics and culture within British and West German extra-parliamentary politics in the second half of the 1960s and especially around 1967 and 1968. The movements in both countries witnessed the protesters’ emancipation from the rigid binary cold war system of thinking. This went hand in hand with the realization that it was impossible to discuss the state of world affairs without speaking about ‘America’. The increasing focus across the Atlantic had profound implications for the mutual perception of the protests, the links between them, and the ways in which they conceptualized their relationship to the world. This chapter analyses this transformation in the British and West German protesters’ politics of security, which had profound implications for the ways in which they conceived of the subjects and objects of these politics.
Conclusion
Authors: Nehring Holger 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The Conclusion summarizes the key results of the book. It stresses the importance of the memory of the Second World War for activists’ experiences of the cold war. It discusses the importance of British political traditions for West German extra-parliamentary politics in the 1950s and early 1960s, and it highlights the transitions to a global politics of solidarity over the course of the 1960s, when the focus was primarily on the role of the United States. It highlights how activists were driven by their own sense of historical mission. It also highlights the importance of a politics of culture for our understanding of the New Left.
Agricultural Input Subsidies
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Agricultural input subsidies were a major feature of development policies in rural economies until the 1980s. Continuing rural poverty with low productivity and fertilizer use in smallholder staple crops has led to their resurgence in Africa. These subsidies are, however, controversial with claims of both large food security benefits and unsustainable, inefficient resource use. This book reviews current theory and evidence on the strengths and weaknesses of these programmes and the effects of programme context, design, and implementation. Theoretical arguments for agricultural subsidies are based on input promotion where farmers’ private costs (benefits) are higher (lower) than wider economic costs (benefits). These arguments, and concerns about inefficiency and diversion, are reviewed and extended to consider input affordability constraints and ‘smart’ rationing and targeting. Recent programmes in Africa have a variety of generally producer-focused objectives, with varied implementation and programme outcomes. Most pay little attention to consumer interests and potential contributions to wider growth. A detailed examination of Malawi’s controversial agricultural input subsidy programme follows. Drawing on a wide range of information sources, the political and agro-economic contexts of the programme are examined, with evidence on its implementation and impacts from 2005 to 2011. Positive impacts are recorded on beneficiaries’ production, incomes, food consumption, school enrolment, child health, and reduced need for earnings from undertaking casual labour for others. There is evidence of indirect economy-wide impacts, but this is not as strong as might be expected. Targeting and graduation are identified as critically important issues requiring continuing attention.
Recent African experience with input subsidies
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Resurgent interest in agricultural input subsidies has led a number of countries in Africa to implement agricultural input subsidy programmes focusing particularly on fertilizers. This chapter reviews available information on recent agricultural input subsidy programmes in Ghana, Zambia, Nigeria, Tanzania, Rwanda, Mali, and Senegal. These programmes are of different scales and pursue different, sometimes, multiple objectives, with the private sector playing different roles, and have varied implementation and programme outcomes. The chapter notes that while there are a number of objectives in different programmes, most focus on production objectives and producer welfare and ignore the interests of consumers and the processes by which subsidy programmes contribute to wider pro-poor economic growth. The review also shows that graduation from subsidies has not been an explicit design feature of these programmes.
Direct impacts of input subsidies
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter provides evidence on the direct impacts of Malawi’s Farm Input Subsidies programme, based on analysis of household level survey data collected by the authors and findings from other studies. There are, however, difficulties with maize production data, and the economy-wide effects may mask direct beneficiary impacts. Using several household welfare indicators, analysis of four panels of household data, and qualitative studies, the results suggest that subsidy receipt has positive impacts on beneficiaries’ maize production, net crop income, food consumption, household income, school enrolment, child health, and reduced supply of ganyu labour.
Conclusions
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter pulls together the main themes and issues in the book. Following the book’s three part structure, it first summarizes changing subsidy theory and practice, with theoretical recognition of a wide range of potential direct beneficiary and wider indirect subsidy benefits and of conditions necessary for these to be achieved. Recent agricultural input subsidy programmes in Africa vary in their attention to these different benefits and conditions. Major conclusions from Malawi’s programme are summarized, emphasizing the importance of its specific context and large scale as well as evidence of the mix of outputs and of direct and indirect impacts. Targeting and graduation are identified as critically important issues requiring continuing attention. Both are related to programme sustainability, which is considered in terms of financial, political, and agro-ecological sustainability. A particularly challenging issue is the paradox of political interests that both drive the introduction of large subsidy programmes and undermine their better implementation.
Introduction: The Mountains of the Mind
Authors: Flood Gavin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The chapter begins with a reflection on Gerard Manley Hopkins who looks back to a traditional kind of inwardness and forward to inwardness as alienation in the twentieth century. The chapter introduces the idea of the truth within that the religions under review share the metaphor of inwardness although the content of that inner truth varies according to tradition. There is an implicit contrast here between external and internal truth. The claims to internal truth are often at the expense of external truth that is regarded as being of lower order. The understanding of inwardness in Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism is a mapping of the self across cultures. This chapter presents the general orientation of the book and examines the question of method.
Inwardness as Mystical Ascent
Authors: Flood Gavin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The High Middle Ages sees the rise of scholasticism and reflection on the nature of self and experience. The scholastic account of the person is well illustrated through mystical theology that presents a view of God within the self who could be found through introspection by following the inner practices of contemplation, asceticism, and religious reading. The Delphic motto ‘Know yourself’ became a recurring theme in the twelfth century. This chapter examines the truth within in the work of Bonaventure and Richard of St Victor. It shows how these theologians offered a cosmological psychology of the person and how inwardness is the way to know God
Inwardness and Visual Contemplation in Hinduism
Authors: Flood Gavin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The truth within has been a constant theme in the history of Hindu traditions from an early period, a truth conflated with the idea of the self (ātmā), and the quest to realize or find the self became the highest value in Brahmanical tradition. A concern with the self was a philosophical preoccupation and ascetic traditions developed that focused on the self in the belief that realizing the self would free the ascetic from the bonds of suffering and reincarnation. The hidden, inner self, the antarātman, is an eternal truth. To realize this hidden, secret self is the highest goal of life. The chapter examines this in tantric literature of the gods Śiva and Viṣṇu, focusing on the practice of inner vision. The chapter contextualises this in the broader Indic society of the medieval period.
A Theory of Religious Inwardness
Authors: Flood Gavin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter presents the thesis of religious inwardness in a comparative context. Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity contain the idea that there is a truth within the human person that can be understood or realised through the cultivation of spiritual practices. This notion of inner truth entails an account of the human person as characterised by subjectivity or inwardness and that the cultivation or realisation of such inwardness has salvific value; it is a transcendence of restriction. The truth within entails a notion of inwardness in which there is participation in a cosmos greater than the individual. In the traditions we have examined this participatory model of inwardness can be distinguished from individualism as a characteristic feature of modern understandings of the person. This chapter examines this claim, discussing participation, individualism, deixis, phenomenology, and the challenge of modernity.
The Historical Self and Comparative Religion
Authors: Flood Gavin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter argues for the legitimacy and importance of comparative religion and for subjectivity as a universal value that legitimates the enterprise. There are at least two levels of complexity here: firstly, the historical place of the science of religion within the broader human sciences and the relation of comparative religion to theology; secondly, the way macro-history relates to subjectivity. Both problems are connected in that any account of subjectivity across cultures and times, as here, entails the legitimacy and importance of comparison. The chapter discusses the criticisms of comparative religion from post-colonialism and cultural studies and offers a defence in terms of hermeneutical phenomenology. It concludes with an account of act theory where we see how inwardness is related to the world through acts that comes from judgement and intention.
Introduction
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter introduces the general approach followed in the rest of the book—the starting point for explaining the human mind is the simple mental processes that we share with animals: the perceptual guidance of actions. This mental process is described with the help of the concept of “pragmatic representations”—perceptual representations that represent those features of objects that are relevant for the performance of an action. This approach is distinguished from the two most influential contemporary ways of thinking about the human mind: computationalism/propositionalism (according to which beliefs, desires or other propositional attitudes mediate between sensory input and motor output), and anti-representationalism/enactivism (according to which nothing mediates between sensory input and motor output—they form one intertwined dynamic process). According to the picture explored in this book, there are some special kind of representation, “pragmatic representations”, that (sometimes directly) mediate between sensory input and motor output.
Perception
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
If pragmatic representations are perceptual states, then a number of important debates in the philosophy of perception need to be re-evaluated. This chapter argues that the perceptually attributed properties (that is, the properties we perceive objects as having) include “action-properties”—properties relevant for the performance of one’s action. Further, the focus on pragmatic representations also provides new insights for the debate about “sensory individuals”—the objects we perceive. It is also argued that we do need to talk about perceptual representations in order to describe some features of perception, and that pragmatic representations are not to be considered as the representation of the dorsal visual subsystem.
Society’s Grand Challenges: What Role for Services?
Authors: Neely Andy 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Society faces significant grand challenges—demographic, economic, and environmental. This chapter explores the role that services might play in helping address these grand challenges. The chapter begins by reviewing traditional reasons why manufacturing firms are making a shift to services, identifying five options that firms appears to be pursuing. Next the chapter then turns to the future, looking at the illustrative challenges that society faces—most notably demographic, economic, and environmental—and explores the implications of these challenges for the phenomenon of servitization. Finally, the chapter combines the five servitization options with the previously discussed societal challenges, offering some thoughts on what the future might hold.
Criminal Career Research, Mathematical Models, and Testing Quantitative Predictions from Theories
Authors: MacLeod John F. , Grove Peter G. , Farrington David P. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Criminal career research conducted over the past 40 years is reviewed with a focus on theories and mathematical models leading to quantitative predictions. Starting in the 1970s The evolution of criminal career theories is described in some detail with key career features like: onset, prevalence, frequency, duration and termination; identified. The various offender categorisations that have been proposed, like: chronics, innocents, desisters, persisters, frequents and occasionals; and the models using these concepts are also described together with their results. Criminal career research in the two decades spanning the millennium is also reviewed, including offending trajectory modelling. The importance of longitudinal studies is stressed while some of the objections to the paradigm are addressed. The main aims of the book and the methodological approach to the analysis and modelling are described.
An Analysis of the Offenders Index
Authors: MacLeod John F. , Grove Peter G. , Farrington David P. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The data source used in the analysis is described and the details of the construction of the cohort samples outlined. Recidivism, the proportion of offenders reconvicted, is analysed using graphs of numbers of offenders convicted at each appearance number. The use of a logarithmic y-axis clearly identifies constant recidivism for distinct “risk” categories of offender. The risk model is shown to fit the more familiar reconviction probability by previous conviction number graph. A survival time analysis to next conviction identifies two “rate” categories of offender with constant λ exponential survival time distributions. The derivative of the rate model is shown to fit the inter-conviction time distribution. The risk and rate categories are reconciled yielding: high-risk/high-rate, high-risk/low-rate, low-risk/low-rate categories. The influence of follow-up period and gender on the parameter estimates for the risk/rate model is explored and the values are shown to be essentially constant over time. Variations in criminality are discussed.