bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes after reirradiation for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: North American experience
Authors: Karam Irene , Huang Shao Hui , McNiven Andrea , Su Jie , Xu Wei , Waldron John , Bayley Andrew J. , Kim John , Cho John , Ringash Jolie , Hope Andrew , Chen Eric , Chan Biu , Goldstein David , O'Sullivan Brian , Giuliani Meredith E. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this article was to report outcomes of reirradiation for locoregionally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).MethodsA retrospective review was conducted of all patients with locoregionally recurrent NPC who received reirradiation between 2001 and 2012. Overall survival (OS), local control, regional control, distant control, and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) grades 3 to 4 late toxicity were examined.ResultsA total of 42 recurrent cases treated with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT; 27 patients) or non‐IMRT (stereotactic radiotherapy [RT], 12 patients; 3D conformal RT, 3 patients) were identified. Median time from initial RT to recurrence was 4.6 years. Hyperfractionation with 1.1 to 1.4 Gy/fraction twice daily to a total of 40 to 60 Gy was used in 27 IMRT and 5 non‐IMRT patients. The remaining 10 patients received conventional fractionation 1.8 to 2.0 Gy/fraction to 50 to 60 Gy. Median follow‐up was 3.0 years. The 3‐year OS, local control, regional control, distant control, and late toxicity rates were 49%, 46%, 71%, 79%, and 37%, respectively.ConclusionReirradiation for recurrent NPC, delivered mostly with hyperfractionated IMRT, can result in durable disease control with acceptable late toxicity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1102–E1109, 2016
Letter: Novel approaches to realize high‐resolution AMOLED display
Authors: Chen Chung‐Chia , Lee Meng‐Ting , Shen Shih‐Ming , Weng Zai‐Xien , Fu Jing‐Jie , Lin Yu‐Hsin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTwo different approaches to realize high‐resolution active‐matrix organic light‐emitting device (AMOLED) display were delivered. By adopting specific organic light emitting diode (OLED) structure with pre‐pattern electrode and the utilization of color filter, we successfully simplify the fabrication process with fine metal mask (FMM)‐free or one‐FMM solutions. Each approach was demonstrated with a 4.4″ panel with 413 ppi pixel density based on real stripe RGB. Both panels possessed low power consumption, low reflectivity, and superior NTSC performance. Because the utilization of FMM was avoided or reduced, higher production yield, higher throughput, and lower cost could be achieved. Therefore, these two approaches are very promising for mass production of high‐resolution AMOLED display.
Disparities in grant funding for Chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Hopkins Claire , Rudmik Luke 
Published: October 2015

Objectives/HypothesisThe objective of this study was to identify the level of grant funding for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with the purpose of elucidating if disparities exist compared to other common chronic diseases.Study DesignReview of four major health research grant agencies from the United States (National Institutes of Health), Canada (Canadian Institute of Health Research), and United Kingdom (National Institute of Health Research and Medical Research Council).MethodsResearch operating grants awarded in the fields of CRS, asthma, diabetes, and dementia were identified using database‐specific search strategies. Searches were limited to the previous 10 years (2004–2014). Comparator chronic diseases were chosen to have similar prevalence rates and low mortality risk. Research efficiency was calculated as the monetary value of grants awarded per paper published.ResultsThere is a large disparity in the number of grants awarded for research in CRS (n = 196; $74,774,384), asthma (n = 13,226; $8,358,861,941), diabetes (n = 54,902; $47,282,739,735), and dementia (n = 34,569; $16,709,900,125). In terms of research efficiency, CRS researchers received eight to 12 times less financial support per paper published compared to those in our comparator conditions.ConclusionsThis study has demonstrated that over the last 10 years, CRS is disproportionately underfunded (∼$75 million) compared to other similarly prevalent chronic diseases such as asthma (∼$8.3 billion), diabetes (∼$47.2 billion), and dementia (∼$16.7 billion). We feel this justifies further research into identifying and reducing barriers to obtaining grant support for CRS.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 126:E136–E140, 2016
Effectiveness of a psycho‐oncology training program for oncology nurses: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kubota Yosuke , Okuyama Toru , Uchida Megumi , Umezawa Shino , Nakaguchi Tomohiro , Sugano Koji , Ito Yoshinori , Katsuki Fujika , Nakano Yumi , Nishiyama Takeshi , Katayama Yoshiko , Akechi Tatsuo 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveOncology nurses are expected to play an important role in psychosocial care for cancer patients. The aim of this study was to examine whether a novel training program aimed at enhancing oncology nurses' ability to assess and manage common psychological problems in cancer patients would improve participants' self‐reported confidence, knowledge, and attitudes regarding care of patients with common psychological problems (trial register: UMIN000008559).MethodsOncology nurses were assigned randomly to either the intervention group (N = 50) or the waiting list control group (N = 46). The intervention group received a 16‐h program, the content of which focused on four psychological issues: normal reactions, clinically significant distress, suicidal thoughts, and delirium. Each session included a role‐play exercise, group work, and didactic lecture regarding assessment and management of each problem. Primary outcomes were changes in self‐reported confidence, knowledge, and attitudes toward the common psychological problems between pre‐intervention and 3 months post‐intervention. Secondary outcomes were job‐related stress and burnout. Intervention acceptability to participants was also assessed.ResultsIn the intervention group, confidence and knowledge but not attitudes were significantly improved relative to the control group. No significant intervention effects were found for job‐ related stress and burnout. A high percentage (98%) of participants considered the program useful in clinical practice.ConclusionsThis psycho‐oncology training program improved oncology nurses' confidence and knowledge regarding care for patients with psychological problems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ebola, Quarantine, and the Scale of Ethics
Authors: Koch Tom 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe West African Ebola epidemic has raised fundamental questions about the ethical and practical use of quarantine measures during infectious disease events.MethodsThis article first reviews the idea of containment in response to disease and the means by which containment has been perceived. It then proposes that disaster medicine, whose focus is the individual, and public health in its focus on populations have related but distinct ethical imperatives. The means by which both were deployed in the West African Ebola epidemic are considered.ResultsThe argument is made that a narrow focus on the individual patient or community prevented an early recognition of the potential for disease expansion. In this case, a broad public health perspective was overshadowed by localized attention.ConclusionsIn the future, a public health perspective is a necessary and ethical priority and thus the use of isolation and containment in conjunction with the imperative to treat that is the focus of medical ethics. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:654–661)
Introduction
Authors: Knotter Ad , Mayer David 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis introduction presents the main topics and analytical concerns of the contributions to this Special Issue about ethnicity and migration in coalfield history in a global perspective. From the nineteenth century the development of industrial and transport technologies required the supply of coal-based energy in every part of the world. Nineteenth- and early twentieth-century globalization, including colonialism, would not have been possible without coal. Coalmining operations were launched in all world regions, and to enable exploitation mine operators had to find, mobilize, and direct workers to the mining sites. This quest for labour triggered a series of migration processes (both from nearby and far away) and resulted in a broad array of labour relations (both free and unfree). This introduction points to the variety of constellations analysed in the different contributions to this Special Issue. These cover cases from Africa (Nigeria, Zimbabwe), Asia (China, Japan), the Americas (USA, Brazil), Turkey, the Soviet Union, and western Europe (France, Germany), and a broad range of topics, from segregation, forced labour, and subcontracting to labour struggles, discrimination, ethnic paternalism, and sport.
Shade-tolerance of seedlings of rain-forest trees: monodominants vs. subordinates and episodic vs. continuous regenerators
Authors: Read Jennifer , McCoy Stéphane , Jaffré Tanguy 
Published: October 2015

Abstract:Several monodominant rain-forest trees in New Caledonia have population size structures suggesting establishment following large-scale disturbance, with eventual replacement by shade-tolerant species predicted in the absence of future disturbance. Links of dominance and population dynamics to leaf-level photosynthesis were investigated in seedlings of 20 tree species from these forests, grown in experimental sun and shade conditions. In particular, we tested whether episodically regenerating (ER) species, including monodominants, have higher assimilation rates at high irradiances and lower tolerance of shade than continuously regenerating species (CR). ER species had higher maximum net assimilation rates (Amax-area) in sun plants (9.6 ± 0.4 μmol m−2s−1) than CR species (6.2 ± 0.3 μmol m−2s−1) and high plasticity, typical of shade-intolerant species, but monodominant species did not differ from other ER species. CR species had leaf-level traits consistent with shade tolerance, including lower dark respiration rates (Rd-area= 0.47 ± 0.03μmol m−2s−1; Rd-mass= 7 ± 1 nmol g−1s−1) than ER species (Rd-area =0.63 ± 0.06 μmol m−2s−1; Rd-mass= 11 ± 2 nmol g−1s−1) in shade plants. Hence leaf-level assimilation traits were largely consistent with regeneration patterns, but do not explain why some shade-intolerant species can achieve monodominance.
Associations of hospital characteristics with nosocomial pneumonia after cardiac surgery can impact on standardized infection rates
Authors: SANAGOU M. , LEDER K. , CHENG A. C. , PILCHER D. , REID C. M. , WOLFE R. 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYTo identify hospital-level factors associated with post-cardiac surgical pneumonia for assessing their impact on standardized infection rates (SIRs), we studied 43 691 patients in a cardiac surgery registry (2001–2011) in 16 hospitals. In a logistic regression model for pneumonia following cardiac surgery, associations with hospital characteristics were quantified with adjustment for patient characteristics while allowing for clustering of patients by hospital. Pneumonia rates varied from 0·7% to 12·4% across hospitals. Seventy percent of variability in the pneumonia rate was attributable to differences in hospitals in their long-term rates with the remainder attributable to within-hospital differences in rates over time. After adjusting for patient characteristics, the pneumonia rate was found to be higher in hospitals with more registered nurses (RNs)/100 intensive-care unit (ICU) admissions [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1·2, P = 0·006] and more RNs/available ICU beds (aOR 1·4, P < 0·001). Other hospital characteristics had no significant association with pneumonia. SIRs calculated on the basis of patient characteristics alone differed substantially from the same rates calculated on the basis of patient characteristics and the hospital characteristic of RNs/100 ICU admissions. Since SIRs using patient case-mix information are important for comparing rates between hospitals, the additional allowance for hospital characteristics can impact significantly on how hospitals compare.
Prothymosin alpha expression and localization during the spermatogenesis ofDanio rerio
Authors: Pariante Paolo , Dotolo Raffaele , Venditti Massimo , Ferrara Diana , Donizetti Aldo , Aniello Francesco , Minucci Sergio 
Published: October 2015

SummaryProthymosin α (PTMA) is a highly acidic, intrinsically disordered protein, which is widely expressed and conserved throughout evolution; its uncommon features are reflected by its involvement in a variety of processes, including chromatin remodelling, transcriptional regulation, cell proliferation and death, immunity. PTMA has also been implicated in spermatogenesis: during vertebrate germ cell progression in the testis the protein is expressed in meiotic and post-meiotic stages, and it is associated with the acrosome system of the differentiating spermatids in mammals. Then, it finally localizes on the inner acrosomal membrane of the mature spermatozoa, suggesting its possible role in both the maturation and function of the gametes. In the present work we studied PTMA expression during the spermatogenesis of the adult zebrafish, a species in which two paralogs have been described. Our data show thatptmatranscripts are expressed in the testis, and localize in meiotic and post-meiotic germ cells, namely spermatocytes and spermatids. Consistently, the protein is expressed in spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa: its initial perinuclear distribution is extended to the chromatin region during cell division and, in haploid phases, to the cytoplasm of the developing and final gametes. The nuclear localization in the acrosome-lacking spermatozoa suggests a role for PTMA in chromatin remodelling during gamete differentiation. These data further provide a compelling starting point for the study of PTMA functions during vertebrate fertilization.
Commercial Queens: Mongolian Khatuns and the Silk Road
Authors: MAY TIMOTHY 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThree women dominated the politics and government of the Mongol Empire in the decade of the 1240s. Töregene and Oghul-Qaimish ruled as regents and are credited with corruption and petty politics throughout their regencies, while Sorqoqtani Beki became a paragon of virtue throughout the world for her adherence to theyasaof Chinggis Khan. Curiously, very little attention has been paid to this period to verify the accuracy of the statements. This study examines the role of all three women, but also attempts to place their actions in context, examine their role in commerce and how that affected their activities and their legacies. It argues that while the overall depiction of Töregene and Oghul-Qaimish may not be inaccurate, it overlooks some crucial elements and motives in their actions which also reveal that Sorqoqtani's actions were not as virtuous as the sources state.
High-intensity power-resolved radiation imaging of an operational nuclear reactor
Authors: Beaumont Jonathan S. , Mellor Matthew P. , Villa Mario , Joyce Malcolm J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractKnowledge of the neutron distribution in a nuclear reactor is necessary to ensure the safe and efficient burnup of reactor fuel. Currently these measurements are performed by in-core systems in what are extremely hostile environments and in most reactor accident scenarios it is likely that these systems would be damaged. Here we present a compact and portable radiation imaging system with the ability to image high-intensity fast-neutron and gamma-ray fields simultaneously. This system has been deployed to image radiation fields emitted during the operation of a TRIGA test reactor allowing a spatial visualization of the internal reactor conditions to be obtained. The imaged flux in each case is found to scale linearly with reactor power indicating that this method may be used for power-resolved reactor monitoring and for the assay of ongoing nuclear criticalities in damaged nuclear reactors.
A novel combined RNA-protein interaction analysis distinguishes HIV-1 Gag protein binding sites from structural change in the viral RNA leader
Authors: Kenyon Julia C. , Prestwood Liam J. , Lever Andrew M. L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractRNA-protein interactions govern many viral and host cell processes. Conventional ‘footprinting’ to examine RNA-protein complex formation often cannot distinguish between sites of RNA-protein interaction and sites of RNA structural remodelling. We have developed a novel technique combining photo crosslinking with RNA 2′ hydroxyl reactivity (‘SHAPE’) that achieves rapid and hitherto unachievable resolution of both RNA structural changes and the sites of protein interaction within an RNA-protein complex. ‘XL-SHAPE’ was validated using well-characterized viral RNA-protein interactions: HIV-1 Tat/TAR and bacteriophage MS2 RNA/Coat Binding Protein. It was then used to map HIV-1 Gag protein interactions on 2D and 3D models of the viral RNA leader. Distinct Gag binding sites were identified on exposed RNA surfaces corresponding to regions identified by mutagenesis as important for genome packaging. This widely applicable technique has revealed a first view of the stoichiometry and structure of the initial complex formed when HIV captures its genome.
Cord Blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Fetal Growth in the China-Anhui Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Zhu Peng , Tong Shi-lu , Hu Wen-biao , Hao Jia-hu , Tao Rui-xue , Huang Kun , Mou Zhe , Zhou Qi-fan , Jiang Xiao-min , Tao Fang-biao 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe determined the association of cord blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] with birth weight and the risk of small for gestational age (SGA). As part of the China-Anhui Birth Cohort (C-ABC) study, we measured cord blood levels of 25(OH)D in 1491 neonates in Hefei, China. The data on maternal sociodemographic characteristics, health status, lifestyle, birth outcomes were prospectively collected. Multiple regression models were used to estimate the association of 25(OH)D levels with birth weight and the risk of SGA. Compared with neonates in the lowest decile of cord blood 25(OH)D levels, neonates in four deciles (the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh deciles) had significantly increased birth weight and decreased risk of SGA. Multiple linear regression models showed that per 10 nmol/L increase in cord blood 25(OH)D, birth weight increased by 61.0 g (95% CI: 31.9, 89.9) at concentrations less than 40 nmol/L and then decreased by 68.5 g (95% CI: −110.5, −26.6) at concentrations from 40 to 70 nmol/L. This study provides the first epidemiological evidence that there was an inverted U shaped relationship between neonatal vitamin D status and fetal growth and the risk of SGA reduced at moderate concentration.
Photo-reactive charge trapping memory based on lanthanide complex
Authors: Zhuang Jiaqing , Lo Wai-Sum , Zhou Li , Sun Qi-Jun , Chan Chi-Fai , Zhou Ye , Han Su-Ting , Yan Yan , Wong Wing-Tak , Wong Ka-Leung , Roy V. A. L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTraditional utilization of photo-induced excitons is popularly but restricted in the fields of photovoltaic devices as well as photodetectors and efforts on broadening its function have always been attempted. However, rare reports are available on organic field effect transistor (OFET) memory employing photo-induced charges. Here, we demonstrate an OFET memory containing a novel organic lanthanide complex Eu(tta)3ppta (Eu(tta)3 = Europium(III) thenoyltrifluoroacetonate, ppta = 2-phenyl-4,6-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine), in which the photo-induced charges can be successfully trapped and detrapped. The luminescent complex emits intense red emission upon ultraviolet (UV) light excitation and serves as a trapping element of holes injected from the pentacene semiconductor layer. Memory window can be significantly enlarged by light-assisted programming and erasing procedures, during which the photo-induced excitons in the semiconductor layer are separated by voltage bias. The enhancement of memory window is attributed to the increasing number of photo-induced excitons by the UV light. The charges are stored in this luminescent complex for at least 104 s after withdrawing voltage bias. The present study on photo-assisted novel memory may motivate the research on a new type of light tunable charge trapping photo-reactive memory devices.
Bespoke RNA recognition by Pumilios
Authors: Edwards Thomas A. 
Published: October 2015

Pumilio is an RNA-binding protein originally identified in Drosophila, with a Puf domain made up of eight Puf repeats, three helix bundles arranged in a rainbow architecture, where each repeat recognizes a single base of the RNA-binding sequence. The eight-base recognition sequence can therefore be modified simply via mutation of the repeat that recognizes the base to be changed and this is understood in detail via high-resolution crystal structures. The binding mechanism is also altered in a variety of homologues from different species, with bases flipped out from the binding site to regenerate a consensus sequence. Thus Pumilios can be designed with bespoke RNA recognition sequences and can be fused to nucleases, split GFP, etc. as tools in vitro and in cells.
Creating functional sophistication from simple protein building blocks, exemplified by factor H and the regulators of complement activation
Authors: Makou Elisavet , Herbert Andrew P. , Barlow Paul N. 
Published: October 2015

Complement control protein modules (CCPs) occur in numerous functionally diverse extracellular proteins. Also known as short consensus repeats (SCRs) or sushi domains each CCP contains approximately 60 amino acid residues, including four consensus cysteines participating in two disulfide bonds. Varying in length and sequence, CCPs adopt a β-sandwich type fold and have an overall prolate spheroidal shape with N- and C-termini lying close to opposite poles of the long axis. CCP-containing proteins are important as cytokine receptors and in neurotransmission, cell adhesion, blood clotting, extracellular matrix formation, haemoglobin metabolism and development, but CCPs are particularly well represented in the vertebrate complement system. For example, factor H (FH), a key soluble regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation, is made up entirely from a chain of 20 CCPs joined by short linkers. Collectively, therefore, the 20 CCPs of FH must mediate all its functional capabilities. This is achieved via collaboration and division of labour among these modules. Structural studies have illuminated the dynamic architectures that allow FH and other CCP-rich proteins to perform their biological functions. These are largely the products of a highly varied set of intramolecular interactions between CCPs. The CCP can act as building block, spacer, highly versatile recognition site or dimerization mediator. Tandem CCPs may form composite binding sites or contribute to flexible, rigid or conformationally ‘switchable’ segments of the parent proteins.