bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Management in Manufacturing Industries
Authors: Bellgran Monica , Bruch Jessica 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe environmental concern requires manufacturing industries to direct resources and effort toward strategies and activities that help reducing their overall environmental impact. Using environmental management systems (EMSs) such asISO14001 or similar is common. However, as theEMSsdo not put absolute requirements on the organization's environmental performance, it is still up to each manufacturing company to set the ambition level. As part of theEMSs, the identification of the environmental aspects to be dealt with during the operations phase could be supported by an industrial applicable method calledGreen Performance Map (GPM), engaging the employees on all levels to work with those environmental improvements they could impact. While most manufacturing companies are implementing the concept of lean production, it is advantageous to integrate the environmental improvement work into the existing lean infrastructure with, for example, daily management systems and scheduled activities for continuous improvement. Another approach discussed in the article is the need for emphasizing the design of the production system as an upstream activity that has fundamental impact on the environmental performance downstream, that is, in the operations phase. When designing new production equipment or renovating existing equipment, the opportunities to incorporate more energy‐ and resource‐efficient solutions are much greater and cheaper compared to investing in such solutions afterward during serial production. Arguably, a combined design and operations approach is necessary in order to achieve a complete green mindset that will guide the environmental actions on both the strategic, tactical, and operational levels. Managing the environmental tasks is part of the overall strive toward lean and clean energy systems in manufacturing industry.
Wind Energy Conversion Systems
Authors: Yang Hongxing , Gao Xiaoxia , Ma Tao , Guo Xiaodong , Liu Di 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWind energy conversion systems are essential contributors to the overall process of wind power utilization in enabling the engineering performance characteristics of commercially available wind turbine generators to be realized. The performance of wind conversion systems is based on the wind resource conditions on project sites. It depends too, on certain subsystems including wind turbines (aerodynamic), gears (mechanical), and generators (electrical). Of these subsystems, the wind turbine plays an important role in the conversion process. In this article, an overview description of the wind energy conversion system is given. The basic wind conversion principles, aerodynamics of wind turbines, wind project development processes that include site selection, wind resource estimation, wind turbine layout optimization within a wind farm, installation and operation, and maintenance are presented. A detailed wind turbine cost analysis that includes operational and maintenance costs is also provided. The total installation costs of onshore and offshore wind power are discussed separately in terms of a lifecycle assessment. The last section of this article is devoted to the introduction of some new types of wind turbines to inform readers of the likely advances in the state of the art of wind turbine development.
Geothermal Reservoir Engineering
Authors: Grant Malcolm A. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Geothermal reservoir engineering is the study of fluid changes in a geothermal reservoir: changes in fluid state (pressure, temperature, and saturation) and fluid flow in the reservoir. Geothermal reservoirs are normally hosted in fractured volcanic rock and can be large both in area and in thickness. Reservoir engineering covers two main areas, the testing of wells and construction of a simulation model of the reservoir. Well testing comprises completion testing to identify permeable zones and reservoir pressure, followed warm‐up and discharge to identify reservoir temperature and permeability. Correlation of these measurements across the reservoir is used, together with geoscientific data, to construct a conceptual model. This conceptual model is then quantified as a simulation model, which is calibrated against the natural state data and the response to production, if any. Finally, the model is used to simulate future reservoir performance under different scenarios, and hence to determine acceptable development size and form.
Overview of Geothermal Energy Resource
Authors: Huenges Ernst 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHeat can be obtained from the Earth in various ways from deeper sources for larger networks and heat for power generation—combinations are also possible. Geothermal energy is classified as a renewable resource because the tapped heat from an active reservoir is continuously restored by natural heat production, conduction, and convection from surrounding hotter regions, and the extracted geothermal fluids are replenished by natural recharge and by injection of the depleted (cooled) fluids. Geothermal fields are typically operated at production rates that cause local declines in pressure and/or in temperature within the reservoir over the economic lifetime of the installed facilities. These cooler and lower‐pressure zones are subsequently recharged and renewed from surrounding regions when extraction ceases.
Low Carbon Development for Cities: Methods and Measures
Authors: Ohshita Stephanie , Zhou Nan , Price Lynn , Fridley David , Khanna Nina , Hong Lixuan , Lu Hongyou , Fino‐Chen Cecilia , He Gang 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCities consume more than 60% of global energy and that share is rising with the rapid rate of urbanization. With cities playing a crucial role in sustainable energy and climate systems, this article examines emerging efforts by cities around the world to shift to a development pattern with less energy and less carbon. We review metrics that define a low carbon city and present key steps in low carbon development. We examine city‐level inventory methods and target setting. Much of the article is devoted to examples of policy measures that cities are pursuing to save energy and carbon, from net‐zero buildings and 20‐min neighborhoods to distributed and renewable urban energy supply.
Fuel Ethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass
Authors: Yoo Chang Geun , Pan Xuejun 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCellulosic ethanol has been identified as a promising biofuel for transportation because it is produced from abundant and renewable lignocellulosic biomass such as crop residues, forest residues, and dedicated energy crops; it does not compete with food source such as starch, sucrose, and lipids; it reduces fossil fuel use and thereby lowering greenhouse gas emission; it improves energy security and independence; and it promotes rural economy. Biological production of cellulosic ethanol consists of five major operations, namely, biomass production and process, biomass pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification of polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose), fermentation of sugars to ethanol, and concentration and purification of ethanol. Existing technologies for these operations are briefly summarized and reviewed in this article, including structure, composition, and recalcitrance of lignocellulose; biomass logistics for harvest, handling, transport, and storage; available pretreatment methods and their features; cellulase and substrate features affecting enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose; fermentation of hexoses and pentoses to ethanol; ethanol distillation and dehydration; and lignin and hemicellulose as potential co‐products. Challenges and future directions of cellulosic ethanol production were addressed as well. Commercialization of cellulosic ethanol still faces technical, engineering, and economical challenges. Aggressive research and development are still needed to reduce the cost and improve the efficiency of cellulosic ethanol production.
Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power (CCHP) Systems
Authors: Mago Pedro J. , Smith Amanda D. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCombined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems are characterized by a decentralized power generation source where a portion of the heat released as a byproduct of generation is recovered rather than rejected to the atmosphere. This typically wasted thermal energy is then used for space heating, hot water, or for space cooling. The process can be a highly efficient use of input energy and may result in economic savings, reduced emissions, reduced overall primary energy consumption (PEC), and other benefits for the energy consumer when compared with a traditional separate heat and power system, whereby electricity is produced at a central power plant and thermal demand is met using separate on‐site equipment. This article presents a general description ofCCHPsystems as well as benefits that could be obtained from theCCHPsystem operation. Some of these benefits include the operational costs, carbon dioxide emissions, and PEC. The ability to gain the benefits described above by usingCCHPsystems depends on the type of prime mover used to generate power, the characteristics of a variety of system components, the method of operation, and the location of the system. The different prime movers and cooling technologies that can be used on these systems are discussed in this article. In addition, the system's operational strategies such as operating following the electric load, thermal load, base loading, or a combination of them are discussed in this article. Finally, state‐of‐the‐art ideas for improving and optimizingCCHPsystems are described for their potential toward further development of the technology worldwide.
Life Cycle Assessment of Wind Power Generation System
Authors: Yang Jin , Chen Bin 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWind power is experiencing an unprecedented development in China. It is regarded a clean energy alternative as no emissions are generated in electricity production process. However, the material‐intensive production of wind turbines is associated with environmental releases. Therefore, assessing the environmental impacts of wind power generation systems involves not only power production process but also all related processes. Life cycle assessment (LCA) considering all environmental emissions in the whole lifetime of the wind power generation system is proven a powerful tool to estimate the real environmental costs of wind power and can provide information for companies, local resident, and government officials about the environmental implications of wind power generation technology.A case of typical wind power generation system was shown to demonstrate the procedures ofLCA. However,LCAin wind power generation systems in the current stage still has some issues to be solved, represented as time‐varying factors, vague definition of system boundary and standardization, and so on. In addition to improving life cycle analysis to make the assessment more precise and feasible, the scope of wind power generation should be extended to life cycle sustainability evaluation so as to give an overview of the wind power generation system and shed lights on development pathway design.
Life Cycle Assessment of Biogas Systems
Authors: Chen Shaoqing , Chen Bin 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBiogas has been an important biomass energy source in many nations and regions. The implementation of biogas system (BS) not only provides electricity for industrial production but also acts as an important substitutive energy in rural areas where other renewable energy resources are scarce. Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been used as a comprehensive assessment tool ofBSswith its capability of tracking material and energy flows through the product's whole life cycle. The existingLCAsofBSshave been focused on both direct and indirect effects in methane production, biogas utilization, and digestate reuse. In this article, we critically reviewed the development ofLCAonBSin terms of energy supply, environmental performance, and economic aspect. On this basis, we also discussed the practices of the existing literatures in assessing the various biogas infrastructures and pathways of using biogas and digestate, which clearly play an important role in the overall biogas performance. In order to illustrate the tradeoff between different aspects of system performance, a complex BS coupling household biogas production to persimmon cultivation and processing has been introduced as a case study. In addition, the uncertainty factors in life cycle inventory that affects the impact assessment results have been classified and explained. In the final section, the whole article is summed up with prospects of future development onLCAofBSs.
Fugitive Particulate Control Technologies for Bulk Material Handling Sources
Authors: Blazek Christopher F. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Dust emissions have always been a concern, however, recent dust‐related explosions/fires and resulting deaths have driven ever more stringent dust‐related regulations. This article discusses
US
regulations pertaining to fugitive dust emissions and respirable dust limits. Owing to the various types of materials/dusts, processes, and conveying/transport types, a variety of dust control technologies must be considered and matched to the application. These technologies can be categorized as passive control, proactive controls, and active controls.

Details of the various types of dust control technologies are discussed. Passive control technologies are generally static devices that minimize the generation of dust during the conveying process. These technologies include belt cleaners, skirt seals, and advanced transfer chutes. By contrast, proactive controls represent control technologies that actively control the dust before it can be generated or the dust can escape to the environment. Generally, these technologies do not have an emission signature of their own. Examples of this type of technology include a properly applied chemical dust suppression agent that wets the material to reduce dust generation during handling/impact. Active technologies can be seen as those technologies that are used to reduce airborne fugitive dust emissions after the dust has entered the air. Dust collectors fall into this category.
Anaerobic Granulation for Wastewater Treatment and Bioenergy Production: Advances and Prospects
Authors: Show Kuan‐Yeow , Lee Duu‐Jong , Yan Yuegen 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAnaerobic biogranulation is an emerging wastewater treatment technology for industrial applications. As a result of increasing basic understanding and acceptance toward the anaerobic granular processes, a growing interest and confidence in the technology has resulted in a remarkable increase of full‐scale plants installed worldwide over the past few decades. While the technology is well accepted and much research work had been conducted on granule formation, insight unfolding the granulation remains unclear. This article presents a review documenting hypothetical elucidations on anaerobic granule formation and granulation mechanisms. The article also provides detailed discussion on applications of anaerobic granulation with emphasis on reactor systems, emission mitigations, and bioenergy production. Prospects and challenges of anaerobic granulation for wastewater treatment are also outlined.
CO2Geological Storage
Authors: Loizzo Matteo 
Published: July 2015

AbstractGeological storage was first proposed in the 1970s as a way to dispose of the carbon dioxide (CO2) that could be captured from large point sources. The technique is seen as a bridging technology that can decarbonize electricity generation until renewables will be ready to reduce emissions drastically.CO2is suited for storage in the porous formations that are common in sedimentary basins worldwide: at a common temperature and pressure at a depth of 1 km or more, the gas becomes supercritical with a density close to water but a low viscosity, which allows it to be easily pumped with a low energy penalty.CO2is ideal for enhancing oil recovery, something that has led to almost 1 billion tons of the gas being pumped over the past 40 years, mostly in the United States, providing a wealth of experience on transport, injection, and the integrity of geologic formation. Additional learning opportunities come from studying naturalCO2vents, which show that ecosystem damage fromCO2leaks is mostly minimal and concentrated, as well as from the gas storage industry, which has been using geologic storage for around one century with an excellent safety record.Candidate storage formations must have sufficient capacity, filling rate, and the ability to containCO2for hundreds of years to be considered, as well as be close to a source (or a pipeline). Projects from research to industrial scale have shown that such formations can be found, and safeCO2geological storage is indeed possible.
Membrane Technologies for

CO
2

Capture
Authors: Yu Xinhai , Yang Jie , Yan Jinyue , Tu Shan‐Tung 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Carbon capture and storage (
CCS
) has been recognized as one approach for mitigating

CO
2

emissions, especially from large fossil‐fuel combustion units, such as those used for electric power generation and other industrial processes. The existing and emerging membrane technologies for the separation and capture of

CO
2

from point source emissions are discussed in this article to provide an understanding of the present technological development and the challenges. With regards to

CO
2

capture, the membrane processes are classified into two types, which are gas separation membrane and gas absorption membrane. The gas separation membrane operates on the principle of preferential permeation of mixture constituents through the pores of the membrane, resulting in that one component diffuses through the membrane faster than the others. The gas absorption membrane contactor combines the advantages of chemical (high selectivity) and membrane absorption. Strategies on further development of these two processes are proposed. For

CO
2

capture using membranes, more efforts are expected in both research and commercialization.
Algae Biofuels
Authors: Chiaramonti David , Tredici Mario R. , Prussi Matteo , Biondi Natascia 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBiofuels represent today a global commodity, with 110 billion liters produced in 2012, covering approximately 3% of world's transport fuel demand (on an energy equivalent base):IEAestimates that the world biofuels production will reach 2.36 mb/day (135 billion liters/year) in 2018, equal to 4% road transport fuel demand, an increase of 0.48 mb/day compared to 2012. In parallel to increased production, thanks to advanced biofuel technology development and commercialization, further optimization and process integration of conventional technologies will promote the use of unconventional feedstock. Among these, algae are expected to play a major role in the medium‐to‐long‐term scenario, especially in the biorefinery configuration. Algae, in fact, offer a very attractive opportunity for sustainable biofuels and biochemicals/food/feed production, given their high productivity per unit land and their unique biochemical characteristics. On the other hand, the development of commercially viable algae production routes still represents a major challenge, either from a strictly technical or from an economic viewpoint. This article briefly examines the basic issues in algae cultivation and conversion to biofuel: first, the peculiar characteristics of this unconventional biomass feedstock are described, and then cultivation techniques are shown, focusing on microalgae. Market opportunities for algae products are also addressed and fundamental economic considerations are developed.
Advances of Renewable Energy Powered Desalination
Authors: Mohamed Essam Sh. , Papadakis G. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe supply of freshwater is becoming an issue of increasing importance in many areas in the world. In arid areas, potable water is very scarce and the lives of people in these areas strongly depend on the amount of available water. Seawater desalination requires large amounts of energy and if this energy is produced by fossil fuels, it will have adverse impact on the environment. Therefore, renewable energy systems (RES) coupled to desalination units offer an attractive solution. Considerable research is under way to optimize the matching of renewable energy technologies with the corresponding desalination technologies and especially to reduce the energy required per unit volume of freshwater produced. The design, simulation, and optimization of theRESpowered desalination units is an aspect of high importance in the planning and design phase of a project implementing desalination powered by renewable energy technologies. Therefore, new software packages combining the design of theRESand the desalination units were developed. Finally, great attention should be given to the environmental and socioeconomic sustainability of the renewable energy powered desalination units, failing to do so can lead to negative opinion of the community toward the installation of new systems.
Gas Turbines for Power and Propulsion
Authors: Kyprianidis Konstantinos G. , Gkoudesnes Christos , Camilleri William 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe gas turbine has been under continuous evolution for more than seven decades. Although many new technologies have been introduced over the years, much of the basic theory has not changed. A short presentation is first given of the fundamental thermodynamics relating to the gas turbine, followed by an ideal analysis of three major cycles: the simple cycle, the intercooled cycle, and the intercooled recuperated cycle. Typical losses for gas turbine components are then discussed along with relevant performance modeling methods. The fundamental principles of gas turbine conceptual design are presented followed by an assessment of the real performance of the three major cycles. Finally, a critical review is presented of future gas turbine concepts and their enabling technologies, with the primary focus on civil aircraft propulsion. Recent development trends and the primary research and development efforts by major gas turbine manufacturers are discussed in detail.
PCMStorage
Authors: Cabeza Luisa F. , Inés Fernández Ana , Barreneche Camila , Ushak Svetlana 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSince the nineteenth century, a systematic study of heat storage systems through latent heat using phase‐change materials (PCMs) has been carried out. This article contains the most important and useful information about PCMs, system design and its applications, and advances thatPCMshave undertaken today. The information related to the classification ofPCMs and what properties must have a material to be considered as aPCMare presented. Owing to the loss by evaporation and to prevent leakage ofPCMs, it is necessary to encapsulate it; therefore, a review of the methods of encapsulation is done, emphasizing microencapsulation: chemical, physicochemical and physicomechanical processes, and shape‐stabilized methods.PCMstorage systems can be applied to use of latent heat for thermal protection or inertia or to store a big amount of energy in a small temperature range. In this article, depending on the application and the energy and power needs ofPCMstorage systems, the requirements, design, and methodologies are reviewed. Many applications ofPCMscan be found. In this work, a detailed review of various applications such as electronic devices, food and medicine protection, clothing, buildings, andPCMs in concentrated solar power plants and in greenhouses is presented. In addition, implementation of latent heat energy storage in waste heat recovery systems and transportation of energy are mentioned. Few papers with economic evaluation of systems integratingPCMs are reviewed.