bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maintenance and Re-establishment of Family Links and Transmission of Information
Authors: Spieker Heike 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses provisions for the maintenance and re-establishment of family links and transmission of information under Geneva Convention (GC) IV. The regulation of the maintenance and re-establishment of family links and transmission of information in the context of protected civilians is based on two concerns: first, to prevent protected persons from going missing; and, secondly, where a person is missing, to re-establish links through information, in particular to protect the family as a unit. The chapter covers the notion of ‘family’; privacy of information and data protection; communication of family news and facilitation of family enquiries; maintenance and re-establishment of family links; and tracing services and transmission of information.
The Right to Leave
Authors: Hylton Pamela Anne 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the civilian’s right to leave a territory under Geneva Convention (GC) IV. The right to leave is not an absolute right, and limitations apply especially during armed conflicts. Under Article 35 GC IV, all protected persons are entitled to leave the territory at the outset of or during a conflict, unless their departure is ‘contrary to the national interests of the State’. State practice also demonstrates broader limitations on the right to leave, which arguably go beyond the circumstances envisioned in GC IV: as a matter of national sovereignty, states are adamant about maintaining control over the entry, exit, and free movement of people within their borders, as ‘no state will accept another’s dictate as to what constitutes national interest, especially in time of war’.
Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights in Occupied Territories
Authors: Giacca Gilles 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the relationship between Geneva Convention (GC) IV and human rights norms relating to economic, social, and cultural (ESC) rights. The main legal issues addressed are: how GC IV’s rules of a socio-economic nature operate; how ESC rights apply in occupied territories, and how they may affect the assessment of the content of the obligations derived under GC IV; to what extent the application of human rights obligations adds substantive duties to those set forth in GC IV; how human rights obligations—which may entail important legislative, administrative, financial, institutional, or social measures—are to be implemented within this legal framework; and whether, and if so, to what extent, the prolonged character of an occupation influences or affects the interpretation and application of ESC rights.
Security Interests in Ships
Authors: Allsop James Leslie Bain 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses security interests in shipping and how they are regulated under maritime law. A ship’s security interests consist of mortgages, maritime liens, special legislative rights and charges, possessory liens, enforcement of maritime claims, and the creation of security interests. All these are part of a general body of maritime law concerned with the enforcement of maritime claims which can be divided into proprietary and non-proprietary or general claims. Proprietary claims can be claims as to ownership or as to security. Such security may arise as a consequence of a consensual arrangement, such as a mortgage, or it may arise by operation of law as an incident of a maritime transaction or the consequence of a maritime wrong, such as the possessory lien or the maritime lien. Non-proprietary or general claims may obtain some degree of priority or a secured characteristic by the method of enforcement in maritime courts.
Charterparties
Authors: Martin-Clark David 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses charter parties-the term used to describe contracts for the use of ships in trade; it is often shortened to ‘charter’. The persons involved in a charter are the owners of the ship and the persons who require the use of the ship, the charterers. Sometimes there is a chain of charters relating to the same ship; in such a case, the first charterers will be described in the second charter as the ‘disponent’ owners while the second charterers will be called the sub-charterers. The chapter looks into the three main types of charter, namely the demise or bareboat charter, the voyage charter, and the time charter. In return for carrying the cargo, the charterers pay the owners a sum of money known as ‘freight’ which may be calculated at a given rate per tonne of the cargo carried or it may be a lump sum.
Law of Harbours and Pilotage
Authors: Agripino de Castro Osvaldo , Pasold Cesar Luiz 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers navigation safety in and around harbours and ports by presenting the main legal aspects involved in port activities. It emphasizes civil liability, adopting a comparative law approach and taking as examples two countries which follow the common law system—the UK and the United States—and two countries under the civil law system—Spain and Brazil. Regardless of the law system used, the rule of law on harbours and pilotage is a critical topic, particularly in view of the amount of capital invested in maritime transportation and the large volume of legislation and officials regulating this important economic sector. A comparative analysis between the two system reveals a wide discrepancy; while in civil law countries, the harbour master has control of navigation and the pilot is considered merely as an advisor, in common law countries the master delegates the conduct of the vessel to the pilot.
Intervention in the Highs Seas in Cases of Marine Pollution Casualties
Authors: Blanco-Bazán Agustín 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the treaty law provisions regulating the exercise of coastal State intervention beyond territorial boundaries. The right of a coastal State to intervene within its territorial sea to counteract accidental pollution caused by foreign ships is widely accepted as an entitlement related to that State’s sovereignty over the belt of sea adjacent to its land territory and its internal waters. In this case, limitations to coastal State sovereignty are drawn by the universally accepted treaty rules governing innocent passage. However, the right to intervene beyond the territorial sea is acknowledged only as an exceptional remedy related to the concept of self-defence, in this case the need to protect vital maritime living and non-living resources and coastal interests against imminent and grave risks of pollution resulting from an accident involving foreign ships.
Piracy, Hijacking, and Armed Robbery Against Ships
Authors: Kulyk Markiyan Z 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the history of maritime laws regarding piracy, as well as current international efforts to define and subdue it and other similar illegal acts against ships. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) piracy provisions, in particular Articles 100-107 and 110, form the foundation for the contemporary counter-piracy legal regime. They define the offence, rights, and obligations of States, including on cooperation in repression of piracy and on jurisdiction to prosecute pirates. The UNCLOS definition of piracy comprises four main elements: illegal act of violence; detention or depredation; private ends; involvement of two ships; and location at the high seas.
Maritime Terrorism and the Illicit Trafficking in Arms
Authors: Hamza Riyaz 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines two specific maritime security threats, namely, maritime terrorism and the illicit trafficking in arms, including weapons of mass destruction, as the two threats are to a large extent interconnected. It sets forth the definitions for terrorism-contrasting it with acts of piracy discussed in the previous chapter-as well as the international legal instruments used to combat terrorism. The illicit trafficking by sea of small arms and of biological, chemical, or nuclear weapons (BCN weapons) is also regulated by a number of international instruments. However, there is currently no global small arms control instrument specifically regulating trafficking by sea.
Military uses of the Sea
Authors: Ronzitti Natalino 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ‘hard security’ aspect of military use of the sea, which involves navies’ mobility, self-defence, and exercise of sea-power for a number of reasons, including resort to force, or simply showing the flag to assert a claim and countering other States excessive pretensions, and the use of the sea in wartime. It defines warships and their status—given that navies are the main military users of the ocean—as well as passage through territorial waters and coverage of the economic zone and other pertinent areas of the ocean. Additionally, this chapter covers other areas of hard security during wartime and peacetime negotiations, neutral or convention-exclusive zones and other forms of naval operations that extend as far as air defence.
Principle 6
Authors: Hébié Mamadou 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the rationale, travaux préparatoires, conceptual scope, and normative influence of Principle 6 of the Rio Declaration. It pays particular attention to how the special needs of developing countries stated in Principle 6 have been reflected in a number of international instruments, most notably with respect to least developed and environmentally vulnerable countries.
Principle 13
Authors: Fitzmaurice Malgosia 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the rationale, travaux préparatoires, conceptual scope, and normative and jurisprudential influence of Principle 13 of the Rio Declaration. It examines both the law of State responsibility for breaches of international law and the civil liability regimes established to compensate environmental damage, whether at the international or the domestic level.
Principle 15
Authors: Cançado Trindade Antônio Augusto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the rationale, travaux préparatoires, conceptual scope, and normative and jurisprudential influence of Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration. It pays particular attention to the definition of the province of precaution as distinguished from that of prevention, as well as to the reception of precaution in treaty law and jurisprudence, both international and domestic.
Introduction
Authors: Ryngaert Cedric 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins by setting out the scope and method of the present study, which aims to develop a rule-based framework of jurisdiction under international law, from a transatlantic perspective. It then presents the structure of the study followed by discussions of jurisdiction as a concern of international law; the concept of jurisdiction in transnational domestic litigation; and the concept of jurisdiction in international human rights treaties.
The Territoriality Principle
Authors: Ryngaert Cedric 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the territoriality principle, the most basic principle of jurisdiction in international law. Topics covered include the historical development of the territoriality principle in continental Europe; the territoriality principle in England; the territoriality principle in the United States; territorial jurisdiction over cross-border offences; territorial jurisdiction and the Internet; territorial jurisdiction over antitrust violations; territorial jurisdiction and securities regulation; territoriality and orders for discovery abroad; and territorial extension of domestic law.
A Reasonable Exercise of Jurisdiction
Authors: Ryngaert Cedric 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter first discusses how courts and regulators can rely on the principle of international comity to restrain assertions of jurisdiction. In its jurisdictional version, this principle limits the reach of a State’s laws by requiring that States (and their courts and regulators) recognize the laws of States with a stronger link with the case, and thus, that States with a weaker link with the case do not apply their own laws. Comity is, however, essentially a discretionary concept, and not a binding norm of customary international law. Attempts have been made to elevate comity to an international law status. This has most notably occurred in § 403 of the US Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law, which proposes a rule of reason which States have to abide by, not as a matter of comity, but as a matter of international law. The actual customary international law status of the jurisdictional rule of reason is nevertheless in serious doubt, particularly in Europe where a standard of reasonableness, and its attendant requirement of balancing interests, may run counter to basic tenets of the continental system of judicial jurisdiction and private international law.
Introduction
Authors: Dugan Christopher F , Wallace Jr , Rubins Noah , Sabahi Borzu 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the growth of international investment and the emergence of new field of international law that defines the obligations of host states toward foreign investors and creating procedures for resolving disputes in connection with those obligations. This new law is primarily codified in a vast network of bilateral and multilateral investment treaties, supported by an ever-evolving body of customary international law. An overview of the subsequent chapters is then presented. The importance of investment flows for capital importers and exporters, and the purpose of investment protection is discussed.
Consent to Arbitral Jurisdiction
Authors: Dugan Christopher F , Wallace Jr , Rubins Noah , Sabahi Borzu 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The jurisdiction of all international arbitration tribunals is based on the consent of the parties. The requirement of consent to arbitral jurisdiction in the context of investor-state arbitration is also a corollary of the principle that “there is no power superior to the states which can force a judge upon them.” There is nothing to preclude states from voluntarily submitting a dispute to a court or tribunal, however, and nothing can prevent them from making that submission irrevocable. This chapter discusses the fundamental concepts relating to consent, arbitration clauses in investment contracts, national investment legislation, investment protection treaties as consent to arbitration, and investment arbitration based on compromise
“Fair and Equitable Treatment” and “Full Protection and Security”
Authors: Dugan Christopher F , Wallace Jr , Rubins Noah , Sabahi Borzu 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Among the most discussed standards of protection that investment treaties provide are “fair and equitable treatment” and “full protection and security.” These concepts and their relation to the minimum standard of treatment of aliens under customary international law have inspired significant debate. This chapter discusses the relationship of fair and equitable treatment and full protection and security to customary international law, the meaning of fair and equitable treatment, and full protection and security.
The enhancer RNA, AANCR, regulates APOE expression in astrocytes and microglia
Authors: Wan Ma , Liu Yaojuan , Li Dongjun , Snyder Ryan J , Elkin Lillian B , Day Christopher R , Rodriguez Joseph , Grunseich Christopher , Mahley Robert W , Watts Jason A , Cheung Vivian G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Enhancers, critical regulatory elements within the human genome, are often transcribed into enhancer RNAs. The dysregulation of enhancers leads to diseases collectively termed enhanceropathies. While it is known that enhancers play a role in diseases by regulating gene expression, the specific mechanisms by which individual enhancers cause diseases are not well understood. Studies of individual enhancers are needed to fill this gap. This study delves into the role of APOE-activating noncoding RNA, AANCR, in the central nervous system, elucidating its function as a genetic modifier in Alzheimer's Disease. We employed RNA interference, RNaseH-mediated degradation, and single-molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization to demonstrate that mere transcription of AANCR is insufficient; rather, its transcripts are crucial for promoting APOE expression. Our findings revealed that AANCR is induced by ATM-mediated ERK phosphorylation and subsequent AP-1 transcription factor activation. Once activated, AANCR enhances APOE expression, which in turn imparts an inflammatory phenotype to astrocytes. These findings demonstrate that AANCR is a key enhancer RNA in some cell types within the nervous system, pivotal for regulating APOE expression and influencing inflammatory responses, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases.
The structure and interaction of polymers affects secondary cell wall banding patterns in Arabidopsis
Authors: Pfaff Sarah A , Wagner Edward R , Cosgrove Daniel J 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Xylem tracheary elements (TEs) synthesize patterned secondary cell walls (SCWs) to reinforce against the negative pressure of water transport. VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN 7 (VND7) induces differentiation, accompanied by cellulose, xylan, and lignin deposition into banded domains. To investigate the effect of polymer biosynthesis mutations on SCW patterning, we developed a method to induce tracheary element transdifferentiation of isolated protoplasts, by transient transformation with VND7. Our data showed that proper xylan elongation is necessary for distinct cellulose bands, cellulose–xylan interactions are essential for coincident polymer patterns, and cellulose deposition is needed to override the intracellular organization that yields unique xylan patterns. These data indicate that a properly assembled cell wall network acts as a scaffold to direct polymer deposition into distinctly banded domains. We describe the transdifferentiation of protoplasts into TEs, providing an avenue to study patterned SCW biosynthesis in a tissue-free environment and in various mutant backgrounds.
Regional active transcription associates with homoeologous exchange breakpoints in synthetic Brassica tetraploids
Authors: Cai Chengcheng , Yang Yinqing , Zhang Lei , Cui Yinan , Wu Jian , Liang Jianli , Li Xing , Zhang Lingkui , Zhang Xin , Zhang Yiyue , Guo Zhongwei , Chen Shumin , Zhang Kang , Freeling Michael , Wang Xiaowu , Cheng Feng 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Polyploidization plays a crucial role in plant evolution and is becoming increasingly important in breeding. Structural variations and epigenomic repatterning have been observed in synthetic polyploidizations. However, the mechanisms underlying the occurrence and their effects on gene expression and phenotype remain unknown. Here, we investigated genome-wide large deletion/duplication regions (DelDups) and genomic methylation dynamics in leaf organs of progeny from the first eight generations of synthetic tetraploids derived from Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata). One- or two-copy DelDups, with a mean size of 5.70 Mb (400 kb to 65.85 Mb), occurred from the first generation of selfing and thereafter. The duplication of a fragment in one subgenome consistently coincided with the deletion of its syntenic fragment in the other subgenome, and vice versa, indicating that these DelDups were generated by homoeologous exchanges (HEs). Interestingly, the larger the genomic syntenic region, the higher the frequency of DelDups, further suggesting that the pairing of large homoeologous fragments is crucial for HEs. Moreover, we found that the active transcription of continuously distributed genes in local regions is positively associated with the occurrence of HE breakpoints. In addition, the expression of genes within DelDups exhibited a dosage effect, and plants with extra parental genomic fragments generally displayed phenotypes biased toward the corresponding parent. Genome-wide methylation fluctuated remarkably, which did not clearly affect gene expression on a large scale. Our findings provide insights into the early evolution of polyploid genomes, offering valuable knowledge for polyploidization-based breeding.
Do wars abroad affect attitudes at home?
Authors: Klymak Margaryta , Vlandas Tim 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Can foreign conflicts affect attitudes in nonbelligerent countries? A large literature studies the effects of conflicts and wars on countries that are directly involved, without considering the potential consequences for other nonbelligerent countries that might nevertheless be threatened. To address this question, we examine how the Russian invasion of Ukraine affected 12 economic and political attitudes using survey data covering eight European countries. We use a natural experiment whereby the timing of the invasion overlapped with the fieldwork of a cross-national individual-level survey in these eight countries. We find that the war increased support for democracy, redistribution, support for Europe, and immigration, while it reduced authoritarian attitudes. Our findings highlight the impact of foreign conflicts on a wide range of attitudes in countries that are externally threatened, but neither directly involved militarily, nor necessarily very close to the conflict.
Gateway to Dignity: Legal Name Changes for Transgender People in the United States
Authors: Bender-Baird Kyla 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
Since the 1960s, trans people in the United States have been petitioning courts for name changes and sex marker corrections. If, under English common law everyone has the right to change their name at will without legal procedure by simply adopting a new name, why do trans people bother to change their names through formal legal procedures? This article investigates that question through interviews with trans people around the United States who had legally changed their name as well as lawyers and advocates who assisted trans people in this process, many of whom were trans-identified. Participants reported that without a legal name change, trans people face regular challenges to their dignity. Therefore, I argue that legal name changes are a gateway to dignity by assisting trans people with establishing self-worth and facilitating respectful interactions. While participants stressed that everyone should be entitled to have their chosen name respected, when that dignity is not extended, law can be a powerful tool. Court orders reflecting a name change communicate with the force of law what is the correct name for a person.