bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatty Acid Profiles for Differentiating Growth Medium Formulations Used to Culture Bacillus cereus T‐strain Spores
Authors: Ehrhardt Christopher J. , Murphy Devonie L. , Robertson James M. , Bannan Jason D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMicrobial biomarkers that indicate aspects of an organism's growth conditions are important targets of forensic research. In this study, we examined fatty acid composition as a signature for the types of complex nutrients in the culturing medium. Bacillus cereus T‐strain spores were grown in medium formulations supplemented with one of the following: peptone (meat protein), tryptone (casein protein), soy protein, and brain–heart infusion. Cellular biomass was profiled with fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis. Results showed peptone cultures produced spores enriched in straight‐chained lipids. Tryptone cultures produced spores enriched in branched‐odd lipids when compared with peptone, soy, and brain–heart formulations. The observed FAME variation was used to construct a set of discriminant functions that could help identify the nutrients in a culturing recipe for an unknown spore sample. Blinded classification tests were most successful for spores grown on media containing peptone and tryptone, showing 88% and 100% correct identification, respectively.
Genomic Resources Notes Accepted 1 December 2014 – 31 January 2015
Authors: Blanchet Simon , Bouchez Olivier , Chapman Colin A. , Etter Paul D. , Goldberg Tony L. , Johnson Eric A. , Jones James H. , Loot Géraldine , Omeja Patrick A. , Rey Olivier , Ruiz‐Lopez Maria Jose , Switzer William M. , Ting Nelson 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article documents the public availability of (i) transcriptome sequence data and assembly for the rostrum dace (Leuciscus burdigalensis) naturally infected by a copepod ectoparasite (Tracheliastes polycolpus) and (ii) SNPs identified and validated from RAD sequencing for the Ugandan red colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus tephrosceles) using RAD sequencing.
Antiphospholipid Antibodies Alter Cell‐Death‐Regulating Lipid Metabolites in First and Third Trimester Human Placentae
Authors: Pantham Priyadarshini , Heazell Alexander E.P. , Mullard Graham , Begley Paul , Chen Qi , Brown Maria , Dunn Warwick B. , Chamley Lawrence W. 
Published: April 2015

ProblemAntiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are maternal autoantibodies that increase the risk of a woman developing preeclampsia 10‐fold. aPL are internalized into the syncytiotrophoblast and increase extrusion of necrotic trophoblast debris into the maternal blood. This necrotic trophoblast debris may trigger endothelial cell dysfunction contributing to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. We hypothesize that aPL directly affect placental metabolism, leading to increased syncytiotrophoblast death.Methods of studyFirst and third trimester human placental explants were cultured with aPL, a control antibody, or media only, and placental conditioned culture media was examined by mass spectroscopy. Molecular targets of interest were investigated using qRTPCR and immunohistochemistry.ResultsThe levels of 79 and 132 metabolites, respectively, were altered due to the treatment of first and third trimester placental explants with aPL. These included ceramides and diacylglycerols, which play important roles in cell death regulatory pathways. Antiphospholipid antibodies also decreased the expression of protein kinase C‐epsilon (PRKCE) in placental explants, possibly due to the disrupted balance between ceramides and diacylglycerols caused by aPL.ConclusionOne mechanism by which aPL cause aberrant cell death in the syncytiotrophoblast in the first and third trimester is by disruption of placental lipid signaling and decreased expression of PRKCE.
A phase I/II study of oral clofarabine plus low‐dose cytarabine in previously treated acute myeloid leukaemia and high‐risk myelodysplastic syndrome patients at least 60 years of age
Authors: Buckley Sarah A. , Mawad Raya , Gooley Ted A. , Becker Pamela S. , Sandhu Vicky , Hendrie Paul , Scott Bart L. , Wood Brent L. , Walter Roland B. , Smith Kelly , Dean Carol , Estey Elihu H. , Pagel John M. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryOutcomes for older adults with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are generally poor, and new effective therapies are needed. We investigated oral clofarabine combined with low‐dose cytarabine (LDAC) in patients aged 60 years and above with relapsed or refractory AML or high‐risk MDS in a phase I/II trial. A 3 + 3 dose escalation of oral clofarabine was followed by a phase II expansion with the aim of obtaining a complete response (CR) rate ≥30%. We identified 20 mg/d for 5 d as the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of oral clofarabine. A total of 35 patients, with a median age of 72 years, were treated. Of 26 patients enrolled at the MTD, 4 had treatment‐related grade 3–4 non‐haematological toxicities, but none died within 28 d. The observed CR rate and median survival were 34% [95% confidence interval (CI), 18–50%] and 6·8 months overall and 38% [95% CI, 19–57%] and 7·2 months at the MTD. The median disease‐free survival was 7·4 months. Fifty‐two percent (23/44) of cycles administered at the MTD were done without hospital admission. This combination of oral clofarabine and LDAC demonstrated efficacy with a CR rate of >30% and acceptable toxicity in older patients.
Received social support and exercising: An intervention study to test the enabling hypothesis
Authors: Rackow Pamela , Scholz Urte , Hornung Rainer 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesReceived social support is considered important for health‐enhancing exercise participation. The enabling hypothesis of social support suggests an indirect association of social support and exercising via constructs of self‐regulation, such as self‐efficacy. This study aimed at examining an expanded enabling hypothesis by examining effects of different kinds of social support (i.e., emotional and instrumental) on exercising not only via self‐efficacy but also via self‐monitoring and action planning.Design and methodsAn 8‐week online study was conducted. Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention or a control group. The intervention comprised finding and then exercising regularly with a new exercise companion. Intervention and control group effects were compared by a manifest multigroup model.ResultsReceived emotional social support predicted self‐efficacy, self‐monitoring, and action planning in the intervention group. Moreover, received emotional social support was indirectly connected with exercise via the examined mediators. The indirect effect from received emotional social support via self‐efficacy mainly contributed to the total effect. No direct or indirect effect of received instrumental social support on exercise emerged. In the control group, neither emotional nor instrumental social support was associated with any of the self‐regulation constructs nor with exercise.ConclusionActively looking for a new exercise companion and exercising together seems to be beneficial for the promotion of received emotional and instrumental social support. Emotional support in turn promotes exercise by enabling better self‐regulation, in particular self‐efficacy.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

With the ‘enabling hypothesis’, Benight and Bandura (2004, Behav. Res. Ther., 42, 1129) claimed that social support indirectly affects behaviour via self‐efficacy. Research in the domain of physical exercise has provided evidence for this enabling hypothesis on a correlational basis only preventing causal inferences.

What does this study add?

We found evidence for the enabling hypothesis of received social support via self‐efficacy on physical exercise in an intervention study.

Moreover, this study demonstrated the distinct contribution of received emotional and instrumental social support in the context of the enabling hypothesis.
The Benefits of Myrmecochory: A Matter of Stature
Authors: Leal Inara R. , Leal Laura C. , Andersen Alan N. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMyrmecochory, or seed dispersal by ants, occurs widely in angiosperms, and particularly in temperate forest herbs in the northern Hemisphere and sclerophyll shrubs in Mediterranean‐climate landscapes. The lipid‐rich elaiosome on the seed provides nutrition to the ants; however, how the plant benefits from myrmecochory remains unclear. Here, we provide the first comprehensive analysis of the Euphorbiaceae species in the semi‐arid Caatinga vegetation region of northeastern Brazil, and show that myrmecochory strongly associates with small plant stature, even after controlling for seed size. The association of myrmecochory with small stature suggests that the primary benefit to plants concerns distance of dispersal, which reduces parental and sibling competition.
The Marketing of Nature
Authors: Wilcove David S. , Ghazoul Jaboury 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAccording to its advocates, an ecosystem‐services‐based approach to conservation will engender greater public support and produce more durable victories. Here, we identify three potential opportunity costs associated with such an approach: (1) diminished attention to protecting rare, localized species (the night parrot effect); (2) diminished attention to protecting wild, remote areas (the proximity‐to‐people effect); and (3) an emphasis on restoration projects near urban areas rather than the protection of relatively intact ecosystems (the rise‐of‐restoration effect). We encourage scientists and conservation practitioners to undertake the necessary monitoring and research to determine the magnitude of these opportunity costs.
Time‐lapse imaging assay using the BioStation CT: A sensitive drug‐screening method for three‐dimensional cell culture
Authors: Sakamoto Ruriko , Rahman M. Mamunur , Shimomura Manami , Itoh Manabu , Nakatsura Tetsuya 
Published: April 2015

Three‐dimensional (3D) cell culture is beneficial for physiological studies of tumor cells, due to its potential to deliver a high quantity of cell culture information that is representative of the cancer microenvironment and predictive of drug responses in vivo. Currently, gel‐associated or matrix‐associated 3D cell culture is comprised of intricate procedures that often result in experimental complexity. Therefore, we developed an innovative anti‐cancer drug sensitivity screening technique for 3D cell culture on NanoCulture Plates (NCP) by employing the imaging device BioStation CT. Here, we showed that the human breast cancer cell lines BT474 and T47D form multicellular spheroids on NCP plates and compared their sensitivity to the anti‐cancer drugs trastuzumab and paclitaxel using the BioStation CT. The anticancer drugs reduced spheroid migration velocity and suppressed spheroid fusion. In addition, primary cells derived from the human breast cancer tissues B58 and B61 grown on NCP plates also exhibited similar drug sensitivity. These results were in good agreement with the conventional assay method using ATP quantification. We confirmed the antitumor effects of the drugs on cells seeded in 96‐well plates using the BioStation CT imaging technique. We expect this method to be useful in research for new antitumor agents and for drug sensitivity tests in individually‐tailored cancer treatments.
Synthesis of 5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐benzo[d]isoxazol‐7‐one and 5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐isoxazolo[5,4‐c]pyridin‐7‐one Derivatives as Potential Hsp90 Inhibitors
Authors: Musso Loana , Cincinelli Raffaella , Giannini Giuseppe , Manetti Fabrizio , Dallavalle Sabrina 
Published: April 2015

A novel class of 5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐benzo[d]isoxazol‐7‐ones and 5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐isoxazolo[5,4‐c]pyridin‐7‐ones was designed, synthesized, and assayed to investigate the affinity toward Hsp90 protein. The synthetic route was based on a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of nitriloxides, generated in situ from suitable benzaldoximes, with 2‐bromocyclohex‐2‐enones or 3‐bromo‐5,6‐dihydro‐1H‐pyridin‐2‐ones. Whereas all the compounds bearing a benzamide group on the bicyclic scaffold were devoid of activity, the derivatives carrying a resorcinol‐like fragment showed a remarkable inhibitory effect on Hsp90. Docking calculations were performed to investigate the orientation of the new compounds within the binding site of the enzyme.
Effect of background noise on neuronal coding of interaural level difference cues in rat inferior colliculus
Authors: Mokri Yasamin , Worland Kate , Ford Mark , Rajan Ramesh 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHumans can accurately localize sounds even in unfavourable signal‐to‐noise conditions. To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying this, we studied the effect of background wide‐band noise on neural sensitivity to variations in interaural level difference (ILD), the predominant cue for sound localization in azimuth for high‐frequency sounds, at the characteristic frequency of cells in rat inferior colliculus (IC). Binaural noise at high levels generally resulted in suppression of responses (55.8%), but at lower levels resulted in enhancement (34.8%) as well as suppression (30.3%). When recording conditions permitted, we then examined if any binaural noise effects were related to selective noise effects at each of the two ears, which we interpreted in light of well‐known differences in input type (excitation and inhibition) from each ear shaping particular forms of ILD sensitivity in the IC. At high signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNR), in most ILD functions (41%), the effect of background noise appeared to be due to effects on inputs from both ears, while for a large percentage (35.8%) appeared to be accounted for by effects on excitatory input. However, as SNR decreased, change in excitation became the dominant contributor to the change due to binaural background noise (63.6%). These novel findings shed light on the IC neural mechanisms for sound localization in the presence of continuous background noise. They also suggest that some effects of background noise on encoding of sound location reported to be emergent in upstream auditory areas can also be observed at the level of the midbrain.
The relationship between the pre‐admission CHA2DS2‐VASc score and proximal artery occlusion in patients with acute stroke and atrial fibrillation
Authors: Sakamoto Y. , Sato S. , Hama Y. , Nagatsuka K. , Minematsu K. , Toyoda K. 
Published: April 2015

Background and purposeThe CHA2DS2‐VASc score is associated with severity and outcome of ischaemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). It was hypothesized that a high CHA2DS2‐VASc score was related to severity and outcome because of its association with proximal artery occlusion (PAO). This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between the CHA2DS2‐VASc score and PAO and to determine whether the effect of the CHA2DS2‐VASc score on severity or outcome is independent of PAO.MethodsAcute stroke patients with AF were retrospectively enrolled. PAO was defined as occlusion at the internal carotid artery or proximal middle cerebral artery on admission magnetic resonance angiography. Multivariable analyses were performed to identify independent factors associated with PAO and determine the associations of the CHA2DS2‐VASc score with the initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and poor functional outcome (discharge modified Rankin scale score 4–6).ResultsIn all, 213 patients [102 women; median age 80 (interquartile range 71–86) years; NIHSS score 16 (9–22)] were enrolled. On multivariable analysis, the CHA2DS2‐VASc score (odds ratio 1.40, 95% confidence interval 1.12–1.76 per 1 point) was independently associated with PAO and correlated with the initial NIHSS score (standardized coefficient 0.198, P = 0.017). This association was not significant after further adjustment for PAO (0.080, P = 0.241). The CHA2DS2‐VASc score was independently related to poor outcome even adjusted for PAO (odds ratio 1.39, 95% confidence interval 1.03–1.88).ConclusionThe CHA2DS2‐VASc score was associated with PAO in acute ischaemic stroke patients with AF. The CHA2DS2‐VASc score may be correlated with the NIHSS score through the presence of PAO and with poor functional outcome independently of PAO.
Biochar stability in soil: meta‐analysis of decomposition and priming effects
Authors: Wang Jinyang , Xiong Zhengqin , Kuzyakov Yakov 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe stability and decomposition of biochar are fundamental to understand its persistence in soil, its contribution to carbon (C) sequestration, and thus its role in the global C cycle. Our current knowledge about the degradability of biochar, however, is limited. Using 128 observations of biochar‐derived CO2 from 24 studies with stable (13C) and radioactive (14C) carbon isotopes, we meta‐analyzed the biochar decomposition in soil and estimated its mean residence time (MRT). The decomposed amount of biochar increased logarithmically with experimental duration, and the decomposition rate decreased with time. The biochar decomposition rate varied significantly with experimental duration, feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, and soil clay content. The MRTs of labile and recalcitrant biochar C pools were estimated to be about 108 days and 556 years with pool sizes of 3% and 97%, respectively. These results show that only a small part of biochar is bioavailable and that the remaining 97% contribute directly to long‐term C sequestration in soil. The second database (116 observations from 21 studies) was used to evaluate the priming effects after biochar addition. Biochar slightly retarded the mineralization of soil organic matter (SOM; overall mean: −3.8%, 95% CI = −8.1–0.8%) compared to the soil without biochar addition. Significant negative priming was common for studies with a duration shorter than half a year (−8.6%), crop‐derived biochar (−20.3%), fast pyrolysis (−18.9%), the lowest pyrolysis temperature (−18.5%), and small application amounts (−11.9%). In contrast, biochar addition to sandy soils strongly stimulated SOM mineralization by 20.8%. This indicates that biochar stimulates microbial activities especially in soils with low fertility. Furthermore, abiotic and biotic processes, as well as the characteristics of biochar and soils, affecting biochar decomposition are discussed. We conclude that biochar can persist in soils on a centennial scale and that it has a positive effect on SOM dynamics and thus on C sequestration.
Differentiating between signs of intra‐articular joint bleeding and chronic arthropathy in haemophilia: a narrative review of the literature
Authors: Timmer M. A. , Pisters M. F. , de Kleijn P. , de Bie R. A. , Fischer K. , Schutgens R. E. 
Published: April 2015

IntroductionElderly patients with haemophilia (PWH) suffer from both haemarthrosis and haemophilic arthropathy (HA). Diagnosis of haemarthrosis in PWH is currently based on clinical presentation. No diagnostic protocols or validated criteria are available to identify haemarthrosis or to differentiate haemarthrosis from HA.AimThe aim of this study is to identify symptoms and signs that can be used to differentiate haemarthrosis from HA.MethodsA narrative literature review was performed on symptoms associated with haemarthrosis and symptoms associated with HA. Additionally, literature on the diagnosis of haemarthrosis in patients without haemophilia, imaging techniques and biomarkers was searched.ResultsThis review shows that there is no consensus about the symptoms associated with haemarthrosis and that there is limited literature about the symptoms associated with HA. Additionally, symptoms associated with haemarthrosis partly overlap with symptoms of HA, particularly those symptoms associated with flare‐ups of HA. Due to the overlap in symptoms differentiating between these conditions is complex. Furthermore, differentiating based on imaging techniques or biomarkers causes practical difficulties.ConclusionDespite the overlap in symptoms, differentiating between joint bleeds and flare‐ups of HA based on clinical presentation still seems the most convenient and practical solution. Further research is necessary to identify specific symptoms that can be used to differentiate between the two conditions.
Disclosing haemophilia at school: strategies employed by mothers of children with haemophilia in Japan
Authors: Seki Y. , Kakinuma A. , Kuchii T. , Ohira K. 
Published: April 2015

IntroductionMost children with haemophilia in Japan study in mainstream schools. However, many mothers have difficulty deciding whether to inform teachers of their child's haemophilia because of the accompanying potential discrimination and prejudice, particularly after the press coverage on the HIV scandal in the 1980s.AimsWe therefore aim to explore and describe disclosure strategies of mothers of children with haemophilia.MethodsA qualitative study was conducted using the modified grounded theory approach to explore disclosure strategies of mothers of children with haemophilia. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 19 selected mothers (12 children were HIV positive and 7 were HIV‐negative).ResultsIn the pre‐HIV/AIDS crisis period, the kind of strategy employed – full disclosure, conditional full disclosure and partial disclosure – depended on the extent of mothers’ fears about mainstream schools refusing admission because of their child's haemophilia. After the HIV/AIDS crisis in the 1980s in Japan, the three categories of strategies employed by mothers of children with haemophilia were limited disclosure, non‐disclosure and full disclosure. These depended on mothers’ expectations of discrimination towards their child because of the social stigma around haemophilia and being HIV‐positive.ConclusionFor children with haemophilia to feel safe attending school, public schools must establish care management and anti‐discrimination systems for children with chronic diseases, thus assuring parents of their children's welfare at school.
Cost analysis of prophylaxis with activated prothrombin complex concentrate vs. on‐demand therapy with activated factor VII in severe haemophilia A patients with inhibitors, in Spain
Authors: Villarrubia R. , Oyagüez I. , Álvarez‐Román M. T. , Mingot‐Castellano M. E. , Parra R. , Casado M. A. 
Published: April 2015

Objective:
A cost analysis model was developed to compare annual cost of prophylaxis with activated prothrombin complex concentrate (aPCC) vs. on‐demand therapy with activated recombinant factor VII (rFVIIa) in severe haemophilia A patients with inhibitors for the Spanish National Health System (NHS).
Methods:
Model inputs were drug cost for prophylaxis (aPCC) and for on‐demand treatment (rFVIIa or aPCC); bleeding episodes management (excluding bypassing agent cost); surgical costs and disease management (excluding bleeding episodes). Annual bleeding episodes treated on‐demand was assumed to be 25, whereas breakthrough bleeds on prophylaxis was 8. Dose for prophylaxis was 75.72 U kg−1, three times per week. The total on‐demand dose/bleeding episode was 679.66 μg kg−1 (rFVIIa) and 235.28 U kg−1 (aPCC). The average bleeding cost (€2998) considered different bleeding sites (62.5% joints, 28.6% muscles and soft tissues, 3.6% mucocutaneous tissues and 5.4% other areas). A 7.5% deduction was applied to ex‐factory drug prices. Unitary costs (€2013) derived from local databases. Sensitivity analyses (SA) were performed.
Results:
Annual cost of aPCC prophylaxis (€524 358) was 16% lower than on‐demand treatment with rFVIIa (€627 876). Yearly drug costs were €497 017 for aPCC (€73 166 for on‐demand treatment and €423 850 for prophylaxis), and €548 870 for rFVIIa. Disease management cost (€2645 per year) and surgical procedures (€708 per year) were common for both strategies. In the SA prophylactic treatment led to savings between €26 225 and €‐1 008 960.Conclusion:Prophylaxis with aPCC reduces number of bleeding episodes in severe haemophilia A patients with inhibitors. aPCC prophylaxis resulted in savings in excess of €100 000 per‐patient per year, being 16% less costly than on‐demand treatment with rFVIIa, for the Spanish NHS.