bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Promoting Cultural Capital in a Medical Camp for American Indian Youth with Diabetes
Authors: Joe Jennie 
Published: July 2015

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, a disease that previously was characterized with an onset in the fourth decade of life or later, is now being diagnosed in children, particularly children from minority groups, including American Indians. Because children with the disease are frequently asymptomatic, they tend to ignore recommendations from their health care providers about appropriate self-management behaviors, thus increasing their risk for early onset of secondary complications, including retinopathy and end-stage renal disease.
This problem with self-management can in part be attributed to a lack of knowledge as well as to denial about their disease. This article describes an intervention that encourages and motivates American Indian youth with type 2 diabetes to improve their diabetes self-management. The Medical Wellness Camp is a partnership program hosted by several Arizona tribes and the University of Arizona. The camp provided these youth with the education and the skills needed to prevent or delay diabetes-related complications that will negatively impact their quality of life. This camp is unique because it builds on and integrates an intertribal "cultural capital" model to help them learn how to adopt the lifestyle changes necessary to live with this chronic disease. The program emphasis is on education, not research. This position honors the wishes of tribal partners whose communities have been reluctant to involve their children in research, a reluctance fueled by reports about unethical research practices that have harmed other tribal communities.
Recent patterns of terrestrial net primary production in africa influenced by multiple environmental changes
Authors: Pan Shufen , Dangal Shree R. S. , Tao Bo , Yang Jia , Tian Hanqin 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Terrestrial net primary production (NPP) is of fundamental importance to food security and ecosystem sustainability. However, little is known about how terrestrial NPP in African ecosystems has responded to recent changes in climate and other environmental factors. Here, we used an integrated ecosystem model (the dynamic land ecosystem model; DLEM) to simulate the dynamic variations in terrestrial NPP of African ecosystems driven by climate and other environmental factors during 1980–2009. We estimate a terrestrial NPP of 10.22 (minimum–maximum range of 8.9–11.3) Pg C/yr during the study period. Our results show that precipitation variability had a significant effect on terrestrial NPP, explaining 74% of interannual variations in NPP. Over the 30‐yr period, African ecosystems experienced an increase in NPP of 0.03 Pg C/yr, resulting from the combined effects of climate variability, elevated atmospheric CO
2
concentration, and nitrogen deposition. Our further analyses show that there is a difference in NPP of 1.6 Pg C/yr between wet and dry years, indicating that interannual climatic variations play an important role in determining the magnitude of terrestrial NPP. Central Africa, dominated by tropical forests, was the most productive region and accounted for 50% of the carbon sequestered as NPP in Africa. Our results indicate that warmer and wetter climatic conditions, together with elevated atmospheric CO
2
concentration and nitrogen deposition, have resulted in a significant increase in African terrestrial NPP during 1980–2009, with the largest contribution from tropical forests.
Upgrading of Athabasca Bitumen Using Supported Catalyst in Conjunction With In-Situ Combustion
Authors: Abu Ibrahim Inamah , Moore R. Gordon , Mehta Sudarshan A. , Ursenbach Matthew G , Mallory Donald G , Pereira Almao Pedro , Carbognani Ortega Lante 
Published: July 2015

Summary
Dry and normal wet combustion-tube tests were examined to study the upgrading potential of Athabasca bitumen supplied by Japan Canada Oil Sand Limited, using supported catalyst in conjunction with in-situ combustion. These tests were part of a larger program of combustion-tube tests performed by the In Situ Combustion Research Group under the auspices of the Alberta Innovates Centre for In Situ Energy (AICISE). The tests were premixed and carried out at the same pressure, 1,500 psig, preheat temperature, 95C, and ignition temperature, 350C. The catalysts bed for the dry combustion was heated externally to 325C while that of the normal wet combustion was not heated externally. Water was coinjected to achieve a stabilized water/air ratio of 1.8 kg water/m3 (ST) air injected for the normal wet combustion. Significant hydrodenitrogenation coupled with decreased viscosity and increased gravity in API was observed for both tests, indicating upgrading of the original Athabasca bitumen.
Mapping Fall Dormancy and Winter Injury in Tetraploid Alfalfa
Authors: Li Xuehui , Alarcón‐Zúñiga Baldomero , Kang Junmei , Nadeem Tahir M. Hammad , Jiang Qingzhen , Wei Yanling , Reyno Rafael , Robins Joseph G. , Brummer E. Charles 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a widely planted perennial forage crop. Fall dormancy is generally negatively correlated with winter injury in alfalfa. To understand the genetic basis of the two traits, we identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling autumn growth and winter injury using a tetraploid alfalfa F1 population. In total, 601 marker alleles were scored from 78 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), 123 simple‐sequence repeat (SSR), and 48 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Linkage maps were constructed for each parent separately. Both maps contained eight linkage groups (LGs), with a length of 898 cM for WISFAL‐6 and 845 cM for ABI408. Using interval mapping, we identified 15 QTL from an across‐environment analysis and 71 QTL within individual environments for autumn plant height; winter injury; and autumn shoot, crown, and root biomass across four Iowa environments. Of the 71 QTL, 42 were identified at 18 chromosomal locations that were identified in multiple environments for the same trait. Possible pleiotropic QTL that contributed to dry weight of shoot, crown, and taproot were found, which partially explained the observed genetic correlations between those traits. However, few QTL were related to both autumn plant height and winter injury, supporting the observation of no genetic correlation between the two traits in this study. These results indicated that the two traits could be manipulated independently and, possibly, efficiently improved using marker‐assisted selection. Because most QTL identified in this study were mapped to intervals of at least 10 cM, validation and localization in additional populations is needed to facilitate application of marker‐assisted selection.
Evaluation of Atmometers within Urban Home Lawn Microclimates
Authors: Peterson K. W. , Bremer D. J. , Fry J. D. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTAn atmometer is an inexpensive tool used to measure evapotranspiration (ET) in situ. The effects of microclimates associated with urban lawns on the performance of atmometers are not well documented. Our objective was to compare ET estimates between atmometers and the FAO‐56 Penman–Monteith equation (PMET, FAO56‐PM), including within urban lawns. The study was conducted in six lawns in 2010 and one in 2011 in Manhattan, KS, and four lawns in Wichita, KS, in 2011. A weather station and atmometer were positioned in an open sward of turfgrass near each city during each measurement period in Manhattan and Wichita. A commercially available Bellani plate atmometer, using a green canvas cover for grass reference ET (ATET), was placed next to a portable weather station in two contrasting microclimates within each lawn. Weather stations recorded temperature, net radiation, relative humidity, and wind speed data used to calculate PMET. Open sward ATET (4.73 mm d–1) averaged 14% less than PMET (5.48 mm d–1). Within microclimates, ATET (3.94mm d–1) averaged 22% greater than PMET (3.23 mm d–1). The differences in ET estimates between measurement techniques varied with wind speed, net radiation, and vapor pressure deficit. The best relationships between ATET and PMET, at the open sward and within microclimates, occurred when wind speed was >1 m s–1, vapor pressure deficit was >2 kPa, and net radiation was >5 MJ m–2 d–1. Overall, atmometers can provide reliable estimates of PMET and could benefit practitioners with irrigation management within microclimates.
Performance of a ‘Transitioned’ Infiltration BasinPart 1: TSS, Metals, and Chloride Removals
Authors: Natarajan Poornima , Davis Allen P. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT: The water quality performance of a ‘failed' stormwater infiltration basin that has ‘transitioned' to a wetpond/wetland has been evaluated over a three‐year period. Total suspended solids, heavy metals, and chloride in highway runoff and discharge from the transitioned basin were measured during 38 storm events. The transitioned basin provided significant reductions in TSS Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs) and mass in the runoff. Reductions in metal EMCs generally occurred. Chloride followed a seasonal cycle of high loading and mass export during colder periods, and gradual reductions in both EMCs and mass during other periods. The cumulative mass reductions were 89% TSS, 73% copper, 63% lead, 55% zinc, and 45% chloride for the study period. Combined with the dry‐weather water quality in the transitioned basin, the mechanisms of pollutant removal were identified as volume reduction, sedimentation, adsorption, and dilution. The presence of wetpond/wetland features, including hydrophytic vegetatioņ enhanced the pollutant removal processes.
Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Effects of a Low–Glycemic Index Diet on Pregnancy Outcomes in Women at High Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The GI Baby 3 Study
Authors: Markovic Tania P. , Muirhead Ros , Overs Shannon , Ross Glynis P. , Louie Jimmy Chun Yu , Kizirian Nathalie , Denyer Gareth , Petocz Peter , Hyett Jon , Brand-Miller Jennie C. 
Published: July 2015

OBJECTIVE
Dietary interventions can improve pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We compared the effect of a low–glycemic index (GI) versus a conventional high-fiber (HF) diet on pregnancy outcomes, birth weight z score, and maternal metabolic profile in women at high risk of GDM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
One hundred thirty-nine women [mean (SD) age 34.7 (0.4) years and prepregnancy BMI 25.2 (0.5) kg/m2] were randomly assigned to a low-GI (LGI) diet (n = 72; target GI ∼50) or a high-fiber, moderate-GI (HF) diet (n = 67; target GI ∼60) at 14–20 weeks’ gestation. Diet was assessed by 3-day food records and infant body composition by air-displacement plethysmography, and pregnancy outcomes were assessed from medical records.

RESULTS
The LGI group achieved a lower GI than the HF group [mean (SD) 50 (5) vs. 58 (5); P &lt; 0.001]. There were no differences in glycosylated hemoglobin, fructosamine, or lipids at 36 weeks or differences in birth weight [LGI 3.4 (0.4) kg vs. HF 3.4 (0.5) kg; P = 0.514], birth weight z score [LGI 0.31 (0.90) vs. HF 0.24 (1.07); P = 0.697], ponderal index [LGI 2.71 (0.22) vs. HF 2.69 (0.23) kg/m3; P = 0.672], birth weight centile [LGI 46.2 (25.4) vs. HF 41.8 (25.6); P = 0.330], % fat mass [LGI 10 (4) vs. HF 10 (4); P = 0.789], or incidence of GDM.

CONCLUSIONS
In intensively monitored women at risk for GDM, a low-GI diet and a healthy diet produce similar pregnancy outcomes.
Pituitary metastases: current practice in Japan
Authors: Habu Mika , Tokimura Hiroshi , Hirano Hirofumi , Yasuda Soichiro , Nagatomo Yasushi , Iwai Yoshiyasu , Kawagishi Jun , Tatewaki Koshi , Yunoue Shunji , Campos Francia , Kinoshita Yasuyuki , Shimatsu Akira , Teramoto Akira , Arita Kazunori 
Published: July 2015

OBJECT
With advancement of cancer treatment and development of neuroimaging techniques, contemporary clinical pictures of pituitary metastases (PMs) must have changed from past reports. The goal of this paper was to elucidate the clinical features of PMs and current clinical practice related to those lesions. In this retrospective study, questionnaires were sent to 87 physicians who had treated PMs in Japan.

RESULTS
Between 1995 and 2010, 201 patients with PMs were treated by the participating physicians. The diagnosis of PM was histologically verified in 69 patients (34.3%). In the other 132 patients (65.7%), the PM was diagnosed by their physicians based on neuroimaging findings and clinical courses. The most frequent primary tumor was lung (36.8%), followed by breast (22.9%) and kidney (7.0%) cancer. The average interval between diagnosis of primary cancer and detection of PM was 2.8 ± 3.9 (SD) years. Major symptoms at diagnosis were visual disturbance in 30.3%, diabetes insipidus in 27.4%, fatigue in 25.4%, headache in 20.4%, and double vision in 17.4%. Major neuroimaging features were mass lesion in the pituitary stalk (63.3%), constriction of tumor at the diaphragmatic hiatus (44.7%), hypothalamic mass lesion (17.4%), and hyperintensity in the optic tract (11.4%). Surgical treatment was performed in 26.9% of patients, and 74.6% had radiation therapy; 80.0% of patients who underwent radiotherapy had stereotactic radiotherapy. The median survival time was 12.9 months in total. Contributing factors for good prognosis calculated by Cox proportional hazard analysis were younger age, late metastasis to the pituitary gland, smaller PM size, and radiation therapy. The Kaplan-Meier survival was significantly better in patients with breast cancer and renal cell cancer than in those with lung cancer.

CONCLUSIONS
At the time of this writing, approximately 60% (120/201) of PMs had been treated by stereotactic radiation therapy in Japan. The median survival time was much longer than that reported in past series. To confirm the changes of clinical features and medical practice, a prospective and population-based survey is mandatory.
Chylothorax and chylous as
Authors: Schwarz F. , Wallmichrath J. , Baumeister R. , Frick A. , Bartenstein P. , Rominger A. , Weiss M. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe aim was to analyze conventional planar scintigraphy and SPECT/CT in patients clinically suspicious for chylothorax or chylous ascites. Lymphoscintigraphy was performed for two reasons: first, to help diagnose chylothorax or -abdomen, by demonstrating diffuse uptake in fluid accumulations, and then secondly, to detect the site of leakage to test the prediction that additional use of SPECT/ CT-technique improves upon the diagnostic value of planar lympho scintigraphy in the baseline detection of thoraco-abdominal lymphatic disorders. Patients, material, methods: From 7/2008-7/2014 a total of 24 consecutive patients (8 woman, 16 men; age, range 31-79 years) presenting with clinical symptoms suspicious for chylothorax and/or chylous ascites were examined by planar lymphoscintigraphy (n = 26) and additional tomographic SPECT/CT- (n = 22) or SPECTtechnique (n = 2). Results: Chylothorax could be scintigraphically confirmed in n = 9, chylous ascites in n = 5 scintigraphies, and excluded in n = 10 patients. In all planar scintigraphy findings of pathological lymph drainage regions (n = 14), SPECT/CT delivered additional relevant information, notably the anatomic localization of the lymphatic leakage. For the baseline detection of thoraco-abdominal lymphatic transport disorders, lymphoscintigraphy showed sensitivity of 88%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, and negative predictive value of 80%. Conclusions: Our findings show that due to the particular advantages presented by tomographic separation of overlapping sources, SPECT/CT specifies better the anatomical sites, improving the localization of lymphatic leakage in aid of planning surgical re-interventions.
Sexual dimorphism in floral longevity and flowering synchrony in relation to pollination and mating success in three dioecious Ilex species
Authors: Matsuhisa Seiko , Ushimaru Atushi 
Published: July 2015

• Premise of the study: Sexual floral dimorphism may have evolved under pollinator‐mediated natural selection by which female and male functions are differently influenced. We hypothesized that mating success is differently influenced by display size between sexes, under which sexual dimorphism in flowering schedule has evolved in dioecious species.• Methods: We examined sexual dimorphism in the total number of flowers per shoot, maximum daily display size, longevity of individual flowers, and flowering synchrony (maximum proportion of open flowers) in three dioecious Ilex species (I. pedunculosa, I. serrata, and I. crenata) whose female flowers are not smaller than male flowers. We compared pollinator response to natural variation of daily display size between sexes. We also examined the effect of display size on female and male success (fruit set and pollen deposition and removal).• Key results: In the three species, male shoots produced significantly more flowers than female shoots did. Although female flowers lasted longer and opened more synchronously than male flowers, maximum daily display size was larger on male shoots than on female shoots. Fruit set was significantly pollen‐limited in the field in all species. Pollen deposition and/or fruit set increased with female display size, whereas pollen removal decreased or was approximately constant with male display size in the three species.• Conclusions: We suggest that sexual dimorphism in floral longevity and flowering synchrony might enhance both female and male success in relation to the display size–mating success (pollinator attraction) association irrespective of flower size dimorphism.
Tempo and mode of flower color evolution
Authors: Smith Stacey D. , Goldberg Emma E. 
Published: July 2015

• Premise of the study: Flower color is one of the best‐studied floral traits in terms of its genetic basis and ecological significance, yet few studies have examined the processes that shape its evolution across deep timescales. Advances in comparative methods along with larger phylogenies for floral radiations offer new opportunities for investigating the macroevolution of flower color.• Methods: We examined the tempo and mode of flower color evolution in four clades (Antirrhineae, Iochrominae, Loeselieae, Quamoclit) using models that incorporate trait transitions and lineage diversification. Focusing on floral anthocyanin pigmentation, we estimated rates of gain and loss of pigmentation and tested whether these changes occur predominantly through anagenesis or cladogenesis.• Key results: We found that the tempo of pigment gains and losses varied significantly across the clades and that the rates of change were often asymmetrical, favoring gains over losses. The mode of color shifts tended to be cladogenetic, particularly for gains of color; however, this trend was not significant.• Conclusions: Given that all flowering plants share the same pathway for producing anthocyanins, the marked variation in the tempo of transitions across the four groups suggests differences in the selective forces acting on floral pigmentation. These ecological and physiological factors, together with genetic basis for color, may also explain the bias toward gains of floral anthocyanins. Estimates for cladogenetic and anagenetic rates suggest that color transitions can occur through both modes, although testing their relative importance will require larger datasets.
Fauna Europaea: Mollusca – Bivalvia
Authors: Araujo Rafael , de Jong Yde 
Published: July 2015

Fauna Europaea provides a public web-service with an index of scientific names (including important synonyms) of all living European land and freshwater animals, their geographical distribution at country level (up to the Urals, excluding the Caucasus region), and some additional information. The Fauna Europaea project covers about 230,000 taxonomic names, including 130,000 accepted species and 14,000 accepted subspecies, which is much more than the originally projected number of 100,000 species. This represents a huge effort by more than 400 contributing specialists throughout Europe and is a unique (standard) reference suitable for many users in science, government, industry, nature conservation and education. For the Mollusca-Bivalvia, data from 5 families (Margaritiferidae, Unionidae, Sphaeriidae, Cyrenidae, Dreissenidae) containing 55 species are included in this paper.
European freshwater bivalves belong to the Orders Unionoida and Cardiida. All the European unionoids are included in the superfamily Unionoidea, the freshwater mussels or naiads. The European cardiids belong to the following three superfamilies: Cardioidea, Cyrenoidea and Dreissenoidea. Among the Unionoidea there are the most imperilled animal groups on the planet while the Cardioidea includes the cosmopolitan genus Pisidium, the Cyrenoidea the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) and the Dreissenoidea the famous invasive zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). Basic information is summarized on their taxonomy and biology. Tabulations include a complete list of the current estimated families, genera and species.
Algorithmic Tools for Mining High-Dimensional Cytometry Data
Authors: Chester Cariad , Maecker Holden T. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The advent of mass cytometry has led to an unprecedented increase in the number of analytes measured in individual cells, thereby increasing the complexity and information content of cytometric data. Although this technology is ideally suited to the detailed examination of the immune system, the applicability of the different methods for analyzing such complex data is less clear. Conventional data analysis by manual gating of cells in biaxial dot plots is often subjective, time consuming, and neglectful of much of the information contained in a highly dimensional cytometric dataset. Algorithmic data mining has the promise to eliminate these concerns, and several such tools have been applied recently to mass cytometry data. We review computational data mining tools that have been used to analyze mass cytometry data, outline their differences, and comment on their strengths and limitations. This review will help immunologists to identify suitable algorithmic tools for their particular projects.
Bread: From grain to life. Validating the use of metaphor
Authors: Potgieter Raymond 
Published: July 2015

Metaphors have always lent strength to human communication. A closer examination will reveal their value for theological conversation, in particular as a vehicle for meaning. Meaning includes both linguistic and cognitive aspects. Bread has been a favourite subject of metaphor. When the concept breadis viewed metaphorically in the context of the Bible, it becomes evident that it transcends the usual boundaries set by metaphorical understanding. Bread, as metaphor, becomes a vehicle of transition from grain to spiritual life. This is possible because metaphor in the Bible is to be understood within the context of special revelation of God, the story of the Bible.Brood: Van graan tot lewe. Bevestiging van die gebruik van die metafoor. Metafore versterk kommunikasie tussen mense. Nadere ondersoek openbaar die waarde van metafore vir teologiese gesprek, en in besonder as ’n spreekbuis vir betekenis. Betekenis sluit taalkundige sowel as kognitiewe aspekte in. Brood is ’n algemene begrip wat in metafore gebruik word. Wanneer die begrip broodmetafories in bybelse konteks gebruik word, oortref dit gewoonlik die gewone gebruiksbegrensing daarvan. Brood as metafoor kan ook gesien word as die oorgangsmedium van graan tot geestelike lewe omdat metafore in die Bybel binne die konteks van ’n spesiale openbaring van God verstaan moet word – die storie van die Bybel.