bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing Motivation to Read
Authors: Malloy Jacquelynn A. , Marinak Barbara A. , Gambrell Linda B. , Mazzoni Susan A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractFor most classroom teachers, recognizing when students are engaged in literacy activities – and perhaps more glaringly, when they are not – is a process that is key to evaluating the potential success of the instruction being offered. Students who are engaged have their eyes on what they are doing, are ardently attending to the teacher's read aloud or in reflective repose as they read independently. Moreover, students who are motivated to participate in literacy instruction are on task, cognitively and strategically engaged with the material, and perhaps affectively responding to the activity as well. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to report on an updated and more reliable revision of the Motivation to Read Profile (MRP‐R) and to engage in a discussion of how periodic, class‐wide administration of the MRP‐R can inform practices to support motivating classroom contexts.
The Tough Part
Authors: Mahiri Jabari , Maniates Helen 
Published: December 2013

AbstractLiteracy engagement is critical to the development of reading proficiency. Yet, many students, having had varied and often limited experiences with formal literacy practices, begin schooling in an interstitial state that might more accurately be called “pre‐engagement” where though eager to learn, they are unsure how to fully focus on academic tasks. This qualitative study of a strategic case of a highly effective first grade teacher in a challenging urban setting revealed the importance of systematically structuring student participation and accountability through particular pedagogical strategies in order to move students from this state of pre‐engagement to becoming fully “engaged” in reading. Analysis of her case indicated the significance of specific instructional and dispositional strategies and how they directly connected to clearly articulated teaching perspectives. The study found that these strategies provided intentional structures for encouraging, but also holding students accountable for participation and focus for the duration of rigorous learning tasks. These participatory structures opened viable pathways to getting first graders engaged in reading.
Solvothermal Reactions between Barium, Manganese, and Tellurium in Methylamine – the Formation of Polytellurides and Unexpected Cyanido Complexes
Authors: Kysliak Oleksandr , Beck Johannes 
Published: November 2013

Abstract The reactions between elemental barium or manganese and tellurium in methylamine under solvothermal conditions at temperatures between 50 and 100 °C yield the tri‐ and ditellurides [Ba(MeNH2)3]Te3 (1) and [Mn(MeNH2)4Te2]n (2). The analogous reactions with mixtures of both metals barium and manganese lead additionally to cyanide‐containing species [Mn2(MeNH2)9(μ‐CN)(Te2)]2(Te2) (3) and [Mn2(MeNH2)10(μ‐CN)]2(Te3)3·4MeNH2 (4). Under solvothermal conditions in the presence of metallic barium and manganese methylamine partially undergoes dehydrogenation being converted to cyanide ions. In the structure of 1, Ba2+ is coordinated by three MeNH2 ligands and five tellurium atoms of surrounding Te32– anions, which are associated to infinite (Te32–)n polyanionic chains. 2 is a coordination polymer with Mn(MeNH2)4 groups connected by Te2 units to chains [Te–Te–Mn–]n. 3 and 4 are molecular compounds, consisting of cationic dinuclear complexes with almost linear Mn2+–CN–Mn2+ bridges. In the structures 2–4 manganese is in octahedral coordination.
Modeling socio‐economic aspects of ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation
Authors: Lee Joung Hun , Iwasa Yoh 
Published: December 2013

AbstractFor successful ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation, in addition to ecological and evolutionary processes, we need to consider social and economic influences on the management target. Here, we introduce several theoretical models that address economic and social aspects of the human society which are closely related to ecosystem management. The first model analyzes economic decisions on the use of the common fishing ground in Jeju Island, Korea, by traditional divers and tourists. We observe that the way the number of tourists increases with the availability of resources strongly influences how benefits are distributed among fishing ground stakeholders. The second model discusses activities that raise public awareness about biodiversity, which will help maintain public support for conservation in the future. Based on control theory, we derive the optimal investment in these activities to maximize the long‐term quality of the conservation target. The third model analyzes punishment scheme as a mechanism to enforce people to follow the regulation on the use of common resource. An important aspect of successful management is “graduated punishment”, in which the severity of the punishment applied to deviators gradually increases with the amount of harm caused by deviation from the rule. We show that graduated punishment is the most efficient way to ensure cooperation when evaluation errors are unavoidable and when people are heterogeneous with respect to the sensitivity to utility differences. We conclude that socio‐economic aspects related to ecosystem management are promising research foci of theoretical ecology.
Fermentation of soybean oil deodorizer distillate with Candida tropicalis to concentrate phytosterols and to produce sterols-rich yeast cells
Authors: Zhao Guoqun , Hu Tao , Zhao Lihua 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Phytosterols have been recovered from the deodorizer distillate produced in the final deodorization step of vegetable oil refining by various processes. The deodorizer distillate contains mainly free fatty acids (FFAs), phytosterols, and tocopherols. The presence of FFAs hinders recovery of phytosterols. In this study, fermentation of soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD) with Candida tropicalis 1253 was carried out. FFAs were utilized as carbon source and converted into cellular components as the yeast cells grew. Phytosterols concentration in SODD increased from 15.2 to 28.43 % after fermentation. No significant loss of phytosterols was observed during the process. Microbial fermentation of SODD is a potential approach to concentrate phytosterols before the recovery of phytosterols from SODD. During SODD fermentation, sterols-rich yeast cells were produced and the content of total sterols was as high as 6.96 %, but its major sterol was not ergosterol, which is the major sterol encountered in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Except ergosterol, other sterols synthesized in the cells need to be identified.
Reprint of “Quantitative evaluation of brain development using anatomical MRI and diffusion tensor imaging”
Authors: Oishi Kenichi , Faria Andreia V. , Yoshida Shoko , Chang Linda , Mori Susumu 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe development of the brain is structure‐specific, and the growth rate of each structure differs depending on the age of the subject. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used to evaluate brain development because of the high spatial resolution and contrast that enable the observation of structure‐specific developmental status. Currently, most clinical MRIs are evaluated qualitatively to assist in the clinical decision‐making and diagnosis. The clinical MRI report usually does not provide quantitative values that can be used to monitor developmental status. Recently, the importance of image quantification to detect and evaluate mild‐to‐moderate anatomical abnormalities has been emphasized because these alterations are possibly related to several psychiatric disorders and learning disabilities. In the research arena, structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have been widely applied to quantify brain development of the pediatric population. To interpret the values from these MR modalities, a “growth percentile chart,” which describes the mean and standard deviation of the normal developmental curve for each anatomical structure, is required. Although efforts have been made to create such a growth percentile chart based on MRI and DTI, one of the greatest challenges is to standardize the anatomical boundaries of the measured anatomical structures. To avoid inter‐ and intra‐reader variability about the anatomical boundary definition, and hence, to increase the precision of quantitative measurements, an automated structure parcellation method, customized for the neonatal and pediatric population, has been developed. This method enables quantification of multiple MR modalities using a common analytic framework. In this paper, the attempt to create an MRI‐ and a DTI‐based growth percentile chart, followed by an application to investigate developmental abnormalities related to cerebral palsy, Williams syndrome, and Rett syndrome, have been introduced. Future directions include multimodal image analysis and personalization for clinical application.
Thoracoscopic phrenic nerve patch insulation to avoid phrenic nerve stimulation with cardiac resynchronization therapy
Authors: Nozoe Masatsugu , Tanaka Yasuaki , Koyama Junjiroh , Oshitomi Takashi , Honda Toshihiro , Yoshioka Masakazu , Iwatani Kazunori , Hirayama Touitsu , Nakao Koichi 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA 76‐year‐old female was implanted with a cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) device, with the left ventricular lead implanted through a transvenous approach. One day after implantation, diaphragmatic stimulation was observed when the patient was in the seated position, which could not be resolved by device reprogramming. We performed thoracoscopic phrenic nerve insulation using a Gore‐Tex patch. The left phrenic nerve was carefully detached from the pericardial adipose tissue, and a Gore‐Tex patch was inserted between the phrenic nerve and pericardium using a thoracoscopic technique. This approach represents a potential option for the management of uncontrollable phrenic nerve stimulation during CRT.
Dose and Content of Training Provided to Stroke Survivors with Severe Upper Limb Disability Undertaking Inpatient Rehabilitation: An Observational Study
Authors: Hayward Kathryn S. , Barker Ruth N. , Wiseman Amy H. , Brauer Sandra G. 
Published: November 2013

Background: To retrain upper limb function after stroke, a high dose of activity-related therapy is recommended. However, observational studies indicate that the dose undertaken is minimal. While it is speculated that those with severe disability will perform less therapy, this remains to be explored.Objective: Quantify the dose and content of upper limb therapy performed by stroke survivors with severe upper limb disability during routine inpatient rehabilitation.Methods: Therapy provided by physiotherapists and occupational therapists to 32 stroke survivors receiving inpatient rehabilitation over 20 weekdays was recorded. Dose of individual and group therapy was analysed by discipline and severity of upper and lower limb disability. Dose and content of individual therapy was also analysed by functional domain.Results: On average, 46 minutes of individual and 11 minutes of group upper limb therapy were provided per participant, per day. Occupational therapists provided a higher dose of both individual and group therapy compared to physiotherapists (p < 0.0005). Findings suggest that greater residual upper and lower limb movement can lead to provision of a higher dose of activity-related therapy. Within individual therapy, a higher dose (29 versus 17 minutes, p < 0.002) and greater number (1218 versus 549) of impairment- than activity-related interventions were administered.Conclusions: The dose of activity-related upper limb therapy provided to stroke survivors with severe disability was limited. There is a need to identify interventions and models of service delivery that can increase the intensity and appropriateness of therapy that stroke survivors with severe disability undertake during inpatient rehabilitation.
The one and the many: effects of the cell adhesion molecule pathway on neuropsychological function in psychosis
Authors: Hargreaves A. , Anney R. , O'Dushlaine C. , Nicodemus K. K. ,   Schizophrenia Psychiatric Genome-Wide Association Study Consortium (PGC-SCZ),   Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2, Gill M. , Corvin A. , Morris D. , Donohoe Gary 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundGenetic studies of single gene variants have been criticized as providing a simplistic characterization of the genetic basis of illness risk that ignores the effects of other variants within the same biological pathways. Of candidate biological pathways for schizophrenia (SZ), the cell adhesion molecule (CAM) pathway has repeatedly been linked to both psychosis and neurocognitive dysfunction. Here we tested, using risk allele scores derived from the Schizophrenia Psychiatric Genome-Wide Association Study Consortium (PGC-SCZ), whether alleles within the CAM pathway were correlated with poorer neuropsychological function in patients.MethodIn total, 424 patients with psychosis were assessed in areas of cognitive ability typically found to be impaired in SZ: intelligence quotient, memory, working memory and attentional control. CAM pathway genes were identified using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Alleles within these genes identified as significantly associated with SZ risk in the PGC-SCZ were then used to calculate a CAM pathway-based polygenic risk allele score for each patient and these scores were tested for association with cognitive ability.ResultsIncreased CAM pathway polygenic risk scores were significantly associated with poorer performance on measures of memory and attention, explaining 1–3% of variation on these measures. Notably, the most strongly associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the CAM pathway (rs9272105 withinHLA-DQA1) explained a similar amount of variance in attentional control, but not memory, as the polygenic risk analysis.ConclusionsThese data support a role for the CAM pathway in cognitive function, both at the level of individual SNPs and the wider pathway. In so doing these data highlight the value of pathway-based polygenic risk score studies as well as single gene studies for understanding SZ-associated deficits in cognition.
The earliest Anglo-Latin poet: Lutting of Lindisfarne
Authors: Lapidge Michael 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn a ninth-century manuscript now in St Gallen (Stiftsbibliothek, 254) are found three Latin poems in three different metres dedicated by a poet who names himself as Lutting, in memory of his master Bede who, according to the first of the poems, died in AD 681 (and cannot, therefore, have been the much better known Bede of Monkwearmouth–Jarrow). In the St Gallen manuscript the poems are transmitted alongside Cuthbert's Epistola de obitu Bedae; judging from the language of Bede's ‘Death Song’ which it contains, the Epistola was copied from a Northumbrian exemplar, and the same is apparently true of the three Latin poems. The fact that the names of Lutting and his master Bede are found near to each other in the Durham Liber Vitae raises the possibility that they were together at Lindisfarne; and detailed metrical analysis indicates that two of the poems follow Hiberno-Latin metrical practice in significant ways, which also points to the Irish cultural milieu of Lindisfarne. In an Appendix, the poems are edited for the first time, with translation and commentary.
Scribal errors of proper names in the Beowulf manuscript
Authors: Neidorf Leonard 
Published: December 2013

AbstractScribal errors involving proper names appear throughout the manuscript of Beowulf. The scribes misrecognized names, converted them into common nouns of similar appearance, and spaced them into units that reflect incomprehension. This study assesses the implications of these errors for the engagement and awareness of the scribes, then considers their bearing on the dating and editing of Beowulf. The proper name errors reveal that the scribes were unfamiliar with the heroic-legendary traditions constituting Beowulf. The collective presence of these errors supports the probability that the extant manuscript of Beowulf is a copy of a centuries-old poem, not of a recent composition.
A new late Anglo-Saxon seal matrix
Authors: Kershaw Jane , Naismith Rory 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn 2010 a new late Anglo-Saxon seal matrix was found in Hampshire. The seal die is copper-alloy and engraved on both sides. On the obverse, it portrays and names a man called Ælfric, while the reverse is decorated with acanthus ornamentation characteristic of the later tenth- and eleventh-century ‘Winchester’ style. Unlike any other surviving English matrix of this period, it carries the remnants of gilding once applied across the surface and would thus have appeared to be made of gold. It is only the fourth known surviving Anglo-Saxon seal matrix, and the first to come to light in almost forty years.
The Institution of Property
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: December 2013

The typical method of acquiring a property right involves transfer from a previous owner. But sooner or later, that chain of transfers traces back to the beginning. That is why we have a philosophical problem. How does a thing legitimately become a piece of propertyfor the first time?In this essay, I follow the custom of distinguishing between mere liberties and full-blooded rights. If I have thelibertyof doingX, then it is permissible for me to doX. But the mere fact that I am at liberty to doXleaves open the possibility that you might be at liberty to interfere with my doingX. Accordingly, liberties are not full-blooded rights, since my having arightto doXhas the additional implication that others are not at liberty to interfere with my doingX. When it comes to mere liberties, interference is not a violation. You can violate rights, but you cannot violate liberties.
APPROACHES TO IDENTIFYING, MEASURING, AND AGGREGATING ELEMENTS OF VALUE
Authors: Towse Adrian , Barnsley Paul 
Published: December 2013

Background: Two general alternative approaches, cost-effectiveness analysis and the therapeutic added value approach, link the pricing and approval of drugs to value. Value as assessed by payers is a function of: benefit less cost, willingness to pay for benefit, and how they handle uncertainty.Methods: This study uses international examples to explore the elements of value that can be included in the assessment of health technologies, approaches to scoring the elements of value and how they can be combined to make a decision.Results: A range of value elements, measures, and approaches to aggregation are identified across different HTA systems. We show that seemingly arbitrary differences in measurement and aggregation can lead to significantly different outcomes, and argue that the choice of values, measures, and decision-making processes should be informed by the societal values that underpin a health system.Conclusions: We identify three areas for further research to improve both health system and industry R&D decision making: (i) whether more consistency could be achieved across health systems on the elements of value that matter; (ii) the relative merits of discrete versus continuous measures of value; and (iii) how structured decision making (to aggregate the elements of value) could or should become.
Linking spatially explicit species distribution and population models to plan for the persistence of plant species under global change
Authors: FRANKLIN JANET , REGAN HELEN M. , SYPHARD ALEXANDRA D. 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYConservation managers and policy makers require models that can rank the impacts of multiple, interacting threats on biodiversity so that actions can be prioritized. An integrated modelling framework was used to predict the viability of plant populations for five species in southern California's Mediterranean-type ecosystem. The framework integrates forecasts of land-use change from an urban growth model with projections of future climatically-suitable habitat from climate and species distribution models, which are linked to a stochastic population model. The population model incorporates the effects of disturbance regimes and management actions on population viability. This framework: (1) ranks threats by their relative and cumulative impacts on population viability, such as land-use change, climate change, altered disturbance regimes or invasive species, and (2) ranks management responses in terms of their effectiveness for land protection, assisted dispersal, fire management and invasive species control. Too-frequent fire was often the top threat for the species studied, thus fire reduction was ranked the most important management option. Projected changes in suitable habitat as a result of climate change were generally large, but varied across species and climate scenarios; urban development could exacerbate loss of suitable habitat.
Governing the urban wetlands: a multiple case-study of policy, institutions and reference points
Authors: HETTIARACHCHI MISSAKA , McALPINE CLIVE , MORRISON T. H. 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYWorldwide, coastal and floodplain wetlands are rapidly urbanizing, making them highly vulnerable to biodiversity loss, biological invasion and climate change. Yet urban wetlands management is an understudied area of global environmental research. Different policy approaches and institutional arrangements in place for urban wetlands governance have to be studied comparatively to obtain a better understanding of the current issues. This paper investigates four urban wetland policy regimes and the application of ecological reference points across four countries. The regimes are discussed within the context of global policy trends, urbanization patterns and environmental change. The analysis illustrates that the four cases deviate substantially in certain characteristics and converge in others. Global trends such as environmental treaties and restructuring of city spaces are common policy drivers for all cases. Conversely, the localized specific problems have yielded specialized policy responses in each case. Declaration of fixed biological reference points for wetlands were not used at any stage of the policy development process. However, the wetland managers formally or informally set up ecosystem-services oriented benchmarks for urban wetland management. Globally-applicable normative policy directives or universal ecological reference points seem bound to fail in urban wetlands governance. However, in designing effective urban wetland policy and institutions at the regional scale, both context-specific and generalized lessons from empirical policy evaluation of multiple case studies need to be jointly considered. Based on the characteristics of the policy regimes analysed in this study, a hypothetical framework for urban wetland policy evaluation is proposed; this has yet to be validated by empirical application to actual cases.