bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minding the body: Psychotherapy and cancer survival
Authors: Spiegel David 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesThis article reviews evidence regarding effects of psychotherapy on overall cancer survival time. Special emphasis is given to research on adverse effects of depression on cancer survival, breast cancer, and mediating psychophysiological pathways linking psychosocial support to longer survival.DesignIt reviews all published clinical trials addressing effects of psychotherapy on cancer survival, emphasizing depression, breast cancer, and psychophysiological evidence linking stress, depression, and support to cancer survival.MethodsSystematic literature review and synthesis.ResultsEight of 15 published trials indicate that psychotherapy enhances cancer survival time. No studies show an adverse effect of psychotherapy on cancer survival. Potential psychophysiological mechanisms linking stress to shorter survival include dysregulation of diurnal cortisol, increased pro‐inflammatory cytokines, reduced natural killer cell activity, shorter telomeres and lower telomerase activity, glucocorticoid‐mediated suppression of p53 and BrCA1 gene expression, and sympathetic nervous system activation of vascular endothelial growth factor.ConclusionsStress and support affect the course of cancer progression.Statement of contribution
What is known?

Stress and support have been thought to be related to cancer risk and progression, but evidence has been mixed.

Depression is a natural co‐morbid condition with cancer.

It has not been clear how stress and support could physiologically affect the rate of cancer progression.

Immune function was not thought to have much relevance to cancer progression.

Few other physiological mechanisms linking stress to cancer progression were known.

What does this paper add?

There is evidence from 15 RCTs indicating that effective psychosocial support improves quantity as well as quality of life with cancer.

There is evidence that chronic depression predicts poorer prognosis with cancer.

Dysregulated circadian cortisol patterns predict more rapid cancer progression.

Inflammatory processes affect cancer growth and progression.

Sympathetic nervous system activity, telomere length, telomerase activity, and oncogene expression are affected by stress and can affect cancer growth.
Long-term human immune system reconstitution in non-obese diabetic (NOD)-Rag (–)-γ chain (–) (NRG) mice is similar but not identical to the original stem cell donor
Authors: Harris D T , Badowski M , Balamurugan A , Yang O O 
Published: August 2013

Summary
The murine immune system is not necessarily identical to it human counterpart, which has led to the construction of humanized mice. The current study analysed whether or not a human immune system contained within the non-obese diabetic (NOD)-Rag1null-γ chainnull (NRG) mouse model was an accurate representation of the original stem cell donor and if multiple mice constructed from the same donor were similar to one another. To that end, lightly irradiated NRG mice were injected intrahepatically on day 1 of life with purified cord blood-derived CD34+ stem and progenitor cells. Multiple mice were constructed from each cord blood donor. Mice were analysed quarterly for changes in the immune system, and followed for periods up to 12 months post-transplant. Mice from the same donor were compared directly with each other as well as with the original donor. Analyses were performed for immune reconstitution, including flow cytometry, T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR) spectratyping. It was observed that NRG mice could be ‘humanized’ long-term using cord blood stem cells, and that animals constructed from the same cord blood donor were nearly identical to one another, but quite different from the original stem cell donor immune system.
In aged men, central vessel transmural pressure is reduced by brief Valsalva manoeuvre during strength exercise
Authors: Niewiadomski Wiktor , Pilis Anna , Strasz Anna , Laskowska Dorota , Gąsiorowska Anna , Pilis Karol , Cybulski Gerard 
Published: August 2013

SummaryA brief Valsalva manoeuvre, lasting 2–3 s, performed by young healthy men during strength exercise reduces transmural pressure acting on intrathoracic arteries. In this study, we sought to verify this finding in older men. Twenty normotensive, prehypertensive and moderately hypertensive otherwise healthy men 46–69 years old performed knee extensions combined with inspiration or with brief Valsalva manoeuvre performed at 10, 20 and 40 mmHg mouth pressure. Same respiratory manoeuvres were also performed at rest. Non‐invasively measured blood pressure, knee angle, respiratory airflow and mouth pressure were continuously registered. In comparison to inspiration, estimated transmural pressure acting on thoracic arteries changed slightly and insignificantly during brief Valsalva manoeuvre at 10 and 20 mmHg mouth pressure. At 40 mmHg mouth pressure, transmural pressure declined at rest (−8·8 ± 11·4 mmHg) and during knee extension (−12·1 ± 11·9 mmHg). This decline ensued, as peak systolic pressure increase caused by this manoeuvre, was distinctly <40 mmHg. Only a main effect of mouth pressure was revealed (P<0·001) and neither exercise nor interaction between these factors, what suggests that transmural pressure decline, depended mainly on intrathoracic pressure developed during brief Valsalva manoeuvre. Resting blood pressure did not influence the effect of brief Valsalva manoeuvre on transmural pressure.
Preoperative assessment of longitudinal extension of cholangiocarcinoma with peroral video‐cholangioscopy: A prospective study
Authors: Nishikawa Takao , Tsuyuguchi Toshio , Sakai Yuji , Sugiyama Harutoshi , Kishimoto Takashi , Ohtsuka Masayuki , Miyazaki Masaru , Yokosuka Osamu 
Published: August 2013

Background and AimPreoperative assessment of longitudinal extension of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is essential for making decisions concerning surgical resection and selecting operative procedures. We evaluated the accuracy of peroral video‐cholangioscopy (PVCS) in diagnosing longitudinal extension of CCA.MethodsPatients with CCA who underwent preoperative PVCS were considered for this study. We evaluated the accuracy of PVCS in diagnosing longitudinal extension of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PCCA) and distal extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (DCCA) to the secondary biliary radicles and confluence of the hepatic ducts, respectively, on the hepatic side and to the intrapancreatic common bile duct on the papillary side. Diagnostic accuracy was determined by comparing the results with those of histopathological analyses of surgical specimens.ResultsForty‐three consecutive patients were enrolled. The cholangioscope could not be advanced into the hepatic side ineight of the 25 patients with PCCA and in five of the 18 patients with DCCA. The accuracy of PVCS in diagnosing longitudinal extension of CCA on the hepatic and papillary sides was 82.4% and 92.0%, respectively, in patients with PCCA and 92.3% and 100%, respectively, in patients with DCCA. PVCS accurately detected longitudinal extension of CCA to the hepatic and papillary sides that was not detected previously by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in 20.0% and 11.6% patients, respectively.ConclusionsPVCS proved useful for the preoperative assessment of longitudinal extension of CCA. Therefore, it can aid surgeons in deciding surgical resectability and selecting operative procedures. This, in turn, may impact overall patient prognosis.
Ovarian development of Agrilus planipennis: effects of age and mating status and influence on attraction to host volatiles
Authors: Ryall Krista L. , Dutkiewicz David , Silk Peter J. , Antunes Pedro M. , Ochoa Isabelle 
Published: August 2013

AbstractEmerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is a major pest of ash trees, Fraxinus spp. (Oleaceae), in North America. This study investigated the timing of reproductive development in female beetles and the influence of female reproductive maturity on attraction to host volatiles. Based on dissections of females of increasing age, females with access to males for mating, and thus presumed mated, developed mature eggs only after 18–24 days. In contrast, female beetles reared without access to males, and thus unmated, did not develop mature eggs at any age. Chemical analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons detected the contact sex pheromone, 9‐methyl‐pentacosane, in cohorts of females which were 8–9 days old and older, supporting previous research that this compound signals sexual maturity to males. Results from field‐trapping bioassays demonstrated that stage of female reproductive maturity influenced their attraction to host volatiles: females caught on traps baited with foliar volatiles contained eggs and ovarioles that were significantly less developed than those on traps baited with bark sesquiterpenes. However, our results revealed that females with immature stages of ovarioles and undeveloped eggs, such as those observed in unmated females, were rarely ever caught on traps baited with either of the host volatile lures. Further research on host compounds attractive to immature females is critical for early detection and possible control of A. planipennis populations during the extended pre‐oviposition period.
A Law of One's Own: Self‐Legislation and Radical Kantian Constructivism
Authors: O'Shea Tom 
Published: August 2013

AbstractRadical constructivists appeal to self‐legislation in arguing that rational agents are the ultimate sources of normative authority over themselves. I chart the roots of radical constructivism and argue that its two leading Kantian proponents are unable to defend an account of self‐legislation as the fundamental source of practical normativity without this legislation collapsing into a fatal arbitrariness. Christine Korsgaard cannot adequately justify the critical resources which agents use to navigate their practical identities. This leaves her account riven between rigorism and voluntarism, such that it will not escape a paradox that arises when self‐legislation is unable to appeal to external normative standards. Onora O'Neill anchors self‐legislation more firmly to the self‐disciplining structures of reason itself. However, she ultimately fails to defend sufficiently unconditional practical norms which could guide legislation. These endemic problems with radical constructivist models of self‐legislation prompt a reconstruction of a neglected realist self‐legislative tradition which is exemplified by Christian Wolff. In outlining a rationalist and realist account of self‐legislation, I argue that it can also make sense of our ability to overcome anomie and deference in practical action. Thus, I claim that we need not make laws but can make them our own.
The Distinction between Reason and Intuitive Knowledge inSpinoza'sEthics
Authors: Soyarslan Sanem 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWhile both intuitive knowledge (scientia intuitiva) and reason (ratio) are adequate ways of knowing forSpinoza, they are not equal. Intuitive knowledge, whichSpinoza describes as the ‘greatest virtue of mind’, is superior to reason. The nature of this superiority has been the subject of some controversy due toSpinoza's notoriously parsimonious treatment of the distinction between reason and intuitive knowledge in theEthics. In this paper,Iargue that intuitive knowledge differs from reason not only in terms of its method of cognition—but also in terms of its content. More specifically,Imaintain that there is something that is known by intuition, namely the unique essences of things, that is not known by reason. My argument is supported by an examination ofSpinoza's account of essences in theEthics, which reveals that he is committed to both unique and shared essences. Based on this dual commitment,Iargue that whereas forSpinoza both reason and intuition can be said to reach adequate knowledge of thesharedessence of a thing, theuniqueessence of a singular thing, which is nothing but its actual essence, can only be known through intuitive knowledge.
The Emotional Eye: Red Sclera as a Uniquely Human Cue of Emotion
Authors: Provine Robert R. , Nave‐Blodgett Jessica , Cabrera Marcello O. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe sclera, the eye's tough white outer layer, provides the ground necessary for the display of its own color and that of the overlying membrane, the conjunctiva. This study evaluated the sclera as a cue of emotion by contrasting the ratings of 38 subjects for the level of anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, or surprise of normal (untinted) eye images with copies of those images that were reddened by digital editing. Subjects rated individuals with reddened sclera as having more anger, fear, disgust, and sadness, and less happiness than those with normal, untinted sclera. Surprise was the only emotion unaffected by scleral redness. Humans, but not other primates, have evolved the white sclera necessary to display the blood flow in the overlying conjunctiva that produces the redness associated with certain emotional states.
Effect of Mating Activity and Dominance Rank on Male Masturbation Among Free‐Ranging Male Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Dubuc Constance , Coyne Sean P. , Maestripieri Dario 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe adaptive function of male masturbation is still poorly understood, despite its high prevalence in humans and other animals. In non‐human primates, male masturbation is most frequent among anthropoid monkeys and apes living in multimale–multifemale groups with a promiscuous mating system. In these species, male masturbation may be a non‐functional by‐product of high sexual arousal or be adaptive by providing advantages in terms of sperm competition or by decreasing the risk of sexually transmitted infections. We investigated the possible functional significance of male masturbation using behavioral data collected on 21 free‐ranging male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) at the peak of the mating season. We found some evidence that masturbation is linked to low mating opportunities: regardless of rank, males were most likely to be observed masturbating on days in which they were not observed mating, and lower‐ranking males mated less and tended to masturbate more frequently than higher‐ranking males. These results echo the findings obtained for two other species of macaques, but contrast those obtained in red colobus monkeys (Procolobus badius) and Cape ground squirrels (Xerus inauris). Interestingly, however, male masturbation events ended with ejaculation in only 15% of the observed masturbation time, suggesting that new hypotheses are needed to explain masturbation in this species. More studies are needed to establish whether male masturbation is adaptive and whether it serves similar or different functions in different sexually promiscuous species.
Midge (Chironomidae, Chaoboridae, Ceratopogonidae) assemblages and their relationship with biological and physicochemical variables in shallow, polymictic lakes
Authors: Wazbinski Kristin E. , Quinlan Roberto 
Published: August 2013

Summary

We explored the relationship of aquatic midge assemblages with physicochemical and biological environmental gradients to assess which variables may govern the distribution of midge larvae in 47 shallow, polymictic lakes across New Jersey and New York State (NJ/NY) in the United States of America.

Subfossil taxa collected from surficial sediments (0–1 cm sediment depth), comprising 50 taxa from 47 lakes, were analysed in conjunction with environmental variables using multivariate statistical techniques.

Alkalinity, maximum depth, surface area, total phosphorus and pH were identified as significant and ecologically relevant variables that explained the most variation in the midge assemblage across NJ/NY. Lake trophic state was the main driver for midge distributions in NJ/NY lakes. Biological gradients, such as per cent macrophyte cover or algal productivity (as chlorophyll a concentration), did not explain a significant portion of the variation in midge community composition. The addition of chaoborid larvae to ordinations strengthened the relationship between midge community structure and bottom oxygen concentration in NJ/NY lakes.

Our results confirm that complex species–environment relationships in shallow, polymictic lakes create challenges for assessing midge assemblages along a particular environmental gradient, independently of other environmental conditions. However, it may still be possible to develop palaeolimnological inference models using midge remains to assess general historical patterns of disturbance for NJ/NY and other polymictic lakes, provided it is understood that midge‐based inferences integrate some covariation in changes along several environmental gradients.
Squeezing the most out of existing literature: a systematic re‐analysis of published evidence on ecological responses to altered flows
Authors: Angus Webb J. , Miller Kimberly A. , King Elise L. , de Little Siobhan C. , Stewardson Michael J. , Zimmerman Julie K. H. , LeRoy Poff N. 
Published: August 2013

Summary

Human‐induced changes in river flow regimes are ubiquitous worldwide. Although numerous case studies have identified negative ecological impacts of changes in different aspects of flow regimes (e.g. magnitude, timing), there have been few attempts to systematically review this literature to derive general relationships regarding ecological responses to changes in flow regimes.

Systematic literature reviews can inform science and management in ecologically complex systems not amenable to experimentation. However, such analysis of existing literature is often limited by inconsistent study design and data reporting. To attempt to overcome these difficulties, we used the recently developed Eco Evidence method and software to analyse 165 studies of ecological responses to changes in river flow regimes.

Eco Evidence provides a rule set and standardised list of terms to assist reviewers to interpret consistently the results of disparate studies. The companion software assists with the synthesis of this information to reach transparent and repeatable conclusions regarding cause–effect hypotheses of ecological responses to environmental drivers.

We compared our results to those of a recent, informal systematic review of the same studies, which is proving extremely influential. Stronger conclusions are reached when evidence is weighted, classified and combined according to the rules in Eco Evidence. Compared to the original review, we reached informative conclusions for a larger number of flow–response hypotheses, found that hypotheses for which the most evidence was available returned inconsistent results, addressed hypotheses at levels of conceptual resolution relevant to management and identified where insufficient evidence exists to reach a conclusion.

Analyses conducted at several levels of conceptual resolution found strong support for many hypotheses regarding ecological impacts. We found a consistent sensitivity to changes in flow regime for both fish and riparian vegetation across a variety of performance metrics. While macroinvertebrate responses varied among performance metrics (e.g. abundance was negatively affected by increases or decreases in flows, diversity was only negatively affected by flow decreases, and assemblage structure was affected by neither), they were largely consistent within these metrics.

We thus conclude that the Eco Evidence approach allowed us to extract more knowledge from the data set than was possible in the original review. Eco Evidence can improve synthesis of the burgeoning ecological literature and improve our general understanding in ecology. Amid widespread calls for ‘evidence‐based’ environmental management, this powerful tool provides managers with a means of using research to help inform complex environmental decision‐making.
Total submission of pelvic lymphadenectomy tissues removed during radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer increases lymph node yield and detection of micrometastases
Authors: Perry‐Keene Joanna , Ferguson Peter , Samaratunga Hemamali , Nacey John N , Delahunt Brett 
Published: August 2013

AimsThe detection of lymph node metastases has prognostic and therapeutic implications for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Macroscopic identification of pelvic lymph nodes in surgical lymphadenectomy specimens can be difficult, with a potential for incomplete submission of lymph nodes for microscopic examination. This study was undertaken to determine whether complete sampling of lymphadenectomy specimens would improve the detection of metastatic disease in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy.Methods and resultsWe examined 109 pelvic lymphadenectomies accompanying radical prostatectomy specimens to assess the benefit of complete submission of the lymph node packets to detect extra lymph nodes and metastatic disease. We found that blocking the residual tissue, after all palpable lymph nodes had been identified, increased the mean number of lymph nodes from 3.8 to 10.8, with an average of 0.84 macroscopically undetectable nodes being recovered per block submitted. Metastatic prostate cancer was identified in eight cases, one of which had cancer in an impalpable lymph node only.ConclusionsSubmission of all pelvic lymphadenectomy tissue for histological examination improves the yield of lymph nodes and the detection of metastatic prostate cancer.
Differences in RRM1 protein expression between diagnostic biopsies and resection specimens, and changes during carboplatin and paclitaxel treatment, in non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Jakobsen Jan N , Santoni‐Rugiu Eric , Sørensen Jens B 
Published: August 2013

AimsIt is of interest whether expression of potentially predictive biomarkers changes during chemotherapy, for accurate evaluation after first‐line chemotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate changes in RRM1 expression during chemotherapy.Materials and methodsRRM1 immunohistochemistry was performed on tumour samples from a total of 118 NSCLC patients with stage T1‐4N0‐2M0 disease. Samples were included from 65 patients treated with paclitaxel and carboplatin before surgery [neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) group], and 53 patients who had undergone surgery but not chemotherapy [operation (OP) group].ResultsDiscordant RRM1 expression (low versus high) was observed in 32% and 43% of paired diagnostic and subsequent resection specimens in the OP group and NAC group, respectively (P = 0.913). Ten (33%) and 12 (23%) tumours in the NAC group and the OP group, respectively, had increased RRM1 expression in the resection specimens (P = 0.289), and 12 (40%) and 19 (36%) tumours had decreased expression (P = 0.707). Eleven (50%) lymph node metastases had higher RRM1 expression following chemotherapy, and two (7%) had decreased expression.ConclusionsThe substantial discordance between paired samples emphasizes the need for sufficient tumour tissue in biopsies when RRM1 expression is evaluated. No change in RRM1 expression was observed in primary tumours, but expression seemed to be higher in N2 lymph node metastases following chemotherapy. Tumour heterogeneity and potential post‐chemotherapy changes should be considered when RRM1 expression is evaluated.
Mechanical Properties of Phosphate Glass Optical Fibers
Authors: Sglavo Vincenzo M. , Mura Emanuele , Milanese Daniel , Lousteau Joris 
Published: August 2013

In this work, step‐index 40/125 μm diameter optical fibers produced from two slightly different lithium phosphate glasses were subjected to mechanical characterization. Tensile tests were carried out on fibers with gage length from 10 to 150 mm, allowing for the determination of the failure stress (ranging from ≈200 to 400 MPa) and the elastic modulus (60 GPa). Some tests were also performed with the fiber “immersed” in water; an important subcritical crack growth effect was pointed out, and a fatigue susceptibility parameter (n) equal to 11.4 was determined. The analysis of fracture mirror allows an estimated fracture toughness equal to 0.5 MPa m0.5.