bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of Pin Implantation as a Means of Verifying Death During the Great Plague of Marseilles (1722)
Authors: Leonetti G , Signoli M , Laure Pelissier A , Champsaur P , Hershkovitz I , Brunet C , Dutour O 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The evidence obtained for the methods used in verification of death during the Great Plague of Marseilles in 1722 is presented here. This evidence was gathered during the excavation of a mass grave dating from this epidemic, and is based on two adjacent interments. The technique used at that time was the implantation of bronze pins into the toes. This method is precisely described in the medical treatises dating from this period, which list different death verification methods. The fear of “false death” and the burial of still living people characterized the end of the 17th and the 18th centuries. It should be noted that the main cause of apparent death is presented in the same medical treatises as the plague. This observation is the first anthropological evidence of the use of this forensic method to verify the fact of death.
Review of: Connors et al. “Convicted by Juries, Exonerated by Science: Case Studies in the Use of DNA Evidence to Establish Innocence after Trial”
Authors: Wenk RE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A paperbound, 109 page report from staff of the institute for Law and Justice (ILJ) summarizes 27 publicized cases in which DNA evidence demonstrated the innocence of 29 men who had been found guilty of sexual assault or murder. The report opens with A Brief Message from the Attorney General. Several take-home messages are actually delivered in the very first section, the Forward, which consists of Commentaries on DNA testing by well known academics, judges, attorneys, criminal investigators and a forensic scientist. The Forward is followed by chapters termed Introduction, Study Findings and Policy Implications. Summaries of the case constitute the fourth chapter for readers interested in the historical details. After the case descriptions, there are a Glossary and an Appendix containing the DQe~ phenotypes found in the cases.
Review of: Kurland, “How to Solve a Murder: The Forensic Handbook”
Authors: Leon MacDonnel H 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
There are very few books that have been published on the subject riminalistics which are so outstanding that no forensic library d be considered complete without at least some of them. For ple, Gross' Criminal Investigation, Kirk's Crime Investigation, O'Hara and Osterburg's An Introduction to Criminalistics, rman and O'Connell's Modern Criminal Investigation, and sson and Wendel's Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation classic in their overview of this discipline.
Review of: Karch, “the Pathology of Drug Abuse”
Authors: Erlich LB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Dr. Steven Karch's book the Pathology of Drug Abuse deals with much more than pathology. It deals with drugs of abuse in detail and depth. It deals with issues ranging from the history of each drug, the nature of the processing, or manufacture of each drug, the human pathology produced by drug use and clinically useful pearls about the drug abuser.
Review of: Hickley, “Goodbye My Little Ones”
Authors: Erlich LB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book concerns the prosecution of Waneta Hoyt, a woman who murdered her five children as infants. In each of the five deaths the initial clinical diagnosis was Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Mothers who murder their children are apparently of some interest to the general public since the second page of the book lists three other books about the same subject.
Guest Editorial
Authors: Peat MA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Next year will be the fiftieth anniversary of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. This is as a time to reflect on past evements and on future challenges. I cannot believe that when founding fathers gathered in 1948, they understood the significance of the Academy's birth and the role it would take in advancing the science in forensic science. For the last fifty years forensic ntists of all disciplines have considered AAFS to be their essional home. They have labored to adapt technology developed for other purposes to the forensic sciences, and in doing so have only received recognition from their peers in the emy.
Writer Identification by Professional Document Examiners
Authors: Kam M , Fielding G , Conn R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Reliable data on the capabilities of professional document examiners are scarce, rendering most past characterizations of these capabilities somewhat speculative. We report on a comprehensive test administered to more than 100 professional document examiners, intended to close this data gap in the area of writer identification. Each examiner made 144 pair-wise comparisons of freely-created original handwritten documents. The task was to determine whether or not a “match” was detected, namely whether or not the two documents were written by the same hand. Matching criteria were based on the identification and strong probability definitions of the ASTM standard E1658. The professionals were tested in three groups (in the northeastern, southeastern, and southwestern United States). In addition, we have created a control group of similar educational background. Several individuals training to become professional document examiners were tested as well.
Examination of the data and statistical tests show that the answers collected from the professional and nonprofessional groups came from different populations. The trainees' data were shown to have come from a population that is distinct from both professional and nonprofessional groups. Unlike the professional examiners, the nonprofessionals tended to grossly over-associate. They erroneously “matched” many documents that were created by different writers, mismatching almost six times as many unknown documents to database documents as the professionals did (38.3% vs. 6.5% of the documents). The results of our test lay to rest the debate over whether or not professional document examiners possess writer-identification skills absent in the general population. They do.
Stable Lead Isotopes in Teeth as Indicators of Past Domicile—A Potential New Tool in Forensic Science?
Authors: Gulson BL , Jameson CW , Gillings BR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A pilot study using stable lead isotope analyses has shown that permanent and deciduous teeth from Eastern and Southern European subjects have completely different lead isotopic compositions to those of Australian subjects. There are statistically significant differences between groups of teeth from subjects from the former Soviet Union (CIS), the former Yugoslavia, United Kingdom, and Lebanon. The isotopic analyses confirm the stability of lead in enamel but suggest that there is exchange of European lead with Australian lead in dentine amounting to about 1% per year. The isotopic differences in, and exchange of, European lead and Australian lead offer an exciting and powerful tool for forensic identification.
Aging of Bitemarks: A Literature Review
Authors: Dailey JC , Michael Bowers C 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The aging of bitemarks through the subjective interpretation of visual signs has created an area of controversy in the forensic science community. The healing dynamics of these bite wounds has been insufficiently studied and is poorly understood. A review of the literature related to bitemark aging was undertaken in an effort to summarize the currently published information on this misunderstood subject.
The Effect of Shovel Trait on Carabelli's Trait in Taiwan Chinese and Aboriginal Populations
Authors: Hsu JW , Tsai PL , Hsiao TH , Chang HP , Lin LM , Liu KM , Yu HS , Ferguson D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Chinese and other Mongoloid populations differ from Caucasoids by having a high prevalence of shovel trait and a low prevalence of Carabelli's trait. This study was conducted to compare the association between the shovel and the Carabelli's traits between Chinese and aboriginal Mongoloid populations. The research is designed to sample randomly a Chinese population and an aboriginal population having low admixture with neighboring populations. The Mongoloid aboriginal group was from the Bunun tribe who resides in an isolated alpine area in Taiwan. The effects of sex and age on Carabelli's trait were controlled in this study, as was the association between tooth size and Carabelli's trait. Our results show that males had more Carabelli's trait expressed on teeth than females in both of these two Mongoloid populations. The buccolingual diameter of Carabelli's trait teeth was larger than that of teeth without the trait. After controlling for sex, age, and tooth size, the existence of the shovel trait significantly increased the likelihood of having Carabelli's trait, especially in Chinese, which implies another significant ethnic feature for Mongoloid identification.
Underwater Cave Diving Fatalities in Florida: A Review and Analysis
Authors: Byrd JH , Hamilton WF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Although no formal accident data reference system exists, the cave diving deaths in Florida from 1962–1991 and 1995–July 1996 (data for 1992–1994 were unavailable) is reviewed. These cases reveal that the number of diver fatalities is cyclical in nature with a periodicity of eight years. Because we are currently only a year past the cycle low, this analysis allows predictions to be made that indicate a rise in fatalities over the next five to seven year period. This study reveals that a lack of experience and failure to follow proper safety precautions are the leading causes of fatalities in cave diving accidents. A one page accident information reporting form is proposed to aid in the initial and accurate reporting of a fatality and to standardize data collection for future research.
Postmortem Serum and Tissue Redistribution of Fluoxetine and Norfluoxetine in Dogs Following Oral Administration of Fluoxetine Hydrochloride (Prozac®)
Authors: Pohland RC , Bernhard NR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Antemortem serum and postmortem serum and tissues were evaluated to determine if postmortem redistribution of the antidepressant, fluoxetine (Prozac®) and its major active metabolite, norfluoxetine, occurred in dogs following oral administration of fluoxetine hydrochloride. Beagle dogs (four males) received daily oral doses of 10 mg fluoxetine/kg for five days. Antemortem serum concentrations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine were determined 3 and 24 h following administration of the first four daily doses of fluoxetine and 3 h after the fifth dose in order to monitor for steady-state serum concentrations of parent and metabolite prior to postmortem serum concentration determinations. Antemortem serum concentrations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine 3 h postdose on Day 5 ranged from 530 to 1210 ng/mL and 1460 to 1980 ng/mL, respectively. Immediately following the 3 h blood sample on Day 5, each dog was euthanized. Serum concentrations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine were determined from blood samples collected from the vena cava, heart, and clotted blood within the heart at 2 h after death in two dogs and 12 h after death in the remaining two dogs. Similarly, tissue concentrations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in heart, liver, and lung were determined 2 and 12 h postmortem.
Serum concentrations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine from the vena cava and heart 2 h postmortem were 2.2- to 6.0-fold and 2.3- to 3.6-fold higher, respectively, than antemortem serum concentrations. Similarly, serum concentrations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine from vena cava and heart 12 h postmortem were 1.3- to 3.5-fold and 1.7- to 3.3-fold higher, respectively, than antemortem serum concentrations. However, 2-h and 12-h postmortem serum concentrations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine from clotted blood within the heart were equal to or less than levels determined in antemortem serum. Results from 2-h and 12-h postmortem average tissue concentrations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in heart, liver, and lung demonstrated that fluoxetine and norfluoxetine concentrations in myocardium were similar 2 h and 12 h postmortem. However, in liver, fluoxetine concentrations decreased 39% and norfluoxetine concentrations decreased 23% from 2 h to 12 h postmortem. Even greater postmortem decreases in fluoxetine and norfluoxetine concentrations were observed in lung. Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine concentrations in lung decreased 49% and 39%, respectively, from 2 h to 12 h postmortem.
In conclusion, this study demonstrated that fluoxetine and norfluoxetine undergo postmortem redistribution in the dog. Furthermore, postmortem serum concentrations appear to be dependent on the sample site and the degree of coagulation of the blood. Finally, postmortem decreases in concentrations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in liver and lung may, in part, explain the observed increase in serum concentrations at 2 and 12 h postmortem.
Identification and Differentiation of Bear Bile Used in Medicinal Products in Taiwan
Authors: Lin D-L , Chang H-C , Chang C-P , Chen C-Y 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
One hundred eighty-three suspect bear bile used in medicinal products, collected in Taiwan as gall bladders or dried powder forms, were analyzed using FTIR, HPTLC, and HPLC techniques to identify whether they are indeed bear bile. Those confirmed were further examined to determine whether the observed analytical parameters can be reliably used for source inference, i.e., differentiating products among North American black bear, farmed Asiatic black bear, polar bear, etc. Our data suggested that North American and polar bears contain a higher concentration of TC (relative to TUDC and TCDC), whereas the relative concentration of TC in Asiatic bears (wild or farmed) is much lower. Thus, the relative concentration of TC can potentially be used for differentiating Asiatic bear bile from North American and polar bear products, but it cannot be used for the differentiation of wild and farmed bear bile as suggested in an earlier report by Espinoza et al. The origin of the 183 samples analyzed were found to be as follows: 118 (64%), bile salts, or gall bladders were of domestic pig; 56 (31%), bile products of Asiatic bear; 4 (2.2%), Asiatic bear mixed with pig bile salts; 3 (1.6%) goat gall bladders; 1 (0.55%) water buffalo bile salts; and 1 (0.55%), pig bile salts mixed with water buffalo bile salts.
Identification of Unique Cocaine Metabolites and Smoking By-Products in Postmortem Blood and Urine Specimens
Authors: Jenkins AJ , Goldberger BA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Toxicological investigation of suspected cocaine-related deaths routinely involves the identification of cocaine (COC) and its metabolites including benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME) in postmortem specimens. We utilized solidphase extraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of cocaine and eight cocaine-related analytes. These analytes included anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME), a unique product formed during cocaine smoking, and cocaethylene (CE), formed by transesterification of cocaine in the presence of ethanol. Thirteen pairs of postmortem heart blood and urine specimens were analyzed from cases of death due to acute cocaine intoxication, multiple drug intoxication, or other non-drug related causes. COC, EME, and BE were detected in all specimens. The range of concentrations in blood were: COC, 23-2088 ng/mL; BE, 215-9195 ng/mL; and EME, 220-7275 ng/mL. AEME was identified in 2 blood and 10 urine specimens, and CE was identified in 1 blood specimen and 4 urine specimens. The identification of AEME in the specimens indicated that “crack” cocaine had been smoked, and the presence of CE indicated coadministration of cocaine and ethanol. The presence of these unique cocaine analytes in postmortem specimens provides valuable information regarding the cause and manner of death.
The Incidence of Ignitable Liquid Residues in Fire Debris as Determined by a Sensitive and Comprehensive Analytical Scheme
Authors: Jackowski JP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An overall scheme is presented for the comprehensive analysis of flammable and combustible liquid residues in fire debris, mainly utilizing passive adsorption onto Tenax TA followed by thermal desorption. Records of all suspected arson cases submitted to the author's laboratory for analysis during a 12 month period have been reviewed and results tabulated. Information included location of fire incident, type and frequency of sample exhibit items, results of analysis, and the interrelationships between each of these factors. A total of 1040 items were examined from 437 cases. Fires within residential premises and motor vehicles accounted for the largest group of exhibits submitted. Flammable or combustible liquid residues were detected in 47.4% of items, with petrol the most common ignitable liquid. As a group, fabric items, carpets, and plastics exhibited the highest incidence of flammable or combustible liquid residues, and ashen debris and soil the lowest.
Development of Latent Fingerprints Using a Corona Discharge
Authors: Halahmi E , Levi O , Kronik L , Boxman RL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A novel technique for the development of latent fingerprints is presented. It is based on placing a fingerprint-bearing object inside a corona discharge induced plasma. The development of various real and artificial fingerprints on metallic substrates under a wide range of conditions is studied. Using the results of the development experiments and the results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it is shown that the development is based on oxidation of the fingerprint background. This is achieved by strong oxidizers generated by the discharge process, while saturated fatty-acids found in sebaceous fingerprints protect the area beneath them, resulting in a visible fingerprint. The process is optimized by minimizing the electrode gap distance and maximizing the peak discharge voltage and the pulse repetition frequency.
United States Population Data on the Multiplex Short Tandem Repeat Loci—HUMTHO1, TPOX, and CSF1PO—and the Variable Number Tandem Repeat Locus D1S80
Authors: Budowle B , Smerick JB , Keys KM , Moretti TR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Allele frequencies for three tetrameric short tandem repeat (STR) loci HUMTHO1, TPOX, and CSF1PO and a variable number tandem repeat locus D1S80 were determined in United States Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic sample populations. All loci, except the TPOX locus in the Caucasian sample population, meet Hardy-Weinberg expectations. There is no evidence for association of alleles among the four loci. The allelic frequency data are similar to other comparable data within the same major population group.
Products of Partial Digestion with Hae III. Part 1. Characterization, Casework Experience and Confirmation of the Theory of Three-, Four- and Five-Banded RFLP Pattern Origins Using Partial Digestion
Authors: Benzinger EA , Emerek EA , Grigsby NL , Duewer DL , Lovekamp ML , Deadman H , Thompson JL , Sallee PJ , Riech AK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The sizes of Hae III partial digestion products at D1S7, D2S44, D4S139, D5S110, D10S28, and D17S26 were evaluated in experimentally generated partial digestions of liquid blood DNA. The partial digestion products were highly predictable, suggesting a very high level of sequence conservation in regions flanking variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) blocks. Partial digestion bands associated with three-or-more-banded patterns were also characterized. Partial digestion of three-banded patterns can be used to determine whether the extra bands arise due to internal Hae III sites in the VNTR block and to identify hidden three-banded patterns. Partial digestion products from forensic casework also conformed to size expectations. Presumed partial digestion bands from 27 forensic samples were compared to the experimentally generated data. The causes of partial digestion are examined and recommendations for interpreting forensic DNA evidence exhibiting partial digestion products are given.
Products of Partial Digestion with Hae III. Part 2. Quantification
Authors: Duewer DL , Benzinger EA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The base pair size of the excess DNA in the smallest three partial digestion bands for the variable number of tandem repeat loci D1S7, D2S44, D4S139, D5S110, D10S28, and D17S26 has been quantitatively evaluated using data obtained from intentional partial digestion of liquid blood DNA. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) measurement characteristics specific to the performing laboratory were evaluated from that laboratory's historical K562 cell line control data. The expected size of the excess DNA is estimated as the weighted mean of the differences between the measured size of the partially digested bands and the fully digested band, with the weights predicted using knowledge of RFLP measurement characteristics. Confidence limits are developed for evaluating whether the size differences among a set of RFLP band multiplets observed in pristine samples are consistent with those expected from partial digestion. The base pair size of excess DNA for partials observed in evidentiary samples appears to be somewhat less than that from pristine samples.
Intrafamilial Homicide Committed by Juveniles: Examination of a Sample with Recommendations for Prevention
Authors: Kashani JH , Darby PJ , Allan WD , Hartke KL , Reid JC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The current study examines a sample of 112 adolescents convicted of murder. From this sample, 11 adolescents who murdered a member of their family were chosen for indepth examination. All participants were convicted as an adult for murder and received a prison sentence. Characteristics of the crimes were explored, including demographic information, relationship to victim, motive, and weapon used in the commission of the crime. Additionally, DSM diagnosis information was available for some participants. A majority of the homicides (N = 8) were committed with a gun that was available in the home. More than half of the subjects murdered a parent or parental figure and the most salient characteristic was the presence of a chaotic family life prior to the homicide. No single motive was dominant, indicating that intrafamilial homicide is the culmination of a number of factors, including abuse and psychopathology. Based on the findings, recommendations are provided to address the needs of youth who are at risk for committing violent crimes such as intrafamilial homicide.
Video Voyeurs and the Covert Videotaping of Unsuspecting Victims: Psychological and Legal Consequences
Authors: Simon RI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Video voyeurs employ state of the art technology to gain access into the most private places where victims are covertly videotaped. Women are the usual victims of video voyeurs as they change their clothes, perform natural functions or engage in sexual activities. When the videotaping is discovered by the victim, serious psychological harm may result.
A civil suit is the most common legal remedy sought. Criminal sanctions, when available, are often insufficient compared to the seriousness of the crime. While unauthorized, covert audiotaping is forbidden by both federal and state codes, videotaping is often not specifically mentioned. It appears that legislators do not fully appreciate the burgeoning of covert videotaping, the technological advances that have greatly expanded the possibilities for voyeuristic viewing and the harm done to victims of video voyeurs. Appropriate criminal sanctions need to be included in privacy statutes for unauthorized, video surveillance with or without accompanying audio transcription.