bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of the Mars ionosphere to solar flares: Analysis of MGS radio occultation data
Authors: Fallows K. , Withers P. , Gonzalez G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIncreased soft X‐ray irradiance during solar flares produces increased electron densities in the lower ionosphere of Mars, and the relative changes in electron density during a flare are greater for lower altitudes and larger flares. However, this relationship has not been quantified. This has impeded the validation of simulations of the ionospheric response to flares, which are necessary for developing accurate descriptions of the physical processes governing ionospheric behavior under extreme conditions. Here we develop a response function, a mathematical expression for the change in electron density during a solar flare as a function of the change in solar flux and an optical depth proxy. This function is based on analysis of 20 Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) radio occultation electron density profiles measured during solar flares. We find that characterizing the response as a function of optical depth, rather than altitude, provides the best description of ionospheric variability during a flare. A separate response function, determined from analysis of a numerical simulation of the response to a solar flare, was found to be grossly similar to the observationally based response function, though with a weaker dependence on optical depth. We identify 15 MGS profiles with an apparent solar flare response, but no coincident detected solar flare. We suggest that the observed response function can be used to detect flares not visible from Earth and to give an approximation of their strength. Additionally, it can estimate ionospheric electron densities during a flare; however, precision is limited by a small number of observations.
The role of ionospheric O+ outflow in the generation of earthward propagating plasmoids
Authors: Zhang B. , Brambles O. J. , Lotko W. , Ouellette J. E. , Lyon J. G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEarthward propagating plasmoids in the Earth's magnetotail have been observed by satellites. Using a multifluid global magnetosphere simulation, earthward propagating plasmoids are reproduced when ionospheric O+ outflow is included in the global simulation. Controlled simulations show that without ionospheric outflow, the plasmoids generated in the magnetotail during a substorm‐steady magnetospheric convection cycle only propagate tailward. With ionospheric outflow, earthward plasmoids can be induced through the modification of magnetotail reconnection at multiple X lines. When multiple X lines form in the magnetotail, plasmoids may be trapped between multiple reconnection sites. When magnetic reconnection rate is reduced at the near‐Earth X line by the presence of ionospheric O+, the earthward exhaust flow of reconnection occurring at the midtail X line forces the plasmoid to propagate earthward. The propagation speed and spatial size of the simulated earthward plasmoid are consistent with observations from the Cluster satellites.
Sea‐surface temperature and salinity product comparison against external in situ data in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Stroh J. N. , Panteleev Gleb , Kirillov Sergey , Makhotin Mikhail , Shakhova Natalia 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSea‐surface temperature and salinity (SST/S) in the Arctic Ocean (AO) are largely governed by sea‐ice and continental runoff rather than evaporation and precipitation as in lower latitude oceans, and global satellite analyses and models which incorporate remotely observed SST/S may be inaccurate in the AO due to lack of direct measurements for calibrating satellite data. For this reason, we are motivated to validate several satellite sea‐surface temperature (SST) data products and SST/S models by comparing gridded data in the AO with oceanographic records from 2006 to 2013. Statistical analysis of product‐minus‐observation differences reveals that the satellite SST products considered have a temperature bias magnitude of less than 0.5
C compared to ship‐based CTD measurements, and most of these biases are negative in sign. SST/S models also show an overall negative temperature bias, but no common sign or magnitude of salinity bias against CTD data. Ice tethered profiler (ITP) near‐surface data span the seasons of several years, and these measurements reflect a sea‐ice dominated region where the ocean surface cannot be remotely observed. Against this data, many of the considered models and products show large errors with detectable seasonal differences in SST bias. Possible sources of these errors are discussed, and two adjustments of product SST on the basis of sea‐ice concentration are suggested for reducing bias to within less than 0.01
C of ITP near‐surface temperatures.
Mean‐state acceleration of cloud‐resolving models and large eddy simulations
Authors: Jones C. R. , Bretherton C. S. , Pritchard M. S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractLarge eddy simulations and cloud‐resolving models (CRMs) are routinely used to simulate boundary layer and deep convective cloud processes, aid in the development of moist physical parameterization for global models, study cloud‐climate feedbacks and cloud‐aerosol interaction, and as the heart of superparameterized climate models. These models are computationally demanding, placing practical constraints on their use in these applications, especially for long, climate‐relevant simulations. In many situations, the horizontal‐mean atmospheric structure evolves slowly compared to the turnover time of the most energetic turbulent eddies. We develop a simple scheme to reduce this time scale separation to accelerate the evolution of the mean state. Using this approach we are able to accelerate the model evolution by a factor of 2–16 or more in idealized stratocumulus, shallow and deep cumulus convection without substantial loss of accuracy in simulating mean cloud statistics and their sensitivity to climate change perturbations. As a culminating test, we apply this technique to accelerate the embedded CRMs in the Superparameterized Community Atmosphere Model by a factor of 2, thereby showing that the method is robust and stable to realistic perturbations across spatial and temporal scales typical in a GCM.
Burden of Comorbidity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the UK, 1999–2012
Authors: Rees Frances , Doherty Michael , Grainge Matthew , Lanyon Peter , Davenport Graham , Zhang Weiya 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo estimate the comorbidity associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the UK during 1999–2012.MethodsA retrospective cohort study using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink was conducted. Prevalent cases of SLE were matched by age, sex, and practice to 4 controls. The incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, end‐stage renal failure (ESRF), cancer, osteoporosis, and infection were calculated per 1,000 person‐years during the study period and compared to controls using Poisson regression to obtain incidence rate ratios (IRRs). IRRs were adjusted for baseline age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, Charlson Index scores, and prednisolone use. Age‐ and sex‐specific incidence rates were calculated.ResultsWhen comparing the 7,732 prevalent cases of SLE with 28,079 matched controls, the unadjusted IRR was 1.98 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.69–2.31) for CVD, 1.81 (95% CI 1.49–2.19) for stroke, 7.81 (95% CI 4.68–13.05) for ESRF, 1.28 (95% CI 1.17–1.40) for cancer, 2.53 (95% CI 2.27–2.82) for osteoporosis, and 1.49 (95% CI 1.40–1.58) for infection. After adjustment, the rates remained significantly higher in cases. Men with SLE had higher rates of CVD, stroke, and cancer, whereas women had higher rates of infection and osteoporosis. Those at younger ages were at the greatest relative risk compared with controls. Cases had significantly higher Charlson Index scores at baseline.ConclusionPeople with SLE in the UK have a greater burden of comorbidity and are more likely to develop CVD, stroke, ESRF, cancer, osteoporosis, and infection than people of the same age and sex.
Clinical Efficacy of Celecoxib Compared to Acetaminophen in Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Bedaiwi Mohamed K. , Sari Ismail , Wallis Dinny , O'shea Finbar D. , Salonen David , Haroon Nigil , Omar Ahmed , Inman Robert D. 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveIn this randomized controlled trial, we compared the effect of celecoxib and acetaminophen on pain and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scores in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain.MethodsA total of 50 patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain were blindly randomized into 2 groups treated with celecoxib (200 mg twice daily) or acetaminophen (500 mg twice daily). Outcome measures included total back pain, nocturnal back pain, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores, the Short Form 36 health survey to assess physical and mental status, and patient global assessment. Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index scores were also assessed before and after the therapy. The Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada scoring method was used to evaluate spinal MRI changes.ResultsCelecoxib showed a superior effect on total back pain, ODI, BASDAI, nocturnal back pain, and patient global assessment, compared to acetaminophen (P < 0.05). The number of patients with a significant change in back pain scales was higher in the celecoxib arm (ODI 34.8% versus 4.5%, nocturnal back pain 41.7% versus 9.1%, total back pain 33.3% versus 9.1%, and BASDAI 30.4% versus 9.1%; P < 0.01 for all). The responsiveness to celecoxib, calculated by Guyatt's Responsiveness Index, was 1.62, 1.28, 1.27, and 0.58 for the ODI, total back pain, BASDAI, and nocturnal back pain, respectively. The MRI scores for sacroiliac joints and spine showed no significant change with either treatment when compared with baseline values (P > 0.05).ConclusionThere was superior efficacy of celecoxib compared with acetaminophen in chronic nonspecific low back pain. Inflammatory lesions of sacroiliac joints and spine are commonly seen in nonspecific low back pain, but these lesions did not change with either celecoxib or acetaminophen treatments and were not associated with clinical response to either agent.
Association of Low B Cell Count and IgG Levels With Infection, and Poor Vaccine Response With All‐Cause Mortality in an Immunosuppressed Vasculitis Population
Authors: David Morgan Matthew , Richter Alex , Al‐Ali Samer , Flint Julia , Yiannakis Constantina , Drayson Mark , Goldblatt David , Harper Lorraine 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivePatients with systemic vasculitis (SV) have an increased risk of all‐cause mortality, often due to infection, compared to the healthy population. We investigated whether humoral response to vaccination and biomarkers of immune dysfunction were associated with infection and death.MethodsPatients with SV in remission were vaccinated with pneumococcal 7‐valent conjugate, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and meningococcal group C conjugate vaccine and meningococcal polysaccharide groups A, C, Y, and W135 vaccines. Total IgG and antibody titers against specific antigens and lymphocyte subset analysis were performed before vaccination. Postvaccination antibody titers were measured at 4 weeks and 2 years, from which an antibody response score was calculated. Infections and death following vaccination were collected prospectively following vaccination.ResultsA total of 92 patients were safely vaccinated with no increase in disease relapse, median followup 4.6 years (interquartile range [IQR] 3.6–4.8 years). Eighteen patients died at a median of 2 years and the overall infection rate was 0.4 (IQR 0.2–1.3) infections/patient/year. Reduced serum IgG, B cell count, and CD4+ cell counts predicted poor vaccine response and infection but not death. The response rates to individual vaccine antigens was highly variable, with a median response rate of 46% (IQR 39–58%) of patients responding to each individual antigen. Vaccine response, age, and reduced renal function were independent predictors of all‐cause mortality in multivariate analysis.ConclusionTotal IgG and B cell counts predict infection and response to vaccination. Vaccination in patients with SV in remission is safe and the response predicts all‐cause mortality. Vaccine response is a surrogate marker of immune system health.
Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Golimumab in Methotrexate‐Naive Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Five‐Year Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Emery Paul , Fleischmann Roy M. , Strusberg Ingrid , Durez Patrick , Nash Peter , Amante Eric Jason B. , Churchill Melvin , Park Won , Pons‐Estel Bernardo , Han Chenglong , Gathany Timothy A. , Xu Stephen , Zhou Yiying , Leu Jocelyn H. , Hsia Elizabeth C. 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of golimumab through 5 years in adults with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who had not previously received methotrexate (MTX).MethodsIn the GO‐BEFORE study, 637 MTX‐naive adult patients with active RA were randomized (1:1:1:1) to placebo + MTX (group 1), golimumab 100 mg + placebo (group 2), golimumab 50 mg + MTX (group 3), or golimumab 100 mg + MTX (group 4). Inadequate responders in groups 1, 2, and 3 entered early escape at week 28 to golimumab 50 mg + MTX, golimumab 100 mg + MTX, or golimumab 100 mg + MTX, respectively; remaining patients in group 1 could cross over to golimumab 50 mg + MTX at week 52. Assessments included the American College of Rheumatology 20%/50%/70% improvement criteria (ACR20/50/70) response, the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) using C‐reactive protein (CRP) level, and the modified Sharp/van der Heijde score (SHS). Efficacy was analyzed using an intent‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis. Pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity were evaluated at selected visits.ResultsA total of 422 patients completed golimumab treatment through week 256. At week 256, 72.8%, 54.6%, and 38.0% of all patients in the full ITT population (n = 637) had an ACR20/50/70 response, respectively; 84.1% had a good or moderate DAS28‐CRP response; and 72.7% had a clinically meaningful improvement in physical function. Radiographic progression was minimal in all treatment groups through week 256, and the overall mean change from baseline in SHS was 1.36. Serum trough golimumab concentrations were approximately dose proportional and maintained through week 256. Antibodies to golimumab occurred in 9.6% of patients through week 256. Infections were the most common type of adverse event (AE); 204 of 616 patients (33.1%) had ≥1 serious AE.ConclusionClinical efficacy with golimumab treatment was maintained through week 256 of the GO‐BEFORE trial of MTX‐naive RA patients. No unexpected AEs occurred; safety results through 5 years are consistent with earlier reports.
Patient‐Reported Outcomes From a Two‐Year Head‐to‐Head Comparison of Subcutaneous Abatacept and Adalimumab for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Fleischmann Roy , Weinblatt Michael E. , Schiff Michael , Khanna Dinesh , Maldonado Michael A. , Nadkarni Anagha , Furst Daniel E. 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo report 2‐year patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) from the head‐to‐head Abatacept versus Adalimumab Comparison in Biologic‐Naive RA Subjects with Background Methotrexate (MTX) (AMPLE) trial.MethodsAMPLE was a phase IIIb, randomized, investigator‐blinded trial. Biologic‐naive patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and an inadequate response to MTX were randomized to subcutaneous (SC) abatacept (125 mg/week) or adalimumab (40 mg every 2 weeks) with background MTX. PROs (pain, fatigue, ability to perform work, and ability to perform daily activities) were compared up to year 2 for patients in each treatment group, as well as those who achieved low disease activity at both years 1 and 2 (responders) and those who did not (nonresponders).ResultsA total of 646 patients were randomized and treated with SC abatacept (n = 318) or adalimumab (n = 328). Baseline characteristics were balanced between the 2 treatment arms. Comparable improvements in PROs were observed in the abatacept and adalimumab groups over 2 years, with both groups achieving clinically meaningful improvements in PROs from baseline. At year 2, fatigue improved by 23.4 mm and 21.5 mm on a 100‐mm visual analog scale with abatacept and adalimumab, respectively. Clinical responders achieved greater improvements in PROs than nonresponders.ConclusionIn biologic‐naive patients with active RA, despite prior MTX, treatment with SC abatacept or adalimumab with background MTX resulted in comparable improvements in PROs, which were highly correlated with physician‐reported clinical response end points.
Sex Variations in the Effects of Arthritis and Activity Limitation on First Heart Disease Event Occurrence in the Canadian General Population: Results From the Longitudinal National Population Health Survey
Authors: Schieir Orit , Hogg‐Johnson Sheilah , Glazier Richard H. , Badley Elizabeth M. 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo estimate sex‐specific effects of arthritis and activity limitation on incident heart disease in a nationally representative, Canadian longitudinal population‐based survey.MethodsInformation on sociodemographic variables, self‐reported physician‐diagnosed chronic conditions (including arthritis and heart disease), activity limitations, and traditional risk factors was collected every 2 years from 1994–1995 through 2010–2011 as part of the longitudinal Canadian National Population Health Survey. Deaths due to ischemic heart disease (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision [ICD‐10] codes I20–I25) and heart failure (ICD‐10 codes I50.0–I50.9) were confirmed against the Canadian Vital Statistics Database. Discrete‐time survival analysis stratified by sex was used to estimate effects of arthritis and activity limitation on first heart disease event occurrence.ResultsThe study included 12,591 participants with no prior history of heart disease and 1,783 incident heart disease events. After adjusting for common risk factors, arthritis was associated with a significant increased risk of incident heart disease in women (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.58, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.23–2.02). Even higher risks were reported in women with arthritis and activity limitation (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.61–2.97). Arthritis was not associated with incident heart disease in men, except for when also reported with activity limitation (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.14–2.26).ConclusionWomen with arthritis, and men with arthritis and activity limitation, have significant excess risks for developing heart disease in the general population. These findings point to the need for improved access to arthritis care, cardiovascular prevention strategies, particularly in women with arthritis, and directed interventions toward prevention of activity limitation.
Skin Telangiectasia and the Identification of a Subset of Systemic Sclerosis Patients With Severe Vascular Disease
Authors: Hurabielle Charlotte , Avouac Jérôme , Lepri Gemma , de Risi Tullia , Kahan André , Allanore Yannick 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveCutaneous telangiectasia (CT) are common in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients, but their ability to stratify patients by risk is poorly known. We aimed to determine whether the number and size of CT were associated with the pattern of microvascular lesions assessed by nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) and markers reflecting the severity of SSc‐related vasculopathy.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional study, including consecutive SSc patients over a 6‐month period. We also considered 3 predefined subsets of patients according to the number of hand or face CT: absence, ≤10, or >10 hand or face CT (profuse CT). Pseudotumoral CT were defined as CT with >5 mm diameter.ResultsA total of 87 patients were included, of whom 75 (86%) had CT (27 with profuse and 19 with pseudotumoral CT). Profuse and pseudotumoral CT were both associated with capillary loss (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively) and severe neoangiogenesis (P = 0.015 and P = 0.041, respectively), 2 hallmarks of the late NVC pattern. In multivariate analysis, profuse CT were independently associated with past or current digital ulcers (odds ratio [OR] 2.95 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.09–19.63]), and pseudotumoral CT were independently associated with the late NVC pattern (OR 4.84 [95% CI 1.32–26.19]) and with precapillary pulmonary hypertension (OR 12.60 [95% CI 1.68–94.53]).ConclusionWe demonstrate that the number and size of CT are associated with the most severe NVC pattern. In addition, profuse and pseudotumoral CT identify a subset of patients with a more severe vascular phenotype. Further prospective studies should determine whether CT number and size could serve as an early clinical biomarker for the development of severe vascular disease.
An Abnormal N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Based Palladium Dimer: Aqueous Oxidative Heck Coupling Under Ambient Temperature
Authors: Hota Pradip Kumar , Vijaykumar Gonela , Pariyar Anand , Sau Samaresh Chandra , Sen Tamal K. , Mandal Swadhin K. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHerein we report the synthesis of a new abnormal N‐heterocyclic carbene (aNHC)‐based ligand and its use in synthesizing an acetate bridged CH activated palladium dimer (1). In complex 1, the carbene ligand displays an abnormal mode of binding with the palladium(II) ion. We used complex 1 as a catalyst for the oxidative Heck coupling reaction of arylboronic acids with electron‐deficient as well as electron‐rich olefins at ambient temperature in water to produce selectively the β‐arylated products in good to excellent yields.magnified image
Iodine‐Promoted Metal‐Free Aromatization: Synthesis of Biaryls, Oligo p‐Phenylenes and A‐Ring Modified Steroids
Authors: Domingo Victoriano , Prieto Consuelo , Castillo Alexis , Silva Lucia , Quílez del Moral José F. , Barrero Alejandro F. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe describe efficient procedures based on the use of iodine for the synthesis of biaryls from arylcyclohexenols or arylcyclohexanols using sub‐stoichiometric/catalytic iodine and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as oxidant. Heteroarylcyclohexanols also produced the corresponding biaryl products. It was proven that biphenyl can also be efficiently obtained when the quantity of iodine was reduced to 0.05 equiv. The method is compatible with different functional groups in the aromatic ring (either electron‐donating or electron‐withdrawing groups). For substrate scope, apart from cyclohexanone and cyclohexenone, some substituted cyclohexanones were also used to synthesize the starting arylcyclohexanols. The process was applied to the synthesis of oligo p‐phenylenes and A‐ring aromatized steroids, where the combined use of I2/DMSO not only provoked the necessary migration of the methyl group at C‐10, but also further extended the conjugation.magnified image
Nitrative Cyclization of 1‐Ethynyl‐2‐(vinyloxy)benzenes to Access 1‐[2‐(Nitromethyl)benzofuran‐3‐yl] Ketones Through Dioxygen Activation
Authors: Hu Ming , Liu Bang , Ouyang Xuan‐Hui , Song Ren‐Jie , Li Jin‐Heng 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA new metal‐free method for the nitrative cyclization of 1‐ethynyl‐2‐(vinyloxy)benzenes with tert‐butyl nitrite (t‐BuONO), air and water at room temperature is presented, in which an oxygen atom is introduced into the carbon‐carbon triple bond to form a new carbonyl group through dioxygen activation.magnified image