bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case as a Morphological Phenomenon
Authors: Spencer Andrew 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn most modern approaches to grammar, the term ‘case’ is systematically ambiguous between ‘(inflected) form of a nominal word’ and ‘property of a noun phrase (determiner phrase)’. In a typical, well-behaved system we find that the lexical head noun of a phrase is, say, ‘in the accusative’ and this means that the phrase itself bears accusative case. However, this simple relationship between morphological case (‘m-case’) and syntactic case (‘s-case’) is often violated. This article deals with the morphological expression of case. First, it discusses different types of morphological case system, and then case morphology and grammatical theory. It also considers case-marked categories other than nouns, focusing on case marking of verbs and cases in Kayardild. After exploring syntagmatic aspects of case marking, the article concludes by summarising some of the problems raised by morphology of case, including ‘core’ vs. ‘non-core’ grammatical functions, case inventories and outliers, ‘case’ marking on pronominal clitics, ‘non-autonomous’ (‘virtual’) cases, segmentation problems, case endings as nouns in Hungarian, and case and morphosyntax.
The Distribution of Case
Authors: Moravcsik Edith A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA case marker is a formal device associated with a noun phrase that signals the grammatical role of that noun phrase. ‘Formal device’ includes segmental morphemes (affixes, clitics, stem modification, suppletion) and suprasegmentals (stress, pitch). Of these, the discussion in this article is restricted to segmental markers: case affixes and adpositions. The aspect of case marking that forms the topic of this article is its distribution. ‘Distribution’ refers to the conditions under which something must or may occur. Describing the distribution of an element within a linguistic structure involves two components: selection (what element occurs with what other elements) and linear order (temporal precedence relations among co-occurring elements). This article considers a hypothesis that excludes one-to-zero relations between case markers and noun phrases with grammatical roles. Generally, case markers have unique positions relative to the noun phrase. However, there are departures from this pattern.
The Acquisition of Case
Authors: Eisenbeiss Sonja , Narasimhan Bhuvana , Voeikova Maria 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCase is one of the most heterogeneous nominal morphological categories: the number of case forms in morphological paradigms, the syntactic and semantic functions of case, and the set of declension classes differ even in typologically similar languages. Hence, the acquisition of case presents the child with a major learning challenge. This article presents empirical studies and theoretical perspectives on case acquisition in children, focusing on generative, natural morphology, cognitive-functional, and usage-based approaches. The empirical focus is on the acquisition of accusative, ergative, and split case systems. The article also explores productivity in children's early case forms, the role of nature or nurture in the acquisition of case, form-meaning mappings in the acquisition of case, and the time course of case development.
Case and Contact Linguistics
Authors: Johanson Lars 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLanguage contact affects case categories in various ways. This article examines the effects of contacts between linguistic codes (languages, unrelated or related, or language varieties): changes in one code on the model of another. It deals with inflectional case markers, affixes, and adpositions from which they evolve. Though most adpositions express more specific relations, some are relatively desemanticised. Affixes and case-like adpositions may fulfil similar functions; the close correspondences between Dravidian case suffixes and Indic postpositions. Case markers and case functions are acquired through what is called ‘borrowing’, ‘diffusion’, ‘transfer’, ‘interference’, ‘replication’, etc. Speakers copy case markers or case functions from a model code (a ‘source’, ‘donor’, or ‘diffusing’ language) and insert the copies into their basic code (a ‘recipient’ or ‘replica’ language). The term ‘copying’ is used to stress the non-identity of models and copies. This article also discusses selective copying and grammaticalisation, copiabililty and stages of grammaticalisation, copying of valency patterns, polysemy and syncretism, and impoverished case systems.
Terminology of Case
Authors: Haspelmath Martin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAs in all areas of grammar, the terminology surrounding case phenomena is often not straightforward: Linguists with different backgrounds use the same terms for somewhat or radically different concepts, or they use different terms for very similar or identical concepts. It is unlikely that terminological consensus will emerge soon, primarily because there is no consensus about the concepts that we need, and terminological polysemy will continue to be rampant because there are many more concepts than handy terms. But it is useful to be aware of some of the most important terminological issues. This article discusses basic notions of case, different kinds of cases (grammatical cases vs. concrete cases, structural case and inherent case, oblique cases), alternatives to labelling, non-case uses of case labels, cases as language-particular categories, case polysemy, concrete nonspatial cases, and spatial cases.
Varieties of Ergative
Authors: Palancar Enrique L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractErgative case — also ergative marker or simply ergative — is the term given to the grammatical morpheme associated with the noun phrase functioning as subject of a transitive clause. In phonological terms, ergative cases are in general highly grammaticalised morphemes. In semantic terms, ergatives mark noun phrases that typically play the role of agents in the transitive event rendered by such clauses. Ergative case is used on the noun phrase functioning as A; this is called a ‘dependent-marking’ strategy. The other way to encode such an alignment is using a so-called ‘head-marking’ strategy; that is, using a special pronominal morphology in the verb to cross-reference A, which is different from the one encoding S or O. Traditionally, this pronominal morphology has also been called ‘ergative’, but it should not be confused with ‘ergative case’. This article describes the formal varieties of the ergative case. It discusses restrictions on ergative case, ergative case on non-typical hosts, ergative case polysemy patterns, and the origin of ergatives.
Varieties of Instrumental
Authors: Narrog Heiko 
Published: February 2013

AbstractInstrumental case typically marks the semantic role of an instrument. There are seven strategies for the coding of concomitant functions, including instrumental functions. These are concomitant predication (converbs, gerunds, coverbs), adpositional marking, case marking, verb derivation, incorporation, conversion, and lexical fusion. Cross-linguistically, all of these strategies are also found for the marking of instrumental functions. Individual languages may have several of them, and may differ with respect to which of the strategies they prefer. This article deals not only with case marking, but also with adpositional marking. For one thing, instrumental marking through adpositions is more common than case marking, as the instrumental is typically not a structurally or syntactically definable case but a semantic case that marks peripheral participants and adjuncts. This article explores the functional varieties and polysemy patterns of the instrumental case by looking at a sample of 200 languages.
Casein an African Language
Authors: König Christa 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAfrica is known for being a continent where there are not so many languages with a grammaticalised case system. In East Africa, there is one language which is quite exceptional. Not only does it have a case system distinguishing seven cases, which on African standards is a lot, but it is also unusual in that nearly all elements in the language are case-inflected, including nouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. Nevertheless, even though case is ubiquitous in Ik, the encoding of core participants, that is intransitive subjects (S), transitive subjects (A), and transitive objects (O), is so defective that it is questionable whether the elements under consideration are really cases and not something else. This article shows that case is a highly productive mechanism of Ik. Nearly all lexical items of the language can be case-inflected, including adverbs, conjunctions, adpositions, and verbs.
Case in a Topic-Prominent Language
Authors: Ogawa Akio 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDiscussions about topic-prominent language verus subject-prominent language are old but still of current interest. According to the now classic work of Li and Thompson (1976), topic-prominent languages possess the following characteristics: the topic is coded on the surface, that is morphologically and/or syntactically; passive constructions either do not or only marginally exist or carry a special meaning; there are no dummy or empty subjects; double subject constructions are available; it is not the subject but the topic that controls coreferential constituent deletion; verb-final languages tend to be topic-prominent; there are no constraints on what kind of constituent may be the topic; and topic-comment sentences are basic. The traditional grammar of Japanese distinguishes between two types of postpositional particles: kaku-joshi (case particles) on the one hand and kakari-joshi (relating/charging particles) on the other hand. Japanese reveals a relatively free word order, while maintaining a rigid verb-final position. This article sketches synchronic and diachronic case-drop phenomena, and exemplifies some other typologically related as well as unrelated languages for their functional parallelism.
Case Relations in Tlaanec, a Head-Marking Language
Authors: Wichmann Søren 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTlapanec is a head-marking language, in which case relations are marked by verbal suffixes. Four types of relations are marked in this way. Three of these bear many resemblances to cross-linguistically well-known cases: the ergative, absolutive, and the dative. The fourth, however, is a novel type of relation and called pegative. This encodes an actor involved in an event which also involves a dative-like undergoer. Tlapanec exhibits a VAO basic word order with the possibility of fronting A or O in a topicalisation construction. Predicates inflect for aspect, polarity, and person, while nouns may inflect for person of possessor. This article presents the Tlapanec system with special attention to the three following features: the markers attach to the predicate, the ergative case is morphologically unmarked, and the inventory includes the pegative relation. It also discusses the morphology of case marking, the morphosyntax of the Tlapanec case markers and their semantics, the mechanisms of case assignment, monopersonal verbs, and similarities between verbal suffixes and canonical case marking.
‘Case Relations’ in Lao, A Radically Isolating Language
Authors: Enfield N. J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines data from Lao, a radically isolating Southwestern Tai language spoken in Laos, Thailand, and Cambodia, and asks how speakers of such a language might cope without case. Lao is like Mandarin, Thai, Vietnamese, and Riau Indonesian in exemplifying the extreme of pragmatically oriented grammar. Where case marking simply distinguishes who from whom, it is mostly dispensable, thanks to the richness of pragmatics. Moreover, for more ‘expressive’ functions of case marking, where features of transitivity are manipulated for expressive or information-structural effect, Lao finds constructional means to treat certain arguments in special ways, thereby explicitly marking non-redundant semantic information in case-like ways. This article also examines patterns of argument-predicate relations, focusing on monovalent predicates, symmetric and other non-oriented bivalent predicates, and asymmetric bivalent predicates. Finally, it considers the expressive functions which case marking might perform, that is where special treatment of one or another argument serves to manipulate semantic distinctions in the construal of event structure and participant involvement.
The Ending of Anglo‐Saxon England
Authors: Griffiths David 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe ‘end’ of Anglo-Saxon England was a ragged and discordant affair within which the Norman Conquest certainly represented a major upheaval, but not one which was inflicted on anything like an ethnically-unified populace. A change of equal significance to national conquest and attempts at unification in later Anglo-Saxon England was the development of urban life, and the drawing in of the countryside increasingly to an urban-focused economy. Three of the Anglo-Scandinavian metalwork styles seem to have stimulated widespread indigenous adaptive fashions in England: the Borre style of animal masks and ring-chains, and the later more fluid and open Ringerike style of hooked vegetal fronds, pear-shaped fleur-de-lis, and standing quadrupeds, and the sparer Urnes style. The Conquest effected a transformation of the focus of social and political aspiration on the part of lordly and ecclesiastical elites and the nascent urban classes.
Raw Materials: Sources and Demand
Authors: Hinton David A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTimber for buildings in Anglo-Saxon England, and for ships such as those at Sutton Hoo and Graveney, had to come from trees left to grow to good lengths in woods, forests, or hedges, often coppiced to encourage straight and prolific growth and to obtain poles and fuel from the loppings. Wood provided charcoal needed by metalworkers and others for its more intense heat and carbon input. Gold had to be imported, mostly in the form of coins. Lead is a constituent of pewter, which needs tin. Silk was very rare until the eighth century, but by the eleventh had become a marketed product. Animal skins could provide both furs and leather. Animals also supplied bone for glue and oil and for making into a variety of tools, ornaments, handles, and the like. The raw materials used in the Anglo-Saxon period were varied, but generally indicate the nature of the economy.
Diet: Recent Evidence from Analytical Chemical Techniques
Authors: O'Connell Tamsin C. , Hull Bradley D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe evidence for Anglo-Saxon diet presented in this article is derived from stable isotope analysis (carbon and nitrogen), ceramic residue analysis, cess pit analyses, and other archaeological features. Archaeological floral and faunal records present some evidence for the types of food available for human consumption. Pottery residues (and other materials) can be informative about the preparing, cooking, and storing of food, providing an insight into specific foodstuffs consumed in the Anglo-Saxon period. Furthermore, isotopic evidence for the Anglo-Saxon diet is explored at a large scale, and then investigates isotopic variation in conjunction with other factors. Three themes of variation — social, geographic, and chronological — are mentioned. The Anglo-Saxon stable isotope results indicate a mainly terrestrial diet, with medium to high amounts of animal protein intake depending on period/cemetery. The overall consistency of the Anglo-Saxon diet lies in the comparison with contemporaneous continental sites.
Disease
Authors: Lee Christina 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explains that visible skeletal characteristics may have been unnoticed by their bearers, while socially — and physically — debilitating problems may leave no trace on the skeleton. Burial in consecrated ground, close to relics and the celebration of Christian ritual, had been an ecclesiastical privilege since the advent of monasticism in Anglo-Saxon England. The study showed that the Anglo-Saxon populations were slightly healthier, which may be linked to lifestyle. Nutrition plays an important part in maintaining a healthy immunity. Textual evidence seems to suggest the continuation of ‘folk medicine’ into the later Anglo-Saxon period, such as charms and rituals. The connection between religious buildings and health care may have been anticipated in special temples that were associated with the cure of disease in ancient Greece. It is feasible that Anglo-Saxon society had spaces for all kinds of people: the sick and the hale, the old and the young.
Sacred Spaces and Places in Pre‐Christian and Conversion Period Anglo‐Saxon England
Authors: Semple Sarah 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides a summary of a lengthier exploration of the numinous and sacred qualities of the natural world in pre-Christian England. Types of natural locale considered to have held sacred or superstitious importance are reviewed. Topographic observation and archaeological evidence are used alongside historical sources and accounts, in a review of evidence for special natural places in the Anglo-Saxon psyche. The article then concentrates on the human-altered landscape, with monument re-use and new monumentality reviewed as evidence for sacred places and religious structures. Some thoughts on three overarching themes: accessibility, identity, and the importance of the longue durée. Springs, wells, rivers, and lakes attracted activity of a ritual or religious nature in the pre-Christian and Conversion period. It highlights the significance of the natural landscape and ancient remains within the beliefs and spiritual perceptions of early medieval communities, before and after the Conversion.
Social Transactions, Gift Exchange, and Power in the Archaeology of the Fifth to Seventh Centuries
Authors: Scull Christopher 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores some structures and dynamics which may have contributed to the development of social and political hierarchies in England in the fifth to seventh centuries, and some of the problems associated with this field of research. In particular, it investigates how some social dynamics and institutions, and the relationships between economic and social dynamics, may be seen to have promoted structures of power in ways that conditioned the development of dynasties wielding local, regional, and eventually supra-regional power by the beginning of the seventh century. Assemblages from furnished burials constitute the main archaeological source for considerations of gift exchange. Burial was an arena of social and political competition. Inheritance, as a mode of exchange between generations, is in many ways the antithesis of gifting items to the dead through furnished burial.
Literary Sources and Archaeology
Authors: Hines John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe integrated study of archaeology and literature has a key role to play in attempts to characterize and understand the Anglo-Saxons. This article focuses on aspects of the relationship between literary sources in the Old English vernacular language and Anglo-Saxon archaeology; but any impression that Anglo-Saxon England was a monolingual culture must be exploded. A considerable range of Old English literary sources also had to deal with the profound topic of death. It is nothing new to observe that early Anglo-Saxon grave-goods correlate in various ways with the identity of the individual they were buried with. The critical and historical study of that literature ought to include informed consideration of the circumstances of its production in the real-world.
Anglo‐Saxon Archaeology and the Public
Authors: Marzinzik Sonja 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article mentions certain aspects of the dynamic relationship between Anglo-Saxon archaeology and concentrates on the question of whether formal education has kept pace with these new developments. Anglo-Saxon archaeology has a low profile on the curriculum, compared to the Romans or modern history. It is suggested that, as far as the higher education sector is concerned, Anglo-Saxon archaeology has only low prominence. The impact on the public of PPG16 is both direct, via the influence it might have on the planning process of any given project, and indirect, via new modes of dissemination. Archaeologists have an important role to play in current debates to which Anglo-Saxon archaeology is directly relevant. The previous government had an interest in archaeology and it accepted responsibility for continuing the Portable Antiquities Scheme after Heritage Lottery funding ended in March 2006.
Lamentation and Lament in the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Greenstein Edward L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article provides a discussion on lamentation and lament within the Hebrew Bible. It also reviews the necessary fluidity of elegiac forms that virtually all the historical essays elaborate. The two categories of lament — lamentation over death or destruction and complaint over distress — are treated both separately and in relation to one another. Acts of mourning and lamentation are intermeshed in the Hebrew Bible, and it is unsurprising that the tropes and images employed in biblical laments — falling, sitting in dust, and weeping are the most obvious — will often correspond to gestures of mourning. The lamentation over a city and temple in Ancient Israel and in Mesopotamia are elaborated upon. In the book of Lamentations, it may be suggested that amid the outpouring of grief, shared by a desolate community, there is both explicit and implicit protest against the God who would wreak such devastation — 'eikha, ‘How can it be?’.
Romantic Elegiac Hybridity
Authors: Curran Stuart 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article reports that the elegy in the Romantic period ‘is seldom the expression of grief per se’. It also outlines the march of elegy through the period, beginning with Anna Seward's epic elegies, to Charlotte Smith's highlighting of affect and psychological realism, to William Wordsworth's indebtedness to Smith's influence. Seward's epic elegies introduce the tradition of what Anne K. Mellor has aptly called ‘Mothers of the Nation’. Smith's Elegiac Sonnets map existence itself as something recessive, predetermined according to a calculus of loss. If Smith and Wordsworth employ the elegiac to probe psychological resources and vulnerabilities, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Percy Shelley deliberately cast their poems as statements with every bit of the public resonance with which Seward invested her encomia to cultural icons.
‘Between the Bullet and the Lie’
Authors: Rae Patricia 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article states that the inter-war poets were determined to stake their place in history, positively to document their self-consciousness about elegiac writing with a steely determination to enter a history reflectively recognized as historic. The elegies considered belong to an interval whose place was felt even as it was being lived. The article also explores how some representative examples negotiate the choices of elegiac discourse then available to them. It outlines some of the distinctive characteristics of the two inherited strains of elegy, since these form the raw materials for the interwar elegists' bricolage. George Orwell's elegy, like Tom Wintringham's ‘Monument’ and W. H. Auden's famous elegy for Yeats, is a memorial with a more general warning about the dangers of memorializing embedded within it. George Barker's resolution for himself is to repudiate transcendent language of all kinds.