bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface pressure fluctuations on steps immersed in turbulent boundary layers
Authors: Ji Minsuk , Wang Meng 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSurface pressure fluctuations induced by turbulent boundary-layer flow at ${\mathit{Re}}_{\theta } = 4755$ over small backward- and forward-facing steps are studied with large-eddy simulation. Four step heights that are 53, 13, 3.3 and 0.83 % of the boundary-layer thickness are considered to investigate the effects of step height on surface pressure characteristics and pressure-source mechanisms. The extent to which turbulent velocity fluctuations in the boundary layer and the separated shear layer contribute to the surface pressure fluctuations is examined with scaling of various pressure statistics and two-point correlations. For larger steps, vortical structures develop in the shear layer and the associated intense velocity fluctuations are the dominant source. Downstream of slightly less than one reattachment length from the step, the root-mean-square pressure is found to scale with the local maximum cross-stream Reynolds normal stress ${ \overline{{v}^{\ensuremath{\prime} \hspace{0.167em} 2} } }_{\mathit{max}} $. The pressure frequency spectrum at the maximum ${p}_{\mathit{rms}} $ location consists of an energy-containing range that scales with the mean reattachment length ${x}_{r} $ and a higher frequency range that rolls off with a slope close to $\ensuremath{-} 7/ 3$. As the step height decreases, the boundary-layer turbulent fluctuations become the dominant source, the ${ \overline{{v}^{\ensuremath{\prime} \hspace{0.167em} 2} } }_{\mathit{max}} $ scaling of ${p}_{\mathit{rms}} $ is no longer valid and the roll-off slope of the frequency spectrum becomes steeper. The downstream recovery of a step-perturbed boundary layer towards an equilibrium boundary layer is investigated from the point of view of surface pressure fluctuations. For steps with a strong separated shear layer, pressure fluctuations are found to decay rapidly for up to three reattachment lengths downstream of the step, within which approximately 60 % of the peak ${p}_{\mathit{rms}} $ is dissipated. Farther downstream, recovery is much slower. The pressure-recovery distances estimated for the largest backward and forward steps are 175 and 295 step heights, respectively.
n-3 Long-chain PUFA reduce allergy-related mediator release by human mast cellsin vitrovia inhibition of reactive oxygen species
Authors: van den Elsen Lieke W. J. , Nusse Yvette , Balvers Martin , Redegeld Frank A. , Knol Edward F. , Garssen Johan , Willemsen Linette E. M. 
Published: October 2012

Increasedn-6 and reducedn-3 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) intake in Western diets may contribute to the increased prevalence of allergic diseases. Key effector cells in allergy are mast cells (MC). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects ofn-6v.n-3 LC-PUFA on MC phenotype. Human MC lines (LAD2 and HMC-1) were incubated for 24 h with either arachidonic acid (AA,n-6 LC-PUFA) or then-3 LC-PUFA EPA or DHA. The effects of these three LC-PUFA on degranulation, mediator secretion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were assessed. ROS, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or NF-κB inhibitors were used to unravel signalling pathways involved in cytokine secretion. AA, EPA or DHA did not reduce IgE-mediated degranulation by LAD2 cells. However, AA increased PGD2and TNF-α secretion by ionomycin/phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated HMC-1, whereas EPA and DHA more prominently inhibited IL-4 and IL-13 secretion. Suppression of IL-4 and IL-13 release by LC-PUFA correlated with reduced ROS generation. IL-4 and IL-13 release by activated HMC-1 was abrogated using ROS inhibitors. Inhibition of MAPK signalling, but not NF-κB, downstream of ROS reduced IL-13 secretion by activated HMC-1. Combined incubation of EPA or DHA with MAPK inhibitors further suppressed IL-13 secretion. In conclusion, then-6 LC-PUFA AA enhanced pro-inflammatory mediator production by MC, while then-3 LC-PUFA EPA as well as DHA more effectively suppressed ROS generation and IL-4 and IL-13 release. This suggests that dietary supplementation with EPA and/or DHA may alter the MC phenotype, contributing to a reduced susceptibility to develop and sustain allergic disease.
Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG® and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12® on health-related quality of life in college students affected by upper respiratory infections
Authors: Smith Tracey J. , Rigassio-Radler Diane , Denmark Robert , Haley Timothy , Touger-Decker Riva 
Published: October 2012

College students are susceptible to upper respiratory infections (URI) due to inadequate sleep, stress and close living quarters. Certain probiotic strains modulate immune function and may improve health-related quality of life (HRQL) during URI. The present study recruited apparently healthy college students and assessed the effect of probiotics on HRQL outcomes (i.e. self-reported duration, symptom severity and functional impairment of URI) in those who developed URI. Missed school and work days due to URI were also considered. Subjects (n 231) were apparently healthy college students living on campus in residence halls at the Framingham State University (Framingham, MA, USA), and were randomised to receive placebo (n 117) or probiotic-containing powder (daily dose of minimum 1 billion colony-forming units of each Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG® (LGG®) and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12® (BB-12®); n 114) for 12 weeks. Subjects completed The Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey-21 to assess HRQL during URI. The final analyses included 198 subjects (placebo, n 97 and probiotics, n 101). The median duration of URI was significantly shorter by 2 d and median severity score was significantly lower by 34 % with probiotics v. placebo (P< 0·001), indicating a higher HRQL during URI. Number of missed work days was not different between groups (P= 0·429); however, the probiotics group missed significantly fewer school days (mean difference = 0·2 d) compared to the placebo group (P= 0·002). LGG® and BB-12® may be beneficial among college students with URI for mitigating decrements in HRQL. More research is warranted regarding mechanisms of action associated with these findings and the cost–benefit of prophylactic supplementation.
Influenza A (H1N1): a rare cause of deafness in two children
Authors: Alsanosi A A 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjective:We report deafness occurring as an extremely rare complication of influenza A caused by the H1N1 virus (‘swine flu’), in two children.Methods:Case reports and review of the literature concerning influenza A (H1N1) and acquired viral infection causing deafness.Results:Two children with normal hearing developed bilateral deafness following influenza A (H1N1). The diagnosis was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction. Both patients were treated with oseltamivir.Conclusion:Following a review of the literature, these two patients appear to be the first reported cases of bilateral deafness following influenza A (H1N1).
Cannabis affects people differently: inter-subject variation in the psychotogenic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study with healthy volunteers
Authors: Atakan Z. , Bhattacharyya S. , Allen P. , Martín-Santos R. , Crippa J. A. , Borgwardt S. J. , Fusar-Poli P. , Seal M. , Sallis H. , Stahl D. , Zuardi A. W. , Rubia K. , McGuire P. 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundCannabis can induce transient psychotic symptoms, but not all users experience these adverse effects. We compared the neural response to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in healthy volunteers in whom the drug did or did not induce acute psychotic symptoms.MethodIn a double-blind, placebo-controlled, pseudorandomized design, 21 healthy men with minimal experience of cannabis were given either 10 mg THC or placebo, orally. Behavioural and functional magnetic resonance imaging measures were then recorded whilst they performed a go/no-go task.ResultsThe sample was subdivided on the basis of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale positive score following administration of THC into transiently psychotic (TP; n = 11) and non-psychotic (NP; n = 10) groups. During the THC condition, TP subjects made more frequent inhibition errors than the NP group and showed differential activation relative to the NP group in the left parahippocampal gyrus, the left and right middle temporal gyri and in the right cerebellum. In these regions, THC had opposite effects on activation relative to placebo in the two groups. The TP group also showed less activation than the NP group in the right middle temporal gyrus and cerebellum, independent of the effects of THC.ConclusionsIn this first demonstration of inter-subject variability in sensitivity to the psychotogenic effects of THC, we found that the presence of acute psychotic symptoms was associated with a differential effect of THC on activation in the ventral and medial temporal cortex and cerebellum, suggesting that these regions mediate the effects of the drug on psychotic symptoms.
Dynamic grasping of an arbitrary polyhedral object
Authors: Kawamura Akihiro , Tahara Kenji , Kurazume Ryo , Hasegawa Tsutomu 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a novel dynamic stable grasping method of an arbitrary polyhedral object for a hand-arm system with hemispherical fingertips. This method makes it possible to satisfy the force/torque equilibrium condition for the immobilization of the object without knowledge of the object. Two control signals are proposed which generate grasping forces normal and tangential to an object surface in a final state. The dynamics of the overall system is modeled and analyzed theoretically. We demonstrate the stable grasping of an arbitrary polyhedral object using the proposed controller through numerical simulations and experiments using a newly developed mechanical hand-arm system.
Children's referential understanding of novel words and parent labeling behaviors: similarities across children with and without autism spectrum disorders
Authors: HANI HANADY BANI , GONZALEZ-BARRERO ANA MARIA , NADIG APARNA S. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThis study examined two facets of the use of social cues for early word learning in parent–child dyads, where children had an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or were typically developing. In Experiment 1, we investigated word learning and generalization by children with ASD (age range: 3;01–6;02) and typically developing children (age range: 1;02–4;09) who were matched on language ability. In Experiment 2, we examined verbal and non-verbal parental labeling behaviors. First, we found that both groups were similarly able to learn a novel label using social cues alone, and to generalize this label to other representations of the object. Children who utilized social cues for word learning had higher language levels. Second, we found that parental cues used to introduce object labels were strikingly similar across groups. Moreover, parents in both groups adapted labeling behavior to their child's language level, though this surfaced in different ways across groups.
On weighted inhomogeneous Diophantine approximation on planar curves
Authors: HUSSAIN MUMTAZ , YUSUPOVA TATIANA 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis paper develops the metric theory of simultaneous inhomogeneous Diophantine approximation on a planar curve with respect to multiple approximating functions. Our results naturally generalize the homogeneous Lebesgue measure and Hausdorff dimension results for the sets of simultaneously well-approximable points on planar curves, established in Badziahin and Levesley (Glasg. Math. J., 49(2):367–375, 2007), Beresnevich et al. (Ann. of Math. (2), 166(2):367–426, 2007), Beresnevich and Velani (Math. Ann., 337(4):769–796, 2007) and Vaughan and Velani (Invent. Math., 166(1):103–124, 2006).
The chromatic filtration of the Burnside category
Authors: SZYMIK MARKUS 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe Segal map connects the Burnside category of finite groups to the stable homotopy category of their classifying spaces. The chromatic filtrations on the latter can be used to define filtrations on the former. We prove a related conjecture of Ravenel's in some cases, and present counterexamples to the general statement.
Evolving food retail environments in Thailand and implications for the health and nutrition transition
Authors: Banwell Cathy , Dixon Jane , Seubsman Sam-Ang , Pangsap S , Kelly Matthew , Sleigh Adrian 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate evolving food retail systems in Thailand.DesignRapid assessment procedures based on qualitative research methods including interviews, focus groups discussions and site visits.SettingSeven fresh markets located in the four main regions of Thailand.SubjectsManagers, food specialists, vendors and shoppers from seven fresh markets who participated in interviews and focus group discussions.ResultsFresh markets are under economic pressure and are declining in number. They are attempting to resist the competition from supermarkets by improving convenience, food diversity, quality and safety.ConclusionsObesity has increased in Thailand at the same time as rapid growth of modern food retail formats has occurred. As fresh markets are overtaken by supermarkets there is a likely loss of fresh, healthy, affordable food for poorer Thais, and a diminution of regional culinary culture, women's jobs and social capital, with implications for the health and nutrition transition in Thailand.
Use of food supplements and determinants of usage in a sample Italian adult population
Authors: Giammarioli Stefania , Boniglia Concetta , Carratù Brunella , Ciarrocchi Marco , Chiarotti Flavia , Mosca Maurizio , Sanzini Elisabetta 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe aims were to collect data on consumption of different food supplements in a sample of the adult Italian population and to characterize users by demographic, physical and health-related characteristics, lifestyle and behaviour.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingThe study was conducted in 2008 in ten towns of Italy (two towns from each of the five macro-areas: Northwest, Northeast, Centre, South and Islands).SubjectsAdults (n10 000) aged ≥18 years were randomly selected and asked to fill in a self-administered questionnaire regarding their use of food supplements and the above variables. The effect of these variables on food supplement use was evaluated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression.ResultsOf the 1723 individuals who returned the questionnaire, 49 % were users of food supplements. A large proportion (54 %) of users used more than one category of food supplement: vitamin and/or mineral supplements were the most used (61 %), followed by supplements with botanicals and botanical extracts (28 %). The results obtained by logistic regression showed that gender, town size, education level, sports practice, regular use of wholemeal cereal-based foods and presence of a low stress level were determinants for the use of food supplements in the examined population. However, these determinants were not shared by all categories of supplements.ConclusionsThe results of this preliminary study highlight that associations between demographic, dietary and lifestyle factors and use of different categories of food supplements differ according to products, and cannot be accounted for simply by dichotomizing individuals as users or non-users.
Drainage subsidence associated with Arctic permafrost degradation
Authors: Lewis K. C. , Zyvoloski G. A. , Travis B. , Wilson C. , Rowland J. 
Published: October 2012

Arctic sources of greenhouse gas associated with permafrost degradation constitute a large uncertainty in existing climate models. Greenhouse gas release from the Arctic subsurface is mediated by numerous interconnected physical processes; one facet of these is the interplay between surface deformation and melting of subsurface ice. First, we construct analytic solutions describing fluid drainage and soil subsidence subsequent to thawing of a 1‐D permafrost column. These solutions lead to formulas giving the total amount of subsidence as well as the time over which subsidence occurs. We give an example application of the analytic model to peat plateau degradation in the Canadian Hudson Bay Lowland and show that the degree of subsidence predicted from our model is consistent with recorded subsidence of peat in western Norway that was drained for cultivation purposes. Second, we numerically model an initially frozen, fluid‐saturated, 2‐D soil matrix with a thaw zone advancing from the surface downward. With the surface temperature fixed at 5°C, a thaw front propagates to ∼10 m depth within 20 years, and due primarily to drainage of fluid from the pore space, a region of soil depressed by ∼3 m forms above an initially ice‐rich subsurface zone. Soil underlying this depressed zone may have its permeability reduced by between 1 and 2 orders of magnitude; this reduction in permeability can act as a negative feedback to thawing.
Characterizing Intonation Deficit in Motor Speech Disorders: An Autosegmental–Metrical Analysis of Spontaneous Speech in Hypokinetic Dysarthria, Ataxic Dysarthria, and Foreign Accent Syndrome
Authors: Lowit Anja , Kuschmann Anja 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThe autosegmental–metrical (AM) framework represents an established methodology for intonational analysis in unimpaired speaker populations but has found little application in describing intonation in motor speech disorders (MSDs). This study compared the intonation patterns of unimpaired participants (CON) and those with Parkinson’s disease (PD), ataxic dysarthria (AT), and foreign accent syndrome (FAS) to evaluate the approach’s potential for distinguishing types of MSDs from each other and from unimpaired speech.MethodSpontaneous speech from 8 PD, 8 AT, 4 FAS, and 10 CON speakers were analyzed in relation to inventory and prevalence of pitch patterns, accentuation, and phrasing. Acoustic-phonetic baseline measures (maximum-phonation-duration, speech rate, and F0-variability) were also performed.ResultsThe analyses yielded differences between MSD and CON groups and between the clinical groups in regard to prevalence, accentuation, and phrasing. AT and FAS speakers used more rising and high pitch accents than PD and CON speakers. The AT group used the highest number of pitch accents per phrase, and all 3 MSD groups produced significantly shorter phrases than the CON group.ConclusionsThe study succeeded in differentiating MSDs on the basis of intonational performances by using the AM approach, thus, demonstrating its potential for charting intonational profiles in clinical populations.
The Diagnosis and Understanding of Apraxia of Speech: Why Including Neurodegenerative Etiologies May Be Important
Authors: Duffy Joseph R. , Josephs Keith A. 
Published: October 2012

Purpose
To discuss apraxia of speech (AOS) as it occurs in neurodegenerative disease (progressive AOS [PAOS]) and how its careful study may contribute to general concepts of AOS and help refine its diagnostic criteria.

Method
The article summarizes our current understanding of the clinical features and neuroanatomical and pathologic correlates of PAOS and its relationship to primary progressive aphasia (PPA). It addresses similarities and differences between PAOS and stroke-induced AOS that may be relevant to improving our understanding of AOS in general.

Conclusions
PAOS is clinical disorder that should be distinguished from PPA. Its recognition is important to clinical care provided by speech-language pathologists, but it also has implications for neurologic localization and diagnosis as well as prediction of underlying pathology and histochemistry. The clinical features of PAOS and stroke-induced AOS have not been explicitly compared, but they may not be identical because PAOS does not follow a vascular distribution, the brunt of cortical pathology is in the premotor and supplementary motor area, and its onset (rather than acute) is slowly progressive with potential for adaptation to gradual impairment. Careful description and study of PAOS may be a valuable source of information for refining our understanding of AOS in general.
Patterns of Impairments in AOS and Mechanisms of Interaction Between Phonological and Phonetic Encoding
Authors: Laganaro Marina 
Published: October 2012

PurposeOne reason why the diagnosis of apraxia of speech (AOS) and its underlying impairment are often debated may lie in the fact that most patients do not display pure patterns of AOS. Mixed patterns are clearly acknowledged at other levels of impairment (e.g., lexical–semantic and lexical–phonological), and they have contributed to debate about the degree of interaction between encoding levels; by contrast, mixed impairments and mechanisms of interaction are less acknowledged at the levels of phonological and phonetic processes. Here, the author aims at bringing together empirical evidence in favor of an interaction between phonological and phonetic encoding and of the predominance of mixed patterns of impairment over pure phonetic impairment.MethodThe author reviews empirical results from acoustic and psycholinguistic studies, both with healthy speakers and speakers with brain damage, favoring independent phonological and phonetic encoding and separable impairments as well as recent research pointing to an interaction between phonological and phonetic encoding processes and overlapping patterns of impairments.ConclusionsAcknowledging interaction between phonological and phonetic processing has clear consequences on the definition of patterns of impairment. In particular, phonetic errors have not necessarily a phonetic origin, and most patterns of impairment are bound to display both phonological and phonetic features.
Apraxia of Speech and Phonological Errors in the Diagnosis of Nonfluent/Agrammatic and Logopenic Variants of Primary Progressive Aphasia
Authors: Croot Karen , Ballard Kirrie , Leyton Cristian E. , Hodges John R. 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThe International Consensus Criteria for the diagnosis of primary progressive aphasia (PPA; Gorno-Tempini et al., 2011) propose apraxia of speech (AOS) as 1 of 2 core features of nonfluent/agrammatic PPA and propose phonological errors or absence of motor speech disorder as features of logopenic PPA. We investigated the sensitivity and specificity of AOS and phonological errors as markers for these variants and also investigated the relationship between AOS, phonological errors, and findings on C-labeled Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB)–positron emission tomography (PET) imaging associated with putative Alzheimer-type pathology.MethodConnected speech and word repetition in 23 people with PPA who underwent PiB-PET imaging were rated for apraxic versus phonological disruption by 1 rater who was blind to diagnosis and by 2 raters who were blind to PiB-PET results.ResultsApraxic characteristics had high sensitivity for nonfluent/agrammatic PPA, and phonological errors had high sensitivity for logopenic PPA; however, phonological errors showed lower specificity for logopenic PPA. On PiB imaging, 8 of 9 people with predominant AOS returned negative results, whereas participants with no or questionable AOS with and without phonological errors returned positive results.ConclusionsAttention to AOS and phonological errors may help counter some of the inherent limitations of diagnosis-by-exclusion in the current International Consensus Criteria for diagnosing PPA.