bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Animal models for periodontal regeneration and peri‐implant responses
Authors: Kantarci Alpdogan , Hasturk Hatice , Van Dyke Thomas E. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractTranslation of experimental data to the clinical setting requires the safety and efficacy of such data to be confirmed in animal systems before application in humans. In dental research, the animal species used is dependent largely on the research question or on the disease model. Periodontal disease and, by analogy, peri‐implant disease, are complex infections that result in a tissue‐degrading inflammatory response. It is impossible to explore the complex pathogenesis of periodontitis or peri‐implantitis using only reductionistin‐vitromethods. Both the disease process and healing of the periodontal and peri‐implant tissues can be studied in animals. Regeneration (after periodontal surgery), in response to various biologic materials with potential for tissue engineering, is a continuous process involving various types of tissue, including epithelia, connective tissues and alveolar bone. The same principles apply to peri‐implant healing. Given the complexity of the biology, animal models are necessary and serve as the standard for successful translation of regenerative materials and dental implants to the clinical setting. Smaller species of animal are more convenient for disease‐associated research, whereas larger animals are more appropriate for studies that target tissue healing as the anatomy of larger animals more closely resembles human dento‐alveolar architecture. This review focuses on the animal models available for the study of regeneration in periodontal research and implantology; the advantages and disadvantages of each animal model; the interpretation of data acquired; and future perspectives of animal research, with a discussion of possible nonanimal alternatives. Power calculations in such studies are crucial in order to use a sample size that is large enough to generate statistically useful data, whilst, at the same time, small enough to prevent the unnecessary use of animals.
Wound healing in immediately loaded implants
Authors: Romanos Georgios E. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe orthopedic field has accumulated ample evidence that bone formation is related to functional loading and in general to physical activity. However, despite evidence that immediately loaded implants can be predictably successful, many clinicians still use the classical (delayed loading) treatment protocol. This paper examines the effects of loading on dental implants and discusses the advantages of immediate loading. The role of loading on augmented alveolar ridges is also addressed and provides evidence that early bone resorption may be controlled when bone is functionally loaded. Similar data are emerging for advanced augmentation techniques in order to control crestal bone loss.
Influence of suturing on wound healing
Authors: Burkhardt Rino , Lang Niklaus P. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe present article describes the significance of suturing and appropriate suture materials in current periodontal and implant surgery. Synthetic, nonresorbable, monofilament threads appear to be advantageous. The physical and biological properties of such threads remain unchanged with use and, when used in small diameters (i.e. with lower breaking resistance), seem to promote passive wound closure. Wound healing at hard, nonshedding surfaces is conceptually a more complex process than is wound healing in most other sites of the oral cavity. Firm adaptation and stabilization of the flaps by optimal suturing ensures adhesion of the delicate fibrin clot to the nonshedding surface. The early formation and mechanical stability of the blood clot between the mucosal or mucoperiosteal flap and the wound bed are of paramount importance and hence suturing techniques must be considered as a key prerequisite to ensure optimal surgical outcomes. With the sophisticated surgical procedures now applied, there is a greater need for knowledge with regard to the various types of suturing techniques and materials available in order to achieve the above‐mentioned goals.
In vitro models for evaluation of periodontal wound healing/regeneration
Authors: Weinreb Miron , Nemcovsky Carlos E. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPeriodontal wound healing and regeneration are highly complex processes, involving cells, matrices, molecules and genes that must be properly choreographed and orchestrated. As we attempt to understand and influence these clinical entities, we need experimental models to mimic the various aspects of human wound healing and regeneration. In vivo animal models that simulate clinical situations of humans can be costly and cumbersome. In vitro models have been devised to dissect wound healing/regeneration processes into discrete, analyzable steps. For soft tissue (e.g. gingival) healing, in vitro models range from simple culture of cells grown in monolayers and exposed to biological modulators or physical effectors and materials, to models in which cells are ‘injured’ by scraping and subsequently the ‘wound’ is filled with new or migrating cells, to three‐dimensional models of epithelial–mesenchymal recombination or tissue explants. The cells employed are gingival keratinocytes, fibroblasts or endothelial cells, and their proliferation, migration, attachment, differentiation, survival, gene expression, matrix production or capillary formation are measured. Studies of periodontal regeneration also include periodontal ligament fibroblasts or progenitors, osteoblasts or osteoprogenitors, and cementoblasts. Regeneration models measure cellular proliferation, attachment and migration, as well as gene expression, transfer and differentiation into a mineralizing phenotype and biomineralization. Only by integrating data from models on all levels (i.e. a single cell to the whole organism) can various critical aspects of periodontal wound healing/regeneration be fully evaluated.
Periodontal and peri‐implant wound healing following laser therapy
Authors: Aoki Akira , Mizutani Koji , Schwarz Frank , Sculean Anton , Yukna Raymond A. , Takasaki Aristeo A. , Romanos Georgios E. , Taniguchi Yoichi , Sasaki Katia M. , Zeredo Jorge L. , Koshy Geena , Coluzzi Donald J. , White Joel M. , Abiko Yoshimitsu , Ishikawa Isao , Izumi Yuichi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractLaser irradiation has numerous favorable characteristics, such as ablation or vaporization, hemostasis, biostimulation (photobiomodulation) and microbial inhibition and destruction, which induce various beneficial therapeutic effects and biological responses. Therefore, the use of lasers is considered effective and suitable for treating a variety of inflammatory and infectious oral conditions. The CO2, neodymium‐doped yttrium‐aluminium‐garnet (Nd:YAG) and diode lasers have mainly been used for periodontal soft‐tissue management. With development of the erbium‐doped yttrium‐aluminium‐garnet (Er:YAG) and erbium, chromium‐doped yttrium‐scandium‐gallium‐garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) lasers, which can be applied not only on soft tissues but also on dental hard tissues, the application of lasers dramatically expanded from periodontal soft‐tissue management to hard‐tissue treatment. Currently, various periodontal tissues (such as gingiva, tooth roots and bone tissue), as well as titanium implant surfaces, can be treated with lasers, and a variety of dental laser systems are being employed for the management of periodontal and peri‐implant diseases. In periodontics, mechanical therapy has conventionally been the mainstream of treatment; however, complete bacterial eradication and/or optimal wound healing may not be necessarily achieved with conventional mechanical therapy alone. Consequently, in addition to chemotherapy consisting of antibiotics and anti‐inflammatory agents, phototherapy using lasers and light‐emitting diodes has been gradually integrated with mechanical therapy to enhance subsequent wound healing by achieving thorough debridement, decontamination and tissue stimulation. With increasing evidence of benefits, therapies with low‐ and high‐level lasers play an important role in wound healing/tissue regeneration in the treatment of periodontal and peri‐implant diseases. This article discusses the outcomes of laser therapy in soft‐tissue management, periodontal nonsurgical and surgical treatment, osseous surgery and peri‐implant treatment, focusing on postoperative wound healing of periodontal and peri‐implant tissues, based on scientific evidence from currently available basic and clinical studies, as well as on case reports.
Alveolar socket healing: what can we learn?
Authors: Araújo Mauricio G. , Silva Cléverson O. , Misawa Mônica , Sukekava Flavia 
Published: April 2015

AbstractTooth extraction induces a series of complex and integrated local changes within the investing hard and soft tissues. These local alterations arise in order to close the socket wound and to restore tissue homeostasis, and are referred to as ‘“socket healing”. The aims of the present report were twofold: first, to describe the socket‐healing process; and, second, to discuss what can be learned from the temporal sequence of healing events, in order to improve treatment outcomes. The socket‐healing process may be divided into three sequential, and frequently overlapping, phases: inflammatory; proliferative; and modeling/remodeling. Several clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated that the socket‐healing process promotes up to 50% reduction of the original ridge width, greater bone resorption at the buccal aspect than at the lingual/palatal counterpart and a larger amount of alveolar bone reduction in the molar region. In conclusion, tooth extraction, once a simple and straightforward surgical procedure, should be performed in the knowledge that ridge reduction will follow and that further clinical steps should be considered to compensate for this, when considering future options for tooth replacement.
Characterization of feline serum–cobalt binding
Authors: Schnelle Amy N. , Barger Anne M. , MacNeill Amy L. , Mitchell Mark M. , Solter Philip 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundOxidative stress inhibits albumin's ability to complex with cobalt. Feline serum–cobalt binding has not been described.ObjectivesThe objective was to develop a cobalt binding test for use with feline serum, and correlate the results with other biochemical and cellular constituents in blood, and with clinical diseases of cats.MethodsA colorimetric test of cobalt binding, based on the oxidation–reduction reaction of Co+2and dithiothreitol, was developed using feline serum. The test was used to measure cobalt binding in stored serum from 176 cats presented to the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital for a variety of disease conditions. Time‐matched hematology and biochemical data, and clinical information, were obtained from the medical record of each cat and correlated with the serum–cobalt binding results.ResultsSerial dilution of feline serum with phosphate‐buffered saline resulted in a highly linear decrease in serum–cobalt binding (r2 = .9984). Serum–cobalt binding of the clinical samples also correlated with albumin concentrations in a stepwise linear regression model (r2 = .425), and both cobalt binding and albumin were significantly decreased in cases of inflammation. Albumin and cobalt binding also shared significant correlations with several erythron variables, and serum concentration of total calcium and bilirubin.ConclusionsThe correlation of cobalt binding measured by a colorimetric test with albumin concentration in the clinical samples and with serum dilution is consistent with feline albumin–cobalt complex formation. Hypoalbuminemia is the likely cause of reduced serum–cobalt binding in inflammation and the correlations observed between cobalt binding and other variables.
Interleukin‐6 as a prognostic marker in dogs in an intensive care unit
Authors: Schüttler Julia , Neumann Stephan 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundInterleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is involved in the acute phase reaction during inflammatory disease, including septicemia and the inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). In people, IL‐6 has been studied as a prognostic marker in intensive care medicine, where nonsurvivors had significantly higher IL‐6 concentrations than survivors.ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to investigate the prognostic value of IL‐6 in dogs admitted to the intensive care unit based on sensitivity and specificity.MethodsDogs suffering from different severe diseases treated in the intensive care unit were divided into 2 groups of survivors and nonsurvivors. Serum IL‐6 concentrations were measured with a canine‐specific ELISA (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay) kit.ResultsSixty‐nine dogs were included in the study, including 20 survivors, 9 nonsurvivors, and 40 control dogs. In the control group, IL‐6 serum concentrations were below the detection level (0 pg/mL). In the group of nonsurviving dogs, IL‐6 ranged from 45–4656 pg/mL (median 1398 pg/mL). The surviving dogs had a range of 0–405 pg/mL (median 84.5 pg/mL). The mean IL‐6 concentration was significantly higher (P < .001) in nonsurvivors than in survivors. Using a cutoff of 400 pg/mL, a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 95% were determined.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that IL‐6 is a useful prognostic marker for canine critical care patients with acute internal disease.
Progress and challenges in platelet serology
Authors: Santoso S. , Tsuno N. H. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHuman platelet antigens (HPAs) and their respective antibodies are responsible for different clinical conditions of alloimmune‐mediated thrombocytopenia. More recently, the involvement of HPA antibodies in rejection reactions to transplantation has been suggested. The detection of the causative HPA antibodies is therefore essential for the diagnosis and the implementation of preventive and therapeutic strategies. However, none of the available methods alone is presently able to detect all clinically relevant antibodies. In this review, we describe the old and new methods available for the detection of HPA antibodies, and discuss on their advantages and disadvantages.
Generation of mice expressing human RHAG and RHD blood group genes
Authors: Goossens Dominique 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAnti‐RhD prophylaxis of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) is highly effective, but since the suppressive mechanism remains uncertain, a mouse model of this pathology would be useful to achieve a better understanding of the processes involved. A number of highly interesting models of mice transgenic for human blood groups, producing alloantibodies through transfusion, and even pregnancy, have been developed in recent years. Expression of RhD has, however, proved difficult in mice, due to its integration into a membrane complex, a heterotrimer involving not only Rh, but also its RhAG protein partner. In our experience, RhD could be expressed from a human RHD gene on a BAC or from RHD cDNA under control of β‐globin regulatory elements, but RhD erythrocyte membrane expression was obtained only in mice transgenic for both the RHAG and RHD human genes. We here give an overview of our approach to the generation of transgenic mice co‐expressing human RhAG and RhD erythrocyte membrane proteins, and discuss further challenges to be resolved in the quest for a model of RhD alloimmunisation and HDFN.
Young donor health and safety: are we doing enough?
Authors: Steele W. R. 
Published: April 2015

In some countries, blood collection is permitted from donors as young as 16 years of age. Young donors represent a unique challenge for blood collection organizations as they must balance their need for these donors against protecting the health and safety of this potentially vulnerable donor population. As young donors have become increasingly important to ensuring the adequacy of the blood supply, donor haemovigilance programmes found that they were disproportionally affected by adverse blood donation reactions. These findings served as the impetus for many blood collection organizations to implement interventions to reduce donor reaction rates in the younger age groups. While blood collectors have made great strides in reducing the rates of immediate adverse reactions of blood donation, less attention has been paid to possible long‐term consequences of iron deficiency. With increased reliance on young donors to provide a significant part of the blood supply, it is of the utmost importance that these donors have a good experience when they donate blood and do not suffer any adverse health and safety effects from their altruistic act. Adverse donor reactions and iron deficiency still pose threats to the health and safety of young donors. Continued research is needed in both of these areas to adequately protect young donors.
Receptor–ligand interactions underlying RBC invasion in Babesia
Authors: Lobo C. A. , Cursino‐Santos J. R. , Rodriguez M. , Ord R. , Singh M. 
Published: April 2015

Babesiosis is a zoonosis, a disease communicable from animals to man. The rodent parasite, Babesia microti and the bovine pathogen, Babesia divergens are responsible for most of the human infections that have been reported to date, globally. From a blood safety perspective, transfusion‐transmitted infections involving Babesia spp. have become increasingly problematic in the USA. Therefore, the study of this blood‐borne parasite should be considered as a priority for transfusion medicine. Our purpose is to understand the invasion process of B. divergens into the human RBC, with the ultimate aim of exploiting parasite molecules found to play key roles in invasion as diagnostic and blood screening tools. The in‐vitro system that we use for studying invasion of the human red cell by B. divergens permits direct exploration of the events associated with parasite invasion of the human RBC, using viable merozoites of B. divergens. Molecules on the surface of the parasite and those secreted by apical organelles function at the host/parasite interface, and we need to identify them and determine their interactions and function, if we are to define the steps in the invasion mechanism and identify new therapeutic targets. We have identified multiple parasite molecules that bind the human RBC, and we will present results on their identification, characterization and potential RBC receptors. We anticipate the study of molecular mechanisms involved in the entry of Babesia merozoites into the RBC will result in reagents for diagnosis, epidemiology and treatment and prevention of human babesiosis and assist in developing products to screen blood products.
Oxidative damage and iron effects following RBC transfusion
Authors: Spitalnik S. L. , Francis R. O. 
Published: April 2015

It is controversial whether transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) after prolonged refrigerated storage induces adverse effects. Nonetheless, due to the RBC ‘storage lesion’, at outdate, the 24‐h post‐transfusion RBC recovery averages 75% in healthy recipients; alternatively, ~25% of these RBCs are cleared, mostly within 1–2 h post‐transfusion. Clearance is even greater in hospitalized patients. In addition, oxidative damage is, at least partly, responsible for the storage lesion. We hypothesized that donors with RBCs that are less, or more, able to withstand oxidative stress could constitute ‘poor storers’, or ‘super storers’, respectively. We also hypothesized that delivering a bolus of haemoglobin‐derived iron, resulting from macrophage catabolism of these rapidly cleared RBCs, is responsible for, at least some of, the adverse effects of these transfusions. For example, increased intracellular iron levels enhance the virulence of intracellular bacterial pathogens. Furthermore, in this setting, excess iron is exported to plasma through ferroportin at a pace exceeding transferrin's rate of iron uptake, thereby producing circulating non‐transferrin‐bound iron, which enhances the virulence of extracellular pathogens. To address the ‘iron hypothesis’, we are using cell culture models in vitro, murine and canine models in vivo, and transfusion studies in healthy human volunteers. Although experimental results demonstrate the effects of the post‐transfusion release of iron on infection, several unresolved questions remain.
Protecting the health and safety of cell and tissue donors
Authors: Stroncek D. F. , England L. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCentres involved with collecting the starting material for cell and tissue therapies are obligated to protect the recipient's and donor's health and safety. All donors face risks during and after the collection which can be minimized by pre‐screening donors and excluding those that the collection would place at increased risk of physical harm. Another important part of protecting donors is the use of appropriate collection facilities. Donor risk can also be reduced using specially designed collection devices and ancillary equipment, using only trained collection staff and limiting the volume or quantity of biological material collected. Donors should be monitored during and after the collection for adverse events and should adverse events occur; they should be promptly and appropriately treated. Protecting the safety of cell, gene and tissue donors is particularly difficult because of the wide variety in the types of donors and material collected. Biological material used to manufacture cell and tissue therapies is collected from healthy volunteers, matched related, matched unrelated and autologous donors. Precautions should be taken to ensure that the team of medical professionals evaluating related donors is not the same as the team caring for the transplant recipient to be sure that the donor evaluation is not biased and the donor is not coerced into donating. In conclusion, protecting cell and tissue donors requires the use of the practices developed to protect blood donors and the implementation of many other measures.
ABO subgroup studies in Korea
Authors: Cho D. , Lee S. Y. , Ryang D. W. 
Published: April 2015

Numerous examples of A or B subgroup alleles have been described in many geographical and ethnic groups. To analyse the phenotypic and genotypic basis of some ABO subgroups in Korea, a large‐scale study was performed on 169 605 samples from Korean blood donors. The overall incidence of ABO subgroups was 0·13% (227/169,605) in this donor population. Based on genotyping and/or serologic typing, the subgroups identified were as follows: A2B (n = 120), A2B3 (n = 36), A1B3 (n = 22), A2 (n = 13), B3 (n = 13), AintB3 (n = 6) and others (n = 17). Amongst these individuals with ABO subgroups, 26·4% (60/227) demonstrated a cis‐AB01 allele. It has been reported that the Korean population has several unique ABO subgroups (Aw10, Aw14 and B306) showing allelic competition or allelic enhancement. Several congenital blood chimaeras have been also found when studying individuals with ABO subgroups. Like ABO subgroups showing the allelic enhancement and allelic competition, chimaerism is also an important cause of ABO phenotype–genotype discrepancies when implementing DNA‐based blood grouping techniques. To understand the pattern of A and B antigen expression amongst donors with subtype alleles, flow cytometric analysis of ABO antigen expression on HeLa cells transfected with plasmids containing various mutants was used, in addition to ABO genotyping.