bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moisture in softwoods: fiber saturation point, hydroxyl site content, and the amount of micropores as determined from NMR relaxation time distributions
Authors: Telkki Ville-Veikko , Yliniemi Miikka , Jokisaari Jukka 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Distributions of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation times provide detailed information about the moisture absorbed in wood. In this work, T
2*, T
2, and T
1 distributions were recorded from fresh sapwood and heartwood samples of pine (Pinus sylvestris) and spruce (Picea abies) at various temperatures. Below the melting point of bulk water, free water is frozen and its signal disappears from the distributions. Then, the low-temperature distributions of the unfrozen bound water contain more information about its components, because the large free water peaks hiding some smaller bound water peaks are absent and the exchange between free and bound water is prevented. Comparison of the total moisture signal integrals above and below the bulk melting point enables the determination of fiber saturation point (FSP), which, in this context, denotes the total water capacity of cell wall. T
2*, T
2, and T
1 distributions offer different kinds of information about moisture components. All the peaks in the distributions were assigned, and it was demonstrated that the accessible hydroxyl site content and the amount of micropores can be estimated based on the peak integrals.
Dissecting the impact of Frizzled receptors in Wnt/β-catenin signaling of human mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Kolben Thomas , Peröbner Iris , Fernsebner Katharina , Lechner Felix , Geissler Claudia , Ruiz-Heinrich Lourdes , Capovilla Simon , Jochum Marianne , Neth Peter 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling is of fundamental importance in the regulation of self-renewal, migration/invasion, and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Because little information is available about the function of Frizzled receptors (Fzds) as the main receptors of Wnt proteins in hMSCs, we first performed comparative Fzd mRNA expression profiling. Fzd9 and Fzd10 were not expressed in hMSCs. While Fzd3 was expressed at low levels in hMSCs, the other Fzds exhibited high expression rates. Activation and repression of Wnt signaling in hMSCs revealed that the expression levels of Fzd1, Fzd6, and Fzd7 are positively correlated with the Wnt/β-catenin activation status, whereas Fzd8 exhibited an inverse relation. For studying the functional relevance of Fzds in Wnt/β-catenin signaling, RNA interference, ectopic expression studies, and rescue approaches were performed in hMSCs carrying a highly sensitive TCF/LEF reporter gene system (Gaussia luciferase). We found that, Fzd1, Fzd5, Fzd7, and Fzd8 are largely involved in Wnt/β-catenin signaling of hMSCs. Moreover, the knockdown of Fzd5 can be compensated by the ectopic expression of Fzd7. Conversely, the ectopic expression of Fzd5 in Fzd7-knockdown hMSCs resulted in a rescue of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, pointing to a functional redundancy of Fzd5 and Fzd7.
Phase Development in Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation of Ilmenite Concentrates
Authors: Rezan Sheikh A. , Zhang Guangqing , Ostrovski Oleg 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The phase development in the course of carbothermal reduction and nitridation of ilmentie concentrates and synthetic rutile was studied in temperature programmed reduction (623–1873 K) and isothermal reduction experiments. Ilmenites and synthetic rutile were reduced in a tube reactor with continuously flowing hydrogen-nitrogen mixture or pure nitrogen. The rate and extent of reduction were monitored by online off-gas analysis. Samples reduced to different extent were subjected to XRD and SEM/BSE analyses. Pseudorutile and ilmenite were the main phases in ilmenite concentrates; rutile was the main phase in synthetic rutile. Pseudorutile was first converted to ilmenite and titania which occurred at temperatures below 623 K; iron oxides in ilmenite were quickly reduced to metallic iron. Titania was reduced to titanium suboxides and further to titanium oxycarbonitride. Reduction of ilmenites and synthetic rutile in hydrogen-nitrogen mixture was much faster than in pure nitrogen. The rate of conversion of titanium oxides to oxycarbonitride was affected by iron content in the ilmenites. The rate of reduction increased with increasing iron content in ilmenite (decreasing grade) when ilmenites were reduced in the hydrogen-nitrogen gas mixture, but decreased with decreasing ilmenite grade in reduction experiments in nitrogen; reduction in nitrogen was the fastest for synthetic rutile. The difference in the reduction behaviour was attributed to different chemical compositions and morphologies of ilmenites of different grades.
The influence of oxonate-induced hyperuricemia and allopurinol on behavioral reactions of random-bred mice
Authors: Tovchiga Olga , Shtrygol Sergey 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background: Purine metabolism specificity, namely the high level of uric acid in the blood, is considered to be significant in the appearance of intellectually-developed primates, as well as in later periods of human development, for personal activity and achievements and even for the formation of genius. Nowadays hyperuricemia is mostly associated with the pathogenesis of hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Its influence on the central nervous system is predominantly set aside.

Methods: The behavioral reactions of random-bred mice with uricase inhibition due to potassium oxonate or xanthine oxidase suppression with allopurinol for three weeks were investigated.

Results: Potassium oxonate reduced signs of anxiety in the elevated plus maze. A positive correlation appeared between latency to enter a dark arm and uricemia, so anxiety reduction can be associated with uric acid metabolism changes. Allopurinol reduced anxiety that was not related to the metabolic changes of uric acid, so the involvement of changes in uric acid precursor concentrations cannot be excluded. Potassium oxonate but not allopurinol reduced immobility in a tail suspension test. There was a tendency to increase the duration of swimming to exhaustion against the potassium oxonate background. At the same time, potassium oxonate reduced research activity in the combined open field test and increased the vegetative maintenance of behavioral responses. Allopurinol did not change the results of this test.

Conclusions: A reduction in anxiety and depression level and a tendency to augment physical performance against the potassium oxonate background partly conform to the beneficial evolutionary role of hyperuricemia.
Treatment Patterns and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Initially Treated with FOLFOX–Bevacizumab or FOLFIRI–Bevacizumab: Results From ARIES, a Bevacizumab Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Bendell Johanna C. , Bekaii-Saab Tanios S. , Cohn Allen L. , Hurwitz Herbert I. , Kozloff Mark , Tezcan Haluk , Roach Nancy , Mun Yong , Fish Susan , Flick E. Dawn , Dalal Darshan , Grothey Axel 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background.
The Avastin® Registry: Investigation of Effectiveness and Safety (ARIES) study is a prospective, community-based observational cohort study that evaluated the effectiveness and safety of first-line treatment patterns, assessing the impact of chemotherapy choice and treatment duration.

Methods.
The ARIES study enrolled patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) receiving first-line chemotherapy with bevacizumab and followed them longitudinally. The protocol did not specify treatment regimens or assessments. Analyses included all patients who initiated bevacizumab in combination with either first-line oxaliplatin with infusional 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin (FOLFOX) or irinotecan with infusional 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin (FOLFIRI). Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) times were estimated using Kaplan–Meier methods. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated with multivariate Cox regression analysis, adjusting for potential confounding factors.

Results.
In total, 1,550 patients with first-line mCRC were enrolled (median follow-up, 21 months) and most received FOLFOX–bevacizumab (n = 968) or FOLFIRI–bevacizumab (n = 243) as first-line therapy. The baseline characteristics and median treatment duration were generally similar between subgroups. There were no significant differences in the median PFS (10.3 months vs. 10.2 months) or OS (23.7 months vs. 25.5 months) time between the FOLFOX–bevacizumab and FOLFIRI–bevacizumab subgroups, respectively, by unadjusted analyses. Multivariate analyses showed FOLFIRI–bevacizumab resulted in a similar PFS (HR, 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88–1.21) and OS (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.78–1.16) outcome as with FOLFOX–bevacizumab. The incidence proportions of bevacizumab-associated adverse events were similar for FOLFOX- and FOLFIRI-based therapies.

Conclusions.
In first-line mCRC patients, the FOLFOX–bevacizumab and FOLFIRI–bevacizumab regimens were associated with similar treatment patterns and clinical outcomes.
Pharmacokinetics of a long-acting ceftiofur crystalline-free acid formulation in Asian elephants (Elephas maxim us)
Authors: Adkesson Michael J. , Junge Randall E. , Allender Matthew C. , Martïín-Jiménez Tomás 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of a long-acting formulation of ceftiofur, ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (CCFA), following SC injection to Asian elephants (Elephas maxim us).
Animals—11 adult Asian elephants.
Procedures—Each elephant received CCFA (6.6 mg/kg, SC) in the area caudoventral to the base of an ear. Blood samples were collected from an ear vein immediately prior to and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 hours after CCFA administration. Plasma concentrations of desfuroylceftiofur acetamide (the acetamide derivative of ceftiofur) were measured via ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed via a noncompartmental pharmacokinetics approach.
Results—The mean ± SD maximum plasma concentration of desfuroylceftiofur acetamide was 1.36 ± 0.74 μg/mL and was detected at 4718 ± 31.30 hours. The mean ± SD area under the curve from time 0 to infinity was 2278 ± 55.8 μg•h/mL, and the mean residence time from time 0 to infinity was 158.2 ± 90.2 hours. The terminal elimination half-life associated with the slope of the terminal phase had a harmonic mean ± pseudo-SD of 83.36 ± 30.01 hours.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Elephants tolerated CCFA at a dose of 6.6 mg/kg, SC, well. Dosing recommendations will depend on the mean inhibitory concentration of ceftiofur for each bacterial pathogen. Desfuroylceftiofur acetamide concentrations remained > 0.25 μg/mL for the entire 168-hour study period, which suggested CCFA would provide clinically relevant antimicrobial activity against certain pathogens for 7 to 10 days.
Mechanical properties of isolated loops of nylon leader material, polyethylene cord, and polyethylene tape and mechanical properties of those materials secured to cadaveric canine femurs via lateral femoral fabellae, toggles placed through bone tunnels, or bone anchors
Authors: Choate Christina J. , Pozzi Antonio , Lewis Daniel D. , Hudson Caleb C. , Conrad Bryan P. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Objective—To determine mechanical properties of various prosthetic materials secured to cadaveric canine femurs via various methods and to compare results with those for isolated loops of prosthetic material.
Sample—80 femurs obtained from cadavers of skeletally mature large-breed dogs.
Procedures—10 femoral constructs in each of 8 groups (single circumfabellar loop of polyethylene cord, double loop of polyethylene tape secured via a bone anchor [BAPT], single or double circumfabellar loops of nylon leader material [CNL] or polyethylene tape [CPT], or single or double loops of polyethylene tape secured via a toggle placed through a bone tunnel [BTPT]) and 10 isolated loops of prosthetic material in each corresponding configuration were tested. Stress relaxation, creep, elongation, load at 3 mm of displacement, stiffness, and peak load at failure were determined.
Results—5 single CNL constructs failed before completion of testing. Double CNL and single circumfabellar polyethylene cord constructs had the lowest loads at 3 mm of displacement. Single and double CPT constructs had the highest stiffness. Double BTPT and CPT constructs had the highest peak loads at failure. Double BTPT, double CPT, and BAPT constructs were mechanically superior on the basis of lower creep and stress relaxation and higher stiffness and load at 3 mm of displacement versus other constructs. Stiffness of femoral constructs was 28% to 69% that of corresponding isolated prosthetic loops.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Double BTPT, double CPT, and BAPT constructs were mechanically superior to other constucts. Mechanical properties and methods of anchorage and securing of free ends of prostheses contributed to mechanical properties of constructs.
Evaluation of the association between runt-related transcription factor 2 expression and intervertebral disk aging in dogs
Authors: Itoh Hisanori , Hara Yasushi , Tagawa Masahiro , Kato Tsuyoshi , Ochi Hiroki , Koga Daisuke , Okawa Atsushi , Asou Yoshinori 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the relationship between runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) expression in canine nucleus pulposus (NP) cells and intervertebral disk aging in chondrodystrophoid dogs.
Animals—7 healthy Beagles (mean age, 35.6 months) and 11 Dachshunds with herniated disks (mean age, 61 months).
Procedures—All dogs underwent MRI examination of the thoracic and lumbar vertebral column immediately before sample collection under general anesthesia. The disk center–to–CSF T2-weighted signal intensity ratio was determined for healthy Beagles. Samples of NP were obtained from nonherniated disks in healthy Beagles and from herniated disks during surgical treatment of hospitalized Dachshunds. Samples were evaluated for RUNX2 and matrix metalloproteinase 13 transcript expression via reverse transcriptase PCR assay; RUNX2 protein expression was evaluated via immunohistochemical analysis, and correlation between these variables and age of dogs was evaluated. A 3′ and 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends method was used to identify the RUNX2 coding region.
Results—RUNX2 cDNA had > 97% conservation with the human cDNA sequence and approximately 95% conservation with the mouse cDNA sequence; RUNX2 and matrix metalloproteinase 13 mRNA expression and RUNX2 protein expression in NP cells were positively correlated with age. The disk center–to–CSF T2-weighted signal intensity ratio was negatively correlated with RUNX2 protein expression in the NP of healthy dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that RUNX2 mRNA and protein expression in the NP are enhanced in aging intervertebral disks in dogs.
Assessment of blood pool, soft tissue, and skeletal uptake of sodium fluoride F 18 with positron emission tomography–computed tomography in four clinically normal dogs
Authors: Valdés-Martínez Alejandro , Kraft Susan L. , Brundage Cord M. , Arceneaux Billie K. , Stewart Jeffrey A. , Gibbons Debra S. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Objective—To determine the ideal interval to image acquisition after IV injection of sodium fluoride F 18 (18F-NaF) and evaluate biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical in clinically normal skeletally immature dogs.
Animals—4 female dogs.
Procedures—Each dog was anesthetized for evaluation with a commercial hybrid positron emission tomography (PET)–CT instrument. A low–radiation dose, whole-body CT scan was acquired first. An IV injection of 18F-NaF (0.14 mCi/kg) was administered, and a dynamic PET scan centered over the heart and liver was acquired during a period of 120 minutes. Uptake of 18F-NaF in the blood pool, soft tissues, and skeletal structures was evaluated via region of interest analysis to derive standardized uptake values and time-activity curves, which were used to determine the optimal postinjection time for skeletal image acquisition. Biodistribution was also assessed from a final whole-body PET-CT scan acquired after the dynamic scan.
Results—Time-activity curves revealed a rapid decrease in the amount of radiopharmaceutical in the blood pool and soft tissues and a rapid increase in the amount of radiopharmaceutical in bones soon after injection. At 50 minutes after injection, the greatest difference in uptake between soft tissues and bones was detected, with continued subtle increase in uptake in the bones. Uptake of 18F-NaF was slightly increased at growth plates and open ossification centers, compared with that at other parts of the bone.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—At 50 minutes after IV injection of 18F-NaF at the dose evaluated, PET-CT yielded excellent bone-to-background ratio images for evaluation of the skeletal system in dogs.
An improved estimate of microbially mediated carbon fluxes from the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Cook J.M. , Hodson A.J. , Anesio A.M. , Hanna E. , Yallop M. , Stibal M. , Telling J. , Huybrechts P. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMicrobially mediated carbon fluxes on the surface of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) were recently quantified by Hodson and others (2010) using measurements of the surface coverage of debris (cryoconite) and rates of biological production associated with debris near the ice-sheet margin. We present updated models that do not assume the same spatial uniformity in key parameters employed by Hodson and others (2010) because they make use of biomass distribution and biological production data from a 79 km transect of the GrIS. Further, the models presented here also include for the first time biomass associated with both cryoconite holes and surficial algae. The predicted annual carbon flux for a small (1600 km2) section of ice surrounding the field transect is about four times that estimated using spatially uniform biomass and production in this area. When surficial algae are included, the model predicts about 11 times more carbon fixation via photosynthesis per year than the cryoconite-only models. We therefore suggest that supraglacial carbon fluxes from the GrIS have previously been underestimated by more than an order of magnitude and that the hitherto overlooked surficial algal ecosystem can be the most crucial contributor. The GrIS is shown to be in a relatively stable state of net autotrophy according to our model and so a strong link between bare-ice area and total carbon fluxes is evident. The implication is a biomass feedback to surface albedo and enhanced ablation as a result. Climate predictions for the year 2100 show that greater carbon fixation could also result from climate warming.
Accelerating shrinkage of Patagonian glaciers from the Little Ice Age (~AD 1870) to 2011
Authors: Davies B.J. , Glasser N.F. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe used Little Ice Age (LIA) trimlines and moraines to assess changes in South American glaciers over the last ~140 years. We determined the extent and length of 640 glaciers during the LIA (~AD1870) and 626 glaciers (the remainder having entirely disappeared) in 1986, 2001 and 2011. The calculated reduction in glacierized area between the LIA and 2011 is 4131 km2 (15.4%), with 660 km2 (14.2%) being lost from the Northern Patagonia Icefield (NPI), 1643km2 (11.4%) from the Southern Patagonia Icefield (SPI) and 306 km2 (14.4%) from Cordillera Darwin. Latitude, size and terminal environment (calving or land-terminating) exert the greatest control on rates of shrinkage. Small, northerly, land-terminating glaciers shrank fastest. Annual rates of area loss increased dramatically after 2001 for mountain glaciers north of 52° S and the large icefields, with the NPI and SPI now shrinking at 9.4km2a-1 (0.23% a-1) and 20.5 km2a-1 (0.15% a-1) respectively. The shrinkage of glaciers between 52° S and 54° S accelerated after 1986, and rates of shrinkage from 1986 to 2011 remained steady. Icefield outlet glaciers, isolated glaciers and ice caps south of 54° S shrank faster from 1986 to 2001 than they did from 2001 to 2011.
La Franc-maçonnerie, entre cité céleste et cité terrestre : divisions et équilibrages internes au sujet du théisme, de la religion et des questions sociétales
Authors: Bryon-Portet Céline 
Published: September 2012

La bonne santé de la Franc-maçonnerie française, qui n’a pas vu ses effectifs chuter contrairement à ceux des Etats-Unis par exemple, semble attester de la satisfaction qu’apporte de nos jours à des hommes en quête de sens ce modèle d’un espace qui se veut public au sens habermassien (en ce sens qu’il débat de questions politico-sociétales en se servant d’un usage éclairé de la raison) tout en étant privatif (puisqu’il est à huis-clos et réservé à quelques rares initiés), et qui propose une réflexion autour des problématiques spirituelles et terrestres, religieuses et sociopolitiques. Elle constitue une spiritualité tout à la fois religieuse dans son esprit et laïque dans sa forme, une sorte de troisième voie1. Un sociologue comme Michel Maffesoli voit même dans cet attrait pour une « raison sensible » et une « transcendance immanente »2 – qui manifestent une véritable « coincidentia oppositorum » et dont nous avons montré qu’elle était une finalité de l’ordre maçonnique –, la marque de la postmodernité. Si ces intuitions sont justes, alors il est fort probable la Franc-maçonnerie a encore un bel avenir devant elle.
Le congréganiste hors la société ? Les dynamiques de laïcisation de la « République radicaliste » au prisme d’une approche d’anthropologie politique (France, 1902-1906)
Authors: Bouchet Julien 
Published: September 2012

Au début du XXe siècle, la France de la « Belle Époque » connaît un temps de fondation républicaine qui rend de nouveau manifeste un conflit ancien sur la place du (des) religieux dans le champ social. L’article porte sur l’exclusion des congréganistes du corps politique. Corollaire d’une laïcisation portée par les gauches parlementaires et soutenue par un anticléricalisme en recomposition, l’ostracisation des congréganistes passe par la stigmatisation de leurs corps, de leurs pratiques sociales et de leur appartenance à plusieurs entités essentialisées (« la Congrégation », « le parti noir »). Quoique pondérée par une domestication de la dissension, la violence de cet engagement appelle la fondation d’un nouveau contrat social car les autorités politiques restreignent par la coercition la capacité civile des congréganistes et leur interdisent d’enseigner tout en souhaitant accompagner leur « sortie de religion ». Le caractère a-libéral de cette idéologie acte les difficultés de l’État à penser ses relations avec les corps intermédiaires, et permet de discuter la thèse téléologique d’un procès de sécularisation qui se serait imposé en France sans heurts ni radicalisations.
Catholicisme et nationalisme dans l’Italie fasciste : la réponse clérico-fasciste à la sécularisation d’une nation catholique (1919-1929)
Authors: BARAGLI Matteo 
Published: September 2012

L’article analyse le phénomène du clérico-fascisme, ou catholicisme national, dans l’Italie des années vingt. Suite à la prise de pouvoir du fascisme, les clérico-fascistes soutinrent le Régime, dans lequel ils virent l’opportunité d’un soutien catholique contre la sécularisation de la société italienne et des institutions libérales. Le terrain commun sur lequel les catholiques nationaux et les fascistes se rencontrèrent fut donc celui du nationalisme et le soutien d’une politique philo-catholique. L’attitude du Vatican à l’égard du clérico-fascisme fut complexe. Les hiérarchies catholiques apprécièrent la politique philo-catholique du Régime, mais en même temps elles se méfièrent de l’autonomie politique du fascisme et des clérico-fascistes par rapport au Saint-Siège. La signature des Accords du Latran ratifiait enfin la reconnaissance définitive de l’Italie comme « nation catholique ». Il s’agissait de la victoire – donnée comme modèle aux autres nations catholiques – de l’alternative nationale-catholique au sécularisme démocratique et libéral.