bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost Comparison Model: Blended eLearning versus traditional training of community health workers
Authors: Sissine Mysha , Segan Robert , Taylor Mathew , Jefferson Bobby , Borrelli Alice , Koehler Mohandas , Chelvayohan Meena 
Published: December 2014

Objectives: Another one million community healthcare workers are needed to address the growing global population and increasing demand of health care services. This paper describes a cost comparison between two training approaches to better understand costs implications of training community health workers (CHWs) in Sub-Saharan Africa.Methods: Our team created a prospective model to forecast and compare the costs of two training methods as described in the Dalburge Report - (1) a traditional didactic training approach (“baseline”) and (2) a blended eLearning training approach (“blended”). After running the model for training 100,000 CHWs, we compared the results and scaled up those results to one million CHWs.Results: A substantial difference exists in total costs between the baseline and blended training programs. Results indicate that using a blended eLearning approach for training community health care workers will provide a total cost savings of 42%. Scaling the model to one million CHWs, the blended eLearning training approach reduces total costs by 25%.Discussion: The blended eLearning savings are a result of decreased classroom time, thereby reducing the costs associated with travel, trainers and classroom costs. Additional savings can be achieved if the blended eLearning program elects to use a tablet or feature phone with Wi-Fi rather than a smartphone with data plan.Conclusion: The results of this cost analysis indicate significant savings through using a blended eLearning approach in comparison to a traditional didactic method for CHW training by as much as 67%. These results correspond to the Dalberg publication which indicates that using a blended eLearning approach is an opportunity for closing the gap in training community health care workers.
Technogenic landforms: conceptual framework and application to geomorphologic mapping of artificial ground and landscape as transformed by human geological action
Authors: Peloggia Alex Ubiratan Goossens , Silva Érika Cristina Nesta , Nunes João Osvaldo Rodrigues 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThe shaping of the Earth’s surface by Man’s geological action has produced original landform types, namely technogenic landforms. In this paper we will revise the conceptual framework concerning the geomorphic agency of mankind and introduce a new proposal for classifying these new landforms, which join the existing criteria for the identification of technogenic processes, the analysis of technogenic layers and the characterisation of the resulting newly formed technogenic ground. The proposal itself is enhanced by a taxonomic classification which considers the technogenic landforms as constituent parts of the land shape compartments that, by their way, form extensive technogenic landscapes. The classification was applied to the geomorphologic mapping of two urban areas in Presidente Prudente City (São Paulo State, Brazil) in which technogenic ground occurs. RESUMOA modelagem da superfície da Terra pela ação geológica do Homem tem produzido tipos originais de formas de relevo tecnogênicas. Neste trabalho é revisado o quadro conceitual concernente à ação geomorfológica da humanidade e introduzida uma proposta de classificação dessas novas formas de relevo, segundo os critérios de identificação dos processos tecnogênicos, as análises das camadas tecnogênicas e a caracterização do resultante terreno tecnogênico recém-formado. A proposta referida e desenvolvida por uma abordagem taxonômica que considera as formas de relevo tecnogênicas como partes integrantes de compartimentos de modelado tecnogênico que, por seu lado, formam paisagens tecnogênicas mais amplas. A classificação foi aplicada ao mapeamento geomorfológico de duas áreas urbanas na cidade de Presidente Prudente (Estado de São Paulo, Brasil) onde ocorrem terrenos tecnogênicos.
From Anilines to Isatins: Oxidative Palladium‐Catalyzed Double Carbonylation of CH Bonds
Authors: Li Wu , Duan Zhengli , Zhang Xueye , Zhang Heng , Wang Mengfan , Jiang Ru , Zeng Hongyao , Liu Chao , Lei Aiwen 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA novel palladium‐catalyzed CH double carbonylation introduces two adjacent carbonyl groups for the synthesis of isatins from readily available anilines. The reaction proceeds under atmospheric pressure of CO with high regioselectivity and without any additives. Density functional theory investigations indicate that the palladium‐catalyzed double carbonylation catalytic cycle is plausible.
Phosphorus‐Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitrides Grown In Situ on Carbon‐Fiber Paper: Flexible and Reversible Oxygen Electrodes
Authors: Ma Tian Yi , Ran Jingrun , Dai Sheng , Jaroniec Mietek , Qiao Shi Zhang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFlexible non‐metal oxygen electrodes fabricated from phosphorus‐doped graphitic carbon nitride nano‐flowers directly grown on carbon‐fiber paper exhibit high activity and stability in reversibly catalyzing oxygen reduction and evolution reactions, which is a result of N, P dual action, enhanced mass/charge transfer, and high active surface area. The performance is comparable to that of the state‐of‐the‐art transition‐metal, noble‐metal, and non‐metal catalysts. Remarkably, the flexible nature of these oxygen electrodes allows their use in folded and rolled‐up forms, and directly as cathodes in Zn–air batteries, featuring low charge/discharge overpotential and long lifetime.
Covalent Attachment of Cyclic TAT Peptides to GFP Results in Protein Delivery into Live Cells with Immediate Bioavailability
Authors: Nischan Nicole , Herce Henry D. , Natale Francesco , Bohlke Nina , Budisa Nediljko , Cardoso M. Cristina , Hackenberger Christian P. R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe delivery of free molecules into the cytoplasm and nucleus by using arginine‐rich cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) has been limited to small cargoes, while large cargoes such as proteins are taken up and trapped in endocytic vesicles. Based on recent work, in which we showed that the transduction efficiency of arginine‐rich CPPs can be greatly enhanced by cyclization, the aim was to use cyclic CPPs to transport full‐length proteins, in this study green fluorescent protein (GFP), into the cytosol of living cells. Cyclic and linear CPP–GFP conjugates were obtained by using azido‐functionalized CPPs and an alkyne‐functionalized GFP. Our findings reveal that the cyclic‐CPP–GFP conjugates are internalized into live cells with immediate bioavailability in the cytosol and the nucleus, whereas linear CPP analogues do not confer GFP transduction. This technology expands the application of cyclic CPPs to the efficient transport of functional full‐length proteins into live cells.
Hen Egg‐White Lysozyme Crystallisation: Protein Stacking and Structure Stability Enhanced by a Tellurium(VI)‐Centred Polyoxotungstate
Authors: Bijelic Aleksandar , Molitor Christian , Mauracher Stephan G. , Al‐Oweini Rami , Kortz Ulrich , Rompel Annette 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAs synchrotron radiation becomes more intense, detectors become faster and structure‐solving software becomes more elaborate, obtaining single crystals suitable for data collection is now the bottleneck in macromolecular crystallography. Hence, there is a need for novel and advanced crystallisation agents with the ability to crystallise proteins that are otherwise challenging. Here, an Anderson–Evans‐type polyoxometalate (POM), specifically Na6[TeW6O24]⋅22 H2O (TEW), is employed as a crystallisation additive. Its effects on protein crystallisation are demonstrated with hen egg‐white lysozyme (HEWL), which co‐crystallises with TEW in the vicinity (or within) the liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) region. The X‐ray structure (PDB ID: 4PHI) determination revealed that TEW molecules are part of the crystal lattice, thus demonstrating specific binding to HEWL with electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds. The negatively charged TEW polyoxotungstate binds to sites with a positive electrostatic potential located between two (or more) symmetry‐related protein chains. Thus, TEW facilitates the formation of protein–protein interfaces of otherwise repulsive surfaces, and thereby the realisation of a stable crystal lattice. In addition to retaining the isomorphicity of the protein structure, the anomalous scattering of the POMs was used for macromolecular phasing. The results suggest that hexatungstotellurate(VI) has great potential as a crystallisation additive to promote both protein crystallisation and structure elucidation.
NMR Studies of Active‐Site Properties of Human Carbonic Anhydrase II by Using 15N‐Labeled 4‐Methylimidazole as a Local Probe and Histidine Hydrogen‐Bond Correlations
Authors: Shenderovich Ilya G. , Lesnichin Stepan B. , Tu Chingkuang , Silverman David N. , Tolstoy Peter M. , Denisov Gleb S. , Limbach Hans‐Heinrich 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBy using a combination of liquid and solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, 15N‐labeled 4‐methylimidazole (4‐MI) as a local probe of the environment has been studied: 1) in the polar, wet Freon CDF3/CDF2Cl down to 130 K, 2) in water at pH 12, and 3) in solid samples of the mutant H64A of human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II). In the latter, the active‐site His64 residue is replaced by alanine; the catalytic activity is, however, rescued by the presence of 4‐MI. For the Freon solution, it is demonstrated that addition of water molecules not only catalyzes proton tautomerism but also lifts its quasidegeneracy. The possible hydrogen‐bond clusters formed and the mechanism of the tautomerism are discussed. Information about the imidazole hydrogen‐bond geometries is obtained by establishing a correlation between published 1H and 15N chemical shifts of the imidazole rings of histidines in proteins. This correlation is useful to distinguish histidines embedded in the interior of proteins and those at the surface, embedded in water. Moreover, evidence is obtained that the hydrogen‐bond geometries of His64 in the active site of HCA II and of 4‐MI in H64A HCA II are similar. Finally, the degeneracy of the rapid tautomerism of the neutral imidazole ring His64 reported by Shimahara et al. (J. Biol. Chem.­ 2007, 282, 9646) can be explained with a wet, polar, nonaqueous active‐site conformation in the inward conformation, similar to the properties of 4‐MI in the Freon solution. The biological implications for the enzyme mechanism are discussed.
Cationic Zinc Organyls as Precatalysts for Hydroamination Reactions
Authors: Chilleck Maren A. , Hartenstein Larissa , Braun Thomas , Roesky Peter W. , Braun Beatrice 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe cationic zinc triple‐decker complex [Zn2Cp*3]+[BArF4]− (BArF4=B(3,5‐(CF3)2C6H3)4) exhibits catalytic activity in intra‐ and intermolecular hydroamination reactions in the absence of a cocatalyst. These hydroaminations presumably proceed through the activation of the CC multiple bond of the alkene or alkyne by a highly electrophilic zinc species, which is formed upon elimination of the Cp* ligands. The reaction of [Zn2Cp*3]+[BArF4]− with phenylacetylene gives the hydrocarbonation product (Cp*)(Ph)CCH2, which might be formed via a similar reaction pathway. Additionally, several other structurally well‐defined cationic zinc organyls have been examined as precatalysts for intermolecular hydroamination reactions without the addition of a cocatalyst. These studies reveal that the highest activity is achieved in the absence of any donor ligands. The neutral complex [ZnCp2S2] (Cp2S=C5Me4(CH2)2SMe) shows a remarkably high catalytic activity in the presence of a Brønsted acid.
Hypersomnia subtypes, sleep and relapse in bipolar disorder
Authors: Kaplan K. A. , McGlinchey E. L. , Soehner A. , Gershon A. , Talbot L. S. , Eidelman P. , Gruber J. , Harvey A. G. 
Published: December 2014

Background.Though poorly defined, hypersomnia is associated with negative health outcomes and new-onset and recurrence of psychiatric illness. Lack of definition impedes generalizability across studies. The present research clarifies hypersomnia diagnoses in bipolar disorder by exploring possible subgroups and their relationship to prospective sleep data and relapse into mood episodes.Method.A community sample of 159 adults (aged 18–70 years) with bipolar spectrum diagnoses, euthymic at study entry, was included. Self-report inventories and clinician-administered interviews determined features of hypersomnia. Participants completed sleep diaries and wore wrist actigraphs at home to obtain prospective sleep data. Approximately 7 months later, psychiatric status was reassessed. Factor analysis and latent profile analysis explored empirical groupings within hypersomnia diagnoses.Results.Factor analyses confirmed two separate subtypes of hypersomnia (‘long sleep’ and ‘excessive sleepiness’) that were uncorrelated. Latent profile analyses suggested a four-class solution, with ‘long sleep’ and ‘excessive sleepiness’ again representing two separate classes. Prospective sleep data suggested that the sleep of ‘long sleepers’ is characterized by a long time in bed, not long sleep duration. Longitudinal assessment suggested that ‘excessive sleepiness’ at baseline predicted mania/hypomania relapse.Conclusions.This study is the largest of hypersomnia to include objective sleep measurement, and refines our understanding of classification, characterization and associated morbidity. Hypersomnia appears to be comprised of two separate subgroups: long sleep and excessive sleepiness. Long sleep is characterized primarily by long bedrest duration. Excessive sleepiness is not associated with longer sleep or bedrest, but predicts relapse to mania/hypomania. Understanding these entities has important research and treatment implications.
Cultural Property, the Palermo Convention, and Transnational Organized Crime
Authors: Borgstede Greg 
Published: December 2014

Abstract:The international community is concerned about criminal activity involving cultural property and is promoting the use of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime to combat looting and trafficking of cultural property. This article discusses how the Convention may be applied, outlines some of the intentions of UN member states with regard to cultural property crime, and the role of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime. It is suggested that cultural property stakeholders should scrutinize this developing effort, particularly in the areas of UNTOC application to specific cultural property cases and the collection and analysis of data specifically to address the connections between cultural property and transnational organized crime.
Two-dimensional Layered MoS2 Biosensors Enable Highly Sensitive Detection of Biomolecules
Authors: Lee Joonhyung , Dak Piyush , Lee Yeonsung , Park Heekyeong , Choi Woong , Alam Muhammad A. , Kim Sunkook 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe present a MoS2 biosensor to electrically detect prostate specific antigen (PSA) in a highly sensitive and label-free manner. Unlike previous MoS2-FET-based biosensors, the device configuration of our biosensors does not require a dielectric layer such as HfO2 due to the hydrophobicity of MoS2. Such an oxide-free operation improves sensitivity and simplifies sensor design. For a quantitative and selective detection of PSA antigen, anti-PSA antibody was immobilized on the sensor surface. Then, introduction of PSA antigen, into the anti-PSA immobilized sensor surface resulted in a lable-free immunoassary format. Measured off-state current of the device showed a significant decrease as the applied PSA concentration was increased. The minimum detectable concentration of PSA is 1 pg/mL, which is several orders of magnitude below the clinical cut-off level of ~4 ng/mL. In addition, we also provide a systematic theoretical analysis of the sensor platform – including the charge state of protein at the specific pH level and self-consistent channel transport. Taken together, the experimental demonstration and the theoretical framework provide a comprehensive description of the performance potential of dielectric-free MoS2-based biosensor technology.
Using Procedure Codes to Define Radiation Toxicity in Administrative Data
Authors: Meyer Anne-Marie , Kuo Tzy-Mey , Chang YunKyung , Carpenter William R. , Chen Ronald C. , Sturmer Til 
Published: December 2014

Background:
Systematic coding systems are used to define clinically meaningful outcomes when leveraging administrative claims data for research. How and when these codes are applied within a research study can have implications for the study validity and their specificity can vary significantly depending on treatment received.

Subjects:
Data are from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare linked dataset.

Study Design:
We use propensity score methods in a retrospective cohort of prostate cancer patients first examined in a recently published radiation oncology comparative effectiveness study.

Results:
With the narrowly defined outcome definition, the toxicity event outcome rate ratio was 0.88 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval, 0.71–1.08). With the broadly defined outcome, the rate ratio was comparable, with 0.89 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval, 0.76–1.04), although individual event rates were doubled. Some evidence of surveillance bias was suggested by a higher rate of endoscopic procedures the first year of follow-up in patients who received proton therapy compared with those receiving intensity-modulated radiation treatment (11.15 vs. 8.90, respectively).

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates the risk of introducing bias through subjective application of procedure codes. Careful consideration is required when using procedure codes to define outcomes in administrative data.
Drought and resprouting plants
Authors: Zeppel Melanie J. B. , Harrison Sandy P. , Adams Henry D. , Kelley Douglas I. , Li Guangqi , Tissue David T. , Dawson Todd E. , Fensham Rod , Medlyn Belinda E. , Palmer Anthony , West Adam G. , McDowell Nate G. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryMany species have the ability to resprout vegetatively after a substantial loss of biomass induced by environmental stress, including drought. Many of the regions characterised by ecosystems where resprouting is common are projected to experience more frequent and intense drought during the 21st Century. However, in assessments of ecosystem response to drought disturbance there has been scant consideration of the resilience and post‐drought recovery of resprouting species. Systematic differences in hydraulic and allocation traits suggest that resprouting species are more resilient to drought‐stress than nonresprouting species. Evidence suggests that ecosystems dominated by resprouters recover from disturbance more quickly than ecosystems dominated by nonresprouters. The ability of resprouters to avoid mortality and withstand drought, coupled with their ability to recover rapidly, suggests that the impact of increased drought stress in ecosystems dominated by these species may be small. The strategy of resprouting needs to be modelled explicitly to improve estimates of future climate‐change impacts on the carbon cycle, but this will require several important knowledge gaps to be filled before resprouting can be properly implemented.
Different patterns of A*80:01:01:01 allele generation based on exon or intron sequences
Authors: Cervera I. , Herraiz M. A , Vidart J. , Ortega S. , Martínez‐Laso J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractGeneration of the HLA‐A*80:01:01:01 allele has been analysed using its complete sequence. Direct comparison of the sequences and phylogenetic trees using the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐A representative alleles and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐A sequences of non‐human primates has been made. Results based on exon sequences confirm previously published, but considering only the sequences of the introns, two distinct regions can be differentiated. The first one comprises from the 5′ untranslated region region to the first part of intron 3 sequence (shared with A2 family), and the second one includes the sequence from the end of intron 3 to intron 7 (shared with A1/A3/A11/A36/A30 family). Each of them clusters with Gorilla and Chimpanzee MHC‐A sequences, respectively, suggesting an origin coming from a common ancestor to Gorilla and Chimpanzee.
Comparison on therapeutic effect of plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillian–Barre syndrome
Authors: Ye Y. , Li S.‐L. , Li Y.‐J. 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYObjectivesTo observe and compare the clinical curative effect of the plasma exchange (PE) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) for Guillian–Barre Syndrome (GBS).MethodsOverall, 64 adult patients with GBS for PE and IVIg treatment, respectively, and nerve function were observed pre‐treatment and at 1 week/2 weeks after completion of treatment; the blood immunoglobulin, complement, fibrinogen (Fib) and monocyte percentage (MON%) were detected simultaneously.ResultsAfter PE treatment, nerve function defect appeared to improve better than the IVIg group and clinical effect was better than the IVIg group. Treatment effective rates of the two groups after 2 weeks, respectively, are 96 and 79%. PE and IVIg can significantly reduce the GBS patients' blood immunoglobulin IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and C4, but these were significantly lower in the PE group than in the IVIg group. Fib and MON% were significantly lower in the PE group than in the IVIg group.ConclusionBoth PE and IVIg have a high response as therapy and are reasonable therapeutic options for GBS. However, PE treatment has a more significantly curative effect, as it can effectively improve symptoms and be helpful in the early rehabilitation of patients.