bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosing Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review of economic evaluations
Authors: Handels Ron L.H. , Wolfs Claire A.G. , Aalten Pauline , Joore Manuela A. , Verhey Frans R.J. , Severens Johan L. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of this study is to systematically review the literature on economic evaluations of interventions for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related disorders and to describe their general and methodological characteristics. We focused on the diagnostic aspects of the decision models to assess the applicability of existing decision models for the evaluation of the recently revised diagnostic research criteria for AD.MethodsPubMed and the National Institute for Health Research Economic Evaluation database were searched for English‐language publications related to economic evaluations on diagnostic technologies. Trial‐based economic evaluations were assessed using the Consensus on Health Economic Criteria list. Modeling studies were assessed using the framework for quality assessment of decision‐analytic models.ResultsThe search retrieved 2109 items, from which eight decision‐analytic modeling studies and one trial‐based economic evaluation met all eligibility criteria.ConclusionsDiversity among the study objective and characteristics was considerable and, despite considerable methodological quality, several flaws were indicated. Recommendations were focused on diagnostic aspects and the applicability of existing models for the evaluation of recently revised diagnostic research criteria for AD.
Central Venous Catheter Protective Connector Caps Reduce Intraluminal Catheter-Related Infection
Authors: Ramirez Chuck , Lee Antonina M. , Welch Ken 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Background: Central line-associated blood stream infection (CLABSI) rates in adult care intensive care units have been decreasing across the board. However, we continued to see just a few infections in patients whose catheters are in for &gt;4 days. Therefore, we looked at infections associated with intraluminal contamination to help reduce our infection rate.
Methods: A protective cap trial was developed and implemented in 2 intensive care units. All of the central venous catheter and intravenous tubing access valves were covered with a protective cap saturated with alcohol. This intervention eliminated the need to wipe off intravenous access points with an alcohol swab. The study was done as a nonrandomized prospective trial occurring March 1, 2011 through February 29, 2012.
Results: During 2010, there were 4 CLABSI-related infections. By the end of the trial, we had incurred 1 catheter-associated blood stream infection. CLABSI rate reduced from 1.9 in 2010 to 0.5 during the 1-year trial period.
Conclusions: The implementation of the port protector cap system resulted in lower infection rates compared with an alcohol swab technique. Our results indicate that consistent use of the caps in tandem with strict compliance does influence CLABSI rates.
Fluid transport by individual microswimmers
Authors: Pushkin Dmitri O. , Shum Henry , Yeomans Julia M. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe discuss the path of a tracer particle as a microswimmer moves past on an infinite, straight trajectory. If the tracer is sufficiently far from the path of the swimmer it moves in a closed loop. As the initial distance between the tracer and the path of the swimmer $\rho $ decreases, the tracer is displaced a small distance backwards (relative to the direction of the swimmer velocity). For much smaller tracer–swimmer separations, however, the tracer displacement becomes positive and diverges as $\rho \rightarrow 0$. To quantify this behaviour we calculate the Darwin drift, the total volume swept out by a material sheet of tracers, initially perpendicular to the swimmer path, during the swimmer motion. We find that the drift can be written as the sum of a universal term which depends on the quadrupolar flow field of the swimmer, together with a non-universal contribution given by the sum of the volumes of the swimmer and its wake. The formula is compared to exact results for the squirmer model and to numerical calculations for a more realistic model swimmer.
Risk, Responsibility and Surgery in the 1890s and Early 1900s
Authors: Brock Claire 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis article explores the ways in which risk and responsibility were conceptualised in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by surgeons, their patients and the lay public. By this point surgery could be seen, simultaneously, as safe (due to developments in surgical science) and increasingly risky (because such progress allowed for greater experimentation). With the glorification of the heroic surgeon in the late Victorian and early Edwardian period came a corresponding, if grudging, recognition that successful surgery was supported by a team of ancillary professionals. In theory, therefore, blame for mistakes could be shared amongst the team; in practice, this was not always the case. Opening with an examination of the May Thorne negligence case of 1904, I will also, in the latter third of this piece, focus on surgical risks encountered by women surgeons, themselves still relatively new and, therefore, potentially risky individuals. A brief case study of the ways in which one female-run institution, the New Hospital for Women, dealt with debates surrounding risk and responsibility concludes this article. The origin of the risks perceived and the ways in which responsibility was taken (or not) for risky procedures will provide ways of conceptualising what ‘surgical anxiety’ meant in the 1890s and 1900s.
The Research Council System and the Politics of Medical and Agricultural Research for the British Colonial Empire, 1940–52
Authors: Clarke Sabine 
Published: May 2013

AbstractHistorical accounts of colonial science and medicine have failed to engage with the Colonial Office’s shift in focus towards the support of research after 1940. A large new fund was created in 1940 to expand activities in the colonies described as fundamental research. With this new funding came a qualitative shift in the type of personnel and activity sought for colonial development and, as a result, a diverse group of medical and technical officers existed in Britain’s colonies by the 1950s. The fact that such variety existed amongst British officers in terms of their qualifications, institutional locations and also their relationships with colonial and metropolitan governments makes the use of the term ‘expert’ in much existing historical scholarship on scientific and medical aspects of empire problematic. This article will consider how the Colonial Office achieved this expansion of research activities and personnel after 1940. Specifically, it will focus on the reasons officials sought to engage individuals drawn from the British research councils to administer this work and the consequences of their involvement for the new apparatus established for colonial research after 1940. An understanding of the implications of the application of the research council system to the Colonial Empire requires engagement with the ideology promoted by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) which placed emphasis on the distinct and higher status of fundamental research and which privileged freedom for researchers.
History of the Leech Trade in Ireland, 1750–1915: Microcosm of a Global Commodity
Authors: Sawyer Roy T. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn the nineteenth century the medicinal leechHirudo medicinalisevolved into a lucrative commodity in great demand throughout the western world. In less than a century its trade became big business by any measure, involving tens of millions of animals shipped to every inhabited continent. In this context Ireland is particularly instructive in that it was the first country in Europe to exhaust its supply of native leeches. Concomitantly, it was also the first country to import leeches from abroad, as early as 1750. Being an island with manageable border controls, and a clearly definable medical market, Ireland serves superbly as a microcosm of the leech as a worldwide commodity. Being a relative small country it is possible for the first time to gain a balanced perspective of various economic factors underlying this trade, including supply and demand, exploitation of natural resources, and an evolving network of competitive traders.This paper addresses these and other aspects of the leech trade in Ireland. The principal, and unexpected, finding of this paper is that leeches were unequivocally very expensive in Ireland and became a significant drain on hospital budgets. As such, they found little use amongst the Irish poor. An estimate of several million leeches were imported into Ireland in the nineteenth century, a practice which continued into the twentieth. They were imported initially from Wales and then from France following the defeat of Napoleon, but the bulk came ultimately from Hamburg, via importers in England.
A lexical semantic approach to interpreting and bracketing English noun compounds
Authors: KIM SU NAM , BALDWIN TIMOTHY 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper presents a study on the interpretation and bracketing of noun compounds (‘NCs’) based on lexical semantics. Our primary goal is to develop a method to automatically interpret NCs through the use of semantic relations. Our NC interpretation method is based on lexical similarity with tagged NCs, based on lexical similarity measures derived from WordNet. We apply the interpretation method to both two- and three-term NC interpretation based on semantic roles. Finally, we demonstrate that our NC interpretation method can boost the coverage and accuracy of NC bracketing.
Travel mode choice and impact of fuel tax in Beijing
Authors: Qin Ping , Zheng Xinye , Wang Lanlan 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAs an international metropolitan area undergoing rapid development, Beijing is facing a sharp rise in the volume of motor vehicles and mobility, which has become the major contributor to the air pollution in this city. This is evident in the recent ranking of Beijing as the most congested as well as the most polluted city in the world by the Millennium Cities Database. Local government has adopted a battery of policies to reduce these problems. In this study, we investigate the impact of increasing the fuel tax on travel mode choice based on a large sample of travel survey data. We estimate that if the price of gasoline increased to a moderate level, 11.53 RMB/liter, the total car volume on the road would be reduced by 7 per cent, which corresponds to a reduction in CO2 emissions of 786,002.4 tons, or about 8 per cent of vehicular emissions from private cars and company-owned cars in Beijing.
Effect of Crystallographic Orientation on Subcritical Grain Boundary Cracking in a Conventionally Cast Polycrystalline Nickel-Based Superalloy
Authors: Swaminathan Kameshwaran , Blendell John E. , Trumble Kevin P. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe role of grain orientation and grain boundary misorientation on the formation of subcritical grain boundary cracks in creep of a conventionally cast nickel-based superalloy has been studied. The crystallographic orientations of the grains adjacent to grain boundaries normal to the tensile axis were measured using electron backscattered diffraction. The difference in the Schmid factor for the {111} ⟨112⟩ slip system between the grains was compared to the occurrence of grain boundary cracking. In addition, the difference in the amount of potential primary creep was calculated. The cracked grain boundaries were found to have a larger difference in Schmid factor, as well as a larger difference in potential primary creep, compared with uncracked grain boundaries.
A Feminist Theory of Corruption: Lessons from Iceland
Authors: Johnson Janet Elise , Einarsdóttir Þorgerður , Pétursdóttir Gyða Margrét 
Published: May 2013

Half a decade into a new global economic crisis, most policymakers, pundits, and scholars discuss the situation in nongendered ways, carting out long-standing criticisms of bloated states or of neoliberalism, despite powerful feminist critiques. At the same time, feminist scholars, particularly those within feminist political science (FPS) studying advanced democracies, have been struggling with a “central paradox . … The widespread formal adoption and development of … gender equality … initiatives … [but] their partial and variable institutionalization in terms of impact on institutional practices, norms, and outcomes” (Mackay, Monro, and Waylen 2009, 254–55). In this article, we make a case for a feminist theory of political corruption that can help explain both the economic crisis and this paradox of “strong equality policy, weak practice.”
Theoretical investigation of graphene-based photonic modulators
Authors: Gosciniak Jacek , Tan Dawn T. H. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIntegration of electronics and photonics for future applications requires an efficient conversion of electrical to optical signals. The excellent electronic and photonic properties of graphene make it a suitable material for integrated systems with extremely wide operational bandwidth. In this paper, we analyze the novel geometry of modulator based on the rib photonic waveguide configuration with a double-layer graphene placed between a slab and ridge. The theoretical analysis of graphene-based electro-absorption modulator was performed showing that a 3 dB modulation with ~ 600 nm-long waveguide is possible resulting in energy per bit below 1 fJ/bit. The optical bandwidth of such modulators exceeds 12 THz with an operation speed ranging from 160 GHz to 850 GHz and limited only by graphene resistance. The performances of modulators were evaluated based on the figure of merit defined as the ratio between extinction ratio and insertion losses where it was found to exceed 220.
Molecular determinants of co- and post-translational N-glycosylation of type I transmembrane peptides
Authors: Malaby Heidi L. H. , Kobertz William R. 
Published: May 2013

Type I transmembrane peptides acquire N-linked glycans during and after protein synthesis to facilitate anterograde trafficking through the secretory pathway. Mutations in N-glycosylation consensus sites (NXT and NXS, where X≠P) that alter the kinetics of the initial N-glycan attachment have been associated with cardiac arrhythmias; however, the molecular determinants that define co- and post-translational consensus sites in proteins are not known. In the present study, we identified co- and post-translational consensus sites in the KCNE family of K+ channel regulatory subunits to uncover three determinants that favour co-translational N-glycosylation kinetics of type I transmembrane peptides which lack a cleavable signal sequence: threonine-containing consensus sites (NXT), multiple N-terminal consensus sites and long C-termini. The identification of these three molecular determinants now makes it possible to predict co- and post-translational consensus sites in type I transmembrane peptides.
The consequences of drug use: the good, the bad, and the ugly
Authors: Plant Martin , Robertson Roy , Plant Moira , Miller Patrick 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews recent evidence on the extent and patterns of both the positive effects (such as enjoyment and allied social and psychological benefits) and the negative effects of illicit drug use among people in the UK. Negative effects include drug-related crimes, accidents, overdoses, injuries, illness (e.g. hepatitis C, HIV/AIDS, drug dependence, and psychiatric illness), and premature mortality. The latter particularly involves young people. This chapter also presents new evidence from the 2007 European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD 2007; noted above) related to the consequences of drug use among UK teenagers.
Drug-control policies: a question of balance
Authors: Plant Martin , Robertson Roy , Plant Moira , Miller Patrick 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThere are many different views on the best way to reduce drug-related problems. Drugs are controversial. Opinions on the best way to deal with them cover the entire spectrum from legalization to tight controls backed up by severe penalties. In fact most of the ‘official’ and public debate about drug policy reflects the view that drugs are intrinsically ‘bad’ and should somehow be controlled. The authors of this book do not wish to embrace any particular approach to drug control. They do not believe that any single known approach is a magic solution, offering a panacea to something as complex and multi-faceted as drug use and its associated adverse effects. Even so, it is hoped that this chapter will provide an insight into some of the debates and arguments that relate to the nature and status of drug use and the options that are available with which to respond to it. It might also be possible to envisage ways of mitigating the damaging consequences outlined in the previous chapter without having to embark on a political crusade or to turn around the juggernaut of international condemnation of drug use and drug users.
Does drug education make any difference?
Authors: Plant Martin , Robertson Roy , Plant Moira , Miller Patrick 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe good intentions of governments and educational authorities cannot be denied. Neither can the importance of doing something in an attempt to mitigate the serious consequences of young people starting to use drugs and lacking simple information about protecting themselves from harm. For educationalists and policy makers there are many complex issues which frustrate the development of programmes with an ability to influence the choices of young people. Fashion often dictates behaviour and fashion relies and depends on change, innovation, and novelty. As in other areas of human behaviour new trends arrive regularly and without warning and the serious consequences are often unintended. Almost inevitably education and public health are therefore in a position of responding to a crisis or an unexpected problem arising out of a previously unknown side effect of drug use. Numerous examples show how difficult it is to research and implement an appropriate response to an emerging problem and how often, lacking the ability to predict the future, policies seem to be misguided or ineffective.
Can drug classification and drug policy ever be evidence-based?
Authors: Plant Martin , Robertson Roy , Plant Moira , Miller Patrick 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe popular and political debate about illicit drugs has been accused of being at least in part a ‘moral panic’. This, as noted above, is an expression originally used by the social scientist Stanley Cohen (1972) to describe exaggerated alarm provoked by some form of behaviour that was viewed as being socially unacceptable and menacing. Cohen applied this term to media coverage of conflict between gangs of ‘mods’ and ‘rockers’. The term moral panic has subsequently been used to imply that the debates on some issues are distorted and sensationalized. There are certainly times when popular concerns about some issues, often whipped up by the tabloid press, are exaggerated and appear to lead to moral (or immoral) outrage. During recent decades, sensationalized reports in Britain have related to a series of drug themes. These have included the use of amphetamines, cannabis, (more recently skunk), soft drugs leading to the use of harder drugs, drug dealers allegedly accosting school children, and drug adulteration. This chapter considers two main issues, the classification of drugs and the very important topic of who determines drug policy. The latter topic received enormous publicity while this book was being written.
Future directions
Authors: Plant Martin , Robertson Roy , Plant Moira , Miller Patrick 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe future looks far from attractive and signs of improvement either in the size of the caseload or the ability of services to respond are hard to find. Inevitably governments are going to face difficult decisions but as time goes on expenditure will continue to rise and the needs of drug users will assume a more pressing political force. As this pressure increases the best possible understanding of the nature of drug dependence and misuse will be required and pragmatic solutions will have to be made available.
A wellness approach to mental health recovery
Authors: Swarbrick Margaret 
Published: May 2013

AbstractRecovery in relation to mental health is a deeply personal, unique process of (re)gaining physical, spiritual, mental, and emotional balance when one encounters illness, crisis, or trauma. As a process, the individual learns to accept the illness, crisis, or trauma and its associated challenges while adjusting their attitudes, beliefs, and sometimes both life roles and goals. Recovery is a process of healing and restoring a sense of balance and wellness during episodes of stress and crisis. Social determinants of health—including income and social status, social support networks, education and literacy, employment, social and physical environments, personal health practices and coping skills, access to health services, gender, and culture—are all factors that have a significant impact on wellness and mental health recovery. Recovery is impeded by a life of poverty, poor access to quality healthcare and to other needed health and social supports, and the effects of stigma, discrimination, and social exclusion. The notion of wellness, which was initially introduced within public health, is now viewed as critical for mental health recovery. This chapter will explore mental health recovery in the context of a wellness model. Service-user-led wellness models of support will be examined as a proactive means of promoting mental health recovery and social inclusion. Individual, professional, program, and system level approaches and strategies to facilitate recovery will be proposed.
Herbert H. Jasper and the Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies
Authors: Avoli Massimo 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter covers Herbert H. Jasper and the basic mechanisms of epilepsies. This includes a look at Dr. Jasper's early years, his work at the Montreal Neurological Institute, the founding of IBRO and the BME Project, his move to the other side of Mont Royal, and his later years.
Why—and How—Do We Approach Basic Epilepsy Research?
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Given how blurred this basic-clinical distinction is, it has become increasingly important for basic scientists to break down the basic-clinical separation, and particularly to give up the idea that clinical research is somehow inferior—lacking, perhaps, the rigor or the insights associated with laboratory work. There is, however, an important aspect of research that often (not always) separates basic from clinical studies—the availability of normal control groups. One of the major advantages of laboratory work—aside from enabling the researcher to apply invasive approaches that would not be ethically appropriate in human subjects—is the possibility of separating variables of interest and therefore creating control groups that differ only in the variable of interest. This laboratory advantage provides the basic scientist with an especially powerful (but narrow) means of drawing strong conclusions from his or her work. It is important to recognize, however, that depending on the goal of the study, isolation of single variables may not provide answers that are of clinical value, since real-life pathologies rarely appear to be dependent on single variables.