bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mental disorder and suicidal ideation detection from social media using deep neural networks
Authors: Ezerceli Özay , Dehkharghani Rahim 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDepression and suicidal ideation are global reasons for life-threatening injury and death. Mental disorders have increased especially among young people in recent years, and early detection of those cases can prevent suicide attempts. Social media platforms provide users with an anonymous space to interact with others, making them a secure environment to discuss their mental disorders. This paper proposes a solution to detect depression/suicidal ideation using natural language processing and deep learning techniques. We used Transformers and a unique model to train the proposed model and applied it to three different datasets: SuicideDetection, CEASEv2.0, and SWMH. The proposed model is evaluated using the accuracy, precision, recall, and ROC curve. The proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art in the SuicideDetection and CEASEv2.0 datasets, achieving F1 scores of 0.97 and 0.75, respectively. However, in the SWMH data set, the proposed model is 4% points behind the state-of-the-art precision providing the F1 score of 0.68. In the real world, this project could help psychologists in the early detection of depression and suicidal ideation for a more efficient treatment. The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance in two of the three datasets, so they could be used to develop a screening tool that could be used by mental health professionals or individuals to assess their own risk of suicide. This could lead to early intervention and treatment, which could save lives.
Crashworthiness of Energy Absorbing Structures Under Combined Shear-Compression Loading: Effects of Materials and Geometries
Authors: Hwang Yong-Ha , Han Jae-Hung 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this paper, a study on the design of energy absorbing structures under combined shear-compression loading is conducted to effectively utilize the energy absorption principles of the material. Concave and convex designs are applied to energy absorbing structures made of metallic and braided composite materials. The energy absorption principles vary depending on the characteristics of each material. For metal, a design maximizing energy absorption through plastic deformation is necessary. Concave and convex designs induce initial crushing due to stress concentration under loads, reducing the maximum load. Subsequently, the load is distributed throughout the entire structure, improving load-bearing performance and enhancing energy absorption performance. Braided composites demonstrate superior characteristics in terms of specific stiffness, specific strength, and specific energy absorption when compared to metals. They absorb energy through damage accumulation in the laminate. Therefore, to optimize the performance, inducing a progressive failure mode becomes necessary. Unlike metals, braided composites can achieve effective energy absorption performance without altering the geometric shape. Energy absorbing structures are manufactured, and drop impact tests are carried out to assess their performance. In conclusion, it is observed that the geometric shapes effective in enhancing crashworthiness performance vary according to the energy absorption principles of each material. Also, the energy absorption per unit volume is found to be superior for metal energy absorbing structures, whereas the energy absorption per unit mass is better for composite energy absorbing structures. Therefore, depending on the application, both metals and composites can be effectively utilized as materials for energy absorbing structures.
Inspection of Some Extremely Nonlinear Oscillators Using an Inventive Approach
Authors: Moatimid Galal M. , Amer T. S. , Galal A. A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Purpose
A group of classical oscillators of high nonlinearity, which cannot be completely analyzed, is addressed by introducing a novel technique. The main objective of the current investigation is to utilize the generalized He’s frequency formula (HFF) in studying the analytical explanations of specific types of extremely nonlinear oscillators. This interest arises from the growing fascination in the realm of nonlinear oscillators. Regarding several engineering and scientific fields, together with three particular situations, a generic example is presented.

Methods
Compared to prior perturbation approaches utilized in this field, the new strategy is straightforward and requires less processing and timing. This ground-breaking tactic, which converts the nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) into a linear one, is referred to as the non-perturbative approach (NPA), as an innovative approach. A new frequency that is comparable to a linear ODE, like in a simple harmonic situation, is produced in the procedure. When evaluating the physiologically significant specialized instances, the outcome from this straightforward approach not only exhibits a strong agreement with the numerical findings but also demonstrates that it is more accurate than the outcomes from other well-known approximate methodologies. An extensive description of the NPA is presented to ensure the maximum benefits.

Results
The theoretical findings are confirmed by conducting a numerical analysis with the aid of Mathematica Software (MS). The numerical solution (NS) and the theoretical responses demonstrated remarkable congruity. Conventional perturbation techniques typically use Taylor expansion to enlarge restoring forces, thereby reducing problem complexity. However, this weakness disappears with the NPA. Additionally, stability analysis of the problem alongside the NPA becomes feasible, unlike with prior conventional methodologies.

Conclusion
The NPA emerges as a more responsible resource when examining the NS for oscillators with significant nonlinearity. Its exceptional versatility in addressing various nonlinear problems underscores the NPA as a valuable benefit in the fields of engineering and applied science.
A critical review of various synthesis methods of nanoparticles and their applications in biomedical, regenerative medicine, food packaging, and environment
Authors: Srinivasan Laxmikarthika V. , Rana Sandeep Singh 
Published: July 2024

AbstractNanoparticles (NPs) are particles with unique features that have been used in a variety of fields, including healthcare, farming, and the food industry. Recent research has shown many possible uses for nanoparticles, including gas sensors, waste management, food preservation, high-temperature superconductors, field emission emitters, food processing, food packaging, and agriculture. Nanoparticles application is connected with the nutritive, coating, and sensory properties of food compounds. Nanoparticles have shown specific anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant activity, and making them an attractive tool for biomedical applications. Because of their extraordinary mechanical, magnetic, electric, thermal, and electric capabilities, some nanoparticles are more important than others. Numerous nanoparticles have been used in the sectors of agriculture, industry, the environment, medicine, sensors, fungicidal, nematicidal therapy, catalysis, and color degradation. Furthermore, the synthesis method is crucial for the final nanosystem’s characteristics. Food businesses frequently employ nano-coating to prevent food spoiling. The various NP synthesis techniques and their numerous applications in the relevant sector are therefore briefly explored. This review gives us an overview of the different synthesis methods of nanoparticles and their application in different fields of biotechnology such as nanomedicine, tissue engineering, the food industry, and biomedical applications.
Graphical abstract
Effectiveness of setarud (IMOD™) in attenuating gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male rats
Authors: Hormozi Maryam , Ahmadvand Hassan , Tavafi Majid , Baharvand Parastoo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Background
Gentamicin (GEN) can have serious adverse effects including nephrotoxicity. Setarud (IMOD™) is a new herbal drug with beneficial immune effects, obtained by mixing Tanacetum vulgare (tansy), Rosa canina and Urtica dioica (nettle) extracts as well as selenium, flavonoids and carotenes. This novel study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Setarud (IMOD™) in attenuating GEN-induced nephrotoxicity in male rats. Twenty-eight adult male Sprague Dawley rats (weighing 180–200 g) were randomly divided into four groups (7 rats in each group): Control, IMOD treated (20 mg/kg body weight), GEN treated (100 mg/kg body weight), and GEN + IMOD co-treated. Injections were done intraperitoneally for 12 days. Serum urea, creatinine (Cr), Cr clearance, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) level, and activities of antioxidant enzymes Peroxidase (POD), Catalase (CAT), and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured by the colorimetric method. Volume density of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), tubular necrosis, tubular cast formation, and leukocytic infiltration were evaluated histopathologically.

Results
In the GEN group, there were significantly higher serum urea, Cr, and MDA levels with lower Cr clearance, GSH levels, POD, GPx and CAT activities, and PCT volume density with presence of tubular necrosis compared to the control and IMOD groups (P < 0.05). Treatment with IMOD significantly reduced the levels of urea, Cr and MDA, and increased Cr clearance and the activities of POD and CAT enzymes (P < 0.05). No significant differences in the activity of GSH and GPx were reported in the GEN + IMOD co-treated group compared to the GEN group. Moreover, IMOD significantly ameliorated PCT volume density and renal lesions caused by GEN.

Conclusion
IMOD (20 mg/kg body weight) can attenuate GEN-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by inhibition of oxidative stress or increasing the normal activity of antioxidant enzymes. Further studies are recommended on the effects of different doses of IMOD.
A proposal for a layer-2 CBDC on a rollup
Authors: Nyffenegger Remo 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis paper presents a proposal for introducing a central bank digital currency (CBDC) within a permissionless blockchain environment, specifically utilizing a layer 2 rollup. Several factors make exploring a CBDC on a blockchain worthwhile, including the potential demand for public money on blockchains and leveraging blockchain fundamentals for programmable payments. While the issuance of CBDC on a layer 1 blockchain may be a straightforward approach, it comes with drawbacks such as dependencies on network rules and limited privacy. Instead, I propose a design where an intermediated CBDC is issued on layer 2 through a zk-rollup architecture by licensed financial intermediaries who also provide tokenized deposits on layer 1. This paper delves into the technical specifications, economic considerations, as well as the advantages and limitations of this proposed design.
Temporal changes in the morphological and microbial diversity of biofilms on the surface of a submerged stone in the Danube River
Authors: Makk Judit , Toumi Marwene , Krett Gergely , Lange-Enyedi Nóra Tünde , Schachner-Groehs Iris , Kirschner Alexander K. T. , Tóth Erika 
Published: July 2024

AbstractEpilithic biofilms are ubiquitous in large river environments and are crucial for biogeochemical processes, but their community structures and functions remain poorly understood. In this paper, the seasonal succession in the morphological structure and the taxonomic composition of an epilithic bacterial biofilm community at a polluted site of the Danube River were followed using electron microscopy, high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and multiplex/taxon-specific PCRs. The biofilm samples were collected from the same submerged stone and carried out bimonthly in the littoral zone of the Danube River, downstream of a large urban area. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the biofilm was composed of diatoms and a variety of bacteria with different morphologies. Based on amplicon sequencing, the bacterial communities were dominated by the phyla Pseudomonadota and Bacteroidota, while the most abundant archaea belonged to the phyla Nitrososphaerota and Nanoarchaeota. The changing environmental factors had an effect on the composition of the epilithic microbial community. Critical levels of faecal pollution in the water were associated with increased relative abundance of Sphaerotilus, a typical indicator of “sewage fungus”, but the composition and diversity of the epilithic biofilms were also influenced by several other environmental factors such as temperature, water discharge and total suspended solids (TSS). The specific PCRs showed opportunistic pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas spp., Legionella spp., P. aeruginosa, L. pneumophila, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) in some biofilm samples, but extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes and macrolide resistance genes could not be detected.
Increased lengthening frequency does not adversely affect the EOSQ scores in magnetically controlled growing rod surgeries in 133 subjects followed to final fusion
Authors: Saw Sheryl Zhi Wen , Wei Jack Zijian , Cheung Jason Pui Yin , Kwan Kenny Yat Hong ,   Pediatric Spine Study Group, Cheung Kenneth Man Chee 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Magnetically Controlled Growing Rod (MCGR) allows frequent outpatient rod lengthening when treating Early Onset Scoliosis (EOS) patients. But there is lack of expert consensus on the optimal MCGR lengthening interval. EOS 24-Item Questionnaire (EOSQ) is validated for assessing health-related quality of life (HrQOL), family burden, and satisfaction. This is the first study assessing how MCGR lengthening intervals affects patient-perceived outcomes.

Methods
This is a multicentred cohort study with subjects recruited from 2012 to 2018 and followed till fusion. EOS subjects who underwent MCGR surgeries were grouped into high, medium or low lengthening interval subgroups based on 16 and 20 week cut-offs. Repeated measure analysis was performed on EOSQ’s specified 12 domains. EOSQ results were taken: before index surgery, after index surgery, and prior to definitive treatment. Demographic, clinical and radiographic data were included in model adjustment.

Results
133 subjects with mean follow-up of 3.5 (± 1.3) years were included, with 60 males and 73 females; 45 idiopathic, 23 congenital, 38 neuromuscular, and 27 syndromic patients. Mean Cobb angle at surgery was 67° (± 22°) with mean age of 8.3 (± 2.5) years. Between groups, clinical and radiographic parameters were comparable. Higher EOSQ scores in medium lengthening interval subgroup was present in fatigue (p = 0.019), emotion (p = 0.001), and parental impact (p = 0.049) domains, and overall score (p = 0.046). Trendline contrast between subgroups were present in general health (p = 0.006) and physical function (p = 0.025) domains.

Conclusion
Patient-perceived outcome improvements appear similar between lengthening interval subgroups. All MCGR lengthening intervals were tolerated by patients and family, with no negative impact observed.

Level of evidence
Prognostic Level III.
Application of Histopathology Image Analysis Using Deep Learning Networks
Authors: Hossain Md Shamim , Armstrong Leisa J. , Cook David M. , Zaenker Pauline 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAs the rise in cancer cases, there is an increasing demand to develop accurate and rapid diagnostic tools for early intervention. Pathologists are looking to augment manual analysis with computer-based evaluation to develop more efficient cancer diagnostics reports. The processing of these reports from manual evaluation is time-consuming, where the pathologists focus on accurately segmenting individual cancer cells, a vital step in analysis. This paper describes the design and validation of an application which has been developed based on deep learning networks. The application includes a workflow of image pre-processing followed by synthetic image generation, which is crucial due to the lack of training data in pathology settings. The next steps are the segmentation of nuclei regions and overlapping nuclei splitting. An improved approach has been considered based on a cycle-consistent GAN network for synthetic image generation. The synthetic images were utilized in a modified U-net network. Accurately outlining the individual nucleus border assisted an automated system that split the nuclei cluster into the individual nucleus. The SSIM and PSNR values of synthetic images corresponding to original were 0.204 and 10.610. The DSC value of the network trained by the synthetic data was 0.984 which was higher than the network trained by original images (0.805). The developed application provided better individual nuclei segmentation performance, where the average accuracy of different group images was 0.97. This higher accuracy suggests the benefit of using synthetic images in a situation to avoid the scarcity of labeled histopathology images in deep networks.
The Role of Cold Pools in Modulating Convective Organization During the MJO
Authors: Tang Mingyue , Torri Giuseppe , Sakaeda Naoko 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn this study, we investigate the role of cold pools in modulating convective organization throughout the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) life cycle using a modeling approach that combines Eulerian and Lagrangian techniques. First, we conduct a simulation using the soundings and forcing of the DYNAMO/AMIE campaign. The simulation shows a lag of several days between the precipitation rate peak time associated with MJO and the highest convective organization time. Second, to analyze the role of cold pools, we consider a series of 2‐day simulations conducted at different stages of the MJO. The simulation results suggest that cold pools are larger and last longer during the mature stages of the MJO, possibly because of decreased environmental surface latent heat fluxes and stronger downdrafts. These lead to the formation of moist rings at the leading edges of cold pools, facilitating the formation of more convective cores and increasing the degree of convective organization.
Contribution of Mesoscale Convective Systems to Floods in the East Asian Summer Monsoon Region
Authors: Ding Tian , Zhou Tianjun , Guo Zhun , Yang Yuan , Zou Liwei , Chen Xiaolong 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe quantitative relationship between Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) and floods over East Asia has not been established. In this study, MCSs are clustered into four types with Self‐Organizing Map approach. Floods in June‐August of 2000–2021 are linked with different types of MCS by automated algorithms we constructed. We find that among the major floods (potential flood peak periods), 91% (87%) are related to MCS, 65% (78%) are dominated by MCS, and 38% (20%) are dominated by multi‐types of MCS. Types 1 and 2 MCS have higher flood‐inducing efficiencies than common MCS (Type‐4). Type‐1 MCS, characterized by the least number (2% of the total number), the largest precipitation volume, longest lifetime, slowest moving, strongest precipitation, can most efficiently produce floods. Type‐2 MCS, characterized by the second largest precipitation volume, more numerous than Type‐1 particularly over land, can induce floods not only relatively efficiently but also more frequently than Type‐1.
Southern Hemisphere Circumpolar Wavenumber‐4 Pattern Simulated in SINTEX‐F2 Coupled Model
Authors: Senapati Balaji , Morioka Yushi , Behera Swadhin K. , Dash Mihir K. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractInterannual sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the subtropical‐midlatitude Southern Hemisphere are often associated with a circumpolar wavenumber‐4 (W4) pattern. This study is the first attempt to successfully simulate the SST‐W4 pattern using a state‐of‐the‐art coupled model called SINTEX‐F2 and clarify the underlying physical processes. It is found that the SST variability in the southwestern subtropical Pacific (SWSP) plays a key role in triggering atmospheric variability and generating the SST‐W4 pattern during austral summer (December‐February). In contrast, the tropical SST variability has a very limited effect. The anomalous convection and associated divergence over the SWSP induce atmospheric Rossby waves confined in the westerly jet. Then, the synoptic disturbances circumnavigate the subtropical Southern Hemisphere, establishing an atmospheric W4 pattern. The atmospheric W4 pattern has an equivalent barotropic structure in the troposphere, and it interacts with the upper ocean, causing variations in mixed layer depth due to latent heat flux (LHF) anomalies. As incoming climatological solar radiation goes into a thinner (thicker) mixed layer, the shallower (deeper) mixed layer promotes surface warming (cooling). This leads to positive (negative) SST anomalies, developing the SST‐W4 pattern during austral summer. Subsequently, anomalous entrainment due to the temperature difference between the mixed layer and the water below the mixed layer, anomalous LHF, and disappearance of the overlying atmospheric W4 pattern cause the decay of the SST‐W4 pattern during austral autumn. These results indicate that accurate simulation of the atmospheric forcing and the associated atmosphere‐ocean interaction is essential to capture the SST‐W4 pattern in coupled models.
Impact of Data Assimilation in Sensitive Features on the Predictability of the 2012 Great Arctic Cyclone
Authors: Chen Zhihong , Johnson Aaron , Wang Xuguang 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe Great Arctic Cyclone 2012 (AC12) is used to understand the role of initial condition errors in the predictability at 2–3‐day forecast range of a high‐impact summer Arctic Cyclone (AC). Ensemble sensitivity analysis (ESA) is first performed to identify potentially sensitive regions of the cyclone evolution using an ensemble baseline forecast with conventional in situ observations assimilated. A pseudo‐observation method is then introduced to investigate impacts of hypothetical observations in these sensitive but unobserved regions. In the baseline experiments with in situ observations assimilated, the forecasted AC12 reaches its peak intensity 18 hr earlier than in the verifying Global Forecast System Analysis (GFS‐ANL) and the cyclone track is biased toward the southwest. Using ESA, the time of peak intensity and the cyclone track error are identified to be sensitive to the upstream trough, downstream ridge, and the tropopause polar vortex (TPV) to the northeast (NE TPV) of the AC12. These features were not observed by the in situ observation networks. To examine the impact of the observation gaps, pseudo‐observations drawn from GFS‐ANL are assimilated. Pseudo‐observations sample the three features separately to study the impact of the initial condition error on the predictability of AC12. The cyclone peak intensity timing error and track error are greatly reduced when the initial condition error is reduced near the NE TPV. A southward expansion of the NE TPV and the corresponding southward shifting low‐level front lead the forecasted AC12 to progress to the east, which better agrees with the verifying GFS‐ANL.