bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypercalciuria and kidney function in children with haemophilia
Authors: Ranta S. , Valta H. , Viljakainen H. , Mäkitie O. , Mäkipernaa A. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryAdults with haemophilia have a higher incidence of chronic kidney disease than general male population. We recently showed that children with haemophilia have higher urinary calcium excretion and lower whole body bone mineral density than controls in spite of prophylaxis with the deficient coagulation factor concentrate, serum vitamin D concentrations comparable to those of healthy children and physically active lifestyle. Persistent hypercalciuria may result in nephrocalcinosis and impact renal function. This study sought to assess persistence of urinary calcium excretion and kidney function in children with haemophilia. We investigated retrospectively urinary calcium excretion in 30 children with haemophilia (mean age 12.5 years) from consecutive urine samples over a 2‐year period. Renal evaluation included blood and urine specimen, blood pressure, and renal ultrasound. High number of children with haemophilia had intermittent hypercalciuria. Hypercalciuria was not associated with age, severity of haemophilia or previous hypercalciuria. Kidney function and renal ultrasound were normal with the exception of suspected kidney stone in one patient with haemophilia and transient hypercalciuria. Vitamin D concentrations improved after the families had received information and recommendations concerning vitamin D substitution. Our findings indicate that haemophilia per se predisposes to hypercalciuria which may in turn affect bone mineral content and kidney function. Whether childhood‐onset intermittent hypercalciuria contributes to hypertension and renal complications in adulthood remains to be elucidated in future studies.
Consensus recommendations for the use of FEIBA® in haemophilia A patients with inhibitors undergoing elective orthopaedic and non‐orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Rangarajan S. , Austin S. , Goddard N. J. , Négrier C. , Rodriguez‐Merchan E. C. , Stephensen D. , Yee T. T. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryA growing number of publications have described the efficacy and safety of FEIBA as a first‐line haemostatic agent for surgical procedures in haemophilia A patients with high‐responding FVIII inhibitors. The aim of this study was to provide practical guidance on patient management and selection and also to communicate a standardized approach to the dosing and monitoring of FEIBA during and after surgery. A consensus group was convened with the aims of (i) providing an overview of the efficacy and safety of FEIBA in surgery; (ii) sharing best practice; (iii) developing recommendations based on the outcome of (i) and (ii). To date there have been 17 publications reporting on the use of FEIBA in over 210 major and minor orthopaedic and non‐orthopaedic surgical procedures. Haemostatic outcome was rated as ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ in 78–100% of major cases. The reporting of thromboembolic complications or anamnestic response to FEIBA was very rare. Key to the success of FEIBA as haemostatic cover in surgery is to utilize the preplanning phase to prepare the patient both for surgery and also for rehabilitation. Haemostatic control with FEIBA should be continued for an adequate period postoperatively to support wound healing and to cover what can in some patients be an extended period of physiotherapy. Published data have demonstrated that FEIBA can provide adequate, well tolerated, peri and postoperative haemostatic cover for a variety of major and minor surgical procedures in patients with haemophilia A. The consensus recommendations provide a standardized approach to the dosing and monitoring of FEIBA.
Payback time: the associations of debt and income with medical student career choice
Authors: Grayson Martha S , Newton Dale A , Thompson Lori F 
Published: September 2012

Medical Education 2012: 46: 983–991Context  With impending health care reform in the USA, there is an imperative to increase the number of students choosing primary care (PC) careers. Research is needed to better understand the roles of economic factors in medical student career choice. The objective of this study was to examine the relationships among debt, income and career choice by comparing students planning PC careers with those aspiring to one of the 12 non‐PC fields in which median income exceeds US$300 000 (‘high‐paying non‐primary care’ [HPNPC]).Methods  Surveys (response rate = 81%) were administered to Year 1 students scheduled to graduate between 1996 and 2012, and Year 4 students graduating between 1993 and 2010. Respondents were students at New York Medical College and East Carolina University’s Brody School of Medicine. Analyses focused on the 2674 Year 1 respondents choosing a PC (n = 1437, 54%) or HPNPC (n = 1237, 46%) career, and the 2307 Year 4 respondents intending to pursue PC (n = 992, 43%) or HPNPC (n = 1315, 57%). Longitudinal analyses examining changes in career goals during medical school were based on students who completed surveys in both Years 1 and 4. The outcome measures studied were self‐reported debt, anticipated income and self‐rated value placed on income.Results  Relative to their PC counterparts, students intending to pursue HPNPC careers anticipated an average of US$24 904 (Year 4 students) or US$29 237 (Year 1 students) greater debt, placed a higher importance value on income, and anticipated earning an average of US$58 463 (Year 1 students) and US$89 909 (Year 4 students) more in annual income after graduation. Debt was associated with the value placed on income in the choice of career and the amount of future income anticipated. Students who valued income highly were especially inclined to switch from PC during medical school. The switch away from PC was associated with debt, as well as with a marked increase in anticipated income.Conclusions  Debt and anticipated income are important concerns which may shape future supplies of PC doctors.
Vicarious learning during simulations: is it more effective than hands‐on training?
Authors: Stegmann Karsten , Pilz Florian , Siebeck Matthias , Fischer Frank 
Published: September 2012

Medical Education 2012: 46: 1001–1008Context  Doctor–patient communication skills are often fostered by using simulations with standardised patients (SPs). The efficiency of such experiences is greater if student observers learn at least as much from the simulation as do students who actually interact with the patient.Objectives  This study aimed to investigate whether the type of simulation‐based learning (learning by doing versus vicarious learning) and the order in which these activities are carried out (learning by doing → vicarious learning versus vicarious learning → learning by doing) have any effect on the acquisition of knowledge on effective doctor–patient communication strategies. In addition, we wished to examine the extent to which an observation script and a feedback formulation script affect knowledge acquisition in this domain.Methods  The sample consisted of 200 undergraduate medical students (126 female, 74 male). They participated in two separate simulation sessions, each of which was 30 minutes long and was followed by a collaborative peer feedback phase. Half of the students first performed (learning by doing) and then observed (vicarious learning) the simulation, and the other half participated in the reverse order. Knowledge of doctor–patient communication was measured before, between and after the simulations.Results  Vicarious learning led to greater knowledge of doctor–patient communication scores than learning by doing. The order in which vicarious learning was experienced had no influence. The inclusion of an observation script also enabled significantly greater learning in students to whom this script was given compared with students who were not supported in this way, but the presence of a feedback script had no effect.Conclusions  Students appear to learn at least as much, if not more, about doctor–patient communication by observing their peers interact with SPs as they do from interacting with SPs themselves. Instructional support for observing simulations in the form of observation scripts facilitates both vicarious learning and learning by doing. An observation script may focus learners’ attention on the important aspects of doctor–patient communication and increase the content‐related accuracy of peer feedback.
Two‐module organization of the mandible in the yellow‐necked mouse: a comparison between two different morphometric approaches
Authors: Jojić V. , Blagojević J. , Vujošević M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMandibles of yellow‐necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) were used to explore modularity. We tested a biological hypothesis that two separate modules (alveolar region and ascending ramus) can be recognized within the mandible. As a second research goal, we compared two different morphometric procedures under the assumption that methodological approaches that use either geometric or traditional morphometric techniques should give similar results. Besides confirmation of the predicted hypothesis of modularity, the application of both approaches revealed that: (i) modularity was somewhat more evident when it was analysed on the asymmetric (fluctuating asymmetry,FA) than on the symmetric (individual variation) component of variation; (ii) there is correspondence in the patterns of individual variation andFA, which indicates that integration of mandibular traits among individuals is primarily due to direct developmental interactions; and (iii) allometry does not obscure the hypothesized modularity for individual variation or forFA. In addition, traditional morphometric method allowed us to check whether allometry influenced each module to the same extent and to conclude that the ascending ramus is more heavily influenced by general size than the alveolar region. In studies of modularity, differences in methods can lead to discrepancies in the results, and therefore, some caution is required when comparing findings from different investigations. The substantial agreement between our results provides evidence that, when considering two‐module organization of the mouse mandible, direct comparison among studies that use the methods applied herein is, in great part, reliable.
History of lower limb reconstruction after trauma
Authors: Wagels Michael , Rowe Dan , Senewiratne Shireen , Theile David R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe principles guiding reconstruction of the lower limb after trauma have become established over 300 years through advances in technology and studies of epidemiology. This paper reviews how these principles came about and why they are important.MethodsThis is a structured review of historical and recent literature pertinent to lower limb reconstruction. The outcomes assessed in the pre‐modern era were wound mortality, amputation mortality and amputation rate. In the modern era, infection and non‐union emerged as measures of outcome, which are morbidity‐ rather than mortality‐based. Indications for amputation published during the eras are taken to reflect the reconstructive practices of the time.ResultsAmputation and wound mortality fell throughout the pre‐modern era, from 70% and 20% to 1.8% and 1.8%, respectively. Amputation rates peaked in the American Civil War (53%) but have remained less than 20% since then. Infection and non‐union rates in the modern era have fluctuated between 5% and 45%.ConclusionsPriority areas for research include refinement of soft tissue reconstruction, injury classification, standardization of outcome measures and primary prevention. The impact of débridement and antisepsis on outcomes should not be forgotten as progress is made.
Canine dacryolithiasis: a case description and mineral analysis
Authors: Malho Pedro , Sansom Jane , Johnson Phillipa , Stewart Jennifer 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA 4‐year‐old, female, spayed, Labrador retriever was presented with a painless swelling of the left ventromedial eyelid and epiphora of 3 months duration. Bilateral patency of the nasolacrimal system was confirmed by the appearance of fluorescein dye at both nares. Ultrasonography revealed a well‐demarcated fluid‐filled structure containing echogenic ill‐defined material in close proximity to the nasolacrimal system. A transconjunctival surgical approach confirmed the close anatomical proximity of the cyst and the absence of a communication with the inferior canaliculus. The cyst contained multiple intraluminal calculi (dacryoliths). Following surgical excision of the cyst, the epiphora resolved and no recurrence was noted over a 12‐month follow‐up period. On histopathology, the cystic structure was lined by stratified squamous epithelium, consistent with lacrimal canaliculus epithelium. Presumed progression of a canalicular diverticulum to a cyst with the formation of intraluminal dacryoliths was suspected. Mineral analysis of the dacryoliths revealed a calcium carbonate composition.
Prostate cancer incidence and newly diagnosed patient profile in Spain in 2010
Authors: Cózar José M. , Miñana Bernardino , Gómez‐Veiga Francisco , Rodríguez‐Antolín Alfredo , Villavicencio Humberto ,   on behalf of 25 Urology Units, Asociación Española de Urología), Cantalapiedra Arancha , Pedrosa Emilio 
Published: September 2012

Study Type – Therapy (practice pattern evaluation)Level of Evidence 2bWhat's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Prostate cancer (PCa) accounts for 12% of newly diagnosed cases of cancer in Europe. It is one of the most frequently diagnosed tumours in the developed world. Since the introduction of prostate specific antigen as a test for early detection of PCa, the rate of diagnosis has increased significantly and specific mortality has reduced in most western countries.Most of the data on the incidence of PCa are obtained from population‐based cancer registries which frequently do not cover the whole population. This first national hospital‐based PCa registry aims not only to estimate the incidence of the disease but to ascertain the clinical profile of newly diagnosed PCa patients, a useful tool for evaluating the impact of the disease and its socio‐health management.OBJECTIVES
To estimate the 2010 incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) in Spain.
To describe the clinical profile of newly diagnosed cases using a nationwide hospital‐based registry.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
This was a national epidemiological observational study in 25 public hospitals with a specific reference population according to the National Health System.
Sociodemographic and clinical variables of all newly diagnosed, histopathologically confirmed PCa cases were collected in 2010, in the area of influence of each centre. Cases diagnosed in private practice were not collected (estimated nearly 10% in Spain).
Data monitoring was external to guarantee quality and homogeneity.
The age‐standardized PCa incidence was determined based on the age distribution of the European standard population.
RESULTS
In all, 4087 new cases of PCa were diagnosed for a reference population of 4 933 940 men (21.8% of the Spanish male population).
The estimated age‐standardized PCa incidence was 70.75 cases per 100 000 men.
Mean age at diagnosis was 69 years; 11.6% of patients presented with tumour‐related symptoms and 39.5% with LUTS. Median PSA was 8 ng/mL. Gleason score was ≤6 in 56.5%, 7 in 26.7% and >7 in 16.8% of patients. At diagnosis, 89.8% had localized, 6.4% locally advanced and 3.8% metastatic disease.
CONCLUSIONS
This study on PCa incidence in Spain, a western country with intensive opportunistic PSA screening, shows that PCa is a high incidence tumour, diagnosed close to 70 years, usually asymptomatic.
Almost 40% of cases have low risk disease with a risk of over‐diagnosis and over‐treatment.
Around 55% of patients with intermediate or high risk disease are candidates for active therapy which may result in a reduction of cancer‐specific mortality.
Evolutionary adaptation of plant annexins has diversified their molecular structures, interactions and functional roles
Authors: Clark Greg B. , Morgan Reginald O. , Fernandez Maria‐Pilar , Roux Stanley J. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryAnnexins are an homologous, structurally related superfamily of proteins known to associate with membrane lipid and cytoskeletal components. Their involvement in membrane organization, vesicle trafficking and signaling is fundamental to cellular processes such as growth, differentiation, secretion and repair. Annexins exist in some prokaryotes and all eukaryotic phyla within which plant annexins represent a monophyletic clade of homologs descended from green algae. Genomic, proteomic and transcriptomic approaches have provided data on the diversity, cellular localization and expression patterns of different plant annexins. The availability of 35 complete plant genomes has enabled systematic comparative analysis to determine phylogenetic relationships, characterize structures and observe functional specificity between and within individual subfamilies. Short amino termini and selective erosion of the canonical type 2 calcium coordinating sites in domains 2 and 3 are typical of plant annexins. The convergent evolution of alternate functional motifs such as ‘KGD’, redox‐sensitive Cys and hydrophobic Trp/Phe residues argues for their functional relevance and contribution to mechanistic diversity in plant annexins. This review examines recent findings and advances in plant annexin research with special focus on their structural diversity, cellular and molecular interactions and their potential integrated functions in the broader context of physiological responses.

Contents

Summary
695

I.
Introduction
695

II.
Structural analyses
696

III.
Membrane‐related functions
702

IV.
Enzyme‐related functions
703

V.
Functional insights from proteome and transcriptome analyses
704

VI.
Future perspectives
706

Acknowledgements
708

References
708
The Client Is King: Do Mutual Fund Relationships Bias Analyst Recommendations?
Authors: FIRTH MICHAEL , LIN CHEN , LIU PING , XUAN YUHAI 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates whether the business relations between mutual funds and brokerage firms influence sell‐side analyst recommendations. Using a unique data set that discloses brokerage firms’ commission income derived from each mutual fund client as well as the share holdings of these mutual funds, we find that an analyst's recommendation on a stock relative to consensus is significantly higher if the stock is held by the mutual fund clients of the analyst's brokerage firm. The optimism in analyst recommendations increases with the weight of the stock in a mutual fund client's portfolio and the commission revenue generated from the mutual fund client. However, this favorable recommendation bias toward a client's existing portfolio stocks is mitigated if the stock in question is highly visible to other mutual fund investors. Abnormal stock returns are significantly greater both for the announcement period and, in the long run, for favorable stock recommendations from analysts not subject to client pressure than for equally favorable recommendations from business‐related analysts. In addition, we find that, subsequent to announcements of bad news from the covered firms, analysts are significantly less likely to downgrade a stock held by client mutual funds. Mutual funds increase their holdings in a stock that receives a favorable recommendation but this impact is significantly reduced if the recommendation comes from analysts subject to client pressure.
Inherent sex‐dependent regulation of human hepatic CYP3A5
Authors: Thangavel Chellappagounder , Boopathi Ettickan , Shapiro Bernard H 
Published: September 2012

Background and PurposeExpression of hepatic cytochromes P450 (CYP) in all species examined, including humans, is generally sexually dimorphic. We examined the sex‐dependent expression of CYP3A5 and the hormone‐regulated molecular mechanism(s) responsible for any dimorphism.Experimental ApproachCYP3A5 levels as well as nuclear translocation and promoter binding of transcription factors regulating CYP3A5 expression were measured in primary hepatocyte cultures derived from men and women exposed to physiological‐like levels of growth hormone alone, dexamethasone alone and the combined regimen.Key ResultsWe observed a dramatic inherent CYP3A5 sexual dimorphism (women > men) with all treatments as a result of a ∼2‐fold greater level of hormone‐induced activation and nuclear accumulation of hepatocyte nuclear factor‐4α (HNF‐4α), pregnane X receptor (PXR) and retinoic X receptorα (RXRα) in female hepatocytes. Furthermore, PXR : RXRα exhibited significantly higher DNA binding levels to its specific binding motif on the CYP3A5 promoter in female hepatocytes, inferring a possible explanation for the elevated expression of the isoform in women. Results from experiments using HepG2 cells treated with siRNA‐induced knockdown of HNF‐4α and/or transfected with luciferase reporter constructs containing the CYP3A5 promoter were in agreement with the basic mechanism observed in primary hepatocytes of both sexes.Conclusions and ImplicationsFemale‐predominant expression of human CYP3A5 is due to an inherent, sex‐dependent suboptimal activation of the transcription networks responsible for hormone‐induced expression of the isoform in men. Accordingly, in conjunction with previous studies of other human CYPs, men and women are intrinsically unlikely to handle many drugs in the same way; thus, sex should be a requisite component factored into the design of personalized drug therapies.
Conscience and Context: Attitudes Toward Abortion in Mexico
Authors: Tuman John P. , Roth‐Johnson Danielle , Jelen Ted 
Published: September 2012

ObjectiveWe seek to explain variation in attitudes toward legal abortion in Mexico, a nation in which the abortion issue has become quite salient.MethodsUsing data from the 2005 World Values Survey, we estimate an ordered logistic model to analyze the effects of different demographic and attitudinal variables on Mexican abortion attitudes.ResultsIn general, the attitudinal and demographic predictors of abortion attitudes in Mexico are similar to those found in other Western democracies, such as the United States. In two areas, Mexican attitudes seem distinctive. First, contrary to expectations, opposition to legal abortion is not related to strong identification with the National Action Party (PAN), but support for legal abortion is positively related to strong support for the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD). Second, opposition to abortion is strongest among residents of the northern region, which we attribute to the region's proximity to the United States.ConclusionThe effects of party identification and region on Mexican abortion attitudes provide distinctive national sources of abortion attitudes in Mexico. In other respects, the correlates of abortion attitudes closely resemble those of other nations.
Terminated or Just Interrupted? How the End of a Rivalry Plants the Seeds for Future Conflict
Authors: Rudkevich Gennady , Travlos Konstantinos , Diehl Paul F. 
Published: September 2012

ObjectiveThe objectives of the study were to explain why some interstate rivalries recur while others remain terminated. We argue that the recurrence is largely contingent on the congruence between the first rivalry's military outcome and the resulting political settlement as well as the intensity of the original rivalry.MethodsOur hypotheses are tested using a data set of interstate rivalries from 1816 to 2001. We use a logistic regression to examine which rivalries recur. As a robustness check, we use an event history model to test the effect of factors that change after the initial rivalry.ResultsOur results indicated that a rivalry with an incongruent termination is nearly three times more likely to recur than one where the settlement reflects the preceding outcome, and more intense rivalries recur more than twice as frequently as their less intense counterparts.ConclusionWhether a rivalry recurs is strongly conditioned by how it concludes, and not by later events after the initial termination.