bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of Galactosamine‐6‐Phosphate as a Constituent of Bacillus megaterium Spore Coat
Authors: Nasu Masao , Ogaki Junji , Nishihara Tsutomu , Nakanishi Tsutomu , Ichikawa Tomio , Kondo Masaomi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractGalactosamine‐6‐phosphate was identified as a component of the coat of the Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 spore. It was one of the main constituents of the outermost layer of the spore coat, but it was absent from the other integuments including the cortex. These findings suggest that galactosamine‐6‐phosphate comprises the phosphorus‐containing skeleton structure of the spore coat.
Augmentation of Mouse Natural Killer Cell Activity by Lactobacillus casei and Its Surface Antigens
Authors: Kato Ikuo , Yokokura Teruo , Mutai Masahiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLactobacillus casei YIT 9018 (LC 9018) augmented the natural killer (NK) cell activity of spleen cells from inbred BALB/c mice injected intravenously with LC 9018 or intraperitoneally with polyinosinate‐polycytidylate. Augmentation of this activity by LC 9018 was also observed in male C3H/He, CBA/N, and C57BL/6 mice. The spleen cells exhibited no cytolytic activity against P815, a cell line insensitive to NK cells. The cytolytic activity of the spleen cells increased 2 days after the injection of 250 μg of LC 9018/mouse, peaked on day 3, and gradually declined thereafter. The increase caused by LC 9018 was also observed in normal and Meth A‐bearing mice.In vitro treatment with anti‐asialo GM1 antibody plus complement completely‐abrogated the LC 9018‐augmented murine NK cell activity. The NK activity on the 3rd day after LC 9018 injection was reduced by in vitro treatment with anti‐Thy 1.2 monoclonal antibody plus complement to half of that observed when treatment was with complement alone. This suggests that there were two populations of NK cells in the spleen cell suspension derived from LC 9018‐treated mice. One population was asialo GM1‐positive and Thy 1‐negative, the other was asialo GM1‐positive and Thy 1‐positive.
Two Distinct Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Patients with Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada Disease that Recognize Human Melanoma Cells
Authors: Maezawa Nobuyoshi , Yano Akihiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe functional properties of cytotoxic lymphocytes from patients with Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada disease (VKH) specific for human melanoma cells (P‐36 melanoma cell line established from a patient with malignant melanoma) were investigated by using monoclonal antibodies specific for human T cell subsets. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from patients with VKH showed significant cytotoxic activity against the P‐36 (SK‐MEL‐28) human melanoma cell line, but not against a human cervical carcinoma of the uterus cell line (HeLa‐S3 cell line) or against a mouse melanoma cell line (B‐16 cell line) originating from a C57BL/6 strain mouse or against the EL‐4 mouse lymphoma cell line from a C57BL/6 mouse. The cytotoxic activity of the patients' PBL against the P‐36 melanoma cell line was markedly reduced by pretreatment of the PBL with monoclonal anti‐human Leu‐1 antibody plus rabbit complement, but it was reduced to much less extent by pretreatment with either monoclonal anti‐human Leu‐2a or Leu‐3a antibody plus rabbit complement. The specific cytotoxic activity of the patients' PBL against the P‐36 human melanoma cell line is, therefore, mediated by T cells bearing Leu‐1+ Leu‐2a+ or Leu‐1+ Leu‐3a+ antigens. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity was shown to be blocked not only by anti‐Leu‐2a antibody specific to human cytotoxic/suppressor T cells but also unexpectedly by anti‐Leu‐3a antibody which has previously been considered to be specific to human inducer/helper T cells. The results of this study suggest that at least two distinct subpopulations of cytotoxic T cells specific for P‐36 human melanoma cells are present in the peripheral blood of VKH patients. These cytotoxic T cells have different surface antigens, Leu‐2a and Leu‐3a.
Characterization of Inhibitor to Leptospiral Hemolysin Present in Bovine Serum
Authors: Kojima Tsuyoshi , Yanagihara Yasutake , Mifuchi Ichiji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHemolysis by leptospiral hemolysin was strongly inhibited by bovine serum. The inhibitory activity was observed in the chloroform‐methanol‐soluble fraction of bovine serum. The inhibitor was eluted in a complex lipid fraction and was separated into two fractions (Fr. I and II) by silicic acid column chromatography. Fractions I and II inhibited approximately 75% and 95%, respectively, of hemolysis by leptospiral hemolysin. Fraction I was identified as phosphatidylethanolamine (PdE) by silica gel thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). Two kinds of phospholipids (PLs) were detected in Fr. II by TLC. One was resistant to alkaline treatment and was identified as sphingomyelin (Spm), and the other was sensitive to such treatment and was identified as phosphatidylcholine (PdC). PLs, such as Spm, PdC, phosphatidylglycerol, PdE, phosphatidylserine and cardiolipin, inhibited hemolysis by leptospiral hemolysin, but phosphatidylinositol did not show any inhibitory activity. PLs lacking the amino group in the polar backbone of the molecules were more effective.From experiments using erythrocytes of various kinds of animals, it was revealed that the hemolytic sensitivity of mammalian erythrocytes to leptospiral hemolysin depended on the Spm content in the erythrocyte membrane. On the other hand, phospholipase C (PLase C) activity with Spm and PdC as substrates was detected in the culture supernatant of Leptospira. Therefore, leptospiral hemolysin was presumed to be PLase C, perhaps sphingomyelinase. The inhibitors of leptospiral hemolysin present in bovine serum were identified as PLs. PLs in bovine serum were suggested to function as inhibitors of the interaction between leptospiral hemolysin and the surface of the erythrocyte membrane.
Characterization and Pathogenicity of Hemolysis Mutants of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Authors: Yayoshi Masumi , Araake Minako , Hayatsu Eizo , Kawakubo Yasuaki , Yoshioka Morimasa 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHemolysis mutants were produced by treating Mycoplasma pneumoniae FH‐P24 strain with N‐methyl‐N‐nitro‐nitrosoguanidine and were classified into three different groups. The first group of mutants, strains P24‐L1, L2, and L11, showed wide and clear hemolytic zones. Their attachment ability to erythrocytes of various animals and to hamster lung cells were the same as those of the parent strain. The second group, strain P24‐S1, showed non‐hemolysis and non‐hemadsorption, but retained the attachment ability to lung cells, although not to erythrocytes. The third group, strain P24‐S11, was non‐hemolytic, had completely lost the attaching ability, and did not proliferate in vivo. Strains in the first group produced significant microscopic pneumonic lesions in hamsters while strain P24‐S1 produced milder lung lesions. Strain P24‐S11 did not cause any lung lesions, and organisms were not recovered from the lungs of hamsters. The attachment of M. pneumoniae to respiratory epithelium as a cause of infection and the existence of a relationship between the hemolytic abilities of the organisms and histopathogenicity in the hamster lung tissue were further supported by the present data.It was also shown that the use of hemolysis mutants is useful for the elucidation of pathogenesis in mycoplasmal infections.
Studies on the Toxin of Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Yokota Katsushi , Kamaguchi Arihide , Sakaguchi Osamu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe site of hemolytic activity of a toxin isolated from Aspergillus fumigatus designated Asp‐hemolysin was determined by photooxidation techniques. The hemolytic activity of this toxin was strongly inhibited by photooxidation with methylene blue, rose bengal, riboflavin, or eosin G as a sensitizer, whereas crystal violet, hematoxylin, naphthol yellow S, bromothymol blue, methyl orange, and cresol red had no effect. pH dependence of the inactivation with methylene blue was observed in the narrow range of pH values from 7.0 to 8.0, like that of the inactivation with rose bengal or riboflavin. The histidine, cysteine, methionine, tryptophan, and tyrosine content of methylene blue‐photooxidized Asp‐hemolysin was significantly decreased, while other amino acids were not affected. The hemolytic activity of the toxin was lost more slowly than the histidine residue, being maintained at about 50% even at the time when the histidine residue was completely lost after 30 min. Photooxidation of Asp‐hemolysin in the presence of rose bengal also caused a decrease in histidine, methionine, and threonine content. These findings suggest that residues of cysteine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, and/or tyrosine but not histidine may play an important role through stereostructure in the manifestation of the hemolytic activity of Asp‐hemolysin.
“Original Antigenic Sin” Phenomenon in Experimental Flavivirus Infections of Guinea Pigs: Studies by Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Authors: Inouye Sakae , Matsuno Shigeo , Tsurukubo Yoshito 
Published: November 2013

AbstractGuinea pigs were sequentially infected with two closely related flavivituses (Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses), and their antibody responses were studied both by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and hemagglutination‐inhibition (HI). The results by ELISA always showed “original antigenic sin” responses: antibody activity of sera after the second infection was higher to the first infecting virus than to the second infecting virus. However, the results obtained by HI were variable.
Pyrogenicity of Yeast Mannans in Rabbits
Authors: Nagase Toshihiko , Mikami Takeshi , Suzuki Shigeo , Suzuki Masuko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA few yeast mannans free from protein and phosphorus showed pyrogenic activity in rabbits although the extent of this activity was considerably lower than that of the bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The pyrogenic activity was not abolished by treatment with sodium deoxycholate. This result showed that the mannans themselves participated in the pyrogenicity, excluding any possibility of LPS contamination in the mannans. Concerning the relationship between chemical structure and pyrogenicity of these mannans, it was demonstrated that a mannan possessing a highly branched structure exhibited stronger pyrogenicity than that of a less branched one.
Biological and Biochemical Characterization of Macrophage Activating Factor (MAF) in Murine Lymphocytes: Physicochemical Similarity of MAF to Gamma Interferon (IFN‐γ)
Authors: Fukazawa Yoshimura , Kagaya Keiko , Miura Hiroshi , Shinoda Takako , Natori Katsuro , Yamazaki Shudo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDuring the course of an investigation designed to separate macrophage activating factor (MAF) activity from interferon (IFN) antiviral activity in the lymphokine‐rich fraction (LKF) produced by stimulation of murine splenic cells with concanavalin A (Con A), we found molecular evidence for the similarity of the two activities. MAF activity was expressed as the rate of inhibition of intracellular growth of Salmonella typhimurium in macrophages based on the linear correlation between relative MAF activity and LKF concentration. The antiviral substance in LKF was identified as IFN‐γ based on the observation that its activity was inactivated at pH 2 and neutralized with anti‐mouse IFN‐γ serum but not with anti‐mouse IFN‐α/β serum. MAF and IFN antiviral activities displayed identical sensitivity to pH 2 and temperature. Further, neither activity was affected by β‐mercapto‐ethanol, but both were inactivated by guanidine hydrochloride and by sodium dodecyl sulfate, suggesting that the structures related to conformation of the protein of the two molecules may be similar. In affinity chromatography of the LKF on a Con A‐Sepharose column, MAF and IFN activities were found in both the nonadsorbing (F I) and adsorbing (F II) fractions. However, the rates of F II of MAF and IFN activities increased proportionally when the sample was applied on a column of higher capacity, suggesting that the molecular structure of the mannose‐containing glycosyl moiety of the two molecules may also be similar. Moreover, the intact or modified form of MAF and IFN activities of different LKF preparations showed a strong correlation, indicating that the production and denaturation of MAF activity were proportional to those of IFN antiviral activity. The results of this study provide strong evidence that MAF and IFN antiviral activities may reside in virtually the same molecular species.
Some Biochemical and Functional Characteristics of Macrophages Activated by Tetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: Makioka Asao , Kobayashi Akio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPhagocytosis, enzyme activities and capacity to release hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2−) of peritoneal macrophages from mice inoculated with Tetrahymena pyriformis, a free‐living ciliate, were examined in comparison with resident and BCG‐activated macrophages. Fc receptor‐mediated phagocytosis of sheep erythrocytes was markedly increased in Tetrahymena‐activated macrophages to the same level as that seen in BCG‐activated ones. Tetrahymena‐activated macrophages showed an increased level of acid phosphatase (lysosomal enzyme) and a reduced level of alkaline phosphodiesterase I (plasma membrane ectoenzyme) as compared with resident macrophages. Similar changes in the activities of the two enzymes were also observed in BCG‐activated macrophages. Both Tetrahymena‐ and BCG‐activated macrophages exhibited more enhanced capacity to release H2O2 and O2− than resident macrophages when stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate. In the macrophages from mice inoculated with varying doses of Tetrahymena, a significant correlation was observed between the increased capacity of H2O2 and O2− release as observed in the present study, and the enhanced toxoplasmacidal activity as observed in a previous study, in a dose‐dependent fashion.
Polysaccharides with Sulfate Groups Are Human T Cell Mitogens and Murine Polyclonal B Cell Activators (PBAs)
Authors: Sugawara Isamu , Ishizaka Shigeaki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn our previous paper, we reported that various types of carrageenan, dextran sulfate and fucoidan, which are sulfated homopolysaccharides with high molecular weights, were human T cell mitogens and murine polyclonal B cell activators (PBAs) and that heparin, a sulfated heteropolysaccharide, was a very weak human mitogen and mouse PBA.Here we used cellulose sulfate (Mr 7–9 × 103), dextran sulfate with two different low molecular weights (Mr 5 × 103 and 8 × 103), two different condroitin sulfates (Mr 3.5 × 104), polyvinyl sulfate and polygalacturonic acid to investigate mitogenic activities of polysaccharides in detail.The following results were obtained. 1. Low‐molecular‐weight sulfated homopolysaccharides, dextran sulfate and cellulose sulfate, were very weak or not human T cell mitogens. However, they were better murine PBAs. 2. Sulfated hetero‐polysaccharides, chondroitin 4‐sulfate and chondroitin 6‐sulfate, hardly induced mitogenic changes in human T cells and mouse B cells, even though the molecular weight of these substances was more than 1 × 104. 3. There were no other polymers examined so far which activated both human T cells and murine B cells.The relationship among molecular size, sulfate groups and lymphocyte activation is discussed in detail.
Ultrastructures of Leuco‐Adsorption on Monolayers Infected with Influenza Virus
Authors: Saburi Yasuo , Uno Fumio , Akatsuka Kazuya , Uno Naomichi , Kumon Hiromi , Takahashi Toyozoh , Okuda Kenji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLeuco‐adsorption occurring in influenza virus infected‐cell cultures was studied morphologically to clarify the mechanisms of adsorption of leukocytes. Among the various types of chicken leukocytes studied, such as lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and thrombocytes, all were found to adhere to the virus‐infected cells. The adsorption seems to occur through at least two processes, one is mediated by microvilli (microvillus‐attachment), and the other is direct adherence of both cells (cell‐to‐cell‐attachment). In the former, the leukocytes are bound to the microvilli protruding from the infected MDCK cells and in the latter both cell membranes attach directly. In the cell‐to‐cell‐attachment, there was an electron‐lucent gap of about 12 nm in width in the intermembranous space of the junctional regions. This region was similar morphologically to the gap junction. As a result of leuco‐adsorption no cytolytic effects occurred in the MDCK cells under the experimental conditions.
Processing of Glycoprotein gB Related to Neutralization of Marek's Disease Virus and Herpesvirus of Turkeys
Authors: Ikuta Kazuyoshi , Ueda Shigeharu , Kato Shiro , Hirai Kanji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe glycoprotein gB related to neutralization of Marek's disease virus (MDV) and herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) is composed of several glycosylated polypeptides, which were immunoprecipitated with monoclonal antibodies and rabbit antiserum cross‐reactive to MDV‐gB and HVT‐gB, and analyzed by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The present pulse‐chase experiments showed that the precursor forms of MDV‐ and HVT‐gB were glycoproteins with molecular weights of 110K to 115K (gp 115/110) and 115K (gp115), respectively. These precursor forms were processed to smaller gB's (gp63 and gp50 for MDV; gp62, gp52, and gp48 for HVT), at least in part by sialylation. The proteins synthesized in the presence of tunicamycin were two polypeptides of 88K and 83K in MDV‐infected cells and a 90K polypeptide in HVT‐infected cells, indicating the presence of unglycosylated precursor forms of MDV‐ and HVT‐gB. Differences between virulent and avirulent MDV's and between HVT's with and without protective activity against Marek's disease were observed in the processed forms of MDV‐ and HVT‐gB, especially at the processing step of sialylation.
The Intestinal Microflora of Infants: Composition of Fecal Flora in Breast‐Fed and Bottle‐Fed Infants
Authors: Benno Yoshimi , Sawada Ken , Mitsuoka Tomotari 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe fecal flora of 35 breast‐fed and 35 bottle‐fed babies was determined. Bifidobacteria were the predominant fecal bacteria in both groups. Conversely, the counts of most of the other bacteria, such as bacteroides, eubacteria, peptococci, veillonella, clostridia, enterobacteria, streptococci, and bacilli in the bottle‐fed group were significantly higher than those in the breast‐fed group. The frequencies of occurrence of lecithinase positive Clostridia, clostridia‐others, pseudomonas and bacilli in the bottle‐fed group were significantly higher than those in the breast‐fed group. Twenty‐one genera and 103 species or biovars of microorganisms were isolated from the feces of the breast‐fed group and 20 genera and 97 species or biovars from the bottle‐fed group. The organism that showed the highest number and the highest frequency of occurrence in both groups was Bifidobacterium breve. Bifidobacterium infantis, which was formerly the most prevalent Bifidobacterium species in baby feces, was never isolated in this study. Further, the counts and incidences of Clostridium paraputrificum, C. perfringens, and Bacillus subtilis, the counts of C. clostridiiforme, Bacteroides vulgatus, Veillonella parvula, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus bovis, S. faecalis, and S. faecium and the incidences of C. difficile, C. tertium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the bottle‐fed infants were significantly higher than those in the breast‐fed infants.
Participation of Macrophages in Enhanced In Vitro Immune Interferon (IFNγ) Production with Mouse Spleen Cells
Authors: Yamaguchi Takahiro , Kuroda Yoko , Yokoyama Takahiko , Saito Motoo , Ebina Takusaburo , Hoshino Fumihiko , Ishida Nakao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIFNγ production in cultures of spleen cells obtained from mice sensitized with TH69, a live Streptococcus faecalis preparation, was examined to determine how macrophages participate. It was demonstrated that sensitized spleen macrophages participated in enhanced IFNγ production by T cells at an early stage (0–6 hr) of incubation, and that this production is mainly dependent on Ia‐bearing macrophages. In the reconstitution experiments where different combinations of spleen macrophages and T cells obtained from mice sensitized with TH69, OK‐432, and BCG were used, T cells required that the identity between the sensitizing organisms in vivo and the stimulating organisms in vitro be the same for enhanced IFNγ production while macrophages did not. Macrophage‐mediated production of IFNγ appears to be genetically restricted because IFNγ was only produced in cultures where the H‐2 region of macrophages and T cells matched.Further examination revealed that for macrophages to participate in enhanced IFNγ production, first contact between cycloheximide‐treated macrophages and T cells was required. Second, enhanced IFNγ production occurred when culture supernatants of macrophages obtained from sensitized spleen cells were added to T cells. However, the addition of culture supernatant obtained from sensitized peritoneal macrophages resulted in inhibition of IFNγ production.These results clearly showed the crucial role of macrophages in enhanced IFNγ production by spleen T cells in vitro.
Disappearance of Terminal Deoxynucleotidyltransferase in Human Malignant T‐Lymphoblasts Treated with a Human Alpha Interferon Preparation
Authors: Takano Saeko , Nakamura Hiromu , Mita Haruhisa , Nagano Yasuiti 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHuman T‐lymphoblastoid cell lines RPMI 8402, MOLT‐3, and CCRF‐CEM were treated with interferon (IFN) to determine if the treatment would result in the disappearance of cellular terminaldeoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT), a possible differentiation marker for T‐lymphocytes. Incubation of RPMI 8402 cells in the presence of IFN preparation caused a decrease in the number of TdT‐positive cells and in TdT activity of the cell extract. The inhibition of cell multiplication was dose dependent. The anticellular effect of IFN preparation was cytostatic, not cytocidal. The IFN preparation modified neither the TdT content nor proliferation of MOLT‐3 and CCRF‐CEM cell lines. The effects of IFN preparation thus varied with the cell line.
Partial Characterization of Thymocyte‐Activating Factor Derived from MDP‐Stimulated Guinea Pig Fibroblasts
Authors: Iribe Hideaki , Koga Toshitaka 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe activity of fibroblast‐derived thymocyte activating factor (FTAF) of the guinea pig was measured, and the factor was partially characterized. The FTAF activity was heat labile, and destroyed by treatment with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and Streptomyces griseus protease, suggesting the protein nature of FTAF. FTAF bound to DEAE‐Sepharose CL‐6B in Tris‐HCl buffer at pH 8.0, and was eluted with 0.1–0.2 M NaCl. FTAF was absorbed with Blue Sepharose CL‐6B. The factor bound to a hydroxylapatite column in 10 mM phosphate buffer and was eluted in two major fractions, one fraction with 40 mM phosphate buffer, the other with 70–110 mM phosphate buffer. Finally, FTAF did not have as much effect on the proliferation of lymph node T cells as T‐cell‐activating monokines which exhibited marked stimulating effects on both T lymphocytes and thymocytes.