bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychoeducation and cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with refractory bipolar disorder: A 5-year controlled clinical trial
Authors: González Isasi A. , Echeburúa E. , Limiñana J.M. , González-Pinto A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjective:The aim of this research, which represents an additional and longer follow-up to a previous trial, was to evaluate a 5-year follow-up study of a combined treatment (pharmacological + psychoeducational and cognitive-behavioral therapy) as compared with a standard pharmacological treatment in patients with refractory bipolar disorder.Method:Forty patients were randomly assigned to either an Experimental group–under combined treatment — or a Control group — under pharmacological treatment. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), with repeated measures at different evaluation time points.Results:Between-group differences were significant at all evaluation time points after treatment. Experimental group had less hospitalization events than Control group in the 12-month evaluation (P = 0.015). The Experimental group showed lower depression and anxiety in the 6-month (P = 0.006; P = 0.019), 12-month (P = 0.001; P < 0.001) and 5-year (P < 0.001, P < 0.001) evaluation time points. Significant differences emerged in mania and misadjustment already in the post-treatment evaluation (P = 0.009; P < 0.001) and were sustained throughout the study (6-month: P = 0.006, P < 0.001; 12-month: P < 0.001, P < 0.001; 5-year: P = 0.004, P < 0.001). After 5-year follow-up, 88.9% of patients in the Control group and 20% of patients in the Experimental group showed persistent affective symptoms and/or difficulties in social-occupational functioning.Conclusions:A combined therapy is long-term effective for patients with refractory bipolar disorder. Suggestions for future research are commented.
Excessive checking for non-anxiogenic stimuli in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Clair A.-H. , N’Diaye K. , Baroukh T. , Pochon J.-B. , Morgiève M. , Hantouche E. , Falissard B. , Pelissolo A. , Mallet L. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundRepetitive checking in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) would serve to relieve obsession-related anxiety and/or to compensate memory deficit, but experimental literature on this subject is inconsistent. The main objective is to test the influence of obsession-related anxiety and memory on repetitive checking in OCD.MethodsTwenty-three OCD checkers, 17 OCD non-checkers and 41 controls performed a delayed-matching-to-sample task with an unrestricted checking option. Some stimuli were obsession-related in order to measure the influence of anxiety on checking. A version of the task without checking possibility was used to assess memory abilities.ResultsOCD checkers had similar memory performances but checked more than the other groups when presented with non-anxiogenic stimuli. Level of anxiety associated to the stimulus did not influence the number of checks.ConclusionsIncreased checking in OCD checkers, being independent of memory abilities and primary obsession-related anxiety, would, therefore, be closer to an automated behaviour than a coping strategy.
Shining a light on posterior cortical atrophy
Authors: Crutch Sebastian J. , Schott Jonathan M. , Rabinovici Gil D. , Boeve Bradley F. , Cappa Stefano F. , Dickerson Bradford C. , Dubois Bruno , Graff‐Radford Neill R. , Krolak‐Salmon Pierre , Lehmann Manja , Mendez Mario F. , Pijnenburg Yolande , Ryan Natalie S. , Scheltens Philip , Shakespeare Tim , Tang‐Wai David F. , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Bain Lisa , Carrillo Maria C. , Fox Nick C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPosterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a clinicoradiologic syndrome characterized by progressive decline in visual processing skills, relatively intact memory and language in the early stages, and atrophy of posterior brain regions. Misdiagnosis of PCA is common, owing not only to its relative rarity and unusual and variable presentation, but also because patients frequently first seek the opinion of an ophthalmologist, who may note normal eye examinations by their usual tests but may not appreciate cortical brain dysfunction. Seeking to raise awareness of the disease, stimulate research, and promote collaboration, a multidisciplinary group of PCA research clinicians formed an international working party, which had its first face‐to‐face meeting on July 13, 2012 in Vancouver, Canada, prior to the Alzheimer's Association International Conference.
Targeted tumor therapy by epidermal growth factor appended toxin and purified saponin: An evaluation of toxicity and therapeutic potential in syngeneic tumor bearing mice
Authors: Thakur Mayank , Mergel Katharina , Weng Alexander , von Mallinckrodt Benedicta , Gilabert-Oriol Roger , Dürkop Horst , Melzig Matthias F. , Fuchs Hendrik 
Published: December 2012

Targeted toxin‐based therapeutics are hindered by poor intracellular uptake, limited stability and non‐specific immune stimulation. To address these problems, ligand‐targeted toxins in combination with low dose saponin mixtures have been adapted and tested in vivo in the past, however, undefined saponin raw mixtures are not suitable for use in clinical development. In the present work we therefore used a targeted toxin (Sap3‐EGF, i.e. saporin fused to epidermal growth factor) in combination with a structurally defined isolated saponin m/z 1861 (SO‐1861). In vitro evaluation confirmed a 6900‐fold enhancement in the cytotoxic efficacy of Sap3‐EGF against TSA‐EGFR target cells. The required dose of the targeted toxin was appreciably reduced and there was a highly synergistic effect observed. An ex vivo hemolysis assay showed no or very less hemolysis up to 10 μg/mL of SO‐1861. In the acute toxicity studies SO‐1861 was found to be non‐toxic up to a dose of 100 μg/treatment. The enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and glutamate dehydrogenase did not show any statistically significant liver damage, which was further confirmed by histological examination. Additionally, creatinine was also similar to the control group thus ruling out damage to kidney. In vivo studies in a syngeneic BALB/c tumor model characterized by EGFR overexpression were done by applying 30 μg SO‐1861 and 0.1 μg Sap3‐EGF per treatment. A more than 90% reduction (p < 0.05) in the average tumor volume was observed by this combined therapy.
Evaluation of Sample Design and Estimation Methods for Great Lakes Angler Surveys
Authors: Su Zhenming , Clapp David 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe waters of the Great Lakes support outstanding recreational fishing opportunities. Total catch and effort estimates obtained from on‐site angler surveys are essential for the management of the recreational fisheries. However, quality of angler survey estimates can be greatly affected by the survey design and estimation approaches used. Using Monte Carlo simulation techniques, we evaluated the effects of two potential sources of bias (disproportional sampling of angler trips and subsampling of the fishing day) on two catch estimators: (1) a multiple‐day estimator that ignores day effects and pools the angler trip data over a multiple‐day period, and (2) a daily estimator that treats the trip data in each day separately. When catch rates are constant among different time periods of the fishing day, the daily estimator produces total catch estimates with little bias, whereas the multiple‐day estimator is prone to bias caused by disproportional sampling of angler trips. When catch rates vary among different periods of a fishing day, the daily estimator produces biased estimates of total catch when the fishing day is subsampled, whereas the multiple‐day estimator is less affected by the variation in daily time‐period catch rates and subsampling of fishing days. Quality of total catch and effort estimates, in terms of root mean square error and coverage probability of confidence intervals, is poor when the number of days sampled each month is low and fishing days are subsampled.
Inference of gene regulatory networks from genome-wide knockout fitness data
Authors: Wang Liming , Wang Xiaodong , Arkin Adam P. , Samoilov Michael S. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Motivation: Genome-wide fitness is an emerging type of high-throughput biological data generated for individual organisms by creating libraries of knockouts, subjecting them to broad ranges of environmental conditions, and measuring the resulting clone-specific fitnesses. Since fitness is an organism-scale measure of gene regulatory network behaviour, it may offer certain advantages when insights into such phenotypical and functional features are of primary interest over individual gene expression. Previous works have shown that genome-wide fitness data can be used to uncover novel gene regulatory interactions, when compared with results of more conventional gene expression analysis. Yet, to date, few algorithms have been proposed for systematically using genome-wide mutant fitness data for gene regulatory network inference.
Results: In this article, we describe a model and propose an inference algorithm for using fitness data from knockout libraries to identify underlying gene regulatory networks. Unlike most prior methods, the presented approach captures not only structural, but also dynamical and non-linear nature of biomolecular systems involved. A state–space model with non-linear basis is used for dynamically describing gene regulatory networks. Network structure is then elucidated by estimating unknown model parameters. Unscented Kalman filter is used to cope with the non-linearities introduced in the model, which also enables the algorithm to run in on-line mode for practical use. Here, we demonstrate that the algorithm provides satisfying results for both synthetic data as well as empirical measurements of GAL network in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and TyrR–LiuR network in bacteria Shewanella oneidensis.
Availability: MATLAB code and datasets are available to download at http://www.duke.edu/∼lw174/Fitness.zip and http://genomics.lbl.gov/supplemental/fitness-bioinf/
Contact: wangx@ee.columbia.edu or mssamoilov@lbl.gov
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online
Kant
Authors: O’Neill Onora 
Published: December 2012

AbstractKant is famous for undertaking a critique of reason and for calling two of his most significant works critiques of reason. These titles raise suspicions. Kant's attempt to give an account of practical reason that offers unconditional reasons for action and provides the basis for a reasoned account of human duties is spectacularly ambitious; even if it fails in some ways it is worth the closest attention. The central concern of this article is to explicate Kant's account of how one could have unconditional practical reasons to do as morality requires. Unconditional practical reasons are those not based upon arbitrarily chosen ends. This article argues that Kant's proposal is that what makes a practical reason unconditional is its universal recognizability. An unconditional practical reason is one that can be seen to be a reason for action by any rational audience—its appeal relies on no parochial concerns.
Duty, Rationality, and Practical Reasons
Authors: McNaughton David , Rawling Piers 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article presents a view on which practical reasons are facts, such as the fact that the rubbish bin is full. This is a non-normative fact, but it is a reason for one to do something, namely take the rubbish out. This article sees rationality as a matter of consistency (failing to notice that the rubbish bin is full need not be a rational failure). And it sees duty as neither purely a matter of rationality nor of practical reason. On the one hand, the rational sociopath is immoral. But, on the other, morality does not require that one always acts on the weightiest moral reasons: one may not be reasonably expected to know what these are. This article criticizes various forms of internalism, including Williams's, and it tentatively proposes a view of duty that is neither purely subjective in Prichard's sense, nor purely objective.
Decision Theory and Morality
Authors: Dreier James 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article is about decision theory and morality. Its main point is to show how the formal apparatus of decision theory is connected to some abstract issues in moral theory. It does not aim to be comprehensive. Its preliminaries section explains how to think about utility and the advice that decision theory gives. In particular, decision theory does not assume or insist that all rational agents act in their own self-interest. The second section discusses decision theory's contributions to social contract theory, with emphasis on David Gauthier's rationalist contractualism. The third section considers a reinterpretation of the formal theory that decision theorists use: utility might represent goodness rather than preference. Finally, the last section of this article discusses Harsanyi's theorem.
Practical Reasoning and Emotion
Authors: Greenspan Patricia 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article discusses emotion as an element of practical rationality. One approach links emotion to evaluative judgment and applies some variant of the usual standards of rational belief and decision making. An alternative, “paradigm scenarios” approach would appeal to the causal history of an emotion as determining rationality. However, in order to assess the appropriateness of particular instances of emotion, there is a need to refer to their propositional content or some kind of claim they make about the situation. As factors leading to action, emotions involve an element of uncontrol that is typically seen as undermining rationality but can sometimes be part of a longer-term rational strategy to the extent that states of affect modify the agent's practical options.
Paradoxes of Rationality
Authors: Sorensen Roy A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article provides a panoramic view of paradoxes of theoretical and practical rationality. These puzzles are organized as apparent counterexamples to attractive principles such as the principle of charity, the transitivity of preferences, and the principle that one should maximize expected utility. This article gives an account of the following paradoxes: fearing fictions, the surprise test paradox, Pascal's Wager, Pollock's Ever Better wine, Newcomb's problem, the iterated Prisoners' Dilemma, Kavka's paradoxes of deterrence, backward inductions, the bottle imp, the preface paradox, Moore's problem, Buridan's ass, Condorcet's paradox of cyclical majorities, the St. Petersburg paradox, weakness of will, the Ellsberg paradox, Allais's paradox, and Peter Cave's puzzle of self-fulfilling beliefs.
Gender and Rationality
Authors: Jones Karen 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article explores feminist stances toward gender and rationality. These divide into three broad camps: the “classical feminist” stance, according to which what needs to be challenged are not available norms and ideals of rationality, but rather the supposition that women are unable to meet them; the “different voice” stance, which challenges available norms of rationality as either incomplete or accorded an inflated importance; and the “strong critical” stance, which finds fault with the norms and ideals themselves. This contribution focuses on assessing the various projects—some rival, some complementary—being pursued within the third, critical camp. This article offers a reconstruction of Catherine MacKinnon's critique of norms of rationality according to which they function to maintain relations of dominance by deauthorizing feminist claims to knowledge.
Rationality and Persons
Authors: Rovane Carol 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article explores eight related claims: persons are not merely rational, but possess full reflective rationality; the single overarching normative requirement that rationality places on persons is to achieve overall rational unity within themselves; beings who possess full reflective rationality can enter into distinctively interpersonal relations, which involve efforts at rational influence from within the space of reasons; a significant number of moral considerations speak in favor of defining the person as a reflective rational agent; this definition of the person has helped to distinguish personal identity from animal identity; although it is a platitude that a person has special reason to be concerned for its own well-being, it is not obvious how best to account for that platitude; groups of human beings and parts of human beings might qualify as individual persons in their own right; there is a sense in which the normative requirements of rationality are hypothetical.
Rationality, Language, and the Principle of Charity
Authors: Ludwig Kirk 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article deals with the relations between language, thought, and rationality, and especially the role and status of assumptions about rationality in interpreting another's speech and assigning contents to her psychological attitudes—her beliefs, desires, intentions, and so on. Some large degree of rationality is required for thought. Consequently, that same degree of rationality at least is required for language, since language requires thought. Thought, however, does not require language. This article lays out the grounds for seeing rationality as required for thought, and it meets some recent objections on conceptual and empirical grounds. Furthermore, it gives particular attention to Donald Davidson's arguments for the Principle of Charity, according to which it is constitutive of speakers that they are largely rational and largely right about the world, and to Davidson's arguments for the thesis that without the power of speech one lacks the power of thought.
Rationality and Science
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article provides a review and assessment of central aspects of rationality in science. It discusses the nature of the reasoning by which individual scientists accept and reject conflicting hypotheses. It also discusses the nature of practical reason in science and then turns to the question of the nature of group rationality in science. In this latter context, this article discusses, among other matters, its CCC (for consensus = coherence + communication) model, which shows how epistemic group rationality can arise in agents who communicate with each other while focusing on the explanation of observed phenomena. Furthermore, this article examines whether scientists are in fact rational—that is, whether they conform to normative standards of individual and group rationality. It considers various psychological and sociological factors that have been taken to undermine the rationality of science.
Economic Rationality
Authors: Weirich Paul. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article examines three competing views entertained by economic theory about the instrumental rationality of decisions. The first says to maximize self-interest, the second to maximize utility, and the third to “satisfice,” that is, to adopt a satisfactory option. Critics argue that the first view is too narrow, that the second overlooks the benefits of teamwork and planning, and that the third, when carefully formulated, reduces to the second. This article defends a refined version of the principle to maximize utility. It discusses generalizations of utility theory to extend it to nonquantitative cases and other cases with nonstandard features. The study of rationality as it bears on law is typically restricted to the uses made of the notion of rationality by the “law and economics movement.” Legal economists accept the traditional economic assumption that rational agents seek primarily to maximize their personal utility.
Rationality and Evolution
Authors: Danielson Peter 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe most striking fact about the relationship between evolutionary game theory and economic game theory is that, at the most basic level, a theory built of hyper-rational actors and a theory built of possibly non-rational actors in fundamental agreement. This article focuses on this “striking fact,” more generally: how game theory, the abstract theory of strategic interaction, supports new and powerful insights into the relation between rationality and evolution. First and most broadly, both rationality and evolution are optimizing processes working in a multiagent environment. This article shows that the same modern methods that undermine naive evolutionary progressivism support the claim that rationality and evolution are isomorphic optimizing processes. It contrasts a simple rational and evolutionary model, sketching the main concepts and variants of evolutionary game theory. It distinguishes biological, economic, and generalist ways of interpreting the game theory.
Political Parties in New York
Authors: Benjamin Gerald 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article discusses political parties in New York. The continued importance of these parties at the outset of the twenty-first century is at one level a testament to their successful resistance to general Progressive Era efforts to purge partisanship from American state and local governance. New York finds a place for “third parties” in its electoral system. Third parties have a great array of tactical options which in sum add to the complexity of New York politics at every level. Electoral trends and new legislative-centered party organizations have increased the independence of the legislative parties from the governor. While New York's parties are generally regarded as cohesive and different, there are tensions within each party that lead to some moderation of the general policy stances. The specifics of New York election law nurtured the emergence, and support the continuation, of a near-unique two-and-a-half party system.
Campaign Finance Policy in the State and City of New York
Authors: Malbin Michael J. , Brusoe Peter W. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article presents a brief summary of the major proposals for campaign finance policy in New York. New York's campaign finance laws have not changed substantially since Buckley. There have been some potentially significant changes both in the state's political alignment and in the substantive positions put forward by the key leaders. New York City's multiple matching fund program had an intended effect on the proportional importance of small donors. The effect of this program clearly is in the direction its sponsors had envisioned. Constitutional constraints do not allow the use of public financing to constrain spending in politics. Public financing programs do not automatically give candidates an incentive to raise money from small donors. There is a possibility that the New York state legislature may respond to the Governor's call for a comprehensive revision of the state's campaign finance laws.
Elections and Election Management
Authors: Hayduk Ron 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article examines elections and election management in New York. Election administration in New York is highly decentralized. Republicans have pressed for greater safeguards against fraud while Democrats have promoted greater access to the ballot. The 1894 constitutional convention provided Republicans the chance to write reforms into the state constitution. The Republicans' electoral advantage translated into distinct policy consequences for the parties' different demographic and geographic bases. The Help America Vote Act (HAVA) provides an opportunity and further means to upgrade election administration. Proper implementation of HAVA can institute a set of “best practices” electoral reform measures that can make New York elections more inclusive and democratic. Elections officials are the key to making elections work better in New York.