bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suicide Ideation and Bullying Among US Adolescents: Examining the Intersections of Sexual Orientation, Gender, and Race/Ethnicity
Authors: Mueller Anna S. , James Wesley , Abrutyn Seth , Levin Martin L. 
Published: March 2015

Objectives. We examined how race/ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation shape adolescents’ likelihood of being bullied and vulnerability to suicide ideation. Methods. We analyzed pooled data from the 2009 and 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (n = 75 344) to assess race/ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation variation in being bullied and suicide ideation. Results. White and Hispanic gay and bisexual males, White lesbian and bisexual females, and Hispanic bisexual females were more likely to be bullied than were White heterosexual adolescents. Black lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths’ vulnerability to being bullied was not significantly different from that of White heterosexual youths. Black and Hispanic heterosexual youths were less likely to be bullied than were White heterosexual youths. Despite differences in the likelihood of being bullied, sexual minority youths were more likely to report suicide ideation, regardless of their race/ethnicity, their gender, or whether they have been bullied. Conclusions. Future research should examine how adolescents’ intersecting identities shape their experience of victimization and suicidality. School personnel should develop antibullying and antihomophobia policies in response to the disproportionate risk of being bullied and reporting suicidality among sexual minority youths.
Transactional Sex Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Latin America: Economic, Sociodemographic, and Psychosocial Factors
Authors: Oldenburg Catherine E. , Perez-Brumer Amaya G. , Biello Katie B. , Landers Stewart J. , Rosenberger Joshua G. , Novak David S. , Mayer Kenneth H. , Mimiaga Matthew J. 
Published: March 2015

Objectives. We assessed factors associated with engagement in transactional sex among men who have sex with men recruited from one of the largest Internet sites for men seeking social or sexual interactions with other men in Latin America. Methods. We constructed multilevel logistic regression models to analyze factors associated with engagement in transactional sex in 17 Latin American countries in 2012. Results. Of 24 051 respondents, 1732 (7.2%) reported being paid for sexual intercourse in the past 12 months. In a multivariable model, higher country-level unemployment was associated with increased odds of transactional sex (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.07 per 1% increase in unemployment; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00, 1.13). Individual or interpersonal factors associated with increased odds of engagement in transactional sex included self-reported HIV (AOR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.04, 1.69) or sexually transmitted infection (AOR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.11, 1.59), childhood sexual abuse history (AOR = 1.75; 95% CI = 1.48, 2.06), intimate partner violence (past 5 years, AOR = 1.68; 95% CI = 1.45, 1.95), and sexual compulsivity (AOR = 1.77; 95% CI = 1.49, 2.11). Conclusions. Structural-level economic interventions and those that address individual and interpersonal factors may improve HIV prevention efforts among men who have sex with men who engage in transactional sex.
Longitudinal Effects of School Drug Policies on Student Marijuana Use in Washington State and Victoria, Australia
Authors: Evans-Whipp Tracy J. , Plenty Stephanie M. , Catalano Richard F. , Herrenkohl Todd I. , Toumbourou John W. 
Published: March 2015

Objectives. We examined the longitudinal effect of schools’ drug policies on student marijuana use. Methods. We used data from the International Youth Development Study, which surveyed state-representative samples of students from Victoria, Australia, and Washington State. In wave 1 (2002), students in grades 7 and 9 (n = 3264) and a school administrator from each participating school (n = 188) reported on school drug policies. In wave 2 (2003), students reported on their marijuana use. We assessed associations between student-reported and administrator-reported policy and student self-reported marijuana use 1 year later. Results. Likelihood of student marijuana use was higher in schools in which administrators reported using out-of-school suspension and students reported low policy enforcement. Student marijuana use was less likely where students reported receiving abstinence messages at school and students violating school policy were counseled about the dangers of marijuana use. Conclusions. Schools may reduce student marijuana use by delivering abstinence messages, enforcing nonuse policies, and adopting a remedial approach to policy violations rather than use of suspensions.
Modeling the Injury Prevention Impact of Mandatory Alcohol Ignition Interlock Installation in All New US Vehicles
Authors: Carter Patrick M. , Flannagan Carol A. C. , Bingham C. Raymond , Cunningham Rebecca M. , Rupp Jonathan D. 
Published: March 2015

Objectives. We estimated the injury prevention impact and cost savings associated with alcohol interlock installation in all new US vehicles. Methods. We identified fatal and nonfatal injuries associated with drinking driver vehicle crashes from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and National Automotive Sampling System’s General Estimates System data sets (2006–2010). We derived the estimated impact of universal interlock installation using an estimate of the proportion of alcohol-related crashes that were preventable in vehicles < 1 year-old. We repeated this analysis for each subsequent year, assuming a 15-year implementation. We applied existing crash-induced injury cost metrics to approximate economic savings, and we used a sensitivity analysis to examine results with varying device effectiveness. Results. Over 15 years, 85% of crash fatalities (> 59 000) and 84% to 88% of nonfatal injuries (> 1.25 million) attributed to drinking drivers would be prevented, saving an estimated $342 billion in injury-related costs, with the greatest injury and cost benefit realized among recently legal drinking drivers. Cost savings outweighed installation costs after 3 years, with the policy remaining cost effective provided device effectiveness remained above approximately 25%. Conclusions. Alcohol interlock installation in all new vehicles is likely a cost-effective primary prevention policy that will substantially reduce alcohol-involved crash fatalities and injuries, especially among young vulnerable drivers.
Population Health, Public Health, and Accountable Care: Emerging Roles and Relationships
Authors: Costich Julia F. , Scutchfield F. Douglas , Ingram Richard C. 
Published: March 2015

To identify roles for public health agencies (PHAs) in accountable care organizations (ACOs), along with their obstacles and facilitators, we interviewed individuals from 9 ACOs, including Medicare, Medicaid, and commercial payers. We learned that PHAs participate in ACO-like partnerships with state Medicaid agencies, but interviewees identified barriers to collaboration with Medicare and commercial ACOs, including Medicare participation requirements, membership cost, risk-bearing restrictions, data-sharing constraints, differences between medicine and public health, and ACOs’ investment yield needs. Collaboration was more likely when organizations had common objectives, ACO sponsors had substantial market share, PHA representatives served on ACO advisory boards, and there were preexisting contractual relationships. ACO–PHA relationships are not as straightforward as their shared use of the term “population health” would suggest, but some ACO partnerships could give PHAs access to new revenue streams.
Perspectives of Maryland Adults Regarding Caries Prevention
Authors: Horowitz Alice M. , Kleinman Dushanka V. , Child Wendy , Maybury Catherine 
Published: March 2015

Objectives. We obtained in-depth information from low-income parents and caregivers of young children about their knowledge and understanding of and practices related to the prevention and control of dental caries (tooth decay).Methods. In 2010, we conducted 4 focus groups in Maryland communities with low-income, English-speaking parents and caregivers who had at least 1 child aged 6 years or younger or who were pregnant. We developed a focus group guide based on findings of a previous statewide random telephone survey of adults with young children.Results. Most participants had limited understanding of and extensive misinformation about how to prevent dental caries. They were confused about the use of juice and its impact on their child’s teeth and had limited understanding of the use of fluorides to prevent caries. Most did not drink tap water and did not give it to their children; rather, they used bottled water.Conclusions. These results and those of the statewide telephone survey strongly suggest the need for educational interventions designed for those with limited levels of education.
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Impact of Restaurant Menu Calorie Labeling
Authors: Long Michael W. , Tobias Deirdre K. , Cradock Angie L. , Batchelder Holly , Gortmaker Steven L. 
Published: March 2015

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the relationship between menu calorie labeling and calories ordered or purchased in the PubMed, Web of Science, PolicyFile, and PAIS International databases through October 2013. Among 19 studies, menu calorie labeling was associated with a −18.13 kilocalorie reduction ordered per meal with significant heterogeneity across studies (95% confidence interval = −33.56, −2.70; P = .021; I2 = 61.0%). However, among 6 controlled studies in restaurant settings, labeling was associated with a nonsignificant −7.63 kilocalorie reduction (95% confidence interval = −21.02, 5.76; P = .264; I2 = 9.8%). Although current evidence does not support a significant impact on calories ordered, menu calorie labeling is a relatively low-cost education strategy that may lead consumers to purchase slightly fewer calories. These findings are limited by significant heterogeneity among nonrestaurant studies and few studies conducted in restaurant settings.
Spatio-temporal influence of tundra snow properties on Ku-band (17.2 GHz) backscatter
Authors: King Joshua , Kelly Richard , Kasurak Andrew , Duguay Claude , Gunn Grant , Rutter Nick , Watts Tom , Derksen Chris 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDuring the 2010/11 boreal winter, a distributed set of backscatter measurements was collected using a ground-based Ku-band (17.2 GHz) scatterometer system at 26 open tundra sites. A standard snow-sampling procedure was completed after each scan to evaluate local variability in snow layering, depth, density and water equivalent (SWE) within the scatterometer field of view. The shallow depths and large basal depth hoar encountered presented an opportunity to evaluate backscatter under a set of previously untested conditions. Strong Ku-band response was found with increasing snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE). In particular, co-polarized vertical backscatter increased by 0.82 dB for every 1 cm increase in SWE (R2 = 0.62). While the result indicated strong potential for Ku-band retrieval of shallow snow properties, it did not characterize the influence of sub-scan variability. An enhanced snow-sampling procedure was introduced to generate detailed characterizations of stratigraphy within the scatterometer field of view using near-infrared photography along the length of a 5 m trench. Changes in snow properties along the trench were used to discuss variations in the collocated backscatter response. A pair of contrasting observation sites was used to highlight uncertainties in backscatter response related to short length scale spatial variability in the observed tundra environment.
Lacuna band (surface depressions) occurrence and conditions of formation, Bering Glacier, Alaska
Authors: Fleisher P. Jay 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBering Glacier lacunas are steep-sided flat-floored depressions ranging from 40 to 60 m wide, 80 to 120 m long and 35 to 50 m deep. They are confined within a band of debris-free ice (1.5 km wide, 5 km long) parallel to the eastern margin of the Bering piedmont lobe. After the 1993–95 surge displaced the lacuna band several kilometers onto the foreland, a new band of lacunas began to form 5–6 years later in the same location as occupied by the displaced band. Conditions essential to lacuna formation were initiated during the surge, as overriding ice was thrust into position across the trend of a subglacial trough, leading to stagnation deep within the trough. It is proposed that stagnation combined with englacial water movement altered ice crystal fabric and resistance to ablation. Exposure of this ice through normal ablation led to differential ablation and the formation of lacunas.
Mapping of selected coral reefs in Southern, Sri Lanka using remote sensing methods
Authors: Warnasuriya T.W.S. , Pradeep Kumara P.B.T. , Alahacoon N. 
Published: March 2015

Most parts of the Southern coastal belt of Sri Lanka are fringed with shallow water coral reefs of high economic, ecological and socioeconomic attributes. Polhena, Madiha and Dondra are some of the places where the isolated coral reefs are located in this region. Descriptive details such as the extent, reef margins, and coral compositions of these reefs are lacking due to the difficulties of accessibility, harsh conditions and the lacking of trained expertise for reef mapping. Remote sensing can be used as a tool to identify the reef locations, spatial distribution, bottom nature, present status of the reef area for their effective management and conservation. In this research, bathymetry maps were produced using ‘Depth of Penetration’ method for Landsat7 ETM+ satellite images. Image band 1 (0.45-0.515μm), band2 (0.525-0.605μm), band3 (0.63-0.69μm) and band4 (0.75-0.9μm) have been used as main inputs of bathymetry mapping. Colour composites, classified images and manually digitized images were used to map the spatial pattern of the reefs. The image processing has been carried out with ILWIS 3.3 and ArcGIS 9.3 software. Created maps were validated using ground truth data which were taken during the field survey. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r=0.921) indicates that there is a high correlation between true depth and the calculated depth from the map. The standard error of the estimate is 0.85. According to the created GIS maps, maximum depth (1.83±0.79m) was recorded in Dondra reef while lowest depth (1.46±1.23 m) was recorded in Polhena reef. Depth of the madiha reef was 1.81±0.99 m. Highest reef area represented by the Polhena reef (240300 m2) while lowest area represented by the Madiha reef (51300 m2). Area of the Dondra reef was 85500 m2. Band 4 is the best for shallow (<4m) reef mapping and high resolution images are ideal for more detailed habitat mapping.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljas.v19i0.7450 Sri Lanka J. Aquat. Sci. 19 (2014): 41-55
Cholera Toxin, and the Related Nontoxic Adjuvants mmCT and dmLT, Promote Human Th17 Responses via Cyclic AMP–Protein Kinase A and Inflammasome-Dependent IL-1 Signaling
Authors: Larena Maximilian , Holmgren Jan , Lebens Michael , Terrinoni Manuela , Lundgren Anna 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
We have examined the molecular pathways involved in the adjuvant action of cholera toxin (CT) and two novel nontoxic molecules, multiple-mutated CT (mmCT) and double-mutant heat-labile toxin (dmLT) on human T cell responses. Human PBMCs or isolated monocytes were stimulated in vitro with CT, mmCT, or dmLT plus a polyclonal stimulus (staphylococcal enterotoxin B) or specific bacterial Ags, and effects on expression of cytokines and signaling molecules were determined. CT, mmCT, and dmLT strongly enhanced IL-17A and to a lesser extent IL-13 responses, but had little effect on IFN-γ production or cell proliferation. Intracellular cytokine staining revealed that the enhanced IL-17A production was largely confined to CD4+ T cells and coculture experiments showed that the IL-17A promotion was effectively induced by adjuvant-treated monocytes. Relative to CT, mmCT and dmLT induced at least 100-fold lower levels of cAMP, yet this cAMP was enough and essential for the promotion of Th17 responses. Thus, inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A was abolished, and stimulation with a cAMP analog mimicked the adjuvant effect. Furthermore, CT, mmCT, and dmLT induced IL-1β production and caspase-1 activation in monocytes, which was associated with increased expression of key proinflammatory and inflammasome-related genes, including NLRP1, NLRP3, and NLRC4. Inflammasome inhibition with a specific caspase-1 inhibitor, or blocking of IL-1 signaling by IL-1 receptor antagonist, abrogated the Th17-promoting effect. We conclude that CT, mmCT, and dmLT promote human Th17 responses via cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and caspase-1/inflammasome–dependent IL-1 signaling.
A Critical Role for Dendritic Cells in the Evolution of IL-1β–Mediated Murine Airway Disease
Authors: Hashimoto Mitsuo , Yanagisawa Haruhiko , Minagawa Shunsuke , Sen Debasish , Goodsell Amanda , Ma Royce , Moermans Catherine , McKnelly Kate J. , Baron Jody L. , Krummel Matthew F. , Nishimura Stephen L. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Chronic airway inflammation and fibrosis, known as airway remodeling, are defining features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and are refractory to current treatments. How and whether chronic inflammation contributes to airway fibrosis remain controversial. In this study, we use a model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease airway disease utilizing adenoviral delivery of IL-1β to determine that adaptive T cell immunity is required for airway remodeling because mice deficient in α/β T cells (tcra−/−) are protected. Dendritic cells (DCs) accumulate around chronic obstructive pulmonary disease airways and are critical to prime adaptive immunity, but they have not been shown to directly influence airway remodeling. We show that DC depletion or deficiency in the crucial DC chemokine receptor ccr6 both protect from adenoviral IL-1β–induced airway adaptive T cell immune responses and fibrosis in mice. These results provide evidence that chronic airway inflammation, mediated by accumulation of α/β T cells and driven by DCs, is critical to airway fibrosis.
Lower Escape Rate of Symmetric Jump-diffusion Processes
Authors: Shiozawa Yuichi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe establish an integral test on the lower escape rate of symmetric jump-diffusion processes generated by regular Dirichlet forms. Using this test, we can find the speed of particles escaping to infinity. We apply this test to symmetric jump processes of variable order. We also derive the upper and lower escape rates of time-changed processes by using those of underlying processes.
Malá škola po pěti letech: proměny školy v době reformy
Authors: Dvořák Dominik , Starý Karel , Urbánek Petr 
Published: March 2015

Již více výzkumů konstatovalo, že kurikulární reforma českého školství nedosáhla očekávaných cílů, o příčině však nepanuje shoda. V našem příspěvku popisujeme mechanismus problematické implementace reformy v jedné základní škole a vliv různých aktérů a úrovní systému na školu. Nejprve je představena metoda analýzy kongruence jako nástroj pro propojování dat a teoretického rámce v případové studii. Následně jsou načrtnuty dvě různé teorie změny. Empirická část příspěvku popisuje proces změny školy v průběhu více než pěti let. Důraz je kladen na interakci mezi vnitřními vývojovými procesy ve škole a vnějšími vlivy přicházejícími z vyšších úrovní vzdělávacího systému. Metodou kvalitativní případové studie byla longitudinálně sledována základní škola, která se na počátku výzkumu nacházela v kritické situaci. Analyzovanými daty jsou především rozhovory s vedením, učiteli a žáky, školy, pozorování vyučovacích hodin a dokumenty školy. Škola ve sledovaném období projevila značnou vnitřní kapacitu ke změně, avšak současně vykazuje velkou skepsi k národní reformě a implementuje ji pouze formálně. Vize rozvoje školy je formulována velmi odlišně od diskurzu reformy. Pro vysvětlení dosavadní implementace reformy se teoretické rámce, jež předpokládají složitou síť aktérů a zájmů určujících výsledek reformy, jeví vhodnější než názory, které vidí hlavní problém v učitelích.
Plasma flux and gravity waves in the midlatitude ionosphere during the solar eclipse of 20 May 2012
Authors: Chen Gang , Wu Chen , Huang Xueqin , Zhao Zhengyu , Zhong Dingkun , Qi Hao , Huang Liang , Qiao Lei , Wang Jin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe solar eclipse effects on the ionosphere are very complex. Except for the ionization decay due to the decrease of the photochemical process, the couplings of matter and energy between the ionosphere and the regions above and below will introduce much more disturbances. Five ionosondes in the Northeast Asia were used to record the midlatitude ionospheric responses to the solar eclipse of 20 May 2012. The latitude dependence of the eclipse lag was studied first. The foF2 response to the eclipse became slower with increased latitude. The response of the ionosphere at the different latitudes with the same eclipse obscuration differed from each other greatly. The plasma flux from the protonsphere was possibly produced by the rapid temperature drop in the lunar shadow to make up the ionization loss. The greater downward plasma flux was generated at higher latitude with larger dip angle and delayed the ionospheric response later. The waves in the foEs and the plasma frequency at the fixed height in the F layer are studied by the time period analytic method. The gravity waves of 43–51 min center period during and after the solar eclipse were found over Jeju and I‐Cheon. The northward group velocity component of the gravity waves was estimated as ~108.7 m/s. The vertical group velocities between 100 and 150 km height over the two stations were calculated as ~5 and ~4.3 m/s upward respectively, indicating that the eclipse‐induced gravity waves propagated from below the ionosphere.
Intensity of nightside MARSIS AIS surface reflections and implications for low‐altitude ionospheric densities
Authors: Němec F. , Morgan D. D. , Diéval C. , Gurnett D. A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSpacecraft radar sounding signals at frequencies higher than the ionospheric peak plasma frequency are not reflected by the ionosphere. Instead, they make it to the ground where they are reflected by the planetary surface. We analyze the intensity of the surface reflections measured by the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) ionospheric radar sounder on board the Mars Express spacecraft. Apart from the surface reflectivity and the spacecraft altitude, the detected intensity of surface reflections is controlled primarily by the signal attenuation during the ionospheric propagation. We focus on the nightside region, where the ionospheric densities in the main layer are too low to cause a significant attenuation and allow sampling of the surface reflections at frequencies down to 3 MHz. The attenuation occurs mainly at altitudes below 100 km, where the electron‐neutral collision frequency is a maximum. The intensity of surface reflections can thus serve as a proxy for electron densities at low altitudes not accessible by the direct ionospheric radar sounding. We analyze the intensity of surface reflections as a function of relevant controlling parameters. The intensity of surface reflections is lower at higher solar zenith angles on the nightside and during the periods of larger solar activity. Moreover, it exhibits a seasonal variation that is related to the dust storm occurrence. The intensity of surface reflections is lower in areas of closed magnetic field lines, suggesting that nightside electron densities behave rather differently at low altitudes than at higher altitudes. This is confirmed by comparison with simultaneous observations of the main ionospheric layer.