bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyanoacrylate Adhesive Technique in Wound Edge Approximation
Authors: Prahlow JA , Lantz PE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Cyanoacrylate, the adhesive component of many commercially available strong-binding glues, has been used by the medical profession for various purposes, including tissue adhesion and repair, embolization, sclerotherapy, and hemostasis. Mortuary science professionals rely on cyanoacrylate's adhesive property to aid in body restoration techniques following embalming. Forensic applications include the use of cyanoacrylate fumes for latent fingerprint detection. An additional application for this sticky chemical is currently unrecognized by many within the forensic community. Specifically, cyanoacrylate's adhesive property makes possible the relatively simple, efficient, and rapid approximation of disrupted skin and tissue when warranted during a forensic autopsy. The final result is aesthetically pleasing and lends itself to subsequent photographic documentation especially when patterned injuries are encountered. We discuss the technique, benefits, and limitations of the cyanoacrylate adhesive method in this setting and present several cases wherein the technique has produced satisfying results.
An Accidental Death Related to Cocaine, Cocaethylene, and Caffeine
Authors: Caughlin LJ , O'Halloran RL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Cocaethylene is often found in body fluids after concurrent use of alcohol and cocaine. Current research is showing that cocaethylene is more toxic than cocaine. The case presented here involves a death that is due to cocaine, cocaethylene, and caffeine.
The cocaethylene concentrations found were 0.16 mg/L (blood) and 1.85 mg/L (gastric). Caffeine concentrations were 16.40 mg/L (blood) and 15.40 mg/L (gastric). Cocaine was found only in the gastric sample at a level of 0.45 mg/L. The blood alcohol of the subject was 10 mg/dL.
From the case investigation it was determined that the death was accidental but related to the ingestion of cocaine and caffeine tablets. With the combination of alcohol and cocaine use rising, it is becoming evident that the routine screening of medical examiner cases for cocaethylene should be performed.
Abrasive Cutting of a Safe: A Case Study
Authors: Zeichner A , Feingold G , Landau E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case study of an abrasive safe cutting is presented. The suspects were linked to the offense by the characteristics of two abrasive discs in their possession and debris collected from their clothes. Experiments of abrasive and oxygen cutting of steel were carried out. It was found that some characteristics may distinguish between debris of the two processes.
Identification of Euro-Americans, Afro-Americans, and Amerindians from Palatal Dimensions
Authors: Byers SN , Churchill SE , Curran B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Seven measurements were taken on 414 Euro-American, Afro-American, and Amerindian palates in an attempt to evaluate differences in dental arcade shape among these three groups. Width measurements across the palate at the first incisor, canine, second premolar, and second molar were taken directly on the dental arcade. The distances along the sagittal plane from the front of the palate to the level of these teeth were calculated from measurements taken between the right central incisor and the canine, second premolar and second molar. Discriminant functions computed from the measurements properly classified palates by group 66.0% of the time if sex is unknown. If sex is known to be male, other functions properly classified 65.7% of the sample; for sex known to be female 72.0% correct classification was achieved. Because these percentage are more than twice that expected from probability theory alone, it is concluded that the seven measurements are useful in determining ethnic group.
Some Considerations Regarding the Use of Amino Acid Racemization in Human Dentine as an Indicator of Age at Death
Authors: Carolan VA , Gardner MLG , Lucy D , Pollard AM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An HPLC method is described for simultaneously obtaining the enantiomeric ratio of three amino acids (aspartic acid, serine, and glutamic acid) from dental collagen, with a view to using this information for estimating age at death. Results are reported from a sample of twenty three known age modern teeth, six known age 19th C. AD teeth, and two unknown age Romano-British teeth. It was found (as expected) that all three D/L ratios changed significantly with chronological age. Standard calibration techniques were used to estimate ages for the six 19th C. AD specimens from regression equations estimated from the modern specimens, and also to predict (for the first time) the error associated with such estimates. Errors using aspartic acid were found to be similar to those obtained by other methods of age estimation from dental evidence, serine, and glutamic acid providing much poorer age estimates. ADditionally, a systematic difference in the age-enantiomeric ratio relationship was observed between modern and older dental samples. It is concluded that there is some fundamental difference in the observed enantiomeric ratios between modern teeth and older samples, possibly as a result of the chemical alteration of the dental proteins.
Sleepwalking Disorder and Mens Rea: A Review and Case Report
Authors: Thomas TN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper examines complications of sleepwalking disorder (DSM-IV 307.46), an arousal disorder or parasomnia, in relationship to mens rea, or culpable mental state necessary to a finding of criminal responsibility. The legal history of criminal intent and insanity is reviewed. A case of indecent exposure is discussed in a man with a history of closed head injuries and sleepwalking disorder who was found standing naked in the middle of a busy urban thoroughfare in the wee hours of the morning and arrested. On psychiatric evaluation, the defendant was found to have a long-standing sleepwalking disorder. AT trial, scientific literature and psychiatric expert testimony concerning sleepwalking disorder was presented. The psychiatrist opined that the defendant was probably sleepwalking at the time of the alleged offense. No rebuttal testimony was offered by the prosecution. The jury found the man not guilty. The author surveys the legal history of sleepwalking disorder and compares this example with others in which uncontrolled behavior during sleep has resulted in harm to the patient or to others. Clinical and forensic implications of the disorder are reviewed. The parasomnias' impact on forensic practice should be systematically studied. Intervention strategies should be refined and implemented.
The Differential Diagnosis of Ritual Abuse Allegations
Authors: Bernet W , Chang DK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Objective: Because psychiatrics do not have a consistent way to classify and define the forms of child abuse that may be mistaken for ritual abuse, the objective of this paper is to create a comprehensive differential diagnosis of allegations of ritual abuse. Method: The authors reviewed 60 articles, chapters, and books that contained allegations of ritual abuse or behaviors that might be mistaken for ritual abuse, that were made by patients or caretakers. Results: This paper clarifies the behaviors that represent or may be mistaken for ritual abuse: Cult-based ritual abuse, pseudoritualistic abuse, activities by organized satanic groups, repetitive psychopathological abuse, sexual abuse by pedophiles, child pornography portraying ritual abuse, distorted memory, false memory, false report due to a severe mental disorder, pseudologia phantastica, adolescent behavior simulating ritual abuse, epidemic hysteria, deliberate lying, and hoaxes. Conclusions: The differential diagnosis of allegations of ritual abuse is important in both clinical and forensic psychiatry. In some cases, it will not be possible to tell whether a particular allegation is factual or what the underlying mental processes are. It is important to separate the role of the mental health professional as therapist from the role as an expert witness in court.
Summary of Validation Studies from Twenty-Six Forensic Laboratories in the United States and Canada on the Use of the AmpliType® PM PCR Amplification and Typing Kit
Authors: Word CJ , Sawosik TM , Bing DH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A cooperative study was undertaken to collect and summarize the results of validation studies from forensic laboratories in the United States and Canada on the use of the AmpliType® PM PCR amplification and typing kit for genetic typing of forensic biological evidence. This report compiles data from 26 laboratories on: 1) reproducibility studies on DNA extracted from various samples, 2) genetic typing of DNA extracted from a variety of biological samples on various substrates, 3) the effects of exogenous chemicals, materials, and environmental factors on test results, 4) sensitivity studies to determine the least detectable amount of extracted genomic DNA that can be reliably typed, 5) analysis of mixtures containing two sources of genomic DNA, 6) cross-hybridization with DNA extracted from various nonhuman species, and 7) evaluation of assay performance on parallel studies with other genetic typing systems on proficiency test panels, mock cases, and adjudicated/nonprobative casework. Equivalent results were obtained by each laboratory that supplied data, demonstrating the reliability and consistency of the test. Overall, it can be concluded from this study that the AmpliType PM PCR amplification and typing kit meets the guidelines of the Technical Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (TWGDAM) and there is general scientific acceptability of this kit for forensic DNA testing.
Antisocial Personality Disorder, Sexual Sadism, Malignant Narcissism, and Serial Murder
Authors: Geberth VJ , Turco RN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper examines the research on serial murder and its relationship to antisocial personality disorder and sexual sadism. The concept of malignant narcissism is also discussed. Case studies of serial killers are examined regarding the nature of sexual violation and crime scene behavior.
Computerized Polygraph Scoring System
Authors: Olsen DE , Harris JC , Capps MH , Ansley N 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Digitized polygraph data were collected during criminal investigations to develop a computerized algorithm for evaluating zone comparison polygraph examinations. The algorithm was incorporated in a software system and provides consistent and objective examination interpretation. The software system evaluates the data using methods that are fundamentally different than those used by examiners. It is currently in use in more than 40 of the United States and in other countries around the world.
Foraging by Food Deprived Larvae of Neobellieria bullata (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)
Authors: Christopherson C , Gibo DL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Traditional entomological methods of estimating postmortem interval from developmental stages of fly larvae associated with the body are based on the premise that older larvae are not recruited from the surrounding environment. We found that food deprived second and third instar larvae of the fleshfly, Neobellieria bullata Parker, can locate beef liver over a distance of 33 cm, apparently by using chemical cues, and can crawl to the food within 90 min. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to methods of estimating postmortem interval by calculating rates of fly larvae development.
Fatal Air Transport Accidents Involving Athletic Teams from the United States
Authors: Murphy GK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Team sports at multiple levels of competition have steadily grown more popular and more economically significant in the United States and Canada during the past 150 years. Year-round competition across these large countries requires continual, reliable, and safe transportation of teams and their supporters, often by air, with the potential albeit small for loss of athletes, coaches, and entire teams in air crashes and other accidents. This paper reviews potential and actual accidents involving United States athletic teams from the 1930s to the present, including four fatal air charter crashes from 1960 through 1977. Common factors in crashes included inclement weather, component failure, human factors, and overloading or misloading aircraft. The safety of commercial and charter aviation has been significantly improved. However, weather, human factors, and ongoing maintenance and inspection of aircraft for safety remain significant problems which call for continued vigilance.
A Compilation of Fatal and Control Concentrations of Drugs in Postmortem Femoral Blood
Authors: Druid H , Holmgren P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A compilation of postmortem femoral blood concentrations of drugs is presented. The samples are collected from cases in which the cause of death was: A) certified intoxication by one substance alone, B) certified intoxication by more than one substance and/or alcohol, and C) certified other cause of death without incapacitation due to drugs. The concentrations were compared with blood concentrations detected in suspected drugged drivers (D), and with previously published fatal and therapeutic concentrations. The special features of this compilation are: 1) exclusively femoral blood concentrations are quoted, 2) all analyses are based on samples handled according to a standardized, quality-controlled procedure, 3) two control groups are included, and 4) one-substance-only intoxications are separated from other intoxications. The material is based on a selection of 15,800 samples sent to the Department of Forensic Chemistry in Linköping, Sweden, during 1992 to 1995 from the six forensic pathology units in Sweden, and the list includes 83 drugs. The compilation includes drugs, where previously published data are scarce. Furthermore, the data gathered from cases with other cause of death than intoxication (group C) constitute a new kind of reference information, which probably offers a better estimate of obviously non fatal levels in postmortem blood than any compilation of therapeutic concentrations in living subjects. The possible factors influencing postmortem drug concentrations are discussed.
Three-Dimensional Imaging in Forensic Anthropology: A Test Study Using the Macintosh
Authors: Ackermann RR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Forensic anthropologists have unique, albeit usually fleeting, access to modern skeletal remains. By constructing a database of three-dimensional images, such remains can be accessed long after the remains are gone. A method is proposed which uses Macintosh hardware and NIH Image software to preserve remains digitally through red-blue three-dimensional imaging techniques. Additionally, the qualitative and quantitative accuracy of these images is assessed. By creating this type of forensic database, anthropologists can address issues such as populational variance, thereby using modern forensic skeletal remains to explore some of the fundamental issues within anthropology.
Recommended Technique for Brain Removal to Retain Anatomic Integrity of the Pineal Gland in Order to Determine Its Size in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Authors: Sparks DL , Coyne CM , Sparks LM , Hunsaker JC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A standardized removal and dissection procedure is presented for human infant brain. A previously unreported cistern of the pineal gland must be severed at autopsy in order to preserve the gland's anatomic integrity during brain removal. Utilization of these methods to investigate Sudden Infant Death Syndrome brain tissue should facilitate interdisciplinary studies and comparisons of inter agency findings. We use these dissection procedures to extend our findings on reduced pineal gland size as an anatomic marker assisting the forensic pathologist in making the diagnosis of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
Skin Scraping, Cupping, and Moxibustion That May Mimic Physical Abuse
Authors: Look KM , Look RM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Physical abuse and child abuse can manifest themselves as many different appearances. However, there are some cultural practices of Oriental medicine that may mimic physical and/or child abuse. This paper will discuss the practice of skin scraping, cupping, and moxibustion, which has been misdiagnosed as physical/child abuse by unfamiliar examiners.
Distinguishing Amphetamine, Methamphetamine and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine from Other Sympathomimetic Amines After Rapid Derivatization with Propyl Chloroformate and Analysis by Gas Chromatography—Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Dasgupta A , Hart AP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Misidentification of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine as methamphetamine has been reported because of similar retention times of their derivatives in gas chromatography as well as very similar mass spectral fragmentation patterns in the conventional electron impact mode of analysis. Recently, a new derivatization of amphetamine and methamphetamine has been described using propyl chloroformate. The derivatization is easily accomplished at room temperature by adding the derivatizing reagent in the extraction solvent because the reagent is stable in the presence of water. The electron impact mass spectrum of derivatized methamphetamine (base peak, m/z 144, other peaks at m/z 102, 58) is similar to the electron impact mass spectrum of both derivatized pseudoephedrine (base peak, m/z 144, other peaks, m/z 102, 58), and ephedrine (base peak, m/z 144, other peaks, m/z 102, 58). Therefore, misidentification of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine as methamphetamine is possible even if this new derivatization technique is used with conventional gas chromatography/electron impact mass spectrometry. We demonstrated that by using chemical ionization mass spectrometry, this problem can be eliminated. In the chemical ionization, using methane as a reagent gas, derivatized methamphetamine showed a protonated molecular ion as a base peak at m/z 236 and other strong peaks at m/z 144 and 119, both derivatized ephedrine and pseudoephedrine showed a base peak at m/z 192 and another strong peak at m/z 148, thus differentiating them clearly from methamphetamine. Amphetamine also showed a protonated molecular ion at m/z 222 and other strong peaks at m/z 130 and 119, whereas phenylpropanolamine after derivatization with propyl chloroformate showed a base peak at m/z 220 and another strong peak at m/z 238, thus differentiating it from amphetamine. The designer drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) showed a molecular ion at m/z 279 using electron impact, after derivatization with propyl chloroformate. Using chemical ionization, a relatively stronger protonated molecular ion at m/z 280 was observed. We conclude that using chemical ionization instead of conventional electron impact and propyl chloroformate derivatization, misidentification of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine as methamphetamine or phenylpropanolamine as amphetamine can be eliminated.
HPLC/MS Determination of Buprenorphine and Norbuprenorphine in Biological Fluids and Hair Samples
Authors: Tracqui A , Kintz P , Mangin P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An original method, based upon HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography)/Ionspray-MS, has been developed for the identification of buprenorphine (BUP) and norbuprenorphine (norBUP) in biological fluids and hair samples. Biological fluids (2 mL) are extracted at pH 8.4 by CHCl3/2-propanol/n-heptane (25:10:65, v/v) after addition of deuterated BUP (BUP-d4, 10 ng). Hair samples (40 mg) are extracted in the same conditions after decontamination by CH2Cl2, mechanical pulverization, addition of BUP-d4 (1 ng), acidic incubation (1 mL 0.1 N HCl, 56°C overnight), then neutralization by NaOH. Analytes are separated on a 4-µm NovaPak C18 (Waters) column (150 by 2.0 mm, ID) with a mobile phase of acetonitrile/2 mM NH4COOH buffer, pH 3.0 (80:20, v/v; flow rate 200 µL/min; post column split 1:3). Detection is done by a Perkin-Elmer Sciex API-100 mass analyzer equipped with an ISP interface (nebulizing and curtain gas:99.95-% N2; main settings: orifice + 50 V, electron multiplier + 2400 V). The mean retention times for BUP, BUP-d4, and norBUP are 5.84, 5.79, and 4.42 min, respectively. For all compounds, mass spectra exhibit a unique, protonated molecular ion [M + H]+ at m/z 414 (norBUP), 468 (BUP), and 472 (BUP-d4), without any significant fragmentation. The lower limits of detection are 0.10 and 0.05 ng/mL blood, and 4 and 2 pg/mg hair for BUP and norBUP, respectively. BUP and norBUP concentrations measured in hair from six addicts under substitutive therapy by BUP ranged from 4 to 140 pg/mg, and from nondetected to 67 pg/mg, respectively. The good performances of this method in terms of both sensitivity and specificity make it a convenient alternative to HPLC/coulometry and GC/MS for the separate analysis of BUP and norBUP in biological samples.
An Improved High Resolution Single Method for Orosomucoid ORM1 and ORM2 Phenotyping
Authors: Sebetan IM , Oshida S , Tie J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An improved high resolution single method for orosomucoid ORM1 and ORM2 phenotyping using isoelectric focusing (IEF) in wide-scales ultrathin layer polyacrylamide gels of pH range 4.2 to 4.9 is presented. The method is reliable, simple, and provides an alternative for the three currently required ones for typing this genetic system.
Highly Informative Single-Stranded Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) of Short Tandem Repeats in DNA Identification
Authors: Lucas M , Muñoz C , Pintado E , Solano F 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The analysis of short tandem repeats (STR) by PCR is a useful technique widely used in DNA identification. Some loci have alleles differing in the number of complete repeat units, whereas others are polymorphic with alleles differing even to the level of a single base. Minor differences in the sequence of STR can confuse the analysis when the PCR product are poorly resolved in denaturing PAGE. The study by SSCP of STR in loci CSF1PO, TPOX, and THO1 and the alleles of locus D1S80 is shown in a representative case of paternity dispute. The analysis of short tandem repeats (STR) by the conformation polymorphisms of single-stranded DNA (SSCP) clearly enhanced the degree of resolution. The high resolution of SSCP of the STR may be the result of the arrangement of very prominent secondary structure and conformation due to the primary repetitive sequence. The method may be of particular interest to distinguish STR with similar PAGE mobility under denaturing conditions and to distinguish tandem repeats of the same size but different sequence.
Population Study of the HUMTH01, HUMVWA31A, HUMF13A1, and HUMFES/FPS STR Polymorphisms in the North of Portugal
Authors: Pinheiro F , Pontes L , Gené M , Huguet E , da Costa JP , Moreno P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Allele and genotype frequencies of four short tandem-repeat loci were determined in a population sample from the North of Portugal using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After denaturing PAGE, 6 alleles were identified for HUMTH01 (n = 419), 9 alleles for HUMVWA31A (n = 376), 12 alleles for HUMF13A1 (n = 232), and 5 alleles for HUMFES/FPS (n = 409). No deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found. The allele frequencies observed are similar to those of the European populations compared. The combined power of discrimination is 0.999.