bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Quantitative Visualization Analysis of the Effect of C‐Peptide on Glomerular Hyperfiltration in Diabetic Rats by Using Multiphoton Microscopy
Authors: Nakamoto Hiroshi , Kajiya Fumihiko 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to visualize glomerular hyperfiltration in rats at the early stage of diabetes under in vivo conditions and to quantitatively examine the effect of C‐peptide on filtration.MethodsType 1 diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) in Wistar rats. The rats were divided into four groups: control, control plus C‐peptide, early diabetes, and early diabetes plus C‐peptide. C‐peptide was continuously infused (50 pmol/kg/min). Filtration was visualized by a bolus shot of various sizes of dextrans (3 k to 70 k Da) conjugated with Texas Red and observed with a multiphoton microscope under inhaled anesthesia. Relative sieving coefficients were used to quantify filtration.ResultsAlmost all smaller particles (3–10 k Da) were filtered both in control and diabetic rats. Filtration of larger particles (40–70 k Da) was seen in normal rats but was more apparent in diabetic rats, where it was progressive according to the duration of diabetes. C‐peptide administration restored the leakage of larger particles to the level seen for the control.ConclusionsWe visualized and analyzed hyperfiltration and confirmed that C‐peptide has a nephroprotective effect. Furthermore, we found that the leakage of larger particles increased as the duration of diabetes increased.
Petrology and geochronology of ‘muscovite age standard’ B4M
Authors: Heri Alexandra R. , Robyr Martin , Villa Igor M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Muscovite B4M, distributed in 1961 as an age standard, was ground under ethanol. Five grain size fractions were obtained and characterized by X-ray diffraction. They display a mixing trend between a phengitic (enriched in the fraction <0.2 µm) and a muscovitic component (predominant in the fraction >20 µm). High-pressure phengite is preserved as a relict in retrograde muscovite. Electron microprobe analyses of the distributed mineral separate reveal at least four white mica populations based on Si, Al, Mg, Na, Fe and F. Rb/K ratios vary by one order of magnitude. Rb–Sr analyses link the mineralogical heterogeneity to variable Rb/Sr and
87
Sr/
86
Sr ratios. The grain size fractions define no internal isochron. Relict fine-grained phengite gives older ages than coarse-grained retrograde greenschist facies muscovite. The inverse grain size–age relationship also characterizes
39
Ar/
40
Ar analyses. Cl/K anticorrelates with step ages: Cl-rich coarse muscovite is younger than Cl-poor fine relict phengite. Sr and Ar preserve a similar isotopic inheritance despite peak metamorphism reaching 635±20 °C. A suitable mineral standard requires that its petrological equilibrium first be demonstrated. Relicts and retrograde reaction textures are a guarantee of isotopic disequilibrium and heterogeneous ages within single crystal at the micrometre scale.

Supplementary material:

Electron microprobe results on two grain mounts of the unprocessed B4M separate as distributed and on a whole-rock thin section of Brione gneiss from the teaching collection of the Universität Bern are available at:
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18590
.
Group X Secreted Phospholipase A2 Limits the Development of Atherosclerosis in LDL Receptor–Null Mice
Authors: Ait-Oufella Hafid , Herbin Olivier , Lahoute Charlotte , Coatrieux Christelle , Loyer Xavier , Joffre Jeremie , Laurans Ludivine , Ramkhelawon Bhama , Blanc-Brude Olivier , Karabina Sonia , Girard Christophe A. , Payré Christine , Yamamoto Kei , Binder Christoph J. , Murakami Makoto , Tedgui Alain , Lambeau Gérard , Mallat Ziad 
Published: January 2013

Objective—
Several secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s), including group IIA, III, V, and X, have been linked to the development of atherosclerosis, which led to the clinical testing of A-002 (varespladib), a broad sPLA2 inhibitor for the treatment of coronary artery disease. Group X sPLA2 (PLA2G10) has the most potent hydrolyzing activity toward phosphatidylcholine and is believed to play a proatherogenic role.

Methods and Results—

Here, we show that
Ldlr
–/–
mice reconstituted with bone marrow from mouse group X–deficient mice (
Pla2g10
–/–
) unexpectedly display a doubling of plaque size compared with
Pla2g10
+/+
chimeric mice. Macrophages of
Pla2g10
–/–
mice are more susceptible to apoptosis in vitro, which is associated with a 4-fold increase of plaque necrotic core in vivo. In addition, chimeric
Pla2g10
–/–
mice show exaggerated T lymphocyte (Th)1 immune response, associated with enhanced T-cell infiltration in atherosclerotic plaques. Interestingly, overexpression of human PLA2G10 in murine bone marrow cells leads to significant reduction of Th1 response and to 50% reduction of lesion size.

Conclusion—
PLA2G10 expression in bone marrow cells controls a proatherogenic Th1 response and limits the development of atherosclerosis. The results may provide an explanation for the recently reported inefficacy of A-002 (varespladib) to treat patients with coronary artery disease. Indeed, A-002 is a nonselective sPLA2 inhibitor that inhibits both proatherogenic (groups IIA and V) and antiatherogenic (group X) sPLA2s. Our results suggest that selective targeting of individual sPLA2 enzymes may be a better strategy to treat cardiovascular diseases.
Compatibility of hydrazine and EPDM rubber containing polybutadiene coagent
Authors: Li Ping , Aguirre Fernando , Killpack Michael O , Rodgers Stephen L , Ballinger Ian A 
Published: January 2013

Histogram analyses of atomic force microscopy (AFM) phase images demonstrated changes in the surface composition of ethylene propylene diene–modified (EPDM) elastomeric formulations containing polybutadiene after exposure to hydrazine. It was determined by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis that the change in the surface composition is caused by hydrogenation of the vinylic double bonds of the polybutadiene coagent, stemming from diimide generation from hydrazine. The diffusion and subsequent reaction of hydrazine with two cured EPDM elastomeric formulations were investigated by mapping FT-IR spectroscopy. The depth of diffusion and reaction was determined by monitoring changes in the intensity of the vinyl group signal from the polybutadiene in the FT-IR spectra. The FT-IR analysis of horizontal microtome specimens and vertical ‘cross section’ of the EPDM samples showed that hydrazine diffused less than 200 μm into the elastomeric materials over a period of 40 weeks. Sequential proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the polybutadiene coagent showed that the vinyl groups in polybutadiene were hydrogenated when mixed with hydrazine at room temperature. The reaction of hydrazine with the polybutadiene coagent of the EPDM elastomeric material was corroborated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry as well. A model compound, 4-vinyl cyclohexene, was used to assess the relative hydrogenation rate of primary and secondary double bonds using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Future-proofed energy design for dwellings: Case studies from England and application to the Code for Sustainable Homes
Authors: Georgiadou MC , Hacking T , Guthrie P 
Published: January 2013

This paper investigates ‘future-proofing’ as an unexplored yet all-important aspect in the design of low-energy dwellings. It refers particularly to adopting lifecycle thinking and accommodating risks and uncertainties in the selection of fabric energy efficiency measures and low or zero-carbon technologies. Based on a conceptual framework for future-proofed design, the paper first presents results from the analysis of two ‘best practice’ housing developments in England; i.e., North West Cambridge in Cambridge and West Carclaze and Baal in St. Austell, Cornwall. Second, it examines the ‘Energy and CO2 Emissions’ part of the Code for Sustainable Homes to reveal which design criteria and assessment methods can be practically integrated into this established building certification scheme so that it can become more dynamic and future-oriented. Practical application: Future-proofed construction is promoted implicitly within the increasingly stringent building regulations; however, there is no comprehensive method to readily incorporate futures thinking into the energy design of buildings. This study has a three-fold objective of relevance to the building industry: Illuminating the two key categories of long-term impacts in buildings, which are often erroneously treated interchangeably: – The environmental impact of buildings due to their long lifecycles. – The environment’s impacts on buildings due to risks and uncertainties affecting the energy consumption by at least 2050. This refers to social, technological, economic, environmental and regulatory (predictable or unknown) trends and drivers of change, such as climate uncertainty, home-working, technology readiness etc. Encouraging future-proofing from an early planning stage to reduce the likelihood of a prematurely obsolete building design. Enhancing established building energy assessment methods (certification, modelling or audit tools) by integrating a set of future-oriented criteria into their methodologies.
In Situ, Noninvasive, T2*-Weighted MRI-Derived Parameters Predict Ex Vivo Structural Properties of an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction or Bioenhanced Primary Repair in a Porcine Model
Authors: Biercevicz Alison M. , Miranda Daniel L. , Machan Jason T. , Murray Martha M. , Fleming Braden C. 
Published: January 2013

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive technology that can quantitatively assess anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft size and signal intensity. However, how those properties relate to reconstructed or repaired ligament strength during the healing process is yet unknown. Hypothesis: Magnetic resonance imaging–derived measures of graft volume and signal intensity are significant predictors of the structural properties of an ACL or ACL graft after 15 weeks and 52 weeks of healing. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: The current data were gathered from 2 experiments evaluating ACL reconstruction and repair techniques. In the first experiment, pigs underwent unilateral ACL transection and received (1) ACL reconstruction, (2) ACL reconstruction with collagen-platelet composite (CPC), or (3) no treatment. The surgical legs were harvested after 15 weeks of healing. In the second experiment, pigs underwent ACL transection and received (1) ACL reconstruction, (2) ACL reconstruction with CPC, (3) bioenhanced ACL primary repair with CPC, or (4) no treatment. The surgical legs were harvested after 52 weeks. The harvested knees were imaged using a T2*-weighted 3-dimensional constructive interference in steady state (CISS) sequence. Each ligament was segmented from the scans, and the intra-articular volume and the median grayscale values were determined. Mechanical testing was performed to establish the ligament structural properties. Results: Volume significantly predicted the structural properties (maximum load, yield load, and linear stiffness) of the ligaments and grafts ( R2 = 0.56, 0.56, and 0.49, respectively; P ≤ .001). Likewise, the median grayscale values (ie, signal intensity) significantly predicted the structural properties of the ligaments and grafts ( R2 = 0.42, 0.37, and 0.40, respectively; P < .001). The combination of these 2 parameters in a multiple regression model improved the predictions ( R2 = 0.73, 0.72, and 0.68, respectively; P ≤ .001). Conclusion: Volume and grayscale values from high-resolution T2*-weighted MRI scans are predictive of structural properties of the healing ligament or graft in a porcine model. Clinical Relevance: This study provides a critical step in the development of a noninvasive method to predict the structural properties of the healing ACL graft or repair. This technique may prove beneficial as a surrogate outcome measure in preclinical animal and clinical studies.
Arthroscopic Bone Marrow Stimulation Techniques for Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Yoshimura Ichiro , Kanazawa Kazuki , Takeyama Akinori , Angthong Chayanin , Ida Takahiro , Hagio Tomonobu , Hanada Hirofumi , Naito Masatoshi 
Published: January 2013

Background: The defect size of an osteochondral lesion of the talus is one of the most important prognostic factors for deciding clinical outcomes. However, the prognostic factors for small osteochondral lesions of the talus are unknown. Purpose: To investigate the significant prognostic factors for small osteochondral lesions of the talus using arthroscopic bone marrow stimulation techniques. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Fifty ankles in 50 patients treated with arthroscopic bone marrow stimulation techniques for an osteochondral lesion of the talus (<150 mm2) were evaluated for prognostic factors. The patients were 22 men and 28 women (mean age, 35.0 years). Outcomes were measured using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale, Berndt and Harty scale, and Saxena criteria. Results: The mean lesion size was 62 mm2 (range, 7-119 mm2). The mean AOFAS score improved from 74 (range, 18-90) preoperatively to 90 (range, 67-100) postoperatively. The Saxena criteria results were excellent, good, fair, and poor in 36 (72%), 8 (16%), 5 (10%), and 1 (2%) patients, respectively. The Berndt and Harty scale results were good in 34 (68%), fair in 6 (12%), and poor in 10 (20%) patients. Linear regression analyses showed prognostic significance for lesion depth and outcome. Medial lesions had a significantly higher incidence of poor outcomes than lateral lesions ( P < .05). Among the medial lesions, lesions uncovered with the medial malleolus had inferior outcomes compared with covered lesions ( P < .0001). There was no association between clinical outcome and lesion size or body mass index. In older patients (≥40 years), there was a significant trend toward inferior clinical outcomes ( P < .05). Conclusion: Arthroscopic bone marrow stimulation techniques provided satisfactory clinical outcomes. However, older patients, deep lesions, and medial lesions uncovered with the medial malleolus were associated with inferior clinical outcomes.
Diabetes mellitus is associated with adverse prognosis in chronic heart failure of ischaemic and non-ischaemic aetiology
Authors: Cubbon Richard M , Adams Brook , Rajwani Adil , Mercer Ben N , Patel Peysh A , Gherardi Guy , Gale Christopher P , Batin Phillip D , Ajjan Ramzi , Kearney Lorraine , Wheatcroft Stephen B , Sapsford Robert J , Witte Klaus K , Kearney Mark T 
Published: January 2013

Background: It is unclear whether diabetes mellitus (DM) is an adverse prognostic factor in chronic heart failure (CHF) of ischaemic and non-ischaemic aetiology managed with contemporary evidence-based care. Methods: In total, 1091 outpatients with CHF with reduced ejection fraction were prospectively observed for a mean of 960 days. Total and cardiovascular mortality was quantified after accounting for potential confounders. Results: In total, 25.7% of patients had DM; this group was more likely to have CHF of ischaemic aetiology and was more symptomatic. Patients with DM received comparable medical- and device-based therapies, except for greater doses of loop diuretic. DM was associated with approximately doubled crude and adjusted risk of total and cardiovascular mortality. The association of diabetes with these outcomes in patients with ischaemic and non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies was of similar magnitude. Conclusions: In spite of advances in the management of CHF, DM remains a major adverse prognostic feature, irrespective of ischaemic/non-ischaemic aetiology.
Management of Degloving Injuries of the Lower Extremity
Authors: Zagrocki Laura , Ross Adrienne , Hicks Adam 
Published: January 2013

Soft-tissue injuries of the foot and ankle can vary from crushing to penetrating mechanisms. Degloving injuries of the lower extremity are the result of an entrapment between a fixed surface and a moving object. These injuries pose significant morbidity and potential complications (eg, infection) to the patient if prompt wound coverage is not initiated. The authors present a case of an extensive degloving injury to the foot, ankle, and lower leg from a forklift accident. With the collaborative effort of the podiatry and plastic surgery teams, the patient underwent serial debridements, application of a small-intestine submucosa wound matrix, negative-pressure wound therapy, and skin grafting. This case presentation demonstrates the benefit of procedure staging and early wound coverage for improved patient outcomes. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV, Case Study
Diagnosing pneumonia in patients with acute cough: clinical judgment compared to chest radiography
Authors: van Vugt Saskia F. , Verheij Theo J.M. , de Jong Pim A. , Butler Chris C. , Hood Kerenza , Coenen Samuel , Goossens Herman , Little Paul , Broekhuizen Berna D.L. 
Published: January 2013

Pneumonia is often diagnosed and treated empirically. We set out to determine the diagnostic accuracy of clinical judgment based on signs and symptoms to detect radiographic pneumonia in patients presenting with acute cough in primary care.In 2810 European patients with acute cough, general practitioners (GPs) recorded whether they considered pneumonia to be present (“yes” or “no”) immediately after history and physical examination. Chest radiography was performed within 1 week by local radiologists blind to other patient characteristics.140 patients had radiographic pneumonia (5%), of whom 41 (29%) had been diagnosed as such. 31 (1%) patients had a clinical diagnosis that was not confirmed by radiography (n=2670). In clinically suspected pneumonia, 57% of subjects were subsequently diagnosed with radiographic pneumonia. Negative predictive value (NPV), sensitivity and specificity of GPs’ clinical judgment were 96%, 29% and 99%, respectively. Compared to patients with a clinical diagnosis of pneumonia, less severe symptoms were found in radiographic pneumonia cases not suspected clinically (p<0.05).The predictive values of GPs’ clinical judgment, particularly the high NPVs, are helpful in routine care. Nonetheless, the majority of diagnoses of radiographic pneumonias was not suspected on clinical grounds. There is a need to further support the detection of clinically relevant pneumonia in primary care.
Different mutations of the human c-mpl gene indicate distinct haematopoietic diseases
Authors: He Xin , Chen Zhigang , Jiang Yangyan , Qiu Xi , Zhao Xiaoying 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The human c-mpl gene (MPL) plays an important role in the development of megakaryocytes and platelets as well as the self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells. However, numerous MPL mutations have been identified in haematopoietic diseases. These mutations alter the normal regulatory mechanisms and lead to autonomous activation or signalling deficiencies. In this review, we summarise 59 different MPL mutations and classify these mutations into four different groups according to the associated diseases and mutation rates. Using this classification, we clearly distinguish four diverse types of MPL mutations and obtain a deep understand of their clinical significance. This will prove to be useful for both disease diagnosis and the design of individual therapy regimens based on the type of MPL mutations.
Fluid balance and urine volume are independent predictors of mortality in acute kidney injury
Authors: Teixeira Catarina , Garzotto Francesco , Piccinni Pasquale , Brienza Nicola , Iannuzzi Michele , Gramaticopolo Silvia , Forfori Francesco , Pelaia Paolo , Rocco Monica , Ronco Claudio , Anello Clara Belluomo , Bove Tiziana , Carlini Mauro , Michetti Vincenzo , Cruz Dinna N ,   NEFROlogia e Cura INTensiva (NEFROINT) investigators
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Introduction
In ICUs, both fluid overload and oliguria are common complications associated with increased mortality among critically ill patients, particularly in acute kidney injury (AKI). Although fluid overload is an expected complication of oliguria, it remains unclear whether their effects on mortality are independent of each other. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of both fluid balance and urine volume on outcomes and determine whether they behave as independent predictors of mortality in adult ICU patients with AKI.

Methods
We performed a secondary analysis of data from a multicenter, prospective cohort study in 10 Italian ICUs. AKI was defined by renal sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score (creatinine >3.5 mg/dL or urine output (UO) <500 mL/d). Oliguria was defined as a UO <500 mL/d. Mean fluid balance (MFB) and mean urine volume (MUV) were calculated as the arithmetic mean of all daily values. Use of diuretics was noted daily. To assess the impact of MFB and MUV on mortality of AKI patients, multivariate analysis was performed by Cox regression.

Results
Of the 601 included patients, 132 had AKI during their ICU stay and the mortality in this group was 50%. Non-surviving AKI patients had higher MFB (1.31 ± 1.24 versus 0.17 ± 0.72 L/day; P <0.001) and lower MUV (1.28 ± 0.90 versus 2.35 ± 0.98 L/day; P <0.001) as compared to survivors. In the multivariate analysis, MFB (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.67 per L/day, 95%CI 1.33 to 2.09; <0.001) and MUV (adjusted HR 0.47 per L/day, 95%CI 0.33 to 0.67; <0.001) remained independent risk factors for 28-day mortality after adjustment for age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, diuretic use, non-renal SOFA and sepsis. Diuretic use was associated with better survival in this population (adjusted HR 0.25, 95%CI 0.12 to 0.52; <0.001).

Conclusions
In this multicenter ICU study, a higher fluid balance and a lower urine volume were both important factors associated with 28-day mortality of AKI patients.