bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attention-Feedback Based Robust Segmentation of Online Handwritten Isolated Tamil Words
Authors: Sundaram Suresh , Ramakrishnan A. G. 
Published: March 2013

In this article, we propose a lexicon-free, script-dependent approach to segment online handwritten isolated Tamil words into its constituent symbols. Our proposed segmentation strategy comprises two modules, namely the (1) Dominant Overlap Criterion Segmentation (DOCS) module and (2) Attention Feedback Segmentation (AFS) module. Based on a bounding box overlap criterion in the DOCS module, the input word is first segmented into stroke groups. A stroke group may at times correspond to a part of a valid symbol (over-segmentation) or a merger of valid symbols (under-segmentation). Attention on specific features in the AFS module serve in detecting possibly over-segmented or under-segmented stroke groups. Thereafter, feedbacks from the SVM classifier likelihoods and stroke-group based features are considered in modifying the suspected stroke groups to form valid symbols.
The proposed scheme is tested on a set of 10000 isolated handwritten words (containing 53,246 Tamil symbols). The results show that the DOCS module achieves a symbol-level segmentation accuracy of 98.1%, which improves to as high as 99.7% after the AFS strategy. This in turn entails a symbol recognition rate of 83.9% (at the DOCS module) and 88.4% (after the AFS module). The resulting word recognition rates at the DOCS and AFS modules are found to be, 50.9% and 64.9% respectively, without any postprocessing.
Views
Authors: Demsky Brian , Lam Patrick 
Published: March 2013

Fine-grained locking is often necessary to increase concurrency. Correctly implementing fine-grained locking with today's concurrency primitives can be challenging—race conditions often plague programs with sophisticated locking schemes.
We present views, a new approach to concurrency control. Views ease the task of implementing sophisticated locking schemes and provide static checks to automatically detect many data races. A view of an object declares a partial interface, consisting of fields and methods, to the object that the view protects. A view also contains an incompatibility declaration, which lists views that may not be simultaneously held by other threads. A set of view annotations specify which code regions hold a view of an object. Our view compiler performs simple static checks that identify many data races. We pair the basic approach with an inference algorithm that can infer view incompatibility specifications for many applications.
We have ported four benchmark applications to use views: portions of Vuze, a BitTorrent client; Mailpuccino, a graphical email client; jphonelite, a VoIP softphone implementation; and TupleSoup, a database. Our experience indicates that views are easy to use, make implementing sophisticated locking schemes simple, and can help eliminate concurrency bugs. We have evaluated the performance of a view implementation of a red-black tree and found that views can significantly improve performance over that of the lock-based implementation.
Hayden White’s “Theory of the Historical Work”: A Re-examination
Authors: Wilson Adrian 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Hayden White’s Metahistory is best known for its “theory of tropes”; but Metahistory also put forward a distinct “theory of the historical work”, which has received rather less attention, and indeed has tended to be swallowed up by White’s tropology. This is a symptom of a wider problem, that the theory has been apprehended in paraphrase and synopsis rather than in the terms in which it was actually articulated. This paper seeks to redress these oversights through an exegetical analysis, embracing the structure of the theory, its rhetoric, and its relationship to the “theory of tropes”. The results bring several surprises, not the least of them being that Metahistory’s well-known relativism was accompanied by a hidden naïve realism; and it is shown that the book’s anti-epistemological stance was unfounded. Nevertheless some of the theory’s main concepts remain fertile, and even its limitations are instructive.
Predictable Climate Impacts of the Decadal Changes in the Ocean in the 1990s
Authors: Robson Jon , Sutton Rowan , Smith Doug 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
During the 1990s there was a major change in the state of the world's oceans. In particular, the North Atlantic underwent a rapid warming, with sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the subpolar gyre region increasing by 1°C in just a few years. Associated with the changes in SST patterns were changes in the surface climate, in particular, a tendency for warm and dry conditions over areas of North America in all seasons, and warm springs and wet summers over areas of Europe. Here, the extent to which a climate prediction system initialized using observations of the ocean state is able to capture the observed changes in seasonal mean surface climate is investigated. Rather than examining predictions of the mid-1990s North Atlantic warming event itself, this study compares hindcasts started before and after the warming, relative to hindcasts that do not assimilate information. It is demonstrated that the hindcasts capture many aspects of the observed changes in seasonal mean surface climate, especially in North, South, and Central America and in Europe. Furthermore, the prediction system retains skill beyond the first year. Finally, it is shown that, in addition to memory of Atlantic SSTs, successfully predicting Pacific SSTs was likely important for the hindcasts to predict surface climate over North America.
Eating Disorder Training and Attitudes Among Primary Care Residents
Authors: Banas David A. , Redfern Roberta , Wanjiku Stephen , Lazebnik Rina , Rome Ellen S. 
Published: March 2013

Background: The ability to diagnose eating disorders (ED) is important and difficult for primary care physicians (PCPs). Previous reports suggest that PCPs feel their training is inadequate. Objective: To explore residents’ interest and comfort diagnosing and treating ED. Methods: An internet survey was sent to primary care residencies. Logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors correlated with residents’ interest and comfort in diagnosing and treating ED. Results: Family Medicine and Internal Medicine residents had higher interest in ED than Pediatric residents, as did female residents and residents exposed to teenagers with unexplained weight loss. Residents in programs with an ED program and faculty interested in ED were more comfortable diagnosing ED. Conclusions: Interest in, and comfort diagnosing and treating ED are associated with specialty type, presence of an ED program, presence of faculty interested in ED, and resident exposure to ED outpatients and teenagers with unexplained weight loss.
Z‐palatoplasty and Tongue Radiofrequency for Patients with Small Tonsils
Authors: Wang Lin , Liu Ji Xiang , Yang Xiang Li , Yang Chun Wei , Qin Yong Xin 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveTo explore the feasibility and efficacy of Z‐palatoplasty for the management of severe obstructive sleep apnea‐hypopnea syndrome in patients with tonsils.Study DesignCase series and chart review.SettingUniversity hospital.MethodsZ‐palatoplasty and coblation channeling of the tongue were performed in 36 patients with body mass index <40 kg/m2 and size 1 or 2 tonsils. All patients’ tonsils were preserved. Follow‐up continued for at least 1 year. Success was defined as a postoperative apnea‐hypopnea index <15 events per hour and at least 50% less than the preoperative value.ResultsThe surgical success rate was 58.3% (21/36 patients). Furthermore, 66.7% (24/36 patients) had a ≥50% reduction in the apnea‐hypopnea index to less than 20 episodes per hour. There were statistically significant differences in preoperative nadir oxygen saturation, percentage of time with oxygen saturation less than 90%, microarousal index, and Friedman tongue position between those who responded to surgery and those who did not. Six patients had temporary velopharyngeal insufficiency. After 3 months, all the patients had normal deglutition. No major perioperative complications occurred.ConclusionOur findings suggest that Z‐palatoplasty can improve disease‐specific quality of life and sleep apnea symptoms in patients with obstructive sleep apnea‐hypopnea syndrome and size 1 or 2 tonsils.
Results of 2 Decades of Injury Surveillance and Public Release of Data in the Australian Football League
Authors: Orchard John W. , Seward Hugh , Orchard Jessica J. 
Published: March 2013

Background: Injuries are common in all professional football codes (including soccer, rugby league and union, American football, Gaelic football, and Australian football). Purpose: To report the epidemiology of injuries in the Australian Football League (AFL) from 1992-2012 and to identify changes in injury patterns during that period. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: The AFL commenced surveying injuries in 1992, with all teams and players included since 1996. An injury was defined as “any physical or medical condition that causes a player to miss a match in the regular season or finals (playoffs).” Administrative records of injury payments (which are compulsory as part of salary cap compliance) to players who do not play matches determined the occurrence of an injury. The seasonal incidence was measured in units of new injuries per club (of 40 players) per season (of 22 matches). Results: There were 4492 players listed over the 21-year period who suffered 13,606 new injuries/illnesses and 1965 recurrent injuries/illnesses, which caused 51,919 matches to be missed. The lowest seasonal incidence was 30.3 new injuries per club per season recorded in 1993, and the highest was 40.3 recorded in 1998. The injury prevalence (missed matches through injury per club per season) varied from a low of 116.3 in 1994 to a high of 157.1 in 2011. The recurrence rate of injuries was highest at 25% in 1992 and lowest at 9% in 2012 and has steadily fallen across the 21 years ( P < .01). The most frequent and prevalent injury was hamstring strain (average of 6 injuries per club per season, resulting in 20 missed matches per club per season; recurrence rate, 26%), although the rate of hamstring injuries has fallen in the past 2 seasons after a change to the structure of the interchange bench ( P < .05). The rate of knee posterior cruciate ligament injuries fell in the years after a rule change to prevent knee-to-knee collisions in ruckmen ( P < .01). Conclusion: Annual public reporting (by way of media release and reports available freely online) of injury rates, using units easily understood by laypeople, has been well received. It has also paved the way for rule changes with the primary goal of improving player safety.
A Prospective Analysis of 179 Type 2 Superior Labrum Anterior and Posterior Repairs
Authors: Provencher Matthew T. , McCormick Frank , Dewing Christopher , McIntire Sean , Solomon Daniel 
Published: March 2013

Background: There is a paucity of type 2 superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) surgical outcomes with prospective data. Purpose: To prospectively analyze the clinical outcomes of the arthroscopic treatment of type 2 SLAP tears in a young, active patient population, and to determine factors associated with treatment success and failure. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Over a 4-year period, 225 patients with a type 2 SLAP tear were prospectively enrolled. Two sports/shoulder-fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons performed repairs with suture anchors and a vertical suture construct. Patients were excluded if they underwent any additional repairs, including rotator cuff repair, labrum repair outside of the SLAP region, biceps tenodesis or tenotomy, or distal clavicle excision. Dependent variables were preoperative and postoperative assessments with the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE), and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability (WOSI) scores and independent physical examinations. A failure analysis was conducted to determine factors associated with failure: age, mechanism of injury, preoperative outcome scores, and smoking. Failure was defined as revision surgery, mean ASES score below 70, or an inability to return to sports and work duties, which was assessed statistically with the Student t test and stepwise logarithmic regression. Results: There were 179 of 225 patients who completed the follow-up for the study (80%) at a mean of 40.4 months (range, 26-62 months). The mean preoperative scores (WOSI, 54%; SANE, 50%; ASES, 65) improved postoperatively (WOSI, 82%; SANE, 85%; ASES, 88) ( P < .01). The mean postoperative range of motion was 159° of flexion, 151° of abduction, and 51° of external rotation at the side, which was less than the mean preoperative range of motion (164° of flexion, 166° of abduction, and 56° of external rotation at the side). Of the 179 patients, 66 patients (36.8%) met failure criteria. Fifty patients elected revision surgery. Advanced age within the cohort (>36 years) was the only factor associated with a statistically significant increase in the incidence of failure. Those who were deemed failed had a mean age of 39.2 years (range, 29-45 years) versus those who were deemed healed with a mean age of 29.7 years (range, 18-36 years) ( P < .001). The relative risk for failure for patients older than 36 years was 3.45 (95% CI, 2.0-4.9). Conclusion: Arthroscopic SLAP repair provides a clinical and statistically significant improvement in shoulder outcomes. However, a reliable return to the previous activity level is limited; 37% of patients had failure, with a 28% revision rate. Age greater than 36 years was associated with a higher chance of failure. Additional work is necessary to determine the optimal diagnosis, indications, and surgical management for those with SLAP injuries.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Fatigue Failures in Knees Subjected to Repeated Simulated Pivot Landings
Authors: Lipps David B. , Wojtys Edward M. , Ashton-Miller James A. 
Published: March 2013

Background: It is not known whether the human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is susceptible to fatigue failure as a result of repetitive loading or whether certain knee morphologic characteristics increase that risk. Hypotheses: The number of knee loading cycles required to fail an ACL by fatigue failure is unaffected by the magnitude of the external load delivered to the knee joint. Furthermore, sex, ACL cross-sectional area, and lateral tibial slope will not affect the number of loading cycles to ACL failure. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Knee pairs from 10 cadaveric donors (5 female) of similar age, height, and weight were imaged with 3-T magnetic resonance imaging to measure lateral tibial slope and ACL cross-sectional area. One knee from each pair was then subjected to repeated application of a load of 3 times body weight (3*BW), while the other knee was subjected to a 4*BW load, both involving impulsive compression force, knee flexion moment, and internal tibial torque combined with realistic trans-knee muscle forces. The resulting 3-dimensional tibiofemoral kinematics and kinetics were recorded, along with ACL relative strain and quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius muscle forces. The loading cycle was repeated until the ACL ruptured, a 3-mm increase in cumulative anterior tibial translation occurred, or a minimum of 50 trials was reached. Results: Eight of 10 knees failed under the 4*BW load (mean ± SD cycles to failure, 21 ± 18), while 5 of 10 knees failed under the 3*BW load (mean ± SD cycles to failure, 52 ± 10). Four knees exhibited a 3-mm increase in anterior tibial translation, 7 knees developed partial or complete visible ACL tears, and 2 knees developed complete ACL tibial avulsions. A Cox regression showed that the number of cycles to ACL failure was influenced by the simulated landing force ( P = .012) and ACL cross-sectional area ( P = .022). Donor sex and lateral tibial slope did not influence the number of cycles to ACL failure. Conclusion: The human ACL is susceptible to fatigue failure when pivot landings of 3*BW or more load the knee repeatedly within a short time span. An ACL with a smaller cross-sectional area is at greater risk for this type of failure. Clinical Relevance: The results show that the human knee can only withstand a certain number of 3*BW or greater jump loading cycles within a short time period before the ACL will fail. Therefore, limiting the increase in the number and severity of pivot landing maneuvers performed over a week of training would make sense from an injury prevention viewpoint.
Clinical Outcomes of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Injection With Arthroscopic Treatment in Older Patients With Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Kim Yong Sang , Park Eui Hyun , Kim Yong Chan , Koh Yong Gon 
Published: March 2013

Background: The ideal treatment for osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) is still controversial, especially in older patients. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been suggested for use in the cell-based treatment of cartilage lesions. Purpose: To compare the clinical outcomes of MSC injection and arthroscopic marrow stimulation treatment with those of arthroscopic marrow stimulation treatment alone for the treatment of OLTs in older patients. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Among 107 patients with OLTs treated arthroscopically, only the patients older than 50 years (65 patients) were included in this study. Patients were divided into 2 groups: 35 patients (37 ankles) treated with arthroscopic marrow stimulation treatment alone (group A) and 30 patients (31 ankles) who underwent MSC injection along with arthroscopic marrow stimulation treatment (group B). Clinical outcomes were evaluated according to the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale, and the Roles and Maudsley score. The Tegner activity scale was used to determine outcomes in activity levels. Results: The mean VAS score in each group was significantly improved ( P < .05) from 7.2 ± 1.1 to 4.0 ± 0.7 in group A and from 7.1 ± 1.0 to 3.2 ± 0.9 in group B. The mean AOFAS score in each group was also significantly improved ( P < .05) from 68.0 ± 5.5 to 77.2 ± 4.8 in group A and from 68.1 ± 5.6 to 82.6 ± 6.4 in group B. There were significant differences in mean VAS and AOFAS scores between the groups at final follow-up (mean, 21.8 months; range, 12-44 months) ( P < .001). The Roles and Maudsley score showed significantly greater improvement in group B than in group A after surgery ( P = .040). The Tegner activity scale score was significantly improved in group B (from 3.5 ± 0.7 to 3.8 ± 0.7; P = .041) but not in group A (from 3.5 ± 0.8 to 3.6 ± 0.6; P = .645). Large lesion size (≥109 mm2) and the existence of subchondral cysts were significant predictors of unsatisfactory clinical outcomes in group A ( P = .04 and .03, respectively). These correlations were not observed in group B. Conclusion: Injection of MSCs with marrow stimulation treatment was encouraging in patients older than 50 years compared with patients treated with marrow stimulation treatment alone, especially when the lesion size was larger than 109 mm2 or a subchondral cyst existed. Although still in the early stages of application, MSCs may have great potential in the treatment of OLTs in patients older than 50 years, and more evaluations of its effect should be performed.
Reconstruction of Calcaneal Fracture Malunion With Osteotomy and Subtalar Joint Salvage
Authors: Yu Guang-Rong , Hu Sun-Jun , Yang Yun-Feng , Zhao Hong-Mou , Zhang Shi-Min 
Published: March 2013

Background: The goal of this study was to discuss the outcomes of treating calcaneal fracture malunion by restoring the subtalar joint with a reconstructive osteotomy. Methods: From May 2005 to November 2008, 24 patients (26 feet) with calcaneal malunions after a displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture were treated by osteotomy and autogenous bone graft. The subtalar joint was preserved. The mean time from initial injury to reconstructive operation was 5.7 months (95% confidence interval, 4.5-8.8 months). The displaced posterior facet was restored through a reconstructive osteotomy, whereas the bone defect in the calcaneus after reduction was filled with the exostosis that had been removed; iliac bone graft was used if necessary. All patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically at a minimum of 24 months. Twenty patients (21 feet) were followed for a mean of 34.2 months (29.0-39.4 months). Results: According to American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle and hindfoot score, the average score was 85.9 points (95% confidence interval, 81.5-90.4 points), which was significantly higher than the preoperative assessment. Radiographs showed that Böhler’s angle, Gissane’s angle, talus declination angle, and width and height of calcaneus were improved to a great extent. Six patients had wound edge necrosis, and 2 had superficial infection. One patient required a subtalar fusion for subtalar arthritis at 2 years after surgery. Conclusions: Restoring the subtalar joint with a reconstructive osteotomy and autogenous bone graft was an effective treatment method for selected calcaneal fracture malunions. It reconstructed calcaneal morphology and preserved the subtalar joint. Level of Evidence: Level IV, retrospective case series.
Contribution of cortical and white matter lesions to cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Papadopoulou Athina , Müller-Lenke Nicole , Naegelin Yvonne , Kalt Gabriela , Bendfeldt Kerstin , Kuster Pascal , Stoecklin Markus , Gass Achim , Sprenger Till , Radue Ernst Wilhelm , Kappos Ludwig , Penner Iris-Katharina 
Published: March 2013

Background: Cortical lesions (CLs) have been reported to be a better predictor for cognitive impairment than white matter (WM) lesions in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Objectives: The objectives of this article are to investigate the contribution of CLs and WM lesions to cognitive impairment in 91 patients with MS and clinically isolated syndrome, and to test potential associations of CLs and WM lesions with fatigue and depression. Methods: Lesions were scored and segmented on 3D double inversion recovery sequences, according to their location (cortical, WM). Normalised grey matter volume was also determined. Cognitive performance was assessed with the SDMT and PASAT-3, fatigue with the FSMC and depression with the German version of the CES-D. Results: CL volume did not correlate with fatigue or depression, but correlated significantly with both neuropsychological outcome measures: PASAT-3 ( r = −0.275, p = 0.009) and SDMT ( r = −0.377, p < 0.001). Multiple regression analyses with age, WM lesions, CLs and GM volume as independent variables, however, did not reveal CL volume as a significant predictor of neuropsychological outcomes, whereas WM lesion volume significantly predicted SDMT and by trend PASAT performance. Conclusions: These findings suggest a role of WM lesions in the development of cognitive deficits, especially information-processing speed, which may be higher than previously assumed. Abbreviations: CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (ADS-L: Allgemeine Depressions Skala-L, German version of CES-D), CIS: clinically isolated syndrome, CL: cortical lesion, DIR: double inversion recovery, EDSS: Expanded Disability Status Scale, FSMC: fatigue scale for motor and cognitive functions, GM: grey matter, MRI: magnetic resonance imaging, MS: multiple sclerosis, PASAT-3: paced auditory serial addition test 3s, PPMS: primary progressive multiple sclerosis, RRMS: relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis, SDMT: symbol digit modalities test, SPM: statistical parametric mapping, SPMS: secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, WM: white matter