bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contemplating the true nature of the notion of “responsibility” in responsible command
Authors: Corn Geoffrey S. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractOperating under responsible command is an essential requirement to qualify as a lawful combatant, and is also central to the doctrine of command responsibility. This reveals the inextricable link between the role of the commander and the effective implementation of the international humanitarian law (IHL). Understanding this linkage is vital to ensuring that commanders and other military leaders fulfil their obligation to prepare subordinates to navigate the chaos of mortal combat within the legal and by implication moral framework that IHL provides. Few commanders would question the proposition that responsible commanders prepare their military units to effectively perform their combat missions. However, operational effectiveness is only one aspect of developing a “responsible” command. Because this term is grounded in the expectation of IHL compliance, a truly responsible command exists only when the unit is prepared to execute its operational mission in a manner that fully complies with IHL obligations. This broader conception of a disciplined and effective military unit reflects the true nature of the concept of responsible command, as only military units built on this conception of discipline advance the complementary objectives of military effectiveness and humanitarian respect. Accordingly, the requirement that lawful combatants operate under responsible command is an admonition to all military leaders that truly effective military units are those capable of executing their missions with maximum operational effect within the framework of humanitarian constraint that defines the limits of justifiable violence during armed conflict.
Rubrene crystal field-effect mobility modulation via conducting channel wrinkling
Authors: Reyes-Martinez Marcos A. , Crosby Alfred J. , Briseno Alejandro L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWith the impending surge of flexible organic electronic technologies, it has become essential to understand how mechanical deformation affects the electrical performance of organic thin-film devices. Organic single crystals are ideal for the systematic study of strain effects on electrical properties without being concerned about grain boundaries and other defects. Here we investigate how the deformation affects the field-effect mobility of single crystals of the benchmark semiconductor rubrene. The wrinkling instability is used to apply local strains of different magnitudes along the conducting channel in field-effect transistors. We discover that the mobility changes as dictated by the net strain at the dielectric/semiconductor interface. We propose a model based on the plate bending theory to quantify the net strain in wrinkled transistors and predict the change in mobility. These contributions represent a significant step forward in structure–function relationships in organic semiconductors, critical for the development of the next generation of flexible electronic devices.
Magnetically induced forward scattering at visible wavelengths in silicon nanosphere oligomers
Authors: Yan J. H. , Liu P. , Lin Z. Y. , Wang H. , Chen H. J. , Wang C. X. , Yang G. W. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractElectromagnetically induced transparency is a type of quantum interference that induces near-zero reflection and near-perfect transmission. As a classical analogy, metal nanostructure plasmonic ‘molecules’ produce plasmon-induced transparency conventionally. Herein, an electromagnetically induced transparency interaction is demonstrated in silicon nanosphere oligomers, wherein the strong magnetic resonance couples with the electric gap mode effectively to markedly suppress reflection. As a result, a narrow-band transparency window created at visible wavelengths, called magnetically induced transparency, is easily realized in nearly touching silicon nanospheres, exhibiting low dependence on the number of spheres and aggregate states compared with plasmon induced transparency. A hybridization mechanism between magnetic and electric modes is proposed to pursue the physical origin, which is crucial to build all-dielectric metamaterials. Remarkably, magnetic induced transparency effect exhibiting near-zero reflection and near-perfect transmission causes light to propagate with no extra phase change. This makes silicon nanosphere oligomers promising as a unit cell in epsilon-near-zero metamaterials.
Voxel-based, brain-wide association study of aberrant functional connectivity in schizophrenia implicates thalamocortical circuitry
Authors: Cheng Wei , Palaniyappan Lena , Li Mingli , Kendrick Keith M , Zhang Jie , Luo Qiang , Liu Zening , Yu Rongjun , Deng Wei , Wang Qiang , Ma Xiaohong , Guo Wanjun , Francis Susan , Liddle Peter , Mayer Andrew R , Schumann Gunter , Li Tao , Feng Jianfeng 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackground:Wernicke’s concept of ‘sejunction’ or aberrant associations among specialized brain regions is one of the earliest hypotheses attempting to explain the myriad of symptoms in psychotic disorders. Unbiased data mining of all possible brain-wide connections in large data sets is an essential first step in localizing these aberrant circuits.Methods:We analyzed functional connectivity using the largest resting-state neuroimaging data set reported to date in the schizophrenia literature (415 patients vs. 405 controls from UK, USA, Taiwan, and China). An exhaustive brain-wide association study at both regional and voxel-based levels enabled a continuous data-driven discovery of the key aberrant circuits in schizophrenia.Results:Results identify the thalamus as the key hub for altered functional networks in patients. Increased thalamus–primary somatosensory cortex connectivity was the most significant aberration in schizophrenia (P=10−18). Overall, a number of thalamic links with motor and sensory cortical regions showed increased connectivity in schizophrenia, whereas thalamo–frontal connectivity was weakened. Network changes were correlated with symptom severity and illness duration, and support vector machine analysis revealed discrimination accuracies of 73.53–80.92%.Conclusions:Widespread alterations in resting-state thalamocortical functional connectivity is likely to be a core feature of schizophrenia that contributes to the extensive sensory, motor, cognitive, and emotional impairments in this disorder. Changes in this schizophrenia-associated network could be a reliable mechanistic index to discriminate patients from healthy controls.
Ultra-high density intra-specific genetic linkage maps accelerate identification of functionally relevant molecular tags governing important agronomic traits in chickpea
Authors: Kujur Alice , Upadhyaya Hari D. , Shree Tanima , Bajaj Deepak , Das Shouvik , Saxena Maneesha S. , Badoni Saurabh , Kumar Vinod , Tripathi Shailesh , Gowda C. L. L. , Sharma Shivali , Singh Sube , Tyagi Akhilesh K. , Parida Swarup K. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe discovered 26785 and 16573 high-quality SNPs differentiating two parental genotypes of a RIL mapping population using reference desi and kabuli genome-based GBS assay. Of these, 3625 and 2177 SNPs have been integrated into eight desi and kabuli chromosomes, respectively in order to construct ultra-high density (0.20–0.37 cM) intra-specific chickpea genetic linkage maps. One of these constructed high-resolution genetic map has potential to identify 33 major genomic regions harbouring 35 robust QTLs (PVE: 17.9–39.7%) associated with three agronomic traits, which were mapped within <1 cM mean marker intervals on desi chromosomes. The extended LD (linkage disequilibrium) decay (~15 cM) in chromosomes of genetic maps have encouraged us to use a rapid integrated approach (comparative QTL mapping, QTL-region specific haplotype/LD-based trait association analysis, expression profiling and gene haplotype-based association mapping) rather than a traditional QTL map-based cloning method to narrow-down one major seed weight (SW) robust QTL region. It delineated favourable natural allelic variants and superior haplotype-containing one seed-specific candidate embryo defective gene regulating SW in chickpea. The ultra-high-resolution genetic maps, QTLs/genes and alleles/haplotypes-related genomic information generated and integrated strategy for rapid QTL/gene identification developed have potential to expedite genomics-assisted breeding applications in crop plants, including chickpea for their genetic enhancement.
Enhancing the light-driven production of d-lactate by engineering cyanobacterium using a combinational strategy
Authors: Li Chao , Tao Fei , Ni Jun , Wang Yu , Yao Feng , Xu Ping 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIt is increasingly attractive to engineer cyanobacteria for bulk production of chemicals from CO2. However, cofactor bias of cyanobacteria is different from bacteria that prefer NADH, which hampers cyanobacterial strain engineering. In this study, the key enzyme d-lactate dehydrogenase (LdhD) from Lactobacillus bulgaricus ATCC11842 was engineered to reverse its favored cofactor from NADH to NADPH. Then, the engineered enzyme was introduced into Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 to construct an efficient light-driven system that produces d-lactic acid from CO2. Mutation of LdhD drove a fundamental shift in cofactor preference towards NADPH and increased d-lactate productivity by over 3.6-fold. We further demonstrated that introduction of a lactic acid transporter and bubbling CO2-enriched air also enhanced d-lactate productivity. Using this combinational strategy, increased d-lactate concentration and productivity were achieved. The present strategy may also be used to engineer cyanobacteria for producing other useful chemicals.
Ecological impacts of large-scale disposal of mining waste in the deep sea
Authors: Hughes David J. , Shimmield Tracy M. , Black Kenneth D. , Howe John A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDeep-Sea Tailings Placement (DSTP) from terrestrial mines is one of several large-scale industrial activities now taking place in the deep sea. The scale and persistence of its impacts on seabed biota are unknown. We sampled around the Lihir and Misima island mines in Papua New Guinea to measure the impacts of ongoing DSTP and assess the state of benthic infaunal communities after its conclusion. At Lihir, where DSTP has operated continuously since 1996, abundance of sediment infauna was substantially reduced across the sampled depth range (800–2020 m), accompanied by changes in higher-taxon community structure, in comparison with unimpacted reference stations. At Misima, where DSTP took place for 15 years, ending in 2004, effects on community composition persisted 3.5 years after its conclusion. Active tailings deposition has severe impacts on deep-sea infaunal communities and these impacts are detectable at a coarse level of taxonomic resolution.
Differential contribution of frugivorous birds to dispersal patterns of the endangered Chinese yew (Taxus chinensis)
Authors: Li Ning , Fang Shu-bo , Li Xin-hai , An Shu-qing , Lu Chang-hu 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe contribution of forest generalists and specialists to the dispersal pattern of tree species is not well understood. Specialists are considered low-quality dispersers because their dispersal distance is often short. However, disregard for seed deposition site may result in underestimation of the dispersal quality of specialists. The present study estimated the contribution of generalist and specialist species to the dispersal patterns of the endangered Chinese yew (Taxus chinensis) in a subtropical patchy forest in Southeast China. A relatively diverse assemblage of frugivorous birds visited T. chinensis source trees and specialist Hypsipetes leucocephalus and generalist Urocissa erythrorhyncha were by far the highest-quantity dispersers. Considering dispersal effectiveness, the quantity aspect of effectiveness differed between the specialist assemblage and generalist assemblage; the contribution of specialists to the quantity part of effectiveness was significantly higher than that of generalists despite the relatively low diversity of specialists. After foraging, both specialist H. leucocephalus and generalist U. erythrorhyncha significantly contributed to the number of seedlings and their contributions to seedling recruitment did not differ with regard to quality. Our results highlight the ability of T. chinensis to recruit an effective disperser assemblage in patchy habitats, thus increasing its persistence in this disturbed habitat.
Electronic system with memristive synapses for pattern recognition
Authors: Park Sangsu , Chu Myonglae , Kim Jongin , Noh Jinwoo , Jeon Moongu , Hun Lee Byoung , Hwang Hyunsang , Lee Boreom , Lee Byung-geun 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMemristive synapses, the most promising passive devices for synaptic interconnections in artificial neural networks, are the driving force behind recent research on hardware neural networks. Despite significant efforts to utilize memristive synapses, progress to date has only shown the possibility of building a neural network system that can classify simple image patterns. In this article, we report a high-density cross-point memristive synapse array with improved synaptic characteristics. The proposed PCMO-based memristive synapse exhibits the necessary gradual and symmetrical conductance changes and has been successfully adapted to a neural network system. The system learns and later recognizes, the human thought pattern corresponding to three vowels, i.e. /a /, /i / and /u/, using electroencephalography signals generated while a subject imagines speaking vowels. Our successful demonstration of a neural network system for EEG pattern recognition is likely to intrigue many researchers and stimulate a new research direction.
Effects of prenatal and postnatal depression, and maternal stroking, at the glucocorticoid receptor gene
Authors: Murgatroyd C , Quinn J P , Sharp H M , Pickles A , Hill J 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn animal models, prenatal and postnatal stress is associated with elevated hypothalamic–pituitary axis (HPA) reactivity mediated via altered glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene expression. Postnatal tactile stimulation is associated with reduced HPA reactivity mediated via increased GR gene expression. In this first study in humans to examine the joint effects of prenatal and postnatal environmental exposures, we report that GR gene (NR3C1) 1-F promoter methylation in infants is elevated in the presence of increased maternal postnatal depression following low prenatal depression, and that this effect is reversed by self-reported stroking of the infants by their mothers over the first weeks of life.
Childhood trauma, midbrain activation and psychotic symptoms in borderline personality disorder
Authors: Nicol K , Pope M , Romaniuk L , Hall J 
Published: May 2015

AbstractChildhood trauma is believed to contribute to the development of borderline personality disorder (BPD), however the mechanism by which childhood trauma increases risk for specific symptoms of the disorder is not well understood. Here, we explore the relationship between childhood trauma, brain activation in response to emotional stimuli and psychotic symptoms in BPD. Twenty individuals with a diagnosis of BPD and 16 healthy controls were recruited to undergo a functional MRI scan, during which they viewed images of faces expressing the emotion of fear. Participants also completed the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) and a structured clinical interview. Between-group differences in brain activation to fearful faces were limited to decreased activation in the BPD group in the right cuneus. However, within the BPD group, there was a significant positive correlation between physical abuse scores on the CTQ and BOLD signal in the midbrain, pulvinar and medial frontal gyrus to fearful (versus neutral) faces. In addition there was a significant correlation between midbrain activation and reported psychotic symptoms in the BPD group (P<0.05). These results show that physical abuse in childhood is, in individuals with BPD, associated with significantly increased activation of a network of brain regions including the midbrain in response to emotional stimuli. Sustained differences in the response of the midbrain to emotional stimuli in individuals with BPD who suffered childhood physical abuse may underlie the vulnerability of these patients to developing psychotic symptoms.
TrkB reduction exacerbates Alzheimer’s disease-like signaling aberrations and memory deficits without affecting β-amyloidosis in 5XFAD mice
Authors: Devi L , Ohno M 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAccumulating evidence shows that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) significantly decrease early in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, it remains unclear whether BDNF/TrkB reductions may be mechanistically involved in the pathogenesis of AD. To address this question, we generated 5XFAD transgenic mice with heterozygous TrkB knockout (TrkB+/–·5XFAD), and tested the effects of TrkB reduction on AD-like features in this mouse model during an incipient stage that shows only modest amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology and retains normal mnemonic function. TrkB+/– reduction exacerbated memory declines in 5XFAD mice at 4–5 months of age as assessed by the hippocampus-dependent spontaneous alternation Y-maze task, while the memory performance was not affected in TrkB+/– mice. Meanwhile, TrkB+/–·5XFAD mice were normal in nest building, a widely used measure for social behavior, suggesting the memory-specific aggravation of AD-associated behavioral impairments. We found no difference between TrkB+/–·5XFAD and 5XFAD control mice in cerebral plaque loads, Aβ concentrations including total Aβ42 and soluble oligomers and β-amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein. Interestingly, reductions in hippocampal expression of AMPA/NMDA glutamate receptor subunits as well as impaired signaling pathways downstream to TrkB such as CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) and Akt/GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β) were observed in TrkB+/–·5XFAD mice but not in 5XFAD mice. Among these signaling aberrations, only Akt/GSK-3β dysfunction occurred in TrkB+/– mice, while others were synergistic consequences between TrkB reduction and subthreshold levels of Aβ in TrkB+/–·5XFAD mice. Collectively, our results indicate that reduced TrkB does not affect β-amyloidosis but exacerbates the manifestation of hippocampal mnemonic and signaling dysfunctions in early AD.
Residual feed intake and breeding approaches for enteric methane mitigation.
Authors: Berry D. P. , Lassen J. , Haas Y. de 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

The expanding world human population will require greater food production within the constraints of increasing societal pressure to minimize the resulting impact on the environment. Breeding goals in the past have achieved substantial gains in environmental load per unit product produced, despite no explicit inclusion of environmental load (and in most instances, even feed efficiency) in these goals. Heritability of feed intake-related traits in cattle is moderate to high, implying that relatively high accuracy of selection can be achieved with relatively low information content per animal; however, the genetic variation in feed intake independent of animal performance is expectedly less than other performance traits. Nonetheless, exploitable genetic variation does exist and, if properly utilized, could augment further gains in feed efficiency. Genetic parameters for enteric methane (CH4) emissions in cattle are rare. No estimate of the genetic variation in enteric CH4 emissions independent of animal performance exists; it is the parameters for this trait that depict the scope for genetic improvement. The approach to the inclusion of feed intake or CH4 emissions in cattle breeding goals is not clear, nor is the cost benefit of such an endeavour, especially given the cost of procuring the necessary phenotypic data.
Methanotrophs in enteric methane mitigation.
Authors: Soren N. M. , Malik P. K. , Sejian V. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

In recent years, greater concern for environmental health, especially the mitigation of greenhouse gases, has been debated on various platforms. Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) and is produced globally by both biotic and anthropogenic activities. The most important recognized sources of CH4 are natural wetlands (21%); fossil fuel related to natural gas, coal mines and the coal industry (16%); enteric fermentation (16%); paddy (11%); biomass burning (7%); landfills (7%); and animal waste (5%). Enteric fermentation in ruminants represents a major source of anthropogenic CH4. Several CH4 lowering strategies are being attempted by animal scientists across the globe to enhance livestock production vis-à-vis lower CH4 production. Each strategy that is being attempted has its advantages as well as limitations. So it is imperative to look for a strategy that is viable and environmentally friendly too. CH4-oxidizing bacteria, obligate and facultative, as well as anaerobic CH4-oxidizing archaea are known to play a fundamental role in the carbon cycle by metabolizing CH4 before it is released into the atmosphere. Therefore, CH4 mitigation by employing methanotrophic microorganisms may be a viable and novel approach in controlling enteric CH4 emissions in ruminants. The prospects of methanotrophs for eradicating enteric CH4 emission are debated elaborately in the following chapter.
Anticorrosion performance of sintered NdFeB magnets by EDM in different dielectric fluids
Authors: Li Li , Yang Siyi , Niu Zongwei , Zheng Guangming , Sima Zhongwen 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to present an experimental investigation of improving the surface corrosion resistance of sintered neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets by electrical discharge machining (EDM) in different dielectric fluids.

Design/methodology/approach
– Scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the surface morphology and chemical structure of recast layers formed by EDM using kerosene and distilled water as the dielectric fluids. Polarization scans and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were applied to investigate the post-machining corrosion resistance.

Findings
– The test results indicated that the recast layer produced during EDM had amorphous characteristics, and the newly formed amorphous structure could improve the corrosion resistance of the NdFeB material. The corrosion resistance of the recast layer formed in kerosene was better than that formed in distilled water.

Originality/value
– Surface corrosion modification of sintered NdFeB magnets by means of electrical discharge with an ordinary copper electrode is proposed in this paper. The layer formed by EDM exhibits different behavior to that of the interior of the bulk material and improves the anti-corrosion performance of NdFeB magnets.