bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
δ13C analysis of amino acids in human hair using trimethylsilyl derivatives and gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: An Yan , Schwartz Zeland , Jackson Glen P. 
Published: May 2013

RATIONALETo provide a simple one‐step derivatization procedure for the analysis of a wide variety of amino acids in human hair by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). N,O‐Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) derivatization is already widely used outside the IRMS community, is applicable to a variety of functional groups, and provides products that are common entries in mass spectral databases, thus simplifying compound identification.METHODSMethod optimization and validation were performed on a mixture of ten standard amino acids found abundantly in human hair. The method was then applied to the analysis of scalp hair from six human subjects. The hair was washed, hydrolyzed with 6 M HCl, derivatized using BSTFA in acetonitrile and analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) with concurrent quadrupole and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) detectors.RESULTSThe reproducibility for the δ13C measurements, including the derivatization procedure and GC/C/IRMS analysis, on a day‐to‐day comparison was between 0.19‰ and 0.35‰ (SD, N = 12), with an average standard deviation of 0.26‰. Because trimethylsilylation adds 3N carbon atoms (where N = # reactive protons) to each amino acid, the δ13C values for amino acid derivatives were corrected using a mass balance correction and the measured kinetic isotope effect (KIE). The KIE values ranged from 0.984 to 1.020.CONCLUSIONSThe procedure gave consistent δ13C values with precision similar to other derivatization methods for the range of sample sizes studied: 50–1000 µg of each amino acid. The method gave δ13C values consistent with the known literature values when applied to the analysis of amino acids in human hair. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model of analyzing cyber threats trend and tracing potential attackers based on darknet traffic
Authors: Choi Sang‐soo , Song Jungsuk , Kim Seokhun , Kim Sookyun 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTIn general, attackers carry out scanning or probing against a certain network when they start to attack their victims. Because of this, darknet is very useful to observe the scanning activities of attackers who want to find their victims that have security vulnerabilities in operating systems, applications, services, and so on. Thus, by observing and analyzing darknet traffic, it is able to obtain an insight into malicious activities that are happening on the Internet and to identify potential attackers who sent attack packets to the darknet. However, darknet has a fatal limitation that most of the darknet traffic has no payload data. This means that we cannot collect the real attack codes from the original darknet traffic. To cope with this problem, we propose a security monitoring and response model to analyze cyber threats trend and to trace potential attackers based on darknet traffic. We have evaluated the proposed model using one /24 darknet IP addresses and TMS alerts that were obtained from TMS. The experimental results provided the statistical information of all the incoming darknet traffic so that we could obtain the global cyber threats trend. Furthermore, the experimental results demonstrated that we could obtain malicious attack patterns and attack codes that were not detected by TMS. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Calorimetric Study of Recovery and Recrystallization in Fe–14.4 Cr–15.4 Ni–2.4 Mo–2.36 Mn–0.25 Ti–0.04 C–0.05 P (mass %) Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Tripathy Haraprasanna , Raju Subramaniam , Rai Arun Kumar , Jayakumar Tamanna 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe stored energy release and the kinetics of recovery and recrystallization processes in 70 and 85% coldworked nuclear grade austenitic stainless steel have been investigated by dynamic calorimetry, the results of which are supplemented by optical microscopy and microhardness measurements. Distinct thermal arrests arising from recovery and recrystallization events that occur upon slow heating are around 815 and 1070 K, respectively. The peak recovery and recrystallization temperatures are found to be sensitive to prior coldwork and heating rate. Faster rates of heating pushed the recovery stage to higher temperatures overlapping with the domain of recrystallization, which resulted in a decreased dissipation of stored energy due to recovery. As a result, faster heating rates, served to accelerate the kinetics of recrystallization owing to higher driving force. It is also found that the dissolution of fine TiC particles lead to secondary recrystallization at higher temperatures. Modeling of lattice softening kinetics yielded values of effective activation energies for recovery and recrystallization processes in the range, 198 and 336 kJ mol−1, respectively.
Proton NMR Investigations of Intermediate Spin Iron(III) Complexes with Macrocyclic N42– Chelate Ligands
Authors: Weber Birgit , Walker F. Ann , Karaghiosoff Konstantin 
Published: May 2013

AbstractProton NMR spectra of five macrocyclic iron(III) intermediate‐spin complexes are investigated. The signal assignment was accomplished for all five complexes. The temperature dependence of the NMR spectra reveals that for complexes of the type Fe1 an ideal Curie behaviour is observed indicating the absence of excited states. This is not the case for complexes of the type Fe2 and Fe3. A significant deviation from the Curie straight line is observed for Fe3‐Cl indicating low‐lying excited states. Single crystals suitable for X‐ray structure analysis were obtained for the complexes Fe2‐Cl and Fe3‐I and the X‐ray structure of those two complexes is presented.
Evidence for plasticity in the frequency of skipped breeding opportunities in common toads
Authors: Muths Erin , Scherer Rick D. , Bosch Jaime 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBreeding is limited by energetic or environmental constraints and long‐lived species sometimes skip breeding opportunities. Environmental conditions may vary considerably across the geographic and elevational range of a species and species that can respond through variation in life history strategies are likely to maintain populations at the extremes of their ranges. The decision to skip breeding enables animals to adjust life history to circumstances, and plasticity in behavior allows implementation of adjustments. Elevational patterns suggest that breeding may be limited physiologically at high elevations (e.g., greater probability of skipped breeding; resources and environmental conditions more variable) in contrast to low elevations (probability of skipping breeding lower; resources and environmental conditions more predictable). We estimated the probabilities of survival and skipped breeding in a high‐elevation population of common toads and compared estimates to existing data for common toads at low elevations, and to another toad species inhabiting a similar high elevation environment. Female common toads at high elevations tend to have high probabilities of skipping breeding and survival relative to data for common toads at low elevations, and appear to use a similar strategy of skipping breeding in response to similar environmental constraints as other toads at high elevations. We provide evidence of variability in this aspect of life history for common toads. Understanding variation in life history within widely distributed species is critical. Knowing that certain life history strategies are employed on a continuum informs conservation efforts, especially as impacts of climate change are likely to be different depending on elevation.
Disaster Impact Across Cultural Groups: Comparison of Whites, African Americans, and Latinos
Authors: Davidson Tatiana M. , Price Matthew , McCauley Jenna L. , Ruggiero Kenneth J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe current study extends knowledge regarding the differential impact of natural disasters among White, African American, and Latino survivors of Hurricane Ike through its use of a large, regional sample recruited via representative sampling procedures to examine the associations between cultural identification and disaster impact, including loss, damage, and negative mental health outcomes. Consistent with previous research, results indicated disparities between cultural groups with regard to disaster exposure. Additionally, type of disaster impact was differentially associated with PTSD and depression status dependent on cultural group. Specifically, the extent of personal disaster exposure, property damage, and loss of services made significant contributions to PTSD status among White survivors. African‐Americans were more likely than White and Latino Ike survivors to endorse post‐disaster PTSD and depression and endorsement of depression was predicted by severity of property damage. With respect to Latino respondents, only the extent of personal disaster exposure significantly contributed to both PTSD and depression status. Implications of the current findings are discussed with regard to future disaster preparedness and response efforts and the implementation and evaluation of community‐based disaster resources.
Stress and Well‐Being Among Parents of Children with Potocki‐Lupski Syndrome
Authors: Carter Rebecca D. , Raia Marianna , Ewing‐Cobbs Linda , Gambello Michael , Hashmi S. Shahrukh , Peterson Susan K. , Robbins‐Furman Patricia , Potocki Lorraine 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPotocki‐Lupski syndrome (PTLS) or duplication 17p11.2 syndrome is a newly characterized condition causing a variety of health problems with variable severity, including failure to thrive in infancy and childhood, hypotonia, structural heart anomalies, cognitive impairments, speech and learning difficulties, and autism. Due to its recent clinical characterization little is known about the psychosocial impact of this condition on patients and their families. This study evaluated whether parental psychosocial outcomes were associated with children's PTLS disease severity. Parents of 58 children with PTLS completed a cross‐sectional survey that assessed parental stress, quality of life, and coping skills. Parental functioning was associated with greater severity of feeding difficulty and with lower severity of a cardiovascular defect. Findings from this study highlight potential support needs of parents of children affected by PTLS and suggest ways in which these needs may be addressed.
The nucleoprotein of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus processes a stable hexameric ring to facilitate RNA encapsidation
Authors: Zhou Honggang , Sun Yuna , Wang Ying , Liu Min , Liu Chao , Wang Wenming , Liu Xiang , Li Le , Deng Fei , Wang Hualin , Guo Yu , Lou Zhiyong 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSevere fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), a member of the Phlebovirus genus from the Bunyaviridae family endemic to China, is the causative agent of life-threatening severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), which features high fever and hemorrhage. Similar to other negative-sense RNA viruses, SFTSV encodes a nucleocapsid protein (NP) that is essential for viral replication. NP facilitates viral RNA encapsidation and is responsible for the formation of ribonucleoprotein complex. However, recent studies have indicated that NP from Phlebovirus members behaves in inhomogeneous oligomerization states. In the present study, we report the crystal structure of SFTSV NP at 2.8 Å resolution and demonstrate the mechanism by which it processes a ringshaped hexameric form to accomplish RNA encapsidation. Key residues essential for oligomerization are identified through mutational analysis and identified to have a significant impact on RNA binding, which suggests that correct formation of highly ordered oligomers is a critical step in RNA encapsidation. The findings of this work provide new insights into the discovery of new antiviral reagents for Phlebovirus infection.
JUSTIFIED BELIEF IN A DIGITAL AGE: ON THE EPISTEMIC IMPLICATIONS OF SECRET INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Miller Boaz , Record Isaac 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPeople increasingly form beliefs based on information gained from automatically filtered internet sources such as search engines. However, the workings of such sources are often opaque, preventing subjects from knowing whether the information provided is biased or incomplete. Users' reliance on internet technologies whose modes of operation are concealed from them raises serious concerns about the justificatory status of the beliefs they end up forming. Yet it is unclear how to address these concerns within standard theories of knowledge and justification. To shed light on the problem, we introduce a novel conceptual framework that clarifies the relations between justified belief, epistemic responsibility, action and the technological resources available to a subject. We argue that justified belief is subject to certain epistemic responsibilities that accompany the subject's particular decision-taking circumstances, and that one typical responsibility is to ascertain, so far as one can, whether the information upon which the judgment will rest is biased or incomplete. What this responsibility comprises is partly determined by the inquiry-enabling technologies available to the subject. We argue that a subject's beliefs that are formed based on internet-filtered information are less justified than they would be if she either knew how filtering worked or relied on additional sources, and that the subject may have the epistemic responsibility to take measures to enhance the justificatory status of such beliefs.
A DUTY OF IGNORANCE
Authors: Matheson David 
Published: May 2013

AbstractConjoined with the claim that there is a moral right to privacy, each of the major contemporary accounts of privacy implies a duty of ignorance for those against whom the right is held. In this paper I consider and respond to a compelling argument that challenges these accounts (or the claim about a right to privacy) in the light of this implication. A crucial premise of the argument is that we cannot ever be morally obligated tobecomeignorant of information we currently know. The plausibility of this premise, I suggest, derives from the thought that there are no epistemically ‘non-drastic’ ways in which we can cause ourselves to become ignorant of what we already know. Drawing on some recent work in the epistemology and psychology of self-deception and forgetting, I seek to undermine this thought, and thus provide a defense against the challenging argument, by arguing that there are indeed such ways.
Ideas and the Limits on Program Expansion: The Failure of Nationwide Pharmacare in Canada Since 1944
Authors: Boothe Katherine 
Published: May 2013

Abstract.This article investigates the limits that ideas place on the scope of policy expansion though an empirical puzzle. Canada lacks a nationwide, universal pharmaceutical insurance program, which contrasts with the experience of most mature welfare states and Canada's own broad public hospital and medical insurance. The article find that ideas matter in policy development because of the mechanisms put in place by the pace of change. A slower, incremental process of policy development leads to restricted policy ideas that limit opportunities for program expansion. The article finds evidence of a reciprocal relationship between policy ideas and public expectations in four proposals for nationwide pharmaceutical insurance in Canada between 1944 and 2002.Résumé.Cet article examine les limites qu'imposent les idées à la portée du déploiement des politiques publiques, et ce à partir d'un paradoxe empirique : le Canada n'a aucun programme national et universel d'assurance-médicaments, ce qui tranche avec la situation de la plupart des États-providence établis ainsi qu'avec son propre système public d'assurance maladie et hospitalisation. L'article montre que les idées influencent le développement des politiques publiques en raison des mécanismes qu'induit le rythme des réformes. Un processus de développement lent et graduel entraîne la formation d'idées restrictives, qui limitent les opportunités d'expansion des programmes. La constatation y est également faite d'une relation de réciprocité entre les idées et les attentes du public dans le cadre de quatre propositions d'établissement d'une assurance-médicaments nationale au Canada, entre 1944 et 2002.
Cannabis use and first-episode psychosis: relationship with manic and psychotic symptoms, and with age at presentation
Authors: Stone J. M. , Fisher H. L. , Major B. , Chisholm B. , Woolley J. , Lawrence J. , Rahaman N. , Joyce J. , Hinton M. , Johnson S. , Young A. H. 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundCannabis use has been reported to be associated with an earlier onset of symptoms in patients with first-episode psychosis, and a worse outcome in those who continue to take cannabis. In general, studies have concentrated on symptoms of psychosis rather than mania. In this study, using a longitudinal design in a large naturalistic cohort of patients with first-episode psychosis, we investigated the relationship between cannabis use, age of presentation to services, daily functioning, and positive, negative and manic symptoms.MethodClinical data on 502 patients with first-episode psychosis were collected using the MiData audit database from seven London-based Early Intervention in psychosis teams. Individuals were assessed at two time points – at entry to the service and after 1 year. On each occasion, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Young Mania Rating Scale and Global Assessment of Functioning Scale disability subscale were rated. At both time points, the use of cannabis and other drugs of abuse in the 6 months preceding each assessment was recorded.ResultsLevel of cannabis use was associated with a younger age at presentation, and manic symptoms and conceptual disorganization, but not with delusions, hallucinations, negative symptoms or daily functioning. Cannabis users who reduced or stopped their use following contact with services had the greatest improvement in symptoms at 1 year compared with continued users and non-users. Continued users remained more symptomatic than non-users at follow-up.ConclusionsEffective interventions for reducing cannabis use may yield significant health benefits for patients with first-episode psychosis.
Paying for Children: The State's Changing Role and Income Adequacy
Authors: HIRSCH DONALD 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn a number of countries, the state has become more closely involved in helping low-income families with children to make ends meet – including those with low earnings as well as out-of-work families. The adequacy of such support can be assessed against benchmarks measuring the additional cost of a child in households that maintain spending at a level sufficient to participate adequately in society. A socially defined minimum income standard provides an empirically based benchmark, which allows more meaningful measurement of adequacy than measures based on relative income or actual spending patterns.Using evidence from the Minimum Income Standard for the United Kingdom, this paper considers the extent to which the UK state covers the additional cost of having children for non-working and low-earning families respectively. It finds that the present system has come close to covering this cost for some low-income families, but has started to withdraw from this position. The paper concludes by considering advantages and pitfalls for countries of adopting targeted forms of support for children focused on income adequacy. Such support can help working as well as non-working families escape poverty, but also makes them heavily dependent on state transfers to make ends meet.
The impact of a school-based water supply and treatment, hygiene, and sanitation programme on pupil diarrhoea: a cluster-randomized trial
Authors: FREEMAN M. C. , CLASEN T. , DREIBELBIS R. , SABOORI S. , GREENE L. E. , BRUMBACK B. , MUGA R. , RHEINGANS R. 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYThe impact of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) access on mitigating illness is well documented, although impact of school-based WASH on school-aged children has not been rigorously explored. We conducted a cluster-randomized trial in Nyanza Province, Kenya to assess the impact of a school-based WASH intervention on diarrhoeal disease in primary-school pupils. Two study populations were used: schools with a nearby dry season water source and those without. Pupils attending ‘water-available’ schools that received hygiene promotion and water treatment (HP&WT) and sanitation improvements showed no difference in period prevalence or duration of illness compared to pupils attending control schools. Those pupils in schools that received only the HP&WT showed similar results. Pupils in ‘water-scarce’ schools that received a water-supply improvement, HP&WT and sanitation showed a reduction in diarrhoea incidence and days of illness. Our study revealed mixed results on the impact of improvements to school WASH improvements on pupil diarrhoea.
Anomalous origin of the left subclavian artery from the pulmonary artery
Authors: Ugurlucan Murat , Arslan Ahmet Hulisi , Besikci Resmiye Tore , Karadeniz Oktay , Ay Sibel , Yildiz Yahya , Cicek Sertac 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIsolated left subclavian artery from the pulmonary trunk is a rare congenital cardiovascular malformation. In this report, we present the images of ascending aortic aneurysm and left subclavian artery originating from the pulmonary artery in a 4-year-old girl in addition to her congenital cardiac pathology.
Effect of Introducing the Mucosal Atomization Device for Fentanyl Use in Out-of-Hospital Pediatric Trauma Patients
Authors: O'Donnell Daniel P. , Schafer Luke C. , Stevens Andrew C. , Weinstein Elizabeth , Miramonti Charles M. , Kozak Mary Ann 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundPain associated with pediatric trauma is often under-assessed and under-treated in the out-of-hospital setting. Administering an opioid such as fentanyl via the intranasal route is a safe and efficacious alternative to traditional routes of analgesic delivery and could potentially improve pain management in pediatric trauma patients.ObjectiveThe study sought to examine the effect of introducing the mucosal atomization device (MAD) on analgesia administration as an alternative to intravenous fentanyl delivery in pediatric trauma patients. The hypothesis for the study is that the introduction of the MAD would increase the administration of fentanyl in pediatric trauma patients.MethodsThe research utilized a 2-group design (pre-MAD and post-MAD) to study 946 pediatric trauma patients (age <16) transported by a large, urban EMS agency to one of eight hospitals in Marion County, which is located in Indianapolis Indiana. Two emergency medicine physicians independently determined whether the patient met criteria for pain medication receipt and a third reviewer resolved any disagreements. A comparison of the rates of fentanyl administration in both groups was then conducted.ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference in the rate of fentanyl administration between the pre-MAD (30.4%) and post-MAD groups (37.8%) (P = .238). A subgroup analysis showed that age and mechanism of injury were stronger predictors of fentanyl administration.ConclusionContrary to the hypothesis, the addition of the MAD device did not increase fentanyl administration rates in pediatric trauma patients. Future research is needed to address the barriers to analgesia administration in pediatric trauma patients.O'DonnellDP, SchaferLC, StevensAC, WeinsteinE, MiramontiCM, KozakMA. Effect of introducing the mucosal atomization device for fentanyl use in out-of-hospital pediatric trauma patients. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(4):1-3.