bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reinforcement Learning of Two-Joint Virtual Arm Reaching in a Computer Model of Sensorimotor Cortex
Authors: Neymotin Samuel A. , Chadderdon George L. , Kerr Cliff C. , Francis Joseph T. , Lytton William W. 
Published: September 2013

Neocortical mechanisms of learning sensorimotor control involve a complex series of interactions at multiple levels, from synaptic mechanisms to cellular dynamics to network connectomics. We developed a model of sensory and motor neocortex consisting of 704 spiking model neurons. Sensory and motor populations included excitatory cells and two types of interneurons. Neurons were interconnected with AMPA/NMDA and GABAA synapses. We trained our model using spike-timing-dependent reinforcement learning to control a two-joint virtual arm to reach to a fixed target. For each of 125 trained networks, we used 200 training sessions, each involving 15 s reaches to the target from 16 starting positions. Learning altered network dynamics, with enhancements to neuronal synchrony and behaviorally relevant information flow between neurons. After learning, networks demonstrated retention of behaviorally relevant memories by using proprioceptive information to perform reach-to-target from multiple starting positions. Networks dynamically controlled which joint rotations to use to reach a target, depending on current arm position. Learning-dependent network reorganization was evident in both sensory and motor populations: learned synaptic weights showed target-specific patterning optimized for particular reach movements. Our model embodies an integrative hypothesis of sensorimotor cortical learning that could be used to interpret future electrophysiological data recorded in vivo from sensorimotor learning experiments. We used our model to make the following predictions: learning enhances synchrony in neuronal populations and behaviorally relevant information flow across neuronal populations, enhanced sensory processing aids task-relevant motor performance and the relative ease of a particular movement in vivo depends on the amount of sensory information required to complete the movement.
How Christian was Fourth Century Egypt? Onomastic Perspectives on Conversion
Authors: Depauw M. , Clarysse W. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
In 1982 Roger Bagnall published a ground-breaking article about conversion to Christianity in fourth century Egypt. Using onomastic data for individuals in seleced texts, he tried to demonstrate that the growth of the Christian element in the population was early and rapid, rising to 90% by the end of the century. A new date for one of the documents led to a revision of the pace of growth in 1987, but his method was never tested on other datasets. In this article we apply an adapted vesion of his method to a large new dataset, containing all attestations of personal names in fourth century documentary papyri and ostraca. We also investigate the accuracy of Christian names as a binary test for Christianity, and estimate the mutiplication factor which can be applied to determine the number of Christians. Our results are similar to the curve which can be distilled from Bagnall’s adapted results in 1987, with 20-30% Christians around 313, a Christian majority around 350 and virtually complete Christianization around the middle of the fifth century.
Variability of Monthly Diurnal Cycle Composites of TOA Radiative Fluxes in the Tropics
Authors: Taylor Patrick C. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Earth system variability is generated by a number of different sources and time scales. Understanding sources of atmospheric variability is critical to reducing the uncertainty in climate models and to understanding the impacts of sampling on observational datasets. The diurnal cycle is a fundamental variability evident in many geophysical variables—including top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes. This study considers aspects of the TOA flux diurnal cycle not previously analyzed: namely, deseasonalized variations in the monthly diurnal cycle composites, termed monthly diurnal cycle variability. Significant variability in the monthly diurnal cycle composites is found in both outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and reflected shortwave (RSW). OLR and RSW monthly diurnal cycle variability exhibits a regional structure that follows traditional, climatological diurnal cycle categorization by prevailing cloud and surface types. The results attribute monthly TOA flux diurnal cycle variability to variations in the diurnal cloud evolution, which is sensitive to monthly atmospheric dynamic- and thermodynamic-state anomalies. The results also suggest that monthly diurnal cycle variability can amplify or buffer monthly TOA flux anomalies, depending on the region. Considering the impact of monthly diurnal cycle variability on monthly TOA flux anomalies, the results suggest that monthly TOA flux diurnal cycle variability must be considered when constructing a TOA flux dataset from sun-synchronous orbit. The magnitude of monthly diurnal composite variability in OLR and RSW is regionally dependent—1–7 W m−2 and 10%–80% relative to interannual TOA flux variability. The largest (4–7 W m−2; 40%–80%) and smallest (1–3 W m−2; 10%–30%) TOA flux uncertainties occur in convective and nonconvective regions, respectively, over both land and ocean.
Comparison of the SST-Forced Responses between Coupled and Uncoupled Climate Simulations
Authors: Chen Hua , Schneider Edwin K. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
It is commonly assumed that a reasonable estimate of the SST-forced component of the observed atmospheric circulation is given by an atmospheric GCM (AGCM) forced with the observed SST. However, there are results that find different SST-forced responses from the observed, for example for the ENSO–monsoon relationship, and suggest that these differences are due to lack of coupling to the ocean rather than atmospheric model bias unrelated to coupling. Here, the coupling issue is isolated and examined through perfect model experiments. A coupled atmosphere–ocean GCM (CGCM) simulation and an AGCM simulation forced by the SST from the CGCM are compared to examine whether the SST-forced responses are the same. This question cannot be addressed directly, since the SST-forced response of the CGCM is a priori unknown. Therefore, two indirect tests are applied, based on the assumption that the noise decorrelation time scale is short compared to a month.
The first test is to compare the time-lagged linear regressions of the atmospheric fields onto several SST indices (defined as the area-averaged SST anomalies in the tropics or extratropics), with SST leading the atmosphere by a month. The second test is to compare the time lagged linear covariances of several atmospheric indices (including two monsoon indices and a North Atlantic Oscillation index) and SST, with the SST leading the atmosphere by a month. Both tests find that the SST-forced responses are the same in the CGCM and SST-forced AGCM. These tests can be extended to compare the SST-forced responses between different AGCMs, CGCMs, and observations.
On Sensitivity Analysis within the 4DVAR Framework*
Authors: Yaremchuk Max , Martin Paul 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The sensitivity of model forecasts to uncertainties in control variables is evaluated using the adjoint technique and the ensemble generated by the reduced-order four-dimensional variational data assimilation (R4DVAR) algorithm within the framework of twin-data experiments with a quasigeostrophic model. To simulate real applications where the true state is unknown, the sensitivities were estimated using model solutions that were obtained after assimilating sparse observations extracted from the true solutions. The numerical experiments were conducted in the linear, weakly nonlinear, and strongly nonlinear (NL) regimes with special emphasis on the NL case characterized by the instability of the tangent linear model. It is shown that the ensemble-based R4DVAR method provides better sensitivity estimates in the NL case, primarily due to the better accuracy of the optimized solutions. The concept of sensitivity in the NL case is also considered within the statistical framework. Using analytical arguments and numerical experimentation, averaging the adjoint sensitivity estimates over an ensemble of model trajectories generated by finite perturbations of the optimal control is shown to provide an estimate similar to that obtained with the adjoint model stabilized by enhanced dissipation. This observation allows for evaluation of the sensitivities of strongly nonlinear optimal solutions by using both the adjoint (4DVAR) and ensemble (R4DVAR) optimization algorithms.
Electrophysiologic Monitoring Characteristics of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Preoperatively Paralyzed or Invaded with Malignancy
Authors: Kamani Dipti , Darr E. Ashlie , Randolph Gregory W. 
Published: September 2013

ObjectiveTo elucidate electrophysiologic responses of the recurrent laryngeal nerves that were preoperatively paralyzed or invaded by malignancy and to use this information as an added functional parameter for intraoperative management of recurrent laryngeal nerves with malignant invasion.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingsAcademic, tertiary care center.Subjects and MethodsAll consecutive neck surgeries with nerve monitoring performed by senior author (GWR) between December 1995 and January 2007 were reviewed after obtaining Institutional Review Board approval from Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Human Subjects Committee and the Partners Human Research Committee. Electrophysiologic parameters in all cases with preoperative vocal cord paralysis/paresis, and the recurrent laryngeal nerve invasion by cancer, were studied.ResultsOf the 1138 surgeries performed, 25 patients (2.1%) had preoperative vocal cord dysfunction. In patients with preoperative vocal cord dysfunction, recognizable recurrent laryngeal nerve electrophysiologic activity was preserved in over 50% of cases. Malignant invasion of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was found in 22 patients (1.9%). Neural invasion of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was associated with preoperative vocal cord paralysis in only 50% of these patients. In nerves invaded by malignancy, 60% maintained recognizable electrophysiologic activity, which was more commonly present and robust when vocal cord function was preserved.ConclusionKnowledge of electrophysiologic intraoperative neural monitoring provides additional functional information and, along with preoperative vocal cord function information, aids in constructing decision algorithms regarding intraoperative management of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, in prognosticating postoperative outcomes, and in patient counseling regarding postoperative expectations.
Antihypertensive drugs and the risk of fall injuries: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zang Guiming 
Published: September 2013

Objective A meta-analysis of published studies was performed to determine whether administration of any of five antihypertensive drug classes (thiazide diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers and β-blockers) affected the risk of fall injuries in the elderly (aged ≥60 years). Methods Articles reporting the risk of fall injury in elderly people being treated with the five main classes of antihypertensive drugs were retrieved using MEDLINE®, EMBASE, SCOPUS® and the Cochrane Database. Trial eligibility and methodological quality were assessed before data extraction and analysed using odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results Sixty-two articles, included in two meta-analyses, were identified. These meta-analyses drew opposite conclusions about the role of antihypertensive drugs in fall injuries in the elderly. However, the present analysis did not reveal a clear association (or the lack of one) between antihypertensive drugs and risk of fall injuries. Conclusions There is no clear, statistically significant clinical precedent indicating that the use of any of the antihypertensive drugs considered here increases the risk of fall injuries in the elderly. Nonetheless, in following standard clinical guidelines for hypertension management, physicians need to be aware of the impact of drug therapies on fall injuries.
Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review Assessing the Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
Authors: Panos Patrick T. , Jackson John W. , Hasan Omar , Panos Angelea 
Published: September 2013

Objective: The objective was to quantitatively and qualitatively examine the efficacy of DBT (e.g., decreasing life-threatening suicidal and parasuicidal acts, attrition, and depression) explicitly with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and using conservative assumptions and criteria, across treatment providers and settings. Method: Five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified in a systematic search that examined the efficacy of DBT in reducing suicide attempts, parasuicidal behavior, attrition during treatment, or symptoms of depression, in adult patients with BPD. Results: Combining effect measures for suicide and parasuicidal behavior (five studies total) revealed a net benefit in favor of DBT (pooled Hedges’ g −0.622). DBT was only marginally better than treatment as usual (TAU) in reducing attrition during treatment in five RCTs (pooled risk difference −0.168). DBT was not significantly different from TAU in reducing depression symptoms in three RCTs (pooled Hedges’ g −0.896). Discussion: DBT demonstrates efficacy in stabilizing and controlling self-destructive behavior and improving patient compliance.
Minimally Invasive Achilles Tendon Repair
Authors: Ozsoy Mehmet Hakan , Cengiz Bertan , Ozsoy Arzu , Aksekili Mehmet Atif Erol , Yucel Mehmet , Fakioglu Onur , Dincel Veysel Ercan , Aydogan Nevres Hurriyet 
Published: September 2013

Background: The purpose of the study was to present the results of a new minimally invasive operative method for Achilles tendon (AT) ruptures that could reduce nerve injuries and add no extra cost. Methods: Thirteen patients with acute AT ruptures who were treated with minimally invasive surgery and followed for a minimum of 12 months were included. At the latest follow-up, American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, calf diameters, ability to walk on tiptoe, and ultrasound examination were evaluated. The average age was 42.8 years (range, 31-62 years). Average follow up was 24.5 months (range, 12-34 months). Results: AOFAS score was 92.5 (range, 85-100). Average calf diameters on the operated and nonoperated extremities were 38.9 cm (range, 36-44 cm) and 38.9 cm (range, 36-41 cm), respectively. On ultrasound examination, the site of the rupture was found to be 46.2 mm proximal from the calcaneal insertion, and the operated side was found to be significantly thicker than the nonoperated side ( P = .008). There was 1 deep vein thrombosis, which recovered without sequelae. There were no wound problems, reruptures, or nerve injuries. Conclusions: This new minimally invasive operative method was successful, showing good functional results and low complication rates. In our experience, the use of 3 continuous polyester sutures was less irritable with 3 knots. Level of Evidence: Level IV, retrospective case series.
Evaluation of a medication order writing standards policy in a regional health authority
Authors: Raymond Colette B. , Sproll Barbara , Coates Jan , Woloschuk Donna M. M. 
Published: September 2013

Background: The Winnipeg Regional Health Authority (WRHA) implemented a medication order writing standards (MOWS) policy (including banned abbreviations) to improve patient safety. Widespread educational campaigns and direct prescriber feedback were implemented. Methods: We audited orders within the WRHA from 2005 to 2009 and surveyed all WRHA staff in 2011 about the policy and suggestions for improving education and compliance. Results: Overall, orders containing banned abbreviations, acronyms or symbols numbered 2261/8565 (26.4%) preimplementation. After WRHA-wide didactic education, the proportion declined to 1358/5461 (24.9%) ( p = 0.043) and then, with targeted prescriber feedback, to 1186/6198 (19.1%) ( p < 0.0001). A survey of 723 employees showed frequent violations of the MOWS, despite widespread knowledge of the policy. Respondents supported ongoing efforts to enforce the policy within the WRHA. Nonprescribers were significantly more likely than prescribers to agree with statements regarding enhancing compliance by defining prescriber/transcriber responsibilities and placing sanctions on noncompliant prescribers. Discussion: Education, raising general awareness and targeted feedback to prescribers alone are insufficient to ensure compliance with MOWS policies. WRHA staff supported ongoing communication, improved tools such as compliant preprinted orders and reporting and feedback about medication incidents. A surprising number of respondents supported placing sanctions on noncompliant prescribers. Conclusion: Serial audits and targeted interventions such as direct prescriber feedback improve prescription quality in inpatient hospital settings. Education plus direct prescriber feedback had a greater impact than education alone on improving compliance with a MOWS policy. Future efforts at the WRHA to improve compliance will require an expanded focus on incentives, resources and development of action plans that involve all affected staff, not just prescribers. Plans include continued advertising, MOWS summaries in all charts, all-staff education, reminders and exploration of sustainable interventions for targeted feedback for prescribers.
Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research
Authors: Gale Nicola K , Heath Gemma , Cameron Elaine , Rashid Sabina , Redwood Sabi 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Background
The Framework Method is becoming an increasingly popular approach to the management and analysis of qualitative data in health research. However, there is confusion about its potential application and limitations.

Discussion
The article discusses when it is appropriate to adopt the Framework Method and explains the procedure for using it in multi-disciplinary health research teams, or those that involve clinicians, patients and lay people. The stages of the method are illustrated using examples from a published study.

Summary
Used effectively, with the leadership of an experienced qualitative researcher, the Framework Method is a systematic and flexible approach to analysing qualitative data and is appropriate for use in research teams even where not all members have previous experience of conducting qualitative research.
How do motorcyclists manage mental tensions of risky riding?
Authors: Bazargan-Hejazi Shahrzad , Zamani-Alavijeh Fereshteh , Hindman David , Mohamadi Esa , Bazargan Mohsen 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background
Road traffic injuries, especially those involving motorcycles, are a particular concern in Iran. We aimed to identify the specific cognitive dissonances and consonances associated with risky riding among Iranian motorcyclists.

Methods
This was a grounded theory qualitative study of male motorcyclists who were ≥18 and were living in one of the three cities of Tehran, Isfahan and Ahwaz. Thirty four (n = 34) motorcyclists participated in 19 in-depth interviews and 5 focus-groups between January 2007 and February 2008.

Results
We identified four categories of motorcycle riders each endorsing a unique risk bias they employed to justify their risky ridings. The categories included: (1) Risk Managers who justified risky riding by doubting that it would result in negative outcomes if they are competent riders. (2) Risk Utilizers who justified risky riding as functional and practical that would enable them to handle daily chores and responsibilities more efficiently. (3) Risk Calculators who justified risky riding by believing that it will help them to avoid road crashes. (4) Risk Takers who justified risky riding by arguing that risky riding is thrilling and brings them peer recognition.

Conclusion
Our findings reveal different groups of motorcyclists according to their different rationalizations for risky riding. Road safety advocates can benefit from our findings by matching relevant and appropriate interventions and incentives to these specific groups.
A new lumbar posterior fixation system, the memory metal spinal system: an in-vitro mechanical evaluation
Authors: Kok Dennis , Firkins Paul John , Wapstra Frits H , Veldhuizen Albert G 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundSpinal systems that are currently available for correction of spinal deformities or degeneration such as lumbar spondylolisthesis or degenerative disc disease use components manufactured from stainless steel or titanium and typically comprise two spinal rods with associated connection devices (for example: DePuy Spines Titanium Moss Miami Spinal System). The Memory Metal Spinal System of this study consists of a single square spinal rod made of a nickel titanium alloy (Nitinol) used in conjunction with connecting transverse bridges and pedicle screws made of Ti-alloy. Nitinol is best known for its shape memory effect, but is also characterized by its higher flexibility when compared to either stainless steel or titanium. A higher fusion rate with less degeneration of adjacent segments may result because of the elastic properties of the memory metal. In addition, the use of a single, unilateral rod may be of great value for a TLIF procedure. Our objective is to evaluate the mechanical properties of the new Memory Metal Spinal System compared to the Titanium Moss Miami Spinal System.MethodsAn in-vitro mechanical evaluation of the lumbar Memory Metal Spinal System was conducted. The test protocol followed ASTM Standard F1717-96, “Standard Test Methods for Static and Fatigue for Spinal Implant Constructs in a Corpectomy Model.”Static axial testing in a load to failure mode in compression bending,Static testing in a load to failure mode in torsion,Cyclical testing to estimate the maximum run out load value at 5.0 x 10^6 cycles.ResultsIn the biomechanical testing for static axial compression bending there was no statistical difference between the 2% yield strength and the stiffness of the two types of spinal constructs.In axial compression bending fatigue testing, the Memory Metal Spinal System construct showed a 50% increase in fatigue life compared to the Titanium Moss Miami Spinal System.In static torsional testing the Memory Metal Spinal System constructs showed an average 220% increase in torsional yield strength, and an average 30% increase in torsional stiffness.ConclusionsThe in-vitro mechanical evaluation of the lumbar Memory Metal Spinal System showed good results when compared to a currently available spinal implant system. Throughout testing, the Memory Metal Spinal System showed no failures in static and dynamic fatigue.