bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deportation: an overview
Authors: Drotbohm Heike 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDeportation, as a practice of forced removal of unwanted individuals or groups of people from a given territory, has served throughout history as a key means of dividing insiders from outsiders, the wanted from the unwanted, the deserving from the undeserving. Just like other practices of expulsion and transfer of population groups, deportation has thus always been intrinsically tied to the establishment and preservation of boundaries of belonging and, ultimately, to the definition of citizenship. Different from exile and administrative removals, contemporary forms of deportation exclusively target noncitizens, who are returned by state force to their country of origin, some of whom – depending on the circumstances of deportation – are not eligible to re‐enter the country which deported them (“ban to return”).
Culture and economics of migration
Authors: Scholl Brian 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMigration may be defined as a temporary or permanent, forced or voluntary, spatial displacement of an individual or group from one location to another. It may involve movement across state borders (e.g. immigration/emigration) or be internal to a state or locale (e.g. urbanization). Migration may be prompted by any number of individual, family, or external considerations: economic (e.g. wage differentials between origin and destination), political (war, persecution), and so forth. Migration is not simply the act of movement from place to place. The study of migration relates to a series of decisions and outcomes. Individuals and households are faced with: amigrationdecision (should we migrate?) alocationdecision (where should we migrate to?), and arepatriationdecision (should we return to our point of origin?). There are numerous other subsidiary decisions involved, for example, how much to invest in skill development in either locale (Borjas 1999). Once migrants arrive at a new destination, individual expectations are manifested in terms of an actual wage, lifestyle, and quality of life that may or may not live up to expectations. Individuals arriving at a new locale are also confronted by issues ofintegrationandacculturation: adopting local languages, customs, values, codes of conduct, and modes of behavior.
Film and migration: globalization of national cinema
Authors: Vitali Valentina 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMigration poses interesting challenges to ideas of national cinema. At the start of cinema the nationality of a film production company, of the films it made, and of their directors was not pertinent. The films of French companies Meliès, Gaumont, and Pathé circulated in the United States and elsewhere as indistinguishable from local produce. As Richard Abel 1999) has shown, “Frenchness” was foisted upon their films by US competitors as the latter sought to monopolize the market by defining it as a “national” one. If one implication of this is that there was a film industry in many countries well before there was a “national cinema,” here it is important to emphasize that the movement of people across film industries of different countries is, in cinema, the rule, not the exception. In recent years, co‐productions between two or more countries have led to the appearance of terms like “transnational cinema,” but the meaning of this and similar phrases vary greatly depending on the priorities of the particular historian who happens to use them. They can be misleading terms because their use can suppress the fact that films and their makers have moved across national borders since there was such a thing as cinema.
Remittance policies, early 21st‐century trends and assessments
Authors: Julca Alex 
Published: January 2013

AbstractInternational remittances flows to developing countries have been estimated at US$351 billion in 2011, up 8 percent from 2010 and projected to reach US$414 billion by 2014. They represent over 70 percent of worldwide international remittances, which include flows to high‐income countries. However, downside risks persist due to slow growth in the United States and Europe and persistent unemployment which affects the employment prospects of immigrants. Volatile exchange rates and uncertainty in oil prices also cast a shadow on the prospects of remittance flows (Mohapatra et al. 2011).
4 Early Old World migrations ofHomo sapiens: human biology
Authors: Stoneking Mark , Harvati Katerina 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter presents the genetic and fossil evidence concerning the origins and earliest dispersals ofHomo sapiensacross the Old World. The authors begin by reviewing the evidence for an African origin ofHomo sapiens, and then consider the following questions: how many major dispersals of modern humans were there out of Africa, when did they occur, and by what routes?
15 Levant and North Africa: Afroasiatic linguistic history
Authors: Blažek Václav 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the linguistic history of the Afroasiatic language family that spans much of the Near East and North Africa. It extends further the discussions of North African population history in chapters 12 and 14, and favors an Asian rather than African ultimate source for the whole Afroasiatic family.
17 Anatolia and the Balkans: archaeology
Authors: Özdoǧan Mehmet 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

In recent years, the Anatolian peninsula (Turkey) has become very significant in debates about the homeland of the Indo‐European language family and about some fundamental developments in the Near Eastern Neolithic. This chapter discusses some of these archaeological developments, and examines the spread of Neolithic populations after 7000
BCE
from Anatolia into southeastern Europe.
18 Europe and western Asia: genetics and population history
Authors: Thomas Mark G. , Kivisild Toomas , Chikhi Lounes , Burger Joachim 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the genetic history of Europe during the past 20,000 years, looking especially at postglacial recolonization and at the much‐debated issue of the origins of the Neolithic populations of the continent. The authors also discuss the different ways geneticists can approach population history, and comment on the importance of natural selection for genes that determine skin pigmentation and enhance the ability to digest the milk sugar lactose.
25 Eastern Asia: Sino‐Tibetan linguistic history
Authors: LaPolla Randy J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Sino‐Tibetan language family enshrines the migratory histories of many East Asian populations, including the Chinese, Tibetans, and Burmese. Its history is intimately associated with Neolithic and Bronze Age developments in China itself, and today it is one of the major world language families in terms of population numbers.
26 Eastern Asia: archaeology
Authors: Chi Zhang , Hsiao‐chun Hung 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

This chapter examines the prehistory of migration in China from the Late Paleolithic onwards, with a focus on the Neolithic and the spreads of early agricultural societies from the Yangzi River and Yellow River basins, and regions in between. Some of these migrations contributed to the origins of many populations in Southeast Asia, to be considered in the following chapters.
30 South Asia: Dravidian linguistic history
Authors: Southworth Franklin C. , McAlpin David W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe ancestral Dravidian languages, related to ancient Elamite of Iran, originated west of the Indus valley and probably spread through there into peninsular India during the 3rd millenniumBCE, the period of the Indus Valley civilization. Relationships between the Dravidian and Indo‐Aryan languages are also informative about Dravidian prehistory.
39 Oceania: Lapita migration
Authors: Spriggs Matthew 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Lapita cultural complex of island Melanesia and western Polynesia saw the initial human colonization of many Oceanic islands in the centuries around 1000BCE. Lapita laid the ancestral foundations for many subsequent Austronesian‐speaking peoples of Oceania, including Eastern Polynesians and many Micronesians.
43 North America: Na Dene/Athapaskan archaeology and linguistics
Authors: Matson R. G. , Magne M. P. R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Athapaskan languages, together with their relatives in Siberia, Alaska, and Pacific coastal Canada, record some intriguing episodes of long‐distance hunter‐gatherer migration during the late Holocene, culminating in the establishment of Apache and Navajo peoples in the southwestern United States.
47 Mesoamerica and the southwestern United States: linguistic history
Authors: Hill Jane H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMesoamerica witnessed one major linguistic dispersal in the late Holocene, that of the Uto‐Aztecans over large areas of Mexico and the western USA. Most other language families associated with maize cultivating farmers were constrained by each other in the narrow isthmian region of Mesoamerica, but the Otomanguean and Mayan populations clearly underwent considerable demographic growth.
Katalytische asymmetrische Synthese von Allylalkoholen und Allylalkohol‐Derivaten und deren Anwendung in der organischen Synthese
Authors: Lumbroso Alexandre , Cooke Michael L. , Breit Bernhard 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAllylalkohole sind eine wichtige und überaus nützliche Klasse chiraler Bausteine für die organische Synthese. Dieser Aufsatz fasst die Vielzahl an Methoden zur katalytischen asymmetrischen Synthese von enantiomerenangereicherten Allylalkoholen zusammen. Diese umfassen die dynamische kinetische Racematspaltung (DKR/DYKAT), 1,2‐Additionen von Nucleophilen an Carbonylgruppen, allylische Substitutionen, Oxidationen von C‐H‐Bindungen, die Addition von O‐Nucleophilen an π‐Systeme, die Reduktion von ungesättigten Carbonylverbindungen und eine alternative Syntheseroute ausgehend von enantiomerenangereicherten Propargylalkoholen. Darüber hinaus wird der präparative Nutzen dieser katalytischen asymmetrischen Transformationen jeweils am Beispiel ihrer Anwendung in der Synthese komplexer Moleküle wie z. B. Naturstoffen oder potenzieller Therapeutika gezeigt.
How do mammalian transposons induce genetic variation? A conceptual framework
Authors: Akagi Keiko , Li Jingfeng , Symer David E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this essay, we discuss new insights into the wide‐ranging impacts of mammalian transposable elements (TE) on gene expression and function. Nearly half of each mammalian genome is comprised of these mobile, repetitive elements. While most TEs are ancient relics, certain classes can move from one chromosomal location to another even now. Indeed, striking recent data show that extensive transposition occurs not only in the germline over evolutionary time, but also in developing somatic tissues and particular human cancers. While occasional germline TE insertions may contribute to genetic variation, many other, similar TEs appear to have little or no impact on neighboring genes. However, the effects of somatic insertions on gene expression and function remain almost completely unknown. We present a conceptual framework to understand how the ages, allele frequencies, molecular structures, and especially the genomic context of mammalian TEs each can influence their various possible functional consequences.Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays Evolution of eukaryotic genome architecture: Insights from the study of a rapidly evolving metazoan, Oikopleura dioica Abstract
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the influence of circumferential resection margin involvement on survival in patients with operable oesophageal cancer
Authors: Chan D S Y , Reid T D , Howell I , Lewis W G 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Background
The prognostic role and definition of circumferential resection margin (CRM) involvement in operable oesophageal cancer remain controversial. The College of American Pathologists (CAP) and Royal College of Pathologists (RCP) define CRM involvement as tumour found at the cut resection margin and within 1 mm of the cut margin respectively. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to determine the influence of CRM involvement on survival in operable oesophageal cancer.

Methods
PubMed, MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library (January 1990 to June 2012) were searched for studies correlating CRM involvement with 5-year mortality. Statistical analysis of dichotomous variables was performed using the odds ratio (OR) as the summary statistic.

Results
Fourteen studies involving 2433 patients with oesophageal cancer who had undergone potentially curative oesophagectomy were analysed. Rates of CRM involvement were 15·3 per cent (173 of 1133) and 36·5 per cent (889 of 2433) according to the CAP and RCP criteria respectively. Overall 5-year mortality rates were significantly higher in patients with CRM involvement compared with CRM-negative patients according to both CAP (OR 4·02, 95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 2·25 to 7·20; P &lt; 0·001) and RCP (OR 2·52, 1·96 to 3·25; P &lt; 0·001) criteria. CRM involvement between 0·1 and 1 mm was associated with a significantly higher 5-year mortality rate than CRM-negative status (involvement more than 1 mm from CRM) (OR 2·05, 95 per cent c.i. 1·41 to 2·99; P &lt; 0·001).

Conclusion
CRM involvement is an important predictor of poor prognosis. CAP criteria differentiate a higher-risk group than RCP criteria, but overlook a patient group with similar poor outcomes.
Gene therapy with AAV2‐CDNF provides functional benefits in a rat model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Bäck Susanne , Peränen Johan , Galli Emilia , Pulkkila Päivi , Lonka‐Nevalaita Liina , Tamminen Tuulia , Voutilainen Merja H. , Raasmaja Atso , Saarma Mart , Männistö Pekka T. , Tuominen Raimo K. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) protein has been shown to protect the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway when given as intrastriatal infusions in rat and mouse models of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we assessed the neuroprotective effect of CDNF delivered with a recombinant adeno‐associated viral (AAV) serotype 2 vector in a rat 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) model of PD. AAV2 vectors encoding CDNF, glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), or green fluorescent protein were injected into the rat striatum. Protein expression analysis showed that our AAV2 vector efficiently delivered the neurotrophic factor genes into the brain and gave rise to a long‐lasting expression of the proteins. Two weeks after AAV2 vector injection, 6‐OHDA was injected into the rat striatum, creating a progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Treatment with AAV2‐CDNF resulted in a marked decrease in amphetamine‐induced ipsilateral rotations while it provided only partial protection of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐immunoreactive cells in the rat substantia nigra pars compacta and TH‐reactive fibers in the striatum. Results from this study provide additional evidence that CDNF can be considered a potential treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Label Transfer Reagents to Probe p38 MAPK Binding Partners
Authors: Andrews Simeon S. , Hill Zachary B. , Perera B. Gayani K. , Maly Dustin J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractProtein kinases are essential enzymes for cellular signaling, and are often regulated by participation in protein complexes. The mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 is involved in multiple pathways, and its regulation depends on its interactions with other signaling proteins. However, the identification of p38‐interacting proteins is challenging. For this reason, we have developed label transfer reagents (LTRs) that allow labeling of p38 signaling complexes. These LTRs leverage the potency and selectivity of known p38 inhibitors to place a photo‐crosslinker and tag in the vicinity of p38 and its binding partners. Upon UV irradiation, proteins that are in close proximity to p38 are covalently crosslinked, and labeled proteins are detected and/or purified with an orthogonal chemical handle. Here we demonstrate that p38‐selective LTRs selectively label a diversity of p38 binding partners, including substrates, activators, and inactivators. Furthermore, these LTRs can be used in immunoprecipitations to provide low‐resolution structural information on p38‐containing complexes.
Synthesis of Specially Designed Probes to Broaden Transketolase Scope
Authors: Simon G. , Eljezi T. , Legeret B. , Charmantray F. , Castillo J. A. , Guérard‐Hélaine C. , Lemaire M. , Bouzon M. , Marlière P. , Hélaine V. , Hecquet L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEfficient, biocompatible, stereospecific strategies were developed to prepare eight probes to assay transketolase (TK) variants with new substrate specificities. The structure of these probes combines a sugar moiety (D‐threo or L‐erythro ketose, or D‐threo aldose) with the side chain of an amino acid (Ala, Leu, Val, Met, Thr) for in vivo detection of new TK activities using amino acid auxotrophs. To obtain D‐threo ketose probes, biocatalysts, such as transketolase and fructose‐6‐phosphate aldolase Ala129Ser, were used whereas L‐erythro ketoses and D‐threo aldose probes were synthesized by the way of organocatalysis or Sharpless dihydroxylation as sustainable alternative key steps to biocatalysis.
Long‐Lived Charge Separation in Novel Axial Donor–Porphyrin–Acceptor Triads Based on Tetrathiafulvalene, Aluminum(III) Porphyrin and Naphthalenediimide
Authors: Poddutoori Prashanth K. , Zarrabi Niloofar , Moiseev Andrey G. , Gumbau‐Brisa Roger , Vassiliev Serguei , van der Est Art 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTwo self‐assembled supramolecular donor–acceptor triads consisting of AlIII porphyrin (AlPor) with axially bound naphthalenediimide (NDI) as an acceptor and tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) as a secondary donor are reported. In the triads, the NDI and TTF units are attached to AlIII on opposite faces of the porphyrin, through covalent and coordination bonds, respectively. Fluorescence studies show that the lowest excited singlet state of the porphyrin is quenched through electron transfer to NDI and hole transfer to TTF. In dichloromethane hole transfer to TTF dominates, whereas in benzonitrile (BN) electron transfer to NDI is the main quenching pathway. In the nematic phase of the liquid crystalline solvent 4‐(n‐pentyl)‐4′‐cyanobiphenyl (5CB), a spin‐polarized transient EPR spectrum that is readily assigned to the weakly coupled radical pair TTF.+NDI.− is obtained. The initial polarization pattern indicates that the charge separation occurs through the singlet channel and that singlet–triplet mixing occurs in the primary radical pair. At later time the polarization pattern inverts as a result of depopulation of the states with singlet character by recombination to the ground state. The singlet lifetime of TTF.+NDI.− is estimated to be 200–300 ns, whereas the triplet lifetime in the approximately 350 mT magnetic field of the X‐band EPR spectrometer is about 10 μs. In contrast, in dichloromethane and BN the lifetime of the charge separation is <10 ns.
Highly Efficient Diglycolamide‐Based Task‐Specific Ionic Liquids: Synthesis, Unusual Extraction Behaviour, Irradiation, and Fluorescence Studies
Authors: Mohapatra Prasanta K. , Sengupta Arijit , Iqbal Mudassir , Huskens Jurriaan , Verboom Willem 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTwo new diglycolamide‐based task‐specific ionic liquids (DGATSILs) were evaluated for the extraction of actinides and lanthanides from acidic feed solutions. These DGATSILs were capable of exceptionally high extraction of trivalent actinide ions, such as Am3+, and even higher extraction of the lanthanide ion, Eu3+ (about 5–10 fold). Dilution of the DGATSILs in an ionic liquid, C4mim+⋅NTf2−, afforded reasonably high extraction ability, faster mass transfer, and more efficient stripping of the metal ion. The nature of the extracted species was studied by slope analysis, which showed that the extracted species contained one NO3− anion, along with the participation of two DGATSIL molecules. Time‐resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) analysis showed a strong complexation with no inner‐sphere water molecule in the EuIIIDGATSIL complexes in the presence and absence of C4mim+⋅NTf2− as the diluent. The very high radiolytic stability of DGATSIL 6 makes it one of the most‐efficient solvent systems for the extraction of actinides under acidic feed conditions.
Structural Insights into the Trp‐Cage Folding Intermediate Formation
Authors: Rovó Petra , Stráner Pál , Láng András , Bartha István , Huszár Kristóf , Nyitray László , Perczel András 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe 20 residue long Trp‐cage is the smallest protein known, and thus has been the subject of several in vitro and in silico folding studies. Here, we report the multistate folding scenario of the miniprotein in atomic detail. We detected and characterized different intermediate states by temperature dependent NMR measurements of the 15N and 13C/15N labeled protein, both at neutral and acidic pH values. We developed a deconvolution technique to characterize the invisible—fully folded, unfolded and intermediate—fast exchanging states. Using nonlinear fitting methods we can obtain both the thermodynamic parameters (ΔHF–I, TmF–I, ΔCpF–I and ΔHI–U, TmI–U, ΔCpI–U) and the NMR chemical shifts of the conformers of the multistate unfolding process. During the unfolding of Trp‐cage distinct intermediates evolve: a fast‐exchanging intermediate is present under neutral conditions, whereas a slow‐exchanging intermediate‐pair emerges at acidic pH. The fast‐exchanging intermediate has a native‐like structure with a short α‐helix in the G11–G15 segment, whereas the slow‐exchanging intermediate‐pair presents elevated dynamics, with no detectable native‐like residue contacts in which the G11P12 peptide bond has either cis or trans conformation. Heteronuclear relaxation studies combined with MD simulations revealed the source of backbone mobility and the nature of structural rearrangements during these transitions. The ability to detect structural and dynamic information about folding intermediates in vitro provides an excellent opportunity to gain new insights into the energetic aspects of the energy landscape of protein folding. Our new experimental data offer exceptional testing ground for further computational simulations.
Biomembrane Interactions of Functionalized Cryptophane‐A: Combined Fluorescence and 129Xe NMR Studies of a Bimodal Contrast Agent
Authors: Sloniec Jagoda , Schnurr Matthias , Witte Christopher , Resch‐Genger Ute , Schröder Leif , Hennig Andreas 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFluorescent derivatives of the 129Xe NMR contrast agent cryptophane‐A were obtained by functionalization with near infrared fluorescent dyes DY680 and DY682. The resulting conjugates were spectrally characterized, and their interaction with giant and large unilamellar vesicles of varying phospholipid composition was analyzed by fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy. In the latter, a chemical exchange saturation transfer with hyperpolarized 129Xe (Hyper‐CEST) was used to obtain sufficient sensitivity. To determine the partitioning coefficients, we developed a method based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer from Nile Red to the membrane‐bound conjugates. This indicated that not only the hydrophobicity of the conjugates, but also the phospholipid composition, largely determines the membrane incorporation. Thereby, partitioning into the liquid‐crystalline phase of 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine was most efficient. Fluorescence depth quenching and flip‐flop assays suggest a perpendicular orientation of the conjugates to the membrane surface with negligible transversal diffusion, and that the fluorescent dyes reside in the interfacial area. The results serve as a basis to differentiate biomembranes by analyzing the Hyper‐CEST signatures that are related to membrane fluidity, and pave the way for dissecting different contributions to the Hyper‐CEST signal.