bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytological grading of breast carcinoma on fine needle aspirates and its relation with histological grading
Authors: Phukan Jyoti Prakash , Sinha Anuradha , Deka Jatindra Prasad 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Background: Grading of breast carcinoma on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is beneficial for selecting patients for neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Aims: To grade the breast carcinoma on FNAC using Robinson grading system and to assess the concordance of cytological grading (CG) with histological grading (HG) using Elston-Ellis modification of Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grading system. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted for 1-year, comprising of 50 female patients attending outpatient departments (OPD) as well as admitted in various surgical wards of a teaching hospital, diagnosed as breast carcinoma. FNAC smears were stained with May-Grunwald-Giemsa and Papanicolaou (Pap) stains and CG was done using Robinson system on Pap stained smears. The results were compared with HG system after resection of tumors. Results: Of 50 cases, 14 (28%) cases were graded as grade I, 24 (48%) grade II, and 12 (24%) grade III by CG, whereas 9 (18%), 28 (56%) and 13 (26%) cases were graded as grade I, II and III by HG. The result showed overall 72% concordance of CG with HG, with grade II and grade III showing highest degree of concordance (83.33%), which is comparable to previous studies. Kappa measurement showed a higher degree of agreement in high-grade tumors compared with low-grade tumors (0.73 in grade III, 0.53 in grade II and 0.39 in grade I). Conclusion: Cytological grading is comparable to HG in majority of cases. Because neoadjuvant chemotherapy is becoming increasingly popular as primary treatment modality of breast cancer, CG could be a useful parameter in selecting the mode of therapy and predicting tumor behavior.
Role of FNAC in Hepatic lesions: Risk of track metastases
Authors: Reddy Challa Vasu , Goud Y. G. Basavana , Poornima R. , Deshmane Vijayalakshmi , Madhusudhana B. A. , Gayathridevi M 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Background: Liver is one of the most common site of metastases in patients with malignancy and the evaluation of space occupying lesions (SOL) of liver in patients with malignancy is important. Its important to differentiate benign from malignant to take necessary decisions. Materials and Methods: We have performed a retrospective analysis of liver SOLs for which fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was done in the year 2011. Risks and benefits associated with FNAC were evaluated. Results: We analyzed 755 patients who underwent FNAC of which 524 patients had secondary metastases to liver, 148 patients had primary hepatocellular carcinoma, 14 cases were benign neoplasms and 53 were nonneoplastic conditions. Histological correlation with FNAC was available in 112 patients. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 93%, 90.9%, 98.9%, 58.8%, and 92.8%, respectively. Though there were no incidence of bleeding, two patients developed track metastases following FNAC. One was a case of Hepatocellular carcinoma and the other a case of metastatic breast cancer. Conclusion: FNAC was very much useful in our setup where most of the patients could not afford for Computer tomography (CT) scan and was useful in counseling them especially in patients with advanced malignancy where no active cancer directed therapy is required.
Novel formulation of cytarabine and daunorubicin: A new hope in AML treatment
Authors: Raut Lalit S. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatment has always been a challenge to the treating physician. Continuous efforts are being made to improve treatment outcomes in AML. CPX-351 is a pharmacologic advancement in this direction. It is a liposomal fixed drug combination of cytarabine and daunorubicin. Early studies indicate that it will play a big role in AML treatment. This is a short review about this drug.
High Order Finite Difference Methods with Subcell Resolution for Stiff Multispecies Discontinuity Capturing
Authors: Wang Wei , Shu Chi-Wang , Yee H.C. , Kotov Dmitry V. , Sjögreen Björn 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we extend the high order finite-difference method with subcell resolution (SR) in [34] for two-species stiff one-reaction models to multispecies and multireaction inviscid chemical reactive flows, which are significantly more difficult because of the multiple scales generated by different reactions. For reaction problems, when the reaction time scale is very small, the reaction zone scale is also small and the governing equations become very stiff. Wrong propagation speed of discontinuity may occur due to the underresolved numerical solution in both space and time. The present SR method for reactive Euler system is a fractional step method. In the convection step, any high order shock-capturing method can be used. In the reaction step, an ODE solver is applied but with certain computed flow variables in the shock region modified by the Harten subcell resolution idea. Several numerical examples of multispecies and multireaction reactive flows are performed in both one and two dimensions. Studies demonstrate that the SR method can capture the correct propagation speed of discontinuities in very coarse meshes.
Meditations on Objective Aesthetics in World Music
Authors: Tenzer Michael 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Abstract. This essay opens a dialogue between ethnomusicology and neo- Darwinism as promulgated by biologist Richard Dawkins and others. The first half engages quantum physicist David Deutsch’s much-discussed The Beginning of Infinity (2011), which integrates neo-Darwinism with the epistemology of objective knowledge developed by Karl Popper. Along the way Deutsch suggests that aesthetics with universal reach, akin to scientific facts, must be discoverable. Both Deutsch and Dawkins argue that traditional (meaning nonpost- Enlightenment) societies squelch unfettered knowledge creation in order to preserve themselves, and hence are unlikely to develop objective knowledge. Yet ethnomusicologists show that music can express social values but also point beyond them to unsuspected realms. If there exist aesthetic facts with universal reach in traditional music, can they be identified in these realms? Can ethnomusicology be an arena for discussing such questions? The second half of the essay engages in an analysis of a Ba-Benzele Pygmy tune in search of its objective aesthetic properties and their implications.
The Intermediate Sphere in North Indian Music Culture: Between and Beyond “Folk” and “Classical”
Authors: Manuel Peter 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Abstract. If in discourse about traditional music in North India, the notions of “folk” and “classical” continue to be widely used, in this essay I posit the existence of an “intermediate sphere,” comprising a heterogeneous set of traditional music genres that, in different ways, shares features with both folk and classical realms. I suggest five categories in this socio-musical stratum and provide brief glimpses of some of their constituents and distinguishing features, including the distinctive sorts of theory they embody and elite patronage that sustains them. I conclude with observations about historical changes in the status of this sphere in general.
Turnaround Time for Large or Complex Specimens in Surgical Pathology: A College of American Pathologists Q-Probes Study of 56 Institutions
Authors: Volmar Keith E. , Idowu Michael O. , Souers Rhona J. , Karcher Donald S. , Nakhleh Raouf E. 
Published: January 2015

ContextTurnaround time (TAT) for large or complex surgical pathology specimens is an indicator of efficiency in anatomic pathology and may affect coordination of patient care.ObjectiveTo establish benchmarks for TAT and to identify practice characteristics that may influence TAT.DesignParticipants in a 2012 Q-Probes quality improvement program of the College of American Pathologists retrospectively reviewed all surgical pathology cases from the prior 6 months to identify up to 50 cases coded as Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code 88307 (excluding biopsies) or 88309. Participants reported the times and dates of accessioning and final sign-out.ResultsA total of 56 institutions reported on 2763 large or complex cases, which included 70% with CPT code 88307 and 30% with CPT code 88309. Cases requiring special handling comprised 51.5%, and 48.5% were routine. Among all institutions the median TAT was 2.72 calendar days (10th–90th percentile range, 6.23–1.22 days). Longer TAT occurred in governmental institutions (median, 6.06 versus 2.13 days; P &lt; .001) and in institutions that mandate overnight fixation for some specimen types (median, 3.83 versus 2.07 days; P = .03). Longer TAT was associated with CPT code 88309 (median, 3.99 versus 2.82 days; P &lt; .001), special handling (median, 4.13 versus 1.94 days; P &lt; .001), frozen section (median, 3.38 versus 2.92 days; P &lt; .001), radical cancer resection (P &lt; .001), and malignant cases (P &lt; .001). Turnaround time was not significantly affected by either pathology training programs or routine weekend sign-out.ConclusionThis study provides benchmark data for TAT in large or complex surgical pathology specimens. Turnaround time was good overall, but the range among participating institutions was wide.
Placental Hofbauer cells assemble and sequester HIV‐1 in tetraspanin‐positive compartments that are accessible to broadly neutralizing antibodies
Authors: Johnson Erica L , Chu Hin , Byrareddy Siddappa Nagadenahalli , Spearman Paul , Chakraborty Rana 
Published: January 2015

IntroductionWithin monocyte‐derived macrophages, HIV‐1 accumulates in intracellular virus‐containing compartments (VCCs) that are inaccessible to the external environment, which implicate these cells as latently infected HIV‐1 reservoirs. During mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV‐1, human placental macrophages (Hofbauer cells (HCs)) are viral targets, and have been shown to be infected in vivo and sustain low levels of viral replication in vitro; however, the risk of in utero transmission is less than 7%. The role of these primary macrophages as viral reservoirs is largely undefined. The objective of this study is to define potential sites of viral assembly, accumulation and neutralization in HCs given the pivotal role of the placenta in preventing HIV‐1 infection in the mother‐infant dyad.MethodsTerm placentae from 20 HIV‐1 seronegative women were obtained following caesarian section. VCCs were evaluated by 3D confocal and electron microscopy. Colocalization R values (Pearson's correlation) were quantified with colocalization module of Volocity 5.2.1. Replication kinetics and neutralization studies were evaluated using p24 ELISA.ResultsWe demonstrate that primary HCs assemble and sequester HIV‐1BaL in intracellular VCCs, which are enriched in endosomal/lysosomal markers, including CD9, CD81, CD63 and LAMP‐1. Following infection, we observed HIV‐1 accumulation in potentially acidic compartments, which stained intensely with Lysotracker‐Red. Remarkably, these compartments are readily accessible via the cell surface and can be targeted by exogenously applied small molecules and HIV‐1‐specific broadly neutralizing antibodies. In addition, broadly neutralizing antibodies (4E10 and VRC01) limited viral replication by HIV‐1‐infected HCs, which may be mediated by FcγRI.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that placental HCs possess intrinsic adaptations facilitating unique sequestration of HIV‐1, and may serve as a protective viral reservoir to permit viral neutralization and/or antiretroviral drug entry in utero.
The Politics of Adoption
Authors: Perreau Bruno 
Published: January 2015

An argument that French adoption policies reflect and enforce the state's notions of gender, parenthood, and citizenship.
In May 2013, after months of controversy, France legalized same-sex marriage and adoption by homosexual couples. Obstacles to adoption and parenting equality remain, however—many of them in the form of cultural and political norms reflected and expressed in French adoption policies. In The Politics of Adoption, Bruno Perreau describes the evolution of these policies. In the past thirty years, Perreau explains, political and intellectual life in France have been dominated by debates over how to preserve “Frenchness,” and these debates have driven policy making. Adoption policies, he argues, link adoption to citizenship, reflecting and enforcing the postcolonial state's notions of parenthood, gender, and Frenchness.
After reviewing the complex history of adoption, Perreau examines French political debates over adoption, noting, among other things, that intercountry adoptions stirred far less controversy than the difference between the sexes in an adopting couple. He also discusses judicial action on adoption; child welfare agencies as gatekeepers to parenthood (as defined by experts); the approval process from the viewpoints of social workers and applicants; and adoption's link to citizenship, and its use as a metaphor for belonging.
Adopting a Foucaultian perspective, Perreau calls the biopolitics of adoption “pastoral”: it manages the individual for the good of the collective “flock”; it considers itself outside politics; and it considers not so much the real behavior of individuals as an allegorical representation of them. His argument sheds new light on American debates on bioethics, identity, and citizenship.
Rationing Is Not a Four-Letter Word
Authors: Rosoff Philip M. 
Published: January 2015

A provocative argument that the best way to deliver high-quality healthcare to Americans is to institute a comprehensive and fair system of rationing.
Most people would agree that the healthcare system in the United States is a mess. Healthcare accounts for a larger percentage of gross domestic product in the United States than in any other industrialized nation, but health outcomes do not reflect this enormous investment. In this book, Philip Rosoff offers a provocative proposal for providing quality healthcare to all Americans and controlling the out-of-control costs that threaten the economy. He argues that rationing—often associated in the public's mind with such negatives as unplugging ventilators, death panels, and socialized medicine—is not a dirty word. A comprehensive, centralized, and fair system of rationing is the best way to distribute the benefits of modern medicine equitably while achieving significant cost savings.
Rosoff points out that certain forms of rationing already exist when resources are scarce and demand high: the organ transplant system, for example, and the distribution of drugs during a shortage. He argues that if we incorporate certain key features from these systems, healthcare rationing would be fair—and acceptable politically. Rosoff considers such topics as fairness, decisions about which benefits should be subject to rationing, and whether to compensate those who are denied scarce resources. Finally, he offers a detailed discussion of what an effective and equitable healthcare rationing system would look like.
A novel tracer technique to quantify the atmospheric flux of trace elements to remote ocean regions
Authors: Kadko David , Landing William M. , Shelley Rachel U. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAtmospheric input into the global ocean constitutes an important budgetary component of numerous chemical species and plays a key role in controlling biogeochemical processes in the ocean. Assessment of this input is difficult, however, because measurements of deposition rates to the ocean, particularly in remote areas, are rare and susceptible to problems of temporal and spatial variability. While the collection and analysis of aerosol samples is somewhat routine, the chemical concentration data collected from ship board or land‐based aerosol samplers in and of themselves cannot yield the deposition flux of trace elements; a method is required to transform concentration measurements into flux. The ability to derive the atmospheric flux of 7Be from its ocean inventory provides a key linkage between the atmospheric concentration of chemical species and their deposition to the ocean. We have demonstrated that estimates of the atmospheric flux of trace elements (TEs) can be made by multiplying the ocean inventory of 7Be x [TE/7Be] ratio in bulk aerosols. Flux estimates for trace elements made by the 7Be ocean inventory method were comparable to fluxes derived from rain samples collected on the island of Bermuda. The situation at Bermuda allows such testing to be made, where ocean‐based methods can be calibrated by convenient land locations. Our results suggest that this method would be useful for remote areas where fixed sampling stations do not exist; that is, the majority of the global ocean.
Modeling the impact of glacial runoff on fjord circulation and submarine melt rate using a new subgrid‐scale parameterization for glacial plumes
Authors: Cowton Tom , Slater Donald , Sole Andrew , Goldberg Dan , Nienow Peter 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe injection at depth of ice sheet runoff into fjords may be an important control on the frontal melt rate of tidewater glaciers. Here we develop a new parameterization for ice marginal plumes within the Massachusetts Institute of Technology General Circulation Model (MITgcm), allowing three‐dimensional simulation of large (500 km2) glacial fjords on annual (or longer) time scales. We find that for an idealized fjord (without shelf‐driven circulation), subglacial runoff produces a thin, strong, and warm down‐fjord current in the upper part of the water column, balanced by a thick and slow up‐fjord current at greater depth. Although submarine melt rates increase with runoff due to higher melt rates where the plume is in contact with the ice front, we find that annual submarine melt rate across the ice front is relatively insensitive to variability in annual runoff. Better knowledge of the spatial distribution of runoff, controls on melt rate in those areas not directly in contact with plumes, and feedback mechanisms linking submarine melting and iceberg calving are necessary to more fully understand the sensitivity of glacier mass balance to runoff‐driven fjord circulation.
Analysis of ageostrophy in strong surface eddies in the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Douglass E. M. , Richman J. G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractStrongly nonlinear surface eddies are identified and analyzed in a general circulation model. Agulhas rings and Gulf Stream cold‐core eddies are examples of eddies that cannot be properly characterized using linear geostrophic dynamics. These eddies are compact, highly circular, persistent in time, and travel long distances while maintaining their characteristics. The nonlinear eddies can be identified by a large Rossby number and high circularity. The majority of the anomalous eddies are anticyclones. Calculation of the balance of forces on these eddies demonstrates that the centrifugal force associated with strong curvature is significant, and the force balance shifts from geostrophy toward a gradient wind balance. Using geostrophy instead of the gradient wind balance produces large errors in estimates of rotational velocity of these eddies. The gradient wind velocity can be calculated from geostrophic velocity and eddy radius. Comparison between the results demonstrates that even when only sea surface height and associated geostrophic velocities are available, strongly nonlinear eddies can be identified and properly characterized. This analysis is then applied to altimetric maps of sea surface height. Nonlinear eddies are present in the altimetric maps, but are less common and not as strongly nonlinear. This analysis demonstrates that by properly accounting for the dynamics of the eddy field, a more complete statistical description including nonlinear terms can be obtained from readily available observations.
Preferential α‐Hydrosilylation of Terminal Alkynes by Bis‐N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Rhodium(III) Catalysts
Authors: Iglesias Manuel , Aliaga‐Lavrijsen Mélanie , Miguel Pablo J. Sanz , Fernández‐Alvarez Francisco J. , Pérez‐Torrente Jesús J. , Oro Luis A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe describe a bis‐N‐heterocyclic carbene rhodium(III) complex, featuring two trifluoroacetato ligands, that affords a variety of α‐vinylsilanes in good yields by hydrosilylation of terminal alkynes. Selectivities around 7:1 α/β‐(E) were reached, while the β‐(Z) product was only marginally obtained. This example sharply contrasts with the β‐(Z)‐selectivity observed for its parent diiodido complexmagnified image
Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclohexane‐Fused Drug‐Like Spirocyclic Scaffolds Containing Six Contiguous Stereogenic Centers via Organocatalytic Cascade Reactions
Authors: Han Bo , Huang Wei , Ren Wen , He Gu , Wang Jin‐hui , Peng Cheng 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDrug‐like spirocyclic scaffolds have been prepared asymmetrically by fusing fully functionalized cyclohexanes with medicinally important pyrazolone, rhodanine, barbituric acid or indandione moieties. This approach utilizes an organocatalytic tandem Michael–Michael–aldol reaction that yields diverse chiral spirocyclic backbones containing six contiguous stereogenic centers and multiple functional groups. The target compounds are generated in good yield and with high stereoselectivity (up to 99 % ee and 95:5 dr). Intriguingly, diastereocontrol of the spiro‐products changes depending on the substrate.magnified image
Arylthiolation of Arylamine Derivatives with (Arylthio)‐ pyrrolidine‐2,5‐diones
Authors: Tian Hua , Yang Haijun , Zhu Changjin , Fu Hua 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA simple and efficient method for arylthiolation of arylamines has been developed. The protocol uses (arylthio)pyrrolidine‐2,5‐diones as the arylthiolating reagents, acetonitrile as the solvent, and no catalyst and additive are required, which avoids contamination from the transition metal catalysts in the target products. Therefore, the present method should provide a convenient, efficient and practical strategy for the synthesis of other aryl sulfides.magnified image
Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Alkylation of Stable Aryl or Heteroaryl(3‐indolyl)methylium o‐Benzenedisulfonimides
Authors: Armenise Nicola , Dughera Stefano , Gualandi Andrea , Mengozzi Luca , Barbero Margherita , Cozzi Pier Giorgio 
Published: January 2015

AbstractStable diarylcarbenium salts, obtained by the direct coupling of indole or indole derivatives with aryl (or heteroaryl) aldehydes in the presence of a strong organic Brønsted acid, have been employed in the direct alkylation of aldehydes. Excellent enantiomeric excesses and good diastereomeric ratios were obtained with a number of aryl or heteroaryl(3‐indolyl)carbenium ions as the highly stable o‐benzenedisulfonimide (OBS) salts and with the reaction promoted by the Hayashi–Jørgensen catalyst. A one‐pot, three‐component, stereoselective alkylation of aldehydes affording the same compounds was also investigated with various aldehydes, indole derivatives, and organocatalysts. The results obtained with the isolated carbenium ions were superior in terms of yields and stereoselectivity.