bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk disclosure and preclinical Alzheimer's disease clinical trial enrollment
Authors: Grill Joshua D. , Karlawish Jason , Elashoff David , Vickrey Barbara G. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTo identify the facilitators and barriers to preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical trial recruitment, 50 cognitively normal participants were interviewed after being randomized to one of two hypothetical AD risk scenarios: (1) the general age‐related risk for AD, or (2) being at 50% increased risk for AD. Participants provided uncued barriers and facilitators to the hypothetical decision of whether they would enroll. Thirteen themes of facilitators and five themes of barriers were identified. The most common barrier was fear related to taking study drug. Those randomized to being at increased risk for AD more frequently cited lowering personal risk as a facilitator (P = .01) and less frequently cited time as a barrier to enrollment (P = .02). These results suggest potential challenges to preclinical AD clinical trial recruitment and that disclosing risk information may enhance enrollment.
Gestures and words during the transition to two-word speech
Authors: Capirci Olga , Iverson Jana M. , Pizzuto Elena , Volterra Virginia 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThis study explores the communicative use of the gestural and vocal modalities by normally developing Italian children during the transition from one- to two-word speech. We analysed the spontaneous production of 12 children at 1;4 and at 1;8, focusing on the use of two-element combinations of words and/or gestures. Results indicated that use of gesture and gesture-word combinations during the transition to two-word speech is a robust feature of communicative development across a relatively large number of children in a rich gestural culture, and that the number of gesture-word and two-word combinations increased significantly from 1;4 to 1;8. Number of gestures and gesture-word combinations produced at 1;4 was also predictive of total vocal production at 1;8. Findings are discussed in terms of the role of gesture as a transitional device en route to two-word speech.
Microscopic elasticity and rate and state friction evolution laws
Authors: Sleep Norman H. 
Published: November 2012

Rate and state friction formalism represents the dependence of macroscopic shear traction τM on sliding velocity V and the history of the sliding surface. In macroscopic terms, τM = PN[μ0 + a ln(V/Vref) + b ln(ψ/ψnorm)], where PN is normal traction, μ0 is the coefficient of friction, a ≈ b ≈ 0.01 are small dimensionless parameters, Vref is a reference velocity, ψ is the state variable that depends on history, and ψnorm represents the effect of changes in normal traction. This representation does not consider microscopic elasticity and is inadequate over very small times. The apparent value of a just after a small decrease in shear traction is a factor of a few larger than its traditional value of ∼0.01. Changes of microscopic elastic strain energy may cause this effect. Microscopic elasticity affects friction after changes in normal traction. Shear traction does not change instantly after a sudden change in normal traction because time is required for real contact area to change. A hybrid of the aging law (where ψincreases linearly with time during holds) and the slip law behavior (where the state variable does not change in the limit of zero sliding velocity) is necessary. Slip‐law behavior dominates near steady state and also applies to sudden initial sliding where the state variable and porosity are far from steady state. Porosity increases from its initial value toward the steady state value over slip scaling with the critical displacementDc. The ratio of dilatant to shear strain in low porosity material is a modest fraction of 1 and related to the construct of dilatancy angle in engineering.
Friction of ice on ice
Authors: Schulson Erland M. , Fortt Andrew L. 
Published: November 2012

New measurements have been made of the friction coefficient of freshwater polycrystalline ice sliding slowly (5 × 10−8 to 1 × 10−3 m s−1) upon itself at temperatures from 98 to 263 K under low normal stresses (≤98 kPa). Sliding obeys Coulomb’s law: the shear stress is directly proportional to the normal stress across the interface, while cohesion offers little contribution to frictional resistance. The coefficient of kinetic friction of smooth surfaces varies from μk = 0.15 to 0.76 and, at elevated temperatures (≥223 K), exhibits both velocity strengthening at lower velocities (<10−5 to 10−4 m s−1) and velocity weakening at higher velocities. Strengthening and weakening are attributed to creep deformation of asperities and localized melting, respectively. At intermediate temperatures of 173 and 133 K, the kinetic coefficient appears to not exhibit significant dependence upon velocity. However, at the low temperature of 98 K the coefficient of kinetic friction exhibits moderate velocity strengthening at both the lowest and the highest velocities but velocity independence over the range of intermediate velocities. No effect was detected of either grain size or texture. Over the range of roughness 0.4 × 10−6 m ≤ Ra ≤ 12 × 10−6 m, a moderate effect was detected, where μk ∝ Ra0.08. Slide‐hold‐slide experiments revealed that the coefficient of static friction increases by an amount that scales logarithmically with holding time. Implications of the results are discussed in relation to shearing across “tiger stripe” faults within the icy crust of Saturn's Enceladus, sliding of the arctic sea ice cover and brittle compressive failure of cold ice.
Repurposing process measures to train psychotherapists: Training outcomes using a new approach
Authors: Pascual-Leone Antonio , Andreescu Cristina 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAims: First, this paper presents the rationale for a novel approach to training counsellors in which measures for psychotherapy process research are taught to students before moving on to teaching basic empathic reflections and interventions. The rationale for this is that client process measures can be re‐purposed to help orient and sensitise trainees to key in‐session moments. Second, we present a training outcome study that assesses the effectiveness of this approach. Method: Using an experiential‐integrative therapy approach, a 13‐week training program was used to teach psychotherapy skills and process research measures to22 clinical graduate students taken from two cohorts. As part of the course, trainees conducted several single sessions with volunteer clients on four separate occasions. Training outcomes were measured using both trainee and client reports. Results: Compared to baseline, therapists reported significant and steady gains (all p's<.05) in session management, reducing their anxious self‐awareness, and in improved sense of self‐efficacy, with the latter having the largest effect (partial Eta Sq.=.381). Discussion: While the findings provide some support for a new training strategy, a dismantling design is needed next to more closely examine the process‐measure approach to training.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging to Predict Long-term Outcome after Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Luyt Charles-Edouard , Galanaud Damien , Perlbarg Vincent , Vanhaudenhuyse Audrey , Stevens Robert D. , Gupta Rajiv , Besancenot Hortense , Krainik Alexandre , Audibert Gérard , Combes Alain , Chastre Jean , Benali Habib , Laureys Steven , Puybasset Louis 
Published: November 2012

Background
Prognostication in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest is a major clinical challenge. The authors' objective was to determine whether an assessment with diffusion tensor imaging, a brain magnetic resonance imaging sequence, increases the accuracy of 1 yr functional outcome prediction in cardiac arrest survivors.

Methods
Prospective, observational study in two intensive care units. Fifty-seven comatose survivors of cardiac arrest underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. Fractional anisotropy (FA), a diffusion tensor imaging value, was measured in predefined white matter regions, and apparent diffusion coefficient was assessed in predefined grey matter regions. Prediction of unfavorable outcome at 1 yr was compared using four prognostic models: FA global, FA selected, apparent diffusion coefficient, and clinical classifiers.

Results
Of the 57 patients included in the study, 49 had an unfavorable outcome at 12 months. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (95% CI) to predict unfavorable outcome for the FA global, FA selected, clinical, and apparent diffusion coefficient models were 0.92 (0.82-0.98), 0.96 (0.87-0.99), 0.78 (0.65-0.88), and 0.86 (0.74-0.94), respectively. The FA selected model had the best overall accuracy for predicting outcome, with a score above 0.44 having 94% (95% CI, 83-99%) sensitivity and 100% (95% CI, 63-100%) specificity for the prediction of unfavorable outcome.

Conclusion
Quantitative diffusion tensor imaging indicates that white matter damage is widespread after cardiac arrest. A prognostic model based on FA values in selected white matter tracts seems to predict accurately 1 yr functional outcome. These preliminary results need to be confirmed in a larger population.
Interaction of Metabolic and Respiratory Acidosis with α and β-adrenoceptor Stimulation in Rat Myocardium
Authors: Biais Matthieu , Jouffroy Romain , Carillion Aude , Feldman Sarah , Jobart-Malfait Aude , Riou Bruno , Amour Julien 
Published: November 2012

Background
The effects of acute respiratory versus metabolic acidosis on the myocardium and their consequences on adrenoceptor stimulation remain poorly described. We compared the effects of metabolic and respiratory acidosis on inotropy and lusitropy in rat myocardium and their effects on the responses to α- and β-adrenoceptor stimulations.

Methods
The effects of acute respiratory and metabolic acidosis (pH 7.10) and their interactions with α and β-adrenoceptor stimulations were studied in isolated rat left ventricular papillary muscle (n=8 per group). Intracellular pH was measured using confocal microscopy and a pH-sensitive fluorophore in isolated rat cardiomyocytes. Data are mean percentages of baseline±SD.

Results
Respiratory acidosis induced more pronounced negative inotropic effects than metabolic acidosis did both in isotonic (45±3 versus 63±6%, P<0.001) and isometric (44±5 versus 64±3%, P<0.001) conditions concomitant with a greater decrease in intracellular pH (6.85±0.07 versus 7.12±0.07, P<0.001). The response to α-adrenergic stimulation was not modified by respiratory or metabolic acidosis. The inotropic response to β-adrenergic stimulation was impaired only in metabolic acidosis (137±12 versus 200±33%, P<0.001), but this effect was not observed with administration of forskolin or dibutiryl-cyclic adenosine monophosphate. This effect might be explained by a change in transmembrane pH gradient only observed with metabolic acidosis. The lusitropic response to β-adrenergic stimulation was not modified by respiratory or metabolic acidosis.

Conclusion
Acute metabolic and respiratory acidosis induce different myocardial effects related to different decreases in intracellular pH. Only metabolic acidosis impairs the positive inotropic effect of β-adrenergic stimulation.
Effects of Positive End-expiratory Pressure Titration and Recruitment Maneuver on Lung Inflammation and Hyperinflation in Experimental Acid Aspiration–induced Lung Injury
Authors: Ambrosio Aline M. , Luo Rubin , Fantoni Denise T. , Gutierres Claudia , Lu Qin , Gu Wen-Jie , Otsuki Denise A. , Malbouisson Luiz M.S. , Auler Jose O.C. , Rouby Jean-Jacques 
Published: November 2012

Background
In acute lung injury positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and recruitment maneuver are proposed to optimize arterial oxygenation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of such a strategy on lung histological inflammation and hyperinflation in pigs with acid aspiration-induced lung injury.

Methods
Forty-seven pigs were randomly allocated in seven groups: (1) controls spontaneously breathing; (2) without lung injury, PEEP 5 cm H2O; (3) without lung injury, PEEP titration; (4) without lung injury, PEEP titration + recruitment maneuver; (5) with lung injury, PEEP 5 cm H2O; (6) with lung injury, PEEP titration; and (7) with lung injury, PEEP titration + recruitment maneuver. Acute lung injury was induced by intratracheal instillation of hydrochloric acid. PEEP titration was performed by incremental and decremental PEEP from 5 to 20 cm H2O for optimizing arterial oxygenation. Three recruitment maneuvers (pressure of 40 cm H2O maintained for 20 s) were applied to the assigned groups at each PEEP level. Proportion of lung inflammation, hemorrhage, edema, and alveolar wall disruption were recorded on each histological field. Mean alveolar area was measured in the aerated lung regions.

Results
Acid aspiration increased mean alveolar area and produced alveolar wall disruption, lung edema, alveolar hemorrhage, and lung inflammation. PEEP titration significantly improved arterial oxygenation but simultaneously increased lung inflammation in juxta-diaphragmatic lung regions. Recruitment maneuver during PEEP titration did not induce additional increase in lung inflammation and alveolar hyperinflation.

Conclusion
In a porcine model of acid aspiration-induced lung injury, PEEP titration aimed at optimizing arterial oxygenation, substantially increased lung inflammation. Recruitment maneuvers further improved arterial oxygenation without additional effects on inflammation and hyperinflation.
Expression Dynamics of the Medicago truncatula Transcriptome during the Symbiotic Interaction with Sinorhizobium meliloti: Which Role for Nitric Oxide?
Authors: Boscari Alexandre , del Giudice Jennifer , Ferrarini Alberto , Venturini Luca , Zaffini Anne-Lise , Delledonne Massimo , Puppo Alain 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Medicago truncatula is one of the most studied model plants. Nevertheless, the genome of this legume remains incompletely determined. We used RNA-Seq to characterize the transcriptome during the early organogenesis of the nodule and during its functioning. We detected 37,333 expressed transcription units; to our knowledge, 1,670 had never been described before and were functionally annotated. We identified 7,595 new transcribed regions, mostly corresponding to 5′ and 3′ untranslated region extensions and new exons associated with 5,264 previously annotated genes. We also inferred 23,165 putative transcript isoforms from 6,587 genes and measured the abundance of transcripts for each isoform, which suggests an important role for alternative splicing in the generation of proteome diversity in M. truncatula. Finally, we carried out a differential expression analysis, which provided a comprehensive view of transcriptional reprogramming during nodulation. In particular, depletion of nitric oxide in roots inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti greatly increased our understanding of the role of this reactive species in the optimal establishment of the symbiotic interaction, revealing differential patterns of expression for 2,030 genes and pointing to the inhibition of the expression of defense genes.
Alcohol intoxication in the context of major public holidays, sporting and social events: a time–series analysis in Melbourne, Australia, 2000–2009
Authors: Lloyd Belinda , Matthews Sharon , Livingston Michael , Jayasekara Harindra , Smith Karen 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAimsTo assess the relationship between ambulance attendances, emergency department (ED) presentations and hospital admissions for acute alcohol intoxication and the timing of public holidays, sporting and social events.DesignTime–series analysis was used to explore trends in intoxication in the context of major events.SettingPopulation of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia between 2000 and 2009.ParticipantsAll patients attended by ambulance, presenting to hospital EDs, or admitted to hospital who were classified as acutely alcohol intoxicated.MeasurementAnalysis of daily numbers of presentations for acute alcohol intoxication associated with major events were undertaken, including lead and lag effects. Analyses controlled for day of week and month of year to address temporal and seasonal variations.FindingsAlcohol intoxication presentations were significantly elevated the day before all public holidays, with intoxication cases on the day of public holidays only higher on New Year's Day (ambulance 6.57, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 3.4–9.74; ED 3.34, 95% CI: 1.28–5.4) and ANZAC Day (ambulance 3.71, 95% CI: 0.68–6.75). The Australian Football League (AFL) Grand Final (ED 2.37, 95% CI: 0.55–4.19), Commonwealth Games (ED 2.45, 95% CI: 0.6–4.3) and Melbourne Cup Day (ambulance 6.14, 95% CI: 2.42–9.85) represented the sporting events with significant elevations in acute intoxication requiring medical attention. The last working day before Christmas was the only social event where a significant increase in acute intoxication occurred (ambulance 8.98, 95% CI: 6.8–11.15).ConclusionsAcute alcohol intoxication cases requiring ambulance, emergency department and hospital in‐patient treatment increase substantially on the day preceding public holidays and other major social events.
Beliefs about medicine and illness are associated with fear of cancer recurrence in women taking adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer
Authors: Corter Arden L. , Findlay Michael , Broom Reuben , Porter David , Petrie Keith J. 
Published: November 2012

ObjectivesAdjuvant endocrine therapy for early‐stage breast cancer has greatly reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with breast cancer recurrence. Despite this, a significant proportion of women report fears of cancer recurrence. This study examined the associations between fear of cancer recurrence (FoR) and illness perceptions, medication beliefs, and treatment side effects in women taking adjuvant endocrine therapy following breast cancer.MethodsA total of 153 post‐menopausal women with early‐stage breast cancer completed a postal survey. Analyses were conducted to examine the association between FoR and illness perceptions, medication beliefs, treatment side effects, demographic factors, and emotional distress and to identify which of these factors would be most strongly associated with FoR in a regression model.ResultsAll illness perceptions (apart from personal control) were associated with FoR, as were patient beliefs about endocrine therapy. Although treatment side effects, being unemployed, and higher levels of anxiety and depression were associated with FoR, only illness perceptions (identity, treatment control, timeline, and emotional representation) and medication necessity beliefs were significantly correlated with FoR in the final model.ConclusionsIt appears that, in addition to directly targeting FoR, it may be worthwhile to address the illness and medication beliefs supporting the fear. Additionally, helping women to differentiate everyday symptoms from those indicative of breast cancer may help to reduce fear of recurrence.Statement of ContributionWhat is already known on this subject? A significant proportion of women report fear of cancer recurrence following breast cancer. The literature shows that illness perceptions, side effects of treatment, and beliefs about medicines are related to fear of recurrence among cancer patients. However, because these variables have often been looked at in isolation, it is not clear whether some perceptions or cues are more likely to relate to fear of recurrence than others.What does this study add? This study shows illness perceptions and medication beliefs are strongly related to fears of cancer recurrence. The results point to ways in which the self‐regulatory model of illness may be used to reduce patients' fear of recurrence. The study results show that women with higher fear of recurrence may be balancing a tension between believing that they need to take the medication to protect their future health alongside concerns that the treatment may not be working.
Learning to Read: What We Know and What We Need to Understand Better
Authors: Hulme Charles , Snowling Margaret J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe authors review current knowledge about the cognitive processes underlying the early stages of word reading development. Recent findings in a variety of alphabetic languages converge on the conclusion that there are 3 “cognitive foundations” for learning to read: letter–sound knowledge, phonemic awareness, and rapid automatized naming skills. Deficits in each of these skills appear causally related to problems in learning to read, and deficits in letter–sound knowledge and phonemic awareness appear to be remediable by suitable teaching. The authors argue that this evidence has important practical implications for early education and for the diagnosis and treatment of children with reading difficulties.
The Social Side of Imitation
Authors: Over Harriet , Carpenter Malinda 
Published: November 2012

AbstractChildren's imitation is a profoundly social process. Although previous developmental accounts of imitation have focused on imitation as a way to learn from others, the current article stresses that imitation goes far beyond this: It is often intimately tied to children's need to belong to the group and their drive to affiliate with those around them. Accordingly, imitation is chiefly determined by the social motivations and pressures children experience within both interpersonal and intergroup settings. This perspective resolves an apparent paradox in the empirical literature, explaining why children sometimes copy selectively and sometimes copy faithfully (so‐called overimitation). It also situates the developmental and comparative study of imitation and cultural transmission within a broader social‐psychological framework, uniting it conceptually with research on mimicry, conformity, normativity, and group membership.
How Two Intuitive Theories Shape the Development of Social Categorization
Authors: Rhodes Marjorie 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSocial categorization provides a valuable mechanism for explaining and predicting human behavior, yet also contributes to the development of social stereotyping and prejudice. Thus, understanding how social categorization develops is critical for both cognitive and social development. This article presents a theoretical perspective on the development of social categorization—that children map intuitive theories about the structure of the social world onto categories they encounter in their environment. In particular, 2 intuitive theories—that social categories are natural kinds and that social categories mark people who are obligated to one another—are described as shaping the acquisition of social categories. The article discusses implications for how children explain, predict, and interact with their environment.
The role of biologic meshes in abdominal wall reconstruction
Authors: Godden A. R. , Daniels I. R. , Giordano P. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThere are unacceptably high rates of recurrence following surgery for incision hernia repair using suture repair techniques in isolation. As the reconstruction of abdominal walls has expanded with complex surgery, the materials used as adjuncts to support the repair have changed. In the article we review the current use of biologic meshes in abdominal wall reconstruction and the techniques used.