bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality of life, participation and occupational rights: A capabilities perspective
Authors: Hammell Karen Whalley 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundResearch suggests that perceptions of diminished quality of life among people with a severe physical impairment might be a consequence of environmental barriers and inequity of opportunity rather than the impairment itself. However, occupational therapists remain preoccupied with assessing and addressing individual dysfunctions and have directed little attention to assessing and challenging inequitable environmental constraints on people's occupational opportunities.PurposeTo highlight briefly what is known about environmental impacts on quality of life among people with impairments; to outline the relationship between occupational rights and human rights; to explore the concept of ‘participation’ and thereafter to outline the relevance of the Capabilities Approach for occupational therapists who seek to address inequalities of occupational opportunity and inequities in participation.Main findingsSen's Capabilities Approach focuses on equality of the opportunity to ‘do’, and is relevant to occupational therapy in the context of the World Health Organisation's construct of ‘participation’, the United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and the World Federation of Occupational Therapists’ (WFOT) Position Statement on Human Rights.Principal conclusionsAdoption of Sen's Capabilities Approach might facilitate critical occupational therapy practices focussed on equality of occupational opportunities and on the fulfilment of occupational rights, in accordance with the standards of rights‐based practices advocated by disability scholars, WFOT and the UN.
Characterization of the Cation‐Binding Capacity of a Potassium‐Adsorption Filter Used in Red Blood Cell Transfusion
Authors: Suzuki Takao , Muto Shigeaki , Miyata Yukio , Maeda Takao , Odate Takayuki , Shimanaka Kimio , Kusano Eiji 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA K+‐adsorption filter was developed to exchange K+ in the supernatant of stored irradiated red blood cells with Na+. To date, however, the filter's adsorption capacity for K+ has not been fully evaluated. Therefore, we characterized the cation‐binding capacity of this filter. Artificial solutions containing various cations were continuously passed through the filter in 30 mL of sodium polystyrene sulfonate at 10 mL/min using an infusion pump at room temperature. The cation concentrations were measured before and during filtration. When a single solution containing K+, Li+, H+, Mg2+, Ca2+, or Al3+ was continuously passed through the filter, the filter adsorbed K+ and the other cations in exchange for Na+ in direct proportion to the valence number. The order of affinity for cation adsorption to the filter was Ca2+>Mg2+>K+>H+>Li+. In K+‐saturated conditions, the filter also adsorbed Na+. After complete adsorption of these cations on the filter, their concentration in the effluent increased in a sigmoidal manner over time. Cations that were bound to the filter were released if a second cation was passed through the filter, despite the different affinities of the two cations. The ability of the filter to bind cations, especially K+, should be helpful when it is used for red blood cell transfusion at the bedside. The filter may also be useful to gain a better understanding of the pharmacological properties of sodium polystyrene sulfonate.
Making Climate Leadership Meaningful: Energy Research as a Key to Global Decarbonisation
Authors: Karlsson Rasmus , Symons Jonathan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis article revisits a number of familiar debates about climate change mitigation yet draws some unorthodox conclusions. First, that progress towards a renewable small‐scale energy future in environmentally conscious countries such as Germany and Sweden may take the world as a whole further away from climate stability by reducing the political pressure to finance breakthrough innovation. Second, that without such game‐changing innovations, developing countries will continue to deploy whatever technologies are domestically available, scalable and affordable, including thermal coal power in most instances. Third and finally, that as any realistic hope of achieving climate stability hinges on the innovation of breakthrough technologies, the urgency of climate change calls not so much for the domestic deployment of existing energy technologies but rather a concentrated effort to develop technologies that will be adopted globally. These arguments imply that national innovation policy, and an international treaty establishing a ‘Low‐Emissions Technology Commitment’ should be the central focus of climate policy.
General and religious coping predict drinking outcomes for alcohol dependent adults in treatment
Authors: Martin Rosemarie A. , Ellingsen Victor J. , Tzilos Golfo K. , Rohsenow Damaris J. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundReligiosity is associated with improved treatment outcomes among adults with alcohol dependence; however, it is unknown whether religious coping predicts drinking outcomes above and beyond the effects of coping in general, and whether gender differences exist.MethodsWe assessed 116 alcohol‐dependent adults (53% women; mean age = 37, SD = 8.6) for use of religious coping, general coping, and alcohol use within 2 weeks of entering outpatient treatment, and again 6 months after treatment.ResultsReligious coping at 6 months predicted fewer heavy alcohol use days and fewer drinks per day. This relationship was no longer significant after controlling for general coping at 6 months.ConclusionsThe relationship between the use of religious coping strategies and drinking outcomes is not independent of general coping. Coping skills training that includes religious coping skills, as one of several coping methods, may be useful for a subset of adults early in recovery.Scientific SignificanceThis novel, prospective study assessed the relationship between religious coping strategies, general coping, and treatment outcomes for alcohol‐dependent adults in treatment with results suggesting that the use of religious coping as one of several coping methods may be useful for a subset of adults early in recovery. (Am J Addict 2015;24:240–245)
An Attraction–Repulsion Point Process Model for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Authors: Goldstein Joshua , Haran Murali , Simeonov Ivan , Fricks John , Chiaromonte Francesca 
Published: February 2015

Summary
How is the progression of a virus influenced by properties intrinsic to individual cells? We address this question by studying the susceptibility of cells infected with two strains of the human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV-A and RSV-B) in an in vitro experiment. Spatial patterns of infected cells give us insight into how local conditions influence susceptibility to the virus. We observe a complicated attraction and repulsion behavior, a tendency for infected cells to lump together or remain apart. We develop a new spatial point process model to describe this behavior. Inference on spatial point processes is difficult because the likelihood functions of these models contain intractable normalizing constants; we adapt an MCMC algorithm called double Metropolis–Hastings to overcome this computational challenge. Our methods are computationally efficient even for large point patterns consisting of over 10,000 points. We illustrate the application of our model and inferential approach to simulated data examples and fit our model to various RSV experiments. Because our model parameters are easy to interpret, we are able to draw meaningful scientific conclusions from the fitted models.
R-Vine Models for Spatial Time Series with an Application to Daily Mean Temperature
Authors: Erhardt Tobias Michael , Czado Claudia , Schepsmeier Ulf 
Published: February 2015

Summary
We introduce an extension of R-vine copula models to allow for spatial dependencies and model based prediction at unobserved locations. The proposed spatial R-vine model combines the flexibility of vine copulas with the classical geostatistical idea of modeling spatial dependencies using the distances between the variable locations. In particular, the model is able to capture non-Gaussian spatial dependencies. To develop and illustrate our approach, we consider daily mean temperature data observed at 54 monitoring stations in Germany. We identify relationships between the vine copula parameters and the station distances and exploit these in order to reduce the huge number of parameters needed to parametrize a 54-dimensional R-vine model fitted to the data. The new distance based model parametrization results in a distinct reduction in the number of parameters and makes parameter estimation and prediction at unobserved locations feasible. The prediction capabilities are validated using adequate scoring techniques, showing a better performance of the spatial R-vine copula model compared to a Gaussian spatial model.
Intergenerational mobility and adult oral health in a British cohort
Authors: Delgado‐Angulo Elsa K. , Bernabé Eduardo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to characterize trajectories of intergeneration mobility from birth to age 33 years and to assess the influence of these trajectories on adult oral health.MethodsRepeated data on occupational social class (birth and 7, 11, 16, 23 and 33 years) and two subjective oral health indicators (lifetime and past‐year prevalence of persistent trouble with gums or mouth) measured at age 33 years, from the 1958 National Child Development Study, were used for this analysis. Latent class growth analysis (LCGA) was used to identify different trajectories of exposure to manual social class over time. Binary logistic regression was then used to explore the association between these trajectories and each oral health indicator, adjusting for participants' sex.ResultsLatent class growth analysis showed that a four trajectory model provided the best fit to the data. The four trajectories that emerged were identified as stable manual, stable nonmanual, late steep increase (those who were likely to be in the manual social class until age 16 years but ended up in the nonmanual social class afterwards) and steady increase (those whose likelihood of leaving the manual social class increased gradually over time). Lifetime and past‐year prevalence of persistent trouble with gums or mouth was significantly higher in the stable manual trajectory than in all other trajectories. No differences were found between the stable nonmanual, late steep increase and steady increase trajectories.ConclusionAlthough four distinctive trajectories were identified in the 1958 NCDS, only those who remained in the manual social class over time reported worse oral health by age 33 years. Proximal socioeconomic experiences may be more relevant to adult oral health than early life experiences.
The Utility of Cognitive Plausibility in Language Acquisition Modeling: Evidence From Word Segmentation
Authors: Phillips Lawrence , Pearl Lisa 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe informativity of a computational model of language acquisition is directly related to how closely it approximates the actual acquisition task, sometimes referred to as the model's cognitive plausibility. We suggest that though every computational model necessarily idealizes the modeled task, an informative language acquisition model can aim to be cognitively plausible in multiple ways. We discuss these cognitive plausibility checkpoints generally and then apply them to a case study in word segmentation, investigating a promising Bayesian segmentation strategy. We incorporate cognitive plausibility by using an age‐appropriate unit of perceptual representation, evaluating the model output in terms of its utility, and incorporating cognitive constraints into the inference process. Our more cognitively plausible model shows a beneficial effect of cognitive constraints on segmentation performance. One interpretation of this effect is as a synergy between the naive theories of language structure that infants may have and the cognitive constraints that limit the fidelity of their inference processes, where less accurate inference approximations are better when the underlying assumptions about how words are generated are less accurate. More generally, these results highlight the utility of incorporating cognitive plausibility more fully into computational models of language acquisition.
Salivary gland FNA cytology: role as a triage tool and an approach to pitfalls in cytomorphology
Authors: Mairembam P. , Jay A. , Beale T. , Morley S. , Vaz F. , Kalavrezos N. , Kocjan G. 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveTo highlight the importance of salivary gland fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology as a triage tool for surgery and to determine its sensitivity and specificity. To discuss the diagnostic pitfalls and potential role of ancillary techniques in diagnosis and prognosis.MethodsThe study included a total of 920 cases of salivary gland FNAs received in the cytopathology department of University College London Hospital during December 2004 to December 2012. The cases with known histological outcomes were analysed to determine the sensitivity and specificity.ResultsSurgery was carried out on 180 (19.6%) of 920 patients. Excluding nine with inadequate/non‐diagnostic cytology, the sensitivity of FNA cytology for a malignant outcome was 89% (33/37) and the specificity was 97% (130/134). Diagnostic pitfalls are discussed with respect to eight FNAs with discrepant histology. Histological outcome was not available for 740 cases (80.4%): excluding 88 non‐diagnostic FNAs, 324 (49.7%) had non‐neoplastic diagnoses (not indicating surgery) and 328 (50.3%) had neoplastic diagnoses, which included recurrences/metastases of known tumours. Patients with other neoplasms on FNA were lost to follow‐up and may have had surgery elsewhere. Cases with clinical concerns were discussed at weekly multidisciplinary meetings.ConclusionSalivary gland FNA is crucial in the distinction of non‐neoplastic from neoplastic lesions, emphasizing the fact that FNA is an excellent triage tool for surgery. Salivary gland FNA has a high sensitivity and specificity. However, it is important to interpret the cytological diagnoses in the light of clinical findings and imaging. Diagnostic pitfalls are seen in a minority of cases and could potentially be overcome with the help of recently described diagnostic and prognostic markers.
Cost‐effectiveness of intensive multifactorial treatment compared with routine care for individuals with screen‐detected Type 2 diabetes: analysis of theADDITION‐UKcluster‐randomized controlled trial
Authors: Tao L. , Wilson E. C. F. , Wareham N. J. , Sandbæk A. , Rutten G. E. H. M. , Lauritzen T. , Khunti K. , Davies M. J. , Borch‐Johnsen K. , Griffin S. J. , Simmons R. K. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimsTo examine the short‐ and long‐term cost‐effectiveness of intensive multifactorial treatment compared with routine care among people with screen‐detected Type 2 diabetes.MethodsCost–utility analysis inADDITION‐UK, a cluster‐randomized controlled trial of early intensive treatment in people with screen‐detected diabetes in 69UKgeneral practices. Unit treatment costs and utility decrement data were taken from published literature. Accumulated costs and quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) were calculated usingADDITION‐UKdata from 1 to 5 years (short‐term analysis,n = 1024); trial data were extrapolated to 30 years using theUKPDSoutcomes model (version 1.3) (long‐term analysis;n = 999). All costs were transformed to theUK2009/10 price level.ResultsAdjusted incremental costs to theNHSwere £285, £935, £1190 and £1745 over a 1‐, 5‐, 10‐ and 30‐year time horizon, respectively (discounted at 3.5%). Adjusted incrementalQALYs were 0.0000, – 0.0040, 0.0140 and 0.0465 over the same time horizons. Point estimate incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs) suggested that the intervention was not cost‐effective although the ratio improved over time: theICERover 10 years was £82 250, falling to £37 500 over 30 years. TheICERfell below £30 000 only when the intervention cost was below £631 per patient: we estimated the cost at £981.ConclusionGiven conventional thresholds of cost‐effectiveness, the intensive treatment delivered inADDITIONwas not cost‐effective compared with routine care for individuals with screen‐detected diabetes in theUK. The intervention may be cost‐effective if it can be delivered at reduced cost.
Aceruloplasminemia presents as Type 1 diabetes in non‐obese adults: a detailed case series
Authors: Vroegindeweij L. H. P. , van der Beek E. H. , Boon A. J. W. , Hoogendoorn M. , Kievit J. A. , Wilson J. H. P. , Langendonk J. G. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimTo detect features that might lead to the early diagnosis and treatment of aceruloplasminemia, as initiation of treatment before the onset of neurological symptoms is likely to prevent neurological deterioration.MethodsThe PubMed and OMIM databases were searched for published cases of aceruloplasminemia. Diagnostic criteria for aceruloplasminemia were undetectable or very low serum ceruloplasmin, hyperferritinemia and low transferrin saturation. Clinical, biochemical and radiological data on the presentation and follow‐up of the cases were extracted and completed through e‐mail contact with all authors.ResultsWe present an overview of 55 aceruloplasminemia cases, including three previously unreported cases. Diabetes mellitus was the first symptom related to aceruloplasminemia in 68.5% of the patients, manifesting at a median age of 38.5 years, and often accompanied by microcytic or normocytic anaemia. The combination preceded neurological symptoms in almost 90% of the neurologically symptomatic patients and was found 12.5 years before the onset of neurological symptoms.ConclusionsThere is a diagnostic window during which diabetes and anaemia are present although there is an absence of neurological symptoms. Screening for aceruloplasminemia in adult non‐obese individuals presenting with antibody‐negative, insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus and unexplained anaemia is recommended. The combination of ferritin and transferrin saturation provides a sensitive initial measure for aceruloplasminemia.
Continuous glucose monitoring in people with diabetes: the randomized controlled Glucose Level Awareness in Diabetes Study (GLADIS)
Authors: New J. P. , Ajjan R. , Pfeiffer A. F. H. , Freckmann G. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimsTo investigate the best glucose monitoring strategy for maintaining euglycaemia by comparing self‐monitoring of blood glucose with continuous glucose monitoring, with or without an alarm function.MethodsA 100‐day, randomized controlled study was conducted at four European centres, enrolling 160 patients with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, on multiple daily insulin injections or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Participants were randomized to continuous glucose monitoring without alarms (n = 48), continuous glucose monitoring with alarms (n = 49) or self‐monitoring of blood glucose (n = 48).ResultsTime spent outside the glucose target during days 80–100 was 9.9 h/day for the continuous glucose monitoring without alarms group, 9.7 h/day for the continuous glucose monitoring with alarms group and 10.6 h/day for the self‐monitoring of blood glucose group (P = 0.18 and 0.08 compared with continuous glucose monitoring without and with alarms, respectively).The continuous glucose monitoring with alarms group spent less time in hypoglycaemia compared with the self‐monitoring of blood glucose group (1.0 h/day and 1.6 h/day, respectively; 95% CI −1.2 to −0.1; P = 0.030). Among those treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, time spent outside the glucose target was significantly different when comparing continuous glucose monitoring without alarms and self‐monitoring of blood glucose (−1.9 h/day; 95% CI −3.8 to 0.0; P = 0.0461) and when comparing continuous glucose monitoring with alarms and self‐monitoring of blood glucose (−2.4 h/day; 95% CI −4.1 to −0.5; P = 0.0134). There was no difference in HbA1c reduction from baseline in the three groups; however, the proportion of participants with a reduction of ≥ 6 mmol/mol (≥ 0.5%) was higher in the continuous glucose monitoring without alarms (27%) and continuous glucose monitoring with alarms groups (25%) than in the self‐monitoring of blood glucose group (10.6%).ConclusionsThis study shows that the use of continuous glucose monitoring reduces time spent outside glucose targets compared with self‐monitoring of blood glucose, especially among users of insulin pumps.
The True Meaning of ‘Social Justice’: A Catholic View of Hayek
Authors: Rhonheimer Martin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHayek's well‐known dismissal of the concept of ‘social justice’ is examined and questioned. While basically agreeing with Hayek's critique, the author argues that we should not entirely reject this concept, although it is often used in a vague and emotional way – ‘social justice talk’. Drawing on the tradition of classical liberalism and Catholic social teaching, he makes the case for the true meaning of social justice, which applies to the basic legal and institutional framework of a society rather than the distributional outcomes of market processes.
Muhammad's Conception of Property as A Bundle of Rights
Authors: Koehler Benedikt 
Published: February 2015

AbstractProperty was first conceived of as a bundle of rights in early Islam. The legal instrument that crystallised this Islamic conception was the waqf, a legal entity delivering public welfare in accordance with the wishes of a benefactor. Trusts, which evolved in the thirteenth century, have a rationale analogous to that of waqfs, and in fact may have replicated the legal template of waqfs. The finding that waqfs are germane to Islam has ramifications for policies on waqfs in contemporary Islamic societies.
Spawning and nursery areas, longitudinal and cross‐shelf migrations of the Merluccius capensis stock in the northern Benguela
Authors: Wilhelm Margit R. , Jarre Astrid , Moloney Coleen L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe investigate the spatial distributions of juvenile and adult hake Merluccius capensis on the Namibian continental shelf using data from 25 biomass surveys (1990–2007) to identify (i) nursery/spawning areas, their spatial or temporal separation and change and (ii) length, depth and latitude preference patterns. The density of fish (number‐of‐fish per 30‐min‐haul) was examined in relation to fish total length (TL) and latitude and TL and bottom depth. Nursery aggregations were most frequent in central (22–25°S) and southern (26–29°S) Namibia, increasing in density in the south since 2000. Hatch dates of ≤17 cm fish were calculated from juvenile growth rates. Peaks occurred in winter and summer‐autumn in the centre and slightly later in the south. Spawning areas appear to have shifted southward since the late 1970s, showing the plasticity of this stock as a response to fishing pressure and environmental variability and change. Merluccius capensis show a stable pattern of latitude preference over the 25 surveys examined. They first occur on the mid‐shelf <9 cm, generally moving to the inner‐shelf at 9–15 cm (<1 yr old). They generally prefer the northern and mid‐shelf area between 24 and 45 cm (1.5–3.5 yr old), probably for feeding and building resources for spawning purposes. They later move to the outer‐shelf and return southward and to the mid‐shelf region to spawn at ≥45 cm TL (≥3.5 years old), a contained stock unit in the northern Benguela. We propose a complete migration life history of M. capensis for the first time, showing their extensive longitudinal migrations, similar to Merluccius species elsewhere.