bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foreign Impacts Revisited: Islamists’ Struggles in Post-War Iraq
Authors: Dai Yamao 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA great number of scholarship has been devoted to examining the impacts of domestic politics to foreign policies. Many studies have also examined the impacts of international politics to domestic politics, focusing on democracy-building or constructing political institutions within the framework of the state-building. However, such scholarship has not focused enough on the impacts of international politics to opposition forces and their relationship to political conflict in the post-conflict era. In countries that have experienced regime change, the formerly exiled opposition forces that became the ruling parties had changed their policies under the influence of the host country and other foreign actors in international politics during their exile. This paper sheds light on the two main Iraqi Islamist parties, the Da‘wa Party and the SCIRI, and clarifies their changing policies under the influence of the host countries and international politics. It also makes clear how these changes were reflected by the political conflict in post-war Iraq. Scholars of Iraqi politics have discussed the reasons of political conflict in post-war Iraq as following: (1) sectarian conflicts as a result of the artificiality of the Iraqi state; and (2) struggles for the mobilization of votes in elections. Against these arguments, this paper considers the historical and international impacts on the formerly exiled Islamist ruling parties as a more significant factor in explaining the reasons for political conflict in post-war Iraq.By analyzing primary sources on segments of the Da‘wa Party and the SCIRI after their exile, the following two facts are clarified: First, the two Islamist parties came to have differing ideology as well as policy as a result of the influences from the host country and international politics, which reflected the political conflict in post-war Iraq. The SCIRI maintained good relations with the host country, Iran, and had its original Islamist ideology, while the Da‘wa Party, not being able to maintain cooperative relations with the host country, consequently changed its Islamist ideology to a more nationalist ideology under the direct influence of Western society. In the post-war era, the SCIRI attempted to construct a regional government in the south based on a transnational Islamist ideology, while the Da‘wa Party attempted to construct a centralized government based on a nationalism that aimed to strengthen national unity. Second, the international societies’ intervention into the Iraqi opposition forces created mutual distrust, which in turn prolonged political conflict in post-war era. Therefore, an analysis of the historical and international impacts on opposition forces is necessary to understand the reasons for the political struggles in the post-conflict countries.
Concentration of Decision-Making Power: Investigating the Role of the Norwegian Cabinet Subcommittee
Authors: Kolltveit Kristoffer 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe empowerment of chief executives has been apparent in several parliamentary democracies in recent decades. However, few accounts have been produced of developments in recent Norwegian cabinets. The aim of this article is two-fold. First, changes regarding the concentration of decision-making power in Norwegian cabinets in the past 15 years are examined and, second, how political factors have contributed to the concentration of power is also examined. Drawing on interviews with 19 ministers from the Bondevik II and Stoltenberg II cabinets, the article finds that collegial elements of cabinets have been weakened, and there has been a centralization of power around an inner cabinet, the so-called subcommittee, consisting of the prime minister and the party leaders. The article also shows how political distances between coalition parties and the cabinet’s parliamentary basis have affected the concentration of power.
Referendum: A Complement or a Threat to Representative Democracy?
Authors: Toplak Cirila 
Published: July 2013

AbstractReferendum, the instrument which allows the citizens to directly decide on important public issues, is the original form of democratic decision-making procedure. It may be perceived as a welcome and necessary complement to representative democracy, especially in the current crisis of confidence in political institutions and parties. However, leaving the decisions to citizens may also cast doubt on the ability and credibility of the elected representatives; the referenda may become a public vote of confidence or distrust in the initiator(s). This article considers the implementation of the referendum in history, as well as the conception of it in political theory and political practice, and implementation of the referendum in (post-Communist) Central Europe. To this end, a comparative analysis of six Central European representative democracies is presented, from the perspective of past national experience with direct democracy, and related national issues and regulatory solutions.
MKs Usage of Personal Internet Tools, 2009: On the verge of a New Decade
Authors: Haleva-Amir Sharon 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis paper examines internet use as a personal political device among Members of the Knesset (hereafter: MKs). We will first describe the social and political trends which promote Israeli and worldwide parliamentarians’ use of personal internet platforms as a communication medium. Description of these trends will be accompanied by examples from 17th-Knesset MKs’ websites. We will also review the changes which took place in MKs’ use of personal internet tools, in accordance with the identified developmental phases. Finally, we will discuss the distinction between Internet use as a means of political communication during campaigns and Internet use as a platform for interaction with the public while in office.
Political Parties and Pension Generosity in Times of Permanent Austerity
Authors: Zohlnhöfer Reimut , Wolf Frieder , Wenzelburger Georg 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe quantitative strand of social policy research suffers from a double deficit: on the one hand, analyses of aggregate expenditure dominate, and on the other hand, most studies of replacement rates focus on unemployment or sickness benefits, while pensions are excluded. This paper addresses the said deficit firstly by discussing the pension sectors’ theoretical peculiarities and by proposing two hypotheses: one on the retrenchment of pension replacement rates and one on the role played by political parties in implementing it. Secondly, after a brief literature review and an outline of our methodological approach, we present regression results of replacement rate changes in 18 developed democracies. Our findings show considerably smaller cuts of pensions than of unemployment or sickness benefits, and striking differences regarding partisan effects between the sectors.
On the Catalytic Activity of Ceria for Direct Carbon Conversion in a SOFC
Authors: Desclaux Pauline , Rzepka Matthias , Stern Edda , Woiton Michael , Stimming Ulrich , Hempelmann Rolf 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Direct carbon fuel cells (DCFCs) are very promising systems to
provide electricity at medium term due to the more efficient
utilization of carbon at high temperatures. In this work, the
focus is on a DCFC operating with a SOFC system. Button cells with
an anode layer for carbon conversion, based on gadolinia-doped
ceria (GDC) and CuO, are used in the experimental setup. Different
contents of ceria have been incorporated in the electrode
composition to test its catalytic activity for the direct carbon
conversion. Vulcan® XC72 is used in the fuel cell as
carbon fuel, and results in the temperature range of 750–850 °C
are presented. Performing measurements of YSZ-based cells with or
without anode layers as well as a systematic analysis of the
anodic off-gas composition, it can be demonstrated that ceria
catalyzes both reactions: the direct carbon conversion and in
particular the partial oxidation of carbon. Moreover, it has been
found that the DCFC system is dominated by the complete oxidation
of carbon.
Airway Management in Pierre Robin Sequence: Patterns of Practice
Authors: Collins Benjamin , Powitzky Rosser , Robledo Candace , Rose Christopher , Glade Robert 
Published: July 2013

Objectives To report survey results from American Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Association members on the practice patterns of airway obstruction management in patients with Pierre Robin sequence. Design A 10-question online survey was sent and the data were reviewed. Setting Online survey of members of the American Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Association. Patients Surveys assessed management patterns of patients with Pierre Robin sequence whom a surgeon member of the American Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Association treated for airway obstruction. Interventions The survey comprised data on management strategies for airway obstruction in Pierre Robin sequence, including tracheostomy, tongue-lip adhesion, mandibular distraction, and treatments that falls in the “other” category. Results A total of 87 American Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Association members completed the survey. Respondents' results were analyzed as a whole and by individual subspecialty: plastic surgery (n = 33), oromaxillofacial surgery (n = 21), and otolaryngology (n = 29). Although most of the surgeons were trained to manage airway obstruction in Pierre Robin sequence patients using tracheostomy (47%, n = 39) and tongue-lip adhesion (31%, n = 26), 48% reported a current preference for mandibular distraction (n = 40). Of surgeons who preferred to manage Pierre Robin sequence with tongue-lip adhesion (n = 23), 65% were trained to do so (n = 15). Surgeons preferring mandibular distraction (n = 40) and tracheostomy (n = 14) more often reported they were trained to manage Pierre Robin sequence with tracheostomy. Conclusions Currently there are various practice patterns for the management of airway obstruction in Pierre Robin sequence. Training habits and subspecialty category may influence a surgeon's preference in patients who fail conservative therapy. Treatment guidelines are lacking and may require significant collaboration among centers and subspecialties to develop a more standardized approach to a challenging clinical entity.
Dispersal and the design of effective management strategies for plant invasions: matching scales for success
Authors: Fletcher Cameron S. , Westcott David A. 
Published: July 2013

Dispersal of propagules makes invasions a fundamentally spatial phenomenon, and to be effective, management actions to control or eradicate invasive species must take this spatial structure into account. While there is a vibrant literature linking detailed dispersal measurements to the rate of invasive spread, and a separate literature focused on incorporating management into invasive models in order to improve the control of weeds, there are relatively fewer manuscripts incorporating state‐of‐the‐art dispersal modeling and management modeling together to provide on‐ground recommendations for structuring effective management.In this paper, we perform a generalized analysis of a spatially explicit, individual‐based simulation model of invasion management with empirically determined dispersal processes, illustrated with the example of Miconia calvescens in the Australian Wet Tropics rain forest, to explore how matching the spatial scale of management to the spatial scale of the dispersal processes underpinning invasion influences the success of management. We find that management strategies designed to maximize the number of weeds removed from the management region, either in the first year of management or over longer periods, provide a poor estimate of the spatial scale of management that maximizes the probability of eradication. We show that achieving a goal of certainty of eradication requires exceeding a minimal spatial scale of management and total management resourcing. We generalize these results to examine how the spatial scale of dispersal drives the spatial scale of effective management strategies.These results show that to be effective, management of dispersal‐driven invasions must occur at spatial scales determined by the scale of dispersal processes, and resourced accordingly. It illustrates how those scales might be calculated for a specific case for which detailed dispersal data are available and generalizes the result to highlight how dispersal scale drives the scale of effective management. The results highlight the importance of understanding the ecological drivers of invasion to structure effective management.
The Persistence in the Association between Section 404 Material Weaknesses and Financial Reporting Quality
Authors: Myllymäki Emma-Riikka 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARY
This study examines whether Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Section 404 material weakness (MW404) disclosures are predictive of future financial reporting quality. I find evidence that for companies with a history of MW404s, the likelihood of misstatements in financial information continues to be significantly higher for two years after the last MW404 report compared to companies without a history of reported MW404s. The magnitude of the effect decreases non-linearly with decreasing speed. The findings further imply that the reason for the misstatement incidences is the unacknowledged pervasiveness of control problems. In particular, it appears that in many cases, the future misstatements are unrelated to the MW types disclosed in the last MW404 report, suggesting that some MW types are unacknowledged and, hence, control problems are even more pervasive than what was identified. Overall, the findings of this study highlight the importance of discovering and disclosing material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting.
The Assets Are Virtual but the Behavior Is Real: An Analysis of Fraud in Virtual Worlds and Its Implications for the Real World
Authors: Dilla William N. , Harrison Andrew J. , Mennecke Brian E. , Janvrin Diane J. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT
Virtual worlds are computer-generated, immersive environments where participants interact with others while engaging in social, entertainment, and economic endeavors. To illustrate how virtual worlds can be used to study fraud, we examine documented virtual world fraud cases using the “fraud diamond” model (Wolfe and Hermanson 2004). Our findings have real-world implications regarding the causes and prevention of fraud. They include: (1) perpetrator motivations often include non-monetary achievement and manipulation, as well as financial gain, (2) fraud victims tend to have misplaced trust and overestimate the capability of fraud prevention governance mechanisms, (3) participant-designed record-keeping systems may protect corporate assets from theft, and (4) virtual worlds may serve as a laboratory for evaluating risk management strategies. We also identify future research questions related to these issues. This research illustrates how parallels between fraudulent behaviors in virtual and real worlds can advance our understanding of fraud antecedents.
Influence of Application Techniques on Contact Formation and Voids in Anterior Resin Composite Restorations
Authors: Kwon SR , Oyoyo U , Li Y 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARY
This study evaluated the influence of three different application techniques on contact formation and voids in anterior resin composite restorations. Artificial ivorine teeth were randomly assigned to three experimental groups, with 20 specimens in each group. One operator performed all restorations using the Teflon tape, pull-through, or bioclear matrix technique. The treatment time required for each restoration was recorded. An examiner blinded to the treatment group performed the visual evaluation of six criteria, including proper contact formation. The restored teeth were cut to yield a total of 180 sections for microscopic evaluation. The Kruskal-Wallis procedure was performed to evaluate the significance of treatment time, number of voids, percent porosity area, and void diameter. There were significant differences in treatment time among the three groups (p&lt;0.05). The bioclear matrix technique required the least time for the treatment of one diastema closure (p&lt;0.05). The Teflon tape technique resulted in proper contact formation in 80% of specimens, a rate that was significantly lower than that associated with the pull-through and bioclear matrix techniques (p&lt;0.05). Out of 540 imaging areas 160 images were free of voids. The number of voids and the percent porosity area were not significantly different among the three techniques (p&gt;0.05). However, the mean void diameter was greater with the bioclear matrix technique compared to the other two techniques (p&lt;0.05).
Microsatellite primers in the foundation tree species Pinus edulis and P. monophylla (Pinaceae)
Authors: Krohn Andrew L. , Flores‐Rentería Lluvia , Gehring Catherine A. 
Published: July 2013

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed in the foundational tree species Pinus edulis to investigate population differentiation of P. edulis and hybridization among closely related species.• Methods and Results: Using a hybridization protocol, primer sets for 11 microsatellite loci were developed using megagametophyte tissue from P. edulis and scored for polymorphism in three populations of P. edulis and a single P. monophylla population. The primers amplified simple and compound di‐, tri‐, and pentanucleotide repeats with two to 18 alleles per locus.• Conclusions: These results demonstrate the utility of the described primers for studies of population differentiation within and among P. edulis populations as well as across putative hybrid zones where P. edulis may coexist with sister species.
Development of 16 microsatellite markers within the Camassia (Agavaceae) species complex and amplification in related taxa
Authors: Culley Theresa M. , Leng Ju‐Fang , Kephart Susan R. , Cartieri Francis J. , Theiss Kathryn E. 
Published: July 2013

• Premise of the study: The North American genus Camassia is an ecologically important group whose variability and evolution are little understood, being influenced by hybridization and geographic isolation. We developed microsatellite markers to investigate patterns of gene flow, population structure, and taxonomic relationships within this group.• Methods and Results: Using a traditional approach with biotin‐labeled probes, we developed 16 microsatellite primers in three species of Camassia: C. howellii, C. leichtlinii, and C. quamash. The number of alleles per locus averaged 3.94 per species, and levels of heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 1.00 and 0.033 to 0.917 for observed and expected heterozygosities, respectively. All primers amplified to varying extents in additional species (C. angusta, C. cusickii, C. scilloides) and in putative species in a related genus (Hastingsia alba, H. atropurpurea, H. bracteosa, H. serpentinicola).• Conclusions: These microsatellite markers exhibit variation and are useful for ongoing studies of integrative taxonomy and population differentiation within this species complex.
Development and characterization of microsatellite primers in Geranium carolinianum (Geraniaceae) with 454 sequencing
Authors: Shirk Rebecca Y. , Glenn Travis C. , Chang Shu‐Mei , Hamrick J. L. 
Published: July 2013

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed for Geranium carolinanum, a North American winter annual herb, for use in population genetic analyses.• Methods and Results: Genomic DNA enriched for repeat‐containing fragments was sequenced on the Roche 454 Titanium platform, resulting in 470 primer pairs developed from 1115 microsatellite‐containing sequences. A subset of 37 primer pairs was screened for polymorphism across three native and three invasive populations. We identified four monomorphic and eight polymorphic loci. Polymorphic loci contained between two and seven alleles per locus, and mean within‐population expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.100 to 0.290. Within populations, observed heterozygosity for individual loci ranged from zero to 0.857, and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.046 to 0.559.• Conclusions: These microsatellite markers will be useful for future studies of genetic diversity, structure, and mating systems across the geographic range of G. carolinianum, and may be transferable to other closely related species.
Les avancées du mécanisme de développement propre : une étape décisive vers un développement « décarboné » au Sud ?
Authors: Lacour Pauline , Simon Jean-Christophe 
Published: July 2013

Les stratégies de développement contemporaines se déploient dans un univers particulièrement incertain, soumis de surcroit à la contrainte climatique. Cette dernière est de plus en plus prise en compte par les pays du Sud, comme le témoigne la mise en œuvre des dispositions du Protocole de Kyoto, et plus spécifiquement le mécanisme de développement propre (MDP). À travers l’analyse du MDP, notre contribution examinera son efficacité dans les pays d’Asie pour deux dimensions majeures de la politique climatique des pays en développement : la réduction des émissions sectorielles de gaz à effet de serre et le transfert des technologies environnementales.
Investissements étrangers et développement : le cas du secteur de l'or au Mali
Authors: Mainguy Claire 
Published: July 2013

Au Mali, le modèle de l'exploitation à grande échelle dans le secteur de l'or a eu des effets mitigés : devenu premier produit d'exportation, l'or génère des entrées de devises et des recettes publiques et a sans doute permis de compenser en partie la crise du secteur cotonnier. Mais ce mode d'exploitation, générant des liens très limités avec les entreprises locales, offre peu de perspectives de développement si les ressources issues du secteur de l'or ne sont pas utilisées dans le but de renforcer le capital humain et technique dans le cadre d'une diversification qui pourrait offrir, à terme, une alternative à l'exploitation de l'or, dont les réserves sont limitées.
Lateral incisor agenesis, canine impaction and characteristics of supernumerary teeth in a South European male population
Authors: Delli Konstantina , Livas Christos , Bornstein Michael M. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT
Objective: To assess the prevalence of lateral incisor agenesis impacted canines and supernumerary teeth in a young adult male population. Materials and Methods: The panoramic radiographs of 1745 military students (mean age: 18.6 ± 0.52 years) who attended the Center of Aviation Medicine of the Armed Forces of Greece during the period 1997-2011 were initially analyzed for lateral incisor agenesis by two observers. After exclusion of the known orthodontic cases, a subgroup of 1636 examinees (mean age: 18.6 ± 0.44 years) was evaluated for canine impaction and supernumerary teeth. Results: Twenty-eight missing lateral incisors were observed in 22 military students, indicating an incidence of 1.3% in the investigated population. No lateral incisor agenesis was detected in the mandibular arch. A prevalence rate of 0.8% was determined for canine impaction in the sample of young adults. The majority of impacted teeth (86.7%) were diagnosed in the maxillary arch. Thirty-five supernumerary teeth were observed in 24 examinees (prevalence rate: 1.5%). The ratio of supernumerary teeth located in the maxilla versus the mandible was 2.2:1. The most common type of supernumerary tooth was the upper distomolar. Conclusion: The prevalence of lateral incisor agenesis, canine impaction, and supernumerary teeth ranged from 0.8 to 1.5% in the sample of male Greek military students.