bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging of immune cell behavior and function in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Pesic Marija , Kawakami Naoto , Bartholomäus Ingo , Kyratsous Nikolaos I. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo visualize the entire process of encephalitogenic T cell infiltration into the target organ, we performed intravital imaging by using two‐photon microscopy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the animal model of multiple sclerosis. Intravital imaging documented that T cells first appear in the leptomeningeal blood vessels where they crawl in an integrin‐dependent manner and scan the intraluminal surface for extravasation sites. After diapedesis, the T cells continue to crawl on the abluminal surface, where they meet local antigen presenting cells (APC) that can provide stimuli to the T cells for the subsequent infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma. Although flow cytometric analysis documented that the infiltrated T cells upregulated their activation markers in the CNS meninges, it was unclear at which scanning step the activation occurred. We recently introduced two genetically encoded fluorescent T cell activation sensors for intravital imaging. The first is a fluorescent resonance energy transfer‐based Ca2+ sensor for the quantification of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, a major step in T cell receptor signaling. The second sensor is a truncated nuclear factor of activated T cells fused to green fluorescent protein, which subcellular localization corresponds to the T cell activation state. Introducing these sensors into the lymphocytes enables the visualization of the interactions of encephalitogenic T cells with different blood–brain barrier structures, and allows us to assess the functional aspect of these interactions directly in vivo. This model system can be further used to evaluate therapeutic compounds and to better understand the activities of T cells in vivo.
Parvovirus B19 at the culprit coronary stenosis predicts outcome after stenting
Authors: Niccoli Giampaolo , Severino Anna , Pieroni Maurizio , Cosentino Nicola , Ventrone Maria A. , Conte Micaela , Roberto Marco , Gallinella Giorgio , Liuzzo Giovanna , Leone Antonio M. , Porto Italo , Burzotta Francesco , Trani Carlo , Crea Filippo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundParvovirus (PV) B19 DNA is detected in endothelial cells and may cause endothelial dysfunction, which is involved in in‐stent restenosis. We aimed at performing an exploratory analysis that evaluated if PVB19 DNA at the culprit coronary stenosis would be associated with an increased rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) after coronary stenting.Materials and methodsConsecutive patients undergoing stent implantation for stable or unstable coronary artery disease were enroled. Serology for PVB19 infection and presence of DNA for PVB19 on balloons used for predilatation were assessed in all patients. MACE rate, as a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI) or clinically driven target lesion revascularization (TLR) was obtained at 24 month follow‐up. Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for variables associated with MACE.ResultsOne hundred and nine patients [age 66 ± 10, male sex 89 (82%)] were enroled. At 24‐month follow‐up, 18 patients experienced a MACE. Two patients (2%) experienced MI, while 16 patients (15%) experienced clinically driven TLR. At multiple Cox regression analysis, the presence of PVB19 DNA on the balloon and the use of bare‐metal stents were independent predictors of MACE [HR 3·30, 95% CI (1·12–10·08), P = 0·03 and HR 4·19, 95% CI (1·60–10·94), P = 0·003].ConclusionsPVB19 DNA detected on the balloon used for dilatation of coronary stenosis before stent implantation is associated with MACE rate at follow‐up, mainly due to clinically driven TLR. The results of this exploratory analysis should be confirmed in a larger population.
Reducing whiteflies on cucumber using intercropping with less preferred vegetables
Authors: Zhao Qing , Zhu Junwei J. , Qin Yuchuan , Pan Pengliang , Tu Hongtao , Du Wenxiao , Zhou Wangfang , Baxendale Frederick P. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effectiveness of four less preferred vegetables – celery, asparagus lettuce, Malabar spinach, and edible amaranth – were investigated for suppression of two biotypes of sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae). Intercropping celery and Malabar spinach with cucumber significantly reduced whitefly numbers on cucumber. Y‐tube olfactometer behavioral assays revealed that whiteflies were strongly repelled from the aqueous extracts of the less preferred vegetables. The level of whitefly repellency varied with combinations of intercropped vegetables, and also differed between the two whitefly biotypes. For whitefly biotype B, the greatest repellency was observed with asparagus lettuce extract, whereas celery and Malabar spinach extracts were more repellent to whitefly biotype Q. Two major volatile constituent compounds were identified, D‐limonene from celery and geranyl nitrile from Malabar spinach. Sprayable 1% formulations of these compounds significantly reduced whitefly colonization on cucumber under field conditions.
Adverse effects of fluorescent dust marking on the behavior of western black widow spiderlings
Authors: Still Meghan B. , Miles Lindsay S. , Gburek Theresa M. , Johnson J. Chadwick 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFluorescent dust marking is commonly employed to identify and track small arthropods for studies of ecology, demography, and behavior. Despite its widespread use, no study to date has empirically tested the suitability of dust marking for studies of spider behavior. Here, we test the effects of fluorescent dust marking on proximity of cohabitation, sibling cannibalism, and non‐cannibalistic mortality of western black widow spiderlings, Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie (Araneae: Theridiidae). Results indicate that dust‐marked spiderlings cohabitated at closer proximities and died sooner than undusted spiderlings due to a greater incidence of cannibalism in the dust‐marked group. Thus, we conclude that fluorescent dust marking significantly affected the cohabitation and cannibalistic behavior of L. hesperus spiderlings. Although few studies have reported adverse effects of dust marking on arthropods, our results should serve as a warning to future studies that normal behavior may be disrupted by the use of these fluorescent dust markers. Therefore, preliminary testing should be routine when determining the suitability of any marking technique for not only new species, but also new life stages and behaviors.
Host removal as a potential control method for Phytophthora cinnamomi on severely impacted black gravel sites in the jarrah forest
Authors: Crone M. , McComb J. A. , O'Brien P. A. , Hardy G. E. St J. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryRemoval of living plants from an area of Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) forest on black gravel sites infested with Phytophthora cinnamomi significantly reduced subsequent pathogen recovery. Vegetation, including trees and annual and herbaceous perennial plants, was killed on the sites by herbicide application. To determine whether this treatment efficiently eliminated P. cinnamomi, soil samples were seasonally collected and baited to test for the presence of the pathogen. There were no recoveries on treated sites in autumn, 28 months after removal of all vegetation by herbicide application. To test whether this was the result of the complete elimination of the pathogen or whether inoculum remained, regrowth on sites was not controlled after this period leading to the re‐establishment of annual and herbaceous perennial species, some of which are hosts of P. cinnamomi. Recovery of P. cinnamomi after plant regrowth on the formerly treated sites indicated that for complete pathogen removal, sites need to remain free of vegetation for longer than 28 months. Overall, however, this study confirms that the pathogen is a weak saprophyte, and withdrawal of host material for a period of time may make eventual rehabilitation of these sites possible.
Adolescent family perceptions in the At‐Risk Mental State for psychosis
Authors: Welsh Patrick , Tiffin Paul A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimThere is a long‐standing interest in the relationship between patients affected by psychosis and their families. Previous research also suggests that perceived family dysfunction is a factor commonly associated with psychological problems in adolescence. The current study examined the role of self‐reported family perceptions in the context of adolescents with an At‐Risk Mental State (ARMS) for psychosis.MethodsFamily perceptions were obtained using the Family Perceptions Scale (FPS) and compared across three groups; an ARMS for psychosis group (n = 44), a first‐episode affective/non‐affective psychosis group (n = 26) and a control group (n = 140) drawn from a community population.ResultsScores on the FPS Expressed Emotion subscale were significantly higher in the psychosis and ARMS groups, compared to controls (P = 0.039 and P = 0.041, respectively). In contrast, participants in the ARMS group reported poorer perceived problem solving and lower levels of nurturing behaviour in their families compared to controls (P = 0.032 and P = 0.027). Overall, family perceptions were not related to symptom severity in both the ARMS and psychosis groups (except for manic symptomatology and Expressed Emotion).ConclusionsThese findings highlight that ARMS patients are likely to report higher levels of perceived family dysfunction compared to a community sample of young people. However, the mechanisms by which family perceptions may contribute to the development of distressing psychotic symptoms remain unclear and require further study. Family work, with a focus upon improving perceived expressed emotion, nurturing behaviours and hostility may at this stage represent a feasible adjunct therapy for those with ARMS.
Platelet‐activating factor downregulates the expression of liver X receptor‐α and its target genes in human neutrophils
Authors: Reyes‐Quiroz María E. , Alba Gonzalo , Santa‐María Consuelo , Saenz Javier , Geniz Isabel , Jiménez Juan , Ramírez Remedios , Martín‐Nieto José , Pintado Elizabeth , Sobrino Francisco 
Published: November 2013

Liver X receptors (LXRs) are ligand‐activated members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulate the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation, although their role in inflammation and immunity is less well known. It has been reported that oxysterols/LXRs may act as anti‐inflammatory molecules, although opposite actions have also been reported. In this study, we investigated the effect of platelet‐activating factor (PAF), a proinflammatory molecule, on LXRα signalling in human neutrophils. We found that PAF exerted an inhibitory effect on mRNA expression of TO901317‐induced LXRα, ATP‐binding cassette transporter A1, ATP‐binding cassette transporter G1, and sterol response element binding protein 1c. This negative action was mediated by the PAF receptor, and was dependent on the release of reactive oxygen species elicited by PAF, as it was enhanced by pro‐oxidant treatment and reversed by antioxidants. Current data also support the idea that PAF induces phosphorylation of the LXRα molecule in an extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2‐mediated fashion. These results suggest that a possible mechanism by which PAF exerts its proinflammatory effect is through the downregulation of LXRα and its related genes, which supports the notion that LXRα ligands exert a modulatory role in the neutrophil‐mediated inflammatory response.
Single‐molecule enzymology à la Michaelis–Menten
Authors: Grima Ramon , Walter Nils G. , Schnell Santiago 
Published: November 2013

Over the past 100 years, deterministic rate equations have been successfully used to infer enzyme‐catalysed reaction mechanisms and to estimate rate constants from reaction kinetics experiments conducted in vitro. In recent years, sophisticated experimental techniques have been developed that begin to allow the measurement of enzyme‐catalysed and other biopolymer‐mediated reactions inside single cells at the single‐molecule level. Time‐course data obtained using these methods are considerably noisy because molecule numbers within cells are typically quite small. As a consequence, the interpretation and analysis of single‐cell data requires stochastic methods, rather than deterministic rate equations. Here, we concisely review both experimental and theoretical techniques that enable single‐molecule analysis, with particular emphasis on the major developments in the field of theoretical stochastic enzyme kinetics, from its inception in the mid‐20th century to its modern‐day status. We discuss the differences between stochastic and deterministic rate equation models, how these depend on enzyme molecule numbers and substrate inflow into the reaction compartment, and how estimation of rate constants from single‐cell data is possible using recently developed stochastic approaches.
Corrosion fatigue behaviour of 304 stainless steel under proportional and non‐proportional multiaxial loading condition
Authors: Huang Y‐H. , Tu S‐T. , Xuan F‐Z. , Itoh T. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTCorrosion fatigue and electrochemical tests under proportional loading and non‐proportional loading were conducted on 304 stainless steel in 0.63 mol L−1 NaCl solution at room temperature. Two biaxial loading paths were applied to study the effect of proportional loading and non‐proportional loading on corrosion fatigue behaviour. Surface and fractographic observations of multiaxial corrosion fatigue specimens were carried out by scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that proportional loading had a more significant effect on the occurrence of local corrosion compared with non‐proportional loading because the continuous rotation of the principal stress plane under non‐proportional loading inhibits the pit formation.
Imperfect detection impacts the performance of species distribution models
Authors: Lahoz‐Monfort José J. , Guillera‐Arroita Gurutzeta , Wintle Brendan A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimSpecies often remain undetected at sites where they are present. However, the impact of imperfect detection on species distribution models (SDMs) is not fully appreciated. In this paper we evaluate the influence of imperfect detection on the calibration and discrimination capacity of SDMs. We compare the performance of three types of SDMs: (1) a technique based on presence–absence data, (2) a technique based on presence–background data, and (3) a technique based on detection/non‐detection data that accounts for imperfect detection.InnovationWe use simulations to evaluate the impacts of imperfect detection in SDMs. This allows us to assess model performance with respect to the true objective of the models: the estimation of species distributions. We study a range of scenarios of occupancy and detection based on ecologically plausible environmental relationships and identify the circumstances in which imperfect detection affects model calibration and discrimination. We show that imperfect detection can substantially reduce the inferential and predictive accuracy of presence–absence and presence–background methods that do not account for detectability. While calibration is always affected, the influence on discrimination depends on the relationship of detectability and environmental variables.Main conclusionsThe performance of a model should be assessed with respect to its objectives. Comparative studies that intend to assess the performance of an SDM by evaluating its ability to predict detections rather than presences fail to reveal the benefits of accounting for detectability. Disregarding imperfect detection can have severe consequences for SDM performance, and hence for the estimation of species distributions. To date, this issue has been largely ignored in the SDM literature. Simultaneously modelling occupancy and detection does not necessarily require a greater sampling effort, but rather that data are collected so that they are informative about detectability. We recommend that consideration of imperfect detection become standard practice for species distribution modelling.
Numerical simulation of mylonitization and structural controls on fluid flow and mineralization of the Hetai gold deposit, west Guangdong, China
Authors: Zhu J. , Li Z . , Lin G. , Zeng Q. , Zhou Y. , Yi J. , Gong G. , Chen G. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe Hetai gold deposit (HGD) is a typical altered mylonite type gold mine in a ductile shear zone in western Guangdong, China. Geomechanical simulations of the HGD were carried out in this paper to examine the importance of the dilation‐driven fluid circulation in gold mineralization. The results show that three evenly‐spaced NNE shear zones of enhanced dilation are produced in the study area. The calculated principal compressive stress in the X direction in these zones ranges between −420 and −650 MPa, in line with estimates of ore‐forming pressure (fluid pressure). Ore forming fluid is focused into these features, as observed in the field. The calculated differential stress decreases from 275~350 to 148~225 MPa during the formation of mylonite zones. These, together with geological structural analysis and fluid pressure measurements, indicate that the mylonitization zone can provide a place of fluid focusing and a favorable environment for gold mineralization.
Effect of population combinations on the reproductive success and germination of seeds of Bromus auleticus (Poaceae)
Authors: Gutiérrez H. F. , Pensiero J. F. , Zabala J. M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBromus auleticus is known for its qualities as forage but its domestication has limitations relating to seed production technology and farm‐scale seed propagation. The effect of different combinations of population on the reproductive success and seed germination of a relict population of Argentina was studied. The tests used a population of Santa Fe (SF) as the recipient of pollen and three populations as donors (LP: La Pampa, ER: Entre Ríos and BA: Buenos Aires). Reproductive success was determined in plants from five pollination treatments: (i) (SFxSF), (ii) LP, (iii) ER, (iv) BA and (v) mixture of donor. Three temperature conditions were evaluated for germination: (i) 15°C, (ii) 28°C and (iii) alternating 15–28°C (12 h each). There were significant differences in reproductive success depending on the source of pollen. Seeds obtained from new genotypic combinations did not increase their weight in relation to the pollen donor. Germination behaviour was more affected by extrinsic factors (temperature) than by their genetic origin. However, under non‐optimal germination conditions, seeds originating from new genotypic combinations showed a significant increase in germination percentage and germination rate. This work contributes additional knowledge to previous studies regarding the effect of pollen quality limitation on seed production and quality of B. auleticus. The results confirm the hypothesis that a mixture of genotypes from a diverse origin increases the quantity of flowers that become fruits and seed quality, which is of great importance to improved seed production and field establishment of B. auleticus.
A sterilization technique with applications to silage research and inoculant evaluation
Authors: Mogodiniyai Kasmaei K. , Spörndly R. , Udén P. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDifferent techniques were tested to sterilize grass samples with respect to epiphytic microflora (lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteria, yeasts and moulds) to enable study of specific microfloras. Methods tested on freshly harvested grass samples included sterilization efficacies of ethanol, combined effects of ethanol and sodium hypochlorite, neutral detergents and cold shock. The antimicrobial properties of moist and dry heat were also tested, although on freeze‐dried samples to minimize the extent of Maillard reactions. Sterilization efficacy was evaluated by culture‐dependent microbial analysis. Heat was found to be the best antimicrobial agent. Moist heat (autoclaving) produced chemical changes including a fivefold increase in concentration of acid detergent insoluble nitrogen and reduced pH value. The results suggest that dry heating of dried samples before reconstituting to original dry‐matter content could be a promising sterilization technique. Fine‐tuning the technique and testing the ensilability of reconstituted samples are the next steps to be undertaken.
Lack of seasonal variation in bleeding and patient‐assessed pain patterns in patients with haemophilia B receiving on‐demand therapy
Authors: Shafer F. , Smith L. , Vendetti N. , Rendo P. , Carr M. 
Published: November 2013

SummarySpontaneous haemorrhage in patients with haemophilia is generally considered to occur randomly and without a predictable temporal or seasonal pattern; however, there is a lack of evidence in the literature on the effects of weather, temperature and atmosphere on bleeding episodes. This post hoc analysis of a multicentre, open‐label crossover study examined the influence of seasonality on bleeding frequency and patient‐assessed pain in patients with moderately severe and severe (FIX C ≤ 2%) haemophilia B. Fifty patients were enrolled and treated on‐demand for 16 weeks; 47 were subsequently randomized to one of two prophylactic regimens (nonacog alfa 100 IU kg−1 once weekly or 50 IU kg−1 twice weekly) for 16 weeks. Patients then underwent an 8‐week washout period of on‐demand therapy before being crossed over to the other prophylactic regimen for 16 weeks. Bleeding episodes during the on‐demand treatment periods were analysed. To assess for temporal trends, data were graphed as scatter plots. The primary end point was the annualized bleeding rate (ABR). Additional measures included raw and median pain scores during every joint bleeding event (spontaneous or traumatic), with pain scored using the Brief Pain Inventory (0 = ‘no pain’ to 10 = ‘pain as bad as you can imagine’). The observed ABRs during the on‐demand periods showed no distinguishable trend over time. Analysis of pain associated with joint bleeding episodes also did not demonstrate any discernible temporal trend. No apparent seasonal variation in bleeding pattern or patient‐reported pain was observed in this analysis of patients with haemophilia B.