bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Latitudinal gradients in the productivity of European migrant warblers have not shifted northwards during a period of climate change
Authors: Eglington Sarah M. , Julliard Romain , Gargallo Gabriel , van der Jeugd Henk P. , Pearce‐Higgins James W. , Baillie Stephen R. , Robinson Robert A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimAs global temperatures have increased, many species distributions have exhibited polewards shifts, a trend that is predicted to continue in future decades. However, the mechanisms underlying such shifts are not well understood. Here we quantify the impact of large‐scale variation in temperature on reproductive output within a group of migratory birds to assess the potential for future range changes.LocationWestern Europe.MethodsWe use data from captures of 350,000 individual birds, collected under constant effort ringing protocols from 1994–2006, to estimate productivity (percentage of juveniles caught) for seven species of migrant warblers (family Sylviidae) breeding in Europe in relation to spring temperature and latitude by fitting generalized linear mixed models.ResultsProductivity was highest at mid‐latitudes for six of our seven study species and did not change significantly over the study period. Only one species (reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus) showed increased productivity at northern sites as expected. Six of the seven species also showed evidence for local adaptation, with productivity decreasing as temperatures diverged from the local mean. However, for three of these species the ‘optimum’ temperature was greater than the local mean temperature at the majority of sites.Main conclusionsThese results indicate that latitudinal gradients in productivity are likely to influence large‐scale abundance patterns, but that adaptation to local climate conditions has the potential to constrain the rate of northward range shifts in many species.
Adherence to prophylaxis is associated with better outcomes in moderate and severe haemophilia: results of a patient survey
Authors: Krishnan S. , Vietri J. , Furlan R. , Duncan N. 
Published: December 2014

SummarySevere haemophilia is associated with bleeding into joints and development of arthropathy. Prophylactic treatment with infusion of replacement clotting factor is known to prevent bleeding, preserve joint functioning and result in higher health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) than episodic treatment; however, adhering to standard prophylaxis schedules can be difficult, and little is known about the relationship between adherence to prophylactic treatment and outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between self‐reported adherence to prophylaxis and health outcomes, including HRQoL and bleeding episodes. Adults with haemophilia (n = 55) and caregivers of children with haemophilia (n = 55) in Australia, Canada, and the United States completed an online questionnaire which included measures of HRQoL (SF‐12v2 for adults and SF‐10 for caregivers of children), self‐reported bleeding episodes, and the VERITAS‐Pro measure of adherence to prophylaxis in haemophilia. Regression analysis was used to test the association between VERITAS‐Pro total score and outcomes. Poorer adherence (higher VERITAS‐Pro scores) was associated with a greater number of self‐reported bleeding episodes in the past year among adults (p < 0.01), more days of work/school missed among paediatric patients (p < 0.01), and lower physical health status scores among paediatric patients (p < 0.05). This study highlights the benefits of adherence to prophylaxis among those with severe haemophilia and provides evidence for the utility of the VERITAS‐Pro by demonstrating a relationship between adherence and outcomes.
Nurses and the euthanasia debate: reflections from New Zealand
Authors: Woods M. , Bickley Asher J. 
Published: December 2014

AimThrough an examination of the present situation relating to legalizing euthanasia and/or physician‐assisted death in New Zealand, this paper is intended to encourage nurses worldwide to ponder about their own position on the ever present topic of assisted dying and euthanasia.BackgroundIn New Zealand, euthanasia remains illegal, but in 2012, the ‘End of Life Choice Bill’ was put in the ballot for potential selection for consideration by Parliament, later to be withdrawn. However, it is increasingly likely that New Zealand will follow international trends to offer people a choice about how their lives should end, and that such a Bill will be resubmitted in the near future. Undoubtedly, the passage of such legislation would have an impact on the day‐to‐day practices of nurses who work with dying people.Sources of EvidenceThis article has been prepared following a comprehensive review of appropriate literature both in New Zealand and overseas.DiscussionThis article aims to highlight the importance of nursing input into any national debates concerning proposed euthanasia or assisted dying laws. The discussion therefore covers New Zealand's experience of such proposed legislation, that is, the draft Bill itself and the implications for nurses, the history of the assisted dying debate in New Zealand, public and professional opinion, and national and international nursing responses to euthanasia.ConclusionNew Zealand nurses will eventually have an opportunity to make their views on proposed euthanasia legislation known, and what such legislation might mean for their practice. Nurses everywhere should seriously consider their own knowledge and viewpoint on this vitally important topic, and be prepared to respond as both individuals and as part of their professional bodies when the time inevitably arrives. The result will be a better informed set of policies, regulations and legislation leading to a more meaningful and dignified experience for dying people and their families.Implications for Nursing and Health PolicyNurses need to be fully informed about, and contribute to, proposed euthanasia or assisted dying legislation. They have extensive expertise in care of the dying, and should therefore be ready to influence law, policy and future nursing practices.
Use of emollients in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Ng J.P.X. , Liew H.M. , Ang S.B. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disorder that has strong financial and psychosocial impacts. Its pathogenesis is related to increased transepidermal water loss due to a defective skin epidermal barrier. Emollients serve as first‐line therapy during both acute flares and remission. However, their use is poorly characterized, posing therapeutic challenges to clinicians and patients. In this article, we review available evidence to provide recommendations, aiming to standardize and optimize the use of emollients in AD. Literature search was performed using Pubmed and Google. All articles were retrieved using Pubmed. Recommendations were graded based on the British Medical Journal's Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system and the American Academy of Family Physicians' Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy. Emollients should be applied post‐bathing. However, the need for immediate application is debatable. The optimal frequency for application is still undetermined, but multiple applications daily are encouraged. Ideally, a balance should be achieved between patient's compliance and clinical efficacy. Emollients hold the potential to act as steroid‐sparing agents, but more well‐designed studies are pertinent for a definite conclusion. At present, it is recommended that 250–500 g of emollients be applied every week. Finally, primary prevention of AD by regular application of emollients in high‐risk infants cannot yet be recommended.
Adaptation in flower form: a comparative evodevo approach
Authors: Specht Chelsea D. , Howarth Dianella G. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryEvolutionary developmental biology (evodevo) attempts to explain how the process of organismal development evolves, utilizing a comparative approach to investigate changes in developmental pathways and processes that occur during the evolution of a given lineage. Evolutionary genetics uses a population approach to understand how organismal changes in form or function are linked to underlying genetics, focusing on changes in gene and genotype frequencies within populations and the fixation of genotypic variation into traits that define species or evoke speciation events. Microevolutionary processes, including mutation, genetic drift, natural selection and gene flow, can provide the foundation for macroevolutionary patterns observed as morphological evolution and adaptation. The temporal element linking microevolutionary processes to macroevolutionary patterns is development: an organism's genotype is converted to phenotype by ontogenetic processes. Because selection acts upon the phenotype, the connection between evolutionary genetics and developmental evolution becomes essential to understanding adaptive evolution in organismal form and function. Here, we discuss how developmental genetic studies focused on key developmental processes could be linked within a comparative framework to study the developmental genetics of adaptive evolution, providing examples from research on two key processes of plant evodevo – floral symmetry and organ fusion – and their role in the adaptation of floral form.

Contents

Summary
74

I.
Introduction
74

II.
Evodevo and the regulatory hypothesis
75

III.
Adaptive evolution and regulatory changes
77

IV.
Gene duplications, GRNs and diversification of form
77

V.
Ontogeny, homology and the study of plant adaptation
78

VI.
Case study 1: Symmetry and adaptation of floral form
79

VII.
Case study 2: Organ fusion and adaptation of floral form
82

VIII.
Conclusion
86

Acknowledgements
87

References
88
Outlier Detection in the Lognormal Logarithmic Conditional Autoregressive Range Model
Authors: Chiang Min‐Hsien , Chou Ray Yeutien , Wang Li‐Min 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAn outlier detection procedure in the lognormal logarithmic conditional autoregressive range (lognormal Log‐CARR) model is proposed. The proposed test statistic is demonstrated to be well‐sized and to have good power using Monte Carlo simulations. Furthermore, the outlier detection procedure suffers less from the masking effect caused by multiple outliers. The results of an empirical investigation show that the proposed method can effectively detect volatility outliers and improve forecasting accuracy.
Synthetic retinoid interventions and outcomes in people with cancer or potentially malignant disorders of the upper aerodigestive tract: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Norman A. , Perry R. , Ness A.R. , Prime S.S. , Cole‐Hawkins H. , Thomas S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimsRetinoids may have a role in the chemoprevention of potentially malignant disorders of the upper aerodigestive tract. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of randomised controlled trials to examine the effect of synthetic retinoid interventions in people with cancer or potentially malignant disorders of the upper digestive tract.Materials and MethodsWe searched five electronic databases and reference lists to locate all eligible trials and analysed trial quality. Outcome measures were all‐cause and cancer mortality, disease‐free survival, second primary cancer, cancer and potentially malignant disorder recurrence and progression to cancer. Results of individual trials were combined by use of random‐effects meta‐analyses.ResultsWe identified 15 trials, eight in people with upper aerodigestive tract cancer and seven in people with potentially malignant disorders, respectively. The results provide little evidence that retinoids have a beneficial effect on disease‐free survival [odds ratio (OR) = 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.51, 1.09], all cause mortality (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.00–1.65), recurrence of cancer (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 0.95, 2.26), development of second primary cancers (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.76, 1.20) or the progression to malignancy (OR = 0.69, 95% CIs = 0.22, 2.15). There was even a suggestion of harm for some outcomes. There was also a suggestion that retinoids may decrease the recurrence of potentially malignant disorders (OR = 0.22, 95% CIs = 0.03, 1.34).ConclusionsFor now there is no evidence to support the use of retinoids in people with upper aerodigestive tract cancer.
Early Experience with Attain Stability, an Active Fixation LV Lead: Virtues and Pitfalls
Authors: JOHAR SOFIAN , LUQMAN NAZAR 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundAppropriate left ventricle (LV) lead placement is integral to successful cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Lead dislodgement and phrenic nerve stimulation (PNS) are major obstacles. A recent trial of an active fixation LV lead (Attain Stability 20066, Medtronic Inc., Tilburg, the Netherlands) has shown promising results. We share our initial experience with this novel active fixation LV lead.MethodsA Medtronic active fixation lead 20066 was used in eight consecutive patients for CRT. An optimal site was chosen and recommended maneuvers were applied for lead fixation. Push and pull maneuvers were used to test stability.ResultsThere were two initial dislodgements after which we used a transvalvular insertion (TVI) tool that was used in the hemostatic valve during rotation of the lead so that the torque was easily transmitted to the tip. It also allowed better tactile feedback during push‐pull tests. There were no further dislodgements in the subsequent six patients. However, in one patient the lead could not be unscrewed due to the tip getting wedged at a distal smaller vein. Repositioning of the LV lead was done in three patients due to PNS or pacing issues. The median time for LV lead placement was 16.5 minutes (interquartile range 9–25 minutes).ConclusionThe Medtronic Attain Stability 20066 active fixation LV lead can potentially be implanted at any pacing site avoiding PNS and providing better stability. The learning curve is short and additional tricks can be learnt to improve success. Use of TVI while the lead is rotated is beneficial.
Diagnosis and treatment of hereditary tyrosinemia in Japan
Authors: Nakamura Kimitoshi , Matsumoto Shirou , Mitsubuchi Hiroshi , Endo Fumio 
Published: December 2014

AbstractHereditary tyrosinemia is an autosomal recessive inherited disease that manifests as three types (types I–III). We conducted a nationwide survey of this disease in Japan, and here review the results in relation to prevalence, clinical characteristics, and treatment and diagnosis. A definitive diagnosis of tyrosinemia type I is difficult to obtain based only on blood tyrosine level. Detection of succinylacetone using dried blood spots or urinary organic acid analysis, however, is useful for diagnosis. In tyrosinemia type I, dietary therapy and nitisinone (Orfandin®) are effective. Prognosis is greatly affected by the complications of liver cancer and hypophosphatemic rickets; even patients that are treated early with nitisinone may develop liver cancer. Long‐term survival can be expected in type I if nitisinone therapy is effective. Prognosis in types II and III is relatively good.
Jurisdictional integration: A framework for measuring and predicting the depth of international regulatory cooperation in competition policy
Authors: Petrie Murray 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis article takes a new approach to international regulatory cooperation by developing a concept of the depth of cooperation, jurisdictional integration. A dataset of international competition policy agreements is compiled and ranked against an ordinal index of the depth of de jure cooperation in enforcing competition policies. There has been both a deepening and broadening of de jure cooperation over time. Statistical analysis finds that common membership of the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development is a strong predictor of the depth of agreements to cooperate in enforcing competition policies; that we can be confident that the depth of agreements is low when signatories' substantive competition laws are dissimilar; and that the depth of de jure cooperation is a strong predictor of whether an agreement is “intergovernmental” or “transgovernmental.” The article puts forward a new way to map and measure international regulatory cooperation, and a new variable for use in research on its causes and consequences.
A direction‐selective local‐thresholding method, DSLT, in combination with a dye‐based method for automated three‐dimensional segmentation of cells and airspaces in developing leaves
Authors: Kawase Takashi , Sugano Shigeo S. , Shimada Tomoo , Hara‐Nishimura Ikuko 
Published: December 2014

SummaryQuantifying the anatomical data acquired from three‐dimensional (3D) images has become increasingly important in recent years. Visualization and image segmentation are essential for acquiring accurate and detailed anatomical data from images; however, plant tissues such as leaves are difficult to image by confocal or multi‐photon laser scanning microscopy because their airspaces generate optical aberrations. To overcome this problem, we established a staining method based on Nile Red in silicone‐oil solution. Our staining method enables color differentiation between lipid bilayer membranes and airspaces, while minimizing any damage to leaf development. By repeated applications of our staining method we performed time‐lapse imaging of a leaf over 5 days. To counteract the drastic decline in signal‐to‐noise ratio at greater tissue depths, we also developed a local thresholding method (direction‐selective local thresholding, DSLT) and an automated iterative segmentation algorithm. The segmentation algorithm uses the DSLT to extract the anatomical structures. Using the proposed methods, we accurately segmented 3D images of intact leaves to single‐cell resolution, and measured the airspace volumes in intact leaves.
Validation of the SenseWear Armband as a Measure of Sedentary Behavior and Light Activity
Authors: Reece Joel D. , Barry Vaughn , Fuller Dana K. , Caputo Jennifer 
Published: December 2014

Background:This study determined the validity and sensitivity of the SenseWear armband (SWA) during sedentary and light office duties compared with indirect calorimetry (IC).Methods:Participants (N = 22), 30 to 64 years of age, randomly performed 6 conditions for 5 minutes each (ie, supine, sitting no movement, standing no movement, sitting office work, standing office work, walking at 1.0 mph). Steady state for each activity (ie, average for minutes 4 and 5) was analyzed.Results:Energy expenditure (EE) for the SWA (1.58 kcal/min) and the IC (1.64 kcal/min) were significantly correlated, r(20) = 0.90, P < .001 and ICC = 0.90, 95% CI (0.699, 0.966). Correlation results for each condition varied in strength, r(20) = 0.53 to 0.83 and ICC = 0.49 to 0.81, but were all significant (P < .05). A significant interaction between measurement method and condition existed (P < .001). The SWA under predicted EE during standing with no movement, sitting office work, and standing office work.Conclusion:The SWA and IC EE rates were strongly correlated during sedentary and light activity office behaviors. However, the SWA may under predict EE during office work (standing or sitting) and when standing motionless, making it slightly less sensitive than IC.
Effect of Proximity to a Cattle Feedlot on Escherichia coli O157:H7 Contamination of Leafy Greens and Evaluation of the Potential for Airborne Transmission
Authors: Berry Elaine D. , Wells James E. , Bono James L. , Woodbury Bryan L. , Kalchayanand Norasak , Norman Keri N. , Suslow Trevor V. , López-Velasco Gabriela , Millner Patricia D. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

The impact of proximity to a beef cattle feedlot on
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 contamination of leafy greens was examined. In each of 2 years, leafy greens were planted in nine plots located 60, 120, and 180 m from a cattle feedlot (3 plots at each distance). Leafy greens (270) and feedlot manure samples (100) were collected six different times from June to September in each year. Both
E. coli
O157:H7 and total
E. coli
bacteria were recovered from leafy greens at all plot distances.
E. coli
O157:H7 was recovered from 3.5% of leafy green samples per plot at 60 m, which was higher (
P
< 0.05) than the 1.8% of positive samples per plot at 180 m, indicating a decrease in contamination as distance from the feedlot was increased. Although
E. coli
O157:H7 was not recovered from air samples at any distance, total
E. coli
was recovered from air samples at the feedlot edge and all plot distances, indicating that airborne transport of the pathogen can occur. Results suggest that risk for airborne transport of
E. coli
O157:H7 from cattle production is increased when cattle pen surfaces are very dry and when this situation is combined with cattle management or cattle behaviors that generate airborne dust. Current leafy green field distance guidelines of 120 m (400 feet) may not be adequate to limit the transmission of
E. coli
O157:H7 to produce crops planted near concentrated animal feeding operations. Additional research is needed to determine safe set-back distances between cattle feedlots and crop production that will reduce fresh produce contamination.
Mycofumigation by the Volatile Organic Compound-Producing Fungus Muscodor albus Induces Bacterial Cell Death through DNA Damage
Authors: Alpha Cambria J. , Campos Manuel , Jacobs-Wagner Christine , Strobel Scott A. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTMuscodor albusbelongs to a genus of endophytic fungi that inhibit and kill other fungi, bacteria, and insects through production of a complex mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This process of mycofumigation has found commercial application for control of human and plant pathogens, but the mechanism of the VOC toxicity is unknown. Here, the mode of action of these volatiles was investigated through a series of genetic screens and biochemical assays. A single-gene knockout screen revealed high sensitivity forEscherichia colilacking enzymes in the pathways of DNA repair, DNA metabolic process, and response to stress when exposed to the VOCs ofM. albus. Furthermore, the sensitivity of knockouts involved in the repair of specific DNA alkyl adducts suggests that the VOCs may induce alkylation. Evidence of DNA damage suggests that these adducts lead to breaks during DNA replication or transcription if not properly repaired. Additional cytotoxicity profiling indicated that during VOC exposure,E. colibecame filamentous and demonstrated an increase in cellular membrane fluidity. The volatile nature of the toxic compounds produced byM. albusand their broad range of inhibition make this fungus an attractive biological agent. Understanding the antimicrobial effects and the VOC mode of action will inform the utility and safety of potential mycofumigation applications forM. albus.