bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fifty years after Ehrlich and Raven, is there support for plant–insect coevolution as a major driver of species diversification?
Authors: Suchan Tomasz , Alvarez Nadir 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSince Ehrlich & Raven's seminal paper 50 years ago, coevolution has been seen as a major driver of species diversification. Here, we review classical and more recent case studies on the coevolution of plants and associated insects, to examine whether the coevolutionary component holds as an explanation of their current diversity. We discuss the main dogmas in coevolution and argue that coevolutionary processes should not be considered as major drivers of diversification in plants and insects. Instead, we suggest that coevolution essentially occurs through relatively short ‘interludes’, making the pattern difficult to detect. We also criticize the use of comparative phylogenetics to investigate coevolutionary processes, as coevolution may not necessarily produce congruent phylogenies among interacting lineages and, in turn, other processes may produce patterns of codivergence. Finally, we propose new lines of investigation for future research.
Simulated ecosystem response to volcanic iron fertilization in the subarctic Pacific ocean
Authors: Kearney Kelly A. , Tommasi Desiree , Stock Charles 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe eruption of the Kasatochi volcano in August 2008 stimulated an anomalously high phytoplankton bloom in the otherwise iron‐limited subarctic Pacific ocean. It has been proposed that this increased production may have been responsible for record returns of some Pacific salmon stocks in the following years. Here, we investigate the potential effect of volcanic‐induced iron fertilization on the entire ecosystem, from phytoplankton through to top predators, using a fully‐coupled end‐to‐end ecosystem model. Our simulations indicate that the volcanic iron fertilization could only stimulate modest increases, at most 10%, in the standing stock biomass of upper trophic level species, including fisheries targets such as Pacific salmon. Propagation of energy to higher trophic levels depends on the timing of the eruption, with more efficient crustaceous zooplankton pathways being favored earlier in the growing season and less‐efficient gelatinous zooplankton pathways dominating during later months. However, effects were of modest magnitude for all eruption timings, and the strong level of connectivity within the food web makes the preferential stimulation of a single salmon stock implausible. This adds additional support to evidence suggesting that the Kasatochi eruption did not play a large role in subsequent high salmon returns and questions the value of much smaller‐scale artificial fertilization for fisheries. Indeed, the onset of macronutrient limitation coupled with the highly‐connected nature of the food web exert strong controls on the fisheries response to even complete removal of iron limitation in the subarctic Pacific.
Environmental associations with broad‐scale Japanese and Taiwanese pelagic longline effort in the southern Indian and Atlantic Oceans
Authors: Michael Pamela E. , Tuck Geoffrey N. , Strutton Peter , Hobday Alistair 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTunas are globally important to fisheries because of their broad distribution and high market value. However, these characteristics also complicate their management, owing to difficulties estimating population size and sustainable harvest levels. Fishing effort data can be difficult to interpret, as the magnitude and distribution of effort are the result of multiple factors, including environmental variation and targeting different species. Yet, resolving patterns in fishing effort may provide information enabling the setting of sustainable harvest levels, the management of bycatch and the projection of potential responses to environmental change. To better understand the allocation of fishing effort, we evaluated Japanese and Taiwanese longline effort in the southern Indian and Atlantic Oceans and their relationships to the environment using generalized additive models. The variables evaluated included sea surface temperature (SST), sea ice extent, climate indices, and seasonal cycles, and the results were interpreted in physical, ecological, and management contexts. Our findings indicated hierarchical relationships are impacting fishing effort, with a seasonal cycle an important component of most models, which we hypothesize relates to variation in species targeting. This was often followed by finer‐scale environmental indices, including isotherms and sea ice, indicating region‐specific dynamics impacting the magnitude and distribution of fishing effort. Additionally, effort in some regions was associated with climate indices, highlighting interannual variation. This first quantitative description of the environmental associations of multi‐species tuna fleets in the Southern Ocean is a step towards an improved understanding of fleet behaviour.
Novel, human cell line‐derived recombinant factor VIII (Human‐cl rhFVIII, Nuwiq®) in children with severe haemophilia A: efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics
Authors: Klukowska A. , Szczepański T. , Vdovin V. , Knaub S. , Jansen M. , Liesner R. 
Published: September 2015

IntroductionNuwiq® (Human‐cl rhFVIII) is a new‐generation recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII) protein, without chemical modification or fusion to any other protein, produced in a human cell line.Aim/MethodsThis prospective, open‐label, multinational phase III study assessed the efficacy and safety of Human‐cl rhFVIII in 59 previously treated patients (PTPs) with severe haemophilia A aged 2–12 years (2–5 [N = 29]; 6–12 [N = 30]) during standard prophylaxis (≥50 exposure days and ≥6 months). Efficacy in treating breakthrough bleeds and during surgical prophylaxis was also assessed.ResultsAn initial pharmacokinetic assessment (N = 13 per age subgroup) demonstrated comparable results with the one‐stage and chromogenic assays. Mean (SD) half‐life was 11.9 (5.4) and 13.1 (2.6) hours in children aged 2–5 years and 6–12 years respectively (one‐stage assay). Prophylactic efficacy, based on mean monthly bleeding rate, was ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ in 91.5% of children for all bleeds and in 96.6% of children for spontaneous bleeds. Mean (SD) annualized bleeding rate was 4.12 (5.22) [median 1.9] for all bleeds, 1.50 (3.32) [median 0] for spontaneous bleeds and 2.34 (3.54) [median 1.57] for traumatic bleeds. There were no major, life‐threatening bleeds. Efficacy was ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ in the treatment of 82.4% of breakthrough bleeds. Overall efficacy during five major surgeries was rated as ‘excellent’. There were no FVIII inhibitors or treatment‐related serious adverse events.ConclusionThese results in paediatric PTPs indicate that Human‐cl rhFVIII is effective for the prevention and treatment of bleeds.
Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Mentis Andreas , Lehours Philippe , Mégraud Francis 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDuring the period reviewed, prevalence studies were essentially performed in less economically advanced countries and a high prevalence was found. The traditional risk factors for Helicobacter pylori positivity were mostly found. Transmission studied by molecular typing showed a familial transmission. The eventual role of water transmission was explored in several studies with controversial results. Concerning diagnosis, most of the invasive and noninvasive methods used for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection are long standing with efficient performance. The most interesting recent improvements in H. pylori diagnosis include advances in endoscopy, developments in molecular methods, and the introduction of omics‐based techniques. Interpretation of old or newer method should take into account the pretest probability and the prevalence of H. pylori in the population under investigation.
Helicobacter pylori and Nonmalignant Diseases
Authors: Potamitis Georgios S. , Axon Anthony T. R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHelicobacter pylori is responsible for most peptic ulcers, plays a role in functional dyspepsia and is thought by some to influence the course of gastroesophageal reflux disease. This article addresses recent studies that have been published in connection with these diseases. H. pylori‐associated peptic ulcer is declining in prevalence but the incidence of perforation and bleeding remains high especially in the elderly. All H. pylori associated peptic ulcers should be treated by eradication of the infection. Dyspepsia is a common disorder that affects up to 25% of the population. About 8% of cases that are infected with H. pylori will respond to treatment of the infection. The association between H. pylori and gastroesophageal reflux disease continues to be debated, a number of studies have shown that there is a negative association between H. pylori infection and Gastroesophageal reflux disease but treatment of H. pylori has not been shown to induce reflux or to affect the response to medication. Gastric atrophy is known to extend when acid suppression is used in infected patients implying that H. pylori treatment should be used in infected patients who are to undergo long‐term Proton Pump Inhibitor therapy.
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection 2015
Authors: O'Connor Anthony , Gisbert Javier P. , O'Morain Colm , Ladas Spiros 
Published: September 2015

Many interesting articles have been published from many parts of the world over the last year assessing different issues around Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. This article will address the published literature over the last year pertaining to the topic of treatment of H. pylori infection. The main themes that emerge are assessing the efficacy of standard triple therapy, as well as exploring new first‐line treatments, mainly optimized nonbismuth‐ and bismuth‐containing quadruple therapies with some promising data also emerging on dual therapy. There was also considerable progress in investigating antibiotic resistance rates with much more data emerging from varied parts of the world compared to recent years. There have also been advances in the use of adjunctive therapies, especially probiotic therapies. Undoubtedly, the eradication of H. pylori remains a worthwhile goal to alleviate the burden of diseases caused by the complications of this infection, including dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer.
The Other Helicobacters
Authors: Flahou Bram , Rimbara Emiko , Mori Shigetarou , Haesebrouck Freddy , Shibayama Keigo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn the past year, a substantial number of (putative) novel Helicobacter species have been described, including Helicobacter himalayensis colonizing the Himalayan marmot and Helicobacter apodemus, colonizing the Korean striped field mouse. In addition, a putative novel gastric Helicobacter species was identified in wild gorillas and chimpanzees, for which the name “Candidatus H. homininae” was proposed. A high incidence of gastric non‐H. pylori Helicobacter infection was described in China and multiple case reports have described the involvement of enterohepatic Helicobacter species, especially Helicobacter cinaedi, in a wide range of diseases. Several studies in rodent models further elucidated the mechanisms underlying the development of gastric mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma during infection with gastric non‐H. pylori Helicobacters. The effects of infection with gastric Helicobacters on the development of neuroinflammation were investigated and several enterohepatic Helicobacter species were shown to affect the composition of the gut microbiota, to influence vaccine efficiency as well as the progression of cancer in distant sites of the body.
Effect of autoclave sterilization on the cyclic fatigue resistance of thermally treated Nickel–Titanium instruments
Authors: Zhao D. , Shen Y. , Peng B. , Haapasalo M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimTo compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of HyFlex CM, Twisted Files (TF), K3XF, Race, and K3, and evaluate the effect of autoclave sterilization on the cyclic fatigue resistance of these instruments both before and after the files were cycled.MethodologyFive types of NiTi instruments with similar size 30, .06 taper were selected: HyFlex CM, TF, K3XF, Race and K3. Files were tested in a simulated canal with a curvature of 60° and a radius of 3 mm. The number of cycles to failure of each instrument was determined to evaluate cyclic fatigue resistance. Each type of instruments was randomly divided into four experimental groups: group 1 (n = 20), unsterilized instruments; group 2 (n = 20), pre‐sterilized instruments subjected to 10 cycles of autoclave sterilization; group 3 (n = 20), instruments tested were sterilized at 25%, 50% and 75% of the mean cycles to failure as determined in group 1, and then cycled to failure; group 4 (n = 20), instruments cycled in the same manner as group 3 but without sterilization. The fracture surfaces of instruments were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).ResultsHyFlex CM, TF and K3XF had significantly higher cyclic fatigue resistance than Race and K3 in the unsterilized group 1 (P < 0.05). Autoclave sterilization significantly increased the MCF of HyFlex CM and K3XF (P < 0.05) both before and after the files were cycled. SEM examination revealed a typical pattern of cyclic fatigue fracture in all instruments.ConclusionsHyFlex CM, TF and K3XF instruments composed of new thermal‐treated alloy were more resistant to fatigue failure than Race and K3. Autoclaving extended the cyclic fatigue life of HyFlex CM and K3XF.
A randomized trial of direct pulp capping in primary molars usingMTAcompared to 3Mixtatin: a novel pulp capping biomaterial
Authors: Asl Aminabadi Naser , Satrab Soheil , Najafpour Ebrahim , Samiei Mohammad , Jamali Zahra , Shirazi Sajjad 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the efficacy of 3Mixtatin (a combination of simvastatin and 3Mix antibiotic) as a novel pulp capping biomaterial inDPCof human primary molars.MethodsIn this randomized clinical trial, 160 primary molars from 83 healthy children aged 3–6 years were randomly allocated into four groups. Small traumatic non‐caries pulpal exposures were treated byDPCusing simvastatin, 3Mix, 3Mixtatin, orMTA. Capping materials were covered with hard‐setting zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) cement, and then, teeth were restored with amalgam. Clinical and radiographic examinations were conducted at 2, 6, and 12 months after treatment. The data were compared using chi‐square test at a significance level of 0.05.ResultsOne hundred and twenty‐nine teeth were available for follow‐up study. By the end of 12 months, the overall success rates were 93.8% inMTA, 91.9% in 3Mixtatin, 62.5% in 3Mix, and 57.1% in simvastatingroups. No statistically significant difference was found between the outcomes ofMTAand 3Mixtatin groups (P> 0.05). 3Mixtatin had statistically superior results compared to 3Mix and simvastatin (P< 0.01).ConclusionRadiographic and clinical outcomes in 3Mixtatin group could suggest it as an acceptable alternative inDPCof primary molar teeth.
Comparison of mandibular cortical thickness and QCT‐derived bone mineral density (BMD) in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a retrospective study
Authors: Allen Brandice , Migliorati Cesar , Rowland Chris , An Qi , Shintaku Werner , Donaldson Martin , Wells Martha , Kaste Sue 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo examine whether panoramic radiograph‐determined mandibular cortical thickness correlated with quantitative computed tomography‐derived bone mineral density (BMD) in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).MethodsWe identified patients treated for ALL at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, seen in the After Completion of Therapy (ACT) Clinic between January of 2006 and January of 2014 who had QCT‐derived BMD and panoramic radiographs obtained within 1 month of each other. Panoramic radiographs were independently scored by a pediatric radiologist, two pediatric dentists, and a general dentist using the Klemetti technique. We used the Spearman's rank correlation test and the multivariate regression model to investigate the effect of evaluator experience on results.ResultsThe study cohort comprised 181 patients with 320 paired studies: 112 (62%) male, 112 (71%) were white. Median age at ALL diagnosis was 6.4 (range, 0–18.8) years. Median age at study was 11.9 (range, 3.3 to 29.4) years. The median average BMD was 154.6 (range, 0.73–256) mg/cc; median QCT Z‐score (age and gender adjusted) was −0.875 (range, −5.04 to 3.2). We found very weak association between panoramic radiograph score and both QCT‐BMD average (P = 0.53) and QCT Z‐score (P = 0.39). Results were not influenced by level of reader experience.ConclusionsThe Klemetti technique of estimating BMD does not predict BMD deficits in children and young adult survivors of ALL, regardless of reviewer expertise. Alternative methods are needed whereby dental healthcare providers can identify and refer patients at risk for BMD deficits for detailed assessment and intervention.
Concealed pregnancy: a concept analysis
Authors: Murphy Tighe Sylvia , Lalor Joan G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAim/DesignA concept analysis of concealed pregnancy was undertaken using Walker and Avant's framework to examine the attributes, characteristics and uses of the concept in maternity care.BackgroundUnderstanding the concept of concealed pregnancy is critical as failing to do so adds the risk of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Reviewing the literature and selected empirical referents indicated that concealed pregnancy has been predominantly viewed through a biomedical lens. Confusion exists around the definitions of denied and concealed pregnancy.Data sourcesA systematic search of five bibliographic databases using keywords from the years 1960–2014.MethodsWalker and Avant's framework was used to guide the concept analysis. A thematic analysis of reviewed papers identified the main characteristics of concealed pregnancy.ResultsConcealed pregnancy was conceptualized as a process and the critical attributes are secrecy, hiding, daytime story, staying away and avoidance. This process involves avoidance and if this includes failing to access healthcare can lead to catastrophic outcomes such as maternal and neonatal death. Antecedents, attributes and consequences of concealed pregnancy are also identified.ConclusionsUnderstanding the concept of concealed pregnancy and its’ antecedents, attributes and consequences may assist in risk identification of women who conceal a pregnancy. This concept analysis has identified a need for further exploration of the coping styles and psychosocial processes involved in women concealing and revealing a pregnancy.
Diagnostic approach in lymphoplasmacytic plaque
Authors: Mitteldorf C. , Palmedo G. , Kutzner H. , Kauer F. , Prestin M. , Schuster C. , Hübscher E. , Kirsch A. , Tronnier M. , Kempf W. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundLymphoplasmacytic plaque (LPP) is a recently described rare skin disease characterized by a dense dermal lymphohistiocytic infiltrate with polyclonal plasma cells. The clinical picture is distinct with reddish to brownish plaque with a predilection for the lower leg. LPP typically affects children.ObjectiveTo define clinical and histologic criteria of LPP and to develop a diagnostic flow chart.MethodsWe investigated six of our own LPP cases. Immunoglobulin light chains, IgG, IgG4, CD31, CD163 as a histiocytic marker were examined by immunohistochemistry. PCR‐based molecular studies were conducted for borrelia sp., mycobacterial and leishmania sp. Moreover, 10 cases, which have been reported in the literature, were checked for the same features.ResultsWe could differentiate three main histological patterns (superficial band‐like only, [deep] dermal only and mixed). Acanthosis and interface dermatitis are key features in cases with a superficial band‐like or mixed infiltrate. Granulomas and giant cells could be only found in about 30% of the cases. The number of plasma cells was variable accounting for 5–40% of the infiltrate. The number of blood vessels was increased in the majority of the cases. ‘Free‐floating’ collagen bundles surrounded by histiocytes (pseudorosettes) were identified as a new histological feature. An infectious agent could be excluded in all cases.ConclusionsLPP is a long‐standing skin disease, which may also occur in adults and in other body regions than the lower leg. Reproducible clinical and histological criteria allow delineating a diagnostic work‐up for LPP.
The role of cytokine deficiencies and cytokine autoantibodies in clinical dermatology
Authors: Liszewski W. , Gniadecki R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCytokines are small, secreted proteins that are essential for promoting and maintaining a normal immune response. Upregulation of cytokines frequently occurs in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Conversely, several immunodeficiency, autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders are known to occur due to a downregulation or absence of cytokines. Here, we review the diagnosis and clinical management of cytokine deficiency syndromes in dermatology. We will review the biology of cytokines, and the current approved indications for recombinant cytokines and anticytokine antibodies. We will also review the role of cytokine deficiencies and cytokine autoantibodies in immunodeficiency syndromes, as well as in autoimmune disorders. Finally, we will examine autoinflammatory disorders due to cytokine deficiencies.
The impact of biologic therapy in chronic plaque psoriasis from a societal perspective: an analysis based on Italian actual clinical practice
Authors: Polistena B. , Calzavara‐Pinton P. , Altomare G. , Berardesca E. , Girolomoni G. , Martini P. , Peserico A. , Puglisi Guerra A. , Spandonaro F. , Vena Gino A. , Chimenti S. , Ayala F. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectivePsoriasis is one of the most common forms of chronic dermatitis, affecting 2–3% of the worldwide population. It has a serious effect on the way patients perceive themselves and others, thereby prejudicing their quality of life and giving rise to a significant deterioration in their psycho‐physical well‐being; it also poses greater difficulties for them in leading a normal social life, including their ability to conduct a normal working life. All the above‐mentioned issues imply a cost for the society. This study proposes to evaluate the impact on societal costs for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis with biologics (etanercept, infliximab and adalimumab) in the Italian clinical practice.MethodA prospective observational study has been conducted in 12 specialized centres of the Psocare network, located throughout Italy. Direct and indirect costs (as well as the health‐related quality of life of patients with plaque psoriasis undergoing biologic treatments) have been estimated, while the societal impact has been determined using a cost‐utility approach.ResultsNon‐medical and indirect costs account for as much as 44.97% of the total cost prior to treatment and to 6.59% after treatment, with an overall 71.38% decrease. Adopting a societal perspective in the actual clinical practice of the Italian participating centres, the ICER of biologic therapies for treating plaque psoriasis amounted to €18634.40 per QALY gained – a value far from the €28656.30 obtained by adopting a third‐party payer perspective.ConclusionOur study confirms that chronic psoriasis subjects patients to a considerable burden, together with their families and caregivers, stressing how important it is to take the societal perspective into consideration during the appraisal process. Besides, using data derived from Italian actual practice, treatment with biologics shows a noteworthy benefit in social terms.