bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Legislative Agenda
Authors: Laker Scott R. , Herring Stanley A. , Adler Richard H. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Following the lead of Washington State and the Zackery Lystedt Law, all states have now passed laws that are designed to create a safer environment for youth athletes participating in sports with regard to concussions and head injury. These laws, while having a positive effect on concussion awareness, have created concern for some healthcare providers of legislated medical care. This chapter discusses the individual tenets of the Zackery Lystedt Law, its genesis in Washington State, the spread of concussion legislation across the United States, and its potential legal ramifications. Some of the major differences among states that have passed similar laws are also discussed.
Assessment in Instrumental Music
Authors: Russell Joshua A. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Assessment is a necessary and challenging task for many instrumental music educators. Limited instructional time, little to no assessment training, and large class sizes are but a few of the often cited reasons for the current state of assessment in instrumental music. Some steps, however, can be taken to improve student achievement in music through better assessment practices. In this chapter, I will focus on the assessment of student learning and achievement in the instrumental music classroom. I review the status of assessment, the differences between instrumental and choral assessment practices, rating scales, assessing musical knowledge, self-assessment, peer assessment, the psychological impact of assessment, technology in assessment, standardized tests, and the impact of case law on assessment. The chapter concludes with a series of general recommendations for improved assessment strategies.
Live Music and Noise Debates in New Orleans Post-Katrina
Authors: Le Menestrel Sara 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This article explores the increased enforcement of legislation pertaining to live music in New Orleans. The resulting litigation has brought to light conflicting agendas among municipal administration, actors involved in the music scene, and neighborhood associations. Since the fall of 2012, a new force emerged in this public debate, the Music and Culture Coalition in New Orleans. At stake are distinct perceptions of noise, the uniqueness of the city, and the nature of public space.
Player Piano
Authors: Patteson Thomas 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Despite falling out of widespread use after the end of the 1920s, the player piano remains one of the most important technological innovations of the twentieth century. The instrument, in its various forms, has been a lightning rod for vigorous debates about the nature of music, performance, and the ethical status of technology itself. Yet the player piano remains deeply misunderstood in both its cultural and technological workings. This article surveys the course of the instrument’s development, distinguishes its various manifestations, and charts its varied and unforeseen uses. It shows how the instrument served a variety of cultural ends, from the immortalization of great pianistic interpreters, to leisurely domestic entertainment, to experiments in modernism such as “mechanical music.” The player piano serves as an example of the seemingly unlimited potential for creative appropriation and a warning against the pitfalls of technological determinism.
Sex Offender Monitoring
Authors: McMahon Jennifer , Calkins Cynthia , Mesler Julia 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The past two decades have been marked by increasing public concern about sex offenders in our community. Specific laws and policies focused on increasing the supervision of sex offenders have since been enacted in an effort to promote community safety and reduce sexual recidivism. However, the effectiveness and value of the techniques utilized to monitor and restrict sex offenders have been called into question. This chapter describes the development of legislation, including registration and community notification laws, residence and mobility restrictions, electronic monitoring, and sexually violent predator (SVP) statutes, as well as examines other community-based supervision methods such as polygraph testing and treatment approaches. Empirical data that sheds light on the success of these monitoring techniques is examined. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of this data for the prevention of sexual violence in our communities.
Latin American Youth Gangs
Authors: Brenneman Robert , García Adriana 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn recent decades, youth street gangs have captured the attention of the media both inside and outside the region. Particularly in the northern Central American countries of Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, gangs underwent a transformation from pandillas to maras, and this transformation was fueled in part by the deportation of tens of thousands of immigrant gang youth from the United States. Presidential elections have been won and lost on the basis of promises about gang violence reduction. But much of the debate about gangs is based on ambiguous and often conflicting claims. This essay seeks to examine what we know about the Central American gangs, what we do not know about them, and how current research can and should shape attempts to reduce gang violence in northern Central America.
Unstressed antepartum cardiotocography in the management of the fetus suspected of growth retardation
Authors: Flynn Anna M. , Kelly J. , O'Conor M. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryA detailed analysis of the antenatal cardiotocographs (CTGs) in 57 patients with suspected fetal growth retardation is presented. Four traces were normal and 53 were ‘non‐reactive. ‘Non‐reactive’ traces can be sub‐divided into three categories, which, in order of severity are, ‘suspect’, ‘flat’ and ‘ominous’. When compared with the ‘suspect’ group, perinatal mortality was significantly increased and the Apgar scores at one and five minutes significantly decreased in the ‘flat’ and ‘ominous’ groups. The presence of fetal distress in labour was significantly higher in the ‘flat’ group as compared with the ‘suspect’ group. Intrauterine deaths occurred only in the ‘ominous’ group. With experience, ten patients later in the series with ‘ominous’ patterns were delivered within 24 hours of the detection of such and nine infants survived. At follow‐up between 6 and 34 months after birth, psychomotor development was normal in 47 of the 49 surviving infants.
Maternal and child health after assisted vaginal delivery: five‐year follow up of a randomised controlled study comparing forceps and ventouse
Authors: Johanson R. B. , Heycock E. , Carter J. , Sultan A. H. , Walklate K. , Jones P. W. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo undertake a five year follow up of a cohort of women and children delivered by forceps or vacuum extractor in a randomised controlled study.DesignFollow up of a randomised controlled trial.SettingDistrict general hospital in the West Midlands.PopulationFollow up questionnaires were sent to 306 of the 313 women originally recruited at the North Staffordshire Hospital to a randomised controlled study comparing forceps and vacuum extractor for assisted delivery. Two hundred and twenty‐eight women responded (74·5%) and all were included in the study; forceps (n = 115) and vacuum extractor (n = 113).Main outcome measuresBowel and urinary dysfunction, child vision assessment, and child development.ResultsMaternal adverse symptoms at long term follow up were relatively common. Urinary incontinence of various severity was reported by 47%, bowel habit urgency was reported by 44% (98/225), and loss of bowel control ‘sometimes’ or ‘frequently’ by 20% of women (46/226). No significant differences between instruments were found in terms of either bowel or urinary dysfunction. Overall, 13% (20/158) of children were noted to have visual problems. There was no significant difference in visual function between the two groups: ventouse 11/86 (12·8%), compared with forceps 9/72 (12·5%); odds ratio 0·97, 95% CI 0·38–2·50. Of the 20 children with visual problems, a family history was known in 18, and 17/18 (94%) had a positive family history for visual problems. No significant differences in child development were found between the two groups.ConclusionsThere is no evidence to suggest that at five years after delivery use of the ventouse or forceps has specific maternal or child benefits or side effects.
A multicentre randomised controlled trial comparing elective and selective caesarean section for the delivery of the preterm breech infant
Authors: Penn Zoe J. , Steer Philip J. , Grant Adrian 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the optimum mode of delivery for women in preterm breech labour at a gestational age of 26 to 32 weeks.DesignA multicentre randomised controlled trial.SettingTwenty‐six hospitals in England, UK.ParticipantsWomen with a singleton breech fetus in spontaneous preterm labour between 26 and 32 completed weeks of gestation, with no clear indication for a caesarean section or vaginal breech delivery.InterventionRandom allocation to either ‘intention to delivery vaginally’ or ‘intention to deliver by caesarean section’.Main outcome measuresPerinatal mortality, neonatal morbidity, maternal morbidity and gestation at delivery.ResultsThe trial was closed after 17 months because of low recruitment, by which time substantial numbers of women had been in the eligible gestation period. Thirteen women from six hospitals were recruited. One infant, randomised to and delivered vaginally, was stillborn. Three fetal presentations were cephalic at delivery despite a diagnosis of breech presentation at trial entry. No formal statistical analysis was performed due to the small numbers.ConclusionsNo conclusions about the optimum mode of delivery for women in preterm labour with a fetus presenting by the breech can be drawn from this trial. The low accrual rate was due to clinicians’ reluctance to randomise eligible women, reflecting the circumstances and nature of the trial.
Requirement of MyD88 and Fas pathways for the efficacy of allergen‐free immunotherapy
Authors: Fonseca D. M. , Wowk P. F. , Paula M. O. , Gembre A. F. , Baruffi M. D. , Fermino M. L. , Turato W. M. , Campos L. W. , Silva C. L. , Ramos S. G. , Horn C. , Marchal G. , Arruda L. K. , Russo M. , Bonato V. L. D. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundWe have shown that mycobacterial antigens and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides downmodulate airway allergic inflammation by mechanisms dependent on T‐cell activation. Here, we investigated the participation of the innate response, particularly the role of MyD88 adaptor, and Fas molecules in the effectiveness of DNA‐HSP65 or CpG/culture filtrated proteins (CFP) immunotherapy.MethodsMice sensitized and challenged with Der p 1 allergen were treated with DNA‐HSP65, CpG/CFP, or with adoptively transferred cells from immunized mice. The treatment efficacy was assessed by evaluating eosinophil recruitment, antibody, and cytokine production.ResultsIn addition to downregulating the Th2 response, DNA‐HSP65 and CpG/CFP promoted IL‐10 and IFN‐γ production. Adoptive transfer of cells from mice immunized with DNA‐HSP65 or CpG/CFP to allergic recipients downmodulated the allergic response. Notably, transfer of cells from DNA‐HSP65‐ or CpG/CFP‐immunized MyD88−/− mice failed to reduce allergy. Additionally, for effective reduction of allergy by cells from CpG/CFP‐immunized mice, Fas molecules were required. Although DNA‐HSP65 or CpG/CFP immunization stimulated antigen‐specific production of IFN‐γ and IL‐10, the effect of DNA‐HSP65 was associated with IL‐10 while CpG/CFP was associated with IFN‐γ. Moreover, after stimulation with mycobacterial antigens plus Der p 1 allergen, cells from mite‐allergic patients with asthma exhibited similar patterns of cytokine production as those found in the lung of treated mice.ConclusionsThis study provides new insights on the mechanisms of allergen‐free immunotherapy by showing that both DNA‐HSP65 and CpG/CFP downregulated house dust mite‐induced allergic airway inflammation via distinct pathways that involve not only induction of mycobacterial‐specific adaptive responses but also signaling via MyD88 and Fas molecules.
Core competencies, matching and the structure of foreign direct investment
Authors: Díez Federico J. , Spearot Alan C. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe develop a matching model of foreign direct investment to study how multinational firms choose between greenfield investment, acquisitions and joint ownership. Firms must invest in a continuum of tasks to bring a product to market. Each firm possesses a core competency in the task space, but the firms are otherwise identical. For acquisitions and joint ownership, a multinational enterprise (MNE) must match with a local partner that may provide complementary expertise within the task space. However, under joint ownership, investment in tasks is shared by multiple owners and, hence, is subject to a holdup problem that varies with contract intensity. In equilibrium, ex ante identical multinationals enter the local matching market, and, ex post, three different types of heterogeneous firms arise. Specifically, the worst matches are forgone and the MNEs invest greenfield; the middle matches operate under joint ownership; and the best matches integrate via full acquisition. We link the firm‐level model to cross‐country and industry predictions and find that a greater share of full acquisitions occur between more proximate markets, in hosts with greater revenue potential and within contract‐intensive industries. Using data on partial and full acquisitions across industries and countries, we find robust support for these predictions.
Inter‐regional competition, comparative advantage and environmental federalism
Authors: Ferrara Ida , Missios Paul , Yildiz Halis Murat 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we compare endogenous environmental policy setting with centralized and decentralized governments when regions have comparative advantages in different polluting goods. We develop a two‐region, two‐good model with inter‐regional environmental damages and perfect competition in product markets, where both regions produce both goods. Despite positive spillovers of pollution across regions, the model predicts that decentralization may lead to weaker or stricter environmental standards or taxes, depending on the degree of regional comparative advantage and the extent of transboundary pollution. This suggests that federalism can lead to either a “race to the bottom” or a “race to the top,” without relying on inefficient lobbying efforts or capital competition.
Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Applications of Microglial Activation after Brain Injury
Authors: Kim Jong‐Youl , Kim Nuri , Yenari Midori A. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryAs the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, microglia rapidly respond to brain insults, including stroke and traumatic brain injury. Microglial activation plays a major role in neuronal cell damage and death by releasing a variety of inflammatory and neurotoxic mediators. Their activation is an early response that may exacerbate brain injury and many other stressors, especially in the acute stages, but are also essential to brain recovery and repair. The full range of microglial activities is still not completely understood, but there is accumulating knowledge about their role following brain injury. We review recent progress related to the deleterious and beneficial effects of microglia in the setting of acute neurological insults and the current literature surrounding pharmacological interventions for intervention.
Introduction to the updatedAustralian andNewZealand consensus guidelines for the use of antifungal agents in the haematology/oncology setting, 2014
Authors: Slavin M. A. , Thursky K. A. , Worth L. J. , Chang C. C. , Morrissey C. O. , Blyth C. C. , Chen S. C. , Szer J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis article introduces the second revision of theAustralian and New Zealand consensus guidelines for the use of antifungal agents in the haematology/oncology setting. The current update occurs within the context of a growing population at risk of invasive fungal disease, improved understanding of risk factors, availability of new diagnostic tests, a much‐expanded evidence base and changing clinical paradigms. Here, we provide an overview of the history and purpose of the guidelines, including changes in scope since the last clinical update was published in 2008. The process for development, and for enabling review of draft recommendations by end‐users and other relevant stakeholders, is described. The approach to assigning levels of evidence and grades of recommendation is also provided, along with a comparison to international grading systems.
Clozapine influences cytoskeleton structure and calcium homeostasis in rat cerebral cortex and has a different proteomic profile than risperidone
Authors: Kedracka‐Krok Sylwia , Swiderska Bianka , Jankowska Urszula , Skupien‐Rabian Bozena , Solich Joanna , Buczak Katarzyna , Dziedzicka‐Wasylewska Marta 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFor over the last 50 years, the molecular mechanism of anti‐psychotic drugs' action has been far from clear. While risperidone is very often used in clinical practice, the most efficient known anti‐psychotic drug is clozapine (CLO). However, the biochemical background of CLO's action still remains elusive. In this study, we performed comparative proteomic analysis of rat cerebral cortex following chronic administration of these two drugs. We observed significant changes in the expression of cytoskeletal, synaptic, and regulatory proteins caused by both antipsychotics. Among other proteins, alterations in collapsin response mediator proteins,CRMP2 andCRMP4, were the most spectacular consequences of treatment with both drugs. Moreover, risperidone increased the level of proteins involved in cell proliferation such as fatty acid‐binding protein‐7 and translin‐associated factor X. CLO significantly up‐regulated the expression of visinin‐like protein 1, neurocalcin δ and mitochondrial, stomatin‐like protein 2, the calcium‐binding proteins regulating calcium homeostasis, and the functioning of ion channels and receptors.imageUsing two‐dimensional differential electrophoresis, we demonstrate that chronic treatment the healthy rats with anti‐psychotics, clozapine and risperidone, induce changes in expression of cytoskeletal, synaptic, and regulatory proteins in the cerebral cortex. While risperidone increases the level of proteins regulating cell proliferation, namely, fatty acid‐binding protein‐7 and translin‐associated factor X, the clozapine significantly up‐regulates calcium sensors, i.e., visinin‐like protein 1 and neurocalcin δ. 2D DIGE, Differential in Gel Electrophoresis; Cy2, Cy3, and Cy5 are cyanine dyes.
A Level Playing Field: An Optimal Weighting Scheme of Dismissal Protection Characteristics
Authors: Kind Michael 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn collective redundancies, employers are forced to regard certain characteristics when deciding who to dismiss. This paper develops a procedure to derive an empirical‐based weighting scheme between protection characteristics in Germany (age, disability, dependencies, and tenure). Up to now, an objective weighting scheme is missing, and employers bargain with employee's representatives about the weighting of the characteristics. In the suggested procedure, the relationships of the four characteristics with reemployment probabilities and the quality of the new job are estimated. Then, the relevant outcome variable is chosen applying life satisfaction analysis. Finally, based on the empirical results, a weighting scheme for the characteristics is proposed, which serves as a guideline in the process of collective redundancies.
On the Systemic Fragility of Finance‐Led Growth
Authors: Bhaduri Amit , Raghavendra Srinivas , Guttal Vishwesha 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe paper sets up a model of economic crisis by investigating the role played by movement in asset price as a driver of the dynamic interaction between the real and the financial sectors. Such movement influences income determination in the real economy in the short period through aggregate demand leading to the emergence of two macroeconomic regimes. A short period flow model, underpinned by the stock flow consistent accounting framework, is developed to formalize the dynamics of interaction between real and financial sectors mediated by movement in asset price, generates bistability, abrupt crashes, and systemic fragility in the macroeconomic regimes.
Moderation in the actor–partner interdependence model
Authors: GARCIA RANDI L. , KENNY DAVID A. , LEDERMANN THOMAS 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPotential moderators of effects in the actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) include variables that vary within dyads, between dyads, or both between and within dyads (i.e., mixed moderators). Another factor in the moderation of the APIM is whether dyads are indistinguishable (e.g., same‐sex friendship pairs) or distinguishable (e.g., heterosexual couples). For each possibility, what are the potential moderator effects (up to 8), how they might be estimated and tested, and how they can be interpreted are discussed. Submodels are also presented, based on patterns of moderation of the actor and partner effects, which are statistically simpler, more conceptually meaningful, and more powerful in testing moderator effects. Example analyses illustrate the recommended steps involved in an APIM moderation analysis.
Walton on Fictionality
Authors: Woodward Richard 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the account of fictionality — i.e. the phenomenon of things being true “in” or “according to” fictions — that lies at the heart of Kendall Walton's (1990) account of representational art. Walton's central idea is that what it is for a proposition to be fictional is for there to be a prescription to imagine that proposition. As we shall see, however, properly understanding this proposal requires an antecedent grasp of Walton's picture of games of make‐believe and the relations that artworks bear to appreciators. Having explicated these connections, we will then examine the extensional accuracy of Walton's account of fictionality and its connections to the wider debate about the interpretation of artworks.
Bergson's Philosophy of Memory
Authors: Perri Trevor 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBergson identifies multiple forms of memory throughout his work. In Matter and Memory, Bergson considers memory from the perspectives of both psychology and metaphysics, and he describes what we might refer to as contraction memory, perception memory, habit memory, recollection memory, and pure memory. Further, in subsequent works, Bergson discusses at least two additional forms of memory – namely, a memory of the present and a non‐intellectual memory of the will. However, it is often not clear how these different forms of memory relate to one another. With the aim of providing an overview of Bergson's philosophy of memory that can also serve as a point of entry to his philosophy as a whole, this article explores the different senses and forms of memory that Bergson describes, paying special attention to how they are distinct from one another and how they are unified. It is my intention to show that, although these various senses and forms of memory are different from one another (sometimes essentially so), they are also continuous and unified insofar as they are equivalent to different tones of one's mental life and to different tensions of one duration.