bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA on the oral mucosa of tuberculosis patients
Authors: Wood Rachel C. , Luabeya Angelique K. , Weigel Kris M. , Wilbur Alicia K. , Jones-Engel Lisa , Hatherill Mark , Cangelosi Gerard A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDiagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) usually includes laboratory analysis of sputum, a viscous material derived from deep in the airways of patients with active disease. As a diagnostic sample matrix, sputum can be difficult to collect and analyze by microbiological and molecular techniques. An alternative, less invasive sample matrix could greatly simplify TB diagnosis. We hypothesized that Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells or DNA accumulate on the oral epithelia of pulmonary TB patients and can be collected and detected by using oral (buccal) swabs. To test this hypothesis, 3 swabs each were collected from 20 subjects with active pulmonary TB and from 20 healthy controls. Samples were tested by using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specific to the M. tuberculosis IS6110 insertion element. Eighteen out of 20 confirmed case subjects (90%) yielded at least 2 positive swabs. Healthy control samples were 100% negative. This case-control study supports past reports of M. tuberculosis DNA detection in oral swabs. Oral swab samples are non-invasive, non-viscous and easy to collect with or without active TB symptoms. These characteristics may enable simpler and more active TB case finding strategies.
Ultrasmall Glutathione-Protected Gold Nanoclusters as Next Generation Radiotherapy Sensitizers with High Tumor Uptake and High Renal Clearance
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Dong , Luo Zhentao , Chen Jie , Song Shasha , Yuan Xun , Shen Xiu , Wang Hao , Sun Yuanming , Gao Kai , Zhang Lianfeng , Fan Saijun , Leong David Tai , Guo Meili , Xie Jianping 
Published: March 2015

AbstractRadiotherapy is often the most straightforward first line cancer treatment for solid tumors. While it is highly effective against tumors, there is also collateral damage to healthy proximal tissues especially with high doses. The use of radiosensitizers is an effective way to boost the killing efficacy of radiotherapy against the tumor while drastically limiting the received dose and reducing the possible damage to normal tissues. Here, we report the design and application of a good radiosensitizer by using ultrasmall Au29–43(SG)27–37 nanoclusters (<2 nm) with a naturally-occurring peptide (e.g., glutathione or GSH) as the protecting shell. The GSH-coated Au29–43(SG)27–37 nanoclusters can escape the RES absorption, leading to a good tumor uptake (~8.1% ID/g at 24 h post injection). As a result, the as-designed Au nanoclusters led to a strong enhancement for radiotherapy, as well as a negligible damage to normal tissues. After the treatment, the ultrasmall Au29–43(SG)27–37 nanoclusters can be efficiently cleared by the kidney, thereby avoiding potential long-term side-effects caused by the accumulation of gold atoms in the body. Our data suggest that the ultrasmall peptide-protected Au nanoclusters are a promising radiosensitizer for cancer radiotherapy.
Acceleration of genetic gain in cattle by reduction of generation interval
Authors: Kasinathan Poothappillai , Wei Hong , Xiang Tianhao , Molina Jose A. , Metzger John , Broek Diane , Kasinathan Sivakanthan , Faber David C. , Allan Mark F. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractGenomic selection (GS) approaches, in combination with reproductive technologies, are revolutionizing the design and implementation of breeding programs in livestock species, particularly in cattle. GS leverages genomic readouts to provide estimates of breeding value early in the life of animals. However, the capacity of these approaches for improving genetic gain in breeding programs is limited by generation interval, the average age of an animal when replacement progeny are born. Here, we present a cost-effective approach that combines GS with reproductive technologies to reduce generation interval by rapidly producing high genetic merit calves.
Analysis of low-field isotropic vortex glass containing vortex groups in YBa2Cu3O7−x thin films visualized by scanning SQUID microscopy
Authors: Wells Frederick S. , Pan Alexey V. , Wang X. Renshaw , Fedoseev Sergey A. , Hilgenkamp Hans 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe glass-like vortex distribution in pulsed laser deposited YBa2Cu3O7 − x thin films is observed by scanning superconducting quantum interference device microscopy and analysed for ordering after cooling in magnetic fields significantly smaller than the Earth's field. Autocorrelation calculations on this distribution show a weak short-range positional order, while Delaunay triangulation shows a near-complete lack of orientational order. The distribution of these vortices is finally characterised as an isotropic vortex glass. Abnormally closely spaced groups of vortices, which are statistically unlikely to occur, are observed above a threshold magnetic field. The origin of these groups is discussed, but will require further investigation.
Nitrogen fertilizer dose alters fungal communities in sugarcane soil and rhizosphere
Authors: Paungfoo-Lonhienne Chanyarat , Yeoh Yun Kit , Kasinadhuni Naga Rup Pinaki , Lonhienne Thierry G. A. , Robinson Nicole , Hugenholtz Philip , Ragan Mark A. , Schmidt Susanne 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFungi play important roles as decomposers, plant symbionts and pathogens in soils. The structure of fungal communities in the rhizosphere is the result of complex interactions among selection factors that may favour beneficial or detrimental relationships. Using culture-independent fungal community profiling, we have investigated the effects of nitrogen fertilizer dosage on fungal communities in soil and rhizosphere of field-grown sugarcane. The results show that the concentration of nitrogen fertilizer strongly modifies the composition but not the taxon richness of fungal communities in soil and rhizosphere. Increased nitrogen fertilizer dosage has a potential negative impact on carbon cycling in soil and promotes fungal genera with known pathogenic traits, uncovering a negative effect of intensive fertilization.
Nanostructured Carbon Materials for Catalysis
Authors: Serp Philippe , Machado Bruno 
Published: March 2015

"We heartily recommend this book to all readers who wish to gain a better understanding of nanostructured carbon materials surface properties and used in catalysis." An-Hui Lu, ChemCatChem
There is great interest in using nanostructured carbon materials in catalysis, either as supports for immobilizing active species or as metal-free catalysts due to their unique structural, thermal, chemical, electronic and mechanical properties, and tailorable surface chemistry. This book looks at the structure and properties of different doped and undoped nanocarbons including graphene; fullerenes; nanodiamonds; carbon nanotubes and nanofibers; their synthesis and modification to produce catalysts. Special attention is paid to adsorption, as it impacts the application of these materials in various industrially relevant catalytic reactions discussed herein, in addition to photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. Written by leading experts in the area, this is the first book to provide a comprehensive view of the subject for the catalysis community.
Integrated battery charger with power factor correction for electric‐propulsion systems
Authors: Liu Tian‐Hua , Chen Yi , Yi Pei‐Heng , Chen Jui‐Ling 
Published: March 2015

This paper proposes an on‐board integrated battery charger for an electric‐propulsion system. The system includes a rectifying diode bridge, an inverter, a permanent magnet motor, a digital signal processor, a battery set and three relays. By suitably controlling the three relays and the power switches of the inverter, the proposed system can be operated as either an electric‐propulsion system or a battery charger. The integrated battery charger can be used to charge a 48 V battery set or a 192 V battery set from a single‐phase 110 Vrms grid. The battery charger can be operated in a boost‐converter charging mode or in buck‐converter charging mode with input power factor higher than 0.9 when operating with 48 V battery or 192 V battery, which can meet the IEC 1000‐3‐2 standard. Only a diode bridge, an inductance‐capacitance (LC) filter, and three additional relays are required in addition to the components for propulsion. The windings of the motor and the power switches of the inverter are shared for both the electric‐propulsion system and the battery charger. A digital signal processor, TMS‐320‐F‐2808, is used to execute all of the control algorithms. Experimental results validate the theoretical analysis and separately show the correctness and feasibility of the proposed method.
Elemental diet induces the proliferation of sialomucin goblet cells in the rat duodenum and jejunum
Authors: Hino Shingo , Ito Ayano , Kondo Takashi , Morita Tatsuya 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
We histologically examined the effects of elemental diet (ED) on the goblet cell profile in the rat small intestine. The sulfomucin goblet cells were predominant throughout the small intestine in the control group, while sialomucin goblet cells were manifest in the duodenum and jejunum in the ED group. Next, we investigated the possible relevance of luminal osmolality to the goblet cell profile. Gastric osmolality in the ED group was within the physiological range. Meanwhile, ingestion of high glucose diet elevated gastric osmolality and increased the number of sialomucin goblet cells in the duodenum and jejunum. Further, it turned out that the lower sulfur contents in ED was not related to the unique goblet cell profile by ED ingestion. It is inductively suggested that the influx of high concentrations of low molecular nutrients into the small intestine could be associated with the goblet cell alteration, but the alteration was not necessarily due to the changes in the gastric osmolality by ED ingestion.
Some existence and regularity results for porous media and fast diffusion equations with a gradient term
Authors: Abdellaoui Boumediene , Peral Ireneo , Walias Magdalena 
Published: March 2015

In this article we consider the problem

(\textit {P})

{

u
t

−
Δ

u
m

a
m
p
;
=

a
m
p
;

|

∇
u

|

q

+

f
(
x
,
t
)
,

u
≥
0

a
m
p
;

in

Ω
T

≡
Ω
×
(
0
,
T
)
,

u
(
x
,
t
)

a
m
p
;
=

a
m
p
;
0

a
m
p
;

on

∂
Ω
×
(
0
,
T
)
,

u
(
x
,
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)

a
m
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;
=

a
m
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;

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0

(
x
)

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;

in

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,

\begin{equation}\tag {\textit {P}} \left \{\begin {array}{rclll} u_t-\Delta u^m&=&|\nabla u|^q +\,f(x,t),\quad u\ge 0 &\hbox { in } \Omega _T\equiv \Omega \times (0,T),\\ u(x,t)&=&0 &\quad \hbox { on } \partial \Omega \times (0,T),\\ u(x,0)&=&u_0(x)&\quad \hbox { in } \Omega , \end{array} \right . \end{equation}

where

Ω
⊂

R

N

\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^N

is a bounded regular domain,

N
≥
1

N\ge 1

,

1
>
q
≤
2

1>q\le 2

, and

f
≥
0

f\ge 0

,

u
0

≥
0

u_0\ge 0

are in a suitable class of measurable functions.

We obtain some results for the so-called elliptic-parabolic problems with measure data related to problem

(
P
)

(P)

that we use to study the existence of solutions to problem

(
P
)

(P)

according with the values of the parameters

q
q

and

m
m

.
A ‘classic’ case of heavy menstrual bleeding?
Authors: Shruti Mohan , Jasmine Tay , Jenny Higham , Hamady Mohamad 
Published: March 2015

AbstractClinicians are increasingly faced with women who delay pregnancy until later in life, a significant proportion of whom seek treatment for severe heavy menstrual bleeding. This case describes a case of heavy menstrual bleeding in a 41-year-old women with a fibroid uterus who initially wishes to preserve her fertility. It describes the progressive treatment ladder for symptomatic uterine fibroids suggested by the clinician as in cases where symptoms fail to respond to initial therapy or recur after a period of time. In particular, the challenge of counselling for uterine artery embolization with respect to fertility, as well as risks of repeated surgery in a woman with previous intra-abdominal surgery (in this case, 3 previous caesarean sections) is highlighted.
Severe endometriosis in a young woman with unexpected end-organ failure
Authors: Waters Natasha , Kent Andrew , Rockall Timothy , Hussain Fuad 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Clinicians are increasingly faced with women who delay pregnancy until later in life, a significant proportion of whom seek treatment for severe heavy menstrual bleeding. This case describes a case of heavy menstrual bleeding in a 41-year-old women with a fibroid uterus who initially wishes to preserve her fertility. It describes the progressive treatment ladder for symptomatic uterine fibroids suggested by the clinician as in cases where symptoms fail to respond to initial therapy or recur after a period of time. In particular, the challenge of counselling for uterine artery embolization with respect to fertility, as well as risks of repeated surgery in a woman with previous intra-abdominal surgery (in this case, 3 previous caesarean sections) is highlighted.
Pregnancy of unknown location: a diagnostic and management dilemma
Authors: Merritt Sarah , Hamilton Judith 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Whilst abdominal pain in early pregnancy is a common symptom, ectopic pregnancy must be suspected in all women presenting with pain in early pregnancy, in the absence of confirmed ultrasound diagnosis of intra-uterine pregnancy. This case describes a case of persistent pregnancy of unknown location (PUL), and highlights the role of serum markers such as BHCG and progesterone to aid diagnosis and management, as well as the importance of managing cases such as these in dedicated early pregnancy units. With a clinically healthy patient, a common error is inappropriately early follow-up, given that the majority of outcomes of PUL’s need time to manifest themselves, to avoid potentially unnecessary intervention. This case builds on recommendations provided by the National Institute of Clinical Excellence on how to manage inconclusive cases such as this one.
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis in oligozoospermia
Authors: Bickerstaff Helen , Seshadri Srividya , Ledger William 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Infertility is a common cause for gynaecological consultation, with male factor infertility the most common cause. This case illustrates the importance of thorough history taking and examination in any couple presenting with infertility. In this case a clinical diagnosis of congenital unilateral absence of the vas deferens prompted genetic testing of both partners, and identified the risk of a pregnancy affected by cystic fibrosis. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) followed by prenatal genetic diagnosis (PGD) of the resulting embryo allowed the couple, both carriers of a mutation of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR) gene, to achieve a successful healthy pregnancy.
Recurrent miscarriage: is conservative management the best we can offer?
Authors: Tang Ai-Wei , Greer Ian 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The management of women with recurrent miscarriage (3 or more consecutive miscarriages) remains challenging, particularly the inability to identify a clear cause in the majority of cases, and lack of proven intervention. All too often, clinicians are tempted to order an indiscriminate battery of tests for these women which guide neither prognosis nor treatment, rather than undertake a thorough clinical assessment and targeted investigation. Moreover, such women are often recommended treatment which lacks clear evidence for benefit. Describing a case of a woman who suffers 5 consecutive miscarriages, this case explores the evidence base behind various laboratory tests, imaging studies, and treatments for recurrent miscarriage, as well as the need for further research in this area.
‘Rescue’ cerclage after bulging membranes at 22 weeks: delaying the inevitable?
Authors: Hezelgrave Natasha , Shennan Andrew , Lee Geraint 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This case describes a case of cervical shortening (and resultant fetal bulging membranes) in a pregnancy following a cervical large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ). Whilst there is a strong evidence base behind the use of cervical cerclage in the presence of a short cervix with a history of previous premature birth, the use of rescue cerclage once bulging membranes have been diagnosed is controversial. Whilst it has been shown to prolong pregnancy in small studies, there is concern as to whether this translates into improved fetal outcome. In particular, whether the insertion of a rescue suture may result in the survival of a more damaged baby, either by virtue of lower gestational age (intervention further stimulating the inflammatory process), or by the increased risk of chorioamnionitis and neonatal sepsis. This case reviews the evidence base behind investigations and interventions to predict and to prevent prematurity, and benefits from expert neonatology input.
Early-onset fetal growth restriction
Authors: Story Lisa , Wang Sze Jean , Johnstone Ed , Marlow Neil 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Fetal growth restriction is an obstetric condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This case describes a case of severe early onset fetal growth restriction, first recognized at a routine anomaly scan and which necessitated early delivery by caesarean section at 29 weeks’ gestation. As the case unfolds, the aetiology of FGR is explored, the principles behind fetal surveillance using ultrasound are explained, and the difficulties in optimizing timing of delivery are discussed. Expert commentary from a neonatologist gives the obstetrician insight into the immediate and longer-term challenges and prognosis of severely growth restricted infants.
Dilemmas of preterm birth
Authors: Abbott Danielle , Shennan Andrew , Marlowe Neil 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Preterm birth is a global health problem which poses dilemmas for both the obstetrician and neonatologist, and it may be associated with severe complications for mother and baby. This case describes a case of preterm rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis, and subsequent premature delivery. As the case unfolds, the text provides a useful dialogue to discuss the complexities encountered in managing preterm labour and delivery, including the use of antibiotics in the antenatal and perinatal period, current opinions surrounding group B streptococcal prophylaxis, evidence base for drugs to improve neonatal outcome, and optimal mode of delivery.
SLE in pregnancy: lupus nephritis flare or pre-eclampsia—a diagnostic challenge
Authors: Gray Gabriella , Nelson-Piercy Catherine 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder, which affects 0.05 % of the population, with peak incidence in women during their childbearing years. It is associated with poor obstetric outcomes and risk of disease flare during pregnancy and the postpartum period. This case describes a pregnant woman with known SLE complicated by lupus nephritis. As the pregnancy progresses, the case highlights the importance of close monitoring of renal function, antibody titres, and for potential pregnancy complications. In particular, the difficulty of differentiating between pre-eclampsia and worsening of renal disease is highlighted, given that a flare may be associated with thrombocytopenia, proteinuria, and hypertension.
Early-onset preeclampsia: balancing maternal and neonatal morbidity
Authors: Chandiramani Manju , Waugh Jason , Fizwilliams Ben 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Characterized by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria, pre-eclampsia is thought to complicate approximately 4 % of pregnancies. This case of severe early-onset pre-eclampsia necessitating delivery at 27 weeks’ gestation illustrates the difficulty in balancing risk of prematurity-related complications with maternal risk. Alongside the case, the case provides a comprehensive overview of the evidence for use of drug agents to prevent pre-eclampsia (aspirin and calcium), as well as those commonly prescribed to treat hypertension and pre-eclampsia. Furthermore, the risk of complications in the postnatal period is highlighted.
Post-menopausal bleeding
Authors: Vivian-Taylor Josephine , Luesley David 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynaecological malignancy in the developed world, and most commonly presents with post-menopausal bleeding This case describes a case of endometrioid endometrial carcinoma in a 60-year-old woman who underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpino-oophorectomy, and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. The case provides a useful dialogue through which to explore current controversies such as routine intraoperative pelvic lymphadenectomy, open versus minimally invasive surgical techniques, and fertility-sparing procedures.
Recurrent ovarian cancer
Authors: Chatterjee Jayanta , Asher Viren , Fotopoulou Christina , Kitchener Henry , Blagden Sarah 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Cervical cancer remains a disease of the developing world, as the UK national screening programme has heavily impacted on UK incidence rates. HPV and smoking remain key risk factors for the disease. Whilst most cases of cervical cancer are histologically squamous cell carcinoma, this case describes the more aggressive and rarer form of adenocarcinoma in a 25-year-old woman. As she proceeds through the regional gynae-oncology multidisciplinary process, the authors describe the conventional technique of examination under anaesthesia followed by the various imaging modalities including the use of pelvic MRI to help confirm extent of spread, and PET scan to evaluate lymph node involvement.
This case is an excellent example of the treatment challenges faced by both surgeon and patient, in the treatment of a young woman who wishes to conserve fertility.
Cervical cancer
Authors: Chatterjee Jayanta , Thumuluru Kavitha Madhuri , Pubudu Pathiraja , Kehoe Sean , Fotopoulou Christina 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Cervical cancer remains a disease of the developing world, as the UK national screening programme has heavily impacted on UK incidence rates. HPV and smoking remain key risk factors for the disease. Whilst most cases of cervical cancer are histologically squamous cell carcinoma, this case describes the more aggressive and rarer form of adenocarcinoma in a 25-year-old woman. As she proceeds through the regional gynae-oncology multidisciplinary process, the authors describe the conventional technique of examination under anaesthesia followed by the various imaging modalities including the use of pelvic MRI to help confirm extent of spread, and PET scan to evaluate lymph node involvement.
This case is an excellent example of the treatment challenges faced by both surgeon and patient, in the treatment of a young woman who wishes to conserve fertilit