bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a dentoalveolar model for testing mouthguards: stress and strain analyses
Authors: Verissimo Crisnicaw , Costa Paulo Victor Moura , Santos‐Filho Paulo César Freitas , Fernandes‐Neto Alfredo Júlio , Tantbirojn Daranee , Versluis Antheunis , Soares Carlos José 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackground/AimCustom‐fitted mouthguards are devices used to decrease the likelihood of dental trauma. The aim of this study was to develop an experimental bovine dentoalveolar model with periodontal ligament to evaluate mouthguard shock absorption, and impact strain and stress behavior.MethodsA pendulum impact device was developed to perform the impact tests with two different impact materials (steel ball and baseball). Five bovine jaws were selected with standard age and dimensions. Six‐mm mouthguards were made for the impact tests. The jaws were fixed in a pendulum device and impacts were performed from 90, 60, and 45° angles, with and without mouthguard. Strain gauges were attached at the palatal surface of the impacted tooth. The strain and shock absorption of the mouthguards was calculated and data were analyzed with 3‐way anova and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Two‐dimensional finite element models were created based on the cross‐section of the bovine dentoalveolar model used in the experiment. A nonlinear dynamic impact analysis was performed to evaluate the strain and stress distributions.ResultsWithout mouthguards, the increase in impact angulation significantly increased strains and stresses. Mouthguards reduced strain and stress values.ConclusionsImpact velocity, impact object (steel ball or baseball), and mouthguard presence affected the impact stresses and strains in a bovine dentoalveolar model. Experimental strain measurements and finite element models predicted similar behavior; therefore, both methodologies are suitable for evaluating the biomechanical performance of mouthguards.
Design rules for autofrettage of an aluminium valve body
Authors: Sellen S. , Maas S. , Andreas T. , Plapper P. , Zürbes A. , Becker D. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe following paper is intended to improve the fatigue behaviour of a complex aluminium valve geometry under high internal cyclic pressure loading. The autofrettage process helps to increase the fatigue durability and a simple, but efficient design method for this process is deployed. Based on non‐linear material's behaviour, finite element simulations of the crack‐free geometry help to determine the minimum and maximum autofrettage pressure to be used, without iterative crack simulations, which would require higher computational effort. Material tests under inverse plastifications were performed in order to determine the correct material model. The derived design method was validated with simplified specimens subjected to different autofrettage pressure levels and subsequent cyclic fatigue tests.
Size‐balanced community reorganization in response to nutrients and warming
Authors: McElroy David J. , O'Gorman Eoin J. , Schneider Florian D. , Hetjens Hanne , Le Merrer Prune , Coleman Ross A. , Emmerson Mark 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIt is widely accepted that global warming will adversely affect ecological communities. As ecosystems are simultaneously exposed to other anthropogenic influences, it is important to address the effects of climate change in the context of many stressors. Nutrient enrichment might offset some of the energy demands that warming can exert on organisms by stimulating growth at the base of the food web. It is important to know whether indirect effects of warming will be as ecologically significant as direct physiological effects. Declining body size is increasingly viewed as a universal response to warming, with the potential to alter trophic interactions. To address these issues, we used an outdoor array of marine mesocosms to examine the impacts of warming, nutrient enrichment and altered top‐predator body size on a community comprised of the predator (shore crab Carcinus maenas), various grazing detritivores (amphipods) and algal resources. Warming increased mortality rates of crabs, but had no effect on their moulting rates. Nutrient enrichment and warming had near diametrically opposed effects on the assemblage, confirming that the ecological effects of these two stressors can cancel each other out. This suggests that nutrient‐enriched systems might act as an energy refuge to populations of species under metabolic constraints due to warming. While there was a strong difference in assemblages between mesocosms containing crabs compared to mesocosms without crabs, decreasing crab size had no detectable effect on the amphipod or algal assemblages. This suggests that in allometrically balanced communities, the expected long‐term effect of warming (declining body size) is not of similar ecological consequence to the direct physiological effects of warming, at least not over the six week duration of the experiment described here. More research is needed to determine the long‐term effects of declining body size on the bioenergetic balance of natural communities.
Environmental implications of the use of agro‐industrial residues for biorefineries: application of a deterministic model for indirect land‐use changes
Authors: Tonini Davide , Hamelin Lorie , Astrup Thomas F. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBiorefining agro‐industrial biomass residues for bioenergy production represents an opportunity for both sustainable energy supply and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions mitigation. Yet, is bioenergy the most sustainable use for these residues? To assess the importance of the alternative use of these residues, a consequential life cycle assessment (LCA) of 32 energy‐focused biorefinery scenarios was performed based on eight selected agro‐industrial residues and four conversion pathways (two involving bioethanol and two biogas). To specifically address indirect land‐use changes (iLUC) induced by the competing feed/food sector, a deterministic iLUC model, addressing global impacts, was developed. A dedicated biochemical model was developed to establish detailed mass, energy, and substance balances for each biomass conversion pathway, as input to the LCA. The results demonstrated that, even for residual biomass, environmental savings from fossil fuel displacement can be completely outbalanced by iLUC, depending on the feed value of the biomass residue. This was the case of industrial residues (e.g. whey and beet molasses) in most of the scenarios assessed. Overall, the GHGs from iLUC impacts were quantified to 4.1 t CO2‐eq.ha−1demanded yr−1 corresponding to 1.2–1.4 t CO2‐eq. t−1 dry biomass diverted from feed to energy market. Only, bioenergy from straw and wild grass was shown to perform better than the alternative use, as no competition with the feed sector was involved. Biogas for heat and power production was the best performing pathway, in a short‐term context. Focusing on transport fuels, bioethanol was generally preferable to biomethane considering conventional biogas upgrading technologies. Based on the results, agro‐industrial residues cannot be considered burden‐free simply because they are a residual biomass and careful accounting of alternative utilization is a prerequisite to assess the sustainability of a given use. In this endeavor, the iLUC factors and biochemical model proposed herein can be used as templates and directly applied to any bioenergy consequential study involving demand for arable land.
Macro‐ and micromineral content of wrapped forages for horses
Authors: Zhao X. , Müller C. E. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA study of macro‐ and micromineral contents in wrapped forages from farms in Sweden and Norway was conducted. Haylage samples were collected from 124 farms and analysed for contents of Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Co, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn. Information on forage production was collected from each farm. Mean concentrations (standard deviations) of the samples were as follows: Ca, 5·3 (3·41); P, 2·7 (0·80); Mg, 1·8 (0·76); K, 21·8 (7·44); Na, 0·3 (0·61) g kg−1dry matter (DM); and Co, 0·09 (0·150); Cu, 4·9 (1·61); I, 0·25 (0·461); Fe, 194 (288·9); Mn, 85 (49·3); Se, 0·03 (0·054); and Zn, 23 (9·5) mg kg−1DM. Comparisons with mineral requirements of horses indicated that for Ca, Mg, K, Fe and Mn, the mean values were sufficient for maintenance requirements, but for P, Na, Co, Cu, Zn, I and Se, mean values were insufficient. For horses with requirements higher than maintenance, average contents of all minerals except Fe and Mn were insufficient. There were moderate to weak negative correlation coefficients between contents of neutral detergent fibre and Ca, P, Mg, Cu and Se. Forage harvested at late plant maturity may contain lower concentrations of these minerals.
Greater Occipital Nerve Blockade: A Safe and Effective Option for the Acute Treatment of Hemiplegic Aura
Authors: Casas‐Limón Javier , Aledo‐Serrano Ángel , Abarrategui Belén , Cuadrado María‐Luz 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundProlonged auras such as those of hemiplegic migraine or migraine with brainstem aura may be extremely disabling. The availability of effective treatments is limited, but two case reports described cessation of the aura symptoms after a greater occipital nerve (GON) blockade.CaseA 26‐year‐old woman with a history of hemiplegic migraine with prolonged auras came to our office with an episode of motor and sensory aura 1 hour after onset. Both muscle strength and sensory function started to improve immediately after a GON anesthetic blockade, and the patient was fully relieved in 50 minutes.ConclusionGON blockade may be an effective option for the acute treatment of hemiplegic aura or other prolonged migraine auras.
Anti‐Inflammatory Effects of Capsaicin and Piperine on Helicobacter pylori‐Induced Chronic Gastritis in Mongolian Gerbils
Authors: Toyoda Takeshi , Shi Liang , Takasu Shinji , Cho Young‐Man , Kiriyama Yuka , Nishikawa Akiyoshi , Ogawa Kumiko , Tatematsu Masae , Tsukamoto Tetsuya 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundSpices have been used for thousands of years, and recent studies suggest that certain spices confer beneficial effects on gastric disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate possible chemopreventive effects of spice‐derived compounds on Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)‐induced gastritis.MethodsWe examined the inhibitory effects of curcumin, capsaicin, and piperine on H. pylori in vitro by determining the colony‐forming units and real‐time RT‐PCR in H. pylori stimulated AGS gastric cancer cells. For in vivo analysis, 6‐week‐old SPF male Mongolian gerbils were infected with H. pylori, fed diets containing 5000 ppm curcumin, 100 ppm capsaicin, or 100 ppm piperine, and sacrificed after 13 weeks.ResultsAll three compounds inhibited in vitro proliferation of H. pylori, with curcumin being the most effective. Infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells was suppressed by piperine both in the antrum and corpus of H. pylori‐infected gerbils. Capsaicin also decreased neutrophils in the antrum and corpus and mononuclear cell infiltration and heterotopic proliferative glands in the corpus. mRNA expression of Tnf‐α and formation of phospho‐IκB‐α in the antrum were reduced by both capsaicin and piperine. In addition, piperine suppressed expression of Il‐1β, Ifn‐γ, Il‐6, and iNos, while H. pylori UreA and other virulence factors were not significantly attenuated by any compounds.ConclusionThese results suggest that capsaicin and piperine have anti‐inflammatory effects on H. pylori‐induced gastritis in gerbils independent of direct antibacterial effects and may thus have potential for use in the chemoprevention of H. pylori‐associated gastric carcinogenesis.
The Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Porous Silicon Nitride Ceramics Prepared via Novel Aqueous Gelcasting
Authors: Wan Tao , Yao Dongxu , Yin Jinwei , Xia Yongfeng , Zuo Kaihui , Zeng Yuping 
Published: July 2015

A novel aqueous gelcasting technique was employed to prepare porous silicon nitride ceramics using water‐soluble copolymer of isobutylene and maleic anhydride (Isobam) as both dispersant and gelling agent. The effects of fabrication parameters, including sintering additives, the second phase (BN), and pore‐forming agent (corn starch), on the microstructure and mechanical properties were separately investigated. The sample with Yb2O3 as sintering additive, having a porosity of ~48.6%, showed a high flexural strength of 233MPa and a high fracture toughness of 2.72 MPa·m1/2. With addition of 2.5wt% BN, the sample exhibited a high flexural strength of 211 MPa due to the uniform microstructure with β‐Si3N4 grains. A high porosity of ~60% and a flexural strength of 110 MPa were obtained by adding 20wt% starch into the sample.
Preparation of Organic/Inorganic Composite Phenolic Resin and Application in Al2O3‐C Refractories
Authors: Wang Fucheng , Zhao Lei , Fang Wei , He Xuan , Liang Feng , Chen Hui , Chen Huan , Du Xing 
Published: July 2015

An organic/inorganic composite phenolic resin (CPR) was synthesized via silicon particles in situ composite with water‐soluble lignin–phenolic resin. It was observed that silicon particles were uniformly dispersed in the organic matrix. The oxidation activation energies of the pyrolytic products from CPR and commercial phenol formaldehyde resin (PF) were calculated as 173.3 kJ/mol and 102.4 kJ/mol, respectively, by nonisothermal kinetics method. Dumbbell‐shaped silicon carbide nanowires were formed on the surface of the pyrolytic carbon from CPR at high temperature. The oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of the Al2O3‐C refractories bonded with CPR were improved.
Burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia among men in Japan: Patient‐reported outcomes among those diagnosed and experiencing symptoms
Authors: Yoshida Masaki , Flores Natalia M , Vietri Jeffrey , Lee Matthew , Murakami Masahiro 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesTo quantify the burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia among Japanese men according to patient‐reported outcomes. A secondary aim was to quantify the incremental burden of nocturia among these men.MethodsSurvey data representative of the Japanese population by age and sex were analyzed (total n = 59 997). All measures were self‐reported, including the revised Medical Outcomes Study 12‐Item Short Form Health Survey or the revised Medical Outcomes Study 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey, Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire, and 6‐month healthcare use. Men aged ≥50 years were organized into three analysis groups according to diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia and International Prostate Symptom Score total: diagnosed benign prostatic hyperplasia (n = 1183); undiagnosed benign prostatic hyperplasia with moderate to severe symptoms (International Prostate Symptom Score total ≥8; n = 3141); and controls (no benign prostatic hyperplasia diagnosis and International Prostate Symptom Score total <8; n = 9468). Subgroup analyses were carried out according to frequency of nocturia. Generalized linear models adjusted for potential confounders.ResultsRelative to controls, diagnosed and undiagnosed benign prostatic hyperplasia respondents had reduced health‐related quality of life, with mean decrements of ≥3.1 points for mental component summary scores, ≥2.0 for physical component summary scores and ≥0.05 for health utility scores (all P < 0.001). Mean absenteeism, impairment at work and non‐work activity impairment among the diagnosed and undiagnosed groups were ≥1.4‐fold those of the control group (P < 0.01). Both diagnosed and undiagnosed groups used significantly more healthcare than controls. The outcomes of undiagnosed men were worse than diagnosed patients on many measures. Frequent nocturia (≥3 voids per night) was associated with worse health‐related quality of life.ConclusionsBenign prostatic hyperplasia impacts health‐related quality of life, work productivity and healthcare use of Japanese men, with more impact among undiagnosed men experiencing lower urinary tract symptoms and frequent nocturia.
Mapping Ceramics Research and Its Evolution
Authors: Deville Sylvain , Stevenson Adam J. 
Published: July 2015

We show here how a simple data mining of bibliographic records can be used to follow and help understand the evolution of a research domain, at a level that cannot be captured by reading individual papers in a field of this size. We illustrate the approach by investigating 43 yr of research on ceramic materials, covered by 253 000 bibliographic records. The patterns of keywords used reveal the trends and the evolution of research ideas and priorities within the field. Simple, interactive tools based on co‐word network analysis help us better appreciate the organization and relationships of ideas or individuals, and hopefully allow identification of unexplored concepts, connections, or approaches on a given topic.
Structural, Electrical, and Ferroelectric Properties of Nb‐Doped Na0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15 Thin Films
Authors: Raghavan Chinnambedu Murugesan , Kim Jin Won , Kim Sang Su 
Published: July 2015

Ferroelectric Na0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15 (NaBTi) and donor Nb‐doped Na0.5Bi4.5Ti3.94Nb0.06O15 (NaBTiNb) thin films were prepared on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) substrates using a chemical solution deposition method. The doping with Nb5+‐ions leads to tremendous improvements in the ferroelectric properties of the NaBTiNb thin film. Room‐temperature ferroelectricity with a large remnant polarization (2Pr) of 64.1 μC/cm2 and a low coercive field (2Ec) of 165 kV/cm at an applied electric field of 475 kV/cm was observed for the NaBTiNb thin film. The polarization fatigue study revealed that the NaBTiNb thin film exhibited good fatigue endurance compared with the NaBTi thin film. Furthermore, the NaBTiNb thin film showed a low leakage current density, which was 1.48 × 10−6 A/cm2 at an applied electric field of 100 kV/cm.
Appropriateness of diagnostic effort in hospital emergency room attention for episodes of COPD exacerbation
Authors: Rivas‐Ruiz Francisco , Redondo Maximino , González Nerea , Vidal Silvia , García Susana , Lafuente Iratxe , Bare Marisa , Cano Aguirre María del Puerto , Quintana‐López José María ,   Grupo IRYSS‐COPD
Published: July 2015

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesTo assess the adequacy of diagnostic effort in the emergency departments of Spanish hospitals with respect to episodes of exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).MethodsA descriptive cross‐sectional study, conducted between 2007 and 2010 in 15 hospitals in Andalusia, Catalonia, Madrid and the Basque Country. The study population included cases of COPD exacerbation attended at the emergency departments of the participating hospitals. Diagnostic efforts were considered sufficient and appropriate when the emergency room conducted a clinical evaluation including electrocardiogram, chest X‐ray, arterial blood gas analysis and spirometry.Results2852 episodes of COPD exacerbation attended in hospital emergency departments were assessed. 91.4% of the patients were male, with a mean age of 72.8 (SD 9.5) years, and 45.6% had had a previous emergency admission. The diagnostic effort was considered adequate in 60.1% of the episodes (95% CI: 58.3–61.9). The inter‐hospital range of variation25–75 was 1.67 and the coefficient of variation was 28.3%. In multivariate analysis, adjusting for hospital, date of admission and previous hospitalization, among the male patients, the OR for adequate diagnostic effort was 1.38 (95% CI: 1.04–1.84)ConclusionWith respect to diagnostic effort, inequities were observed in our assessment of episodes of COPD exacerbation attended in the emergency departments of Spanish public hospitals. In a high percentage of cases (40%), proper assessment was not conducted. Moreover, inter‐individual and inter‐hospital differences were observed.
Discrepancies on Medication Plans detected in German Community Pharmacies
Authors: Waltering Isabel , Schwalbe Oliver , Hempel Georg 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesA current medication plan was identified as important patient safety factor. Information is needed on how many patients possess such a plan and what problems can be identified with its use. This study tried to define factors that influence accuracy of medication plans and to detect discrepancies from planned and actually administered medication in polypharmacy patients.MethodsParticipants of the ‘Apo‐AMTS’ course in Germany evaluated medication plans from their patients during performing medication reviews in community pharmacies. Discrepancies were defined as additional or missing drugs and deviations in dosage and drug names for Rx drugs and missing or additional self‐medication.ResultsEighty per cent of the patients possessed a medication plan mainly written by general practitioners. Only 6.5% of the plans showed no discrepancies. Most discrepancies were seen on medication plans written by medical specialists and general practitioners, mainly name aberrations (41%) followed by additional drugs taken (30%) and prescribed drugs no longer taken (18%). Dosage variance was seen in 11% of all discrepancies. Deviations from the plan were observed frequently with antihypertensives (31.4%), analgesics (11.3%) and antidepressants/hypnotics as well as lipid‐lowering drugs (6.7%). Four hundred thirty‐three OTC drugs were not listed, mainly analgesics, mineral supplements and laxatives.ConclusionMany patients possess a medication plan but most of these plans showed discrepancies which limits the use as patient safety indicator. Community pharmacies offering medication reviews have an essential position to use the medication plan as a central link between patients and their prescribers, and therefore improve patient safety.
Haemoglobin levels correlates with the presence of coronary artery disease
Authors: Doganer Yusuf C. , Rohrer James E. , Aydogan Umit , Bernard Matthew E. , Barcin Cem 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesAlthough the condition of low haemoglobin (Hb) levels has been established as a risk factor in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD), it is still a debate particularly in patients with angiographically documented disease. In the present study, we sought to identify the relationship between Hb levels and the presence of CAD.MethodsThe study consisted of 356 consecutive patients referred for elective coronary angiography (CAG). Exclusion criteria included a history of prior MI within last 3 months, presence of neoplastic disorders or any inflammatory diseases or overt diabetes mellitus. Blood samples for haematologic and biochemical measurements were collected on admission following at least 12 hours of overnight fasting. Patients were divided into four groups based on the quartiles of Hb (quartile I < 13.50 g/dL, quartile II 13.50–14.70 g/dL, quartile III 14.71–15.74 g/dL, quartile IV > 15.74 g/dL). Additionally, patients filled out a questionnaire of asking their brief medical histories and baseline characteristics.ResultsLower Hb quartiles were independently related to the presence of CAD in subjects who were referred to elective CAG. The patients with older age [P = 0.008, odds ratio (OR) = 1.042], male gender (P = 0.007, OR = 3.408), in quartile I (P = 0.003, OR = 5.697), in quartile II (P < 0.001, OR = 8.767), in quartile III (P = 0.011, P = 3.076), higher white blood cells count (P = 0.037, OR = 1.208), lower platelet count (P = 0.049, OR = 0.995), condition of current smoker (P = 0.030, OR = 2.548), higher value of fasting glucose (P = 0.014, OR = 1.038), estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 (mL/min/1.73 m2; P = 0.004, OR = 3.269) were more likely associated with the risk of the presence of CAD.ConclusionsThe present study revealed that lower quartiles of Hb levels were independently related to the presence of CAD in subjects who were referred to elective CAG. Hb levels, which can be measured easily in almost all medical centres, may be considered as a potential predictor for the presence of CAD in patients at high risk for CAD.