bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploratory study to identify the process used by pharmacy staff to verify the accuracy of dispensed medicines
Authors: Anto Berko , James Kathryn Lynette , Barlow Dave , Brinklow Nigel , Oborne C Alice , Whittlesea Cate 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the common stages and strategies involved in the dispensing accuracy-checking process used by pharmacy staff and to determine the training activities used by these staff to gain the knowledge and skills for accuracy checking.MethodFace-to-face tape-recorded ethnographic interviews (n = 28) were undertaken in 2009–2010 at two large teaching hospitals with a purposive sample of pharmacists and accredited checking technicians qualified to undertake the final accuracy check on dispensed medicines. Participants described their accuracy-checking process, strategies used to aid checking using anonymised prescriptions and accurate dispensing of medicines to aid discussion. The range of training activities undertaken to develop this skill were discussed. Qualitative data were analysed in accordance with the principles of grounded theory to identify themes.Key findingsThe accuracy-checking process was described as a cognitive and systematic process. The order in which accuracy checking was executed was found to follow two pathways, with all participants checking the prescription first before verifying either the label or dispensed product. Various physical and sensory aids were used to assist in this verification process. There were inconsistencies in the level of accuracy-checking training received by pharmacists and accredited checking technicians, with many pharmacists reporting no training.ConclusionAlthough an important medication-error prevention strategy, until this study little was known about the process used by pharmacy staff when verifying the accuracy of dispensed medicines. Accuracy checking is a complex cognitive task involving verification of the product and label with the prescription. Strategies obtained during past experience and in training were used to aid checking. The study highlighted that pharmacy staff training to undertake this task was variable. Application of strategies identified in this study may allow individuals to adopt further safeguards to improve patient safety.
Absorption characteristics of epidural levobupivacaine with adrenaline and clonidine in children
Authors: Chalkiadis George A. , Abdullah Farah , Bjorksten Andrew R. , Clarke Alexander , Cortinez Luis I. , Udayasiri Sonal , Anderson Brian J. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryAimTo determine if the addition of adrenaline, clonidine, or their combination altered the pharmacokinetic profile of levobupivacaine administered via the caudal epidural route in children.MethodsChildren aged <18 years old scheduled to undergo sub‐umbilical surgery were administered caudal levobupivacaine plain 2.5 mg·ml−1 or with adjuvants adrenaline 5 mcg·ml−1 or clonidine 2 mcg·ml−1 or their combination. Covariate analysis included weight and postnatal age (PNA). Time–concentration profile analysis was undertaken using nonlinear mixed effects models. A one‐compartment linear disposition model with first‐order input and first‐order elimination was used to describe the data. The effect of either clonidine or adrenaline on absorption was investigated using a scaling parameter (FabsCLON, FabsADR) applied to the absorption half‐life (Tabs).ResultsThere were 240 children (median weight 11.0, range 1.9–56.1 kg; median postnatal age 16.7, range 0.6–167.6 months). Absorption of levobupivacaine was faster when mixed with clonidine (FabsCLON 0.60; 95%CI 0.44, 0.83) but slower when mixed with adrenaline (FabsADR 2.12; 95%CI 1.45, 3.08). The addition of adrenaline to levobupivacaine resulted in a bifid absorption pattern. While initial absorption was unchanged (Tabs 0.15 h 95%CI 0.12, 0.18 h), there was a late absorption peak characterized by a TabsLATE 2.34 h (95%CI 1.44, 4.97 h). The additional use of clonidine with adrenaline had minimal effect on the bifid absorption profile observed with adrenaline alone. Neither clonidine nor adrenaline had any effect on clearance. The population parameter estimate for volume of distribution was 157 l 70 kg−1. Clearance was 6.5 l·h−1 70 kg−1 at 1‐month PNA and increased with a maturation half‐time of 1.6 months to reach 90% of the mature value (18.5 l·h−1 70 kg−1) by 5 months PNA.ConclusionsThe addition of adrenaline decreases the rate of levobupivacaine systemic absorption, reducing peak concentration by half. Levobupivacaine concentrations with adrenaline adjuvant were reduced compared to plain levobupivacaine for up to 3.5 hours. Clonidine as an adjuvant results in faster systemic absorption of levobupivacaine and similar concentration time profile to levobupivacaine alone. Adding adrenaline with clonidine does not alter the concentration profile observed with adrenaline alone.
Meta‐synthesis and evidence‐based health care – a method for systematic review
Authors: Korhonen Anne , Hakulinen‐Viitanen Tuovi , Jylhä Virpi , Holopainen Arja 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundEven the systematic reviews of qualitative studies are discussed health literature, the significance of their results is not fully recognised in evidence‐based practice.AimThe aim of this article is to describe the systematic reviews of qualitative studies, metasynthesis and its process and consider the meaning of meta‐synthesis in evidence‐based practice.ConclusionsMeta‐synthesis is a method for synthesising knowledge, for example, relating to service users' healthcare‐related experiences and the factors that facilitate their involvement in their own care and commitment to a healthy lifestyle. This type of knowledge is needed in evidence‐based practice. Meta‐synthesis is a concept that includes several methodologies in synthesising qualitative research findings. This article focuses on meta‐synthesis with meta‐aggregation as a method for combining data from original studies. Following the principles of scientific rigour, systematic reviews synthesise the best available and critically appraised knowledge. The article describes the process and the role of systematic review of qualitative studies and discusses its significance for evidence‐based practice when making clinical and administrative decisions, as well as more widely in social and political decision‐making.
Are Quasi‐markets in Education what theBritish Public Wants?
Authors: Exley Sonia 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn the context of inconclusive evidence on the extrinsic successes of quasi‐markets, policy defences of school choice and competition in education have often discussed the intrinsic, empowering value of choice for consumers, arguing that school choice for parents is ‘what people want’. Discourses often imply that choice is desired for its own sake rather than merely as a means by which families can escape what are deemed to be poor quality schools. Support for an idealistic, abstract notion of ‘choice’ is also taken to imply support for quasi‐markets overall and is not considered alongside possible competing values that people may hold at the same time as they value choice. Additionally, views of parents are often examined without considering possible differences in views between parents and non‐parents. Contributing to debates about how far a public desire exists for quasi‐markets in education, this article draws on data from newly designed questions fielded as part of the 2010British Social Attitudes survey. The article finds that while choice ‘in the abstract’ is supported widely by both parents and non‐parents (albeit slightly more so by parents), a valuing of choice among theBritish public appears to be more instrumental than intrinsic – potentially problematic given evidence on the extrinsic benefits of quasi‐markets is mixed. Support for choice is tempered among parents and non‐parents by clear opposition to vouchers, school diversity, government spending on transport costs to facilitate choice and by strong support for the idea of sending children to the ‘nearest state school’.
Long Distance Case Assignment in Finnish*
Authors: Brattico Pauli 
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Long distance case assignment remains a little studied corner of grammar. This paper documents such phenomenon in Finnish. In this language the choice of the direct object case depends on several local and remote case assigners. Remote case assigners need not occupy the same clause as the assignees: case assignment penetrates any number of non‐finite clause boundaries of all types, adjunct boundaries, and even noun heads. Two hypotheses concerning the phenomenon are put forward: one, which says that the phenomenon is essentially an illusion and involves only local case assignment, and another, which says that genuine long distance case assignment is at issue. The latter hypothesis will find support from this work. A number of possible hypotheses (e.g. based on polarity, aspect, information structure, case assignment proper) are explored concerning the grammatical mechanism responsible for the phenomenon, and it is concluded that the phenomenon is an instance of syntactic case assignment. It is suggested that long distance case is triggered by left peripheral functional elements related to agreement, polarity and tense‐aspect, and that it implements an A′‐dependency.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Vancomycin-Induced Nephrotoxicity Associated with Dosing Schedules That Maintain Troughs between 15 and 20 Milligrams per Liter
Authors: van Hal S. J. , Paterson D. L. , Lodise T. P. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTIn an effort to maximize outcomes, recent expert guidelines recommend more-intensive vancomycin dosing schedules to maintain vancomycin troughs between 15 and 20 mg/liter. The widespread use of these more-intensive regimens has been associated with an increase in vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity reports. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to determine the nephrotoxicity potential of maintaining higher troughs in clinical practice. All studies pertaining to vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity between 1996 and April 2012 were identified from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Controlled Trial Registry, and Medline databases and analyzed according to Cochrane guidelines. Of the initial 240 studies identified, 38 were reviewed, and 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, higher troughs (≥15 mg/liter) were associated with increased odds of nephrotoxicity (odds ratio [OR], 2.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.95 to 3.65) relative to lower troughs of <15 mg/liter. The relationship between a trough of ≥15 mg/liter and nephrotoxicity persisted when the analysis was restricted to studies that examined only initial trough concentrations (OR, 3.12; 95% CI, 1.81 to 5.37). The relationship between troughs of ≥15 mg/liter and nephrotoxicity persisted after adjustment for covariates known to independently increase the risk of a nephrotoxicity event. An incremental increase in nephrotoxicity was also observed with longer durations of vancomycin administration. Vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity was reversible in the majority of cases, with short-term dialysis required only in 3% of nephrotoxic episodes. The collective literature indicates that an exposure-nephrotoxicity relationship for vancomycin exists. The probability of a nephrotoxic event increased as a function of the trough concentration and duration of therapy.
The Rhetorical Resolution of Sophokles’ Aias
Authors: Hawthorne Kevin 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe resolution at the end of Sophokles’Aiasis brought about through a collaborative rhetorical strategy between Odysseus and Agamemnon. They agree to redirect theiragônaway from the deliberative question of whether to bury Aias toward an interrogation of Odysseus’philia, so that Agamemnon can eventually grant the burial publicly as a favor to Odysseus. In Aristotelian terms, the debate takes the unusual form of developing the characterpistisin isolation from the logicalpistis. This mutual avoidance of a demand for theoretical agreement is analogous to democratic practice.
Rivalry, Retribution, and Religion: The Art of Paul Pfeiffer
Authors: Wallace Isabelle Loring 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Drawing on the work of literary critic René Girard, this paper considers the work of contemporary digital artist Paul Pfeiffer, arguing that his work establishes compelling parallels between various biblical narratives and aspects of contemporary-culture as defined (and dominated) by technology’s omniscient and all-seeing eyes. Fleshing out the comparison Pfeiffer seems to make between the vengeful eye of an all-seeing, Old Testament God and our own culture’s relentless surveillance by mass and new media, I suggest that Pfeiffer also aligns various biblical sacrifices—namely, the Old Testament sacrifice of the world by flood, and subsequently, in the New Testament, the sacrifice of Jesus by God—with the contemporary sacrifice of the world (or more accurately, reality) by new technologies that have radically restructured our relation to both time and space. Pfeiffer thereby reinterprets new media, treating it as if an enactment of dynamics at the very heart of the Judeo-Christian tradition, perhaps performed for the purpose of decatheting the primal trauma described therein. Moreover, although not expressly referenced by Pfeiffer, the Fall, as wrought by man’s rivalrous consumption of the apple in the Garden of Eden, is everywhere present in Pfeiffer’s oeuvre, whether in the form of athletic hubris or (see the sacrifice of Larry Johnson in Pfeiffer’s Fragment of a Crucifixion), or in the quintessential form of man’s desire to acquire information known only by an (announcer’s) authoritative and disembodied male voice (see Pfeiffer’s Desiderata, a work made with raw footage from the well-known game show The Price is Right). That these rivalries necessitate some form of compensatory sacrifice is a fact that brings together the various components of Pfeiffer’s work, comprised as it is of various rivalries alongside originary sacrifices and the rituals designed to recall their significant and, for Girard, palliative effects.
The Ebb and Flow of Popular Islamic Music Forms: Zikir Maulud Amongst Sambas Malays
Authors: Mee Wendy 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis paper describes the contemporary context of Zikir Maulud, a popular, religiously-inspired musical practice that has a long history in Sambas, a regency in West Kalimantan. The formation of a Zikir Maulud association several years ago resulted in the establishment of a monthly, inter-village circuit, one in which women figure prominently as performers and the representatives of their village. Despite this initiative, there is little evidence that Zikir Maulud is attracting new performers. The paper outlines three broad approaches to the study of Malay cultural forms, before arguing that people’s interest in Zikir Maulud is best understood in relation to changes associated with urbanisation, social mobility and new media. These social forces not only erode the forms of sociality that support Zikir Maulud as a village-based cultural performance, but result in new cultural sensibilities and modes of textuality, which shape people’s level of interest and participation in cultural forms. Here Zikir Maulud and its association with older, village-based forms of entertainment cannot compete with vernacular forms of digitalised and audiovisual entertainment that situate people in broader, translocal contexts.
“A Splendid Patrimony”: Wang Bo and the Development of a New Poetic Decorum in Early Tang China
Authors: Warner Ding Xiang 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis essay proposes that we extract Wang Bo from the retrospectively formulated context of the so-called “Four Elites of the Early Tang” and attempt instead to assess Wang Bo's poetry within other relevant contexts, foremost his own family tradition. By taking into consideration ideas and inspirations that Wang Bo drew from this tradition, an alternative approach is suggested to understanding the development of the “new decorum” in early Tang poetry that has long been attributed to Wang Bo. In so doing, this essay argues more generally for a different literary-historical narrative of the early Tang.
Rewriting the Qing Constitution: Bao Shichen's “On Wealth” (Shuochu)
Authors: Rowe William T. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn 1801, with Heshen recently deposed and the Jiaqing emperor having assumed his personal rule, a young household tutor named Bao Shichen wrote an ambitious essay—Shuochu (On Wealth)—laying out the reforms he believed would set the Qing empire back on the path to political strength and economic prosperity. Although Bao would go on to achieve celebrity as a reformist advisor to high-ranking policy-makers, this particular work, in which he presents his most comprehensive statement on political economy, remained unpublished for more than a century. In the final decade of the Qing it was rediscovered and published by Liu Shipei and his associates in the National Essence (guocui) movement, hailed as a prescient document anticipating current political trends and presenting strong similarities to Western political practice. The present article explores the content of this work in detail, arguing that, despite its relatively cautious tone, it does indeed offer a bold and somewhat populist revision of the unwritten constitution that governed the Qing empire.
Scientific Labor and Universities within Globalization
Authors: Figueroa Sepúlveda Víctor M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis article investigates the way in which scientific labor in Latin America is affected by the neoliberal model. After the key elements of this model are summarized, the main features of the region’s system for innovation in material production are reviewed. Finally, an evaluation is offered of the impact of related international policies. Special attention is given to the role of universities, the way that they operate within the context of underdevelopment, and the nature and scope of transformations that they are compelled to undertake.
Emergent Vulnerability in Attracting Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America: The Case of Mexico
Authors: Delgado Silvana Andrea Figueroa 
Published: November 2012

AbstractOver recent decades, Latin America has seen its position in the world order erode. Its share of total world exports has significantly declined. A broad opening to foreign investment has economically depressed many local initiatives, and the region’s economic growth is now largely dependent upon foreign capital. Nevertheless, an incipient trend has become established that reflects a change in preference for foreign capital destinations, shaped by the degree to which a science-technology base is present. This draws attention to the fact that tax facilities, proximity to markets, and cheap labor are insufficient factors to guarantee the cycle of capital, since what stands out is the outgoing transfer of the innovation activity itself. Latin American governments have done little to build an attractive science-technology platform that could allow our countries to join these rapidly growing chains of commodity production. This ultimately suggests that greater exclusion is to be expected. In this article, the case of Mexico is highlighted as an example of these trends.
The Social Appropriation of Science as Counter-Hegemony: Technology Challenges Facing Bolivia and Venezuela
Authors: Yáñez Leonel Álvarez , Limón Héctor De la Fuente 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
In this paper we discuss the challenges that confront a national strategy that favors sovereign, progressive and counter-hegemonic development projects. The social appropriation of science plays a prime role in such a strategy and can be contrasted with its logical opposite, the capitalist appropriation of science. Never before has so much knowledge been accumulated with potential to transform the surrounding environment in favor of humanity. Nevertheless, the fact that this knowledge has been placed in the service of the interests of a minority who control political and economic power is far from creating the conditions for achieving a humane and just society, and instead is tending towards an abyss of terrifying proportions. The future of life itself on this planet is threatened by the ravages of hunger, poverty, unemployment, insecurity, and environmental degradation, which now touch millions.
The Mahdī and the Treasures of al-Ṭālaqān
Authors: Anthony Sean W. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This study highlights a hitherto neglected trope of Muslim apocalyptic literature—namely, that in a region known as al-Ṭālaqān there awaits the future Mahdī a great treasure that will gain him a mighty army to aid him fight the final battle against evil. Tracing the trope’s origin in Zoroastrian apocalypticism and its subsequent dissemination in a wide array of Muslim apocalyptic traditions, this paper argues that this apocalyptic trope ultimately entered into Muslim apocalypticism, in particular Šīʿite apocalypticism, during a Zaydī revolt against the ʿAbbāsids led by the Ḥasanid Yaḥyā b. ʿAbd Allāh in the year 176/792. The paper then explores how the revolt of Yaḥyā b. ʿAbd Allāh shaped the function of the ‘treasures of al-Ṭālaqān’ trope in Muslim apocalypticism and how Yaḥyā’s personality and the revolt he inspired continued to leave an indelible imprint on Imāmī apocalypticism thereafter.
Muʿtazilism in a 20th century Zaydī Qurʾān commentary*
Authors: Schwarb Gregor 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The Zaydīs in Yemen are the only current within Islam that fostered the continuous transmission and study of Muʿtazilī kalām up to the present time. This article aims to examine the presence and quality of Muʿtazilī kalām in a major Zaydī composition of the 20th century, namely ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al-ʿAǧrī’s (1320-1407/1902-1987) Miftāḥ al-saʿāda, which was completed in May 1952. The Miftāḥ and other works of Zaydī scholars written during the first half of the 20th century provide us with valuable insights into Zaydī-Hādawī scholarship in Northern Yemen prior to the Republican revolution of 1962 and furnish important information about the education of 20th century Zaydī-Hādawī scholars and the contents of their libraries. The wide range of Muʿtazilī and non-Muʿtazilī sources used and quoted in the Miftāḥ sheds light on the distinct impact of various phases of a centuries-old school- and teaching-tradition.
« Dites, mais ne dites pas » : le Taqwīm al-lisān d’Ibn al-Ğawzī*
Authors: Ghersetti Antonella 
Published: November 2012

Résumé
Cette note présente le Taqwīm al-lisān, ouvrage relativement peu connu d’Ibn al-Ğawzī (m. 597/1200) appartenant au genre du laḥn al-ʿāmma. Le petit traité d’Ibn al-Ğawzī présente plusieurs motifs d’intérêt dont la relative originalité des phénomènes linguistiques recensés constitue le trait le plus intéressant. L’ouvrage est placé dans le contexte des controverses linguistiques entre philologues arabes et examiné sous l’angle de l’utilité de ce genre de textes pour l’histoire de la langue.
Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy und die Sprachverkörperung der Gesellschaft
Authors: Tasch Roland 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis article intends to disclose the linguistic dimension in the work of Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy. At first sight, his work might seem an encyclopaedia of all kinds of reasonable ideas and methods. At closer inspection however, one finds in it an ineluctable order of alternating passions of the human heart, which reveal themselves in the human language. As in articulate language one word calls for the next, so does every one of our passions call for the next. The deeper and truer it is, the more urgently does it call. For such is the nature of man, that his heart never wholly loses itself in one single word or passion. On it goes from one devotion to the next, not because it is ashamed of its first touch, but because it must be on fire perpetually. Therefore man has to use his creative skills. Because if the heart of man does not fall in love any longer with somebody or something, it falls ill.