bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disconnected Democracy? A Survey of Scottish Community Councils' Online Presences
Authors: Cruickshank Peter , Ryan Bruce , Smith Colin 
Published: October 2014

Community Councils are the bottom rung of Scotland's democracy ladder, having few – but highly significant – statutory consultative duties (especially with regard to planning) and no service-delivery duties. Generally they have failed to live up to expectations in terms of activity and impact, and have struggled to gain legitimacy. Despite this, they are often highlighted in policy debates around community involvement, and have been on the agenda again recently with the release of two significant reports calling for increased powers, and the publication of a Scottish Government working group report examining ways to build their resilience and capacity. The Internet potentially offers Community Councils potentially useful capabilities. However, survey data shows that only 22% of Community Councils maintain up-to-date online public presences and only 4% have easily-accessible content relating to planning. Worse, only 14% of up-to-date presences support digital dialogue. Such poor communication is a digital symptom of a disease of poverty, namely CCs' lack of duties and relevance. This article examines these digital symptoms and suggests appropriate treatment. Without such treatment, the CC system may well just die. The article provides detailed data and analysis to inform the ongoing debate. It updates a study carried out in 2004 to 2006, investigating how technology could be developed to help regenerate democracy at the local community level. Although the 2012 survey reveals some good examples of active online presences and support by local authorities, in general there is no sense of improvement in information provision online.
Pouvoir et bien commun. Une lecture non théologico-politique de Rm 13,1
Authors: Tardivel Émilie 
Published: October 2014

« Tout pouvoir vient de Dieu » (Rm 13,1). La pensée juridique et politique a souvent vu dans cette parole de saint Paul la source d’un modèle théologico-politique chrétien, impliquant nécessairement une doctrine antidémocratique, uniquement orientée vers le bien des ministres de la volonté de Dieu. En replaçant la parole de Paul et sa réception par les Pères de l’Église dans leur contexte, il est toutefois possible de montrer que cette lecture de Rm 13,1 est nulle et non avenue. Bien plus : Rm 13,1 explicite les conditions minimales de la démocratie et du bien commun en tant que bien de tous – la non-idolâtrie du pouvoir (le pouvoir comme lieu inappropriable), la liberté religieuse (le respect des droits) et le maintien de la paix (la finalité de la loi). Ces trois conditions sont reprises dans la lecture économique de la pensée sociale de l’Église que propose Elena Lasida, qui confirme l’idée d’une catégorie spécifiquement chrétienne du bien commun : le « Bien de la Communion » (Fessard).
Nanoclay addition to a conventional glass ionomer cements: Influence on physical properties
Authors: Fareed Muhammad A. , Stamboulis Artemis 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Objective: The objective of the present study is to investigate the reinforcement effect of polymer-grade montmorillonite (PGN nanoclay) on physical properties of glass ionomer cement (GIC). Materials and Methods: The PGN nanoclay was dispersed in the liquid portion of GIC (HiFi, Advanced Healthcare, Kent, UK) at 1%, 2% and 4% (w/w). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to quantify the polymer liquid of GICs after dispersion of nanoclay. The molecular weight (Mw) of HiFi liquid was determined by gel permeation chromatography. The compressive strength (CS), diametral-tensile strength, flexural strength (FS) and flexural modulus (Ef) of cements (n = 20) were measured after storage for 1 day, 1 week and 1 month. Fractured surface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The working and setting time (WT and ST) of cements was measured by a modified Wilson's rheometer. Results: The FTIR results showed a new peak at 1041 cm−1 which increased in intensity with an increase in the nanoclay content and was related to the Si-O stretching mode in PGN nanoclay. The Mw of poly (acrylic acid) used to form cement was in the range of 53,000 g/mol. The nanoclay reinforced GICs containing <2% nanoclays exhibited higher CS and FS. The Ef cement with 1% nanoclays was significantly higher. The WT and ST of 1% nanoclay reinforced cement were similar to the control cement but were reduced with 2% and 4% nanoclay addition. Conclusion: The dispersion of nanoclays in GICs was achieved, and GIC containing 2 wt% nanoclay is a promising restorative materials with improved physical properties.
Shear bond strength of novel calcium aluminate-based cement (EndoBinder) to root dentine
Authors: Garcia Lucas da Fonseca Roberti , Rossetto Hebert Luis , Pires-de-Souza Fernanda de Carvalho Panzeri 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the shear bond strength of a novel calcium aluminate-based cement, EndoBinder (EB), to dentine in comparison with Grey and White Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA). Materials and Methods: Root canal hemi-sections obtained from 30 extracted molar teeth were embedded in self-polymerized acrylic resin and were grounded wet in order to obtain a flat dentine surface. Next, the roots were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 10), according to the cement used, as follows: EB: EndoBinder; WMTA: White MTA and GMTA: Grey MTA. The shear bond strength test was performed using a Universal Testing Machine (0.5 mm/min) and the data were submitted to statistical analysis (1-way ANOVA and Tukey tests, P < 0.05). Results: EB presented the highest shear bond strength values; however, there was no statistically significant difference in comparison with GMTA (P > 0.05). WMTA presented the lowest mean values, which were significant in comparison with EB (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The novel calcium aluminate-based cement presented higher shear bond strength than WMTA, and should be considered as a promising alternative in endodontic therapy.
Comparative evaluation of photodynamic therapy using LASER or light emitting diode on cariogenic bacteria: An in vitro study
Authors: Ricatto Liliana Guimarães Oliveira , Conrado Luis Augusto Lopato , Turssi Cecilia Pedroso , França Fabiana Mantovani Gomes , Basting Roberta Tarkany , Amaral Flávia Lucisano Botelho 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using LASER or light emitting diode (LED) on cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans [SM] and Lactobacillus casei [LC]) in bovine dentin. Materials and Methods: Twenty five fragments of dentin were contaminated with SM and LC strands and divided into five experimental groups according to the therapy they received (n = 5): C – control (no treatment), SCLED – no dye/LED application (94 J/cm2), SCLASER – no dye/LASER application (94 J/cm2), CCLED – dye/LED application (94 J/cm2) and CCLASER – dye/LASER application (94 J/cm2). The dye used was methylene blue at 10 mM. Dentin scrapes were harvested from each fragment and prepared for counts of colony forming units (CFU)/mL. The data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis, followed by Student–Newman–Keuls (⍺ =0.05). Results: Regarding SM, groups CCLASER and CCLED showed a significant reduction in CFU/mL, which was statistically superior to the SCLASER, SCLED and C groups. Regarding LC, the groups CCLASER and CCLED caused a significant reduction in CFU/mL when compared with SCLASER, which showed intermediate values. SCLED and C had a lesser effect on reducing CFU/mL, where the former showed values similar to those of SCLASER. Conclusions: In conclusion, PDT combined with LASER or LED and methylene blue had a significant antimicrobial effect on cariogenic bacteria in the dentin.
From Bed to Bench: Bridging from Informatics Practice to Theory
Authors: Lehmann C.U. , Haux R. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryBackground: In 2009, Applied Clinical Informatics (ACI) – focused on applications in clinical informatics – was launched as a companion journal to Methods of Information in Medicine (MIM). Both journals are official journals of the International Medical Informatics Association.Objectives: To explore which congruencies and interdependencies exist in publications from theory to practice and from practice to theory and to determine existing gaps. Major topics discussed in ACI and MIM were analyzed. We explored if the intention of publishing companion journals to provide an information bridge from informatics theory to informatics practice and vice versa could be supported by this model. In this manuscript we will report on congruencies and interdependences from practice to theory and on major topics in MIM.Methods: Retrospective, prolective observational study on recent publications of ACI and MIM. All publications of the years 2012 and 2013 were indexed and analyzed.Results: Hundred and ninety-six publications were analyzed (ACI 87, MIM 109). In MIM publications, modelling aspects as well as methodological and evaluation approaches for the analysis of data, information, and knowledge in biomedicine and health care were frequently raised – and often discussed from an interdisciplinary point of view. Important themes were ambient-assisted living, anatomic spatial relations, biomedical informatics as scientific discipline, boosting, coding, computerized physician order entry, data analysis, grid and cloud computing, health care systems and services, health-enabling technologies, health information search, health information systems, imaging, knowledge-based decision support, patient records, signal analysis, and web science. Congruencies between journals could be found in themes, but with a different focus on content. Interdependencies from practice to theory, found in these publications, were only limited.Conclusions: Bridging from informatics theory to practice and vice versa remains a major component of successful research and practice as well as a major challenge.Citation: Haux R, Lehmann CU. From bed to bench: Bridging from informatics practice to theory – an exploratory analysis. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 907–915http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-10-RA-0095
Liquid-liquid Slug Flow in a Microchannel Reactor and its Mass Transfer Properties - A Review
Authors: Antony Rahul , Giri Nandagopal M. S. , Sreekumar Nidhin , Rangabhashiyam S. , Selvaraju N. 
Published: October 2014

Mass transfer is a basic phenomenon behind many processes like reaction, absorption, extraction etc. Mass transfer plays a significant role in microfluidic systems where the chemical / biological process systems are shrinkened down to a micro scale. Micro reactor system, with its high compatibility and performance, gains a wide interest among the researchers in the recent years. Micro structured reac-tors holds advantages over the conventional types in chemical processes. The significance of micro re-actor not limited to its scalability but to energy efficiency, on-site / on-demand production, reliability, safety, highly controlled outputs, etc. Liquid-liquid two phase reaction in a microreactor system is highly demandable when both reactants are liquids or when air medium cannot be suitable. This arti-cle overviews various liquid-liquid flow regimes in a microchannel. Discussions on the hydrodynamics of flow in micro scale are made. Considering the importance of mass transfer in liquid-liquid systems and the advantage of slug regime over other regimes, the article focuses especially on the mass trans-fer between two liquid phases in slug flow and the details of experimental studies carried out in this area. The advantages of slug flow over other flow regimes in micro structured reactor applications are showcased. © 2014 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Catalytic Pyrolysis and a Pyrolysis Kinetic Study of Shredded Printed Circuit Board for Fuel Recovery
Authors: Ng Chee Hoe , Salmiaton Ali , Hizam Hashim 
Published: October 2014

Scrap printed circuit boards (PCBs) are the most abundant wastes that can be found in the landfills in Malaysia and this disposal certainly poses serious detrimental to the environment. This research aims to investigate optimum temperature for pyrolyzing waste PCBs, find out the best catalyst to be used in accelerating PCBs’ pyrolysis, select suitable ratio of catalyst to PCBs for higher oil yield and examine kinetics pyrolysis of the waste PCBs’ decomposition. Operating temperatures ranged from 200 to 350 ˚C of PCB’s pyrolysis were conducted with the optimum temperature obtained was 275 ˚C. Fluid cata-lytic cracking (FCC) catalyst, zeolite socony mobil-5 (ZSM-5), H-Y-type zeolite and dolomite were used to accelerate PCB’s pyrolysis at 275 ˚C and FCC was identified as the best catalyst to be used. Differ-ent ratios of FCC to waste PCBs such as 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50 were applied in the pyro-lysis at 275 ˚C and ratio of 10:90 was selected as the suitable ratio to be utilized for maximum yield. The kinetic study was done through thermogravimetric analysis on waste PCBs under various heating rates and different particle sizes. The GC-MS analysis revealed that compounds detected in the pyro-oil have the potential to be used as fuel. © 2014 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Characteristics of the flank magnetopause: Cluster observations
Authors: Haaland S. , Reistad J. , Tenfjord P. , Gjerloev J. , Maes L. , DeKeyser J. , Maggiolo R. , Anekallu C. , Dorville N. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe magnetopause is a current sheet forming the boundary between the geomagnetic field on one side and the shocked solar wind on the other side. This paper discusses properties of the low‐latitude dawn and dusk flanks of the magnetopause. The reported results are based on a large number of measurements obtained by the Cluster satellites during magnetopause traversals. Using a combination of single‐spacecraft and multispacecraft techniques, we calculated macroscopic features such as thickness, location, and motion of the magnetopause. The results show that the typical flank magnetopause is significantly thicker than the dayside magnetopause and also possesses a pronounced and persistent dawn‐dusk asymmetry. Thicknesses vary from 150 to 5000 km, with an median thickness of around 1400 km at dawn and around 1150 km at dusk. Current densities are on average higher on dusk, suggesting that the total current at dawn and dusk are similar. Solar wind conditions and the interplanetary magnetic field cannot fully explain the observed dawn‐dusk asymmetry. For a number of crossings we were also able to derive detailed current density profiles. The profiles show that the magnetopause often consists of two or more adjacent current sheets, each current sheet typically several ion gyroradii thick and often with different current direction. This demonstrates that the flank magnetopause has a structure that is more complex than the thin, one‐dimensional current sheet described by a Chapman‐Ferraro layer.
Response of the San Jacinto Fault Zone to static stress changes from the 1992 Landers earthquake
Authors: Bhloscaidh Mairéad Nic , McCloskey John , Bean Christopher J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe perform an analysis of the seismicity response of the San Jacinto Fault Zone to static Coulomb stress changes from the 1992 Landers earthquake sequence. Results show that, in general, stress changes forecast rate changes well: we find a significant positive correlation between the change in rate and the magnitude of the Coulomb stress change, with a correlation coefficient of ρ = 0.76 (equivalent to 5.6σ, when compared to a ρ = 0 null hypothesis). Furthermore, although the correlations are less clear over negative than positive stress changes, there is evidence of some Coulomb stress dependent quiescence on stress shadows. Models that account for heterogeneity in reference seismicity show clear improvements in their predictions of spatial variability of aftershock rates, compared to those that assume uniform reference. We find also that better performance is obtained (1) using a time‐dependent Coulomb Rate‐State model compared to a time‐independent exponential model and (2) using structurally constrained rather than optimal target fault orientations. These results are an important step in the validation of Coulomb stress based methods for quantitative seismicity forecasting. We conclude that the correspondence between the predictions of Coulomb stress models for aftershock seismicity may be sensitive to strong heterogeneity in aftershock locations and orientations associated with the presence of large‐scale structure in aftershock study areas. In these cases, we suggest that, where the regional structure is mapped, incorporating it explicitly into Coulomb stress models may improve the performance of quantitative Coulomb stress‐based forecasts.
Radiation budget biases in AMIP5 models over the East Asian monsoon region
Authors: Wang Fang , Yang Song , Wu Tongwen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe abilities of 27 Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Projection models to simulate the radiation budget (RB) over the East Asian monsoon region (EAMR) are analyzed based on Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System Energy Balanced and Filled, hereafter CERES, products. The regional mean values of annual top of the atmosphere (TOA) net RB in the simulations are constantly larger than the CERES values in the majority of the models (24 of 27), due mainly to the overestimation of its shortwave (SW) component. The TOA SW RB overestimation in most models (25 of 27) is due mainly to the insufficient SW absorption by the atmosphere and the consequent superfluous downwelling shortwave radiation reaching and being absorbed by the surface. Both the intensity underestimation of SW cloud radiative forcing (CRF) and the inadequate clear‐sky atmospheric SW absorption contribute to the overestimation of TOA SW RB in the models. The underestimation of SW CRF intensity is mainly due to the reduced total cloud cover simulated in most of the models compared with the general circulation model‐oriented CALIPSO Cloud Product. Black carbon explains the greatest part of the clear‐sky atmospheric SW absorption biases in most of the models. The persistent underestimation of TOA SW CRF intensity over the EAMR across all seasons largely explains the seasonally constant overestimation of TOA SW RB. The seasonal variation in clear‐sky longwave (LW) RB demonstrates the remarkable seasonal variation in atmospheric and surface LW RB biases.
Examining future changes in the character of Central U.S. warm‐season precipitation using dynamical downscaling
Authors: Harding Keith J. , Snyder Peter K. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractClimate change is expected to increase the frequency of hydrological extremes, producing more droughts and heavy rainfall events globally. How warm‐season precipitation extremes will change over the Central U.S. is unclear because most coarse spatial resolution global climate models inadequately simulate hydrological extremes resulting from convective precipitation. However, the higher spatial resolution from dynamical downscaling potentially enables improved projections of future changes in extreme rainfall events. In this study, we downscaled two models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project‐Phase 5 (CMIP5) using the Weather Research and Forecasting model for one historical period (1990–1999), two future periods (2040–2049, 2090–2099) in a midrange emissions scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5), and one period (2090–2099) in a high emissions (RCP8.5) scenario. The diurnal cycle, extremes, and averages of precipitation in historical simulations compare well with observations. While the future change in the total amount of precipitation is unclear, model simulations suggest that summer rainfall will be less frequent, but more intense when precipitation does occur. Significant intensification of the heaviest rainfall events occurs in the models, with the greatest changes in the early warm season (April). Increases in total April–July rainfall and the enhancement of extreme rainfall events in the RCP8.5 2090s are related to a stronger Great Plains Low‐Level Jet (GPLLJ) during those months. Conversely, late warm‐season drying over the North Central U.S. is present in nearly all future simulations, with increased drought in August–September associated with a slight weakening of the GPLLJ. Simulated trends generally increase with stronger greenhouse gas forcing.
Unusual Stüve‐Wiedemann syndrome with complete maternal chromosome 5 isodisomy
Authors: Melone Mariarosa A. B. , Pellegrino Michael J. , Nolano Maria , Habecker Beth A. , Johansson Stefan , Nathanson Neil M. , Knappskog Per M. , Hahn Angelika F. , Boman Helge 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA woman was isozygous for a novel mutation in the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor gene (LIFR) (c.2170C>G; p.Pro724Ala) which disrupts LIFR downstream signaling and results in Stüve‐Wiedemann syndrome (STWS). She inherited two identical chromosomes 5 from her mother, heterozygous for the LIFR mutation. The presentation was typical for STWS, except there was no long bone dysplasia. Prominent cold‐induced sweating and heat intolerance lead to an initial diagnosis of cold‐induced sweating syndrome, excluded by exome sequencing. Skin biopsies provide the first human evidence of failed postnatal cholinergic differentiation of sympathetic neurons innervating sweat glands in cold‐induced sweating, and of a neuropathy.
Facile and Scalable Preparation of Pure and Dense DNA Origami Solutions
Authors: Stahl Evi , Martin Thomas G. , Praetorius Florian , Dietz Hendrik 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDNA has become a prime material for assembling complex three‐dimensional objects that promise utility in various areas of application. However, achieving user‐defined goals with DNA objects has been hampered by the difficulty to prepare them at arbitrary concentrations and in user‐defined solution conditions. Here, we describe a method that solves this problem. The method is based on poly(ethylene glycol)‐induced depletion of species with high molecular weight. We demonstrate that our method is applicable to a wide spectrum of DNA shapes and that it achieves excellent recovery yields of target objects up to 97 %, while providing efficient separation from non‐integrated DNA strands. DNA objects may be prepared at concentrations up to the limit of solubility, including the possibility for bringing DNA objects into a solid phase. Due to the fidelity and simplicity of our method we anticipate that it will help to catalyze the development of new types of applications that use self‐assembled DNA objects.
Reversible Topochemical Exsolution of Iron in BaFe2+2(PO4)2
Authors: David Rénald , Kabbour Houria , Filimonov Dmitry , Huvé Marielle , Pautrat Alain , Mentré Olivier 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBaFe2+2(PO4)2 was recently prepared and identified as the first 2D‐Ising ferromagnetic oxide with an original reentrant structural transition driven by high‐spin Fe2+ ions arranged in honeycomb layers. Both long‐term air exposure and moderate temperature (T>375 °C) leads to topochemical oxidation into iron‐depleted compounds with mixed Fe2+/Fe3+ valence. This process is unique, as the exsolution is effective even from single crystal with preservation of the initial crystallinity, and the structure of the deficient BaFe2−x(PO4)2 (x<ca. 0.5) is fully ordered for x=2/7 and 1/3 with creation of novel original depleted triangular lattices. Under flowing H2/Ar, Fe is reincorporated in the structure above 480 °C, as reproduced under the electron beam in a transmission microscope. After Fe exsolution, the insulating ferromagnetic compound turns into an antiferromagnetic semiconductor.