bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interannual variability of the surface summertime eastward jet in the South China Sea
Authors: Li Yuanlong , Han Weiqing , Wilkin John L. , Zhang Weifeng G. , Arango Hernan , Zavala‐Garay Javier , Levin Julia , Castruccio Frederic S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe summertime eastward jet (SEJ) located around 12°N, 110°E–113°E, as the offshore extension of the Vietnam coastal current, is an important feature of the South China Sea (SCS) surface circulation in boreal summer. Analysis of satellite‐derived sea level and sea surface wind data during 1992–2012 reveals pronounced interannual variations in its surface strength (SSEJ) and latitudinal position (YSEJ). In most of these years, the JAS (July, August, and September)‐mean SSEJ fluctuates between 0.17 and 0.55 m s−1, while YSEJ shifts between 10.7°N and 14.3°N. These variations of the SEJ are predominantly contributed from the geostrophic current component that is linked to a meridional dipole pattern of sea level variations. This sea level dipole pattern is primarily induced by local wind changes within the SCS associated with the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Enhanced (weakened) southwest monsoon at the developing (decaying) stage of an El Niño event causes a stronger (weaker) SEJ located south (north) of its mean position. Remote wind forcing from the tropical Pacific can also affect the sea level in the SCS via energy transmission through the Philippine archipelago, but its effect on the SEJ is small. The impact of the oceanic internal variability, such as eddy‐current interaction, is assessed using an ocean general circulation model (OGCM). Such impact can lead to considerable year‐to‐year changes of sea level and the SEJ, equivalent to ∼20% of the observed variation. This implies the complexity and prediction difficulty of the upper ocean circulation in this region.
Filling in the gaps: Inferring spatially distributed precipitation from gauge observations over complex terrain
Authors: Livneh Ben , Deems Jeff S. , Schneider Dominik , Barsugli Joseph J. , Molotch Noah P. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn recent decades, computational hydrology has trended toward higher‐resolution distributed models of the land surface. The accuracy of these models is limited, by uncertainty in distributed precipitation forcings. In this research, different precipitation distribution schemes were compared through inter‐station transfer experiments, as well as within a distributed hydrologic model applied at ≤150 m resolution over four study catchments in complex terrain. Distributed precipitation estimates were derived using multiplicative spatial scaling (MSS) and map‐based precipitation (MBP) techniques including both climatological and time‐varying spatial information from a range of native spatial resolutions (500 m–4 km). The primary interest was to evaluate a novel application of satellite‐based snow water equivalent (SWE) reconstruction (RSWE) as a surrogate for cold season precipitation against a common source of spatial precipitation information: the Parameter‐elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM). An elevation‐based orographic precipitation gradient and simple inverse‐distance interpolation were also included as a baseline. For the case of RSWE, MSS was very sensitive to differences between observed SWE and reconstructed SWE, producing positive biases in the catchment water balance. Over 12 year simulations, daily streamflow correlations from the uncalibrated model were highest for RSWE when adjusted for accumulation‐season sublimation, and for monthly PRISM, both achieving R=0.8, where the former performed better during anomalous years for both MSS and MBP. Annual water balance ratios were much more sensitive to the choice of distribution scheme, with large overestimates, > 30%, for RSWE products using the MSS techniques versus MBP (< 15%). Overall, PRISM performed best using MSS, while RSWE performed best using MBP.
Use of 7Be measurements to estimate rates of soil loss from cultivated land: Testing a new approach applicable to individual storm events occurring during an extended period
Authors: Porto Paolo , Walling Des E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe techniques available for documenting rates and patterns of soil redistribution in the landscape have many limitations and the value of those employing fallout radionuclides (FRNs), including caesium‐137 (137Cs) and excess lead‐210 (210Pbex) is being increasingly recognized. However, the use of 137Cs and 210Pbex measurements is best suited to investigations of longer‐term soil redistribution rates (i.e., ∼50–60 years for 137Cs and ∼100 years for 210Pbex). For many purposes, a much shorter timeframe is required. Beryllium‐7 (7Be), another FRN (half‐life 53 days), offers the potential to document soil redistribution associated with individual events or short periods of heavy rainfall. However, existing approaches for using 7Be possess important limitations related to both the timing of the study period and its length. This contribution reports the development of a new approach that permits estimation of the soil loss associated with all individual events or short periods of rainfall occurring during a study period extending over a year or more. The approach was validated using data collected from an erosion plot located in southern Italy. The close agreement of the measured and estimated values demonstrates the validity of the new approach which has the potential to greatly increase the scope for using 7Be measurements to document short‐term soil redistribution associated with individual storm events.
Why do households invest in sanitation in rural Benin: Health, wealth, or prestige?
Authors: Gross Elena , Günther Isabel 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSeventy percent of the rural population in sub‐Saharan Africa does not use adequate sanitation facilities. In rural Benin, as much as 95% of the population does not use improved sanitation. By analyzing a representative sample of 2000 rural households, this paper explores why households remain without latrines. Our results show that wealth and latrine prices play the most decisive role for sanitation demand and ownership. At current income levels, sanitation coverage will only increase to 50% if costs for construction are reduced from currently $190 USD to $50 USD per latrine. Our analysis also suggests that previous sanitation campaigns, which were based on prestige and the allure of a modern lifestyle as motives for latrine construction, have had no success in increasing sanitation coverage. Moreover, improved public health, which is the objective of public policies promoting sanitation, will not be effective at low sanitation coverage rates. Fear at night, especially of animals, and personal harassment, are stated as the most important motivational factors for latrine ownership and the intention to build one. We therefore suggest changing the message of sanitation projects and introduce new low‐cost technologies into rural markets; otherwise, marketing strategies will continue to fail in increasing sanitation demand.
There may Not be a Cultural Life Script for Public Events, But there is a Youth Bias: Response to Janssen (2014)
Authors: Koppel Jonathan , Berntsen Dorthe 
Published: October 2014

SummaryJanssen asserts that, in a recent paper, we introduced the concept of a cultural life script for public events, in the form of the youth bias. Moreover, he contends that we claimed to have found evidence for such a life script. Correspondingly, he frames his own failure to find evidence for a life script for public events as a rebuttal of our paper. We demonstrate, however, that the youth bias is in fact conceptually and methodologically distinct from life scripts. We conclude that we therefore deserve no credit for the concept of a cultural life script for public events and that Janssen's critique of our paper rests on a misinterpretation of our central concept. Lastly, we argue that, although Janssen may not have found evidence for a life script for public events, his study serves as a confirmation and extension of the youth bias. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longitudinal Analysis of Children's Internal States Language and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Following a Natural Disaster
Authors: Legerski John‐Paul , Greenhoot Andrea Follmer , Vernberg Eric M. , M. La Greca Annette , Silverman Wendy K. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryDisclosure of internal states terms (e.g., emotions, cognitions, and perceptions) in traumatic event descriptions is thought to be associated with physical and mental health in adults, but studies with children have been mixed, and the interpretation of many findings is complicated by the lack of longitudinal data. Using data collected from 568 students (ages 7–12 years) attending schools in Miami‐Dade County, Florida, this study examined the internal states language in participant's written descriptions of the ‘worst things that happened during the hurricane’ collected 3 and 7 months after Hurricane Andrew. Associations between these internal states and their posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) 3, 7, and 10 months post‐hurricane were evaluated using structural equation modeling. Patterns of association suggest that PTSS were not affected by internal states disclosure; rather, internal states language seemed to be a manifestation of PTSS. Implications for risk assessment, theory building, and treatment of PTSS in children are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maßgeschneiderte Nanopartikel für den Wirkstofftransport in der Krebstherapie
Authors: Sun Tianmeng , Zhang Yu Shrike , Pang Bo , Hyun Dong Choon , Yang Miaoxin , Xia Younan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDas Interesse der Medizin an der Nanotechnologie hat in kurzer Zeit stark zugenommen. Die Nanotechnologie könnte Lösungen für viele Probleme bieten, die mit herkömmlichen Therapeutika einhergehen, wie etwa eine schlechte Wasserlöslichkeit (zumindest was die meisten Antitumormittel angeht), fehlende Tumorspezifität, nichtspezifische Verteilung, systemische Toxizität und ein geringer therapeutischer Index. In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurden beachtliche Fortschritte bei der Entwicklung und Anwendung von technischen Nanopartikeln gemacht, um Krebs wirksamer zu behandeln. Zum Beispiel gelang der Einbau von Therapeutika in Nanopartikel, die hinsichtlich Größe, Form und Oberflächeneigenschaften optimiert wurden, um deren Löslichkeit zu verbessern, die Halbwertszeit im Blutkreislauf zu verlängern, ihre Bioverteilung zu verbessern und ihre Immunogenität zu verringern. Außerdem wurden auch die pathophysiologischen Bedingungen, wie etwa die bessere Permeabilität und der Retentionseffekt sowie die räumlichen Schwankungen des pH‐Werts genutzt, um einen Transport von Nanopartikeln und ihrer Beladung zu Tumoren zu fördern. Ferner wurden tumordirigierende Liganden (z. B. kleine organische Moleküle, Peptide, Antikörper und Nucleinsäuren) an die Oberfläche von Nanopartikeln addiert, um Krebszellen spezifisch durch selektive Bindung an oberflächenexprimierten Rezeptoren anzusteuern. Es wurde gezeigt, dass viele Arten von therapeutischen und/oder diagnostischen Substanzen (z. B. Kontrastmittel) mithilfe der gleichen Träger transportiert werden können, was Kombinationstherapien und ein Auslesen der Behandlungseffizienz in Echtzeit ermöglicht. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass sich passgenau hergestellte Nanopartikel als nächste Generation von Mitteln zur Krebstherapie und vielen anderen biomedizinischen Anwendungen entwickeln werden.
Disciformycine A und B: zwölfgliedrige Macrolid‐Glycosid‐Antibiotika aus dem Myxobakterium Pyxidicoccus fallax mit Aktivität gegen multiresistente Staphylokokken
Authors: Surup Frank , Viehrig Konrad , Mohr Kathrin I. , Herrmann Jennifer , Jansen Rolf , Müller Rolf 
Published: October 2014

AbstractZwei Macrolid‐Glycoside mit einer einzigartigen Grundstruktur wurden aus Kulturen des Myxobakteriums Pyxidicoccus fallax isoliert. Die chemische Struktur mit der absoluten Konfiguration wurde anhand einer Kombination von NMR‐Spektroskopie, MS, chemischem Abbau und Molecular Modeling aufgeklärt. Eine Analyse des mutmaßlichen Biosynthesegenclusters vermittelte Einblicke in die Biosynthese des Polyketids und bestätigte die Strukturanalyse. Die aktivere Komponente, Disciformycin B, wirkt sehr gut gegen methicillin‐ und vancomycinresistente Staphylococcus‐aureus‐Stämme.
Discovery of Selective Small‐Molecule Activators of a Bacterial Glycoside Hydrolase
Authors: Darby John F. , Landström Jens , Roth Christian , He Yuan , Davies Gideon J. , Hubbard Roderick E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFragment‐based approaches are used routinely to discover enzyme inhibitors as cellular tools and potential therapeutic agents. There have been few reports, however, of the discovery of small‐molecule enzyme activators. Herein, we describe the discovery and characterization of small‐molecule activators of a glycoside hydrolase (a bacterial O‐GlcNAc hydrolase). A ligand‐observed NMR screen of a library of commercially available fragments identified an enzyme activator which yielded an approximate 90 % increase in kcat/KM values (kcat=catalytic rate constant; KM=Michaelis constant). This compound binds to the enzyme in close proximity to the catalytic center. Evolution of the initial hits led to improved compounds that behave as nonessential activators effecting both KM and Vmax values (Vmax=maximum rate of reaction). The compounds appear to stabilize an active “closed” form of the enzyme. Such activators could offer an orthogonal alternative to enzyme inhibitors for perturbation of enzyme activity in vivo, and could also be used for glycoside hydrolase activation in many industrial processes.
Paramagnetische Effekte mittels eines markierten Reporterproteins
Authors: Camacho‐Zarco Aldo R. , Munari Francesca , Wegstroth Melanie , Liu Wei‐Min , Ubbink Marcellus , Becker Stefan , Zweckstetter Markus 
Published: October 2014

AbstractParamagnetische Effekte ermöglichen einzigartige Einblicke in die Struktur und Dynamik von Biomolekülen. Um diese nutzbar zu machen, wurde eine Methode entwickelt, in welcher ein Lanthanoid‐Tag an ein Reporterprotein angebracht wird, das anschließend an das Zielprotein bindet und dadurch paramagnetische Effekte im Zielprotein hervorruft. Dieser Ansatz bietet einen Zugang zu einer großen Zahl paramagnetischer Effekte auf der Basis unabhängiger Molekülausrichtungen in hochmolekularen Proteinen unbekannter 3D‐Struktur.
An M12(L1)12(L2)12 Cantellated Tetrahedron: A Case Study on Mixed‐Ligand Self‐Assembly
Authors: Sun Qing‐Fu , Sato Sota , Fujita Makoto 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn the self‐assembly of PdII ions and two different, but similarly shaped, ligands (1 and 2), neither random mixing nor self‐sorting of the two ligands into two unmixed structures was observed. Instead a mixed, yet sorted, Pd12(1)12(2)12 cantellated tetrahedron (and its pseudoisomer) was selectively formed, thus revealing a fine example of intramolecular self‐sorting. A case study showed that a homothetic ratio of >2 is necessary to observe cantellated tetrahedra.
Engineered Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Sun Tianmeng , Zhang Yu Shrike , Pang Bo , Hyun Dong Choon , Yang Miaoxin , Xia Younan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn medicine, nanotechnology has sparked a rapidly growing interest as it promises to solve a number of issues associated with conventional therapeutic agents, including their poor water solubility (at least, for most anticancer drugs), lack of targeting capability, nonspecific distribution, systemic toxicity, and low therapeutic index. Over the past several decades, remarkable progress has been made in the development and application of engineered nanoparticles to treat cancer more effectively. For example, therapeutic agents have been integrated with nanoparticles engineered with optimal sizes, shapes, and surface properties to increase their solubility, prolong their circulation half‐life, improve their biodistribution, and reduce their immunogenicity. Nanoparticles and their payloads have also been favorably delivered into tumors by taking advantage of the pathophysiological conditions, such as the enhanced permeability and retention effect, and the spatial variations in the pH value. Additionally, targeting ligands (e.g., small organic molecules, peptides, antibodies, and nucleic acids) have been added to the surface of nanoparticles to specifically target cancerous cells through selective binding to the receptors overexpressed on their surface. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that multiple types of therapeutic drugs and/or diagnostic agents (e.g., contrast agents) could be delivered through the same carrier to enable combination therapy with a potential to overcome multidrug resistance, and real‐time readout on the treatment efficacy. It is anticipated that precisely engineered nanoparticles will emerge as the next‐generation platform for cancer therapy and many other biomedical applications.
Coexistence of 3d‐Ferromagnetism and Superconductivity in [(Li1−xFex)OH](Fe1−yLiy)Se
Authors: Pachmayr Ursula , Nitsche Fabian , Luetkens Hubertus , Kamusella Sirko , Brückner Felix , Sarkar Rajib , Klauss Hans‐Henning , Johrendt Dirk 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSuperconducting [(Li1−xFex)OH](Fe1−yLiy)Se (x≈0.2, y≈0.08) was synthesized by hydrothermal methods and characterized by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction. The structure contains alternating layers of anti‐PbO type (Fe1−yLiy)Se and (Li1−xFex)OH. Electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal superconductivity at 43 K. An anomaly in the diamagnetic shielding indicates ferromagnetic ordering near 10 K while superconductivity is retained. The ferromagnetism is from the iron atoms in the (Li1−xFex)OH layer. Isothermal magnetization measurements confirm the superposition of ferromagnetic and superconducting hysteresis. The internal ferromagnetic field is larger than the lower, but smaller than the upper critical field of the superconductor. The formation of a spontaneous vortex phase where both orders coexist is supported by 57Fe‐Mössbauer spectra, 7Li‐NMR spectra, and μSR experiments.
Sunlight‐Driven Hydrogen Peroxide Production from Water and Molecular Oxygen by Metal‐Free Photocatalysts
Authors: Shiraishi Yasuhiro , Kanazawa Shunsuke , Kofuji Yusuke , Sakamoto Hirokatsu , Ichikawa Satoshi , Tanaka Shunsuke , Hirai Takayuki 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDesign of green, safe, and sustainable process for the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very important subject. Early reported processes, however, require hydrogen (H2) and palladium‐based catalysts. Herein we propose a photocatalytic process for H2O2 synthesis driven by metal‐free catalysts with earth‐abundant water and molecular oxygen (O2) as resources under sunlight irradiation (λ>400 nm). We use graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) containing electron‐deficient aromatic diimide units as catalysts. Incorporating the diimide units positively shifts the valence‐band potential of the catalysts, while maintaining sufficient conduction‐band potential for O2 reduction. Visible light irradiation of the catalysts in pure water with O2 successfully produces H2O2 by oxidation of water by the photoformed valence‐band holes and selective two‐electron reduction of O2 by the conduction band electrons.
Bis(nitroamino‐1,2,4‐triazolates): N‐Bridging Strategy Toward Insensitive Energetic Materials
Authors: Yin Ping , Parrish Damon A. , Shreeve Jean'ne M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractModern energetic motifs for military and civilian applications are most often evaluated using various criteria, for example, energetic properties, production costs, and safety issues. Given this background, the design of energetic materials requires a deep understanding of both detonation performance and molecular stability. Here a new family of energetic bis(nitroamino‐1,2,4‐triazolates), which exhibit good thermal stabilities, excellent detonation properties, and low sensitivities, has been designed. Furthermore, two hydroxylammonium bis(azolates) with pyrazole and tetrazole backbones were synthesized, and they exhibit energetic properties analogous to the triazoles. This work highlights the application potential of N‐bridged bis(azolates) as promising energetic materials.
Application of a C6‐OH of chitosan immobilized cyclodextrin derivates on an electrochemical H2O2 biosensor
Authors: Yu Chen , Weiping Li , Yanchun Ye , JianQiang Geng , Yanwen Guo , Tianwei Wang , Liye Wang , Huimin Tan 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTBiosensor detecting techniques have attracted much attention in the content determination of H2O2, which has been used illegally as a food additive. An electrochemical biosensing membrane for the detection of H2O2 was developed with C6‐OH of chitosan immobilized cyclodextrin derivates (6‐CD–CTS), which possessed a high cyclodextrin loading capacity (2.12 × 10−4 mol/g), as the carrier. The biosensor was prepared through the inclusion of ferrocene as the electron mediator in a hydrophobic cavity of cyclodextrin and crosslinking catalase (CAT) to 2‐NH2 of 6‐CD–CTS. The ferrocene‐included complex was evaluated by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry and thermogravimetric analysis. Its electrochemical behavior was also studied. The impact of the reaction conditions on the CAT immobilization capacity was evaluated. When previous membrane was used to detect the concentration of H2O2 (CH2O2), we found that the catalysis of CAT and the signal amplification of ferrocene had a major impact on the cyclic voltammograms. The optimal working pH of the modified electrode was 7.0. The peak current (I) had a linear relationship with the H2O2 concentration (CH2O2) in the range 1.0 × 10−4 to 1.0 × 10−3 mol/L. The linear regression equation was I = 0.00475CH2O2 − 0.03025. The detection limit was 10−6 mol/L. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41499.
Development and characterization of gelatin‐based hydrogels, emulsion hydrogels, and bigels: A comparative study
Authors: Satapathy Sitipragyan , Singh Vinay K. , Sagiri Sai Sateesh , Agarwal Tarun , Banerjee Indranil , Bhattacharya Mrinal K. , Kumar Naresh , Pal Kunal 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThis study was designed to examine the physicochemical and electrical properties of gelatin‐based hydrogels, emulgels, and bigels. The chemical studies suggested an increase in hydrogen bonding in the emulgel and bigel when sesame oil (SO; representative vegetable oil) and SO organogel (OG; representative OG) were incorporated within the gelatin matrix. The emulgel and bigel showed better mechanical properties and higher electrical impedances compared to the hydrogel. The hydrogel showed similar swelling at pH 1.2 and 7.2. The swelling of the emulgel and bigel was higher at pH 7.2. The formulations were found to be highly hemocompatible; this indicated their biocompatible nature. Ciprofloxacin, a model antimicrobial drug, was incorporated within the formulations. The release of the drug was found to be diffusion‐mediated. The antimicrobial efficiency of all of the drug‐loaded formulations was found to be equivalent. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41502.