bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anode Catalysts for Direct Hydrazine Fuel Cells: From Laboratory Test to an Electric Vehicle
Authors: Serov Alexey , Padilla Monica , Roy Aaron J. , Atanassov Plamen , Sakamoto Tomokazu , Asazawa Koichiro , Tanaka Hirohisa 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNovel highly active electrocatalysts for hydrazine hydrate fuel cell application were developed, synthesized and integrated into an operation vehicle prototype. The materials show in both rotating disc electrode (RDE) and membrane electrode assembly (MEA) tests the world highest activity with peak current density of 16 000 A g−1 (RDE) and 450 mW cm−2 operated in air (MEA).
Direct Synthesis of Chromium Perovskite Oxyhydride with a High Magnetic‐Transition Temperature
Authors: Tassel Cédric , Goto Yoshihiro , Kuno Yoshinori , Hester James , Green Mark , Kobayashi Yoji , Kageyama Hiroshi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe report a novel oxyhydride SrCrO2H directly synthesized by a high‐pressure high‐temperature method. Powder neutron and synchrotron X‐ray diffraction revealed that this compound adopts the ideal cubic perovskite structure ${\left( {Pm\bar 3m} \right)}$ with O2−/H− disorder. Surprisingly, despite the non‐bonding nature between Cr 3d t2g orbitals and the H 1s orbital, it exhibits G‐type spin ordering at TN≈380 K, which is higher than that of RCrO3 (R=rare earth) and any chromium oxides. The enhanced TN in SrCrO2H with four Cr‐O‐Cr bonds in comparison with RCr3+O3 with six Cr‐O‐Cr bonds is reasonably explained by the tolerance factor. The present result offers an effective strategy to tune octahedral tilting in perovskites and to improve physical and chemical properties through mixed anion chemistry.
Bright, Highly Water‐Soluble Triazacyclononane Europium Complexes To Detect Ligand Binding with Time‐Resolved FRET Microscopy
Authors: Delbianco Martina , Sadovnikova Victoria , Bourrier Emmanuel , Mathis Gérard , Lamarque Laurent , Zwier Jurriaan M. , Parker David 
Published: August 2014

AbstractLuminescent europium complexes are used in a broad range of applications as a result of their particular emissive properties. The synthesis and application of bright, highly water‐soluble, and negatively charged sulfonic‐ or carboxylic acid derivatives of para‐substituted aryl–alkynyl triazacyclononane complexes are described. Introduction of the charged solubilizing moieties suppresses cellular uptake or adsorption to living cells making them applicable for labeling and performing assays on membrane receptors. These europium complexes are applied to monitor fluorescent ligand binding on cell‐surface proteins with time‐resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (TR‐FRET) assays in plate‐based format and using TR‐FRET microscopy.
Unravelling the Structure of Electrocatalytically Active Fe–N Complexes in Carbon for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhu Yansong , Zhang Bingsen , Liu Xin , Wang Da‐Wei , Su Dang Sheng 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNon‐precious Fe/N co‐modified carbon electrocatalysts have attracted great attention due to their high activity and stability in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Compared to iron‐free N‐doped carbon electrocatalysts, Fe/N‐modified electrocatalysts show four‐electron selectivity with better activity in acid electrolytes. This is believed relevant to the unique Fe–N complexes, however, the Fe–N structure remains unknown. We used o,m,p‐phenylenediamine as nitrogen precursors to tailor the Fe–N structures in heterogeneous electrocatalysts which contain FeS and Fe3C phases. The electrocatalysts have been operated for 5000 cycles with a small 39 mV shift in half‐wave potential. By combining advanced electron microscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy, we have identified the electrocatalytically active Fe–N6 complexes (FeN6, [FeIII(porphyrin)(pyridine)2]). We expect the understanding of the FeN6 structure will pave the way towards new advanced Fe–N based electrocatalysts.
Bottom‐up Design of Small Molecules that Stimulate Exon 10 Skipping in Mutant MAPT Pre‐mRNA
Authors: Luo Yiling , Disney Matthew D. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractOne challenge in chemical biology is to develop small molecules that control cellular protein content. The amount and identity of proteins are influenced by the RNAs that encode them; thus, protein content in a cell could be affected by targeting mRNA. However, RNA has been traditionally difficult to target with small molecules. In this report, we describe controlling the protein products of the mutated microtubule‐associated protein tau (MAPT) mature mRNA with a small molecule. MAPT mutations in exon 10 are associated with inherited frontotemporal dementia and Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP‐17), an incurable disease that is directly caused by increased inclusion of exon 10 in MAPT mRNA. Recent studies have shown that mutations within a hairpin at the MAPT exon 10–intron junction decrease the thermodynamic stability of the RNA, increasing binding to U1 snRNP and thus exon 10 inclusion. Therefore, we designed small molecules that bind and stabilize a mutant MAPT by using Inforna, a computational approach based on information about RNA–small‐molecule interactions. The optimal compound selectively bound the mutant MAPT hairpin and thermodynamically stabilized its folding, facilitating exon 10 exclusion.
Optimization of Effective Sol‐Gel Parameters for the Synthesis of Mesoporous γ‐Al2O3 Using Experimental Design
Authors: Masouleh Niloufar S. Ghavami , Taghizadeh Majid , Yaripour Fereydoon 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMesoporous nanocrystalline γ‐alumina was prepared by a template‐free sol‐gel method using aluminum ethoxide as precursor. Significant parameters, such as the water/aluminum ethoxide molar ratio, the pH of the solution, and the time and temperature of aging, were optimized by the Taguchi method to obtain γ‐alumina with a high surface area and pore volume. The influences of the main parameters on the catalytic performance of the prepared catalysts were investigated via dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether in a fixed‐bed reactor. The catalysts were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, N2 adsorption‐desorption, ammonia temperature‐programmed desorption, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The results show that the aging temperature had a significant influence on the catalyst performance.
Thiocyanate‐Free versus Thiocyanate‐Containing Dyes for TiO2‐Based Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Neuthe Katja , Brandt Henning , Hinsch Andreas , Tzschucke C. Christoph , Veurman Welmoed , Ziem Benjamin , Haag Rainer 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe synthesis and properties of four new ruthenium dyes for TiO2‐based dye‐sensitized solar cells are presented. Bipyridine ligands with triarylamine or indoline moieties as donors, which differ both in the size of their conjugated π systems and in their hydrophobicity, have been introduced into thiocyanate (SCN)‐free and SCN‐containing complexes. The structural changes affect the absorption and electrochemical properties. Extension of the π conjugation leads to a shift in the absorption maximum to longer wavelengths, a broadening of the absorption spectra, and a decrease in the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. The efficiency of TiO2‐based solar cells that have been sensitized with the new complexes is mainly affected by the adsorption behavior of the dyes. The SCN‐containing complex with the less‐substituted or extended donor outperforms the other dyes.
Bound Flavin Model Suggests Similar Electron‐Transfer Mechanisms in Shewanella and Geobacter
Authors: Okamoto Akihiro , Nakamura Ryuhei , Nealson Kenneth H. , Hashimoto Kazuhito 
Published: August 2014

AbstractCertain microbes are capable of transporting electrons from the cell interior‐respiratory electron chain to insoluble electron acceptors located outside of the cell, a process referred to as extracellular electron transport (EET). Bacteria capable of EET are currently utilized as “living anode catalysts” in microbial fuel cells. Several EET mechanisms have been proposed, yet they lack molecular‐level consistency. Here, we review our recent work, presenting a “bound‐flavin cofactor” model, which we believe provides a suitable explanation for all of the published data to date for the model EET microbes of Shewanella oneidensis and Geobacter sulfurreducens. We discuss the interaction between free flavin and outer‐membrane c‐type cytochromes based on a protein–ligand binding model, the accumulation of cell‐secreted flavins in nanostructured electrodes, and EET through intermittent direct contacts or conductive extracellular appendages.
Correlation of the Electrochemical Kinetics of High‐Salinity‐Tolerant Bioanodes with the Structure and Microbial Composition of the Biofilm
Authors: Rousseau Raphael , Santaella Catherine , Achouak Wafa , Godon Jean‐Jacques , Bonnafous Anaïs , Bergel Alain , Délia Marie‐Line 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIncreasing the conductivity of the electrolytes used in microbial electrochemical systems is an essential prerequisite to large‐scale application of these technologies. Microbial anodes formed on carbon felt from a salt marsh inoculum under polarisation at 0.1 V (versus a saturated calomel electrode), generated up to 85 A m−2 in media that contained 30–45 g L−1 of NaCl. Analyses of microbial populations showed a stringent selection of the two microbial genera Marinobacter and Desulfuromonas. Currents decreased if NaCl concentration was increased to 60 g L−1. This highest salinity was shown to consistently impact the bioanode performance in three ways: voltammetry indicated degraded electron‐transfer kinetics, confocal laser scanning microscopy showed a modified biofilm structure and DNA pyrosequencing detected a decrease in the level of Desulfuromonas spp. relative to Marinobacter spp. A consistent correlation was, thus, found between electrochemical kinetics, biofilm structure and the composition of the microbial community.
Preparation of Highly Efficient MRI Contrast Agents through Complexation of Cationic GdIII‐Containing Metallosurfactant with Biocompatible Polyelectrolytes
Authors: Chen Yingying , Zhu Qin , Cui Xinghui , Tang Weijun , Yang Heng , Yuan Yuan , Hu Aiguo 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNovel contrast agents were developed through assembling of GdIII‐containing metallosurfactant (MS) with biocompatible polyelectrolytes sodium hyaluronate (HA), heparinsodium (HS) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The formed polyelectrolyte–surfactant complexes showed different structural patterns as the charge ratio increased, including spherical aggregates, rod‐like aggregates and network patterns in monovalent HA system, while spherical structures emerged in multivalent HS and DSS systems. Energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis and scanning electron microscopy mapping showed the presence of GdIII in these complexes. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry was further used to quantify the contents of GdIII in the assemblies. T1 magnetic resonance imaging showed that these GdIII‐loaded complexes exhibited relaxivity of up to 63.81 mM−1 s−1, much higher than that of Ominiscan (4.64 mM−1 s−1). The cytotoxicity test in vitro demonstrated the excellent biocompatibility of these complexes, which is essential for clinical application.
Catalytic Formation of Acrylate from Carbon Dioxide and Ethene
Authors: Hendriksen Coen , Pidko Evgeny A. , Yang Gang , Schäffner Benjamin , Vogt Dieter 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWith regard to sustainability, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an attractive C1 building block. However, due to thermodynamic restrictions, reactions incorporating CO2 are relatively limited so far. One of the so‐called “dream reactions” in this field is the catalytic oxidative coupling of CO2 and ethene and subsequent β‐H elimination to form acrylic acid. This reaction has been studied intensely for decades. However up to this date no suitable catalytic process has been established. Here we show that the catalytic conversion of ethene and CO2 to acrylate is possible in the presence of a homogeneous nickel catalyst in combination with a “hard” Lewis acid. For the first time, catalytic conversion of CO2 and ethene to acrylate with turnover numbers (TON) of up to 21 was demonstrated.
Efficacy and safety of lixisenatide in elderly ( ≥65 years old) and very elderly ( ≥75 years old) patients with type 2 diabetes: an analysis from the GetGoal phase III programme
Authors: Raccah Denis , Miossec Patrick , Esposito Virginie , Niemoeller Elisabeth , Cho Meehyung , Gerich John 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of this article is to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of lixisenatide (subcutaneous injection) in elderly (≥65 years old) and very elderly (≥75 years old) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.MethodsWe conducted a phase I, single‐centre, open‐label study to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of a single lixisenatide 20 µg dose and a pooled analysis of six randomized, placebo‐controlled, phase III studies (12‐month or 24‐month duration) that evaluated glycaemic parameters and safety in patients receiving lixisenatide 20 µg once daily or placebo.ResultsThe pharmacokinetics study included 36 healthy subjects, including 18 elderly healthy subjects (≥65 years old) and 18 matched young healthy subjects (18–45 years old). The pooled analysis included 3188 patients, including 2565 patients <65 years old and 623 patients ≥65 years old (including 79 patients ≥75 years old). Mean exposure with lixisenatide 20 µg was ~30% higher in elderly than in young subjects, and the terminal half‐life was prolonged by ~1.6 times. Maximum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax (tmax) were comparable in both groups. Equal numbers of elderly and young subjects reported treatment‐emergent adverse events, the majority of which were gastrointestinal disorders. In the pooled analysis, lixisenatide 20 µg once daily provided significant reductions in HbA1c versus placebo for all age groups. There was a similar incidence of treatment‐emergent adverse events across all age groups (range: 69–73%). The incidence of symptomatic hypoglycaemia was generally comparable between lixisenatide‐treated and placebo‐treated patients.ConclusionThese data suggest that lixisenatide is effective and well tolerated in elderly and very elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. © 2014 The Authors. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weakening density dependence from climate change and agricultural intensification triggers pest outbreaks: a 37‐year observation of cotton bollworms
Authors: Ouyang Fang , Hui Cang , Ge Saiying , Men Xin‐Yuan , Zhao Zi‐Hua , Shi Pei‐Jian , Zhang Yong‐Sheng , Li Bai‐Lian 
Published: August 2014

AbstractUnderstanding drivers of population fluctuation, especially for agricultural pests, is central to the provision of agro‐ecosystem services. Here, we examine the role of endogenous density dependence and exogenous factors of climate and human activity in regulating the 37‐year population dynamics of an important agricultural insect pest, the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), in North China from 1975 to 2011. Quantitative time‐series analysis provided strong evidence explaining long‐term population dynamics of the cotton bollworm and its driving factors. Rising temperature and declining rainfall exacerbated the effect of agricultural intensification on continuously weakening the negative density dependence in regulating the population dynamics of cotton bollworms. Consequently, ongoing climate change and agricultural intensification unleashed the tightly regulated pest population and triggered the regional outbreak of H. armigera in 1992. Although the negative density dependence can effectively regulate the population change rate to fluctuate around zero at stable equilibrium levels before and after outbreak in the 1992, the population equilibrium jumped to a higher density level with apparently larger amplitudes after the outbreak. The results highlight the possibility for exogenous factors to induce pest outbreaks and alter the population regulating mechanism of negative density dependence and, thus, the stable equilibrium of the pest population, often to a higher level, posing considerable risks to the provision of agro‐ecosystem services and regional food security. Efficient and timely measures of pest management in the era of Anthropocene should target the strengthening and revival of weakening density dependence caused by climate change and human activities.
Exploring social and personal relationships: The issue of measurement invariance of non‐independent observations
Authors: Tagliabue Semira , Lanz Margherita 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn social psychology, some research questions address a comparison of individuals belonging to different social or relational contexts. As measurement invariance literature has indicated, before comparing two or more groups (gender, cultures, and relationship types), the question of whether a measurement of the construct used for the comparison is invariant must be verified. Measurement invariance helps to assure the validity of the measurement and the construct equivalence across groups. However, when non‐independent data are used for comparison (the same individual provides data for his or her different relationship types), the standard multigroup analyses for testing measurement invariance are not accurate. The current study presents a modified correlated uniqueness model that may be applied in these specific cases. As an example, we analyzed the invariance of the Intimate Disclosure scale and the Conflict scale in mother–child, father–child, and romantic relationships of young adults. Results indicate a partial invariance: only configural invariance, factor loading invariance, and factor covariance invariance were found. The consequences for validity of the measurement are then discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical Oxidation of Hazardous Tetracene to Highly Redox Active Anthraquinone and Hydroquinone Derivatives on a Carbon Nanotube‐Modified Electrode and Its Selective Hydrogen Peroxide Sensing
Authors: Barathi Palani , Kumar Annamalai Senthil 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA simple method for electrochemical oxidation and degradation of carcinogenic tetracene (TC) to surface confined redox active quinone species (TCO) on a pristine‐multiwalled carbon nanotube modified (MWCNT) gold electrode surface (Au/MWCNT) by applying a static potential at 0.9 V vs. Ag/AgCl in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution has been demonstrated. Various physicochemical characterizations of MWCNT@TCO by TEM, FT‐IR, Raman spectroscopy and GC‐MS reveal the presence of two types of redox sites, hydroquinone and anthraquinone derivatives within the MWCNT@TCO. The modified electrode showed selective electrocatalytic reduction and amperometric i–t sensing of H2O2 with a detection limit (signal‐to‐noise=3) of 122 nM.
Continuous multistep versus fed‐batch production of ethanol and xylitol in a simulated medium of sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzates
Authors: Castañón‐Rodríguez Juan Francisco , Domínguez‐González José Manuel , Ortíz‐Muñiz Benigno , Torrestiana‐Sanchez Beatriz , de León José Alberto Ramírez , Aguilar‐Uscanga María Guadalupe 
Published: August 2014

Co‐cultures for simultaneous production of ethanol and xylitol were studied under different operation bioreactor modes using Candida tropicalis IEC5‐ITV and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ITV01‐RD in a simulated medium of sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzates. Xylitol and ethanol tolerance by S. cerevisiae and C. tropicalis, respectively, was evaluated. The results showed that C. tropicalis was sensitive to ethanol concentrations up to 30 g/L, while xylitol had no effect on S. cerevisiae viability and metabolism. The best condition found for simultaneous culture was S. cerevisiae co‐culture and C. tropicalis sequential cultivation at 24 h. Under these conditions, productivity and yield for ethanol were QEtOH = 0.72 g L−1 h−1 and YEtOH/s = 0.37 g/g, and for xylitol, QXylOH = 0.10 g L−1 h−1 and YXylOH/S = 0.31 g/g, respectively; using fed‐batch culture, the results were QEtOH = 0.87 g L−1 h−1 and YEtOH/s = 0.44 g L−1 h−1, and QEtOH = 0.27 g L−1 h−1 and YEtOH/s = 0.57 g/g, respectively. Maximum volumetric productivity in continuous multistep cultures of ethanol and xylitol was at dilution rates of 0.131 and 0.074 h−1, respectively. Continuous multistep production, QEtOH increased up to 50% more than in fed‐batch culture, even though xylitol yield remained unchanged.
Improving Prediction of Binge Episodes by Modelling Chronicity of Dietary Restriction
Authors: Holmes Millicent , Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz Matthew , Skouteris Helen , Broadbent Jaclyn 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis study evaluates the influences of chronicity of, and time lag between, dietary restriction and binge outcome for predicting binge episode onset. Sixty‐two women aged 18 to 40 years old completed an online survey at random intervals seven times daily for a 7‐day period. Participants self‐reported engagement in dietary restriction and/or binging, and temptation to binge. Consecutive instances of reported dietary restriction better predicted subsequent binges than single instances. As the time lag between the first report of dietary restriction and binge onset increased, a clear linear trend emerged, such that the value of restriction for predicting binges increased with the number of consecutive assessments in which they reported dietary restriction. A similar pattern was found when predicting temptation to binge. Present findings suggest that duration of restriction is a crucial determinant of binge onset. These findings have implications for clinical practice by highlighting the time course from dietary restriction to binging. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Comparative effects of biological and chemical dispersants on the bioavailability and toxicity of crude oil to early life stages of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma)
Authors: Mu Jingli , Jin Fei , Ma Xindong , Lin Zhongsheng , Wang Juying 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

The authors assessed the bioavailability and chronic toxicity of water-accommodated fractions of crude oil (WAFs) and 2 dispersants plus dispersed crude oil (chemical dispersant + crude oil [CE-WAF] and biological dispersant + crude oil [BE-WAF]) on the early life stages of marine medaka, Oryzias melastigma. The results showed that the addition of the 2 dispersants caused a 3- and 4-fold increase in concentrations of summed priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and high-molecular-weight PAHs with 3 or more benzene rings. The chemical and biological dispersants increased the bioavailability (as measured by ethoxyresorufin-O-dethylase activity) of crude oil 6-fold and 3-fold, respectively. Based on nominal concentrations, chronic toxicity (as measured by deformity) in WAFs exhibited a 10-fold increase in CE-WAF and a 3-fold increase in BE-WAF, respectively. When total petroleum hydrocarbon was measured, the differences between WAF and CE-WAF treatments disappeared, and CE-WAF was approximately 10 times more toxic than BE-WAF. Compared with the chemical dispersant, the biological dispersant possibly modified the toxicity of oil hydrocarbons because of the increase in the proportion of 2- and 3-ringed PAHs in water. The chemical and biological dispersants enhanced short-term bioaccumulation and toxicity, through different mechanisms. These properties should be considered in addition to their efficacy in degrading oil when oil spill management strategies are selected. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2576–2583. © 2014 SETAC