bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of key factors affecting the oral absorption of salts of lipophilic weak acids: a case example
Authors: Petrakis Orestis , Vertzoni Maria , Angelou Alexandros , Kesisoglou Filippos , Bentz Kimberly , Goumas Konstantinos , Reppas Christos 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Objectives
Evaluate the ability of biorelevant media to adequately predict solubility in human gastrointestinal aspirates collected in the fasted state for the sodium salt of a highly dosed, Biopharmaceutics Classification System II (BCS II) compound with weakly acidic properties (L-870,810, pKa 7.3, HA (5-(1,1-dioxothiazinan-2-yl)-N-((4-fluorophenyl)methyl)-8-hydroxy-1,6-naphthyridine-7-carboxamide)). Identify key luminal processes that dictate the behaviour of sodium salt of HA (NaA), after single-dose administrations of high (relatively to solubility limit) doses corresponding to 400 and 800 mg of HA in the fasted state.

Methods
Aspirates from stomach and upper small intestine were collected from eight healthy fasted adults, after administration of 240 ml of water. Solubilities of NaA and HA were measured in aspirated samples and biorelevant media. Dissolution experiments of NaA granules were performed in biorelevant media. Prediction of oral pharmacokinetics was evaluated in silico using Stella software.

Key findings
Equilibrium solubility of NaA in fluids aspirated from the upper gastrointestinal tract is more transient than of HA. Solubility in upper gastrointestinal lumen was adequately estimated by data in biorelevant media. Supersaturation, followed by precipitation, which did not fully revert to the equilibrium solubility of HA, was observed during the dissolution of NaA granules in biorelevant media. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling indicated that while intragastric processes had no significant impact on absorption kinetics, dissolution kinetics, kinetic solubility, radial transport rates and, for the 800-mg dose, precipitation kinetics in the small intestine had the greatest impact on absorption profiles.

Conclusions
Adequate prediction of the average plasma profile, after administration of NaA, required consideration of region-dependent dissolution rates and/or solubilisation.
Cloning of Arabidopsis serotonin N‐acetyltransferase and its role with caffeic acid O‐methyltransferase in the biosynthesis of melatonin in vitro despite their different subcellular localizations
Authors: Lee Hyoung Yool , Byeon Yeong , Lee Kyungjin , Lee Hye‐Jung , Back Kyoungwhan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSerotonin N‐acetyltransferase (SNAT) is the penultimate enzyme in melatonin biosynthesis. We cloned SNAT from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtSNAT) and functionally characterized this enzyme for the first time from dicotyledonous plants. Similar to rice SNAT, AtSNAT was found to localize to chloroplasts with peak enzyme activity at 45°C (Km, 309 μm; Vmax, 1400 pmol/min/mg protein). AtSNAT also catalyzed 5‐methoxytryptamine (5‐MT) into melatonin with high catalytic activity (Km, 51 μm; Vmax, 5300 pmol/min/mg protein). In contrast, Arabidopsis caffeic acid O‐methyltransferase (AtCOMT) localized to the cytoplasm. Interestingly, AtCOMT can methylate serotonin into 5‐MT with low catalytic activity (Km, 3.396 mm; Vmax, 528 pmol/min/mg protein). These data suggest that serotonin can be converted into either N‐acetylserotonin by SNAT or into 5‐MT by COMT, after which it is metabolized into melatonin by COMT or SNAT, respectively. To support this hypothesis, serotonin was incubated in the presence of both AtSNAT and AtCOMT enzymes. In addition to melatonin production, the production of major intermediates depended on incubation temperatures; N‐acetylserotonin was predominantly produced at high temperatures (45°C), while low temperatures (37°C) favored the production of 5‐MT. Our results provide biochemical evidence for the presence of a serotonin O‐methylation pathway in plant melatonin biosynthesis.
Phenotypic Characterization of Canine Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in Dogs with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Haas E. , Rütgen B.C. , Gerner W. , Richter B. , Tichy A. , Galler A. , Bilek A. , Thalhammer J.G. , Saalmüller A. , Luckschander‐Zeller N. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundMany dogs suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are presented to veterinary clinics. These patients are diagnosed based on a history of chronic gastrointestinal signs and biopsy‐confirmed histopathologic intestinal inflammation. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) are part of the first line of defense in the gastrointestinal immune system. Alterations in IEL subsets may play a role in the pathogenesis of IBD.HypothesisThe aim of this study was to characterize the phenotypes of IEL in dogs with IBD compared with healthy control dogs.AnimalsIntestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes subpopulations of control dogs (n = 5) obtained from endoscopic biopsies (EB) were compared to those obtained from full thickness biopsies (FTB) on the same day. In addition, the phenotypes of IEL from FTB of control dogs (n = 10) were compared with EB of IBD dogs (n = 10). Each participant was scored clinically using the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index (CIBDAI), and all samples were graded histopathologically. Three‐color flow cytometry of isolated IEL was performed using monoclonal antibodies against T‐ and B‐lymphocyte subpopulations.ResultsNo significant differences in the composition of IEL subpopulations were found in control dogs based on method of biopsy. The IBD dogs had significantly higher CIBDAI and histopathologic scores compared with control dogs and their IEL contained a significantly higher frequency TCRγδ T‐cells.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceEndoscopic biopsies provide suitable samples for 3‐color flow cytometry when studying canine intestinal IEL and IBD patients show significant changes of major T‐cell subsets compared to healthy control dogs.
Remarks on the Experimental Turn in the Study of Scalar Implicature, Part II
Authors: Chemla Emmanuel , Singh Raj 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn Part I, we have introduced two of the main approaches to scalar implicature: the Gricean approach and the grammatical approach. We have argued that although they rely on conceptually different views about the phenomenon, they share various insights, and we argued that their empirical differences were more subtle than what one may have expected. In this second part of this review paper, we will sample some experimental results with two goals in mind. First, we will exemplify some simplifications that are found in the literature and examine the consequences of these simplifications on the interpretability of experimental results. Second, we will suggest future directions that the experimental turn might consider exploring, directions that seem to us to have the potential to illuminate the richness of the competing theories and the potential to dissociate or improve them.
Remarks on the Experimental Turn in the Study of Scalar Implicature, Part I
Authors: Chemla Emmanuel , Singh Raj 
Published: September 2014

Abstract (for Part I and Part II)There has been a recent ‘experimental turn’ in the study of scalar implicature, yielding important results concerning online processing and acquisition. This paper highlights some of these results and places them in the current theoretical context. We argue that there is sometimes a mismatch between theoretical and experimental studies, and we point out how some of these mismatches can be resolved. We furthermore highlight ways in which the current theoretical and experimental landscape is richer than is often assumed, and in light of this discussion, we offer some suggestions for what seem to us promising directions for the experimental turn to explore.The article is divided in two parts. Part I first presents the two dominant families of accounts of scalar implicature, the domain‐general Gricean account and the domain‐specific grammatical account. We try to separate the various components of these theories and connect them to relevant psycholinguistic predictions. Part II examines and reinterprets several prominent experimental results in light of the theoretical presentation proposed in the first part.
Effect of carboxyhemoglobin on postoperative complications and pain in pediatric tonsillectomy patients
Authors: Koyuncu Onur , Turhanoglu Selim , Tuzcu Kasım , Karcıoglu Murat , Davarcı Isil , Akbay Ercan , Cevik Cengiz , Ozer Cahit , Sessler Daniel I. , Turan Alparslan 
Published: September 2014

SummaryBackgroundCarbon monoxide (CO) is a product of burning solid fuel in stoves and smoking. Exposure to CO may provoke postoperative complications. Furthermore, there appears to be an association between COHb concentrations and pain. We thus tested the primary hypothesis that children with high preoperative carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) concentrations have more postoperative complications and pain after tonsillectomies, and secondarily that high‐COHb concentrations are associated with more pain and analgesic use.Methods100 children scheduled for elective tonsillectomy were divided into low and high carbon monoxide (CO) exposure groups: COHb ≤3 or ≥4 g·dl−1. We considered a composite of complications during the 7 days after surgery which included bronchospasm, laryngospasm, persistent coughing, desaturation, re‐intubation, hypotension, postoperative bleeding, and reoperation. Pain was evaluated with Wong‐Baker Faces pain scales, and supplemental tramadol use recorded for four postoperative hours.ResultsThere were 36 patients in the low‐exposure group COHb [1.8 ± 1.2 g·dl−1], and 64 patients were in the high‐exposure group [6.4 ± 2.1 g·dl−1]. Indoor coal‐burning stoves were reported more often by families of the high‐ than low‐COHb children (89% vs 72%, P < 0.001). Second‐hand cigarette smoke exposure was reported by 54% of the families with children with high COHb, but only by 24% of the families of children with low COHb. Composite complications were more common in patients with high COHb [47% vs 14%, P = 0.0001, OR:7.4 (95% Cl, lower = 2.5‐upper = 21.7)], with most occurring in the postanesthesia care unit. Pain scores in postanesthesia care unit and one hour after surgery were statistically significantly lower in the low‐exposure group [respectively, P = 0.020 (95%CI, lower = −1.21‐upper = −0.80), P = 0.026 (95% CI, lower = −0.03‐upper = 0.70)], and tramadol use increased at 4 h (3.5 (interquartile range: 0–8) vs 6 (5–9) mg, P = 0.012) and 24 h (3.5 (0–8) vs 6 (5–9) mg, P = 0.008).ConclusionHigh preoperative COHb concentrations are associated with increased postoperative complications and pain.
Neurosurgical conditions and procedures in infancy are associated with mortality and academic performances in adolescence: a nationwide cohort study
Authors: Hansen Tom G. , Pedersen Jacob K. , Henneberg Steen W. , Morton Neil S. , Christensen Kaare 
Published: September 2014

SummaryBackgroundFew human cohort studies on anesthesia‐related neurotoxicity and the developing brain have focused on and compared specific surgeries and conditions. These studies cannot disentangle the effects of anesthesia from those of the surgery and underlying conditions. This study aimed at assessing the impact of specific neurosurgical conditions and procedures in infancy on mortality and academic achievements in adolescence.MethodsA nationwide unselected register‐based follow‐up study of the Danish birth cohorts 1986–1990 compared academic performances of all children having undergone neurosurgeries as infants with a randomly selected, age‐matched 5% sample of the same cohorts. The two groups were compared regarding mortality prior to June 1st, 2006, average test scores at ninth grade, and finally the proportion of children not attaining test scores.ResultsThe exposure group comprised 228 and the control group 14 698 individuals. Hydrocephalus (n = 130), craniotomy (n = 43), and myelomeningocele/encephalocele children (n = 55) had a higher mortality (18.5.0%, 18.6%, and 7.3%, respectively) vs controls (1.3%; P < 0.00001, P < 0.00001, and P = 0.0052, respectively). Average test scores were significantly lower than controls in hydrocephalus and craniotomy (P = 0.0043 and P = 0.0077) but not myelomeningocele/encephalocele children (P = 0.2785); the proportion of available test scores were significantly lower in all three groups (40.8%, 60.0%, and 67.3%, respectively) vs 86.8% in controls (P < 0.00001, P = 0.000077, and P = 0.000064).ConclusionNeurosurgery in infancy was associated with high mortality and significantly impaired academic achievements in adolescence. When studying anesthesia‐related neurotoxicity and the developing brain, focus on specific surgeries/conditions is important. Pooling of major/minor conditions and major/minor surgeries should be avoided.
Rare cause of macroscopic hematuria in a pediatric patient: Nephrogenic adenoma of the bladder
Authors: Goknar Nilufer , Silay Mesrur Selcuk , Tosuner Zeynep , Oktem Faruk 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPediatric nephrogenic adenoma (NA) is an uncommon benign metaplastic lesion occurring in the urothelium. Herein we report a case of NA of the urinary bladder in a 14‐year‐old boy. The patient presented with macroscopic hematuria and had a history of ureteral surgery and long‐term smoking. NA should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any urinary tract tumor in the pediatric population.
Comparison of fluid leakage from four different cuffed pediatric endotracheal tubes using a pediatric airway simulation model
Authors: Komasawa Nobuyasu , Fujiwara Shunsuke , Miyazaki Shinichiro , Soen Masako , Minami Toshiaki 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis study used an airway model to compare the ability of a pediatric endotracheal tube with a taper‐shaped cuff to prevent microaspiration relative to endotracheal tubes with conventional cuffs. Four different types of 5.0‐mm inner diameter cuffed pediatric endotracheal tubes (taper‐shaped cuff [Taper], high‐volume low‐pressure [Hi‐Lo], middle‐volume low‐pressure [Intermediate], and low‐volume low‐profile [Lo‐Pro]) were fixed within vertically placed acrylic tubes. The cuffs were maintained at 10, 20, or 30 cmH2O pressure and 3 mL of simulated stomach contents was added to the top of the cuffs. The volume of leakage around the cuffs after 5 min and 4 h was measured. After 5 min, the volume of leakage was significantly lower with the Taper than with the Hi‐Lo, Intermediate, or Lo‐Pro at all pressure settings. After 4 h, leakage was significantly lower with the Taper than with the other three tubes regardless of initial cuff pressure (P < 0.05).
Experience of decortication for restrictive hemodynamics in adults with congenital heart disease
Authors: Mizuno Masanori , Ohuchi Hideo , Kagisaki Koji , Miyazaki Aya , Ishibashi‐Ueda Hatsue , Yamada Osamu 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe treated four postoperative adults with congenital heart disease with severe restrictive hemodynamics (RH), and performed decortication (DC) with the anticipation of some relief of the RH. The catheterizations before DC showed high central venous, and right and left ventricular end‐diastolic pressures with “dip‐and‐plateau” pressure waveforms in the right and left ventricles. Upon myocardial histopathologic examination, moderate myocardial fibrotic change was demonstrated in two of three cases. DC led to decrease in type B natriuretic peptide levels in all cases, resulting in a decline in the central venous, right and left ventricular end‐diastolic pressures in three cases. Successful DC‐related relief of RH, dilatation of the ventricles with decline in central and end‐diastolic pressures, was observed in only one case. Our limited DC‐related hemodynamic improvement indicates a complexity of the severe RH, which may represent a unique intractable heart failure pathophysiology in intractable postoperative adult congenital heart disease.
Rapid deterioration of primary fourth ventricular outlet obstruction resulting in syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
Authors: Hashimoto Hiroyuki , Maeda Akiko , Kumano Koichi , Kimoto Tatsuya , Fujisawa Yuko , Akai Takuya 
Published: September 2014

AbstractFourth ventricular outlet obstruction (FVOO) is a rare cause of obstructive hydrocephalus. Although FVOO accompanied by malformative syndrome and secondary causes of obstruction are common, there are few reports of primary FVOO (PFVOO). The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is a rare presenting feature of hydrocephalus. A 1‐year, 8‐month‐old boy with a normal head circumference developed SIADH accompanied by rapid deterioration of symptoms of intracranial hypertension. PFVOO was diagnosed because magnetic resonance imaging revealed an enlarged ventricular system with a barely visible membranous obstacle at the foramen of Magendie. All symptoms were resolved by endoscopic third ventriculostomy. PFVOO should be considered as a rare form of congenital obstructive hydrocephalus, especially in patients with tetraventricular hydrocephalus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of an infant with SIADH, resulting from acute deterioration of non‐tumoral raised pressure hydrocephalus.
Japanese pediatric guideline for the treatment and management of bronchial asthma 2012
Authors: Hamasaki Yuhei , Kohno Yoichi , Ebisawa Motohiro , Kondo Naomi , Nishima Sankei , Nishimuta Toshiyuki , Morikawa Akihiro , Aihara Yukoh , Akasawa Akira , Adachi Yuichi , Arakawa Hirokazu , Ikebe Toshiichi , Ichikawa Kunio , Inoue Toshishige , Iwata Tsutomu , Urisu Atsuo , Ohya Yukihiro , Okada Kenji , Odajima Hiroshi , Katsunuma Toshio , Kameda Makoto , Kurihara Kazuyuki , Sakamoto Tatsuo , Shimojo Naoki , Suehiro Yutaka , Tokuyama Kenichi , Nambu Mitsuhiko , Fujisawa Takao , Matsui Takehiko , Matsubara Tomoyo , Mayumi Mitsufumi , Mochizuki Hiroyuki , Yamaguchi Koichi , Yoshihara Shigemi 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA new version of the Japanese pediatric guideline for the treatment and management of bronchial asthma was published in Japanese at the end of 2011. The guideline sets the pragmatic goal for clinicians treating childhood asthma as maintaining a “well‐controlled level” for an extended period in which the child patient can lead a trouble‐free daily life, not forgetting the ultimate goal of obtaining remission and/or cure. Important factors in the attainment of the pragmatic goal are: (i) appropriate use of anti‐inflammatory drugs; (ii) elimination of environmental risk factors; and (iii) educational and enlightening activities for the patient and caregivers regarding adequate asthma management in daily life. The well‐controlled level refers to a symptom‐free state in which no transient coughs, wheezing, dyspnea or other symptoms associated with bronchial asthma are present, even for a short period of time. As was the case in the previous versions of the guideline, asthmatic children younger than 2 years of age are defined as infantile asthma patients. Special attention is paid to these patients in the new guideline: they often have rapid exacerbation and easily present chronic asthmatic conditions after the disease is established.
Increased satisfaction of maternity hospital staff involved in fetal telediagnosis
Authors: Hishitani Takashi , Kawachi Fumie , Fujimoto Yoshitaka , Sugamoto Kenji , Hoshino Kenji , Ogawa Kiyoshi 
Published: September 2014

AbstractQuestionnaires were sent to 14 maternity hospital staff members for qualitative assessment at the start of fetal telediagnosis and at the end of the study using a five‐point Likert scale: 5, I strongly think so; 4, I think so; 3, I can't decide; 2, I don't think so; 1, I never think so. Ten questionnaires were returned to us (71%). The results showed that the staff reported a significant increase in confidence in performing fetal cardiac screening (score 2.3 at start, 3.4 at study completion; P = 0.034), the rate of score increase rose with the number of telediagnoses (r = 0.72, P < 0.05), feedback from a specialist was very useful (4.4 and 4.9, respectively), and real‐time image transmission was preferred over recorded images (score 3.7 vs 2.4, respectively; P = 0.042). The excellent educational effect of telemedicine is useful for staff members to improve their skills while nurturing their motivation, leading to the promotion of fetal cardiac screening in regional areas.
Measurement of cytokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid over time in neonatal Enterococcal meningitis
Authors: Ikeda Naho , Suganuma Hiroki , Ohkawa Natsuki , Nagata Satoru , Shoji Hiromichi , Shimizu Toshiaki 
Published: September 2014

AbstractEnterococcus faecalis is rarely involved in neonatal meningitis. Several studies have indicated that the cytokines related to bacterial infection may induce nerve cell damage; therefore, the cytokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could represent a valuable hallmark for rapid recognition of the disease and evaluation of the degree of neurological involvement. We analyzed cytokine levels in the CSF of a neonate with E. faecalis meningitis over time. Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) tended to be elevated during the acute phase of infection, and then decreased during the convalescent stage after treatment. CSF inflammatory cytokine measurement may provide important clues for predicting the development of complications in the host because some of these cytokines, such as TNF‐α, can injure neurons.
Esophago‐gastric motility and nutritional management in a child with ATR‐X syndrome
Authors: Watanabe Toshihiko , Arai Katsuhiro , Takahashi Masataka , Ohno Michinobu , Sato Kaori , Fuchimoto Yasushi , Wada Takahiko , Ida Shinobu , Kawahara Hisayoshi , Kanamori Yutaka 
Published: September 2014

AbstractX‐linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation (ATR‐X) syndrome is an X‐linked recessive disorder that often involves gastrointestinal symptoms. Aspiration pneumonia related to gastroesophageal reflux has been reported as the major cause of death, but gastrointestinal function has not been well investigated. The present report describes a child with ATR‐X syndrome who suffered from periodical episodes of refractory vomiting. We investigated the function of upper alimentary tract and found that esophago‐gastric dysmotility and severe gastric volvulus were the major causes of gastrointestinal symptoms. This child was surgically treated with anterior gastropexy and jejunal alimentation through gastrostomy, and the symptoms were relieved with good weight gain. This report may provide insight into the gastrointestinal function and nutritional management in children with ATR‐X syndrome.
Emotional function in dementia patients
Authors: Fujii Masahiko , Butler James P. , Sasaki Hidetada 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBehavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, which can be considered as hyperreactivity of the emotional functioning of dementia, can be alleviated or aggravated by the behavioural and psychological symptoms of the caregiver. Comfortable stimulations of emotional function through sensory stimulations are effective methods for alleviating behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. Although cognitive function deteriorates with age, emotional function is often retained even in advanced years. Thus, it is recommended that care in patients with dementia be focused mainly on the stimulation of emotional function (e.g. sympathy and empathy, which are human traits), rather than relying solely on the stimulation of cognitive function.