bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of paediatric intensive care following adenotonsillectomy for severe obstructive sleep apnoea: criteria for elective admission
Authors: Walker P , Whitehead B , Rowley M 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAims:This study aimed to critically review our criteria for elective admission to the paediatric intensive care unit following adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnoea.Materials and methods:We reviewed 122 children electively admitted between 1997 and 2011. During this time, our criteria for admission evolved.Results:In these 122 children, the respiratory disturbance index during rapid eye movement sleep ranged from 6 to 159 (mean, 83). Forty-one per cent of the children had a recognised co-morbidity. Nine children required extra intervention, i.e. in addition to re-positioning and/or supplemental oxygen. One child was an unplanned re-admission after discharge from the paediatric intensive care unit. Over the same period, five children required unplanned transfers into the paediatric intensive care unit following adenotonsillectomy for sleep-disordered breathing.Conclusion:Based upon these results, we describe our current criteria for elective admission to the paediatric intensive care unit following adenotonsillectomy for severe obstructive sleep apnoea.
Tacrolimus enhances the recovery of normal laryngeal muscle fibre distribution after reinnervation
Authors: Gorphe P , Guerout N , Birchall M , Terenghi G , Marie J-P 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectives:To assess the recovery of various muscle fibre types in the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle after laryngeal reinnervation in the rat, and to determine the influence of tacrolimus on this process.Methods:Four groups of rats underwent resection and anastomosis of the left vagus nerve, and were administered either tacrolimus at a low dose or an immunosuppressive dose, or cyclosporin A at a low dose or an immunosuppressive dose. A fifth group received surgery alone, and a sixth group received neither surgery nor drug treatment (healthy group). Muscles were removed for immunohistochemical analysis 45 days after surgery.Results:There was no difference in the proportion of types 1, 2a and 2b muscle fibres, comparing the immunosuppressive tacrolimus group and the healthy group, whereas there were fewer type 1 fibres in the group receiving surgery alone, compared with the healthy group (7vs12.1 per cent, respectively;p = 0.0303).Conclusion:Tacrolimus enhanced the recovery of normal laryngeal muscle fibres after reinnervation in the rat, indicating a possible role in laryngeal transplantation.
Treatment and prognosis of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma involving the eye and optic nerve
Authors: Xu Y , Lin G , Lin C , Fang Z , Li Z , Zhou A , Lan S , Xu G , Yi Z 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective:To discuss the minimally invasive treatment and prognosis of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma involving the eye and optic nerve.Methods:Retrospective analysis of clinical data for 18 large juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas, with reports of three typical cases.Results:The tumour invaded the orbit, eye, optic nerve and optic chiasm in 18, 9, 8 and 5 patients, respectively. Twelve patients were cured after surgery, with the affected eye and vision essentially returning to normal. In six patients, tumour residue was found in the middle cranial fossa; two of these six did not return for follow up. Four patients underwent radiotherapy; all four regained placement of the eye in a normal or near-normal position. One of these four patients regained normal visual acuity, two experienced no improvement in visual acuity, and one became blind.Conclusion:In patients with this tumour, surgery may return the eye to the normal position and may restore visual acuity if the optic fundus, macula, retina and optic nerve are only mildly affected. Modern radiotherapy can treat the intracranial residue effectively. A combined approach via the antrum, infratemporal fossa and nasal cavity, using a Caldwell–Luc incision, provides minimally invasive surgical access.
A comparison of the fish assemblages on natural and artificial reefs off Sal Island (Cape Verde)
Authors: Santos Miguel N. , Oliveira Miguel T. , Cúrdia João 
Published: September 2012

Tourism is a growing activity in Cape Verde, which can lead to more intensive and uncontrolled fishing and diving activities, affecting the quality of marine habitats. To mitigate this biodiversity problem, a private diving operator, supported by the local authorities, decided to deploy the first artificial reefs (ARs) in the Archipelago just off Santa Maria Bay (Sal Island). To evaluate the ARs capacity to promote marine fish biodiversity in Santa Maria Bay, the fish assemblages were compared to those from nearby natural reefs (NRs), located at the same depth (10 and 28 m depth), by means of visual census. All study sites were surveyed by visual census in August 2009. A total of 64 species were recorded, mostly consisting of sedentary and/or benthophagous demersal species, followed by highly-sedentary benthic cryptic species. ‘Tchuklassa’ NR showed the highest species richness (58 species), while the lowest was recorded at ‘Santo Antão’ AR (48 species). An overall positive relationship was observed between habitat rugosity and mean species richness. The results showed a high percentage of common species on both reef types. Higher mean values of community descriptors (number of species, Shannon–Weaver diversity index, Simpson dominance index and equitability) and fish density were found on the ARs, with slightly higher densities recorded on the deeper reefs. These results suggest that ARs can have an important role promoting the local fish biodiversity and supporting local sustainable development of diving tourism.
Analysis of 34 candidate genes in bupropion and placebo remission
Authors: Tiwari Arun K. , Zai Clement C. , Sajeev Gautam , Arenovich Tamara , Müller Daniel J. , Kennedy James L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThere is considerable variability in the rate of response and remission following treatment with antidepressant drugs or placebo in depression patients. No pharmacogenetic studies of bupropion response have been done. We investigated 532 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 34 candidate genes for association with remission and response to either bupropion (n=319) or placebo (n=257) in patients with major depressive disorder. Analyses were performed using conditional logistic regression. Significant association (gene-wide correction) was observed for remission following treatment with bupropion for a SNP within the serotonin receptor 2A gene (HTR2A rs2770296, pcorrected=0.02). Response to bupropion treatment was significantly associated with a SNP in the dopamine transporter gene (rs6347, pcorrected=0.013). Among the patients who received placebo, marginal association for remission was observed between a SNP in HTR2A (rs2296972, pcorrected=0.055) as well as in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT or SLC6A4 rs4251417, pcorrected=0.050). Placebo response was associated with SNPs in the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1; rs1048261, pcorrected=0.040) and monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA; rs6609257, pcorrected=0.046). Although the above observations were significant after gene-wide corrections, none of these would be significant after a more conservative study-wide correction for multiple tests. These results suggest a possible role for HTR2A in remission to bupropion treatment. In accordance with bupropion pharmacology, dopamine transporter may play a role in response. The MAOA gene may be involved in placebo response.
Loss of asymmetric spine synapses in prefrontal cortex of motor-asymptomatic, dopamine-depleted, cognitively impaired MPTP-treated monkeys
Authors: Elsworth John D. , Leranth Csaba , Redmond D. Eugene , Roth Robert H. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Parkinson's disease is usually characterized as a movement disorder; however, cognitive abilities that are dependent on the prefrontal cortex decline at an early stage of the disease in most patients. The changes that underlie cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease are not well understood. We hypothesize that reduced dopamine signalling in the prefrontal cortex in Parkinson's disease is a harbinger of detrimental synaptic changes in pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex, whose function is necessary for normal cognition. Our previous data showed that monkeys exposed to the neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), but not exhibiting overt motor deficits (motor-asymptomatic), displayed cognitive deficits in prefrontal cortex-dependent tasks. The present results demonstrate that motor-asymptomatic MPTP-treated monkeys have a reduced dopamine concentration and a substantially lower number (50%) of asymmetric (excitatory) spine synapses in layer II/III, but not layer V, of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, compared to controls. In contrast, neither dopamine concentration nor asymmetric synapse number was altered in the entorhinal cortex of MPTP-treated monkeys. Together, these findings suggest that the number of asymmetric spine synapses on dendrites in the prefrontal cortex is dopamine-dependent and that the loss of synapses may be a morphological substrate of the cognitive deficits induced by a reduction in dopamine neurotransmission in this region.
Esthetic and spiritual values motivating collective action for the conservation of cultural landscape—A case study of rice terraces in Japan
Authors: Kieninger Pia R. , Penker Marianne , Yamaji Eiji 
Published: September 2012

AbstractJapan's rice terrace landscapes are not only used for food production but also appreciated as a place of high biocultural value. This paper pursues the question as to how far esthetic and spiritual values influence the motivation to participate in collective agricultural actions aiming at the conservation of traditional land use systems, the respective cultural (= traditional rural) landscapes and their biocultural diversity. Our results show that in the Ownership System of Ōyamasenmaida (Chiba Prefecture, Japan) landscape beauty is the main motivator for the mainly urban volunteers (the ‘tenants’) to participate in activities of the local Preservation Association, as well as for visitors who merely come to enjoy the scenery of the rice terraces. The active tenants, however, differ from the ‘passive’ visitors in their ecological interest and emotional attachment to the area. Interestingly, there is also a difference regarding the belief in nature spirits. A higher percentage of people who can imagine that such spirits are always present have been found among the tenants than among the visitors. Even more significant in this respect was the difference between female tenants and female visitors. To what extent spirituality is the cause for or an effect of involvement in nature conservation activities cannot be concluded from this survey. Future studies should therefore take a closer look at the connection between spirituality/religiosity and engagement in nature conservation activities. In Western countries (mainly in Central Europe or North America), nature conservation works on a more ‘scientific’ level, mobilizing engagement through scientific evidence on, for example, losses of species or biodiversity. Addressing the motivations of the volunteers on an emotional, esthetic or social level could be a promising way forward.
The medicalisation of health inequalities and the English NHS: the role of resource allocation
Authors: Asthana Sheena , Gibson Alex , Halliday Joyce 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTackling health inequalities (HI) has become a key policy objective in England in recent years. Yet, despite the wide-ranging policy response of the 1997–2010 Labour Government, socio-economic variations in health continued to widen. In this paper, we seek to explore why. We propose that a meta-narrative has emerged in which the health problems facing England's most deprived areas, and the solution to those problems, have increasingly come to be linked to levels of National Health Service (NHS) funding. This has been, in part, a response to key shortcomings in previous rounds of resource allocation. The very significant sums of money allocated with respect to ‘health inequalities’ reflects and reinforces the belief that the NHS can and should play a central role in promoting health equity. This medicalisation of HI focuses attention on the role of individual risk factors that lend themselves to medical management, but effectively sidelines the macroprocesses of social inequality, legitimising the kind of society that neo-liberal government has produced in the United Kingdom – one in which health (like other assets) has become a matter of individual and not collective responsibility.
Bafilomycin A1 activates HIF-dependent signalling in human colon cancer cells via mitochondrial uncoupling
Authors: Zhdanov Alexander V. , Dmitriev Ruslan I. , Papkovsky Dmitri B. 
Published: September 2012

Mitochondrial uncoupling is implicated in many patho(physiological) states. Using confocal live cell imaging and an optical O2 sensing technique, we show that moderate uncoupling of the mitochondria with plecomacrolide Baf (bafilomycin A1) causes partial depolarization of the mitochondria and deep sustained deoxygenation of human colon cancer HCT116 cells subjected to 6% atmospheric O2. A decrease in iO2 (intracellular O2) to 0–10 μM, induced by Baf, is sufficient for stabilization of HIFs (hypoxia inducible factors) HIF-1α and HIF-2α, coupled with an increased expression of target genes including GLUT1 (glucose transporter 1), HIF PHD2 (prolyl hydroxylase domain 2) and CAIX (carbonic anhydrase IX). Under the same hypoxic conditions, treatment with Baf causes neither decrease in iO2 nor HIF-α stabilization in the low-respiring HCT116 cells deficient in COX (cytochrome c-oxidase). Both cell types display equal capacities for HIF-α stabilization by hypoxia mimetics DMOG (dimethyloxalylglycine) and CoCl2, thus suggesting that the effect of Baf under hypoxia is driven mainly by mitochondrial respiration. Altogether, by activating HIF signalling under moderate hypoxia, mitochondrial uncoupling can play an important regulatory role in colon cancer metabolism and modulate adaptation of cancer cells to natural hypoxic environments.
Effects of the β‐agonist, isoprenaline, on the down‐regulation, functional responsiveness and trafficking of β2‐adrenergic receptors with N‐terminal polymorphisms
Authors: Koryakina Yulia , Jones Stacie M. , Cornett Lawrence E. , Seely Kathryn , Brents Lisa , Prather Paul L. , Kofman Alexander , Kurten Richard C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe β2‐AR (β2‐adrenergic receptor) is an important target for respiratory and CVD (cardiovascular disease) medications. Clinical studies suggest that N‐terminal polymorphisms of β2‐AR may act as disease modifiers. We hypothesized that polymorphisms at amino acids 16 and 27 result in differential trafficking and down‐regulation of β2‐AR variants following β‐agonist exposure. The functional consequences of the four possible combinations of these polymorphisms in the human β2‐AR (designated β2‐AR‐RE, β2‐AR‐GE, β2‐AR‐RQ and β2‐AR‐GQ) were studied using site‐directed mutagenesis and recombinant expression in HEK‐293 cells (human embryonic kidney cells). Ligand‐binding assays demonstrated that after 24 h exposure to 1 μM isoprenaline, isoforms with Arg16(β2‐AR‐RE and β2‐AR‐RQ) underwent increased down‐regulation compared with isoforms with Gly16(β2‐AR‐GE and β2‐AR‐GQ). Consistent with these differences in down‐regulation between isoforms, prolonged isoprenaline treatment resulted in diminished cAMP response to subsequent isoprenaline challenge in β2‐AR‐RE relative to β2‐AR‐GE. Confocal microscopy revealed that the receptor isoforms had similar co‐localization with the early endosomal marker EEA1 following isoprenaline treatment, suggesting that they had similar patterns of internalization. None of the isoforms exhibited significant co‐localization with the recycling endosome marker Rab11 in response to isoprenaline treatment. Furthermore, we found that prolonged isoprenaline treatment led to a higher degree of co‐localization of β2‐AR‐RE with the lysosomal marker LAMP1 (lysosome‐associated membrane protein 1) compared with that of β2‐AR‐GE. Taken together, these results indicate that a mechanism responsible for differential responses of these receptor isoforms to the β‐agonist involves differences in the efficiency with which agonist‐activated receptors are trafficked to the lysosomes for degradation, or differences in degradation in the lysosomes.
Effects of Diets with 28% or 32% Protein and Meat and Bone Meal or Corn Gluten Feed on Performance of Golden Shiners in Pools
Authors: Lochmann R T , Phillips H 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Alternative diets made without marine proteins and with more plant ingredients are being used in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus with the goal of maintaining profitability. The potential to use similar diets for baitfish may be greater because they consume natural foods throughout production. We conducted a feeding trial in outdoor pools with golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas using four practical diets with 28% or 32% protein in formulas with porcine meat and bone meal (MBM) or corn gluten feed (CGF) and no animal protein. Groups of 200 fish with a total initial weight of 37.7 ± 0.9 g (mean ± SE) were stocked into each of four 4.1-m3static pools per treatment and fed daily to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. Diet effects were assessed by measuring growth, survival, feed conversion, condition index, and body composition. Chlorophyll a and zooplankton were sampled to gauge natural productivity. Individual weight and total length of golden shiners were greater in fish fed diets with 32% protein than in those fed diets with 28% protein and in fish fed diets with CGF than in those fed diets with MBM. However, the differences were not commercially relevant as all fish would grade into the “small crappie minnow” category. Mean individual weight gain (based on group initial and final weights), feed intake, feed conversion, and survival were similar in golden shiners fed diets with 28% or 32% protein and MBM or CGF. However, golden shiners fed diets with MBM had more body fat, higher Fulton's K index, and higher relative weight than those fed diets with CGF. These traits may indicate greater robustness, which is more important in baitfish than rapid growth. The 28%-protein diet with MBM was the least expensive option that increased body fat and condition of golden shiners. Natural productivity was positively correlated with fish growth, enhancing the potential to use less expensive diets in golden shiners in outdoor systems.
Koi ×Goldfish Hybrid Females Produce Triploid Progeny when Backcrossed to Koi Males
Authors: Gomelsky Boris , Schneider Kyle J , Plouffe Debbie A 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Hybrids of koi (an ornamental variant of the common carp Cyprinus carpio) and goldfish Carassius auratus auratus were produced by artificial spawning. All 3-year-old F1 hybrid males examined were sterile, whereas some F1 hybrid females were fertile and produced eggs after hormonal injection. Backcross progeny were obtained by using intact koi sperm to inseminate eggs from F1 hybrid females; gynogenetic progeny were obtained by inseminating eggs from F1 hybrid females with koi sperm that was genetically inactivated by ultraviolet irradiation. Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content indicated that the backcross progeny were triploid, while the gynogenetic progeny, pure koi, pure goldfish, and F1 hybrids were all diploid. The triploidy of backcross progeny obtained without application of any treatment to the eggs demonstrates that the koi × goldfish hybrid females produce diploid eggs.
An Ultrastructure Study of Diet-Related Changes in Epithelial Tissue of Hybrid Striped Bass Larvae
Authors: Gallagher Margie L 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This study characterized the ultrastructure of normal epidermal and gastrointestinal epithelial cells of larval hybrid striped bass (white bass Morone chrysops × striped bass M. saxatilis) that were fed live prey (brine shrimp Artemia spp. nauplii) or an artificial dry diet. Scanning electron microscopy of larvae that were given live feed revealed normal epidermal cells with microridge structures and proliferation of neuromasts along the lateral line. Cell junctions had double microridge structures. Transmission electron microscopy of the gut showed keratinized epithelial cells with underlying mucous cells in the foregut, while the midgut was characterized by columnar epithelial cells with extensive pinocytotic activity. The hindgut had columnar epithelial cells with centrally located nuclei, regularly spaced microvilli, and numerous tubular mitochondria surrounded by rough endoplasmic reticulum. Larvae that received live feed reached metamorphosis by 27 d posthatch (dph), and clearly identifiable gastric glands were present. Larvae that were given the artificial diet did not develop; both epidermal and gastrointestinal cells showed apparent osmotic stress by 10 dph, and the condition worsened through 24 dph. Stress was indicated by loss of microridges in epidermal cells and eventual necrosis. Increased keratinization and reduced pinocytotic activity were observed in midgut cells, whereas hindgut epithelial cells showed dissociation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and reduced numbers of mitochondria. However, tight cell junctions, desmosomes, and double microridges at cell junctions persisted.
Evidence of weak plasma series resonance heating in the H-mode of neon and neon/argon inductively coupled plasmas
Authors: Boffard John B , Jung R O , Lin Chun C , Aneskavich L E , Wendt A E 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Phase-resolved optical emission spectroscopy measurements in argon and neon inductively coupled plasmas (ICPs) have revealed a surplus of high-energy electrons in neon-containing plasmas. Differences between results of emission model analyses using neon and argon lines (as well as probe measurements) also indicate a high-energy enhancement in neon-containing plasmas. The abundance of these extra high-energy electrons is correlated with the sheath thickness near the rf antenna and can be reduced by either adding a Faraday shield (external shielding) or increasing the plasma density. A comparison of modelled and experimental values of the 13.56 MHz time modulation of select neon emission lines strongly suggests plasma series resonance heating adjacent to the ICP antenna as the source of the extra heating.
Interaction of the dual effects triggered by AlN interlayers in thick GaN grown on 3C-SiC/Si substrates
Authors: Fang H , Takaya Y , Miyake H , Hiramatsu K , Asamura H , Kawamura K 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In this work, the stress distribution of a thick GaN layer, which was realized with multiple AlN interlayers (ILs) on a 3C-SiC/Si (1 1 1) substrate, was mapped by low-temperature cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. A relaxation of compressive stress was distinguished in the top GaN layers above the AlN ILs by the inhomogeneous luminescent property. Through cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, misfit dislocations (MDs) transformed from threading dislocations were observed. Analysis confirmed that the transformation process of dislocations should account for a part of compressive stress relaxation. As a result, a trade-off between compressive stress induction and dislocation transformation effects, both of which were induced by the AlN ILs, was proposed. In this model, the mean length of MDs in the GaN/AlN multi-layer structure was evaluated as L = 84 nm.