bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monin–Obukhov Similarity Functions for the Structure Parameters of Temperature and Humidity in the Unstable Surface Layer: Results from High-Resolution Large-Eddy Simulations
Authors: Maronga Björn 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Large-eddy simulations (LESs) of free-convective to near-neutral boundary layers are used to investigate the surface-layer turbulence. The article focuses on the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) relationships that relate the structure parameters of temperature and humidity to the surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat, respectively. Moreover, the applicability of local free convection (LFC) similarity scaling is studied. The LES data suggest that the MOST function for is universal. It is shown to be within the range of the functions proposed from measurement data. It is found that follows MOST if entrainment of dry air from the free atmosphere is sufficiently small. In this case the similarity functions for and are identical. If entrainment is significant, dissimilarity between the transport of sensible heat and moisture is observed and no longer follows MOST. In the free-convection limit the LFC similarity functions should collapse to universal constants. The LES data suggest values around 2.7, which is in agreement with the value proposed in the literature. As for MOST, the LFC similarity constant for becomes nonuniversal if entrainment of dry air is significant. It is shown that LFC scaling is applicable even if shear production of turbulence is moderately high.
The NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2
Authors: Saha Suranjana , Moorthi Shrinivas , Wu Xingren , Wang Jiande , Nadiga Sudhir , Tripp Patrick , Behringer David , Hou Yu-Tai , Chuang Hui-ya , Iredell Mark , Ek Michael , Meng Jesse , Yang Rongqian , Mendez Malaquías Peña , van den Dool Huug , Zhang Qin , Wang Wanqiu , Chen Mingyue , Becker Emily 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The second version of the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFSv2) was made operational at NCEP in March 2011. This version has upgrades to nearly all aspects of the data assimilation and forecast model components of the system. A coupled reanalysis was made over a 32-yr period (1979–2010), which provided the initial conditions to carry out a comprehensive reforecast over 29 years (1982–2010). This was done to obtain consistent and stable calibrations, as well as skill estimates for the operational subseasonal and seasonal predictions at NCEP with CFSv2. The operational implementation of the full system ensures a continuity of the climate record and provides a valuable up-to-date dataset to study many aspects of predictability on the seasonal and subseasonal scales. Evaluation of the reforecasts show that the CFSv2 increases the length of skillful MJO forecasts from 6 to 17 days (dramatically improving subseasonal forecasts), nearly doubles the skill of seasonal forecasts of 2-m temperatures over the United States, and significantly improves global SST forecasts over its predecessor. The CFSv2 not only provides greatly improved guidance at these time scales but also creates many more products for subseasonal and seasonal forecasting with an extensive set of retrospective forecasts for users to calibrate their forecast products. These retrospective and real-time operational forecasts will be used by a wide community of users in their decision making processes in areas such as water management for rivers and agriculture, transportation, energy use by utilities, wind and other sustainable energy, and seasonal prediction of the hurricane season.
Evaluating Light Rain Drop Size Estimates from Multiwavelength Micropulse Lidar Network Profiling
Authors: Lolli Simone , Welton Ellsworth J. , Campbell James R. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis paper investigates multiwavelength retrievals of median equivolumetric drop diameter D0 suitable for drizzle and light rain, through collocated 355-/527-nm Micropulse Lidar Network (MPLNET) observations collected during precipitation occurring 9 May 2012 at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) project site. By applying a previously developed retrieval technique for infrared bands, the method exploits the differential backscatter by liquid water at 355 and 527 nm for water drops larger than ≈50 μm. In the absence of molecular and aerosol scattering and neglecting any transmission losses, the ratio of the backscattering profiles at the two wavelengths (355 and 527 nm), measured from light rain below the cloud melting layer, can be described as a color ratio, which is directly related to D0. The uncertainty associated with this method is related to the unknown shape of the drop size spectrum and to the measurement error. Molecular and aerosol scattering contributions and relative transmission losses due to the various atmospheric constituents should be evaluated to derive D0 from the observed color ratio profiles. This process is responsible for increasing the uncertainty in the retrieval. Multiple scattering, especially for UV lidar, is another source of error, but it exhibits lower overall uncertainty with respect to other identified error sources. It is found that the total error upper limit on D0 approaches 50%. The impact of this retrieval for long-term MPLNET monitoring and its global data archive is discussed.
Mapping of Near-Surface Winds in Hurricane Rita Using Finescale Radar, Anemometer, and Land-Use Data
Authors: Kosiba Karen , Wurman Joshua , Masters Forrest J. , Robinson Paul 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Data collected from a Doppler on Wheels (DOW) mobile radar deployed in Port Arthur, Texas, near the point of landfall of Hurricane Rita (2005) and from two Florida Coastal Monitoring Program 10-m weather stations (FCMP-WSs) are used to characterize wind field variability, including hurricane boundary layer (HBL) streaks/rolls, during the hurricane's passage. DOW data, validated against nearby weather station data, are combined with surface roughness fields derived from land-use mapping to produce fine spatial scale, two-dimensional maps of the 10 m above ground level (AGL) open-terrain exposure and exposure-influenced winds over Port Arthur. The DOW collected ~3000 low-elevation radar sweeps at 12-s intervals for &gt;10 h during the passage of the hurricane. This study focuses on the 2–3-h period when the western eyewall passed over Port Arthur. Finescale HBL wind streaks are observed to have length scales of O(300 m), smaller than previously identified in other HBL studies. The HBL streaks are tracked as they pass over an FCMP-WS located in flat, open terrain and another FCMP-WS located near a subdivision. DOW data collected over the FCMP-WS are reduced to anemometer height, using roughness lengths calculated from DOW and FCMP-WS data. Variations in the radar-observed winds directly over the FCMP-WS are very well correlated, both in their timing and magnitude, with wind gusts observed by the weather stations, revealing directly for the first time the surface manifestation of these wind streaks that are observed frequently by radar &gt;100 m AGL. This allows for the generation of spatially filled maps of small-scale wind fluctuations over Port Arthur during the hurricane eyewall's passage using DOW-measured winds.
Duration of untreated psychosis in a high-income versus a low- and middle-income region
Authors: Mossaheb Nilufar , Schloegelhofer Monika , Kaufmann Rainer M , Werneck-Rohrer Sonja , Zehetmayer Sonja , Malik Farah , Khawar Rabia , Chaudry Haroon Rasheed , Amminger G Paul , Klier Claudia M , Aschauer Harald 
Published: September 2013

Objective: Most data on duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) derives from high-income countries. An inverse relationship between DUP and income and a longer DUP in low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries has been reported. The aim of this study was to compare DUP in a high-income country with that in a LAMI country using the same methodology. Methods: The sample consisted of in- and outpatients, aged 15–35 years for the Vienna site and 18–35 years for the Pakistani sites, with first-episode psychosis (FEP). DUP was evaluated using psychiatric interviews, medical charts and the Nottingham Onset Schedule. Differentiated reporting of duration of untreated illness (DUI) from prodrome to start of treatment, and DUP from manifest psychotic symptoms to start of treatment was ensured. Primary outcome measures, DUI and DUP, were measured at a 0.025 level of significance. Results: Thirty-one FEP patients in Vienna (mean age 20.03 years, SD 4.2) and 60 FEP patients from the Pakistani sites (mean age 26.15 years, SD 5.29) participated. The mean age in Vienna was younger due to the different age range inclusion criteria. The severity of psychopathology was more pronounced in the Pakistani sample. Log DUP was significantly different between groups (i.e. longer in the Pakistani sample ( p=0.001)). Log DUI showed a trend for longer duration in the Vienna sample; however, this did not reach statistical significance ( p=0.036). The severity of positive psychotic symptoms was associated with length of DUI in both regions. Conclusion: The longer DUP in Pakistan confirms the need to provide affordable treatment for psychosis for young FEP patients in Pakistan and in other LAMI countries. The relatively long period from prodrome to treatment initiation in both regions underlines the need to further establish low-threshold early intervention strategies in order to increase detection rates and reduce factors limiting patients seeking treatment.
Internal jugular and vertebral vein volume flow in patients with clinically isolated syndrome or mild multiple sclerosis and healthy controls: results from a prospective sonographer-blinded study
Authors: Chambers Brian , Chambers Jayne , Churilov Leonid , Cameron Heather , Macdonell Richard 
Published: September 2013

Objectives & Methods: We evaluated internal jugular vein and vertebral vein volume flow using ultrasound, in patients with clinically isolated syndrome or mild multiple sclerosis and controls, to determine whether volume flow was different between the two groups. Results: In patients and controls, internal jugular vein volume flow increased from superior to inferior segments, consistent with recruitment from collateral veins. Internal jugular vein and vertebral vein volume flow were greater on the right in supine and sitting positions. Internal jugular vein volume flow was higher in the supine posture. Vertebral vein volume flow was higher in the sitting posture. Regression analyses of cube root transformed volume flow data, adjusted for supine/sitting, right/left and internal jugular vein/vertebral vein, revealed no significant difference in volume flow in patients compared to controls. Conclusions: Our findings further refute the concept of venous obstruction as a causal factor in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Control volume flow data may provide useful normative reference values.
64-section multidetector CT angiography for evaluation of intracranial aneurysms: comparison with 3D rotational angiography
Authors: Li Qi , Lv Fajin , Yao Guoen , Li Yongmei , Xie Peng 
Published: September 2013

Background To assess the diagnostic performance of 64-section computed tomography angiography (CTA) for detection of cerebral aneurysms by comparison with the new gold standard three-dimensional (3D) digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Material and Methods A total of 128 patients who underwent both 64-section CTA and 3D DSA for suspected intracranial aneurysms were included. The location, size, and shape of the aneurysm were assessed and compared with 3D DSA results. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 64-section CTA were calculated by using 3D DSA as reference standard. Results According to the reference standard, a total of 145 aneurysms were detected at 3D DSA in 118 patients. Of these 145 aneurysms, 64-section CTA detected 139 aneurysms in 118 patients. The sensitivity of CTA for detection of aneurysm was 95.8% on a per-aneurysm basis. All missed aneurysms were non-causative very small aneurysms in patients harboring multiple aneurysms. On a per-patient basis, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 100%. Conclusion Compared with the new gold standard 3D DSA, 64-section CTA offers high sensitivity and specificity for detection of intracranial aneurysms. It could be readily used as a screening imaging method for detection of intracranial aneurysms.
Comparison of USPIO-enhanced MRI and Gd-DTPA enhancement during the subacute stage of focal cerebral ischemia in rats
Authors: Yang Yan Mei , Feng XiaoYuan , Yin Le Kang , Li Chan Chan , Jia Jie , Du Zun Guo 
Published: September 2013

Background Being one class of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxides (USPIO) bear the potential to study neuroinflammation following stroke, but there is still debate over whether the iron oxides particles may enter the brain tissue passively over a damaged blood–brain barrier (BBB). Purpose To compare the enhancement patterns of USPIO and gadopentate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) during the subacute stage of focal cerebral ischemia, to examine the relationship between USPIO enhancement and BBB disturbance, as well as with neuroinflammatory cell response. Material and Methods Multiple MR sequences were obtained on days 3 and 6 after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion induced in rats with and without the application of USPIO and Gd-DTPA. The enhancement patterns of the two contrast agents were compared and correlated to histology, including IgG for BBB permeability, Prussian Blue staining for iron particle detection, and CD68 immunohistochemistry staining to identify macrophage/microglia. Results Gd-DTPA enhancement depicted BBB breakdown being in line with IgG leakage. The USPIO enhanced images demonstrated both diffuse and focal signal alteration in ischemic lesions. The diffuse enhanced pattern had a similar spatial and temporal profile as with Gd-DTPA enhancement. In addition, focal enhanced signal loss was visible on T1-, T2-, and T2*-weighted images, with a peak tendency of MR signal loss, macrophage/microglia concentration and iron particle accumulation at a later phase of the study. Conclusion After focal cerebral ischemia, Gd-DTPA-enhanced MRI showed a higher sensitivity in detecting BBB alterations than did USPIO enhancement. USPIO provided complementary information regarding inflammatory cell activity in neuroinflammatory to cerebral ischemia that had not been visualized using conventional Gd-DTPA. The assessment using multiple MR parameters may identify intracellular and extracellular USPIO in vivo.
Influence of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on bone healing in a rat model
Authors: Uçan MC , Koparal M , Ağaçayak S , Gunay A , Ozgoz M , Atilgan S , Yaman F 
Published: September 2013

Objective To examine the effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE; a component of honey bee-hive propolis with antioxidant, anti-inﬂammatory, antiviral and anticancer properties) on bone regeneration and fibrotic healing in a rat model. Methods Male Sprague–Dawley rats ( n = 63; mean age 7 weeks; weight 280–490 g) were randomly divided into three groups: A, cranial defect with no bone healing treatment ( n = 21); B, cranial defect treated with CAPE ( n = 21); C, cranial defect treated with CAPE and β-tricalcium phosphate/hydroxyl apatite ( n = 21). Rats were anaesthetized with ketamine (8 mg/100 g) by intraperitoneal injection and a cranial critical size bone defect was created. Following surgery, CAPE (10 µmol/kg) was administered by daily intraperitoneal injection. Seven rats in each group were killed at days 7, 15 and 30 following surgery. Bone regeneration, fibrotic healing and osteoblast activity were evaluated by histopathology. Results Statistically significant differences in healing were found between all groups. There were no statistically significant within-group differences between day 7 and 15. At day 30, bone healing scores were significantly higher in groups B and C compared with group A. Conclusion CAPE significantly improved bone-defect healing in a rat model, suggesting that CAPE has beneficial effects on bone healing.
Prognostic significance of serum microRNA-210 levels in nonsmall-cell lung cancer
Authors: Li Zhi-Hong , Zhang Hong , Yang Zhi-Guang , Wen Guo-Qiang , Cui You-Bing , Shao Guo-Guang 
Published: September 2013

Objective To investigate the levels of microRNA-210 (miR-210) in the serum of patients with nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to determine whether there was a correlation with the prognosis of NSCLC patients following cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Methods Quantitative real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the serum levels of miR-210 in patients with NSCLC and healthy age-matched control subjects. Correlations between serum miR-210 levels and clinicopathological factors and prognosis were investigated. Results Serum miR-210 was significantly upregulated in 60 patients with NSCLC compared with 30 healthy control subjects. Higher serum miR-210 levels were significantly correlated with the clinical stage and the presence of regional lymph node metastasis in patients with NSCLC. Serum miR-210 levels in patients that achieved a partial response following cisplatin-based chemotherapy were significantly lower than in patients with stable or progressive disease, and were similar to those in healthy control subjects. Conclusions These findings suggest that serum miR-210 levels might be a novel diagnostic and prognostic marker of NSCLC.
Reassessing the reliability of the salivary cortisol assay for the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome
Authors: Zhang Qian , Dou Jingtao , Gu Weijun , Yang Guoqing , Lu Juming 
Published: September 2013

Objective The cortisol concentration in saliva is 10-fold lower than total serum cortisol and accurately reflects the serum concentration, both levels being lowest around midnight. The salivary cortisol assay measures free cortisol and is unaffected by confounding factors. This study analysed published data on the sensitivity and specificity of salivary cortisol levels in the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome. Methods Data from studies on the use of different salivary cortisol assay techniques in the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome, published between 1998 and 2012 and retrieved using Ovid MEDLINE®, were analysed for variance and correlation. Results For the 11 studies analysed, mean sensitivity and specificity of the salivary cortisol assay were both >90%. Repeated measurements were easily made with this assay, enabling improved diagnostic accuracy in comparison with total serum cortisol measurements. Conclusions This analysis confirms the reliability of the saliva cortisol assay as pragmatic tool for the accurate diagnosis of Cushing syndrome. With many countries reporting a rising prevalence of metabolic syndrome, diabetes and obesity – in which there is often a high circulating cortisol level – salivary cortisol measurement will help distinguish these states from Cushing syndrome.
Rutin and quercetin show greater efficacy than nifedipin in ameliorating hemodynamic, redox, and metabolite imbalances in sodium chloride-induced hypertensive rats
Authors: Olaleye MT , Crown OO , Akinmoladun AC , Akindahunsi AA 
Published: September 2013

Rutin and quercetin were investigated for their effects on blood pressure and antioxidant defense system of rats fed with 8% sodium chloride-supplemented diet (high salt diet) for 6 weeks. Animals fed with high salt diet demonstrated an increase in systolic, diastolic, pulse, and mean arterial blood pressures ( p < 0.05) as well as lipid peroxidation but decreases in the activities of antioxidant enzymes compared with control group. Groups post-treated with rutin and quercetin for 2 weeks showed significant reversals in the values of these indices compared with the group fed with only the high salt diet but not post-treated. The high salt diet also led to significant increase in serum glucose, urea, creatinine, triglycerides, low-density-lipoprotein, and total cholesterol concentrations. Treatment with rutin and quercetin ameliorated the effects of high salt diet on these biochemical indices. The reference standard, nifedipin was less effective than rutin and quercetin. The results of this study highlight the risk of high salt consumption on cardiovascular health and the potent antioxidant and antihypertensive property of rutin and quercetin.
Protective effect of gallic acid on alloxan-induced oxidative stress and osmotic fragility in rats
Authors: Ramkumar KM , Vijayakumar RS , Vanitha P , Suganya N , Manjula C , Rajaguru P , Sivasubramanian S , Gunasekaran P 
Published: September 2013

In the present study, we investigated the antioxidant effect of gallic acid (GA) on membrane lipid peroxidation and osmotic fragility in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. GA was administered orally at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg body weight for 45 days, after which liver and kidney tissues were analyzed for the degree of lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, and the activities of antioxidants such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. Administration of GA to alloxan-induced diabetic rats reduced the blood glucose level with an increase in the level of insulin. Liver and kidney tissues from diabetic animals exhibited disturbances in antioxidant defense compared with normal rats. GA at a dose of 20 mg/kg b.w. showed a significant effect than that of the other doses. In addition, the results revealed that GA protected the integrity of erythrocyte membrane in diabetic rats as demonstrated by lower percentage of hemolysis and resistance to hydrogen peroxide-induced peroxidation. The anti-hyperglycemic activity of GA in alloxan-induced diabetic rats was also comparable with glibenclamide, a reference drug. These results suggest that GA could provide a beneficial effect on diabetes by decreasing oxidative stress-related diabetic complications.
Updating Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Lists using Automatic Extraction from GP Patient Records
Authors: Scanlon PH , Provins EK , Craske S , Chave SJ , Aldington SJ , Martin CN , Stratton IM 
Published: September 2013

Objectives Diabetic Retinopathy screening services aim to reduce the risk of sight loss amongst patients with diabetes. The rising incidence of diabetes in England and the operational need to ensure the accuracy and timeliness of screening lists led to a pilot study of electronic extraction of data from primary care. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of updating the single collated list of patients eligible for diabetic eye screening using extracts from electronic patient records in primary care. Setting and Methods The Gloucestershire Diabetic Eye Screening Programme (GDESP) provides screening for 85 General Practices in the county. Of these, 54 using Egton Medical Information Systems (EMIS) practice management system software agreed to participate in this study. The screening list held in 2009 by the Gloucestershire DESP of 14,209 patients known to have diabetes was audited against a list created with automatic extraction from General Practice records of patients marked with the diabetes Read Code C10. Those subsequently screened and referred to the Hospital Eye service were followed up. Results The Gloucestershire DESP manual list covering the 54 EMIS practices comprised 14,771 people with diabetes. The audit process identified an additional 709 (4.8%) patients coded C10, including 23 diagnosed more than 5 years ago, and 20 patients under the age of 20 who were diagnosed more than a year ago. Conclusion Automatic extraction of data from General Practice identified 709 patients coded as having diabetes not previously known to the Gloucestershire DESP.