bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crop pathogen emergence and evolution in agro‐ecological landscapes
Authors: Papaïx Julien , Burdon Jeremy J. , Zhan Jiasui , Thrall Peter H. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractRemnant areas hosting natural vegetation in agricultural landscapes can impact the disease epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of crop pathogens. However, the potential consequences for crop diseases of the composition, the spatial configuration and the persistence time of the agro‐ecological interface – the area where crops and remnant vegetation are in contact – have been poorly studied. Here, we develop a demographic–genetic simulation model to study how the spatial and temporal distribution of remnant wild vegetation patches embedded in an agricultural landscape can drive the emergence of a crop pathogen and its subsequent specialization on the crop host. We found that landscape structures that promoted larger pathogen populations on the wild host facilitated the emergence of a crop pathogen, but such landscape structures also reduced the potential for the pathogen population to adapt to the crop. In addition, the evolutionary trajectory of the pathogen population was determined by interactions between the factors describing the landscape structure and those describing the pathogen life histories. Our study contributes to a better understanding of how the shift of land‐use patterns in agricultural landscapes might influence crop diseases to provide predictive tools to evaluate management practices.
Rethinking equine gastric ulcer syndrome: Part 3 – Equine glandular gastric ulcer syndrome (EGGUS)
Authors: Sykes B. , Jokisalo J. M. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryIt has recently been highlighted that significant differences exist between ulceration of the squamous gastric mucosa and ulceration of the glandular gastric mucosa in the horse. The first article in this series discussed terminology, clinical signs and diagnosis and the second reviewed ulceration of the squamous gastric mucosa in detail. The purpose of this article, the third and last in the series, is to review the pathophysiology, risk factors, prevalence, treatment and prevention of ulceration of the glandular gastric mucosa.
Nitrogen limitation on land: how can it occur in Earth system models?
Authors: Thomas R. Quinn , Brookshire E. N. Jack , Gerber Stefan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe representation of the nitrogen (N) cycle in Earth system models (ESMs) is strongly motivated by the constraint N poses on the sequestration of anthropogenic carbon (C). Models typically implement a stoichiometric relationship between C and N in which external supply and assimilation by organisms are adjusted to maintain their internal stoichiometry. N limitation of primary productivity thus occurs if the N supply from uptake and fixation cannot keep up with the construction of tissues allowed by C assimilation. This basic approach, however, presents considerable challenges in how to faithfully represent N limitation. Here, we review how N limitation is currently implemented and evaluated in ESMs and highlight challenges and opportunities in their future development. At or near steady state, N limitation is governed by the magnitude of losses from the plant‐unavailable pool vs. N fixation and there are considerable differences in how models treat both processes. In nonsteady‐state systems, the accumulation of N in pools with slow turnover rates reduces N available for plant uptake and can be challenging to represent when initializing ESM simulations. Transactional N limitation occurs when N is incorporated into various vegetation and soil pools and becomes available to plants only after it is mineralized, the dynamics of which depends on how ESMs represent decomposition processes in soils. Other challenges for ESMs emerge when considering seasonal to interannual climatic oscillations as they create asynchronies between C and N demand, leading to transient alternations between N surplus and deficit. Proper evaluation of N dynamics in ESMs requires conceptual understanding of the main levers that trigger N limitation, and we highlight key measurements and observations that can help constrain these levers. Two of the biggest challenges are the mechanistic representation of plant controls on N availability and turnover, including N fixation and organic matter decomposition processes.
Innovation and Regional Growth inMexico: 2000–2010
Authors: Rodríguez‐Pose Andrés , Villarreal Peralta Edna M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis paper looks at the factors driving regional growth inMexico, paying special attention to the potentially growth‐enhancing role of innovation and innovation policy. The analysis combines innovation variables with indicators linked to the formation of adequate social conditions for innovation (thesocial filter), and spillovers for 31 Mexican states and theMexico City capital district (theDistrito Federal) during the period 2000–2010. The results indicate that regional economic growth acrossMexican states stems from direct investment in research and development (R&D) in areas with favorable social filters and which can benefit not only from knowledge spillovers, but also from being surrounded by rich neighbors with good social conditions. The results stress that, althoughMexican innovation policy has been relatively well targeted in order to generate greater economic growth, its relatively modest size may have undermined the attainment of its main objectives.
Catheter‐related bacteremia and mortality in frequent nocturnal home hemodialysis
Authors: Xue Hui , Li Nien‐Chen , Lacson Eduardo , Brunelli Steven M. , Lockridge Robert S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFrequent nightly home hemodialysis (NHHD) has emerged as an attractive alternative to thrice weekly in‐center hemodialysis, albeit with preponderant long‐term hemodialysis catheter used. Sixty‐three NHHD patients from University of Virginia Lynchburg Dialysis Facility were matched 1:2 with 121 conventional hemodialysis patients admitted to Fresenius Medical Care North America facilities from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2010. Matching considered age (± 5 years), gender, race, dialysis vintage, and diabetes. The primary end‐point was the combined incidence of bacteremia/sepsis, for up to 20 months or upon changing to a fistula/graft (with catheter removal), transferring to peritoneal dialysis (PD), or at the time of kidney transplant or death. No significant differences were observed in rate of fistula/graft conversion, transfer to PD, transplant, or death between NHHD and in‐center hemodialysis (IHD) groups. For the first catheter used, the rate of catheter‐related sepsis was not significantly different between the NHHD (1.77 per 100 patient months) and IHD (2.03 per 100 patient months; P = 0.21). Combining all catheters, the rate of bacteremia/sepsis per 100 patient months in the NHHD group was 1.51 and in the IHD group was 2.01 (P = 0.35). Median catheter lifespan for the first catheter was 5.6 (1.7∼19.0) for NHHD and 4.6 (2.7∼7.8) for the IHD group (P = 0.64), and for all catheters used was 5.2 (Q1∼Q3 = 1.5∼15.2) months in NHHD group, and 4.1 (2.0∼6.8) months in IHD group (P = 0.20). The rate of bacteremia and death is not different for up to 20 months in catheter users who dialyze via frequent NHHD vs. thrice weekly IHD.
Echocardiographic epicardial adipose tissue measurements provide information about cardiovascular risk in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Ulusal Okyay Gülay , Okyay Kaan , Polattaş Solak Evşen , Sahinarslan Asife , Paşaoğlu Özge , Ayerden Ebinç Fatma , Paşaoğlu Hatice , Boztepe Derici Ülver , Sindel Şükrü , Arınsoy Turgay 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEpicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a cardiovascular risk predictor in general population. However, its value has not been well validated in maintainance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. We aimed to assess associations of EAT with cardiovascular risk predictors in nondiabetic MHD patients. In this cross‐sectional study, we measured EAT thickness by transthoracic echocardiography in 50 MHD patients (45.8 ± 14.6 years of age, 37 male). Antropometric measurements, bioimpedance analysis, left ventricular (LV) mass, carotis intima media thickness, blood tests, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) and hemodialysis dose by single‐pool urea clearence index (spKt/V) were determined. The mean EAT thickness was 3.28 ± 1.04 mm. There were significant associations of EAT with body mass index (β = 0.590, P < 0.001), waist circumference (β = 0.572, P < 0.001), body fat mass (β = 0.562, P < 0.001), percentage of body fat mass (β = 0.408, P = 0.003), percentage of lean tissue mass (β = −0.421, P = 0.002), LV mass (β = 0.426, P = 0.002), carotis intima media thickness (β = 0.289, P = 0.042), triglyceride/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (β = 0.529, P < 0.001), 1/HOMA‐IR (β = −0.386, P = 0.006), and spKt/V (β = −0.311, P = 0.028). No association was exhibited with visfatin C, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (for all, P > 0.05). Body mass index, waist circumference, body fat mass, percentage of lean tissue mass, LV mass, triglyceride/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, HOMA‐IR, and spKt/V appeared as independent predictors of EAT. EAT was significantly associated with body fat measures, cardiovascular risk predictors, and dialysis dose in MHD patients.
The Prevalence, Burden, and Treatment of Severe, Frequent, and Migraine Headaches in US Minority Populations: Statistics From National Survey Studies
Authors: Loder Stephen , Sheikh Huma U. , Loder Elizabeth 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundThe prevalence and burden of migraine and other severe headaches in the US population as a whole is well documented. Prevalence and treatment patterns in US racial and ethnic minorities, however, have received less attention. We sought to assemble and compare this information as identified in large, nationally representative studies.MethodsWe searched for summary statistics from studies performed in the United States between 1989 and 2014. Included studies had to provide population‐based, nationally or broadly representative information on the prevalence, burden, or treatment of severe or frequent headache or migraine in adult US Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, or Asians.ResultsNine studies were included in the review. Prevalence data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) provide the most comprehensive information for major racial and ethnic groups. The average prevalence of severe headache or migraine from 2005 to 2012 NHIS was 17.7% for Native Americans, 15.5% for Whites, 14.5% for Hispanics, 14.45% for Blacks, and 9.2% for Asians. Severe headache or migraine prevalence was higher in females of all races and ethnic groups compared with males and across all included studies. Female to male prevalence ratios from the 2005‐2012 NHIS were 2.1 for Whites, 2.5 for Hispanics, 2.1 for Blacks, and 2.0 for Asians. Among those with chronic migraine (≥15 days of headache per month), prevalence data from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention study showed that the prevalence of chronic migraine was highest in Hispanic women (2.26% compared with 1.2% for White females), whereas White males had the lowest prevalence at 0.46%. Data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Care Survey and National Ambulatory Care Survey show that Hispanics make only 89.5 annual ambulatory care visits per 10,000 population at which they receive a diagnosis of migraine, compared with 176.3 for Whites and 133.2 for Blacks. In contrast, visit rates resulting in a diagnosis of nonspecific headache were more comparable across all groups. Only one study obtained information on selected subgroups within Hispanic and Asian populations. This showed that differences among these subgroups, which suggest composite prevalence estimates for broadly defined racial and ethnic groups such as Asians, may conceal meaningful differences in subgroups, such as Vietnamese or Filipinos.ConclusionsIn the United States, migraine prevalence is highest among Native Americans, then Whites, followed closely by Hispanics and Blacks. Asians have the lowest prevalence of severe, frequent headache or migraine of the major racial or ethnic groups. Differences in diagnosis and treatment of headache and migraine may indicate racial and ethnic disparities in access and quality of care for minority patients.
Mandibular second molar root canal morphology and variants in a Korean subpopulation
Authors: Kim S. Y. , Kim B. S. , Kim Y. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimTo determine the root canal anatomy of mandibular second molars in a Korean population by analysing cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.MethodologyThe CBCT images of 960 subjects were examined. The number and configuration of roots and canals were categorized according to Vertucci's and modified Melton's classifications.ResultsOf the 1920 mandibular second molars, 41% had one root, 58% had two roots, and <1% had three roots. In the mesial roots of two‐rooted molars, Vertucci's Type lV (44%) and Type II (37.75%) canals were most frequent. The prevalence of C‐shaped roots was 40%, and C‐shaped roots in combination with additional mesiolingual or distolingual roots were found in <1% of molars. Interestingly, O‐shaped canals were detected in 0.10% of the molars. Of the C‐shaped roots, the most common configuration types were Melton's Type I (66%) in the coronal region and Melton's Type III (56%) in the apical region. The prevalence of C‐shaped roots was higher in females (47%) than in males (32%) (P < 0.001) and did not differ with age (P = 0.497) or tooth position (P = 0.514). Most (82%) C‐shaped canals were bilateral (P < 0.001).ConclusionsA high prevalence of C‐shaped canals and a low incidence of three‐rooted molars were observed in the mandibular second molars of the Korean subpopulation studied.
Influence of jambolan (Syzygium cumini) and xanthan gum incorporation on the physicochemical, antioxidant and sensory properties of gluten‐free eggless rice muffins
Authors: Singh Jatinder Pal , Kaur Amritpal , Shevkani Khetan , Singh Narpinder 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThis study was undertaken to prepare antioxidant‐rich gluten‐free eggless muffins from rice flour blended with varying amounts of jambolan fruit pulp (JFP) and xanthan gum (XG). The batters were evaluated for fundamental rheology, while muffins were analysed for physicochemical (colour, volume, water activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content), texture and sensory properties. The incorporation of JFP and XG increased batter viscoelasticity (increased G′ and G″ while decreased tan δ). JFP incorporation increased greenness (lower a* value), cohesiveness, resilience, water activity (aw), total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH and ABTS inhibition of the muffins. Further, XG improved muffin quality characteristics (appearance, specific volume and resilience). Sensory analyses revealed that JFP incorporation improved the consumer acceptability of the muffins.
HLA‐A, B and DRB1 genetic heterogeneity in Quebec
Authors: Buhler S. , Nunes J. M. , Sanchez‐Mazas A. , Richard L. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryRecent studies have shown that under specific conditions such as high sample sizes and Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, bone marrow donor registry data can be used to describe HLA molecular variation across a specific geographic area, thus providing excellent data sets to infer human migrations history. The province of Quebec is known to have experienced a complex history of settlement, characterized by multiple migrations and demographic changes. We thus analysed the data of more than 13 000 unrelated individuals acting as volunteer bone marrow donors who were molecularly typed for HLA‐A, B and DRB1 polymorphisms in the Héma‐Quebec registry. HLA allelic and haplotypic frequencies were estimated and compared among regions. The results indicate that, despite an overall low genetic diversity in Quebec, genetic variation is correlated with geography, compatible with isolation‐by‐distance across the province. However, some localities also harbour contrasting genetic profiles, that is a highly diversified genetic pool in the two main urban centres (Montréal and Laval) and a more pronounced genetic divergence of two specific regions characterized by a peculiar peopling history (Saguenay‐Lac‐St‐Jean and Gaspésie‐Îles‐De‐La‐Madeleine). In agreement with other independent molecular markers, the observations based on HLA data thus account for the main demographic mechanisms that shaped the genetic structure of the present day Quebecer population. In addition, the detailed analysis of the Héma‐Quebec registry provides key genetic information on which an efficient bone marrow transplantation recruitment strategy can be settled.
Safety of coadministration of ezetimibe and statins in patients with hypercholesterolaemia: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Luo L. , Yuan X. , Huang W. , Ren F. , Zhu H. , Zheng Y. , Tang L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundHypercholesterolaemia is a pivotal risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease and is treated with many effective lipid‐lowering agents. Statins are often used alone or in combination with ezetimibe. Combination therapy is more effective because of its complementary approach, which has major benefits for patients with unmanageable lipid levels. Extensive application of combination therapy has resulted in an increased incidence of side‐effects, which has raised our concern.AimTo evaluate the evidence associated with the safety of coadministration of ezetimibe with statins.MethodsThree electronic databases were searched (PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library) from January 2002 to October 2014. Two independent reviewers critically identify randomised controlled trials (RCT), extracted the data and assessed trial quality. A total ot 20 RCT met inclusion criteria, including 14 856 patients. A fixed‐effects model was used for meta‐analysis to assess the safety of combination therapy.ResultsCoadministration of ezetimibe and statins did not result in significant increases in total adverse events (30% vs 29%, P = 0.34), serious adverse events (2% vs 1.6%, P = 0.81), treatment discontinuations (3.5% vs 2.9%, P = 0.22), gastrointestinal adverse events (5% vs 4%, P = 0.08), allergic reactions or rashes (0.9% vs 1.3%, P = 0.33), creatine kinase > 10 × upper limit of normal (ULN) (0.2% vs 0.2%, P = 0.86), alanine aminotransferase > 3 × ULN (0.5% vs 0.4%, P = 0.96) and aspartate aminotransferase > 3 × ULN (0.4% vs 0.4%, P = 0.58).ConclusionThe incidence of adverse events was similar between ezetimibe–statin combination therapy and statin monotherapy; thus, we recommend combination therapy for patients with hypercholesterolaemia at high risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease.
Systematic Control of Structural Changes in GeO2 Glass Induced by Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing
Authors: Asai Taiga , Shimotsuma Yasuhiko , Kurita Torataro , Murata Atsushi , Kubota Sho , Sakakura Masaaki , Miura Kiyotaka , Brisset Francois , Poumellec Bertrand , Lancry Matthieu 
Published: January 2015

We report the structural changes inside germania glass induced by femtosecond laser pulses. Inspection by polarization microscopy and secondary electron microscopy indicate that the periodic nanostructures consist of oxygen defects such as ODCs (oxygen deficient centers) and NBOHCs (nonbridging oxygen hole centers) for laser pulse energy less than 0.2 μJ. However, the glass network was dissociated and O2 molecules were generated for laser pulse energy greater than 0.4 μJ. Two different structural changes, form‐birefringence and dissociation, were induced in GeO2 glass, depending on the laser pulse energy. The form‐birefringence exhibited by the nanogratings in GeO2 glass is larger than that in SiO2 glass for pulse energy less than 0.2 μJ, as the density of nanovoids enclosed by ODCs in GeO2 glass is higher than that in SiO2 glass. Arrhenius plots of the phase retardation caused by the nanogratings in GeO2 and SiO2 indicate that the oxygen defects are relaxed at a temperature 100°C above the glass‐transition temperature.
Habitat fragmentation and species richness
Authors: Hanski Ilkka 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn a recent article in this journal, Fahrig (2013,Journal of Biogeography,40, 1649–1663) concludes that variation in species richness among sampling sites can be explained by the amount of habitat in the ‘local landscape’ around the sites, while the spatial configuration of habitat within the landscape makes little difference. This conclusion may be valid for small spatial scales and when the total amount of habitat is large, but modelling and empirical studies demonstrate adverse demographic consequences of fragmentation when there is little habitat across large areas. Fragmentation effects are best tested with studies on individual species rather than on communities, as the latter typically consist of species with dissimilar habitat requirements. The total amount of habitat and the degree of fragmentation tend to be correlated, which poses another challenge for empirical studies. I conclude that fragmentation poses an extra threat to biodiversity, in addition to the threat posed by loss of habitat area.
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Association with Physical Capacity, Disability, and Self‐Rated Health in Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Study Participants
Authors: Botoseneanu Anda , Ambrosius Walter T. , Beavers Daniel P. , de Rekeneire Nathalie , Anton Stephen , Church Timothy , Folta Sara C. , Goodpaster Bret H. , King Abby C. , Nicklas Barbara J. , Spring Bonnie , Wang Xuewen , Gill Thomas M. ,   the LIFE Study Groups
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesTo evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its association with physical capacity, disability, and self‐rated health in older adults at high risk of mobility disability, including those with and without diabetes mellitus.DesignCross‐sectional analysis.SettingLifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) Study.ParticipantsCommunity‐dwelling sedentary adults aged 70 to 89 at high risk of mobility disability (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score ≤9; mean 7.4 ± 1.6) (N = 1,535).MeasurementsMetabolic syndrome was defined according to the 2009 multiagency harmonized criteria; outcomes were physical capacity (400‐m walk time, grip strength, SPPB score), disability (composite 19‐item score), and self‐rated health (5‐point scale ranging from excellent to poor).ResultsThe prevalence of MetS was 49.8% in the overall sample (83.2% of those with diabetes mellitus, 38.1% of those without). MetS was associated with stronger grip strength (mean difference (Δ) = 1.2 kg, P = .01) in the overall sample and in participants without diabetes mellitus and with poorer self‐rated health (Δ = 0.1 kg, P < .001) in the overall sample only. No significant differences were found in 400‐m walk time, SPPB score, or disability score between participants with and without MetS, in the overall sample or diabetes mellitus subgroups.ConclusionMetabolic dysfunction is highly prevalent in older adults at risk of mobility disability, yet consistent associations were not observed between MetS and walking speed, lower extremity function, or self‐reported disability after adjusting for known and potential confounders. Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate whether MetS accelerates declines in functional status in high‐risk older adults and to inform clinical and public health interventions aimed at preventing or delaying disability in this group.