bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Program Boosting
Authors: Cochran Robert A. , D'Antoni Loris , Livshits Benjamin , Molnar David , Veanes Margus 
Published: May 2015

In this paper, we investigate an approach to program synthesis that is based on crowd-sourcing. With the help of crowd-sourcing, we aim to capture the "wisdom of the crowds" to find good if not perfect solutions to inherently tricky programming tasks, which elude even expert developers and lack an easy-to-formalize specification.
We propose an approach we call program boosting, which involves crowd-sourcing imperfect solutions to a difficult programming problem from developers and then blending these programs together in a way that improves their correctness.
We implement this approach in a system called CROWDBOOST and show in our experiments that interesting and highly non-trivial tasks such as writing regular expressions for URLs or email addresses can be effectively crowd-sourced. We demonstrate that carefully blending the crowd-sourced results together consistently produces a boost, yielding results that are better than any of the starting programs. Our experiments on 465 program pairs show consistent boosts in accuracy and demonstrate that program boosting can be performed at a relatively modest monetary cost.
Programming up to Congruence
Authors: Sjöberg Vilhelm , Weirich Stephanie 
Published: May 2015

This paper presents the design of Zombie, a dependently-typed programming language that uses an adaptation of a congruence closure algorithm for proof and type inference. This algorithm allows the type checker to automatically use equality assumptions from the context when reasoning about equality. Most dependently-typed languages automatically use equalities that follow from beta-reduction during type checking; however, such reasoning is incompatible with congruence closure. In contrast, Zombie does not use automatic beta-reduction because types may contain potentially diverging terms. Therefore Zombie provides a unique opportunity to explore an alternative definition of equivalence in dependently-typed language design.
Our work includes the specification of the language via a bidirectional type system, which works "up-to-congruence,'' and an algorithm for elaborating expressions in this language to an explicitly typed core language. We prove that our elaboration algorithm is complete with respect to the source type system, and always produces well typed terms in the core language. This algorithm has been implemented in the Zombie language, which includes general recursion, irrelevant arguments, heterogeneous equality and datatypes.
Principal Type Schemes for Gradual Programs
Authors: Garcia Ronald , Cimini Matteo 
Published: May 2015

Gradual typing is a discipline for integrating dynamic checking into a static type system. Since its introduction in functional languages, it has been adapted to a variety of type systems, including object-oriented, security, and substructural. This work studies its application to implicitly typed languages based on type inference. Siek and Vachharajani designed a gradual type inference system and algorithm that infers gradual types but still rejects ill-typed static programs. However, the type system requires local reasoning about type substitutions, an imperative inference algorithm, and a subtle correctness statement.
This paper introduces a new approach to gradual type inference, driven by the principle that gradual inference should only produce static types. We present a static implicitly typed language, its gradual counterpart, and a type inference procedure. The gradual system types the same programs as Siek and Vachharajani, but has a modular structure amenable to extension. The language admits let-polymorphism, and its dynamics are defined by translation to the Polymorphic Blame Calculus.
The principal types produced by our initial type system mask the distinction between static parametric polymorphism and polymorphism that can be attributed to gradual typing. To expose this difference, we distinguish static type parameters from gradual type parameters and reinterpret gradual type consistency accordingly. The resulting extension enables programs to be interpreted using either the polymorphic or monomorphic Blame Calculi.
Symbolic Algorithms for Language Equivalence and Kleene Algebra with Tests
Authors: Pous Damien 
Published: May 2015

We propose algorithms for checking language equivalence of finite automata over a large alphabet. We use symbolic automata, where the transition function is compactly represented using (multi-terminal) binary decision diagrams (BDD). The key idea consists in computing a bisimulation by exploring reachable pairs symbolically, so as to avoid redundancies. This idea can be combined with already existing optimisations, and we show in particular a nice integration with the disjoint sets forest data-structure from Hopcroft and Karp's standard algorithm.
Then we consider Kleene algebra with tests (KAT), an algebraic theory that can be used for verification in various domains ranging from compiler optimisation to network programming analysis. This theory is decidable by reduction to language equivalence of automata on guarded strings, a particular kind of automata that have exponentially large alphabets. We propose several methods allowing to construct symbolic automata out of KAT expressions, based either on Brzozowski's derivatives or on standard automata constructions.
All in all, this results in efficient algorithms for deciding equivalence of KAT expressions.
Towards the Essence of Hygiene
Authors: Adams Michael D. 
Published: May 2015

Hygiene is an essential aspect of Scheme's macro system that prevents unintended variable capture. However, previous work on hygiene has focused on algorithmic implementation rather than precise, mathematical definition of what constitutes hygiene. This is in stark contrast with lexical scope, alpha-equivalence and capture-avoiding substitution, which also deal with preventing unintended variable capture but have widely applicable and well-understood mathematical definitions.
This paper presents such a precise, mathematical definition of hygiene. It reviews various kinds of hygiene violation and presents examples of how they occur. From these examples, we develop a practical algorithm for hygienic macro expansion. We then present algorithm-independent, mathematical criteria for whether a macro expansion algorithm is hygienic. This characterization corresponds closely to existing hygiene algorithms and sheds light on aspects of hygiene that are usually overlooked in informal definitions.
Effects of Adjuvant Sorafenib and Sunitinib on Cardiac Function in Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients without Overt Metastases: Results from ASSURE, ECOG 2805
Authors: Haas Naomi B. , Manola Judith , Ky Bonnie , Flaherty Keith T. , Uzzo Robert G. , Kane Christopher J. , Jewett Michael , Wood Lori , Wood Christopher G. , Atkins Michael B. , Dutcher Janice J. , Wilding George , DiPaola Robert S. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Purpose: Sunitinib and sorafenib are used widely in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). These agents are associated with a significant incidence of cardiovascular (CV) dysfunction and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) declines, observed largely in the metastatic setting. However, in the adjuvant population, the CV effects of these agents remain unknown. We prospectively defined the incidence of cardiotoxicity among resected, high-risk RCC patients treated with these agents.
Experimental Design: Sunitinib, sorafenib, or placebo was administered for up to 12 months in patients with high-risk, resected RCC. LVEF was measured by multigated acquisition (MUGA) scans at standard intervals. Additional CV adverse events were reported according to NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE).
Results: Among 1,943 patients randomized, 1,599 had at least 1 post-baseline MUGA. Within 6 months, 21 patients (1.3%) experienced a cardiac event, defined as an LVEF decline from baseline that was &gt;15% and below the institutional lower limit of normal. Nine of 513 patients (1.8%) were on sunitinib, 7 of 508 (1.4%) on sorafenib, and 5 of 578 (0.9%) on placebo (P = 0.28 and 0.56 comparing sunitinib and sorafenib to placebo, respectively). With dose interruption or adjustment, 16 of the 21 recovered their LVEF to &gt;50%. The incidence of symptomatic heart failure, arrhythmia, or myocardial ischemia did not differ among groups.
Conclusions: In the adjuvant setting, we prospectively define low incidence of cardiotoxicity with sunitinib and sorafenib. These findings may be related to close CV monitoring, or potentially to fewer CV comorbidities in our nonmetastatic population. Clin Cancer Res; 21(18); 4048–54. ©2015 AACR.
The Allelic Context of the C797S Mutation Acquired upon Treatment with Third-Generation EGFR Inhibitors Impacts Sensitivity to Subsequent Treatment Strategies
Authors: Niederst Matthew J. , Hu Haichuan , Mulvey Hillary E. , Lockerman Elizabeth L. , Garcia Angel R. , Piotrowska Zofia , Sequist Lecia V. , Engelman Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPurpose: A secondary EGFR mutation, T790M, is the most common resistance mechanism in EGFR-mutant adenocarcinomas that have progressed on erlotinib. Third-generation EGFR inhibitors capable of inhibiting mutant EGFR with T790M produce responses in nearly two thirds of patients. However, acquired resistance mechanisms in patients treated with these drugs are yet to be described.Experimental Design: To study acquired resistance to third-generation EGFR inhibitors, T790M-positive cells derived from an erlotinib-resistant cancer were made resistant to a third-generation TKI and then characterized using cell and molecular analyses.Results: Cells resistant to a third-generation TKI acquired an additional EGFR mutation, C797S, which prevented suppression of EGFR. Our results demonstrate that the allelic context in which C797S was acquired may predict responsiveness to alternative treatments. If the C797S and T790M mutations are in trans, cells will be resistant to third-generation EGFR TKIs, but will be sensitive to a combination of first- and third-generation TKIs. If the mutations are in cis, no EGFR TKIs alone or in combination can suppress activity. If C797S develops in cells wild-type for T790 (when third-generation TKIs are administered in the first-line setting), the cells are resistant to third-generation TKIs, but retain sensitivity to first-generation TKIs.Conclusions: Mutation of C797S in EGFR is a novel mechanism of acquired resistance to third-generation TKIs. The context in which the C797S develops with respect to the other EGFR alleles affects the efficacy of subsequent treatments. Clin Cancer Res; 21(17); 3924–33. ©2015 AACR.See related commentary by Ayeni et al., p. 3818
Radar-Derived Statistics of Convective Storms in Southeast Queensland
Authors: Peter Justin R. , Manton Michael J. , Potts Rodney J. , May Peter T. , Collis Scott M. , Wilson Louise 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe aim of this study is to examine the statistics of convective storms and their concomitant changes with thermodynamic variability. The thermodynamic variability is analyzed by performing a cluster analysis on variables derived from radiosonde releases at Brisbane Airport in Australia. Three objectively defined regimes are found: a dry, stable regime with mainly westerly surface winds, a moist northerly regime, and a moist trade wind regime. S-band radar data are analyzed and storms are identified using objective tracking software [Thunderstorm Identification, Tracking, Analysis, and Nowcasting (TITAN)]. Storm statistics are then investigated, stratified by the regime subperiods. Convective storms are found to form and maintain along elevated topography. Probability distributions of convective storm size and rain rate are found to follow lognormal distributions with differing mean and variance among the regimes. There was some evidence of trimodal storm-top heights, located at the trade inversion (1.5–2 km), freezing level (3.6–4 km), and near 6 km, but it was dependent on the presence of the trade inversion. On average, storm volume and height are smallest in the trade regime and rain rate is largest in the westerly regime. However, westerly regime storms occur less frequently and have shorter lifetimes, which were attributed to the enhanced stability and decreased humidity profiles. Furthermore, time series of diurnal rain rate exhibited early morning and midafternoon maxima for the northerly and trade regimes but were absent for the westerly regime. The observations indicate that westerly regime storms are primarily driven by large-scale forcing, whereas northerly and trade wind regime storms are more responsive to surface characteristics.
A Study of the Role of the Parameterization of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation for the Modeling of Microphysics and Precipitation of a Convective Cloud
Authors: Hiron T. , Flossmann A. I. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Even though ice formation mechanisms in clouds probably obey all the same thermodynamic principles, the associated mechanical and thermal energy transfers differ with respect to the exact pathway and the associated phases. Consequently, heterogeneous ice nucleation parameterizations play an important role in cloud modeling.
The 1.5D bin-resolved microphysics Detailed Scavenging Model (DESCAM) was used to assess the role of the parameterizations for different ice initiation processes. Homogeneous nucleation, deposition freezing, contact freezing, immersion freezing, and condensation freezing were treated explicitly, and their impacts alone and in competition with each other on cloud microphysics and precipitation were studied. The role of efficiently ice-nucleating bacteria on cloud evolution was addressed, as well as means to consider different chemical natures of ice nucleation particles.
For the conditions studied, it was found that deposition and contact freezing only played a negligible role with respect to the other ice-nucleating mechanisms. Homogeneous freezing and classical immersion freezing showed a similar behavior. Both freezing rates increase with increasing drop age (i.e., size). This suggests a possibility for regrouping processes in future parameterized cloud models. Condensation freezing parameterization, however, acts at much warmer temperatures in clouds and for much smaller drops. The associated release of latent heat at lower altitudes caused significantly different cloud dynamics with respect to homogeneous/immersion freezing. This suggests that, in future parameterized models, the condensation freezing process needs particular attention, as well as the fact that ice-forming nuclei (IN) are a subset of aerosol particles that are depleted and replenished like the rest of the population.
Evaluation of Peripheral Neuropathy of Unknown Origin in an Outpatient Foot and Ankle Practice
Authors: Klein Sandra E. , Chu Jennifer , McCormick Jeremy J. , Johnson Jeffrey E. 
Published: May 2015

Background: The foot and ankle surgeon can see peripheral neuropathy in the treatment of foot and ankle conditions. The purpose of this study was (1) to evaluate the demographics and presenting complaints of patients diagnosed with idiopathic peripheral neuropathy during an examination by a foot and ankle surgeon and (2) to identify the type and frequency of subsequent diagnosis of medical causes of neuropathy. Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with idiopathic peripheral neuropathy in our practice between January 1997 and December 2008. Ninety-five patients were identified, and demographic data, presenting complaints, and medical comorbidities were extracted from the medical record. Examination findings of decreased sensation to Semmes Weinstein 5.07 monofilament testing were documented, and electromyogram and nerve conduction study results were reviewed when available. Laboratory values were noted, as were neurologic evaluations performed to diagnose medical conditions associated with peripheral neuropathy. Results: The most common presentation was foot pain, in 36 patients (38%). Ninety-one patients had Semmes Weinstein 5.07 monofilament testing, with loss of protective sensation reported in 75 of the 91 tested (82%). Only 30 of the 95 patients had electromyogram and nerve conduction study results available, with a test positive for peripheral neuropathy in 20 of the 30 tested. Thirty-two patients were evaluated by a neurologist. A specific cause was identified in 12 of the 32 seen by a neurologist. Of the total group of 95 patients, 31 patients (33%) were diagnosed with a condition that may be associated with peripheral neuropathy. Conclusions: Thirty-three percent of the patients presenting to our clinic and given a diagnosis of idiopathic peripheral neuropathy were ultimately diagnosed with a medical cause of neuropathy—most commonly, diabetes. For those patients with idiopathic neuropathy, a spectrum of disease was encountered, including pain, ulcer, infection, and Charcot neuroarthropathy. Level of Evidence: Level IV, retrospective case series.
Spanish grammatical gender: Its effects on categorization in native Hungarian speakers
Authors: Kurinski Elena , Jambor Emőke , Sera Maria D. 
Published: May 2015

Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: We asked whether the second-language (L2) learning effects on cognition are affected by properties of the native language (L1) by further examining the effects of grammatical gender on categorization in native speakers of Hungarian, which unlike previously-studied L1s, has no grammatical gender. Design/Methodology/Approach: Hungarian speakers taking an introductory Spanish course participated in two tasks repeatedly during two semesters. One task examined their acquisition of the target nouns and their grammatical gender. The other examined their categorization of pictured objects by using voice assignments. Data and Analysis: A group of 74 beginning Spanish learners participated. Data was analyzed with parametric statistical tests of significance. First we analyzed the results on the language task to examine progress on acquisition of grammatical gender. Then we analyzed the results on the categorization task to determine if learning grammatical gender affected it. Finally, we examined the relationship between knowledge of grammatical gender and categorization by analyzing the categorization performance after 30 weeks of instruction by those who showed high versus low knowledge of grammatical gender. Findings/Conclusions: Similarly to Kurinski and Sera (2011), we began observing changes in categorization after 10 weeks of instruction. Results provide additional evidence that learning a second language in adulthood influences categorization. Unlike previous findings, however, Hungarian learners were more successful at acquiring Spanish grammatical gender than the English speakers previously studied. Originality: Investigating the effects of grammatical gender on categorization in L2 learners whose native language is completely genderless offered a naturally occurring ‘manipulation’ of a relevant factor – the properties of L1 – critical to this line of research. Significance/Implications: The findings provide additional supporting evidence that human cognition can be influenced by learning a language in adulthood. Given that the language effects occurred earlier and were much stronger than those from previous work, we believe that properties of one’s native language may affect acquisition and subsequently the magnitude of language’s effect on cognition.
Fasting plasma triglyceride concentration: A possible approach to identify increased risk of statin-induced type 2 diabetes
Authors: Sung Ki-Chul , Reaven Gerald 
Published: May 2015

Aim: To evaluate the hypothesis that measurement of fasting plasma triglyceride concentration identifies individuals at enhanced risk of statin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: A retrospective analysis of data collected from routine health examinations in non-diabetic, East Asian individuals ( n = 5790) with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations of ⩾3.4 mmol/L. Subjects were stratified into those with or without a triglyceride concentration of ⩾1.7 mmol/L, and comparisons made of risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results: Approximately 40% of men and 20% of women with elevations of both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were more insulin resistant (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance), associated with higher plasma concentrations of HbA1c, glucose and insulin. Conclusion: Apparently, healthy, non-diabetic East Asian men and women with combined elevations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations are glucose intolerant and insulin resistant, and thereby at enhanced risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Measurement of plasma triglyceride concentration can identify within a hypercholesterolemic population a subset of individuals at enhanced risk of statin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Differential glucocorticoid metabolism in patients with persistent versus resolving inflammatory arthritis
Authors: Nanus Dominika E , Filer Andrew D , Yeo Lorraine , Scheel-Toellner Dagmar , Hardy Rowan , Lavery Gareth G , Stewart Paul M , Buckley Christopher D , Tomlinson Jeremy W , Cooper Mark S , Raza Karim 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Impairment in the ability of the inflamed synovium to generate cortisol has been proposed to be a factor in the persistence and severity of inflammatory arthritis. In the inflamed synovium, cortisol is generated from cortisone by the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) enzyme. The objective of this study was to determine the role of endogenous glucocorticoid metabolism in the development of persistent inflammatory arthritis.

Methods
Urine samples were collected from patients with early arthritis (symptoms ≤12 weeks duration) whose final diagnostic outcomes were established after clinical follow-up and from patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA). All patients were free of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs at the time of sample collection. Systemic measures of glucocorticoid metabolism were assessed in the urine samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Clinical data including CRP and ESR were also collected at baseline.

Results
Systemic measures of 11β-HSD1 activity were significantly higher in patients with early arthritis whose disease went on to persist, and also in the subgroup of patients with persistent disease who developed RA, when compared with patients whose synovitis resolved over time. We observed a significant positive correlation between systemic 11β-HSD1 activity and ESR/CRP in patients with established RA but not in any of the early arthritis patients group.

Conclusions
The present study demonstrates that patients with a new onset of synovitis whose disease subsequently resolved had significantly lower levels of systemic 11β-HSD1 activity when compared with patients whose synovitis developed into RA or other forms of persistent arthritis. Low absolute levels of 11β-HSD1 activity do not therefore appear to be a major contributor to the development of RA and it is possible that a high total body 11β-HSD1 activity during early arthritis may reduce the probability of disease resolution.
Solvability of integrodifferential problems via fixed point theory in b-metric spaces
Authors: Cosentino Monica , Jleli Mohamed , Samet Bessem , Vetro Calogero 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to study the existence of solutions set of integrodifferential problems in Banach spaces. We obtain our results by using fixed point theorems for multivalued mappings, under new contractive conditions, in the setting of complete b-metric spaces. Also, we present a data dependence theorem for the solutions set of fixed point problems.