bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of Sexuality
Authors: Diamond Lisa M. , Bonner Susan B. , Dickenson Janna 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis chapter provides a comprehensive review of current research on children's and adolescents' sexual motivations, desires, and behaviors, and the multiple factors that influence the unfolding of their sexual‐developmental trajectories. We adopt the view that sexual desire and behavior represent normative features of child and adolescent development that have the potential to foster and enhance the happiness, psychological development, and well‐being of youth, but also introduce health risks and concerns. We review research on developmental changes in sexual desire and motivation, participation in partnered and unpartnered sexual behavior, contextual influences on sexual expression, prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, sexual coercion, and the growing influence of digital media use. We also review the unique experiences of youth with same‐sex attractions and behavior, as well as with atypical gender expression (i.e.,transgenderyouth). We conclude with specific recommendations for future research, aiming to provide a generative roadmap to the next generation of scientific research on this critical—but still understudied—area of human development.
Children in Peer Groups
Authors: Rubin Kenneth H. , Bukowski William M. , Bowker Julie C. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The features, processes, and effects of children's experiences with their peers exist on multiple levels of social complexity and intersect with many other developmental domains. Peers are implicated in several theoretical accounts of multiple development domains, including the models proposed by Piaget, Sullivan, the social learning theorists, Vygotsky, ethologists, and the symbolic interactionists. The extensive data base on peer relations points to the diverse set of positive and negative experiences that children and adolescents can have with their peers and to the breadth of the processes that account for peer effects on multiple forms of outcome including behavior (e.g., aggression), affect (e.g., depression, anxiety), school performance, self‐perceptions, moral perspectives, and physical and mental health. The chapter reviews the effects of several experiences including acceptance and rejection, exclusion, friendship, victimization, popularity, and experiences within groups. Specific attention is devoted to variation in processes and effects as a function of culture and gender.
Children and Digital Media
Authors: Calvert Sandra L. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractChildren of the early 21st century live and grow embedded in a digital world in which observational media experiences are increasingly integrated with interactive ones. Children use digital media for numerous reasons, ranging from entertainment, to gaining information about themselves and the world around them, to regulating moods, to finding electronic friends to keep them company. This chapter documents the promises and perils of children's media experiences, including prosocial, positive constructive outcomes and antisocial, aggressive actions. The chapter ends with a description of media policies and a look forward about what children's social, cognitive, and physical development will be like in this rapidly changing media landscape which is increasingly at children's fingertips.
Children in Diverse Social Contexts
Authors: Murry Velma McBride , Hill Nancy E. , Witherspoon Dawn , Berkel Cady , Bartz Deborah 
Published: March 2015

AbstractChildren grow up in families with cultural backgrounds and beliefs, and in families with varying financial resources and social capital. They reside in communities and neighborhoods that are homogeneous or diverse, with varying levels of resources and risks. The primary purpose of this chapter is to draw attention to and integrate knowledge on contextual factors for a more holistic understanding of normative development. This chapter synthesizes extant studies that have examined ways in which race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographic residence, immigration status, and family formation status (e.g., transracial adoption) are associated with both normative (e.g., social emotional well‐being, academic aspiration, prosocial friendships) and nonnormative (e.g., externalizing behaviors, high‐risk behaviors, school dropout,) child development; identifies methodological and theoretical strengths and weaknesses of extant studies; and provides recommendations to advance future studies of child development in diverse contexts.
Children's Housing and Physical Environments
Authors: Bradley Robert H. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractChildren live in a world dense with actions, objects, people, and events. Through time these phenomena provide the structure for development and the ingredients that help determine its course. In this chapter attention will be given to various aspects of the houses children live in and the natural and built environments surrounding them, with a view to explicating how each is implicated in children's behavior and development. The chapter begins with a consideration of several conceptual frameworks that bear upon how children might experience the structures, objects, and sensory stimuli in places where they spend time and what those experiences might mean for their health, competence, and adaptive functioning. Thereafter is a review of what is known about various aspects of housing conditions, the materials and facilities within the house, and the nearby physical environment, with attention to how each may affect children's behavior and well‐being. The third section moves beyond a consideration of particular aspects of the environment to a consideration of overall environmental chaos (i.e., how the structure of events and conditions in space and time affect health and behavioral tendencies). The chapter concludes with an effort to put issues pertaining to the physical environment in historic context, with a view to the future.
Children and Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Duncan Greg J. , Magnuson Katherine , Votruba‐Drzal Elizabeth 
Published: March 2015

AbstractConnections between children's family socioeconomic position (SES), their early experiences, and later life outcomes are both strong and complicated. This chapter guides readers through the theoretical perspectives and empirical studies linking family SES to children's development, and summarizes which areas are well understood and which need more research. The chapter begins by reviewing how scholars define and measure family SES and focuses on its three most common indicators: income and poverty, parental education, and parental occupation. In the next section, demographic and economic trends in SES components are reviewed, with specific attention devoted to trends in inequality. Next, the three main theoretical approaches for explaining how SES affects child development are summarized: the family and environmental stress perspective, the resource and investment perspective, and cultural perspectives. We then describe methodological challenges that researchers face when trying to estimate causal associations between SES and child development and review the empirical literature. Finally, we discuss the implications of the research findings for policy and suggest key unanswered theoretical and empirical questions regarding how household SES affects children and families.
Children in Medical Settings
Authors: Zuckerman Barry , Keder Robert D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe health needs of children have evolved over the past century. This chapter reviews biomedical innovations leading to changes in children's health and health care delivery across various medical settings. Special emphasis is placed on the changing epidemiology of children's disease and increasing emphasis on child development, behavior, and mental health. The most significant change in children's health is a decrease in death and an increase in chronic disease. Child health care has evolved in different locations for the care of children each of which are reviewed in this chapter: primary care, emergency care, inpatient medicine, and the neonatal intensive care unit. Finally, implications and changes for the future of the health care of children are presented. Throughout the chapter, examples of disease are presented to provide a clinical context for these changing forces and dynamics.
Children in War and Disaster
Authors: Masten Ann S. , Narayan Angela J. , Silverman Wendy K. , Osofsky Joy D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractEvery year, millions of young people are exposed to the dangers and trauma of disasters, war, terror, and political conflict. This chapter highlights findings from research on children and youth who endure these experiences, examined from a risk and resilience framework and grounded in relational developmental systems theory. Findings from the 21st century are emphasized, although historically important studies are also considered. Variations in response to these mass‐trauma experiences are discussed in relation to dose‐response gradients, developmental cascades and pathways, and moderators of risk at the individual, family, and sociocultural levels. New directions of research are examined, including efforts to integrate knowledge on neurobiological, behavioral, and cultural processes. Implications are delineated for future research as well as efforts to promote resilience through intervention and preparedness. Given the scope of the threats to global child development posed by war and disaster, there is remarkably little empirical research on the interventions that protect children or promote their recovery. Research is needed to elucidate the processes of risk and resilience in the context of mass trauma. In the meantime, general guidelines are provided for policy and practice, gleaned from the extant literature. Experiences of war and disaster test the limits of human capacity for change and recovery, and they may illuminate processes of adaptation that enrich and challenge developmental theory.
Children and Cultural Context
Authors: Goodnow Jacqueline J. , Lawrence Jeanette A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThere have been changes in the conceptual frames and research approaches that consider the development of children in relation to culture, the cultural, or to (our preference) cultural contexts. The chapter begins with an analysis of conceptual frames and the splits and dichotomies that have regarded change as unidirectional and unidimensional, neglecting the intertwining of the personal with the social and the cultural. We examine shifts in conceptual frames and research approaches in five lines of analysis, noting the changes that have occurred, the questions raised, and the changes that may take analyses in new directions. Cutting across these lines of analysis are proposals about the nature of context, the nature of development, and their interconnections. In any situation, children experience more than one, often competing cultural contexts, and more than one way of thinking, feeling and acting. We propose moving beyond separations, beyond seeing contexts as one‐dimensional and individuals as solo, moving instead to analyses of the two as intertwined.
Baudrillard, Jean
Authors: Kellner Douglas 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Jean Baudrillard (1929–2007) first emerged as an important theorist of consumption and the consumer society. His early work in these areas focuses on what he called the system of objects, the consumer society, and a critique of the political economy of the sign. These texts combined neo‐Marxian social theory with the sort of cultural semiotics associated with Roland Barthes, the critique of everyday life associated with Henri Lefebvre, and the radical critique of existing consumer society by Guy Debord and the Situationists
Bourdieu, Pierre
Authors: Riegel Viviane 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002) was a French sociologist who had considerable influence on the social sciences, and on studies of consumption in particular. He recognized that consumption was indispensable in modernity. In his major work,
Distinction
(1984), one of the most important works in the social sciences published in the twentieth century, he analyzes the mechanisms of the reproduction of social hierarchies, through which he develops his theory of practice. Bourdieu considered power as culturally and symbolically created through the connection of principles of action and classification (habitus + taste + lifestyle), mainly with cultural and symbolic capitals, which contribute to the position takings (fields) that are formed within society. He didn't consider consumption as an autonomous field, and his perspective was focused on the economic hierarchy. On the basis of Bourdieu's theory, contemporary authors have developed a new perspective where consumers have the possibility of being creative and of making choices through consumption.
Citizenship and Consumption
Authors: Kuehn Kathleen 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Traditionally, citizenship and consumption have been regarded as oppositional human activities. The ideal of the outwardly focused citizen denotes a commitment to the larger public interest, in contrast to the inwardly focused consumer whose primary concerns are centered on the self. This binary has been challenged by economic and cultural historians, however, who point to the range of ways that citizenship and consumption have long overlapped in the form of political revolutions, boycotts, identity, meaning making, corporate social responsibility, and cause‐related marketing and consumer movements. The confluence between citizenship and consumption, though at times rife with tensions and paradoxes, constitutes an increasingly popular form of social, political, and civic engagement in contemporary society.
Consumer Activism
Authors: Tohill Joseph J. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Consumer activism is the collective use of consumer purchasing power for political ends. It encompasses diverse actions, especially boycotts, by people who make consumption choices with the goal of changing market or institutional practices and/or influencing corporate and public policymakers. The ultimate goal of consumer activists is usually to create what they see as a socially just marketplace. Consumer activism recognizes seemingly nonpolitical or private arenas (such as the market or the home) as venues for political action. It recognizes the connections between consumer choices and labor rights, corporate behavior, the environment, and human rights. Consumer activism has a long history and has been an important tactic in many social movements. The efficacy of consumer activism is often difficult to measure and therefore open to debate. Green and ethical consumption, fair trade, socially responsible investing, culture jamming, and anti‐sweatshop campaigns are among the dominant forms of consumer activism today.
Consumption in the Middle East/Arab World
Authors: Peterson Mark Allen 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The Middle East refers to a broad geographical region whose borders shift according to North American and European geopolitical interests. Consumption in the region has been shaped (1) by its significant role as a nexus for trade routes; (2) by the positions of Middle Eastern countries in colonial systems; (3) by postcolonial and nationalist projects in the region; and (4) by the importance of the region in the global oil economy. One central theme throughout the region's history has been the relationship between class hierarchies and the distinctions between local and foreign consumption. A second recurring theme has been the role of Islam in assigning value to different forms of consumption.
Education and Consumption
Authors: Rössel Jörg 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Education can be defined as the learning of skills and knowledge, and the socialization into values, norms, and social behavior based on teaching and training. Furthermore, in contemporary societies education also includes the certificates issued by educational organizations. With regard to consumption, education is important in two respects. First, consumer education means the teaching of the different skills, knowledge, and norms that are important for achieving a consumer's different goals. The second aspect is the empirical and theoretical relationship between certain measurements of education (e.g., years of schooling) and different forms of consumption. There are studies on education and its impact on general consumption orientations (e.g., delay of gratification), and in specific fields of consumption, like food, culture, and ethical consumption, where empirical research shows that education shapes consumption to a considerable degree and theoretical explanations of this impact are discussed.
Just‐in‐Time Production
Authors: Aoki Katsuki , Mouer Ross 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Just‐in‐time production (
JITP
) was conceived at the Toyota Motor Company in 1938 by Ki‐ichiro Toyoda. That vision evolved into what is now known as “the Toyota Production System” (
TPS
), owing mainly to the efforts of Tai‐ichi Ono during the 1950s.
JIT
is one of two pillars of
TPS
; the other is “autonomation” (automation with a human touch), which was developed by Sakichi Toyoda.
JITP
is a system used by manufacturers to order and obtain processed parts through a highly developed network of subcontracting firms.
JITP
represents a further development of the Ford production system that facilitated the transition from mass production to small lot sizes, and reduced the cost of holding large inventories of the parts required on conveyor‐based assembly lines.
JITP
calls for the right parts to be supplied to the production line by suppliers only at the time they are needed and only in the amount needed.
JITP
relies on the use of
kanban
. The
kanban
is a material flow control mechanism to communicate effectively with internal and external operations on issues such as adjusting inventory levels, production schedules, and lead times for the delivery of parts.
Veblen, Thorstein
Authors: Schupp Justin L. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Thorstein Bunde Veblen (1857–1929) was a
US
economist and sociologist who is often credited for the introduction of the concept
conspicuous consumption
to the academic lexicon. Veblen was also a major contributor to the field of institutional economics and was noted as being a witty and eccentric critic of the dominant forms of economic systems during his lifetime. He was one of the leading voices of the Progressive Era (1890s–1920s) where he wrote extensively about what he viewed as a wasteful production system that was focused too much on personal consumption of goods.
Cannulated, locking blade plates for proximal femoral osteotomy in children and adolescents
Authors: Zhou Leena , Camp Mark , Gahukamble Abhay , Khot Abhay , Graham H. Kerr 
Published: March 2015

Background Proximal femoral osteotomy is the most common major reconstructive surgery in the region of the hip joint in children and adolescents. Given that it may be required across a wide range of ages and indications, appropriate instrumentation is necessary to ensure a technically satisfactory result. Recent developments in fixation include cannulation of the blade plate and locking screw technology. Methods We conducted a prospective audit of our first 25 patients who had a unilateral or bilateral proximal femoral osteotomy using a recently available system which combines cannulation and locking plate technology. The principal outcome measures were the radiographic position of the osteotomy at the time of union and surgical adverse events. Results Forty-five proximal femoral osteotomies were performed in 25 patients, mean age 8 years (range 3–17 years), for a variety of indications, the most common of which was hip subluxation in children with cerebral palsy. All osteotomies were soundly united by 6 weeks in children and by 3 months in adolescents, in the position achieved intra-operatively. There were no revision procedures and the technical goals of surgery were achieved in all patients. There was one adverse event, a low-grade peri-prosthetic infection, diagnosed at the time of implant removal. Conclusions In this prospective audit of our first 25 patients, the new system performed well across a wide range of ages, body weights and surgical indications. Further comparative studies will be required to determine whether it offers additional advantages over more traditional systems.
Second language construction learning: investigating domain-specific adaptation in advanced L2 production
Authors: KERZ ELMA , WIECHMANN DANIEL 
Published: March 2015

abstractUsage-based (UB) accounts conceive of language learning as continuous, locally contingent construction learning, i.e., a lifelong process of developing and honing the repertoire of constructional patterns geared to the optimization of a language user’s communicative ability across a wide range of language domains. The continuous nature of the process entails that a full UB model needs to account for not only the dynamics of language learning at early stages of acquisition, but also the functionally motivated adaptations of the language system at more advanced levels of proficiency. We present a design based on naturalistic second language (L2) written productions that sets out to reconstruct the states of constructional knowledge of advanced L2 learners through the statistical analysis of their productions. Irrespective of theoretical framing, the study provides foundational data relevant for any property theory of language learning, i.e., any theory that is concerned with the nature of the language system to be acquired, which logically precedes a transition theory of the developmental processes of L2 acquisition.
Facial transplantation: historical developments and future directions
Authors: Garrett G L , Beegun I , D'souza A 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjective:To present the clinical outcomes obtained by the first facial transplant teams worldwide, reviewing current practice and addressing controversies.Methods:A bibliographic search of Medline and Embase databases was performed, and a comparative analysis of all articles published from 1980 to the present was conducted. Two independent investigators screened the manuscripts in accordance with pre-defined criteria.Results:A total of 12 partial and 5 full facial transplants were recorded in the literature. Procedures included partial and near-total facial myocutaneous flaps, and complex osteomyocutaneous grafts. Fifteen patients had fully vascularised grafts, and two patients died of transplant-related and infectious complications.Conclusion:Facial transplantation can restore quality of life and enable the social re-integration of recipients. Results published by the first facial transplant teams are promising. However, long-term reports of aesthetic and functional outcomes are needed to more precisely define outcomes. In addition, significant technical, medical and ethical issues remain to be solved.