bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The association between physicians’ attitudes to psychosocial aspects of low back pain and reported clinical behaviour: A complex issue
Authors: Valjakka Anna L. , Salanterä Sanna , Laitila Aarno , Julkunen Juhani , Hagelberg Nora M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Background and aim
Physicians’ attitudes predict clinical decision making and treatment choices, but the association between attitudes and behaviour is complex. Treatment guidelines for non-specific low back pain (LBP) include recommendations of early assessment of psychosocial risk factors forchronic pain, patient education and reassurance. Implication of these principles is demanding, and many patients are not referred for appropriate treatments due to a lack of systematic screening of psychosocial risk factors for chronic pain. Even though health care providers recognise the need for psychosocial assessment in LBP, psychosocial issues are seldom raised in acute settings. The aim of this study is to evaluate how physicians’ attitudes towards assessing psychological issues of LBP patients are associated with their treatment practice, and to assess if their clinical actions follow current treatment guidelines.

Methods
The study was amixed methods study of primary care physicians (n = 55) in Finland. Physicians’ attitudes were measured with a psychological subscale of attitudes to back pain scales for musculoskeletal practitioners (ABS-mp). Treatment practice of LBP was evaluated by as king physicians to describe a typical LBP treatment process and by asking them to solve a LBP patient case. Members of the research team individually evaluated the degree to which psychosocial issues were taken into account in the treatment process and in the patient case answer. Qualitative and quantitative data were combined to examine the role of attitudes in the treatment of LBP.

Results
The attitudes of physicians were generally psychologically oriented. Physicians who addressed to psychosocial issues in their treatment practice were more psychologically oriented in their attitudes than physicians who did not consider psychosocial issues. Only 20% of physicians mentioned psychosocial issues as being a part of the LBP patient’s typical treatment process, while 87% of physicians paid attention to psychosocial issues in the LBP patient case. On the level of the treatment process, radiological investigations were over-represented and pain assessment, patient information and reassurance infrequently performed when compared to LBP guidelines.

Conclusions
Although primary care physicians were generally psychosocially oriented in their attitudes on LBP, psychological issues were inconsistently brought up in their reported clinical behaviour. Physicians recognised the need to assess psychosocial factors. Those who were psychologically oriented in their attitudes were more inclined to take psychosocial issues into account. However on a process level, evaluation and treatment of LBP featured biomechanical principles. LBP guidelines were only partially followed.

Implications
Clinical behaviour of physicians in the treatment of LBP is complex and only partly explained by attitudes.
Epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR)-inhibition for relief of neuropathic pain–A case series
Authors: Kersten Christian , Cameron Marte Grønlie , Mjåland Svein 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Background
Neuropathic pain remains a significant challenge with unsatisfactory therapeutic options. Its pathogenesis may involve the neuropathic triad of neuronal, glial and immune cells. Communication between these cells is possibly perpetuated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-signaling. For several years, we successfully treated a rectal cancer patient with the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR)-inhibitor cetuximab, for debilitating neuropathic pain due to progressive malignant invasion of the sacral plexus. Here, we report the effect of treatment with various EGFR-inhibitors in five additional patients with severe and long-standing, therapy-resistant neuropathic pain.

Methods
All patients had well-documented neuropathic pain syndromes with the following etiologies: inflammatory polyneuropathy, complex regional pain syndrome type 1, radiculopathy after failed back surgery, malignant invasion of the sacral plexus by bladder cancer, and phantom limb pain. All patients were given intravenous (extracellular) EGFR-inhibitors (cetuximab, panitumumab) initially, and switched to oral (intracellular) agents (gefitinib, erlotinib) after an analgesic effect was obtained.

Results
Four of the five patients responded, all within 24h of intravenous administration, with a mean decrease in worst pain from 9 to 1 on a 10-point scale. All four EGFR-inhibitors were effective. The clinical courses, including patient-reported pain relief, are prospectively documented with 78–219 days follow-up for those who responded to treatment. Toxicities were transient and manageable.

Conclusions/implications
EGFR-inhibition resulted in dramatic relief of neuropathic pain. A plausible biological explanation involves the interruption of MAPK-signaling. The role of EGFR-inhibition as a target for the treatment of neuropathic pain appears promising and warrants investigation.
L'influence du mode de financement des médias audiovisuels sur le cadrage des campagnes: le cas des élections canadiennes de 2005–2006 et 2008
Authors: Marcotte Philippe , Bastien Frédérick 
Published: January 2013

Résumé.Une analyse de contenu de la couverture médiatique des campagnes électorales fédérales 2005–2006 et 2008 par des réseaux de radio et de télévision de langue française montre un effet du financement des médias sur le mode de cadrage de la campagne et sur le ton, plus ou moins critique, que les journalistes adoptent vis-à-vis des politiciens et des partis politiques qu'ils couvrent. Ainsi, plus un média est imperméable à la concurrence, plus ses journalistes s'attardent à la couverture des enjeux et plus le ton de leur couverture est descriptif. Nous constatons aussi que c'est lorsqu'ils cadrent la campagne sous l'angle de la course et des stratégies que les journalistes sont les plus critiques à l'endroit des politiciens, par opposition au cadrage orienté vers les enjeux.Abstract.A content analysis of media coverage during the 2005–2006 and 2008 Canadian federal elections by French-language radio and television networks provides evidence of a significant impact of funding mode on campaign framing and journalists' tone towards politicians and political parties. The more a media outlet is shielded from market competition, the more likely are its journalists to frame the campaign through an issue schema and to feature a descriptive tone. We also present evidence that journalists are less descriptive as they cover the campaign through horse-race journalism rather than issue journalism.
The effect and molecular mechanism of powdery mildew on wheat grain prolamins
Authors: GAO H. Y. , HE D. X. , NIU J. S. , WANG C. Y. , YANG X. W. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYA field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. Tritici, Bgt) on wheat grain at varying levels of disease severity and at different growth stages. Methods used to determine these effects included Kjeldahl determination, unidimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, dielectrophoresis combined with mass spectrometric analysis. The specific influences explored were those on prolamins and protein composition at the molecular level. Concentrations of both grain protein and prolamin in wheat increased as disease indices (DIs) of powdery mildew rose from 20 days after anthesis (DAA) to maturity. Globulin concentrations changed dynamically and significantly, especially at 25 DAA when DI was the highest. This was verified by proteomic analysis which showed globulins (such as globulin 3, globulin 3B, globulin 3C, gliadin/avenin-like protein and triticin) being up-regulated significantly under powdery mildew stress. It was proposed that powdery mildew might indirectly affect protein accumulation in grain by influencing the regulative enzymes (including peptidylprolyl isomerase, cyclophilin A-2 and GTPase ObgE) and metabolic processes. It was speculated that the indirect increase caused by yield reduction was not the only factor causing the increase in prolamin concentration. Another factor may be the rise of expression level of molecular chaperones and enzymes relating to protein synthesis, which led to the rise in protein synthesis.
AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ETHNIC DIVERSITY AND HIV PREVALENCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Authors: BRODISH PAUL HENRY 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThis paper investigates whether ethnic diversity at the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) cluster level predicts HIV serostatus in three sub-Saharan African countries (Kenya, Malawi and Zambia), using DHS household survey and HIV biomarker data for men and women aged 15–59 collected since 2006. The analysis relates a binary dependent variable (HIV positive serostatus) and a weighted aggregate predictor variable representing the number of different ethnic groups within a DHS Statistical Enumeration Area (SEA) or cluster, which roughly corresponds to a neighbourhood. Multilevel logistic regression is used to predict HIV prevalence within each SEA, controlling for known demographic, social and behavioural predictors of HIV serostatus. The key finding was that the cluster-level ethnic diversity measure was a significant predictor of HIV serostatus in Malawi and Zambia but not in Kenya. Additional results reflected the heterogeneity of the epidemics: male gender, marriage (Kenya), number of extramarital partners in the past year (Kenya and Malawi, but probably confounded with younger age) and Muslim religion (Zambia) were associated with lower odds of positive HIV serostatus. Condom use at last intercourse (a spurious result probably reflecting endogeneity), STD in the past year, number of lifetime sexual partners, age (Malawi and Zambia), education (Zambia), urban residence (Malawi and Zambia) and employment (Kenya and Malawi) were associated with higher odds of positive serostatus. Future studies might continue to employ multilevel models and incorporate additional, more robust, controls for individual behavioural risk factors and for higher-level social and economic factors, in order to verify and further clarify the association between neighbourhood ethnic diversity and HIV serostatus.
Negotiating the demands of active ageing: longitudinal findings from Germany
Authors: TOMASIK MARTIN J. , SILBEREISEN RAINER K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThe challenges of population ageing and globalisation have been addressed by many welfare states in terms of active ageing policies, which in turn confront individuals with new demands such as keeping up to date with technological developments. The purpose of this paper is to analyse how individuals negotiate the demands of active ageing. The outcome variable was change in primary and secondary control strategies with regard to demands of active ageing over the course of one year. In a German sample of N = 602 men and women aged 55–75 years, we found a strong preference for engagement with these demands and a low preference for disengagement. Furthermore, a higher load of demands of active ageing was associated with an increase in engagement with these demands. However, when people perceived their everyday surroundings as unfavourable, their disengagement with demands of active ageing increased. Higher internal control beliefs concerning demands of active ageing were associated with an increase in engagement and a decrease in disengagement. We conclude that individuals strengthen their efforts to master demands of active ageing when they believe that they can control them. When the everyday ecology seems unfavourable, though, strategies are preferred that enable people to avoid a presumably lost case.
Awareness of risk factors for loneliness among third agers
Authors: SCHOENMAKERS ERIC C. , VAN TILBURG THEO G. , FOKKEMA TINEKE 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTAwareness of risk factors for loneliness is a prerequisite for preventive action. Many risk factors for loneliness have been identified. This paper focuses on two: poor health and widowhood. Preventive action by developing a satisfying social network requires time and effort and thus seems appropriate for people unexposed to risk factors,i.e.third agers and non-lonely persons. The third age is the period in old age after retirement, before people's social relationships deteriorate. This paper addresses three questions: Are older adults aware of poor health and widowhood as risk factors for loneliness? Are there differences in awareness between third and fourth agers? Are there differences in awareness between lonely and non-lonely older adults? After being introduced to four vignette persons, 920 respondents from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam were asked whether they expected these persons to be lonely. Older adults, especially third agers, expected peers exposed to the risk factors to be lonely more often than peers who were unexposed. The results indicate that awareness of loneliness-provoking factors is high among third agers, which is a first step towards taking actions to avoid loneliness. Compared to lonely older adults, non-lonely ones expected peers to be lonely less often, suggesting the latter's lower awareness of the risk factors. The results provide evidence for policy makers and practitioners that combating loneliness might require early action.
Default, rescheduling and inflation: public debt crises in Spain during the 19th and 20th centuries
Authors: Comín Francisco 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article provides a historical overview of the factors leading up to debt crises and the default mechanisms used by governments to solve them, ranging from repudiation and restructuring to inflation tax and financial repression. The paper also analyses the Spanish governments’ graduation to responsible public debt management under democracy and the last debt crisis starting in 2010. After analysing the evolution of the outstanding public debt, budget deficits, the Spanish economy's ability to borrow, the central government's debt affordability and the profile of public debt, the article concludes that the Spanish case confirms the main hypotheses of concerning international debt crises: short-term borrowing enhanced the risk of a debt crisis; insolvency problems arose when governments were unwilling or unable to repay debt; debt crises took place after large capital inflows; most outright defaults ended up being partial defaults; public debt level became unsustainable when it rose above 60-90 per cent of GDP; default trough inflation became commonplace when fiat money displaced coinage; financial repression was used as a subtle type of debt restructuring; and defaults endangered the creditworthiness of the Spanish Finance Ministry and forced disciplined fiscal policies.
Hanawaltite, Hg1+6Hg2+[Cl,(OH)]2O3—A new mineral from the Clear Creek claim, San Benito County, California: Description and crystal structure
Authors: Roberts Andrew C. , Grice Joel D. , Gault Robert A. , Criddle Alan J. , Erd Richard C. 
Published: January 2013

Hanawaltite, ideally Hg1+6Hg2+O3Cl2, is orthorhombic, Pbma (57), with unit-cell parameters refined from powder data: a=11.790(3), b=13.881(4), c=6.450(2) Å, V=1055.7(6) Å3, a:b:c =0.8494:1:0.4647, Z=4. The strongest six lines of the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Å (I)(hkl)] are: 5.25 (80)(111), 3.164 (60)(231), 3.053 (100)(041), 2.954 (70)(141), 2.681 (50)(401), and 2.411 (50)(232,341). The mineral is an extremely rare constituent in a small prospect pit near the long-abandoned Clear Creek mercury mine, New Idria district, San Benito County, California. It was found on a single-fracture surface where it is intimately associated with calomel, native mercury, cinnabar, montroydite, and quartz. Individual crystals are subhedral to anhedral, platy to somewhat bladed, and average about 50 μm in longest dimension. The largest known crystal is approximately 0.3×0.3 mm in size and is striated parallel [001]. Hanawaltite is opaque to translucent (on very thin edges), black to very dark brown–black in color, with a black to dark red–brown streak. Other physical properties include: metallic luster; cleavage {001} good; uneven fracture; brittle; nonfluorescent; H<5; calculated density (for the empirical formula) 9.51 g/cm3.In polished section, hanawaltite is moderately to strongly bireflectant and is pleochroic white (RI) to blue–white (R2). In reflected plane-polarized light, it is white with orange–red internal reflections in very thin grains and at grain margins. The anisotropy is strong with bright metallic blue rotation tints. Measured reflectance values, in air and in oil, are tabulated. Electron-microprobe analysis yielded Hg2O 82.46, HgO 14.27, Cl 3.33, H2O [0.34], sum [100.40], less O=Cl 0.75, total [99.65] wt. %, corresponding to Hg1+6.00Hg2+1.00 [Cl1.43(OH)0.57]Σ2.00O3.00, based on O+Cl=5. After the crystal structure was determined, the original microprobe value for Hg2O, 96.2, was partitioned in a ratio of 6Hg2O:HgO and (OH) was calculated, such that Cl+(OH)=2. The hanawaltite structure consists of undulatory [Hg–Hg]2+ ribbons which roughly parallel (100). The diatomic [Hg–Hg]2+ groups have anion tails which, in turn, serve as cross linkages between dimer ribbons through [Hg2+O2Cl2] planar rhombs. The structure is compared to that of other mercury oxychlorides and each is found to have its own unique structural features. This structural diversity is attributed to the inherent ability of mercury to adopt either metallic or ionic types of bonds. The mineral name honors the late Dr. J. D. (Don) Hanawalt (1903–1987), who was a pioneer in the field of X-ray powder diffraction.
Powder diffraction study of arsenic-substituted nasicon structures MeZr2As(3−x)PxO12 (Me=Na+, K+)
Authors: Mazza D. , Lucco-Borlera M. , Ronchetti S. 
Published: January 2013

Three new mixed oxides having the nasicon structure and containing arsenic(V) as tetrahedral ion were prepared and X-ray analyzed. The stoichiometry of the three phases can be expressed by the comprehensive notation MeZr2As(3−x)PxO12 where Me stands for Na+ or K+, x equals to 0 and 1.5 when Me=Na, while x equals to 1.5 when Me=K. For two other compositions of the above series, the powder patterns were calculated on the basis of the structural data from single crystal determinations, thus permitting us to complete the characterization of the solids, with nasicon framework, deriving from MeZr2P3O12 (Me=Na+, K+) by partial (50%) or complete (100%) substitution of As for P.Key words: nasicon, ionic conductors, phosphates, arsenates
The X-Ray Crystallography of Rosasite From Tsumeb, Namibia
Authors: Roberts Andrew C. , Jambor John L. , Grice Joel D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCrystals of green to bluish green rosasite from Tsumeb, Namibia are monoclinic, space group P21/a, with refined unit-cell parameters a = 12.873 (3), b = 9.354 (3), c = 3.156 (2) A, β = 110.36 (3)°, V = 356.3 (5) A3 and a:b:c = 1.3762:1:0.3374, with Z = 4 and Dx = 4.15 g./cm.3. Crystals are twinned by 180° rotation about a*. A fully indexed powder pattern is presented. Electron-microprobe analyses, average (wt. %): Cu 32.9, Zn 23.7; this suggests an analytical formula of (Cu1·18 Zn0·82) (CO3) (OH)2. The rosasite is optically biaxial negative, α = 1.673 (1), β = 1.796 (3), γ = 1.811 (3), 2Vx = 33 (5)° (calc. 36.4°), with X = c, Y = a* and Z = b.
Applications of Total Pattern Fitting to a Study of Crystallite Size and Strain in Zinc Oxide Powder
Authors: Langford J. I. , Louër D. , Sonneveld E. J. , Visser J. W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA novel approach to the determination of crystallite size and lattice strain by means of Total Pattern Analysis is described. Parameters to define the position, magnitude, breadth and shape of individual peaks are obtained by an adaptation of the pattern fitting program of Sonneveld and Visser (J. Appl. Cryst. 8, 1–7, 1975). A rapid assessment of the nature of the specimen broadening is given by a Williamson-Hall Plot. This leads to a more detailed study of line breadths by, for example, Voigt analysis applied to several orders of reflections or to single lines. Preliminary results are given for the application of this procedure to ‘size only’ and ‘size-strain’ samples of ZnO.
An X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of the Patina of the Statue of Liberty
Authors: Matyi R. J. , Baboian R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAn X-ray powder diffraction analysis has been performed on several samples from the naturally occuring patina of the Statue of Liberty. This work, which was conducted as a service to the National Park Service as part of the restoration activities for the Statue, was performed to assess the impact of acid deposition on the phase composition of the patina. Samples of the patina that were obtained from various locations on the copper skin of the Statue were found to consist primarily of the basic copper sulfate known as brochantite or CuSO4·3Cu(OH)2. Another less stable form of basic copper sulfate CuSO4·2Cu(OH)2 known as antlerite was also observed in samples taken from areas that are more exposed to the incoming weather in New York harbor. The presence of antlerite supports the contention that acid deposition is promoting undesirable changes in the phase composition of the patina. Analyses were also performed on patina samples that were taken from pieces of the Statue's copper skin that had been removed in the years 1905 and 1980. X-ray powder diffraction of the corrosion product on the 1905 sample showed that it consisted primarily of the stable brochantite phase, while the 1980 sample displayed both copper chlorides as well as the less stable antlerite. Both samples also contained cuprite (Cu2O) which appears to have formed prior to either of the sulfates.
X-Ray Powder Data for Nissonite and Waylandite
Authors: Bayliss Peter 
Published: January 2013

AbstractComplete X-ray powder data is recorded from type specimens of the minerals nissonite and waylandite. Debye-Scherrer films of 114.59 mm diameter were measured with an automated densitometer. A wide step width of 0.08°2θ was required, because the average reflection width at half height was 0.5°2θ. The 2θ positions and relative intensities of the reflections were calculated from a negative second derivative function based upon a five point curve.
Quantitative X-Ray Powder Diffraction Method Using the Full Diffraction Pattern
Authors: Smith Deane K. , Johnson Gerald G. , Scheible Alexandre , Wims Andrew M. , Johnson Jack L. , Ullmann Gregory 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA new quantitative X-ray powder diffraction (QXRPD) method has been developed to analyze polyphase crystalline mixtures. The unique approach employed in this method is the utilization of the full diffraction pattern of a mixture and its reconstruction as a weighted sum of diffraction patterns of the component phases. To facilitate the use of the new method, menu-driven interactive computer programs with graphics have been developed for the VAX series of computers. The analyst builds a reference database of component diffraction patterns, corrects the patterns for background effects, and determines the appropriate reference intensity ratios. This database is used to calculate the weight fraction of each phase in a mixture by fitting its diffraction pattern with a least-squares best-fit weighted sum of selected database reference patterns.The new QXRPD method was evaluated using oxides found in ceramics, corrosion products, and other materials encountered in the laboratory. Experimental procedures have been developed for sample preparation and data collection for reference samples and unknowns. Prepared mixtures have been used to demonstrate the very good results that can be obtained with this method.