bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct Oxidative Amidation between N,N‐dimethylanilines and Anhydrides Using Metal‐Organic Framework [Cu2(EDB)2(BPY)] as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst
Authors: Dang Giao H. , Nguyen Thanh D. , Le Dung T. , Truong Thanh , Phan Nam T. S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA crystalline porous metal‐organic framework [Cu2(EDB)2(BPY)] was synthesized and used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the direct oxidative amidation between N,N‐dimethylanilines and anhydrides to form tertiary amides as the principal products. The [Cu2(EDB)2(BPY)] exhibited similar activity as compared to that of [Cu2(BDC)2(BPY)], [Cu2(BDC)2(DABCO)], MOF‐143, and other common homogeneous salt catalysts. The optimal reaction conditions employed were [Cu2(EDB)2(BPY)] (10 % mol), TBHP (2 equiv), pyridine (1 equiv) in CH3CN at 80 °C over 2 h. The Cu2(EDB)2(BPY) could be separated from the reaction mixture by filtration, and could be recovered and reused several times without a significant degradation in catalytic activity and selectivity. Furthermore, generality of the optimal conditions was confirmed by employing various N,N‐dimethylaniline and anhydride derivatives.
Role of free radical in atherosclerosis, diabetes and dyslipidaemia: larger‐than‐life
Authors: Singh Randhir , Devi Sushma , Gollen Rakesh 
Published: May 2014

SummaryDuring the past few decades, there have been numerous studies related to free radical chemistry. Free radicals including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species are generated by the human body by various endogenous systems, exposure to different physiochemical conditions, or pathological states, and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. These free radicals are also the common by‐products of many oxidative biochemical reactions in cells. When free radicals overwhelm the body's ability to regulate them, a condition known as oxidative stress ensues. They adversely alter lipids, proteins, and DNA, which trigger a number of human diseases. In a number of pathophysiological conditions, the delicate equilibrium between free radical production and antioxidant capability is distorted, leading to oxidative stress and increased tissue injury. ROS which are mainly produced by vascular cells are implicated as possible underlying pathogenic mechanisms in a progression of cardiovascular diseases including ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, and diabetes. This review summarizes the key roles played by free radicals in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, diabetes, and dyslipidaemia. Although not comprehensive, this review also provides a brief perspective on some of the current research being conducted in this area for a better understanding of the role free radicals play in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, diabetes, and dyslipidaemia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AGEs and chronic subclinical inflammation in diabetes: disorders of immune system
Authors: Hu Hang , Jiang Hongfei , Ren Haitao , Hu Xinlei , Wang Xingang , Han Chunmao 
Published: May 2014

SummaryChronic subclinical inflammation represents a risk factor of type 2 diabetes and several diabetes complications, including neuropathy and atherosclerosis including macro‐vasculopathy and micro‐vasculopathy. However, the inflammatory response in the diabetic wound was shown to be remarkably hypocellular, unregulated and ineffective. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and one of its receptors, RAGE, were involved in inducing chronic immune imbalance in diabetic patients. Such interactions attracts immune cell into diffused glycated tissue and activates these cells to induce inflammatory damage, but disturbs the normal immune rhythm in diabetic wound. Traditional measurements of AGEs are high‐performance liquid chromatography and immunohistochemistry staining, but their application faces the limitations including complexity, cost and lack of reproducibility. A new noninvasive method emerged in 2004, using skin autofluorescence as indicator for AGEs accumulation. It had been reported to be informative in evaluating the chronic risk of diabetic patients. Studies have indicated therapeutic potentials of anti‐AGE recipes. These recipes can reduce AGE absorption/de novo formation, block AGE–RAGE interaction and arrest downstream signaling after RAGE activation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diabetic conditions downregulate the expression of CD2AP in podocytes via PI3‐K/Akt signalling
Authors: Ha Tae‐Sun , Hong Eun‐Jeong , Han Gi‐Dong 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundProteinuria is typically accompanied by structural and compositional changes of the foot processes and of the slit diaphragms between podocytes. CD2‐associated protein (CD2AP) in podocytes serves as an adaptor protein binding to nephrin and podocin, anchoring these slit diaphragm proteins to actin filaments of podocyte cytoskeleton and sending signals inward or outward.MethodsIn the present study, we prepared streptozotocin‐induced diabetic renal tissues and cultured podocytes in diabetic conditions to investigate podocyte phenotypical changes, including quantitative and distributional changes of CD2AP protein and search for the signalling mechanisms in diabetic conditions. We prepared cultured rat glomerular epithelial cells and mouse podocytes to study how high glucose and advanced glycosylation end products (AGE) induce phenotypical changes of cultured podocyte, under (1) normal glucose (5 mM, = control), (2) high glucose (30 mM), (3) AGE‐added or (4) high glucose plus AGE‐added conditions.ResultsAccording to diabetic duration, density of CD2AP in renal tissue of experimental diabetic nephropathy became conglomerulated and diminished. In cultured podocytes, CD2AP co‐localized with nephrin and zonula occludens‐1 by confocal imaging. High glucose and high glucose plus AGE induced the relocalization and concentration of CD2AP at internal cytoplasmic and perinuclear areas of podocytes. High glucose plus AGE‐added condition also decreased CD2AP protein amount and its mRNA expression compared with normal glucose or osmotic control conditions. In addition, LY294002, a phosphoinositide 3‐kinase inhibitor, prevented the quantitative and distributional changes of CD2AP induced by high glucose and AGE.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that diabetic conditions induce the phenotypical changes of podocyte CD2AP possibly via phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/Akt signalling. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying species of moths (Lepidoptera) from Baihua Mountain, Beijing, China, using DNA barcodes
Authors: Liu Xiao F. , Yang Cong H. , Han Hui L. , Ward Robert D. , Zhang Ai‐bing 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDNA barcoding has become a promising means for the identification of organisms of all life‐history stages. Currently, distance‐based and tree‐based methods are most widely used to define species boundaries and uncover cryptic species. However, there is no universal threshold of genetic distance values that can be used to distinguish taxonomic groups. Alternatively, DNA barcoding can deploy a “character‐based” method, whereby species are identified through the discrete nucleotide substitutions. Our research focuses on the delimitation of moth species using DNA‐barcoding methods. We analyzed 393 Lepidopteran specimens belonging to 80 morphologically recognized species with a standard cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequencing approach, and deployed tree‐based, distance‐based, and diagnostic character‐based methods to identify the taxa. The tree‐based method divided the 393 specimens into 79 taxa (species), and the distance‐based method divided them into 84 taxa (species). Although the diagnostic character‐based method found only 39 so‐identifiable species in the 80 species, with a reduction in sample size the accuracy rate substantially improved. For example, in the Arctiidae subset, all 12 species had diagnostics characteristics. Compared with traditional morphological method, molecular taxonomy performed well. All three methods enable the rapid delimitation of species, although they have different characteristics and different strengths. The tree‐based and distance‐based methods can be used for accurate species identification and biodiversity studies in large data sets, while the character‐based method performs well in small data sets and can also be used as the foundation of species‐specific biochips.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Characterization of the Charge‐Transfer Salt (BEDT‐TTF)[Fe(C2O4)Cl2](CH2Cl2), {BEDT‐TTF = Bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene}
Authors: Zhang Bin , Zhang Yan , Gao Zengqiang , Chang Guangcai , Su Shaokui , Wang Dongwei , Guo Yanjun , Zhu Daoben 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe synthesis, crystal structure, Raman spectra, conductivity, and magnetism of the title charge‐transfer salt (1) composed of BEDT‐TTF [bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene], one‐dimensional [Fe(C2O4)Cl2–]n, and the solvent CH2Cl2, are described and interpreted. Electrochemical oxidation of neutral BEDT‐TTF in the presence of [(C2H5)3NH][Fe(C2O4)Cl2] in a CH2Cl2/CH3OH solution yields crystals of 1, which crystallizes in triclinic form. In 1, two donor molecules stack in a face‐to‐face manner as a BEDT‐TTF dimer. The BEDT‐TTF dimers form a (4,4) grid in the ab plane. The cavity of the (4,4) grid is occupied by two CH2Cl2 molecules. The donor layers are separated by sheets of [Fe(C2O4)Cl2–]n anions with a zigzag chain along the a axis. There are S···S interactions between the donors, and S···Cl interactions between the donor and the anion. On the χ vs. T plot, a broad maximum is observed around 45 K, showing the existence of antiferromagnetic interactions between the metal atoms in the low‐dimensional system. The formal charge of the donor molecules is assigned 1.0+ based on the bond lengths of the TTF core and on the Raman spectra. The material is a semiconductor with σrt = 1.8 × 10–5 S/cm.
Chiral Self‐Sorting of trans‐Chelating Chiral Ligands upon Formation of PdII Complexes
Authors: Meyer‐Eppler Georg , Topić Filip , Schnakenburg Gregor , Rissanen Kari , Lützen Arne 
Published: May 2014

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Arne Lützen at the University of Bonn, Germany. The cover image shows two dissymmetric bis(3‐pyridyl) ligands based on a planar chiral pseudo‐ortho‐disubstituted [2.2]paracyclophane scaffold. Upon forming a mononuclear [ML2] complex with palladium(II) ions, these ligands act in a trans‐chelating manner and undergo complete chiral self‐sorting.
A High‐Performance Microbial Battery Based on the Chemotactic Biofilm of a Motile Microaerophilic Bacterium
Authors: Parthasarathy Meera , Narayanan Anantha , Narasimhan Siddarth , Alex Sruthi Ann , Ogirala Vivek , Kalidasan Viveka 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMotile bacteria adapt themselves to changes in chemical environment by a stochastic mechanism called chemotaxis, which plays a major role in many bacterial processes. We report here for the first time that the preferential migration of bacteria across a nutrient gradient can be harnessed to generate useful electric power. The chemotactic battery demonstrated in the present work involves a nutrient‐localized anode toward which bacteria activated by starvation migrate and generate electricity by oxidation of the nutrient molecules. The chemotactic battery yields a significant power density (25±2 W m−2). Systematic investigation on biofilm morphology and electroactivity reveals significant differences between chemotactic and non‐chemotactic configurations. In addition, the chemotactic setup has also been integrated in the anode chamber of a microbial fuel cell to improve microbial biofilm properties. Thus the results of the study could be used to design miniature microbial batteries for portable applications as well as to improve the performance of microbial fuel cells.
Clinical Characteristics Associated with Premature Termination from Outpatient Psychotherapy for Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Jordan Jennifer , McIntosh Virginia V. W. , Carter Frances A. , Joyce Peter R. , Frampton Christopher M. A. , Luty Suzanne E. , McKenzie Janice M. , Bulik Cynthia M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAimThe literature on clinical characteristics associated with premature termination of treatment (PTT) is beset with conflicting and non‐replicated findings. This study explores clinical characteristics potentially associated with PTT in a randomised controlled outpatient psychotherapy trial for anorexia nervosa (AN).MethodsParticipants were 56 women aged 17–40 years with spectrum AN. The completer group (n = 35) included those completing at least 15/20 planned sessions with the remainder of the sample comprising the PTT group (n = 21). Variables examined included demographic factors, psychosocial functioning, psychiatric history, lifetime comorbidity, temperament and eating disorder characteristics. Logistic regression was used to examine significant variables. A Kaplan–Meier survival curve was used to illustrate time taken to PTT.ResultsThe mean number of sessions in the PTT group was 8.1. Lower self‐transcendence scores on the Temperament and Character Inventory were associated with PTT.ConclusionsRecognising and addressing personality factors have the potential to enhance retention in treatment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A computational methodology for two‐dimensional fluid flows
Authors: Alam Jahrul M. , Walsh Raymond P. , Alamgir Hossain M. , Rose Andrew M. 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYA weighted residual collocation methodology for simulating two‐dimensional shear‐driven and natural convection flows has been presented. Using a dyadic mesh refinement, the methodology generates a basis and a multiresolution scheme to approximate a fluid flow. To extend the benefits of the dyadic mesh refinement approach to the field of computational fluid dynamics, this article has studied an iterative interpolation scheme for the construction and differentiation of a basis function in a two‐dimensional mesh that is a finite collection of rectangular elements. We have verified that, on a given mesh, the discretization error is controlled by the order of the basis function. The potential of this novel technique has been demonstrated with some representative examples of the Poisson equation. We have also verified the technique with a dynamical core of a two‐dimensional flow in primitive variables. An excellent result has been observed—on resolving a shear layer and on the conservation of the potential and the kinetic energies—with respect to previously reported benchmark simulations. In particular, the shear‐driven simulation at CFL = 2.5 (Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy) and (Reynolds number) exhibits a linear speed up of CPU time with an increase of the time step, Δt. For the natural convection flow, the conversion of the potential energy to the kinetic energy and the conservation of total energy is resolved by the proposed method. The computed streamlines and the velocity fields have been demonstrated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electric Generation: Lessons Learned in Power Plant Decommissioning and Demolition
Authors: Hope Ryan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractOwners are decontaminating, decommissioning, and demolishing (DD&D) aging power plants in the Americas and Europe as the utility market undergoes structural changes resulting from changing economics, greater power‐generation efficiencies, and changes in environmental and regulatory requirements. Whatever the reason an owner elects to decommission and demolish a power plant, it is a complex project with potential pitfalls, many of which can be identified in advance and mitigated.
Natural Gas & Electricity Pricing: Parallel Play: Better Coordination Between Electric and Gas Reduces Costs and Prices
Authors: Bodell Tanya 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFrom an economic perspective, the natural gas and electricity industries are more integrated than ever before. Natural gas increasingly fuels the power‐generation sector, and the power‐generation sector increasingly serves as the major source of price‐responsive swing demand for natural gas markets. This relationship can be expected to strengthen as coal plants retire and new natural gas plants come online.
Preparation of Hydrophobic 2‐Phenylthiohydroquinone Dimers and Evaluation of Their Photophysical Properties
Authors: Kamimura Akio , Takechi Yasuko , Watanabe Ryusuke 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTTetra‐O‐alkylated hydrophobic 2‐phenylthiohydroquinone dimers were prepared by the Fe(III)‐mediated oxidative dimerization. The prepared dimers were soluble in hexane and served as fluorescent dyes in the hydrophobic solvent. Their physical properties were also examined.
Effect of rotary instrument associated with different irrigation techniques on removing calcium hydroxide dressing
Authors: Faria Gisele , Viola Kennia Scapin , Kuga Milton Carlos , Garcia Arturo Javier Aranda , Daher Vanessa Bossolani , De Pasquali Leonardo MÁrio Francisco , Tanomaru‐Filho MÁrio 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTCalcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] residues in root canals may compromise sealing of filling and endodontic treatment success. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of using rotary instrument associated with EndoActivator, EndoVac, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and conventional needle irrigation (CNI), in Ca(OH)2 removal from root canal, by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Sixty‐six human canines were prepared with the Protaper system up to F5 and filled with Ca(OH)2. After 7 days, Ca(OH)2 was removed with rotary instrument F5 associated with the irrigation techniques used in each group (n = 15): GI (CNI), GII (EndoVac), GIII (EndoActivator) and GIV (PUI). In all groups 15 mL of 2.5% NaOCl and 3 mL of 17% EDTA were used for Ca(OH)2 removal. The Ca(OH)2 residues was evaluated by SEM in the middle and apical third using a system of scores. The results were analyzed by the Kruskal‐Wallis and Dunn tests (α = 0.05). None of the techniques completely removed the Ca(OH)2 from root canals. There was no difference between EndoActivator, EndoVac and PUI (P > 0.05), but the three techniques removed more Ca(OH)2 than the CNI (P < 0,05), in the middle and apical thirds of the root canal. It was concluded that the rotary instrument combined with EndoActivator, EndoVac, and PUI was shown to be more efficient than the rotary instrument combined with the CNI in removing Ca(OH)2 from the root canal. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:642–646, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tips for anatomical hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma by the Glissonean pedicle approach (with videos)
Authors: Yamamoto Masakazu , Katagiri Satoshi , Ariizumi Shun‐ichi , Kotera Yoshihito , Takahashi Yutaka , Egawa Hiroto 
Published: May 2014

Abstract Couinaud described three fundamental approaches at the hepatic hilus in liver surgery. The Glissonean pedicle approach at the hepatic hilus is one of these procedures and provides anatomical hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The Glissonean pedicle approach was introduced by Couinaud and Takasaki in the early 1980s. The key of the Glissonean pedicle approach is clamping the pedicle first, secondly confirming the territory, which includes the HCC, and finally dissecting the liver parenchyma. This procedure prevents intrahepatic metastasis of HCC, which spreads along the portal vein and improves the overall survival after surgery. Another key feature is that we do not have to consider any variations of the vascular elements in the hepatoduodenal ligament under the hilar plate. This procedure allows an approach to the tertiary branches, which feed a smaller anatomical area than Couinaud's segment. We refer to this area as a cone unit of the liver. The procedure is also available in laparoscopic hepatectomy and provides new knowledge of the surgical anatomy, especially for small anatomical liver resection in the cirrhotic liver.
Ultrafast in vivo diffusion imaging of stroke at 21.1 T by spatiotemporal encoding
Authors: Leftin Avigdor , Rosenberg Jens T. , Solomon Eddy , Calixto Bejarano Fabian , Grant Samuel C. , Frydman Lucio 
Published: May 2014

PurposeThis study quantifies in vivo ischemic stroke brain injuries in rats using ultrahigh‐field single‐scan MRI methods to assess variations in apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs).MethodsMagnitude and diffusion‐weighted spatiotemporally encoded imaging sequences were implemented on a 21.1 T imaging system, and compared with spin‐echo and echo‐planar imaging diffusion‐weighted imaging strategies. ADC maps were calculated and used to evaluate the sequences according to the statistical comparisons of the ipsilateral and contralateral ADC measurements at 24, 48, and 72 h poststroke.ResultsSusceptibility artifacts resulting from normative anatomy and pathological stroke conditions were particularly intense at 21.1 T. These artifacts strongly distorted single‐shot diffusion‐weighted echo‐planar imaging experiments, but were reduced in four‐segment interleaved echo‐planar imaging acquisitions. By contrast, nonsegmented diffusion‐weighted spatiotemporally encoded images were largely immune to field‐dependent artifacts. Effects of stroke were apparent in both magnitude images and ADC maps of all sequences. When stroke recovery was followed by ADC variations, spatiotemporally encoded, echo‐planar imaging, and spin‐echo acquisitions revealed statistically significant increase in ADCs.ConclusionsConsideration of experiment duration, image quality, and mapped ADC values provided by spatiotemporally encoded demonstrates that this single‐shot acquisition is a method of choice for high‐throughput, ultrahigh‐field in vivo stroke quantification. Magn Reson Med 73:1483–1489, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Silica aerogel–poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) composite for transparent heat retention films
Authors: Allan Jenna M. , Mumin Md Abdul , Wood Jeffery A. , Xu William Z. , Wu Wei , Charpentier Paul A. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTPoly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (EVA) plastic films are widely used for solar coverings including photovoltaic modules and commercial greenhouse films, but are poor at controlling heat flow. In this work, silica aerogel (SA) nanogels were examined for preparing transparent heat retention EVA films that block far infrared spectra radiation to maintain heat, without compromising the optical performance of the films. SA nanogels were melt‐mixed using a mini twin‐screw extruder with EVA pellets to form SA/EVA composite, which were pressed into thin films with controlled thickness. The composite films were characterized in terms of optical properties using a variety of analytical methods including FTIR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, electron, confocal, and atomic force microscopy. Both thermicity and thermal conductivity of commercial and experimental SA/EVA films were measured. The results demonstrated that the SA/EVA films gave improved infrared retention compared to commercial thermal plastic films without compromising visible light transmission, showing the potential for this approach in next generation heat retention films. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 927–935