bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ouk ´Ismen Oudén: Negative Concord and Negative Polarity in the History of Greek
Authors: Horrocks Geoffrey 
Published: April 2014

In Ancient Greek a single set of indefinite enclitic pronouns was used indifferently in both negative/affective environments (i.e. like negative polarity items (NPI)) and in positive ones (i.e. like positive polarity items (PPI)). At the same time the negative pronouns used as negative quantifiers (NQ) were also employed as emphatic NPIs, with negative concord. The two functions of each class (i.e. PPI-like vs NPI-like, NQ vs NPI) were determined by syntactic distribution. In the specific case of negative sentences, an indefinite before a sentential negative marker (NM) functioned like a PPI but after a NM like an NPI, while a negative pronoun before a NM was an NQ but after an NM an NPI. This pattern was at odds with the canonical VSO clause structure that evolved in later antiquity, in which focal constituents were contrastively stressed and fronted to the left periphery: neither indefinite nor negative pronouns could be focalised because of the prosodic and/or semantic restrictions on their distribution. This deficiency was eventually remedied by formal/prosodic recharacterisation, the loss of NQs and the generalisation of NPIs to all syntactic positions available to DPs, including the focus position, a process that triggered their reinterpretation as involving universal quantification over negation rather than, as before, existential quantification under negation. The Modern Greek PPI kápjos and NPI kanís are traced from their origins in Ancient Greek and their role in the evolution of the system is explored. The final outcome is typologically to be expected in so far as NQs are redundant in a system in which NPIs appear freely both before and after NMs.
The Impact of Raindrop Collisional Processes on the Polarimetric Radar Variables
Authors: Kumjian Matthew R. , Prat Olivier P. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The impact of the collisional warm-rain microphysical processes on the polarimetric radar variables is quantified using a coupled microphysics–electromagnetic scattering model. A one-dimensional bin-microphysical rain shaft model that resolves explicitly the evolution of the drop size distribution (DSD) under the influence of collisional coalescence and breakup, drop settling, and aerodynamic breakup is coupled with electromagnetic scattering calculations that simulate vertical profiles of the polarimetric radar variables: reflectivity factor at horizontal polarization ZH, differential reflectivity ZDR, and specific differential phase KDP. The polarimetric radar fingerprint of each individual microphysical process is quantified as a function of the shape of the initial DSD and for different values of nominal rainfall rate. Results indicate that individual microphysical processes (collisional processes, evaporation) display a distinctive signature and evolve within specific areas of ZH–ZDR and ZDR–KDP space. Furthermore, a comparison of the resulting simulated vertical profiles of the polarimetric variables with radar and disdrometer observations suggests that bin-microphysical parameterizations of drop breakup most frequently used are overly aggressive for the largest rainfall rates, resulting in very “tropical” DSDs heavily skewed toward smaller drops.
TRMM-Observed Shallow versus Deep Convection in the Eastern Pacific Related to Large-Scale Circulations in Reanalysis Datasets
Authors: Yokoyama Chie , Zipser Edward J. , Liu Chuntao 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Over the eastern Pacific, recent studies have shown that a shallow large-scale meridional circulation with its return flow just above the boundary layer coexists with a deep Hadley circulation. This study examines how the vertical structure of large-scale circulations is related to satellite-observed individual precipitation properties over the eastern Pacific in boreal autumn. Three reanalysis datasets are used to describe differences in their behavior. The results are compared among reanalyses and three distinctly different convection periods, which are defined according to their radar echo depths. Shallow and deep circulations are shown to often coexist for each of the three periods, resulting in the multicell circulation structure. Deep (shallow) circulations preferentially appear in the mostly deep (shallow) convection period of radar echo depths. Thus, depth of convection basically corresponds to which circulation branch is dominant. This anticipated relationship between the circulation structure and depths of convection is common in all three reanalyses. Notable differences among reanalyses are found in the mid- to upper troposphere in either the time-mean state or the composite analysis based on the convection periods. Reanalyses have large variations in characteristics associated with deep circulations such as the upper-tropospheric divergence and outflows and the midlevel inflows, which are consistent with their different profiles of latent heating in the mid- to upper troposphere. On the other hand, discrepancies in shallow circulations and shallow convection are also found, but they are not as large as those in deep ones.
Aquaplanet Experiments Using CAM’s Variable-Resolution Dynamical Core
Authors: Zarzycki Colin M. , Levy Michael N. , Jablonowski Christiane , Overfelt James R. , Taylor Mark A. , Ullrich Paul A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A variable-resolution option has been added within the spectral element (SE) dynamical core of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)–NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM). CAM-SE allows for static refinement via conforming quadrilateral meshes on the cubed sphere. This paper investigates the effect of mesh refinement in a climate model by running variable-resolution (var-res) simulations on an aquaplanet. The variable-resolution grid is a 2° (~222 km) grid with a refined patch of 0.25° (~28 km) resolution centered at the equator. Climatology statistics from these simulations are compared to globally uniform runs of 2° and 0.25°.
A significant resolution dependence exists when using the CAM version 4 (CAM4) subgrid physical parameterization package across scales. Global cloud fraction decreases and equatorial precipitation increases with finer horizontal resolution, resulting in drastically different climates between the uniform grid runs and a physics-induced grid imprinting in the var-res simulation. Using CAM version 5 (CAM5) physics significantly improves cloud scaling at different grid resolutions. Additional precipitation at the equator in the high-resolution mesh results in collocated zonally anomalous divergence in both var-res simulations, although this feature is much weaker in CAM5 than CAM4. The equilibrium solution at each grid spacing within the var-res simulations captures the majority of the resolution signal of the corresponding globally uniform grids. The var-res simulation exhibits good performance with respect to wave propagation, including equatorial regions where waves pass through grid transitions. In addition, the increased frequency of high-precipitation events in the refined 0.25° area within the var-res simulations matches that observed in the global 0.25° simulations.
Detection and Estimation of Radar Reflectivity from Weak Echo of Precipitation in Dual-Polarized Weather Radars
Authors: Keränen Reino , Chandrasekar V. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
In operational weather radar, precipitation echoes are often weak when compared to the underlying noise. Coherence properties of dual polarization can be used for enhancing the detection and for the improved estimation of weak echoes of precipitation. The enhanced detectability results from utilizing coherent averages of precipitation signals, while the uncorrelated noise vanishes asymptotically, explicit in the off-diagonal element Rhv of the echo covariance matrix. In finite sums, the noise terms as well as the uncertainties associated with them are suppressed. A signal can be detected in weaker echo by an analytically derived censoring policy. The coherent sums are readily available as the cross-correlation function of the antenna voltages H and V, which estimates Rhv in the mode of simultaneous transmission and reception. The magnitude of Rhv is a consistent estimate of the copolar echo power, leading to the copolar radar reflectivity of precipitation, which refers to the geometric mean of the reflectivities in H and V polarizations. Because of the intrinsic noise suppression, estimates of the copolar reflectivity are, in relative terms, more precise and more accurate than the corresponding estimates of reflectivity in specific channels, for weak signals of precipitation. These aspects are discussed quantitatively with validation of the key features in real conditions. The advances suggest for dedicated dual-polarization surveillance scans of weak echo of precipitation.
Heteroscedastic Ensemble Postprocessing
Authors: Satterfield Elizabeth A. , Bishop Craig H. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEnsemble variances provide a prediction of the flow-dependent error variance of the ensemble mean or, possibly, a high-resolution forecast. However, small ensemble size, unaccounted for model error, and imperfections in ensemble generation schemes cause the predictions of error variance to be imperfect. In previous work, the authors developed an analytic approximation to the posterior distribution of true error variances, given an imperfect ensemble prediction, based on parameters recovered from long archives of innovation and ensemble variance pairs. This paper shows how heteroscedastic postprocessing enables climatological information to be blended with ensemble forecast information when information about the distribution of true error variances given an ensemble sample variance is available. A hierarchy of postprocessing methods are described, each graded on the amount of information about the posterior distribution of error variances used in the postprocessing. These homoscedastic methods are used to assess the value of knowledge of the mean and variance of the posterior distribution of error variances to ensemble postprocessing and explore sensitivity to various parameter regimes. Testing was performed using both synthetic data and operational ensemble forecasts of a Gaussian-distributed variable, to provide a proof-of-concept demonstration in a semi-idealized framework. Rank frequency histograms, weather roulette, continuous ranked probability score, and spread-skill diagrams are used to quantify the value of information about the posterior distribution of error variances. It is found that ensemble postprocessing schemes that utilize the full distribution of error variances given the ensemble sample variance outperform those that do not.
Maya Cultural Resistance in Los Angeles
Authors: Batz Giovanni 
Published: April 2014

The migration of thousands of Guatemalan Maya due to political violence and poverty since the 1970s has led to the establishment of various diasporic communities throughout the United States. A frequent destination for the Maya is Los Angeles, California, where they are confronted with pressure to adapt to an environment that is predominantly Latino/Hispanic. Maya identity, expressed through the use of traditional dress, language, literature, and spirituality, is challenged by Euro-American culture, which discriminates against these customs. These conditions are more severe for Maya children, who face difficulties in maintaining their heritage as public education socializes them into U.S. culture and history. The children of Maya in Los Angeles are recovering their identity and culture through music, religion, literature, and language, resisting imposed identities and reaffirming their Maya roots. La migración de miles de mayas guatemaltecos debido a la pobreza y la violencia política desde los años setenta ha llevado al establecimiento de varias comunidades diaspóricas en todo Estados Unidos. Los Angeles, California, es un destino frecuente donde los mayas se enfrentan a la presión de adaptarse a un entorno predominantemente latino/hispano. La identidad maya, que se expresa mediante el uso del traje (ropa maya), la lengua, la literatura y la espiritualidad, es desafiada por la cultura euro-americana, que discrimina en contra de estas costumbres. Estas condiciones son más severas para los niños mayas, que enfrentan dificultades para mantener su patrimonio dado que la educación pública les socializa como parte de la cultura e historia estadounidenses. Los niños mayas en Los Angeles están recuperando su identidad y su cultura a través de la música, religión, literatura y lengua, resistiendo las identidades impuestas y reafirmando sus raíces.
Development of a Mapped Diabetes Community Program Guide for a Safety Net Population
Authors: Zallman Leah , Ibekwe Lynn , Thompson Jennifer , Ross-Degnan Dennis , Oken Emily 
Published: April 2014

Purpose Enhancing linkages between patients and community programs is increasingly recognized as a method for improving physical activity, nutrition, and weight management. Although interactive mapped community program guides may be beneficial, there remains a dearth of articles that describe the processes and practicalities of creating such guides. This article describes the development of an interactive web-based mapped community program guide at a safety net institution and the lessons learned from that process. Conclusions This project demonstrated the feasibility of creating 2 maps: a program guide and a population health map. It also revealed some key challenges and lessons for future work in this area, particularly within safety net institutions. Our work underscores the need for developing partnerships outside the health care system and the importance of employing community-based participatory methods. In addition to facilitating improvements in individual wellness, mapping community programs has the potential to improve population health management by health care delivery systems such as hospitals, health centers, or public health systems, including city and state departments of health.
Evaluating and Quantifying the Specific Deterrent Effects of DNA Databases
Authors: Bhati Avinash , Roman Caterina G. 
Published: April 2014

Background: Today, the ability of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) evidence to place persons at crime scenes with near certainty is broadly accepted by criminal investigators, courts, policy makers, and the public. However, the public safety benefits of investments in DNA databases are largely unknown and research attempting to quantify these benefits is only gradually emerging. Given the inherent difficulty in randomly assigning offenders to treatment and comparison groups for the purpose of inferring specific deterrence and probative effects (PREs) of DNA databases, this study developed an alternate strategy for extracting these effects from transactional data. Research Design: Reoffending patterns of a large cohort of offenders released from the Florida Department of Corrections custody between 1996 and 2004 were analyzed across a range of criminal offense categories. First, an identification strategy using multiple clock models was developed that linked the two simultaneous effects of DNA databases to different clocks measuring the same events. Then, a semiparametric approach was developed for estimating the models. Results: The estimation models yielded mixed results. Small deterrent effects—2–3% reductions in recidivism risk attributable to deterrence—were found only for robbery and burglary. However, strong PREs—20–30% increase in recidivism risk attributable to PREs—were uncovered for most offense categories. Conclusion: The probative and deterrent effects of DNA databases can be elucidated through innovative semiparametric models.
Ligamentous Injuries and the Risk of Associated Tissue Damage in Acute Ankle Sprains in Athletes
Authors: Roemer Frank W. , Jomaah Nabil , Niu Jingbo , Almusa Emad , Roger Bernard , D’Hooghe Pieter , Geertsema Celeste , Tol Johannes L. , Khan Karim , Guermazi Ali 
Published: April 2014

Background: Ankle joint injuries are extremely common sports injuries, with the anterior talofibular ligament involved in the majority of ankle sprains. There have been only a few large magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on associated structural injuries after ankle sprains. Purpose: To describe the injury pattern in athletes who were referred to MRI for the assessment of an acute ankle sprain and to assess the risk of associated traumatic tissue damage including lateral and syndesmotic ligament involvement. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 261 ankle MRI scans of athletes with acute ankle sprains were evaluated for: lateral and syndesmotic ligament injury; concomitant injuries to the deltoid and spring ligaments and sinus tarsi; peroneal, flexor, and extensor retinacula and tendons; traumatic and nontraumatic osteochondral and osseous changes; and joint effusion. Patients were on average 22.5 years old, and the average time from injury to MRI was 5.7 days. Six exclusive injury patterns were defined based on lateral and syndesmotic ligament involvement. The risk for associated injuries was assessed by logistic regression using ankles with no or only low-grade lateral ligament injuries and no syndesmotic ligament damage as the reference. Results: With regard to the injury pattern, there were 103 ankles (39.5%) with complete anterior talofibular ligament disruption and no syndesmotic injury, and 53 ankles (20.3%) had a syndesmotic injury with or without lateral ligament damage. Acute osteochondral lesions of the lateral talar dome were seen in 20 ankles (7.7%). The percentage of chronic lateral osteochondral lesions was 1.1%. The risk for talar bone contusions increased more than 3-fold for ankles with complete lateral ligament ruptures (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.43; 95% CI, 1.72-6.85) but not for ankles with syndesmotic involvement. The risk for associated deltoid ligament injuries increased for ankles with complete lateral ligament injuries (aOR, 4.04; 95% CI, 1.99-8.22) compared with patients with no or only low-grade lateral ligament injuries. Conclusion: About 20% of athletes referred for MRI after suffering an acute ankle sprain had evidence of a syndesmotic injury regardless of lateral ligament involvement, while more than half had evidence of any lateral ligament injury without syndesmotic involvement. Concomitant talar osseous and deltoid ligament injuries are common.
Enlargement of Glenoid Defects in Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Instability
Authors: Nakagawa Shigeto , Ozaki Ritsuro , Take Yasuhiro , Mizuno Naoko , Mae Tatsuo 
Published: April 2014

Background: Large glenoid rim defects in patients with traumatic anterior shoulder instability are often regarded as a contraindication for arthroscopic Bankart repair, with a defect of 20% to 27% considered as the critical size. While recurrence of dislocations, male sex, and collision sports were reported to be the significant factors influencing large glenoid defects, the influences of subluxations and more detailed types of sports were not investigated. Purpose: To investigate the influence of the number of dislocations and subluxations and type of sport on the occurrence and size of glenoid defects in detail. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 223 shoulders (60 with primary instability, 163 with recurrent instability) were prospectively examined by computed tomography. Glenoid rim morphology was compared between primary and recurrent instability. In patients with recurrent instability, the relationship between the glenoid defect and the number of dislocations and subluxations was investigated. In addition, glenoid defects were compared among 49 male American football players, 41 male rugby players, 27 male baseball players, and 25 female athletes. Results: The mean extent of the glenoid defect was 3.5% in shoulders with primary instability and 11.3% in those with recurrent instability. A glenoid defect was detected in 108 shoulders (66.2%) with recurrent instability versus 12 shoulders (20%) with primary instability. Regarding the influence of the total number of dislocations/subluxations, the average extent of the glenoid defect was 6.3% in 85 shoulders with 2 to 5 events, 12.9% in 34 shoulders with 6 to 10 events, and 19.6% in 44 shoulders with 11 or more events. The glenoid defect became significantly larger along with an increasing number of recurrences. Although recurrent subluxation without dislocation also influenced the glenoid defect size, the number of dislocations did not. The average extent of the glenoid defect was 12.0% in rugby players, 8.9% in American football players, 4.7% in female athletes, and 4.5% in baseball players. Glenoid defects were significantly smaller in male baseball players and female athletes than in male collision athletes. Conclusion: The glenoid defect is significantly enlarged by damage due to recurrent dislocation and subluxation; therefore, glenoid rim morphology differs markedly between primary and recurrent instability. Glenoid defect size is also influenced by sex and by the type of sport.
Inherited biallelic CSF3R mutations in severe congenital neutropenia
Authors: Triot Alexa , Järvinen Päivi M. , Arostegui Juan I. , Murugan Dhaarini , Kohistani Naschla , Dapena Díaz José Luis , Racek Tomas , Puchałka Jacek , Gertz E. Michael , Schäffer Alejandro A. , Kotlarz Daniel , Pfeifer Dietmar , Díaz de Heredia Rubio Cristina , Ozdemir Mehmet Akif , Patiroglu Turkan , Karakukcu Musa , Sánchez de Toledo Codina José , Yagüe Jordi , Touw Ivo P. , Unal Ekrem , Klein Christoph 
Published: April 2014

Key Points
Biallelic mutations in CSF3R must be considered as a novel genetic subtype in patients with congenital neutropenia. The p.Arg308Cys mutation in CSF3R leads to altered G-CSF receptor glycosylation and surface expression and abrogated downstream signaling.
Long-term outcome after haploidentical stem cell transplant and infusion of T cells expressing the inducible caspase 9 safety transgene
Authors: Zhou Xiaoou , Di Stasi Antonio , Tey Siok-Keen , Krance Robert A. , Martinez Caridad , Leung Kathryn S. , Durett April G. , Wu Meng-Fen , Liu Hao , Leen Ann M. , Savoldo Barbara , Lin Yu-Feng , Grilley Bambi J. , Gee Adrian P. , Spencer David M. , Rooney Cliona M. , Heslop Helen E. , Brenner Malcolm K. , Dotti Gianpietro 
Published: April 2014

Key PointsAllodepleted-T-cells containing the iC9 safety gene persist long-term in vivo, promote immune recovery, and protect against infections. GvHD caused by iC9-T cells can be permanently controlled by a single administration of AP1903 without abrogating immune reconstitution.