bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XLV.—On the Theory of Commensurables
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: January 2013

The general proposition in the theory of commensurables is to determine the conditions under which lines, surfaces, or solidities, connected with prescribed figures or forms, may have their ratios expressible by integer numbers.The attention of geometers must have been drawn to this subject by the contemplation of incommensurable lines: the altitude of an equilateral trigon is incommensurable with the base; the diagonal of a square incommensurable with the side, and so on. And, when the two sides of a right angle are expressed by two numbers, the hypotenuse is, in the great multitude of cases, incommensurable with the sides: thus, if the sides be 5 and 7 inches respectively, the length of the subtense cannot be accurately expressed either in integers or fractions. However, when the sides are 3 and 4 units, the hypotenuse is exactly 5 of the same units.
VI. An Account of the Hot Springs near Haukadal in Iceland
Authors: Stanley John Thomas 
Published: January 2013

Dear Sir,Part of my promise has been accomplished in a former letter, in which I gave you the fullest account I could of the springs of boiling water that rise in the valley of Rykum. It now remains for me to send you a description of those we visited in the neighbourhood of Haukadal.These last are the most remarkable in the island, and the eruptions of water from some of them so astonishing, that I doubt whether any adequate idea of their effect can be given by description. Abler pens than mine might fail probably in attempting to do justice to such wonderful phenomena. The objects, however, are so highly interesting in themselves, that even the simplest narrative that can be given of them will be read with more than ordinary attention.
XLII.—On a Lower Limit to the Power exerted in the Function of Parturition
Authors: Duncan J. Matthews 
Published: January 2013

The dynamics of natural labour have been the field of very little successful study or investigation. The object of the present paper is to make a contribution to this subject. I purpose to show what amount of pressure per square inch is sustained by the ovum in the easiest class of natural labours, and thence to estimate the propelling power exerted in such cases.It is well known that natural births are ever and anon occurring, in which the ovum is expelled whole, the membranes containing the liquor amnii continuing entire. Into this category many more cases would enter, were it not a generally-followed rule for the attendant to rupture the bag should it advance entire as far as the external parts. Again, as Dr Poppel has pointed out, the attentive observer of a series of easy natural labours has no difficulty in arriving at the conclusion, that in not a few cases the same force which ruptures the bag of membranes is able to, and actually does, complete the delivery.
XVII.—The Superposition of Mechanical Vibrations (Electric Oscillations) upon Magnetisation, and Conversely, in Iron, Steel, and Nickel
Authors: Russell James 
Published: January 2013

That mechanical vibrations affect magnetisation has long been known. The simple experiment of hammering an iron rod (Gilbert) in the earth's magnetic field needs only to be mentionedAbout twenty years ago Ewing published investigations upon the effects of vibrations on magnetism. These have been summarised in his subsequent work, Magnetic Induction in Iron and other Metals. He states (§ 84, 3rd ed.) that the “influence of vibrations and mechanical disturbances generally” “may be succinctly described by saying that vibration lessens those differences of magnetic condition to which hysteresis gives rise. Thus, if we tap a piece of iron during the application and removal of a magnetising force, we find at each stage of the application that tapping increases the susceptibility, and at each stage of the removal it reduces the retentiveness.”
IX.—A Cytotaxonomic Survey of the Pteridophytes of Jamaica
Authors: Walker Trevor G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisResults are presented of a cytological survey of the Pteridophyte flora of Jamaica. Approximately 270 species or cytotypes were investigated, only a few of which have previously been investigated from other parts of the world. Several genera have been cytologically examined for the first time and their phylogeny has been discussed in the light of these findings. A number of species complexes and interspecific hybrids have been revealed. The overall statistics of the survey are compared with those compiled from an investigation of the Pteridophyte flora of Ceylon, by Manton and Sledge (1954). Finally, endemic species are discussed in the light of the cytological results and the time known to have been available for their establishment in Jamaica.
XVI.—Distribution in some Scottish Soils of an Inorganic Gel System related to “Allophane”
Authors: Kirkman J. H. , Mitchell B. D. , Mackenzie R. C. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisSamples from the various horizons of five soil profiles representative of diverse types widely occurring in north-east Scotland were intensively examined, after separation into particle-size fractions, by appropriate instrumental and chemical techniques including optical examination, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and diffraction, infra-red absorption spectroscopy, thermal analysis procedures, chemical analysis and selective chemical dissolution. The results obtained are presented and assessed with respect to quantitative estimation of the mixed SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3 gel system occurring in these soils. At best results can be only semiquantitative, but interesting trends are observable in each profile and marked differences are noted between profiles on different parent materials, although this effect is somewhat obscured under impeded drainage conditions. The maturity of the soil is also a significant factor. Results in general can be explained in terms of current concepts on pedogenesis.
XX. Biographical Account of Alexander Wilson, M. D. late Professor of Practical Astronomy in Glasgow
Authors: Wilson Patrick 
Published: January 2013

Alexander Wilson, M. D., late Professor of Practical Astronomy in Glasgow College, was a younger son of Patrick Wilson, town-clerk of St Andrew's, and was born there in 1714. He was very young when his father died, and was afterwards brought up by the care of his mother, Clara Fairfoul, a person much respected for her prudence, virtue, and piety.Having received the usual education at the different schools, he entered to the College of St Andrew's, where he made great proficiency in literature and the sciences, and, after completing a regular course of studies, was admitted to the degree of Master of Arts in his 19th year.
XXXV.—On the Hessian
Authors: Chrystal  
Published: January 2013

Letbe the equation to an algebraical curve of the nth degree, the co-ordinates of any point on which in a system of linear co-ordinates are (x, y, z), u0, u1, u2 …. being homogeneous functions of x and y of degrees indicated by the attached suffixes; thenis the equation to its Hessian, which is a curve of the 3(n − 2)th degree.Every one of the 3n(n − 2) points of intersection of H and U is a point of inflexion on U if it be not a multiple point on U. In this last case the intersection may or may not be a point of inflexion on some one of the branches of U; but in any case where H passes through a multiple point the total number 3n(n − 2) of inflexions suffers a reduction.
XVI.—A Contribution to the Germ Theory of Putrefaction and other Fermentative Changes, and to the Natural History of Torulæ and Bacteria
Authors: Lister Joseph 
Published: January 2013

Although the subject of the following communication has of late years attracted a great deal of attention among the public generally, it may, nevertheless, be well for me to preface my statements by a few elementary remarks.It is well known that organic substances, when left exposed under ordinary circumstances, undergo alterations in their qualities. For example, an infusion of malt experiences the alcoholic fermentation; a basin of paste prepared from wheaten flour becomes mouldy; or, again, a piece of meat putrefies when so treated. The microscope shows that each of these changes is attended by the development of minute organisms. In the fermenting sweet-wort the yeast which falls to the bottom of the containing vessel is found to consist of budding cells, constituting the yeast-plant, Torula Cerevisiæ, represented in Plate XXII. fig 2. In the mouldy paste the blue crust which is the most frequent appearance, owes its colour to the spores of a species of filamentous fungus, Penicillium Glaucum, the commonest of all moulds, of which fig. 1 in Plate XXII. represents a pencil of fructifying threads; and the putrid flesh will be probably found teeming with bodies which, in the most typical form, consist of two little rods, connected endways as by a joint, such as are seen at a, fig. 3, Plate XXII., characterised by astonishing powers of locomotion, and, from their rod-like form, termed Bacteria.
IV.—On Green's and other Allied Theorems
Authors: Tait  
Published: January 2013

I was originally attracted to the study of Quaternions by Sir W. R Hamilton's ingeniously devised and most valuable operatorto which he called special attention (Lectures on Quaternions, § 620) on account of its promise of usefulness in physical applications. But I soon found that in order that its full power may be applied, in general investigations, it is necessary that we should have processes of definite integration, of the kinds required in physics, applicable to quaternion symbols and not merely to scalar variables. I often consulted Hamilton about this want, and he promised to endeavour to supply it at some future time. I fancy that shortly before his death he must have in some way supplied it, though he certainly did not print, nor does he appear even to have written, anything on the subject. In one of the last letters I received from him, he said that he intended to conclude the final chapter of his Elements, which is devoted to physical applications, by some sections on the use of the operator mentioned above. That chapter remains unfinished, and as Hamilton rarely wrote down the steps of even a complex train of mathematical reasoning until he had mentally completed it, it is to be feared that this portion of his investigations is entirely lost. So far as the analytical aspect of Quaternions is concerned, this loss is very serious indeed, for there can be little doubt that Hamilton's solution would have been of immense value from the purely mathematical point of view.
XXVII.—Fossil Plants of the Calamopitys Type, from the Carboniferous Rocks of Scotland
Authors: Scott D. H. 
Published: January 2013

During the last few years Dr R. Kidston, F.R.S., has kindly entrusted to me for investigation certain specimens of fossil plants, showing structure, mostly from Lower Carboniferous horizons in Southern Scotland.Four of these plants are dealt with in the present communication, namely:Calamopitys radiata, sp. nov.Calamopitys zonataKidston, in MS. (nowEndoxylon zonatum).Bilignea solidaKidston.Bilignea resinosa, sp. nov.It will be understood that all the specimens were in Dr Kidston's hands in the first instance; the sections were cut under his direction, and he himself had determined the chief points in the structure of each before I began my observations. It only remained for me to work out the details, and to form my own views as to the probable affinities of the plants.
XXIX.—Notes on Fossil Plants from the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. II. Nematophyton Forfarense, Kidston sp. III. On Two Species of Pachytheca (P. media and P. fasciculata) based on the Characters of the Algal Filaments
Authors: Kidston R. , Lang W. H. 
Published: January 2013

In 1897, a description was given of a silicified specimen from the Old Red Sandstone of Reswallie near Forfar which was named Cryptoxylon Forfarense. In this note evidence is brought forward for placing the plant in the genus Nematophyton.For an account of the specimen and of its structure reference may be made to the original description and the figures, which are based on photographs. The stem was shown to consist of an apparently parenchymatous tissue, in which groups of smaller cells occurred. These isolated groups form dark spots, which are arranged concentrically in the transverse section and are slightly elongated in the longitudinal direction. In discussing the affinities of the plant it was noted that it appeared to be essentially distinct from Nematophyton, since in that plant the tissue is entirely composed of long tubes.
IV.—A Monograph on the general Morphology of the Myxinoid Fishes, based on a study of Myxine. Part VI. The Morphology of the Vascular System
Authors: Cole F. J. 
Published: January 2013

The first five parts of this work on the skeleton, muscles, vascular system, and visceral organs were published in the Transactions of the Society in 1905, 1907, 1909, 1912, and 1913.The present section deals with a difficult and puzzling system which adds to its fundamental incongruity a range of variation which reduces the normal status to a condition of speculative uncertainty. The works of A. A. Retzius, J. Müller, and Jackson have resulted in a fairly accurate knowledge of the arterial system; but the venous system, which is much more important as regards its morphological bearings, is only imperfectly known, and the series of so-called veno-lymphatic spaces hardly known at all. Unhappily, material for a study of the development of the vascular system of Myxine has still to be obtained. The smallest individual out of many hundreds which I have collected was over 10 cm. long. Beard records a badly damaged 6·5 cm. specimen and Maas one of 8·5 cm. The structure of Beard's example, which I have examined, does not differ in any noteworthy respect from that of the adult, and hence throws no light on embryonic conditions. Consequently the interpretation of the venous system which has been adopted in this paper awaits embryological confirmation, and is to be regarded in the meantime as a working hypothesis only. The spawning grounds of Myxine have not yet been discovered, and it seems likely that the animal spawns in deep water in places remote from its summer resorts.
X.—Geology of the Outer Hebrides. Part III.—North Uist and Benbecula
Authors: Jehu T.J. , Craig R.M. 
Published: January 2013

Benbecula signifies “the hill of the fords,” and the island was so designated owing to the fact that there is on it only one hill of any prominence, and that it is connected with the larger islands to the north and south by fords passable only at low water. The origin of the name “Uist” is referred to in a previous communication.These islands occupy a central position in the Outer Hebrides, lying between South Uist and Harris. They are bounded on the west and north-west by the Atlantic Ocean; on the north-east by the Sound of Harris; on the east by the Little Minch, which at its narrowest part is about 16 miles broad; and on the south by a narrow channel separating Benbecula from South Uist. The area embraced in this communication extends from the Isle of Shillay in the north to the Isle of Wiay at the south-east corner of Benbecula, and includes not only the main islands of North Uist and Benbecula but also a number of smaller isles adjoining the main ones. Including the intervening channels, the total length from Shillay in the north to the southern extremity of Benbecula is about 28 miles.
VI.—A Contribution to Actinian Morphology: the Genera Phellia and Sagartia
Authors: Stephenson T. A. 
Published: January 2013

The most serious gap in our knowledge of the anatomy of the British Actiniaria has been the almost complete absence of structural data referring to the genus Phellia. The present paper deals with all the British species belonging to this genus, and adds some notes on other forms.I wish to make the following acknowledgments. I have received a grant from the Royal Society, which has rendered possible the work described. I am indebted to my wife for preparing serial sections of the species of Phellia, and for drawing text-figs. 2, 3, 5, and 8. I also wish to thank Miss E. M. Stephenson for text-figs. 1, 9, and 10. Text-figs. 1, 6, 7, 11, and 12 have been reproduced before in my Ray Society Monograph on the British Sea Anemones (and text-fig. 12 in the Journal of the Marine Biological Association also), but their repetition here is essential for the demonstration of the several points which they illustrate.
IX.—On the Feeding Mechanism of the Syncarid Crustacea
Authors: Cannon H. Graham , Manton S. M. 
Published: January 2013

The work recorded in this paper forms part of an investigation to determine how far the feeding mechanism of the simple Peracaridan Hemimysis lamornæ, which we have recently described (1927), represents a primitive Malacostracan type.We have not been able to observe any living Syncarid, but have been fortunate in obtaining preserved specimens of the three genera Paranaspides, Anaspides, and Koonunga, together with a series of transverse sections of Anaspides. From a comparison of the structure and arrangement of their mouth parts and trunk limbs with those of Hemimysis and other Malacostraca which we have observed alive, we have been able to deduce their methods of feeding in considerable detail.
XIII. On the Theory and Construction of a Seismometer, or Instrument for Measuring Earthquake Shocks, and other Concussions
Authors: Forbes James D. 
Published: January 2013

Having been requested to act on a Committee of the British Association, appointed to devise and apply methods for measuring the comparative intensity of earthquake shocks, and having been shewn several ingenious contrivances by Mr David Milne (who suggested the inquiry) Lord Greenock, and other persons, an apparatus occurred to me which should unite the requisites of Simplicity, Compactness, Comparability, and an easy adjustment of Sensibility according to circumstances.Mr Milne had not failed to distinguish the ends for which instruments (which for obvious reasons were to be self-registering) ought to be devised, such as the measurement of horizontal concussions, of vertical elevation, and of heaving or angular motion of the surface. It is no part of my present object to consider the probable movements of the soil in earthquakes. I limit myself to the description of a single instrument intended to measure lateral shocks, such as are experienced by objects placed upon a table which is abruptly shoved forwards.
XXII.—On the Property belonging to Charcoal and Plumbago, in fine Plates and Particles, of Transmitting Light
Authors: Davy John 
Published: January 2013

I am not aware that this property has yet been known to belong to these substances; they are commonly considered and spoken of as opaque, without any qualification.It was in examining the charcoal of the pith of the elder, that I was first led to entertain doubt of the accuracy of the current opinion.The pith of the elder consists of polyhedral cells, commonly pentagonal, of from about to inch in diameter, formed of woody matter of extraordinary fineness, as may be inferred from their transparency when seen under the microscope, and their great lightness. They are unaltered in form, when converted into charcoal. The charcoal obtained (that which I examined was from a shoot of this year gathered in December) was brilliant, as might be expected, from its consisting of plates, and very soft and brittle; in other respects, in mass, it was nowise peculiar, having the ordinary colour and opacity of charcoal. When broken up, however, and seen with a high magnifying power, the detached plates were found to be transparent in different degrees (allowing lines drawn on the glass-support to be seen under them), and of different shades of brown—passing into black on one hand, and into almost white on the other, especially as seen by reflected light. In general appearance they were not unlike mica viewed with the naked eye. No pores were visible in them; but in some there were foramina, circular, or oval, varying in diameter from about of an inch to . The plates themselves varied in size from about to of an inch, estimating their width, and selecting the most entire. So thin were they, that, under a glass magnifying 800 diameters, the most transparent had no apparent thickness; the darker, less transparent, may have had a thickness of from about to of an inch, judging from one, the edge of which, when floating in water, was so inclined as to offer a tolerable view of it.
I. An Account of Observations made in Scotland on the Distribution of the Magnetic Intensity
Authors: Dunlop James , Hansteen  
Published: January 2013

Makerstoun, Kelso, 15th March 1830.My Dear Sir,Accompanying I beg leave to transmit you Mr Dunlop's paper on the distribution of the magnetic intensity over this country, which I formerly mentioned when I had the pleasure of seeing you, and which I request you will lay before the Royal Society.Mr Dunlop has so fully and clearly detailed his mode of proceeding with these observations, that it would be unnecessary for me to enlarge upon them further, than to state, that, in point of number, extent of country, combined with precaution, accuracy, and consistency, I consider they are unrivalled in this or any other country.
VIII. A New Series for the Rectification of the Ellipsis; together with some Observations on the Evolution of the Formula (a2 + b2 − 2ab cos θ)n
Authors: Ivory James 
Published: January 2013

Dear Sir,Having, as you know, bestowed a good deal of time and attention on the study of that part of physical astronomy which relates to the mutual disturbances of the planets, I have, naturally, been led to consider the various methods of resolving the formula (a2 + b2 − 2ab cos θ)2 into infinite series of the form A + B cos θ + C cos 2θ + &c. In the course of these investigations, a series for the rectification of the ellipsis occurred to me, remarkable for its simplicity, as well as its rapid convergency. As I believe it to be new, I send it you, inclosed, together with some remarks on the evolution of the formula just mentioned, which, if you think proper, you may submit to the consideration of the Royal Society.
XIV.—A Comparison of the Minute Structure of Plant Hybrids with that of their Parents, and its Bearing on Biological Problems
Authors: Macfarlane J. Muirhead 
Published: January 2013

Short synopses of my earlier results were given in the Gardeners' Chronicle for April and July 1890. Until after the publication of these I was not aware that some advance had already been made in the direction indicated, and my best thanks are due to Dr Masters for calling my attention to one or two publication's on the subject.In 1831 Professor J. S. Henslow compared a hybrid Digitalis with its parents in a wonderfully minute way, when we consider the degree to which histology had advanced in his time. He demonstrated that in the size and shape of the hairs and other structures, the hybrid was intermediate between its parents. Wichura and Kerner have proved that the same is true of Willows and Pulmonarias respectively.
IV.—On the Equilibrium of Elastic Solids
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: January 2013

There are few parts of mechanics in which theory has differed more from experiment than in the theory of elastic solids.Mathematicians, setting out from very plausible assumptions with respect to the constitution of bodies, and the laws of molecular action, came to conclusions which were shewn to be erroneous by the observations of experimental philosophers. The experiments of Œersted proved to be at variance with the mathematical theories of Navier, Poisson, and Lamé and Clapeyron, and apparently deprived this practically important branch of mechanics of all assistance from mathematics.