bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dissecting spatiotemporal biomass accumulation in barley under different water regimes using high‐throughput image analysis
Authors: Neumann Kerstin , Klukas Christian , Friedel Swetlana , Rischbeck Pablo , Chen Dijun , Entzian Alexander , Stein Nils , Graner Andreas , Kilian Benjamin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPhenotyping large numbers of genotypes still represents the rate‐limiting step in many plant genetic experiments and in breeding. To address this issue, novel automated phenotyping technologies have been developed. We investigated for a core set of barley cultivars if high‐throughput image analysis can help to dissect vegetative biomass accumulation in response to two different watering regimes under semi‐controlled greenhouse conditions. We found that experiments, treatments, genotypes and genotype by environment interaction (G × E) can be characterized at any time point by certain digital traits. Biomass accumulation under control and stress conditions was highly heritable. Growth model‐derived maximum vegetative biomass (Kmax), inflection point (I) and regrowth rate (k) were identified as promising candidate traits for genome‐wide association studies. Drought stress symptoms can be visualized, dissected and modelled. Especially the highly heritable regrowth rate, which had the biggest influence on biomass accumulation in stress treatment, seems promising for future studies to improve drought tolerance in different crop species. A proof of concept study revealed potential correlations between digital traits obtained from pot experiments under greenhouse conditions and agronomic traits from field experiments. Overall, non‐invasive, imaging‐based phenotyping platforms under greenhouse conditions offer excellent possibilities for trait discovery, trait development and industrial applications.
Contract Law as Fairness
Authors: Klijnsma Josse 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis article examines the implications for contract law of Rawls' theory of justice as fairness. It argues that contract law as an institution is part of the basic structure of society and as such subject to the principles of justice. Discussing the basic structure in relation to contract law is particularly interesting because it is instructive for both contract law and Rawlsian theory. On the one hand, justice as fairness has clear normative implications for the institution of contract law. On the other hand, this discussion forces us to critically assess the meaning and appeal of the concept of a basic structure in justice as fairness.
Molecular genetics of blood‐fleshed peach reveals activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis by NAC transcription factors
Authors: Zhou Hui , Lin‐Wang Kui , Wang Huiliang , Gu Chao , Dare Andrew P. , Espley Richard V. , He Huaping , Allan Andrew C. , Han Yuepeng 
Published: February 2015

SummaryAnthocyanin pigmentation is an important consumer trait in peach (Prunus persica). In this study, the genetic basis of the blood‐flesh trait was investigated using the cultivar Dahongpao, which shows high levels of cyanidin‐3‐glucoside in the mesocarp. Elevation of anthocyanin levels in the flesh was correlated with the expression of an R2R3 MYB transcription factor, PpMYB10.1. However, PpMYB10.1 did not co‐segregate with the blood‐flesh trait. The blood‐flesh trait was mapped to a 200‐kb interval on peach linkage group (LG) 5. Within this interval, a gene encoding a NAC domain transcription factor (TF) was found to be highly up‐regulated in blood‐fleshed peaches when compared with non‐red‐fleshed peaches. This NAC TF, designated BLOOD (BL), acts as a heterodimer with PpNAC1 which shows high levels of expression in fruit at late developmental stages. We show that the heterodimer of BL and PpNAC1 can activate the transcription of PpMYB10.1, resulting in anthocyanin pigmentation in tobacco. Furthermore, silencing the BL gene reduces anthocyanin pigmentation in blood‐fleshed peaches. The transactivation activity of the BL‐PpNAC1 heterodimer is repressed by a SQUAMOSA promoter‐binding protein‐like TF, PpSPL1. Low levels of PpMYB10.1 expression in fruit at early developmental stages is probably attributable to lower levels of expression of PpNAC1 plus the presence of high levels of repressors such as PpSPL1. We present a mechanism whereby BL is the key gene for the blood‐flesh trait in peach via its activation of PpMYB10.1 in maturing fruit. Partner TFs such as basic helix–loop‐helix proteins and NAC1 are required, as is the removal of transcriptional repressors.
Comprehensive identification of mutations induced by heavy‐ion beam irradiation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Hirano Tomonari , Kazama Yusuke , Ishii Kotaro , Ohbu Sumie , Shirakawa Yuki , Abe Tomoko 
Published: February 2015

SummaryHeavy‐ion beams are widely used for mutation breeding and molecular biology. Although the mutagenic effects of heavy‐ion beam irradiation have been characterized by sequence analysis of some restricted chromosomal regions or loci, there have been no evaluations at the whole‐genome level or of the detailed genomic rearrangements in the mutant genomes. In this study, using array comparative genomic hybridization (array‐CGH) and resequencing, we comprehensively characterized the mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana genomes irradiated with Ar or Fe ions. We subsequently used this information to investigate the mutagenic effects of the heavy‐ion beams. Array‐CGH demonstrated that the average number of deleted areas per genome were 1.9 and 3.7 following Ar‐ion and Fe‐ion irradiation, respectively, with deletion sizes ranging from 149 to 602 180 bp; 81% of the deletions were accompanied by genomic rearrangements. To provide a further detailed analysis, the genomes of the mutants induced by Ar‐ion beam irradiation were resequenced, and total mutations, including base substitutions, duplications, in/dels, inversions, and translocations, were detected using three algorithms. All three resequenced mutants had genomic rearrangements. Of the 22 DNA fragments that contributed to the rearrangements, 19 fragments were responsible for the intrachromosomal rearrangements, and multiple rearrangements were formed in the localized regions of the chromosomes. The interchromosomal rearrangements were detected in the multiply rearranged regions. These results indicate that the heavy‐ion beams led to clustered DNA damage in the chromosome, and that they have great potential to induce complicated intrachromosomal rearrangements. Heavy‐ion beams will prove useful as unique mutagens for plant breeding and the establishment of mutant lines.
Social Sources of Research Interest in Women’s Sport Related Injuries: A Case Study of ACL Injuries
Authors: Theberge Nancy 
Published: February 2015

This article offers an analysis of the social sources of biomedical interest in women’s sports injuries through a case study of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Although both men and women incur them, there is extensive research interest in women’s ACL injuries. Drawing on interviews with researchers who have contributed to this research, the investigation examines the social sources of this interest. Explanations lie largely in the evolution of the agenda in sport medicine to a concern with injury prevention, which coincides with a movement toward the inclusion of women in health research. The article concludes with a consideration of the political and ideological implications of the interaction of the prevention and inclusion agendas in research on women’s sport injuries.Cet article propose une analyse des sources sociales de l’intérêt biomédical pour les blessures dans les sports féminins à travers l’étude du cas des blessures au ligament croisé antérieur (LCA). Bien que les hommes et les femmes en soient tous deux victimes, il y a énormément d’intérêt en recherche pour les blessures au LCA chez les femmes. S’appuyant sur des entrevues avec des chercheurs qui ont contribué à ce projet, l’étude examine les sources sociales de cet intérêt. Les explications reposent grandement sur l’évolution de l’agenda en médecine du sport vers un souci de prévention des blessures, ce qui coïncide avec un mouvement vers l’inclusion des femmes dans la recherche sur la santé. L’article conclut par une considération des implications politiques et idéologiques de l’interaction des agendas de prévention et d’inclusion en recherche sur les blessures sportives chez les femmes.
Printer watermark obfuscation
Authors: Embar Maya , Wesselmann William , McHugh Louis 
Published: February 2015

Most color laser printers manufactured and sold today add "invisible" information to make it easier to determine when a particular document was printed and exactly which printer was used. Some manufacturers have acknowledged the existence of the tracking information in their documentation while others have not. None of them have explained exactly how it works or the scope of the information that is conveyed. There are no laws or regulations that require printer companies to track printer users this way, and none that prevent them from ceasing this practice or providing customers a means to opt out of being tracked. The tracking information is coded by patterns of yellow dots that the printers add to every page they print. The details of the patterns vary by manufacturer and printer model.
In this document, our team will discuss several obfuscation methods and demonstrate a successful one.
Included in this document is an explanation of the firmware generated yellow dots matrix and answers to the following questions: 1. Which printers produce the dots? 2. How are the dots put on? 3. What is needed for testing? 4. What is the dot size and spacing? 5. Where are the dots located on the page? 6. How can the dots be rendered useless?
Changes in serum alanine aminotransferase levels in telbivudine versus lamivudine treatment for chronic hepatitis B: A meta-analysis
Authors: Dai Min , Xiao Ge-Min , Wang Feng-Lin , Zhang Jiong-Shan , Li Yang-Mei , Yang Hong-Zhi 
Published: February 2015

Objective A meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of telbivudine (TBV) and lamivudine (LAM) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), assessed via changes in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Method The electronic literature databases PubMed®, Embase®, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CISCOM, CINAHL, Google Scholar, China BioMedicine and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched for relevant studies. The effect of TBV and LAM treatment on serum ALT was assessed using standard mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results The meta-analysis included six studies (TBV n = 202; LAM, n = 208). Post-treatment ALT levels were significantly lower than pretreatment values for both TBV and LAM (TBV: SMD = 3.00, 95%CI 1.91, 4.09; LAM: SMD = 2.33, 95%CI 1.58, 3.07). Post-treatment ALT was significantly lower after treatment with TBV than LAM (SMD = 0.58, 95%CI 0.21, 0.94). Conclusion Both LAM and TBV are effective in normalizing ALT levels in patients with CHB, but TBV may be a better choice due to its lower rates of drug resistance.
Uveitic crystalline maculopathy
Authors: Or Chris , Kirker Andrew W , Forooghian Farzin 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Background
The purpose of this case report is to present a novel cause of crystalline maculopathy.

Findings
A 52-year-old Japanese female presented with a 4-month history of decreased vision in the left eye. Best corrected visual acuity in the left eye was 20/40. Dilated fundus examination of the right eye was unremarkable, but that of the left eye demonstrated foveal yellow-green intraretinal crystals and mild vitritis. Optical coherence tomography of the left eye revealed small intraretinal fluid cysts and intraretinal crystals. Ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography was normal in the right eye, but that of the left eye demonstrated features of intermediate uveitis. There was no history or findings to suggest any cause for the crystals other than the uveitis.

Conclusions
We propose that this may represent a novel category of crystalline retinopathy, termed uveitic crystalline maculopathy. We hypothesize that breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier as seen in uveitis may contribute to the deposition of crystals in the macula, although the precise composition of the crystals is unknown.
Incidence and outcome of inappropriate in-hospital empiric antibiotics for severe infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Marquet Kristel , Liesenborgs An , Bergs Jochen , Vleugels Arthur , Claes Neree 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Introduction
The aims of this study were to explore the incidence of in-hospital inappropriate empiric antibiotic use in patients with severe infection and to identify its relationship with patient outcomes.

Methods
Medline (from 2004 to 2014) was systematically searched by using predefined inclusion criteria. Reference lists of retrieved articles were screened for additional relevant studies. The systematic review included original articles reporting a quantitative measure of the association between the use of (in)appropriate empiric antibiotics in patients with severe in-hospital infections and their outcomes. A meta-analysis, using a random-effects model, was conducted to quantify the effect on mortality by using risk ratios.

Results
In total, 27 individual articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The percentage of inappropriate empiric antibiotic use ranged from 14.1% to 78.9% (Q1-Q3: 28.1% to 57.8%); 13 of 27 studies (48.1%) described an incidence of 50% or more. A meta-analysis for 30-day mortality and in-hospital mortality showed risk ratios of 0.71 (95% confidence interval 0.62 to 0.82) and 0.67 (95% confidence interval 0.56 to 0.80), respectively. Studies with outcome parameter 28-day and 60-day mortality reported significantly (P ≤0.02) higher mortality rates in patients receiving inappropriate antibiotics. Two studies assessed the total costs, which were significantly higher in both studies (P ≤0.01).

Conclusions
This systematic review with meta-analysis provides evidence that inappropriate use of empiric antibiotics increases 30-day and in-hospital mortality in patients with a severe infection.
On the homology of branched coverings of 3-manifolds
Authors: Ueki Jun 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFollowing the analogies between 3-manifolds and number rings in arithmetic topology, we study the homology of branched covers of 3-manifolds. In particular, we show some analogues of Iwasawa’s theorems on ideal class groups and unit groups, Hilbert’s Satz 90, and some genus-theory–type results in the context of 3-dimensional topology. We also prove that the 2-cycles valued Tate cohomology of branched Galois covers is a topological invariant, and we give a new insight into the analogy between 2-cycle groups and unit groups.
Experimental Study of Ion Dynamic Effects in Overlapping Helium Lines at Low Densities
Authors: Piel A. , Richter H. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The line profiles of the overlapping helium lines 447.1 nm and 492.2 nm have been investigated in an improved plasma source of high purity at electron densities of 1 × 1021 m−3 and 3 × 1021 m−3 . The plasma parameters Ne, Te and T0 were determined carefully by independent diagnostics, which enables a critical comparison with existing theories (BCS II and MMM). We observed ion dynamic effects which considerably modify the line shape of the forbidden components. Our experiments extend the existing observations towards higher ion temperatures. Systematic trends observed earlier are critically discussed.
Notizen: Excess Free Energies in Molten CuCl-KCl-LiCl by EMF Measurements
Authors: Giazitzoglou Z. , Engels H. , Schiller U. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The ternary liquid system CuCl-KCl-LiCl has been investigated by means of emf measurements at about 450 up to 700 °C. Excess free energies and activity coefficients for molten CuCl in the KCl-LiCl eutectic are calculated by a best fit to the obtained data and from literature data for the corresponding binary systems employing the Redlich-Kister equation.
The Noble Gas Record in Antarctic and Other Meteorites
Authors: Weber H. W. , Braun O. , Schultz L. , Begemann F. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Data are reported for the concentration and isotopic composition of He, Ne, and Ar in 11 Antarctic and 8 other stone meteorites. Cosmic ray exposure ages and whole rock gas retention model ages are given. The noble gas record suggests that all three ALLAN HILLS eucrites analysed so far belong to the same meteorite fall while the three eucrites from the ELEPHANT MORAINE area appear to be three independent individual falls.
45Scandium NMR Investigations in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Haid E. , Köhnlein D. , Kössler G. , Lutz O. , Messner W. , Mohn K. R. , Nothaft G. , Rickelen B. van , Schich W. , Steinhauser N. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

45Sc NMR chemical shifts, linewidths, and longitudinal relaxation rates have been measured in aqueous solutions of scandium chloride and sulphate as a function of the appropriate acid. A common typical behaviour of these parameters without sudden changes has been observed. Also signals in the basic range have been obtained. H2O -D2O solvent isotope effects on Larmor frequency and relaxation rates are presented.
On the Intensity Distribution within Photoluminescence Bands in Rigid and Liquid Solutions
Authors: Kawski A. , Stoń M. , Janić I. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The effect of the excitation light frequency on the intensity distribution within the fluorescence band and the band position of non-polar and strongly polar luminescent substances is investigated in pure and mixed liquid and glassy solvents. An interpretation concerning the intensity distribution in the emission band and the local temperatures determined by the method of Stepanov is given.
Brillouin-Streuung an dichten Fluiden/ On Brillouin Scattering in Dense Fluids
Authors: Asenbaum A. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
It has been shown analytically that Mountain's theory of the spectral distribution of density fluctuations in fluids having an external degree of freedom (MOUXI) is equivalent to the translational hydrodynamics theory (TH) of Desai and Kapral at liquid state densities where selfdiffusion can be neglected. On the other hand, comparing TH and Mountain’s second theory of Brillouin scattering on thermal relaxing fluids involving a frequency dependent volume viscosity (MOUETA), differences are found in several spectral components, especially the intensity of the Rayleigh line, of the Brillouin spectra of CCl4 , C6H12 and C6H6 at large values of the wave vector k. This theoretical effect can be demonstrated experimentally by fitting TH and MOUETA to experimental Brillouin spectra of CCl4 at high values of k, resulting in small changes of the corresponding relaxation times.
Spectroscopic Studies of the Dark Space ahead of a Shock Wave in an Argon Plasma Flow
Authors: Nishida Michio , Nakajima Akihiko 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Spectroscopic studies of the dark space ahead of a detached shock wave caused by a blunt body were made in a partially ionized argon flow. From emission measurements, spatially resolved population densities of states 5p[3/2], 5p[5/2] and 4p[3/2] were determined at 20 stations in the flow, for both cases when the blunt body is placed in the flow and when it is withdrawn. The result shows that the population densities of the above mentioned states ahead of the shock wave are reduced when the body is placed in the flow. A prediction was obtained by assuming a steady state population for all levels higher than level 4 s. In the prediction the measured electron temperatures and densities were employed to determine collisional transition probabilities. From a comparison of the experiment with the prediction, it is considered that the dark space is caused by the elevation in the electron temperature ahead of the shock wave.
Kristallstruktur und Schwingungsspektren des Di-Blei-Hexathiohypodiphosphates Pb2P2S6 / Crystal Structure and Vibrational Spectra of Pb2P2S6
Authors: Becker Robert , Brockner Wolfgang , Schäfer Herbert 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Pb2P2S6 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group Pn with the lattice constants a = 940.2(4) pm, b= 746.6(3) pm, c = 661.2(3) pm, β = 91.53(5)°. The compound is isotypic to the monoclinic modification II of Sn2P2S6 . In the structure there are discrete P2S4-
6 -anions.
Far infrared, infrared and Raman spectra of this compound have been recorded. The observed frequencies are assigned on the basis of P2S4-
6 units with C2h symmetry in the crystal. DTA-data have been determined and interpreted.
Permanent Dipole Moment and Polarizability of a Gass of Merocyanine Dyes in Their Ground and First Excited Singlet State
Authors: Baumann Wolfram 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The permanent dipole moment of a class of merocyanine dyes in their ground and first excited singlet state has been determined studying the influence of an external electric field on the absorption of the compounds in various solvents. Evaluation of the experimental results on the basis of the Onsager reaction field model also gives values for the polarizability in the ground and excited state, the latter approaches the value of a respective conducting ellipsoid with the longer chainlength molecules.
Photoakustik-spektroskopische Untersuchungen an Lösungen von Farbstoffen in Polymermatrizen
Authors: Görtz W. , Perkampus H.-H. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
PA-spectroscopic Investigation on Solutions of Dyes in Polymermatrixes Dyes solved in polymer matrixes are ideal systems to examine the RG theory. PVA and PVP were used as matrixes. In these polymer matrixes the thermal properties are given by the matrix molecules being present in excess. The dye molecule serves as an indicator. Thus the thermal properties, specific heat, temperature and heat conductivity of the matrix can be measured for thermally thick layers. Further investigations to examine the RG theory show, that this theory can be used for the quantitative evaluation of PA measurements of thermally thick, non scattering samples.
Nitrogen Hyperfine Structure in Allvlcyanide Synperiplanar
Authors: Bestmann G. , Dreizler H. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
With the help of Microwave Fourier transform Spectroscopy we were able to resolve the nitrogen hyperfine structure of allylcyanide synperiplanar (cis). As the rotational relaxation is relatively rapid this molecule is even for this technique at the limit of the present possibilities.
Effective Hamiltonians for EPR Spectroscopy of Exchange-Coupled Pairs
Authors: Buluggiu E. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The paper refers to the second-order spin-hamiltonian formalism, recently proposed by the author, describing the EPR properties of an exchange-coupled pair of orbitally not degenerate ions in the limit of strong isotropic exchange (higher-order effects such as biquadratic exchange or exchange striction are considered neglectable). Tables of numerical values for the relevant coefficients involved are given. This allows to write immediately the effective spin operators spanning each total spin multiplet which arises from the coupling between the ions. Explicit formulas for the recurrently encountered cases of pairs where S1 = S2 = 3/2 or S1 = 5/2 and S2 = 1/2 or S1 = 1 and S2 = 1/2 are deduced. Some salient features of these, concerning the second-order contributions to the zero-field splitting, are discussed in the light of available experimental data. The conclusions drawn seems to encourage a more extensive use of the model.