bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin when used in conjunction with incretin‐mimetic therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Fulcher G. , Matthews D. R. , Perkovic V. , de Zeeuw D. , Mahaffey K. W. , Mathieu C. , Woo V. , Wysham C. , Capuano G. , Desai M. , Shaw W. , Vercruysse F. , Meininger G. , Neal B. ,   on behalf of the CANVAS trial collaborative group
Published: October 2015

AimsTo assess the efficacy and safety of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes enrolled in the CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study (CANVAS) who were on an incretin mimetic [dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor or glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonist].MethodsCANVAS is a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study that randomized participants to canagliflozin 100 or 300 mg or placebo added to routine therapy. The present post hoc analysis assessed the efficacy and safety of canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg compared with placebo in subsets of patients from CANVAS who were taking background DPP‐4 inhibitors or GLP‐1 receptor agonists with or without other antihyperglycaemic agents at week 18.ResultsOf the 4330 patients in CANVAS, 316 were taking DPP‐4 inhibitors and 95 were taking GLP‐1 receptor agonists. At 18 weeks, canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg provided larger placebo‐subtracted reductions in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients taking DPP‐4 inhibitors [−0.56% (95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.77, −0.35), and −0.75% (95% CI: −0.95, −0.54), respectively] and GLP‐1 receptor agonists [−1.00% (95% CI: −1.35, −0.65), and −1.06% (95% CI: −1.43, −0.69), respectively]. Body weight and blood pressure (BP) reductions were seen with canagliflozin versus placebo in both subsets. Higher incidences of genital mycotic infections and osmotic diuresis–related adverse events (AEs) were seen with canagliflozin compared with placebo. The incidence of hypoglycaemia was numerically higher with canagliflozin versus placebo; nearly all events occurred in patients on background insulin or insulin secretagogues.ConclusionsIn patients on background incretin mimetics, canagliflozin improved HbA1c, body weight and BP, with an increased incidence of AEs related to SGLT2 inhibition.
Restoring crown fractures by direct composite layering using transparent strip crowns
Authors: Eden Ece , Taviloğlu Engin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTraumatic dental injuries are mostly seen at childhood and adolescence. The most common fracture in permanent anterior teeth is crown fracture. Esthetic and easy rehabilitation of these anterior teeth is possible using layering techniques and direct composite resin restorations. Shape, color and surface texture are the most important factors in restoring crown fractures esthetically. This article illustrates how to perform an esthetic composite resin restoration of crown fractures using strip crowns. The technique suggests using a strip crown as a mold for direct resin composite restoration. This provides a cost‐effective treatment with operator friendly approach where most outstanding advantage is the minimum chair‐side time with a single visit that is very important for young trauma patients.
Guided Endodontics: a novel treatment approach for teeth with pulp canal calcification and apical pathology
Authors: Krastl Gabriel , Zehnder Marc S. , Connert Thomas , Weiger Roland , Kühl Sebastian 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimTo present a new treatment approach for teeth with pulp canal calcification (PCC) which require root canal treatment.CaseA 15‐year‐old male patient presented with pain of his upper right central incisor. The tooth showed signs of apical periodontitis. Due to PCC, location of the root canal was judged to be difficult and associated with a high risk of perforation. A cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and an intra‐oral surface scan were performed and matched using software for virtual implant planning. After planning the position of the drill for root canal location, a virtual template was designed, and the data were exported as an STL file and sent to a 3D printer for template fabrication. The template was positioned on the anterior maxillary teeth. A specific drill was used to penetrate through the obliterated part of the root canal and obtain minimally invasive access to the apical part. The root canal was accessible at 9 mm distance from the apex. Further root canal preparation was carried out using an endodontic rotary instrumentation system. After an interappointment dressing for 4 weeks, the root canal was filled with vertically condensed gutta‐percha using an epoxy sealer. The access cavity was restored with a composite material. After 15 months, the patient was clinically asymptomatic with no pain on percussion. The radiograph showed no apical pathology.ConclusionsThe presented guided endodontic approach seems to be a safe, clinically feasible method to locate root canals and prevent root perforation in teeth with PCC.
Temperature‐induced water stress in high‐latitude forests in response to natural and anthropogenic warming
Authors: Trahan Matthew W. , Schubert Brian A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe Arctic is particularly sensitive to climate change, but the independent effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration (pCO2) and temperature on high‐latitude forests are poorly understood. Here, we present a new, annually resolved record of stable carbon isotope (δ13C) data determined from Larix cajanderi tree cores collected from far northeastern Siberia in order to investigate the physiological response of these trees to regional warming. The tree‐ring record, which extends from 1912 through 1961 (50 years), targets early twentieth‐century warming (ETCW), a natural warming event in the 1920s to 1940s that was limited to Northern hemisphere high latitudes. Our data show that net carbon isotope fractionation (Δ13C), decreased by 1.7‰ across the ETCW, which is consistent with increased water stress in response to climate warming and dryer soils. To investigate whether this signal is present across the northern boreal forest, we compiled published carbon isotope data from 14 high‐latitude sites within Europe, Asia, and North America. The resulting dataset covered the entire twentieth century and spanned both natural ETCW and anthropogenic Late Twentieth‐Century Warming (~0.7 °C per decade). After correcting for a ~1‰ increase in Δ13C in response to twentieth century pCO2 rise, a significant negative relationship (r = −0.53, P < 0.0001) between the average, annual Δ13C values and regional annual temperature anomalies is observed, suggesting a strong control of temperature on the Δ13C value of trees growing at high latitudes. We calculate a 17% increase in intrinsic water‐use efficiency within these forests across the twentieth century, of which approximately half is attributed to a decrease in stomatal conductance in order to conserve water in response to drying conditions, with the other half being attributed to increasing pCO2. We conclude that annual tree‐ring records from northern high‐latitude forests record the effects of climate warming and pCO2 rise across the twentieth century.
A comparison of a new alcohol‐free 0.2% chlorhexidine oral rinse to an established 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse with alcohol for the control of dental plaque accumulation
Authors: Papaioannou W , Vassilopoulos S , Vrotsos I , Margaritis V , Panis V 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the clinical efficacy of two formulations (alcohol and alcohol free) of 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) rinses on plaque, gingivitis and discoloration of teeth.MethodsThis double‐blind crossover study consisted of one group of 10 volunteer dental students that followed two 21‐day experimental gingivitis test periods. During these periods, the subjects abstained from oral hygiene except for the oral rinse provided. The study started after an initial two‐week preparation programme that included a professional prophylaxis and repeated oral hygiene instructions. This was repeated for the 14‐day washout period between the two rinses, including prophylaxis as per the first stage of the study. A calibrated examiner performed the clinical measurements at the beginning (baseline) and end of each study stage. The presence and amount of plaque were recorded using the Silness and Löe plaque index (PI) and gingival inflammation by the gingival index (GI) while the discoloration index (DI) was recorded on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the six anterior teeth of both the mandible and maxilla.ResultsMean PI increased similarly for both solutions; however, the differences between initial and final values were statistically significant only for CHLOREL®. Similarly, the mean values for the GI showed small increases over the course of the study periods, but not statistically significant for either solution. The mean DI increased significantly for both solutions. Regarding the comparison of the initial and final values ​​between the solutions, per index, no statistically significant differences were observed.ConclusionThe non‐alcoholic chlorhexidine rinse had comparable levels of action as the generally recognized gold standard alcoholic rinse.
A qualitative study of UK pharmacy pre-registration graduates' views and reflections on pharmacist prescribing
Authors: McIntosh Trudi , Stewart Derek 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Background
Pre-registration pharmacy graduates are a key group in relation to developing and implementing innovations in practice.

Objective
To explore the views and reflections on pharmacist prescribing of UK pre-registration pharmacy graduates.

Method
Semi-structured telephone interviews with a sample (n = 12) of pre-registration pharmacy graduates.

Key findings
Most reported a desire to train as prescribers, largely for reasons of professional development, but acknowledged the need first to develop as pharmacists. They perceived the lack of organisational strategy, pharmacist prescribers' self-confidence and additional workload to be barriers and were aware of the value of interprofessional relationships as potential facilitators to pharmacist prescribing.

Conclusion
While participants were supportive of pharmacist prescribing, they highlighted the need first to gain experience as pharmacists and were acutely aware of barriers to prescribing implementation.
Retrograde intrarenal surgery for urinary stone disease in patients with solitary kidney: A retrospective analysis of the efficacy and safety
Authors: Kuroda Shinnosuke , Fujikawa Atsushi , Tabei Tadashi , Ito Hiroki , Terao Hideyuki , Yao Masahiro , Matsuzaki Junichi 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesTo compare outcomes of retrograde intrarenal surgery for urolithiasis between patients with solitary kidneys and patients who have single‐side urolithiasis with bilateral kidneys.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed outcomes of retrograde intrarenal surgery in solitary kidney patients (group A) carried out during 2007–2014, and in patients with bilateral kidneys with comparable stone burdens (group B). Stone‐free status was defined as no residual fragment on computed tomography 1 month later.ResultsThere were 19 patients in group A (mean age 62.5 ± 18.4 years, range 14–76 years). The mean stone diameter and burden were 6.0 mm (range 3–24 mm) and 10.42 ± 6.92 mm, respectively. The stone‐free rate was 94.7%, and no repeat procedure was required. The glomerular filtration rate tended to rise post‐surgery (postoperative day 1: 48.67 ± 15.92 mL/min, 100.2%, P = 0.940; postoperative month 1: 51.32 ± 16.90 mL/min, 105.7%, P = 0.101) compared with preoperative rates. The stone‐free rate and surgery time were not significantly different between the two groups, although post‐surgical hospitalization time was longer for group A (4.05 vs 3.08 days, P = 0.037). The change in glomerular filtration rate was not significantly different between groups A and B (postoperative day 1: +0.101 vs +0.547 mL/min, respectively, P = 0.857; postoperative month 1: +2.749 vs 3.161 mL/min, respectively, P = 0.882). No significant difference was found in terms of complication rate.ConclusionsRetrograde intrarenal surgery in solitary kidney patients is as safe and effective as in bilateral kidney patients.
An Incentive‐Compatible Condorcet Jury Theorem*
Authors: Laslier Jean‐François , Weibull Jörgen W. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe consider a group of individuals who face a binary collective decision. Each group member holds some private information, and all agree about what decision should be taken in each state of nature. However, the state is unknown, and members can differ in their valuations of the two types of mistakes that might occur, and in their prior beliefs about the true state. For a slightly randomized majority rule, we show that informative voting by all voters is the unique Nash equilibrium, that this equilibrium is strict, and that the Condorcet asymptotic efficiency result holds in this setting.
Is Extending Compulsory Schooling Alone Enough to Raise Earnings? Evidence from French and British Compulsory Schooling Laws*
Authors: Grenet Julien 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper, I compare two reforms that raised the minimum school‐leaving age to 16 in France (1967) and in England and Wales (1972). Using a regression discontinuity design, I find that while the reform in England and Wales led to a 6−7 percent increase in hourly wages per additional year of compulsory schooling, the impact of the change to French law was close to zero. The results suggest that the major difference between the two reforms was that the fraction of individuals holding no qualifications dropped sharply after the introduction of the new minimum school‐leaving age in England and Wales, whereas it remained unchanged in France.
Upstream Market Power and Wasteful Retailers*
Authors: Peitz Martin , Shin Dongsoo 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe provide a novel explanation for the wasteful product disposal by retailers. In our model, after purchasing a quantity of a product from the manufacturer, the retailer exerts a costly effort to sell the product to the final users. The manufacturer’s production cost and the outside opportunity associated with it is private information. We show that, when the manufacturer has the upstream market power, the retailer sells all units purchased from the manufacturer. However, when the retailer has the market power, it might deliberately purchase more than it sells to the final users (thus wasting the unsold amount).
Does It Matter if You Are Observed by Others? Evidence from Donations in the Field*
Authors: Alpízar Francisco , Martinsson Peter 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe investigate whether people's donations in the field are affected by the presence of others. In the analysis, we distinguish between individuals who arrived at a national park alone and those who arrived as members of a group. We also investigated the effect of donations being made in the presence of a third party made in the presence of a third party. We find that donations are significantly more frequent for individuals who are members of a group. When a third party is present, we find that the total donations by individuals who are a part of a group are significantly higher than those of lone travelers, mainly because of the increased probability of donating.
On the position of Uruguay in the South American biogeographical puzzle: insights from Ephemeroptera (Insecta)
Authors: Dos Santos Daniel A. , Emmerich Daniel , Molineri Carlos , Nieto Carolina , Domínguez Eduardo 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimTo study the relationships between Uruguay and neighbouring geographical areas based on distributions of Ephemeroptera species (mayflies: an ancient order of aquatic insects). We wanted to evaluate whether Uruguay more closely represents (1) the southern limit of the tropical (Paranense and Amazonian) fauna or (2) the northern limit of the temperate (Pampean‐Bonaerense) fauna.LocationSouth America with an emphasis on Uruguay.MethodsWe compiled more than 5000 collection records of mayfly species throughout South America and evaluated these using current taxonomy and geographical validity. We used the Network Analysis Method (NAM) on these data to identify units of co‐occurrence (UCs: mutually exclusive groups of co‐distributed species, with each group connected through strong links of sympatry and disconnected from the others). We focused solely on those UCs that included Uruguay in their spatial ranges and used these to infer the vicinity relationships.ResultsWe recovered four UCs consisting of many species that link Uruguay with tropical areas of Brazil and NE Argentina. These groups followed a geographically nested pattern. The results contradict the previously held view that the Uruguayan fauna holds strong affinities to that of temperate grasslands that lie to the south in central oriental Argentina (i.e. the currently accepted concept of Pampas). A comparison of the genera known from Uruguay and Buenos Aires Province further reinforces the distinction between Uruguay and temperate areas to the south.Main conclusionsThe hypothesis that Uruguay represents the southern limit of tropical affinities is strongly supported by mayfly distributions, indicating that a reappraisal of the Pampas as a cohesive biogeographical province is needed. We suggest that Uruguay and Buenos Aires should belong to different provinces, the former aligned with tropical provinces and the latter aligned with more temperate areas.
The Effects of Blackthorn (Prunus Spinosa L.) Addition on Certain Quality Characteristics of Ice Cream
Authors: Kavaz Yuksel Arzu 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the certain physicochemical properties, color values, total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC), glass transition (Tg′), melting (Tm′), freezing point (Tf) and melting point (Tm) temperatures, and sensory characteristics of ice cream produced with minced blackthorn (BT) (Prunus spinosaL.) at different concentrations. The increment ofBTconcentration caused an increase in the titratable acidity, viscosity, overrun, first dripping and complete melting times anda* color value, while decreasing the total solid, ash, fat, protein contents,pH,L* andb* color values.TPCandTFCvalues of samples showed a variation from 42.22 to 84.85 and from 27.40 to 39.03 μgQE/mg extract, respectively, whereasTg′,Tm′,TfandTmvalues showed a significant decrease with the increment ofBTconcentration. On the sensory evaluation, only color scores of the samples showed differences from each other atP < 0.05 level.Practical ApplicationsIce cream is an important dairy product produced with milk, cream, water, fruits, flavoring agents and other ingredients. The acceptability of the ice cream by consumers is affected by some factors, including quality characteristics, ingredients, sensory properties and storage conditions. In recent years, the use of natural and organic additives such as fruits for ice cream production showed an increase. ThePrunus spinosa L. (blackthorn [BT]) is a natural fruit and locally grows in some parts of the world.BTcontains high amount of antioxidant and polyphenolic compounds, vitamins and minerals. The use ofBTat different concentrations for ice cream production caused an acceptable effect on some physicochemical, thermal and sensory properties of ice cream. On the contrary, the concentration increase ofBTallowed important effects on most of the observed quality parameters of ice cream samples.
Potential Long‐Term Global Environmental Implications of Efficient Light‐Source Technologies
Authors: Bergesen Joseph D. , Tähkämö Leena , Gibon Thomas , Suh Sangwon 
Published: October 2015

SummaryArtificial lighting is a major source of electricity demand globally. As the demand for lighting services grows over the next 40 years, especially in developing countries, efficient light‐source technologies such as light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) can reduce the energy consumed for lighting services and therefore its environmental impacts. LED technologies in both residential and commercial/industrial applications are expected to see dramatic improvements in luminous efficacy over the coming decades, potentially leading to more environmentally benign lighting. A scenario‐based, integrated hybrid life cycle assessment quantifies and confirms the environmental benefits of deploying efficient light sources in all global regions through 2050, with electricity generation following the International Energy Agency's (IEA) BLUE Map scenario for limiting climate change to 2 degrees Celsius. Data used for previous assessments of light sources is updated and harmonized to reflect recent and expected future improvements in luminous efficacy and materials efficiency for LED lamps and luminaires. The aggregate life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of global light provision can be reduced by more than a factor of 7 owing to decarbonization of electricity generation, increased adoption of efficient light sources, and future advances in LED technology. Estimates of the technological capability and market penetration of efficient light sources show that by 2050, a 2.5 to 2.9 times growth in the global demand for lighting services can be accommodated while still meeting IEA GHG mitigation goals and increasing metal depletion just 20% above 2010 estimates.
The relationship between cultural sensitivity and perceived stress among nurses working with foreign patients
Authors: Uzun Özge , Sevinç Sibel 
Published: October 2015

Aim and objectivesTo determine the relationship between cultural sensitivity and perceived stress of nurses working at Kilis State Hospital.BackgroundAs foreigners live in and visit Turkey for various reasons, it is essential to provide culturally appropriate healthcare.DesignDescriptive and cross‐sectional design.MethodsThis study was implemented at the State Hospital in Kilis on the southeast border of Turkey, between June–July 2014. The study sample consisted of 120 nurses. Data collection tools included a questionnaire about the socio‐demographic and professional characteristics of participants, the Chen and Starosta's Intercultural Sensitivity Scale, and Perceived Stress Scale.ResultsThe average score for nurse cultural sensitivity was 84·32 (SD, 11·40) and the average score for perceived stress was 27·97 (SD, 7·32), corresponding to a medium level. We identified negative correlation between cultural sensitivity and perceived stress.ConclusionsNurses working at Kilis State Hospital have a medium level of cultural sensitivity and perceived stress, and cultural sensitivity tended to be affected by perceived stress.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study suggests that training programmes for cultural sensitivity and stress management should be available for nurses. Furthermore, patient care plans should be adapted to consider different cultural backgrounds of patients. These findings should be considered when designing nurses' education and continuing education programmes.