bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second‐order convex maximum entropy approximants with applications to high‐order PDE
Authors: Rosolen A. , Millán D. , Arroyo M. 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYWe present a new approach for second‐order maximum entropy (max‐ent) meshfree approximants that produces positive and smooth basis functions of uniform aspect ratio even for nonuniform node sets and prescribes robustly feasible constraints for the entropy maximization program defining the approximants. We examine the performance of the proposed approximation scheme in the numerical solution by a direct Galerkin method of a number of PDEs, including structural vibrations, elliptic second‐order PDEs, and fourth‐order PDEs for Kirchhoff–Love thin shells and for a phase field model describing the mechanics of biomembranes. The examples highlight the ability of the method to deal with nonuniform node distributions and the high accuracy of the solutions. Surprisingly, the first‐order meshfree max‐ent approximants with large supports are competitive when compared with the proposed second‐order approach in all the tested examples, even in the higher order PDEs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Doping of organic semiconductors
Authors: Lüssem B. , Riede M. , Leo K. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe understanding and applications of organic semiconductors have shown remarkable progress in recent years. This material class has been developed from being a lab curiosity to the basis of first successful products as small organic LED (OLED) displays; other areas of application such as OLED lighting and organic photovoltaics are on the verge of broad commercialization. Organic semiconductors are superior to inorganic ones for low‐cost and large‐area optoelectronics due to their flexibility, easy deposition, and broad variety, making tailor‐made materials possible. However, electrical doping of organic semiconductors, i.e. the controlled adjustment of Fermi level that has been extremely important to the success of inorganic semiconductors, is still in its infancy. This review will discuss recent work on both fundamental principles and applications of doping, focused primarily to doping of evaporated organic layers with molecular dopants. Recently, both p‐ and n‐type molecular dopants have been developed that lead to efficient and stable doping of organic thin films. Due to doping, the conductivity of the doped layers increases several orders of magnitude and allows for quasi‐Ohmic contacts between organic layers and metal electrodes. Besides reducing voltage losses, doping thus also gives design freedom in terms of transport layer thickness and electrode choice. The use of doping in applications like OLEDs and organic solar cells is highlighted in this review. Overall, controlled molecular doping can be considered as key enabling technology for many different organic device types that can lead to significant improvements in efficiencies and lifetimes.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Burnout in Middle and High School Korean Teachers
Authors: Park Yang Min , Lee Sang Min 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis study examines longitudinal relationships among three burnout dimensions in middle and high school teachers. For this study, 419 middle and high school teachers participated in a panel survey, which was conducted in three waves. Using Amos 7.0, we performed autoregressive cross‐lagged modeling to obtain a complete picture of the longitudinal relationships among the three factors of the Maslach Burnout Inventory‐Educator Survey. Results indicated that the paths from emotional exhaustion at Time1 and Time2 to depersonalization at Time2 and Time3 were statistically significant. In addition, the paths from personal accomplishment at Time1 and Time2 to depersonalization at Time2 and Time3 were also statistically significant. Empirically identifying the process by which burnout occurs could help practitioners and policy makers to design burnout prevention strategies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Future of Privacy: A Consumer‐Oriented Approach to Managing Personal Data Online
Authors: MacDermott Siobhan , Smith J. R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBeginning with Facebook's recent controversial “tweaks” to its privacy policy and its promise to support users against employers and others who attempt to compel users to divulge passwords, we critically review European Union (EU) and US digital privacy initiatives. Whereas the EU proposal relies on legislative regulation, the United States proposes industry self‐regulation partially enforceable by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). We conclude that not only do the sharply differing EU and US approaches present significant problems of global digital interoperability, but neither proposal promises to result in practical and feasible consumer protection, at least not in the near term. Moreover, the EU proposal poses serious threats to the profitability of digital commerce. As an alternative, we propose a “third approach,” empowering the individual digital consumer/user through a personal online strategy we call “wide‐open privacy,” which provides security without sacrificing the transformative economic, cultural, and personal benefits of the Internet. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Critical Success Factors through the Mergers and Acquisitions Process: Revealing Pre‐ and Post‐M&A Connections for Improved Performance
Authors: Gomes Emanuel , Angwin Duncan N. , Weber Yaakov , Yedidia Tarba Shlomo 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe mergers and acquisitions (M&A) literature is vast, spanning over half a century of research endeavor and drawing upon multiple disciplinary perspectives. Despite this wealth of material, the field suffers from a lack of connectedness. There is limited and compartmentalized understanding of the complexities of the M&A process, as the various streams of M&A research are only marginally informed by one another. As a result, the existing body of knowledge on M&A research remains fragmented. There is a need to establish links between existing approaches to M&A and the critical success factors they each promote. In this article, the need for a pluralistic and holistic explanatory framework that reflects the multidisciplinary nature of M&A is highlighted. The article shows that dynamic relationships between different perspectives on M&A and critical success factors matter. Identifying these relationships may help to further our understanding about M&A performance outcomes. Thus, the paper focuses on both relationships within each stage and between stages of the M&A process. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Will They Still Love Us Tomorrow? Canada‐Cuba Business Relations and the End of the US Embargo
Authors: Spadoni Paolo , Sagebien Julia 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article looks at the business prospects for Canadian firms resulting from a gradual easing of US economic sanctions against Cuba. In the short term, the status quo on the embargo will mean little change for Canadian commercial interests. In the medium term, the removal of certain embargo provisions like the travel ban should provide a fertile ground for trade and investment. In the long term, once the whole embargo is finally lifted, Canadian companies should have the same competitive advantages in Cuba they already enjoy in Latin America, and especially in the Caribbean region. In general, traders will suffer more than investors from fierce US competition, but there should be growing opportunities in many business areas. Aggressive credit policies, innovative ways to acquire a greater knowledge of the Cuban market, and supply‐chain integration are among the key strategies that must be developed to overcome challenges and fully exploit these opportunities. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Restructuring of Market Socialism in China: The Contribution of an “Agency” Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Zheng Ping , Scase Richard 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMost discussions of the development of market socialism in China adopt an “institutional approach” in which socioeconomic and political organizations are described as a complex set of arrangements determined by the policies and role of the Communist Party. Such institutions are often seen to be little more than passive forces responding to the imperatives and stipulations of the party. However, the character and continuing development of market socialism is far more complex than this. It is made up of interacting forces that are the outcome of the purposive actions of economic agents that, although created and nurtured by the party, create tensions within the socioeconomic structure and thereby shape the direction of societal change. It is these that constitute many of the defining characteristics of market socialism. There are, the tensions between the imperatives of an emerging market economy and the political imperatives of the party. But there are others that are determined by the goals and values of a diversity of agents within both the state‐owned and privately owned sectors of the economy. For an understanding of these, we argue in this article for the need to adopt an “agency approach,” that is, one that focuses on the key roles of actors and agencies in shaping institutional arrangements of the sort that constitute present‐day market socialism. This, we argue, does not displace an “institutional” theoretical perspective but complements it, thereby offering a more complete insight into the generic character of a socioeconomic structureÑin this case, Chinese market socialism. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aero‐structural investigation of biplane wind turbine blades
Authors: Roth‐Johnson Perry , Wirz Richard E. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTAs wind turbines grow larger, loads increase dramatically, particularly in the inboard region of the blade. A key problem is to design a strong inboard region that supports these loads without sacrificing too much aerodynamic performance. A new design is proposed: a biplane inboard region that transitions into a joint, which connects to a monoplane outboard region. The objective is to develop biplane inboard configurations that improve the aero‐structural performance of blades. To approximately compare a conventional inboard region with a biplane inboard region, cross‐sectional properties of a thick monoplane and a biplane were measured. Numerical simulations were used to explicitly compare the aerodynamic performance of a thick monoplane with a biplane. Then, several model beams were designed to be simple approximations of a conventional blade (‘monoplane beam’) and the biplane blade (‘biplane beam’). Canonical bending loads were applied to each model beam, and their deflections were compared. Numerical simulations show that the lift‐to‐drag ratio is significantly greater for the biplane than the thick monoplane for 0° < α < 15.5°. A parametric analysis of biplane beam configurations shows that their tip deflections are smaller than monoplane beams of the same length. These benefits for the inboard region of (i) improved aerodynamics and (ii) improved strength could lead to weight reductions in wind turbine blades. Innovations that create lighter blades can make large blades a reality. These results suggest that the biplane blade is an attractive design for large blades. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐Term Outcome of Laparoscopic Surgery for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Haugvik Sven‐Petter , Marangos Irina Pavlik , Røsok Bård Ingvald , Pomianowska Ewa , Gladhaug Ivar Prydz , Mathisen Øystein , Edwin Bjørn 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundAs most pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET) are relatively small and solitary, they may be considered well suited for removal by a minimally invasive approach. There are few large series that describe laparoscopic surgery for PNET. The primary aim of this study was to describe the feasibility, outcome, and histopathology associated with laparoscopic pancreatic surgery (LS) of PNET in a large series.MethodsAll patients with PNET who underwent LS at a single hospital from March 1997 to April 2011 were included retrospectively in the study.ResultsA total of 72 patients with PNET underwent 75 laparoscopic procedures, out of which 65 were laparoscopic resections or enucleations. The median operative time of all patients who underwent resections or enucleations was 175 (60–520) min, the median blood loss was 300 (5–2,700) ml, and the median length of hospital stay was 7 (2–27) days. The overall morbidity rate was 42 %, with a surgical morbidity rate of 21 % and postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) formation in 21 %. Laparoscopic enucleations were associated with a higher rate of POPF than were laparoscopic resections. Five‐year disease‐specific survival rate was 90 %. The T stage, R stage, and a Ki‐67 cutoff value of 5 % significantly predicted 5‐year survival.ConclusionLS of PNET is feasible with acceptable morbidity and a good overall disease‐specific long‐term prognosis.
The effect of atorvastatin on survival of rat ischemic flap
Authors: Chen Jian‐Xun , Chiu Chia‐Wei , Shih Pin‐Keng 
Published: December 2012

AbstractManagement of skin avulsion with tissue exposure is a challenge for plastic surgeons. Clinical observations have suggested that longer survival of skin flap prevents further contamination and infection. Less well known is the role of atorvastatin in avulsion skin flap. Therefore, we attempted to determine whether atorvastatin could alleviate avulsion skin flap in a rat model. Twenty male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomized into two groups: the atorvastatin group and the control. Before operation, each rat received an initial blood perfusion scan as baseline data. Then, each rat received an operation of skin flap incision, elevation, and resuturing to the original position under general anesthesia. Another blood perfusion scan was performed on each rat 30 minutes, 4 days, and 7 days postoperatively. On the 7th postoperative day, the necrotic area of skin flap was measured as the skin flap viability. The skin flap tissues at 2.5 and 5 cm distal to the skin flap base were collected for histopathological analysis, as well as measurement of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA expression, and vascular density. Compared with 30 minutes postoperation, there was a significant increase in the ratio of skin flap blood perfusion on the 4th and 7th days postoperation in both control and atorvastatin groups (p < 0.05). Compared with the control group, there was a significant decrease in necrotic area, significant increase in ratio of skin flap blood perfusion on postoperation days 4 and 7, and significant increase in vascular density under high field at 2.5 cm distal to the base of skin flap in the atorvastatin group (p < 0.05). The VEGF121 and VEGF165 mRNA expression at 2.5 cm distal to the base of skin flap differed significantly between the two groups (p < 0.05). Compared with the control group, atorvastatin treatment improved skin flap blood perfusion, vascular density, and necrotic area dependent on VEGF mRNA expression.
Sheared flow-driven vortices and solitary waves in a non-uniform plasma with negative ions and non-thermal distributed electrons
Authors: MUSHTAQ A. , SHAH ATTAULLAH 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe coupled drift-ion acoustic (DIA) waves in an inhomogeneous magnetoplasma having negative and positive ions can be driven by the parallel sheared flows in the presence of Cairns distributed non-thermal electrons. The coupled DIA waves can become unstable due to shear flows. The conditions of modes instability are discussed with effects of non-thermal electrons. These are the excited modes and start interactions among themselves. The interaction is governed by the Hasegawa–Mima equations with analytical solutions in the form of a vortex chain and dipolar vortex. On the other hand, for scalar nonlinearity the Kortweg deVries-type equation is obtained with solitary wave solution. Possible application of the work to the space and laboratory plasmas are highlighted.
Attentional switching forms a genetic link between attention problems and autistic traits in adults
Authors: Polderman T. J. C. , Hoekstra R. A. , Vinkhuyzen A. A. E. , Sullivan P. F. , van der Sluis S. , Posthuma D. 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and autistic traits often occur together. The pattern and etiology of co-occurrence are largely unknown, particularly in adults. This study investigated the co-occurrence between both traits in detail, and subsequently examined the etiology of the co-occurrence, using two independent adult population samples.MethodData on ADHD traits (Inattention and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity) were collected in a population sample (S1, n = 559) of unrelated individuals. Data on Attention Problems (AP) were collected in a population-based family sample of twins and siblings (S2, n = 560). In both samples five dimensions of autistic traits were assessed (social skills, routine, attentional switching, imagination, patterns).ResultsHyperactive traits (S1) did not correlate substantially with the autistic trait dimensions. For Inattention (S1) and AP (S2), the correlations with the autistic trait dimensions were low, apart from a prominent correlation with the attentional switching scale (0.47 and 0.32 respectively). Analyses in the genetically informative S2 revealed that this association could be explained by a shared genetic factor.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the co-occurrence of ADHD traits and autistic traits in adults is not determined by problems with hyperactivity, social skills, imagination or routine preferences. Instead, the association between those traits is due primarily to shared attention-related problems (inattention and attentional switching capacity). As the etiology of this association is purely genetic, biological pathways involving attentional control could be a promising focus of future studies aimed at unraveling the genetic causes of these disorders.
Home-making of older Antillean migrants in the Netherlands
Authors: MEIJERING LOUISE , LAGER DEBBIE 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTA group of 141,345 immigrants from the Netherlands Antilles, a former colony, live in the Netherlands. An increasing number of these migrants are at or above retirement age, and for them, the question of where they want to grow old becomes relevant. It is important for people to age in a place where they feel at home, as attachment to place increases wellbeing in old age. In this article we discuss how older Antillean migrants in the Netherlands make their house and immediate living environment into a home. We focus on home-making practices in a broader cultural context, and in relation to wellbeing. These topics are addressed by drawing on qualitative life-history interviews with Antillean older people, who live in a co-housing community for older adults. It turns out that objects which remind the participants of their home country play an important role in making a home. Also, the community, with people from similar backgrounds, contributes to a sense of home. Finally, the presence of children and other family members is a key motivation for the participants' decision to age in the Netherlands.
Farmed landscapes, trees and forest conservation in Saint Lucia (West Indies)
Authors: WALTERS BRADLEY B. , HANSEN LISA 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYIslands of the West Indies are among the most historically impacted by agriculture, yet agricultural influences on forests there have been little studied. This research compared tree species richness and vegetation structure between farmed lands, post-agriculture secondary forests and mature remnant forests in two watersheds in Saint Lucia, and sought to understand the current distribution of these habitats in terms of land use and watershed topography. Farms devoted to annual crops had few trees and much exposed soil. By contrast, agroforests had abundant (mostly planted) trees and vegetation structure comparable to secondary forests. Secondary forests had highest overall species richness, but mature forests had the most developed vegetation structure. Variations in habitat distribution reflected different land use histories, with the more rugged west coast long dominated by tree crop farming and the east coast experiencing a recent boom-bust cycle in bananas. Mature and secondary forests were more likely found at higher altitude, further from roads and at sites more difficult to access, the combined result of government protection of key forest and watershed reserves and farmers’ preferential abandonment of marginal lands. For conservationists, this return of forests is reason for optimism and it presents strategic opportunities for public land acquisition or collaborative management to further forest and watershed protection objectives.
Individual Testimonies of Nursing Care after the Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki in 1945
Authors: Matsunari Yuko , Nakao Ruiko 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPurposeTo describe the situation with respect to nursing care conducted immediately before and after the atomic bombing of Nagasaki in 1945.MethodsNurses who were registered nursing staff in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing volunteered to participate in this research. Individual interviews were conducted to obtain information concerning the nursing activities in affected areas. The collected information was compared with official documents regarding the atomic bombing of Nagasaki and findings of current studies of disaster situation nursing.ResultFive participants indicated that starting on the day of the bombing, nursing care activities changed from moment to moment according to the condition of radiation victims, the condition of affected areas, and the relief systems in place. Under these conditions, nurses attempted to provide nursing care to victims of the bombing through any means possible.ConclusionThe participants in the present study communicated a single message: that nursing care must be flexible in critical situations. Triage and cooperation with other types of medical professionals were also identified as important factors in nursing care.MatsunariY, NakaoR. Individual testimonies of nursing care after the atomic bombing of Nagasaki in 1945. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(2):1-5.