bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prion disease zoonosis: assessing risk associated with new and emerging prion agents.
Authors: Barron R. M. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Prion diseases are infectious neurodegenerative diseases associated with the misfolding, aggregation and deposition of host prion protein (PrP) in the brain. These diseases include scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. The infectious agent is thought to be composed solely of a misfolded form of PrP (PrP
Sc
) that propagates by binding and converting host PrP into the abnormal conformation. Natural routes of transmission appear to be oral, but the disease can also be spread by intravenous, intracerebral or peripheral exposure. Human prion diseases, such as CJD, were generally considered to have a spontaneous or familial (linked to mutations in the PrP gene) aetiology, although subsequent iatrogenic transmission has been demonstrated in some cases. Risks posed to humans from prion diseases in animals were therefore thought to be low. The emergence of BSE in the UK was followed by the appearance of a new variant of human prion disease (vCJD), and transmission studies in rodents confirmed that the two diseases were caused by the same strain of the prion agent. These data proved that some ruminant prion diseases could be zoonotic, and a potential risk to humans may exist from new and emerging prion agents in ruminants. Indeed analysis and characterization of recently identified prion isolates in ruminants (atypical scrapie, H-type BSE, L-type BSE and CWD) has revealed that some may pose a risk of transmission to humans, and are still a concern to public health.
The effect of resisted sprint training on maximum sprint kinetics and kinematics in youth
Authors: Rumpf Michael C. , Cronin John B. , Mohamad Ikhwan N. , Mohamad Sharil , Oliver Jon L. , Hughes Michael G. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractResisted sled towing is a popular and efficient training method to improve sprint performance in adults, however, has not been utilised in youth populations. The purpose therefore was to investigate the effect of resisted sled towing training on the kinematics and kinetics of maximal sprint velocity in youth of different maturation status. Pre‐ and post‐intervention 30 metre sprint performance of 32 children, 18 pre‐peak height velocity (PHV) and 14 mid‐/post‐PHV, were tested on a non‐motorised treadmill. The 6‐week intervention consisted of ∼12 sessions for pre‐PHV and 14 for mid‐/post‐PHV of resisted sled towing training with each sessions comprised of 8–10 sprints covering 15–30 metres with a load of 2.5, 5, 7.5 or 10% body mass. Pre‐PHV participants did not improve sprint performance, while the mid‐/post‐PHV participants had significant (P < 0.05) reductions (percent change, effect size) in sprint time (−5.76, −0.74), relative leg stiffness (−45.0, −2.16) and relative vertical stiffness (−17.4, −0.76) and a significant increase in average velocity (5.99, 0.76), average step rate (5.65, 0.53), average power (6.36, 0.31), peak horizontal force (9.70, 0.72), average relative vertical forces (3.45, 1.70) and vertical displacement (14.6, 1.46). It seems that sled towing may be a more suitable training method in mid‐/post‐PHV athletes to improve 30 metre sprint performance.
Elite athletes' attitudes towards the use of placebo‐induced performance enhancement in sports
Authors: Bérdi Márk , Köteles Ferenc , Hevesi Krisztina , Bárdos György , Szabo Attila 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWhile an increasing number of research is devoted to the understanding of placebo effects in sports, athletes' experiences with and attitudes towards the use of placebo for performance enhancement remain poorly understood. In this study, 79 elite athletes from different sports were surveyed on five issues related to placebo use in sports. Results showed that 47% of the athletes have experienced placebo effects in the past. A majority of the athletes (82%) thought that placebos could affect their sports performances. A wider use of placebos in sport settings was endorsed more by those who have experienced placebo effects in the past than those who did not (P =. 005). Regardless of past experience with placebo, more than half of the athletes (53%) would accept an unknown but legitimate substance from the coach, and 67% of them would not mind a placebo‐linked deception if that was effective. These findings confirm that most elite athletes believe in the power of placebos in enhancing sports performance, and those having a positive past experience exhibit slightly more favourable attitudes in contrast to those without such experiences.
Insights into structural variations and genome rearrangements in prokaryotic genomes
Authors: Periwal Vinita , Scaria Vinod 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Structural variations (SVs) are genomic rearrangements that affect fairly large fragments of DNA. Most of the SVs such as inversions, deletions and translocations have been largely studied in context of genetic diseases in eukaryotes. However, recent studies demonstrate that genome rearrangements can also have profound impact on prokaryotic genomes, leading to altered cell phenotype. In contrast to single-nucleotide variations, SVs provide a much deeper insight into organization of bacterial genomes at a much better resolution. SVs can confer change in gene copy number, creation of new genes, altered gene expression and many other functional consequences. High-throughput technologies have now made it possible to explore SVs at a much refined resolution in bacterial genomes. Through this review, we aim to highlight the importance of the less explored field of SVs in prokaryotic genomes and their impact. We also discuss its potential applicability in the emerging fields of synthetic biology and genome engineering where targeted SVs could serve to create sophisticated and accurate genome editing.
Contact: vinods@igib.in
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Evolutionary and ecological constraints of fish spawning habitats
Authors: Ciannelli Lorenzo , Bailey Kevin , Olsen Esben Moland 
Published: September 2014

AbstractFor marine fish, the choice of the spawning location may be the only means to fulfil the dual needs of surviving from the egg to juvenile stage and dispersing across different habitats while minimizing predation and maximizing food intake. In this article, we review the factors that affect the choice of fish spawning habitats and propose a framework to distinguish between ecological and evolutionary constraints. We define the former as the boundaries for phenotypically plastic responses to environmental change, in this case the ability of specific genotypes to change their spawning habitat. Processes such as predation, starvation, or aberrant dispersal typically limit the amount of variability in spawning habitat that fish may undergo from 1 year to the next, and thus regulate the intensity of ecological constraints. Evolutionary constraints, on the other hand, refer to aspects of the genetic make-up that limit the rate and direction of adaptive genetic changes in a population across generations; that is, the potential for micro-evolutionary change. Thus, their intensity is inversely related to the level of genetic diversity associated with traits that regulate spawning and developmental phases. We argue that fisheries oceanographers are well aware of, and more deeply focused on, the former set of constraints, while evolutionary biologists are more deeply focused on the latter set of constraints. Our proposed framework merges these two viewpoints and provides new insight to study fish habitat selection and adaptability to environmental changes.
The Dialectic of Pro-Poor Papaya
Authors: Lynas Mark , Davidson Evanega Sarah 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The development and rapid adoption of genetically engineered, virus-resistant papaya for Hawaii was an early, rare successful case of a small-scale horticultural crop improved for farmers of mostly modest means by the public sector. Demand was potentially great because the technology addressed a crop-destroying disease for which there were—and are—no alternative solutions. The developers of the technology promoted diffusion with a philanthropic spirit of public-sector universities and personal commitment. Success in Hawaii demonstrated that the technology could benefit papaya growers world-wide. To replicate that success, Thailand was among the first countries to work to adapt the technology. The greatest challenge facing those charged with introducing virus-resistant transgenic papaya into Thailand turned out not to be a technical but political one as Greenpeace targeted virus-resistant papaya as the likely first GE crop to be grown in the country and thus, a gateway for other GE crops. The subsequent anti-GE papaya campaigns foiled biotechnology in Thailand and throughout Southeast Asia, which is puzzling because many biotech crops being developed in that region have similar potential to benefit smallholder farmers, impact the environment positively, and address major nutritional challenges. Many are developed by the public sector. Had Thailand successfully promoted transgenic papaya despite opposition from Greenpeace, governments and scientific agencies across Southeast Asia might have been encouraged by the success story and continued to use the tools of biotechnology in their own agricultural sectors to confront rapidly mounting global agricultural challenges. That this best-case scenario for biotechnology—a pro-poor papaya developed in the public sector without multinational property claims—has not reached resource-poor farmers in the developing world almost twenty years after its release in Hawaii offers lessons larger than a minor crop. The case aids in understanding the reasons for the limited spread of biotechnology for small farmers globally and the dimensions of opposition and reasons for success of opposition to all transgenics technologies.
Structuralism and its Archaeological Legacy
Authors: Preucel Robert 
Published: September 2014

AbstractStructuralism is an important influence in the development of Anglo-American archaeology. Its basic insight is to conceptualize the world in terms of relationships between things rather than in terms of the things themselves. Alongside functionalism and adaptationalism, it played a seminal role in the early days of processual archaeology, particularly in the context of systems theory. Structuralism and its poststructural critiques were also central to the rise of postprocessual approaches and their engagement with issues of reading, writing, discourse and performance. While structuralism is no longer advocated in its original forms, its legacies are evident in many current research directions. Among these directions are cognitive archaeology, Peircian semiotics, and network analysis.
Organic Imperialism
Authors: Kucich John 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Empire studies has largely overcome tendencies to view metropole and periphery as oppositional. Nevertheless, critics’ focus on sexual and racial forms of reciprocal cultural constitution has eclipsed analysis of how competing conceptions of social order interrogated each another at sites of cross-cultural exchange. What has chiefly escaped revision is the notion that the empire was based on an organic social model that remained fundamentally conservative despite cross-cultural contacts. In nineteenth-century Britain, organicism acquired elasticity as new forms of social mobility and inclusiveness pervaded domestic life. In the colonial context, these progressive conceptions of organicism were sometimes transformed by encounters with indigenous societies. The central argument of this essay is that nineteenth-century organic imperialism was increasingly liberalized, and was further modified by fictional representations of non-Western social order. It focuses on sea adventure fiction and two colonial novels: Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim (1899) and Rudyard Kipling’s Kim (1901).
Political Economy
Authors: Blake Kathleen 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Victorian studies has long attended to money matters in literature, while on the subject of money it has long wrung its hands. We see now a ‘new economic criticism’ that is more tolerant or even capitalist-friendly. Appreciation of Adam Smith, founding expositor of political economy, is growing. More reluctance and distaste remain as concerns Thomas Malthus. Bias and neglect continue concerning Jeremy Bentham, their utilitarian ally. J. S. Mill as political economist is becoming better known, as is David Ricardo, with more needed on their utilitarian ties. Expanded attention to economic theory in relation to concrete practice will expand understanding of the ‘political’ in political economy, part and parcel of liberalism while also, paradoxically, of ‘liberal imperialism’. Reviewing political-economic principles that set themes of new economic criticism, this essay connects theory to historical specifics and assesses what has and can be done to place Victorian literature in this grand-scale context.
The Literature of Chartism
Authors: Haywood Ian 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter surveys and assesses the growing critical interest in the literature of Chartism. One of the most remarkable aspects of Britain’s first mass democratic movement was its significant output of creative literature. From the late 1830s to the early 1850s Chartist newspapers and periodicals published thousands of poems and a substantial amount of shorter and longer fiction. All this literature—whether written by anonymous and forgotten supporters or by more established Chartist authors such as Thomas Cooper, Ernest Jones and George W. M. Reynolds—combined a passionate commitment to political reform with a striving for new imaginative forms, voices, and narratives. Chartism mounted a direct challenge to the middle- and upper-class domination of both politics and literature, and it is this interweaving of radical politics and aesthetics that has continued to attract scholarly attention.
Information Structure in Asia
Authors: Michaud Alexis , Brunelle Marc 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe languages of Asia are highly diverse. Rather than attempting a review about information structure (IS) in this huge linguistic area, this chapter provides observations about two languages that differ sharply in terms of how they convey IS. Yongning Na (Sino-Tibetan) is an example of a language with abundant morphemes expressing IS, which stand at different points along the grammaticalization path: some are exclusively used for the marking of IS, others (such as demonstratives) are equally common as IS markers and in another function, and others still are used secondarily to indicate IS, in particular particles indicating the relationship that a noun phrase bears to a verb. Vietnamese (Austroasiatic) makes little use of such morphemes, and relies greatly on word order and on a range of passive-like structures. Along with key morphosyntactic facts, this chapter addresses the issue of how intonation contributes to foregrounding and backgrounding strategies in these two tonal languages.
Media Representations of Crime and Criminal Justice
Authors: Birkbeck Christopher 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
To date, criminologists have approached the media from a communications perspective that, directly or indirectly, treats them as a powerful social force. However, systematic research (conducted mainly outside but also within criminology) has failed to substantiate this image: the media may be an ubiquitous ingredient in daily life, but their influence is crucially mediated by social and psychological variables. Further progress in critically assessing the power of the media will depend on developments in media and communications theory rather than criminology. Meanwhile, criminologists could open up alternative lines of inquiry relating to the media’s quality of publicness and its location at the interface between revelation and concealment—an interface of considerable significance for crime and criminal justice. To do so would be to explore the media as a discourse, and materialization, of conventionality.
Youth Justice in Australia
Authors: Cunneen Chris 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This essay provides an overview and analysis of juvenile justice in Australia. It describes the historical background to the establishment of a separate juvenile justice system and the contemporary legislative framework for juvenile justice. The essay examines the most prevalent offenses for which young people come into contact with juvenile justice agencies. the role of the police, the administration of diversionary schemes, and the role of the children’s court are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the sentencing of young people and the various sanctions available to the court, including community-based orders and detention. The longer-term trends in sentencing, particularly the use of detention, are also analyzed. The essay concludes with a consideration of key issues in juvenile justice, including policing and public order, the use of pretrial detention (remand), racialization and the overrepresentation of Indigenous youth, and the importance of human rights
Employees’ organisational commitment and its impact on their actual turnover behaviour through behavioural intentions
Authors: Kaur Sahi Gurjeet , Mahajan Rupali 
Published: September 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to empirically test an integrated model incorporating the constructs of organisational commitment (OC), behavioural intentions (BI), actual turnover behaviour (ATB) and telecom work characteristics (WC) so as to examine the impact of commitment on employees’ BI, whereby they wish to dissolve their relationship with the employment provider.Design/methodology/approach– Structural equation modelling technique has been used to test the data collected through questionnaire from a sample of 139 employees including managers and executives across the hierarchy of an Indian telecom organisation named Aircel Dishnet Ltd from the Jammu and Kashmir circle head office in India.Findings– The theoretical constructs were validated before incorporating the hypothetical structural model. SEM results indicate a good fit to the empirical data. The findings confirmed that affective, continuance and normative commitments lay significant impact on employees’ OC. Also, commitment influence attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control, thereby affecting the BI of the employees. An indirect significant impact of OC on the ATB was also revealed. A partial mediation of WC was also found between BI and ATB.Research limitations/implications– The generalisability of the study is limited as the sample concentrates to one organisation of a single industry in India.Practical implications– The study provides insights for the policy makers to create and develop mechanisms and programmes leading to the enhancement of affective OC for employee retention.Originality/value– The model clearly explains telecom employees’ OC and its impact on the ATB through their BI. Though the findings do not reveal any component of commitment to lay more impact on OC, it exhibits higher career commitment than OC among the telecom employees.
TV food advertising aimed at children: qualitative study of Pakistani fathers’ views
Authors: Kashif Muhammad , Ayyaz Mubashir , Basharat Sara 
Published: September 2014

Purpose
– There is plethora of advertising research that has highlighted the mothers’ perspective to TV food advertising. However, the fathers’ perspective on children food advertising in societies that score high on masculinity is important but absent from literature. The purpose of this paper is to present opinions of respondents as fathers, concerning the impact of TV food advertisements on children buying and consumption habits.

Design/methodology/approach
– The qualitative data through semi-structured interviews has been collected from 32 males having at least one child between the ages of seven and 14 years. The respondents were purposefully selected from a private sector university located in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. The collected data have been analysed through thematic analysis.

Findings
– Thematic analysis revealed six themes; quantity of ads, negative impact of TV food ads, changing buying patterns, positive/productive impact on children, father's perceptions of TV advertising, and advertising changes to be incorporated. The findings have some social, cultural, and managerial implications for core advertising stakeholders.

Practical implications
– This study is useful for marketing managers whose job is to persuade children and their families into buying their products. They can benefit from the findings of this study to customize the brand communication strategies as per the expectations of respondents as fathers. Furthermore, the study proposes useful insights that will help in devising consumer-led advertising policies in Pakistan.

Originality/value
– The gender role of males while influencing family decision making with regards to food products marketing has been a new area of research. The study is pioneer in the field of consumer socialization in that it focuses upon the fathers’ perspective on TV advertising to children.
Can a socially responsible casino better retain its management staff? From an internal customer perspective
Authors: Liu Matthew , Anthony Wong IpKin , Chu Rongwei , James Shi Guicheng , L. Brock James , Tseng Ting-Hsiang 
Published: September 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate how perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives influence internal customers’ preference and turnover intention. The mediating effect of brand preference on the relationship between CSR initiatives and turnover intention has also been studied.Design/methodology/approach– A survey was conducted and questionnaires were distributed to a sample in Macau in 2012. Out of these, 138 valid samples were collected among casinos’ mid- and senior-level employees having managerial positions (hereafter “managers”). Regression tests were performed in order to validate the hypotheses.Findings– Managers’ preference for the casino brand of their employer can be enhanced by perceptions associated with CSR initiatives. Two CSR initiatives (CSR to stakeholders and to society) significantly decrease managers’ turnover intentions, with the impact of CSR directed at stakeholders exerting a stronger influence. Brand preference is a significant mediator of perceptions associated with CSR initiatives and turnover intention.Originality/value– The current study tries to not only investigate how perceptions associated with CSR initiatives influence an internal customer's turnover intention but is also aimed at understanding how brand preference as a mediator influences turnover intention. Extending the realm of study is important because multiple theories predict different benefits, and assessing the value of CSR therefore requires multiple approaches.