Abstract POSTER-THER-1439: Sensitizing ovarian cancer cells to chemotherapy by interfering with pathways that are involved in the formation and maintenance of cancer stem cells
Authors: Saydaminova Kamola , Strauss Robert , Drescher Charles , Lieber Andre 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
It has been suggested that tumor re-growth, as well as chemotherapy resistance and metastasis, are dependent on a small sub-population of cancer cells within the tumor that are thought to represent cancer stem cells (CSCs), i.e. self-renewing cells with pluripotent potential and tumor forming ability. We and others have shown that putative ovarian CSCs are in a transitional phase between epithelial and mesenchymal cell stages and that considerable plasticity exists between non-CSCs and CSCs (1). These transitions are based on epigenomic changes involving either epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) or the reverse process mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). Here we report that primary ovarian cancer cells treated with the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin undergo partial MET-like changes in culture and in xenograft tumors. These changes involve the upregulation of epithelial markers (e.g. E-cadherin) and the downregulation of mesenchymal markers (e.g. vimentin). Cisplatin-triggered MET was also observed using a luciferase reporter system that is responsive to MAP-Kinase activation. Concurrently with the induction of MET, cisplatin treatment of primary ovarian cancer cells enriched for CSCs that were positive for the stem cell markers Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2, indicating that the formation of CSC involves MET-like events. We therefore hypothesized that compounds that block MET counteract the trans-differentiation into chemoresistant CSCs and increase the efficacy of chemotherapy. Notably, MET initiates and is required for the nuclear reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells indicating similarities in the formation of iPS cells and CSCs. We therefore screened 30 compounds from a library of small molecules, which has previously been generated to study EMT/MET signaling in iPS cells. We identified compounds (e.g. compound GHDM1516) that blocked MET and the formation of CSCs in primary ovarian cancer cultures. Pre-treatment of cancer cells with GHDM1516 significantly increased cisplatin induced apoptosis/necrosis in CSCs as assessed by flow cytometry for Annexin V/7-AAD. In contrast, compounds that promoted EMT (e.g. compound SD83) acted synergistically with cisplatin and increased the number of CSCs and cisplatin-resistant cancer cells. Our data indicate that it might be possible to sensitize late stage tumors to chemotherapy by interfering with pathways that are involved in the formation and maintenance of CSCs. Our findings also suggest that similarities in iPS and CSC formation can be exploited to find new cancer treatments that are targeted towards CSCs.
1. Strauss, R., Z. Y. Li, Y. Liu, I. Beyer, J. Persson, P. Sova, T. Moller, S. Pesonen, A. Hemminki, P. Hamerlik, C. Drescher, N. Urban, J. Bartek, and A. Lieber. 2011. Analysis of epithelial and mesenchymal markers in ovarian cancer reveals phenotypic heterogeneity and plasticity. PLoS One 6:e16186.
Citation Format: Kamola Saydaminova, Robert Strauss, Charles Drescher , Andre Lieber. Sensitizing ovarian cancer cells to chemotherapy by interfering with pathways that are involved in the formation and maintenance of cancer stem cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Ovarian Cancer Research Symposium; Sep 8-9, 2014; Seattle, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(16 Suppl):Abstract nr POSTER-THER-1439.