bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinscapes, timescapes and genescapes: families living with genetic risk
Authors: Atkinson Paul , Featherstone Katie , Gregory Maggie 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis article synthesises recent research examining how families live with genetic risk and the processes of genetic decision‐making and disclosure among family members who have been or are at risk of transmitting a familial genetic condition. Its aim is to generate substantive theory that can inform our understanding of the interactional processes at work in the distribution of mutual knowledge and awareness of genetic risk in families. The article is structured around three interrelated concepts. Kinscape refers to the constellation of relations and relatedness that are recognised practically; timescape to the multiple temporal frames of social relations and their transformation and genescape to the constellation of knowledge, belief and practice surrounding genetic inheritance. All three concepts are simultaneously natural and cultural. Their intersections create the conditions of kinship and genetics.
Men managing cancer: a gender analysis
Authors: Wenger Lisa M. , Oliffe John L. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAs researchers consider gendered patterns in men's prostate cancer experiences, little attention has been devoted to how men manage ‘cancer’, more generally. Drawing on the experiences of 30 Canadian men with a variety of cancer types, this article details how men engaged illness self‐management and help‐seeking activities with lay and professional support persons. Results indicate three broad responsive strategies: fortifying resources, maintaining the familiar, and getting through. In these pursuits, the participants drew on a variety of performances to respond to social contexts demanding that men embody masculine ideals including strength, control, and stoicism. Considering gendered dynamics in how men manage the challenges of cancer, this article broadens understandings about men's cancer experiences by highlighting the drivers orienting participants' responsive efforts and challenging assumptions of help‐seeking as essentially problematic for men in Western society.
Managing sleep and wakefulness in a 24‐hour world
Authors: Coveney Catherine M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis article contributes to literature on the sociology of sleep by exploring the sleeping practices and subjective sleep experiences of two social groups: shift workers and students. It draws on data, collected in the UK from 25 semi‐structured interviews, to discuss the complex ways in which working patterns and social activities impact upon experiences and expectations of sleep in our wired awake world. The data show that, typically, sleep is valued and considered to be important for health, general wellbeing, appearance and physical and cognitive functioning. However, sleep time is often cut back on in favour of work demands and social activities. While shift workers described their efforts to fit in an adequate amount of sleep per 24‐hour period, for students, the adoption of a flexible sleep routine was thought to be favourable for maintaining a work–social life balance. Collectively, respondents reported using a wide range of strategies, techniques, technologies and practices to encourage, overcome or delay sleep(iness) and boost, promote or enhance wakefulness/alertness at socially desirable times. The analysis demonstrates how social context impacts not only on how we come to think about sleep and understand it, but also how we manage or self‐regulate our sleeping patterns.
Descriptions of euthanasia as social representations: comparing the views of Finnish physicians and religious professionals
Authors: Jylhänkangas Leila , Smets Tinne , Cohen Joachim , Utriainen Terhi , Deliens Luc 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn many western societies health professionals play a powerful role in people's experiences of dying. Religious professionals, such as pastors, are also confronted with the issues surrounding death and dying in their work. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the ways in which death‐related topics, such as euthanasia, are constructed in a given culture are affected by the views of these professionals. This qualitative study addresses the ways in which Finnish physicians and religious professionals perceive and describe euthanasia and conceptualises these descriptions and views as social representations. Almost all the physicians interviewed saw that euthanasia does not fit the role of a physician and anchored it to different kinds of risks such as the slippery slope. Most of the religious and world‐view professionals also rejected euthanasia. In this group, euthanasia was rejected on the basis of a religious moral code that forbids killing. Only one of the religious professionals ‐ the freethinker with an atheist world‐view ‐ accepted euthanasia and described it as a personal choice, as did the one physician interviewed who accepted it. The article shows how the social representations of euthanasia are used to protect professional identities and to justify their expert knowledge of death and dying.
Collagenase‐resistant collagen promotes mouse aging and vascular cell senescence
Authors: Vafaie Faran , Yin Hao , O'Neil Caroline , Nong Zengxuan , Watson Alanna , Arpino John‐Michael , Chu Michael W. A. , Wayne Holdsworth David , Gros Robert , Pickering J. Geoffrey 
Published: August 2013

SummaryCollagen fibrils become resistant to cleavage over time. We hypothesized that resistance to type I collagen proteolysis not only marks biological aging but also drives it. To test this, we followed mice with a targeted mutation (Col1a1r/r) that yields collagenase‐resistant type I collagen. Compared with wild‐type littermates, Col1a1r/r mice had a shortened lifespan and developed features of premature aging including kyphosis, weight loss, decreased bone mineral density, and hypertension. We also found that vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the aortic wall of Col1a1r/r mice were susceptible to stress‐induced senescence, displaying senescence‐associated ß‐galactosidase (SA‐ßGal) activity and upregulated p16INK4A in response to angiotensin II infusion. To elucidate the basis of this pro‐aging effect, vascular SMCs from twelve patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery were cultured on collagen derived from Col1a1r/r or wild‐type mice. This revealed that mutant collagen directly reduced replicative lifespan and increased stress‐induced SA‐ßGal activity, p16INK4A expression, and p21CIP1 expression. The pro‐senescence effect of mutant collagen was blocked by vitronectin, a ligand for αvß3 integrin that is presented by denatured but not native collagen. Moreover, inhibition of αvß3 with echistatin or with αvß3‐blocking antibody increased senescence of SMCs on wild‐type collagen. These findings reveal a novel aging cascade whereby resistance to collagen cleavage accelerates cellular aging. This interplay between extracellular and cellular compartments could hasten mammalian aging and the progression of aging‐related diseases.
R.A.Fisher's gene‐centred view of evolution and the Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection
Authors: Edwards A. W. F. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThe background to R.A. Fisher's enunciation of his Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection in 1930 is traced and the Theorem in its original form explained. It can now be seen as the centrepiece of Fisher's introduction of the gene‐centred approach to evolutionary biology. Although this paper is a sequel to Edwards (1994) it is not a review of the recent literature on the Theorem, to which, however, reference is made at the end.
The gender wage gap among recent post‐secondary graduates in Canada: a distributional approach
Authors: Boudarbat Brahim , Connolly Marie 
Published: August 2013

AbstractUsing the National Graduates Survey, we examine the trends in the gender wage gap among recent post‐secondary graduates in Canada between 1988 and 2007. Female graduates earn on average 6–14% less than males during the period two to five years after graduation. Decompositions show that observable personal characteristics and job attributes can explain only a small portion of the wage gap. We also find that men earn more than women at every point of the distribution. Interestingly, the wage difference shrank in the lower half of the distribution in recent years, while it increased in the upper half.
Something in the water: contaminated drinking water and infant health
Authors: Currie Janet , Graff Zivin Joshua , Meckel Katherine , Neidell Matthew , Schlenker Wolfram 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis paper provides estimates of the effects of in utero exposure to contaminated drinking water on fetal health. To do this, we examine the universe of birth records and drinking water testing results for the state of New Jersey from 1997 to 2007. Our data enable us to compare outcomes across siblings who were potentially exposed to differing levels of harmful contaminants from drinking water while in utero. We find small effects of drinking water contamination on all children, but large and statistically significant effects on birth weight and gestation of infants born to less educated mothers. We also show that those mothers who were most affected by contamination were the least likely to move between births in response to contamination.
Seasonal adjustment, demography, and GDP growth
Authors: Dunbar Geoffrey R. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSeasonal adjustment removes the predictable seasonal variation in GDP. If there is seasonal variation in factor inputs, then seasonal adjustment factors may be correlated with those inputs. This correlation can obscure statistically the importance of those inputs for GDP. This effect is apparent for the demographic composition of the labour force for Canada. Seasonal adjustment also changes the time‐series properties of GDP. Accounting for the seasonal pattern and trend change in demography suggests that the period of reduced volatility in GDP growth for Canada, the ‘Great Moderation,’ can be traced to the changing demographic structure of the labour force.
Filtering and email pricing as solutions to spam
Authors: Eaton B. Curtis , MacDonald Ian A. , Meriluoto Laura 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe analyze the success of filtering as a solution to the spam problem when used alone or concurrently with sender pricing, receiver pricing, or both. We find that filtering alone may exacerbate the spam problem in terms of both the total number of spam message sent and the expected number of spam messages received, because it may cause the spammer to send multiple variants of his message to each customer in an attempt to evade the filter. Sender and receiver prices work as expected. The effectiveness of each instrument improves as the levels of other instruments are increased.
Market entry and trade weighted import costs
Authors: Bridgman Benjamin 
Published: August 2013

AbstractTrade weighting is a common method of aggregating trade frictions. It will understate changes in these costs when there are non‐ad valorem trade costs and quality differences. Newly traded goods enter at higher trade costs than previously traded ones. Lower import costs shift trade to low‐quality goods with higher measured trade costs. These effects are quantitatively important. U.S. import costs fall more than twice as fast as trade weighted measures from 1974 to 2004 after the impact of shifting quality and newly traded goods is accounted for. Empirical estimates that use trade weighting will underestimate the welfare impact of trade costs.
Multiple Light Source Estimation in a Single Image
Authors: Lopez‐Moreno Jorge , Garces Elena , Hadap Sunil , Reinhard Erik , Gutierrez Diego 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMany high‐level image processing tasks require an estimate of the positions, directions and relative intensities of the light sources that illuminated the depicted scene. In image‐based rendering, augmented reality and computer vision, such tasks include matching image contents based on illumination, inserting rendered synthetic objects into a natural image, intrinsic images, shape from shading and image relighting. Yet, accurate and robust illumination estimation, particularly from a single image, is a highly ill‐posed problem. In this paper, we present a new method to estimate the illumination in a single image as a combination of achromatic lights with their 3D directions and relative intensities. In contrast to previous methods, we base our azimuth angle estimation on curve fitting and recursive refinement of the number of light sources. Similarly, we present a novel surface normal approximation using an osculating arc for the estimation of zenith angles. By means of a new data set of ground‐truth data and images, we demonstrate that our approach produces more robust and accurate results, and show its versatility through novel applications such as image compositing and analysis.
Fast Shadow Removal Using Adaptive Multi‐Scale Illumination Transfer
Authors: Xiao Chunxia , She Ruiyun , Xiao Donglin , Ma Kwan‐Liu 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we present a new method for removing shadows from images. First, shadows are detected by interactive brushing assisted with a Gaussian Mixture Model. Secondly, the detected shadows are removed using an adaptive illumination transfer approach that accounts for the reflectance variation of the image texture. The contrast and noise levels of the result are then improved with a multi‐scale illumination transfer technique. Finally, any visible shadow boundaries in the image can be eliminated based on our Bayesian framework. We also extend our method to video data and achieve temporally consistent shadow‐free results.
Educational Justice, Epistemic Justice, and Leveling Down
Authors: Kotzee Ben 
Published: August 2013

AbstractHarry Brighouse and Adam Swift argue that education is a positional good; this, they hold, implies that there is a qualified case for leveling down educational provision. In this essay, Ben Kotzee discusses Brighouse and Swift's argument for leveling down. He holds that the argument fails in its own terms and that, in presenting the problem of educational justice as one of balancing education's positional and nonpositional benefits, Brighouse and Swift lose sight of what a consideration of the nonpositional benefits by itself can reveal. Instead of focusing on education's positional benefits, Kotzee investigates what emphasizing education's nonpositional benefits would imply for educational justice. Drawing on recent work in social epistemology, Kotzee holds that theories of educational justice would benefit from a consideration of the virtue of epistemic justice, and he outlines solutions to a number of problems in the area from this perspective.
On the Relations Between Parents' Ideals and Children's Autonomy
Authors: de Ruyter Doret J. , Schinkel Anders 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn this article Doret J. de Ruyter and Anders Schinkel argue that parents' ideals can enhance children's autonomy, but that they may also have a detrimental effect on the development of children's autonomy. After describing the concept of ideals and elucidating a systems theoretical conception of autonomy, de Ruyter and Schinkel explore the ways in which the ideals of parents may play a role in the development of their children's autonomy. They show that abstract and complex ideals of parents (be it ideals for their children, ideals with regard to their parenthood, or their personal ideals) are most likely to enhance their children's autonomy. They also explain that an authoritative parenting style is most conducive to autonomy, although whether or not it does benefit children's autonomy also depends on the types of ideals pursued by parents.
The Virtuous, Wise, and Knowledgeable Teacher: Living the Good Life as a Professional Practitioner
Authors: Campbell Elizabeth 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn this essay, Elizabeth Campbell reviews three recent books that address the ethical nature of professional practice: Knowledge and Virtue in Teaching and Learning: The Primacy of Dispositions, by Hugh Sockett; The Good Life of Teaching: An Ethics of Professional Practice, by Chris Higgins; and Towards Professional Wisdom: Practical Deliberation in the People Professions, edited by Liz Bondi, David Carr, Chris Clark, and Cecelia Clegg. While the first two books are situated within the context of teaching and education, the third book, as an edited volume, contains chapters that represent a multidisciplinary perspective on the work of professionals within nursing, social work, counseling, and the ministry, as well as in teaching. Each of the books engages in the careful inquiry into philosophy broadly and educational philosophy specifically from conceptual frameworks widely associated with Aristotelian virtue ethics. Writing from an applied perspective on the field of scholarship relating to the moral and ethical dimensions of teaching, Campbell applauds the books for their timely reminder of the central role or persona of the individual professional as a moral agent and ethical practitioner. She argues that within the contemporary context of teacher education, which tends either to neglect or narrowly define the ethics of the profession, such an emphasis on the cultivation of personal character and responsibility within a framework of clear ethical dispositions or virtues is a welcome contribution to the field. It enables teachers, teacher educators, and student teachers to concentrate on both the ethics of practice and the practice of ethics in the ongoing quest to further their own development of virtue, practical wisdom, and personal and professional knowledge.
14q32 translocations and 13q14 deletions are common cytogenetic abnormalities in POEMS syndrome
Authors: Kang Wen‐Ying , Shen Kai‐Ni , Duan Ming‐Hui , Zhang Wei , Cao Xin‐Xin , Zhou Dao‐Bin , Li Jian 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectivePOEMS syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal plasma cell (PC) proliferative disease, and skin changes. Although chromosomal aberrations have been found and extensively described for other PC disorders, whether POEMS syndrome shares similar cytogenetic profiles has been rarely reported. In this study, we aimed to clarify the cytogenetic abnormalities of patients with POEMS syndrome in our center.MethodsPurified CD138+ PCs from bone marrow samples of twenty patients with POEMS syndrome were studied by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). FISH results were analyzed for an association between cytogenetic changes and clinical features.ResultsA majority of patients (65%) were found to bear cytogenetic aberrations commonly seen in multiple myeloma. The 14q32 (IGH) translocation was observed in 45% of the cases and included the t(4;14) and t(11;14) translocation (15% and 25% of the cases, respectively). In addition, 25% of the patients had deletions of 13q14 and 20% had an amplification of 1q21. No significant correlation between clinical features with cytogenetic abnormalities was observed, although patients with IGH translocations were more likely to exhibit papilledema (P = 0.018).ConclusionCytogenetic aberrations in POEMS syndrome were similar to other PC dyscrasias, but at different percentages.
Carbon dioxide emissions from biochar in soil: role of clay, microorganisms and carbonates
Authors: Bruun S. , Clauson‐Kaas S. , Bobuľská L. , Thomsen I. K. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThe stability of biochar in soil is of importance if it is to be used for carbon sequestration and long‐term improvement of soil properties. It is well known that a significant fraction of biochar is highly stable in soil, but carbon dioxide (CO2) is also released immediately after application. This study investigated the nature of the early release of CO2 and the degree to which stabilizing mechanisms protect biochar from microbial attack. Incubations of 14C‐labelled biochar produced at different temperatures were performed in soils with different clay contents and in sterilized and non‐sterilized soils. It emerged that carbonate may be concentrated or form during or after biochar production, resulting in significant carbonate contents. If CO2 released from carbonates in short‐term experiments is misinterpreted as mineralization of biochar, the impact of this process may be significantly over‐estimated. In addition to the CO2 released from carbonates, there appears to be a labile fraction of biochar that is oxidized quickly during the first days of incubation, probably by both abiotic and biotic processes. Later in the incubation, biotic mineralization appears to be the primary cause of CO2 evolution. Finally, we found that both production temperature and clay content affect biochar mineralization. As protective mechanisms hypothesized to prevent degradation of organic matter in soil usually implicate clay, we conclude that biochar is likely to be protected from mineralization during the early stages of incubation by its own recalcitrant chemical and physical nature as well as by physical protective mechanisms.
Transitive or Not: A Critical Appraisal of Transitive Inference in Animals
Authors: Guez David , Audley Charles 
Published: August 2013

AbstractTransitive inference has been historically touted as a hallmark of human cognition. However, the ability of non‐human animals to perform this type of inference is being increasingly investigated. Experimentally, three main methods are commonly used to evaluate transitivity in animals: those that investigate social dominance relationships, the n‐term task series and the less well known associative transitivity task. Here, we revisit the question of what exactly constitutes transitive inference based upon a formal and habitual definition and propose two essential criteria for experimentally testing it in animals. We then apply these criteria to evaluate the existing body of work on this fundamental aspect of cognition using exemplars. Our evaluation reveals that some methods rely heavily on salient assumptions that are both questionable and almost impossible to verify in order to make a claim of transitive inference in animals. For example, we found shortcomings with most n‐term task designs in that they often do not provide an explicit transitive relationship and/or and ordered set on which transitive inference can be performed. Consequently, they rely on supplementary assumptions to make a claim of transitive inference. However, as these assumptions are either impossible or are extremely difficult to validate in non‐human animals, the results obtained using these specific n‐term tasks cannot be taken as unambiguous demonstrations (or the lack thereof) of transitive inference. This realisation is one that is generally overlooked in the literature. In contrast, the associative transitivity task and the dominance relationship test both meet the criteria for transitive inference. However, although the dominance relationship test can disambiguate between transitive inference accounts and associative ones, the associative transitivity test cannot. Our evaluation also highlights the limitations and future challenges of current associative models of transitive inference. We propose three new experimental methods that can be applied within any theoretical framework to ensure that the experimental behaviour observed is indeed the result of transitive inference whilst removing the need for supplementary assumptions: the test for the opposite transitive relation, the discrimination test between two separate and previously non‐reinforced items, and the control for absolute knowledge.