bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐resolution modeling of human and climate impacts on global water resources
Authors: Wada Yoshihide , de Graaf Inge E. M. , van Beek Ludovicus P. H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA number of global hydrological models [GHMs) have been developed in recent decades in order to understand the impacts of climate variability and human activities on water resources availability. The spatial resolution of GHMs is mostly constrained at a 0.5° by 0.5° grid [∼50km by ∼50km at the equator). However, for many of the water‐related problems facing society, the current spatial scale of GHMs is insufficient to provide locally relevant information. Here using the PCR‐GLOBWB model we present for the first time an analysis of human and climate impacts on global water resources at a 0.1° by 0.1° grid [∼10km by ∼10km at the equator) in order to depict more precisely regional variability in water availability and use. Most of the model input data (topography, vegetation, soil properties, routing, human water use) have been parameterized at a 0.1° global grid and feature a distinctively higher resolution. Distinct from many other GHMs, PCR‐GLOBWB includes groundwater representation and simulates groundwater heads and lateral groundwater flows based on MODFLOW with existing geohydrological information. This study shows that global hydrological simulations at higher spatial resolutions are feasible for multi‐decadal to century periods.
Identification and quantification of redox and pH buffering processes in a heterogeneous, low carbonate aquifer during managed aquifer recharge
Authors: Seibert Simone , Atteia Olivier , Ursula Salmon S. , Siade Adam , Douglas Grant , Prommer Henning 
Published: April 2016

AbstractManaged aquifer recharge of aerobic water into deep aquifers often induces the oxidation of pyrite, which can lead to groundwater acidification and metal mobilization. As circumneutral pH is often maintained by the dissolution of sedimentary calcite or high injectant alkalinity little attention is generally paid to potential alternative pH buffering processes. In contrast, this study analyzed water quality evolution from a 2 year long groundwater replenishment trial in an anaerobic, mostly carbonate free aquifer. While injection of aerobic, very low salinity water triggered pyrite oxidation, the comprehensive field data showed that in many aquifer zones pH was buffered without substantial release of inorganic carbon. A numerical analysis was performed to test and evaluate different conceptual models and suggested that either proton buffering or the dissolution of aluminosilicates, or a combination thereof, can explain the observed, rapid buffering at locations where carbonates were absent. In contrast to many previous managed aquifer recharge [MAR) studies, the oxidation of sedimentary pyrite by nitrate was found to be of minor importance or negligible. The study also highlights that the depositional history of the aquifer, and the associated differences in mineralogy and geochemistry, need to be considered when estimating groundwater quality evolution during the injection of various water types for aquifer replenishment or other management purposes.
A global analysis of the seaward salt marsh extent: The importance of tidal range
Authors: Balke Thorsten , Stock Martin , Jensen Kai , Bouma Tjeerd J. , Kleyer Michael 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDespite the growing interest in ecosystem services provided by intertidal wetlands, we lack sufficient understanding of the processes that determine the seaward extent of salt marsh vegetation on tidal flats. With the present study, we aim to establish a globally valid demarcation between tidal flats and salt marsh vegetation in relation to tidal range. By comparing results from a regional GIS study with a global literature search on the salt marsh‐tidal flat border, we are able to define the global critical elevation, above which salt marsh plants can grow in the intertidal zone. Moreover, we calculate inundation characteristics from global tide gauge records to determine inundation duration and frequency at this predicted salt marsh‐tidal flat border depending on tidal range. Our study shows that the height difference between the lowest elevation of salt marsh pioneer vegetation and mean high water increases logarithmically with tidal range when including macrotidal salt marshes. Hence, the potentially vegetated section of the tidal frame below mean high water does not proportionally increase with tidal range. The data analysis suggests that inundation frequency rather than duration defines the global lower elevational limit of vascular salt marsh plants on tidal flats. This is critical information to better estimate sea level rise and coastal change effects on lateral marsh development.
Terrestrial freshwater lenses in stable riverine settings: Occurrence and controlling factors
Authors: Werner Adrian D. , Laattoe Tariq 
Published: April 2016

AbstractRivers in arid and semiarid regions often traverse saline aquifers, creating buoyant freshwater lenses in the adjoining riparian and floodplain zones. The occurrence of freshwater lenses where the river is otherwise gaining saline groundwater appears counterintuitive, given that both hydraulic and density forces act toward the river. In this paper, an analytical solution is presented that defines the extent of a stable, sharp‐interface terrestrial freshwater lens (in cross section) in a riverine environment that otherwise contains saline groundwater moving toward the river. The method is analogous to the situation of an island freshwater lens, except in the riverine setting, the saltwater is mobile and the lens is assumed to be stagnant. The solution characterizes the primary controlling factors of riverine freshwater lenses, which are larger for situations involving lower hydraulic conductivities and rates of saltwater discharge to the river. Deeper aquifers, more transmissive riverbeds, and larger freshwater‐saltwater density differences produce more extensive lenses. The analytical solution predicts the parameter combinations that preclude the occurrence of freshwater lenses. The utility of the solution as a screening method to predict the occurrence of terrestrial freshwater lenses is demonstrated by application to parameter ranges typical of the South Australian portion of the River Murray, where freshwater lenses occur in only a portion of the neighboring floodplains. Despite assumptions of equilibrium conditions and a sharp freshwater‐saltwater interface, the solution for predicting the occurrence of riverine freshwater lenses presented in this study has immediate relevance to the management of floodplains in which freshwater lenses are integral to biophysical conditions.
A major increase in winter snowfall during the middle Holocene on western Greenland caused by reduced sea ice in Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea
Authors: Thomas Elizabeth K. , Briner Jason P. , Ryan‐Henry John J. , Huang Yongsong 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPrecipitation is predicted to increase in the Arctic as temperature increases and sea ice retreats. Yet the mechanisms controlling precipitation in the Arctic are poorly understood and quantified only by the short, sparse instrumental record. We use hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2H) of lipid biomarkers in lake sediments from western Greenland to reconstruct precipitation seasonality and summer temperature during the past 8 kyr. Aquatic biomarker δ2H was 100‰ more negative from 6 to 4 ka than during the early and late Holocene, which we interpret to reflect increased winter snowfall. The middle Holocene also had high summer air temperature, decreased early winter sea ice in Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea, and a strong, warm West Greenland Current. These results corroborate model predictions of winter snowfall increases caused by sea ice retreat and furthermore suggest that warm currents advecting more heat into the polar seas may enhance Arctic evaporation and snowfall.
Mid‐El Niño erosion at nourished and unnourished Southern California beaches
Authors: Ludka B. C. , Gallien T. W. , Crosby S. C. , Guza R. T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWave conditions in Southern California during the 2015–2016 El Niño were similar to the 2009–2010 El Niño, previously the most erosive (minimum beach widths and subaerial sand levels) in a 7 year record. As of February 2016, Torrey Pines Beach had eroded slightly below 2009–2010 levels, threatening the shoulder of a major highway. However, Cardiff, Solana, and Imperial Beaches, nourished with imported sand in 2012, were on average 1–2 m more elevated and more than 10 m wider than in 2009–2010. Monthly subaerial sand elevation observations showed that the nourished beaches remained consistently wider than unnourished beaches under similar wave conditions. In contrast to a 2001 nourishment at Torrey Pines built with native sized sand that was removed from the beach face during a single storm, these relatively coarse grained nourishments protected shorelines for several years, and during the significant wave attack of the 2015–2016 El Niño, as of February 2016.
Relativistic electron precipitation at International Space Station: Space weather monitoring by Calorimetric Electron Telescope
Authors: Kataoka Ryuho , Asaoka Yoichi , Torii Shoji , Terasawa Toshio , Ozawa Shunsuke , Tamura Tadahisa , Shimizu Yuki , Akaike Yosui , Mori Masaki 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe charge detector (CHD) of the Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) on board the International Space Station (ISS) has a huge geometric factor for detecting MeV electrons and is sensitive to relativistic electron precipitation (REP) events. During the first 4 months, CALET CHD observed REP events mainly at the dusk to midnight sector near the plasmapause, where the trapped radiation belt electrons can be efficiently scattered by electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. Here we show that interesting 5–20 s periodicity regularly exists during the REP events at ISS, which is useful to diagnose the wave‐particle interactions associated with the nonlinear wave growth of EMIC‐triggered emissions.
Impact of kinetic mass transfer on free convection in a porous medium
Authors: Lu Chunhui , Shi Liangsheng , Chen Yiming , Xie Yueqing , Simmons Craig T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe investigate kinetic mass transfer effects on unstable density‐driven flow and transport processes by numerical simulations of a modified Elder problem. The first‐order dual‐domain mass transfer model coupled with a variable‐density‐flow model is employed to describe transport behavior in porous media. Results show that in comparison to the no‐mass‐transfer case, a higher degree of instability and more unstable system is developed in the mass transfer case due to the reduced effective porosity and correspondingly a larger Rayleigh number (assuming permeability is independent on the mobile porosity). Given a constant total porosity, the magnitude of capacity ratio (i.e., immobile porosity/mobile porosity) controls the macroscopic plume profile in the mobile domain, while the magnitude of mass transfer timescale (i.e., the reciprocal of the mass transfer rate coefficient) dominates its evolution rate. The magnitude of capacity ratio plays an important role on the mechanism driving the mass flux into the aquifer system. Specifically, for a small capacity ratio, solute loading is dominated by the density‐driven transport, while with increasing capacity ratio local mass transfer dominated solute loading may occur at later times. At significantly large times, however, both mechanisms contribute comparably to solute loading. Sherwood Number could be a nonmonotonic function of mass transfer timescale due to complicated interactions of solute between source zone, mobile zone and immobile zone in the top boundary layer, resulting in accordingly a similar behavior of the total mass. The initial assessment provides important insights into unstable density‐driven flow and transport in the presence of kinetic mass transfer.
Patterns of Care Among Patients Referred to Rheumatologists in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Widdifield Jessica , Tu Karen , Carter Thorne J. , Bombardier Claire , Michael Paterson J. , Liisa Jaakkimainen R. , Wing Laura , Butt Debra A. , Ivers Noah , Hofstetter Catherine , Lyddiatt Anne , Ahluwalia Vandana , Bernatsky Sasha 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveOur aim was to characterize referrals to rheumatologists, the early care management of patients with rheumatic diseases, and timeliness of care and treatment.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective observational study involving patients with first‐time rheumatology referrals between 2000 and 2013 in the primary care Electronic Medical Record Administrative data Linked Database (EMRALD) in Ontario, Canada. Referrals were characterized in terms of diagnoses, patient demographics, diagnostic tests, treatment initiated by family physicians and rheumatologists, and other specialists seen prior to rheumatology consultation. Timeliness of referrals, rheumatologist consultations, and treatment were determined overall and for each diagnostic category.ResultsAmong 2,430 patients referred to a rheumatologist, 69% were female, with an average age of 53 years. The principal diagnosis associated with the referral included osteoarthritis (32%), systemic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (31%), regional musculoskeletal conditions (16%), chronic pain conditions (14%), osteoporosis (2%), and other/miscellaneous (5%). Family physicians most frequently prescribed nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs/cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors (38%), and their pre‐referral diagnostic testing practice varied considerably. The duration of time from symptom onset to rheumatology consultation varied by diagnoses, with the shortest being for patients with systemic rheumatic diseases; for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the median time to consultation was 327 days. Most of the delay occurred prior to referral; 36% of RA patients initiated a disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug within 6 months of symptom onset.ConclusionApproximately 1 in 3 referrals to rheumatologists were for a systemic inflammatory rheumatic disease. We observed substantial delays to rheumatology consultations and variations in patterns of care that could be amenable to quality improvement interventions.
Quantifying Temporomandibular Joint Synovitis in Children With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Resnick Cory M. , Vakilian Pouya M. , Breen Micheál , Zurakowski David , Caruso Paul , Henderson Lauren , Nigrovic Peter A. , Kaban Leonard B. , Peacock Zachary S. 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveJuvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) frequently affects the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) and is often undetected by history, examination, and plain imaging. Qualitative assessment of gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance images (MRIs) is currently the standard for diagnosis of TMJ synovitis associated with JIA. The purpose of this study is to apply a quantitative analysis of synovial enhancement to MRIs of patients with and without JIA to establish a disease threshold and sensitivity and specificity for the technique.MethodsThis is a retrospective case–control study of children (age ≤16 years) who had MRIs with gadolinium including the TMJs. Subjects were divided into a JIA group and a control group. From a coronal T1‐weighted image, a ratio (enhancement ratio [ER]) of the average pixel intensity within three 0.2‐mm2 regions of interest (ROIs) in the TMJ synovium to that of a 50‐mm2 ROI of the longus capitis muscle was calculated. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity. The inter‐ and intraexaminer reliability was evaluated with Bland‐Altman plots and 2‐way mixed, absolute agreement intraclass correlation coefficients.ResultsThere were 187 and 142 TMJs included in the JIA and control groups, respectively. An ER threshold of 1.55 had a sensitivity and specificity for detecting synovitis of 91% and 96%, respectively. The inter‐ and intraexaminer reliability was excellent.ConclusionCalculating a ratio of pixel intensity between the TMJ synovium and the longus capitis muscle is a reliable way to quantify synovial enhancement. An ER of 1.55 differentiates normal TMJs from those affected by inflammatory arthritis.
Telephone Coaching to Enhance a Home‐Based Physical Activity Program for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Bennell Kim L. , Campbell Penny K. , Egerton Thorlene , Metcalf Ben , Kasza Jessica , Forbes Andrew , Bills Caroline , Gale Janette , Harris Anthony , Kolt Gregory S. , Bunker Stephen J. , Hunter David J. , Brand Caroline A. , Hinman Rana S. 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate whether simultaneous telephone coaching improves the clinical effectiveness of a physiotherapist‐prescribed home‐based physical activity program for knee osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsA total of 168 inactive adults ages ≥50 years with knee pain on a numeric rating scale ≥4 (NRS; range 0–10) and knee OA were recruited from the community and randomly assigned to a physiotherapy (PT) and coaching group (n = 84) or PT‐only (n = 84) group. All participants received five 30‐minute consultations with a physiotherapist over 6 months for education, home exercise, and physical activity advice. PT+coaching participants also received 6–12 telephone coaching sessions by clinicians trained in behavioral‐change support for exercise and physical activity. Primary outcomes were pain (NRS) and physical function (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC; score range 0–68]) at 6 months. Secondary outcomes were these same measures at 12 and 18 months, as well as physical activity, exercise adherence, other pain and function measures, and quality of life. Analyses were intent‐to‐treat with multiple imputation for missing data.ResultsA total of 142 (85%), 136 (81%), and 128 (76%) participants completed 6‐, 12‐, and 18‐month measurements, respectively. The change in NRS pain (mean difference 0.4 unit [95% confidence interval (95% CI) −0.4, 1.3]) and in WOMAC function (1.8 [95% CI −1.9, 5.5]) did not differ between groups at 6 months, with both groups showing clinically relevant improvements. Some secondary outcomes related to physical activity and exercise behavior favored PT+coaching at 6 months but generally not at 12 or 18 months. There were no between‐group differences in most other outcomes.ConclusionThe addition of simultaneous telephone coaching did not augment the pain and function benefits of a physiotherapist‐prescribed home‐based physical activity program.
Cost‐Effectiveness of Tramadol and Oxycodone in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Smith Savannah R. , Katz Jeffrey N. , Collins Jamie E. , Solomon Daniel H. , Jordan Joanne M. , Suter Lisa G. , Yelin Edward H. , David Paltiel A. , Losina Elena 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of incorporating tramadol or oxycodone into knee osteoarthritis (OA) treatment.MethodsWe used the Osteoarthritis Policy Model to evaluate long‐term clinical and economic outcomes of knee OA patients with a mean age of 60 years with persistent pain despite conservative treatment. We evaluated 3 strategies: opioid‐sparing (OS), tramadol (T), and tramadol followed by oxycodone (T+O). We obtained estimates of pain reduction and toxicity from published literature and annual costs for tramadol ($600) and oxycodone ($2,300) from Red Book Online. Based on published data, in the base case, we assumed a 10% reduction in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) effectiveness in opioid‐based strategies. Outcomes included quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs), lifetime cost, and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs) and were discounted at 3% per year.ResultsIn the base case, T and T+O strategies delayed TKA by 7 and 9 years, respectively, and led to reduction in TKA utilization by 4% and 10%, respectively. Both opioid‐based strategies increased cost and decreased QALYs compared to the OS strategy. Tramadol's ICER was highly sensitive to its effect on TKA outcomes. Reduction in TKA effectiveness by 5% (compared to base case 10%) resulted in an ICER for the T strategy of $110,600 per QALY; with no reduction in TKA effectiveness, the ICER was $26,900 per QALY. When TKA was not considered a treatment option, the ICER for T was $39,600 per QALY.ConclusionOpioids do not appear to be cost‐effective in OA patients without comorbidities, principally because of their negative impact on pain relief after TKA. The influence of opioids on TKA outcomes should be a research priority.
Longitudinal Course of Disease in a Large Cohort of Myositis Patients With Autoantibodies Recognizing the Signal Recognition Particle
Authors: Pinal‐Fernandez Iago , Parks Cassie , Werner Jessie L. , Albayda Jemima , Paik Julie J. , Danoff Sonye K. , Casciola‐Rosen Livia , Christopher‐Stine Lisa , Mammen Andrew L. 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivePatients with immune‐mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) often have autoantibodies recognizing the signal recognition particle (SRP) or HMG‐CoA reductase (HMGCR). Here, we studied a cohort of anti‐SRP patients to identify factors associated with disease severity and clinical improvement; we also compared the severity of weakness in those with anti‐SRP versus anti‐HMGCR autoantibodies.MethodsAll anti‐SRP patients in the Johns Hopkins Myositis Cohort from 2002 to 2015 were included. Longitudinal information regarding proximal muscle strength, creatine kinase (CK) levels, and immunosuppressive therapy was recorded at each visit. Univariate and multivariate multilevel regression models were used to assess prognostic factors influencing recovery. Strength in the anti‐SRP patients was compared to strength in 49 previously described anti‐HMGCR subjects.ResultsData from 37 anti‐SRP patients and 380 total clinic visits were analyzed. Younger age at onset was associated with more severe weakness at the first visit (P = 0.02) and all subsequent visits (P = 0.002). Only 50% of patients reached near‐full or full strength after 4 years of treatment, and most of these continued to have elevated CK levels. Rituximab appeared to be effective in 13 of 17 anti‐SRP patients. Anti‐SRP patients were significantly weaker than those with anti‐HMGCR autoantibodies (−1.3 strength points; P = 0.001).ConclusionYounger age at onset is associated with more severe weakness in anti‐SRP myositis. Furthermore, even among anti‐SRP patients whose strength improved with immunosuppression, most had ongoing disease activity as demonstrated by elevated CK levels. Finally, anti‐SRP patients were significantly weaker than anti‐HMGCR patients, providing evidence that these autoantibodies are associated with distinct forms of IMNM.