bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arctic soil development on a series of marine terraces on central Spitsbergen, Svalbard: a combined geochronology, fieldwork and modelling approach
Authors: van der Meij W. Marijn , Temme Arnaud J. A. M. , de Kleijn Christian M. F. J. J. , Reimann Tony , Heuvelink Gerard B. M. , Zwoliński Zbigniew , Rachlewicz Grzegorz , Rymer Krzysztof , Sommer Michael 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Soils in Arctic regions currently enjoy attention because of their sensitivity to climate change. It is therefore important to understand the natural processes and rates of development of these soils. Specifically, there is a need to quantify the rates and interactions between various landscape- and soil-forming processes. Soil chronosequences are ideal natural experiments for this purpose. In this contribution, we combine field observations, luminescence dating and soil–landscape modelling to improve and test our understanding of Arctic soil formation. The field site is a Holocene chronosequence of gravelly raised marine terraces in central Spitsbergen. Field observations show that soil–landscape development is mainly driven by weathering, silt translocation, aeolian deposition and rill erosion. Spatial soil variation is mainly caused by soil age, morphological position within a terrace and depth under the surface. Luminescence dating confirmed existing radiocarbon dating of the terraces, which are between  ∼  1.5 and  ∼  13.3 ka old. The soil–landscape evolution model LORICA was used to test our hypothesis that the field-observed processes indeed dominate soil–landscape development. Model results additionally indicated the importance of aeolian deposition as a source of fine material in the subsoil for both sheltered and vegetated trough positions and barren ridge positions. Simulated overland erosion was negligible. Consequently, an un-simulated process must be responsible for creating the observed erosion rills. Dissolution and physical weathering both play a major role. However, using present-day soil observations, the relative contribution of physical and chemical weathering could not be disentangled. Discrepancies between field and model results indicate that soil formation is non-linear and driven by spatially and temporally varying boundary conditions which were not included in the model. To conclude, Arctic soil and landscape development appears to be more complex and less straightforward than could be reasoned from field observations.
Chronic periodontitis with familial aggregation and discordant identical twins
Authors: Grech Sarah Christina 
Published: June 2016

Chronic periodontitis is an advancement of gingivitis that involves progressive attachment loss, pocketing, and bone loss around the teeth. It has been linked to both genetic and environmental factors, making it a multifactorial disease. This case examines a family of eight siblings with a 50% prevalence of chronic periodontitis. A strong genetic influence is not likely, since one identical twin in this family has chronic periodontitis, while the other twin is unaffected. Environmental risk factors, including smoking, emotional stress, and poor oral hygiene, are present in all affected individuals, thus appearing to play a significant role in the development of periodontitis in this family. It is important for a dentist to understand the etiology of the family’s chronic periodontitis in order to provide proper treatment and management of risk factors so that good oral health can be maintained.
Nettfrekvente elektromagnetiske felt og helseeffekter
Authors: Blaasaas Karl Gerhard , Tynes Tore 
Published: June 2016

I denne artikkelen oppsummeres epidemiologisk kunnskap om mulige helseeffekter etter eksponering for nettfrekvente (50/60 Hz) elektromagnetiske felt. Vi har basert oss på et flertall av vitenskapelige arbeider publisert i perioden 2001-2004 og konklusjoner i rapporter og oversiktsartikler fra perioden før 2001. Det er ikke funnet noen etiologisk sammenheng mellom elektromagnetiske felt og kronisk sykdom. Man vet heller ikke sikkert hvilke egenskaper ved de elektromagnetiske feltene som eventuelt kan fremskaffe sykdom. Eventuell latenstid fra eksponering til sykdomsutvikling er også ukjent. Eksponering over 0,4 mT fra kraftlinjer ser ut til å kunne gi en dobling i risikoen for barneleukemi, og basert på metaanalyser kan ikke resultatene avvises som tilfeldige funn. Holdepunktene for en slik sammenheng er likevel begrenset. Ved vokseneksponering har man i enkeltstudier observert risikoøkninger for brystkreft, leukemi, hjernesvulst og amyotrofisk lateralsklerose. Det er også gjort isolerte funn av abort blant kvinner eksponert under graviditeten. For alle disse endepunktene er funnene allikevel ikke tilstrekkelige til å trekke sikre konklusjoner om sammenheng med eksponeringThis review is based on epidemiologic literature in the period 2001-2004 and conclusions in reports and review articles before 2001, regarding power frequency (50/60 Hz) electromagnetic fields and health outcomes. Twotimes increased risks for childhood leukaemia have been observed among children exposed to magnetic fields above 0.4 mT from power lines, and based on meta-analyses these results can not be regarded as chance alone. The evidence for an association is however, still limited. Increased risks of breast cancer, leukaemia, braintumor and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have been observed in isolated studies. Increased risk of spontaneousabortion among women exposed during pregnancy has also been reported. None of the observations for any ofthese endpoints are, however, sufficient for any connection to electromagnetic field exposure.
Rusmiddelbruk og dødelighet
Authors: Rossow Ingeborg 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGBruk og misbruk av rusmidler øker risikoen for en tidlig død. Blant kroniske alkoholmisbrukere er overdødelighetenpå omkring 2-3, og størst overdødelighet finner vi mht. levercirrhose, kreft i øvre deler av fordøyelseskanalen,selvmord og ulykker. Akutt beruselse har spesielt betydning for ulykkesdødsfall som drukning ogtrafikkulykker. Epidemiologiske studier har vist at moderat alkoholkonsum gir en redusert risiko for hjertekardødelighetsammenliknet med avholdenhet (en J-formet risikokurve). Disse funnene reiser en viktig debattomkring implikasjonene for folkehelse.På aggregert nivå gir en økning i alkoholkonsumet en beskjeden effekt på samlet dødelighet, men for alkoholrelatertesykdommer, ulykker og selvmord ser man betydelige effekter av endringer i gjennomsnittskonsumet.Stoffmisbrukere har en høyere overdødelighet enn alkoholmisbrukere (RR omkring 5-30), og de vanligstedødsårsakene er overdoser, selvmord og ulykker. Bruk og misbruk av alkohol er betydelig mer utbredt i befolkningenenn narkotika, og størstedelen av rusmiddelrelaterte dødsfall kan knyttes til alkohol. Det er imidlertidusikkert om dette gjenspeiles i opinionen og som argument ved politiske beslutninger og ressursallokeringer.Rossow I. Alcohol, drugs and mortality. Nor J Epidemiol 1996; 6 (1): 37-44. ENGLISH SUMMARYUse and abuse of intoxicants increase the risk of premature death. Among chronic alcohol abusers the excessmortality is in the range of 2-3. Tthe highest excess mortality is found with respect to liver cirrhosis, cancer inthe upper digestive tract, suicide and accidents. Acute intoxication also increases the risk of premature death,particularly drowning and traffic accidents. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a lower risk of deathfrom CHD among light and moderate drinkers as compared to abstainers (the J-shaped curve). These findingshave induced an important debate concerning public health implications. At the aggregate level an increase inalcohol consumption has little impact on all-cause mortality, but changes in per capita consumption are foundto covary significantly with deaths from alcohol related diseases, accidents and suicides.Drug addicts are found to have a higher excess mortality than alcohol abusers (RR in the range of 5-30),and the most common causes of death are overdoses, suicides and accidents. On the other hand, use and abuseof alcohol is far more widespread in the population than narcotics, and most of the substance related deathscan thus be attributed to alcohol. To which degree this is reflected in the public opinion and in politicalstrategies and allocation of resources, may however be questionned.
Beskytter moderat alkoholforbruk mot hjerte-karsykdom?
Authors: Stensvold Inger 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGTre store utenlandske oppfølgingsstudier fra 1994-95 har funnet en U-formet sammenheng mellom selvrapportertalkoholinntak og dødelighet av hjerte-karsykdom. For menn er det vist at tre alkoholenheter(drinker) pr. dag og for kvinner én til to, kan redusere risikoen med opptil 50%. Det synes videre som omeffekten er størst hos eldre personer (over 50 år), og de med minst én viktig koronar risikofaktor. En nyoversiktsartikkel konkluderer med at den gunstige effekten er knyttet til alkoholinnholdet og ikke til andrekomponenter for de ulike alkoholtypene. Det er presentert norske spørreskjema fra 1977 og fram til i dagvedrørende alkohol. Disse er av svært ujevn kvalitet, bl.a. uten spørsmål om mengde alkohol eller type, ogspørsmålene har variert over tid og fra fylke til fylke. Tverrsnittsdata fra Oppland (1986-88) for menn ogkvinner 40-54 år viser en positiv sammenheng mellom alkoholinntak og HDL-kolesterol for begge kjønn ogfor systolisk blodtrykk for menn, sterkest for drikkere av brennevin og øl. For kvinner er det en U-formetsammenheng mellom drikkere av vin og øl og systolisk blodtrykk. Resultater fra en dødelighetsoppfølging(hjerte-kardød) viser en forhøyet risiko for menn som har drukket øl siste uke og en gunstigere risiko for desom har drukket vin/brennevin siste uke i forhold til de som ikke har svart på alkoholspørsmålene.Stensvold I. Does moderate alcohol consumption protect against cardiovascular disease?Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYThree large prospective population studies from 1994-95 have shown a U-shaped relationship betweenalcohol intake and mortality from cardiovascular disease. For men it was shown that three units a day and forwomen one to two units can reduce mortality risk with 50%. The effect was stronger in older people (above50 years) and those at greater risk for coronary heart disease. The conclusion, in a recent review, was that thebenefit is from alcohol rather than from other components of each type of drink. Norwegian questionnairesfrom 1977 to 1995 on alcohol are commented upon. The quality of these questions varies; many do notaccount for the amount of intake or the type of alcohol, and they have not been identical from screening toscreening and between counties. Cross-sectional results from Oppland (1986-88) for men and women aged40-54 years, indicated a positive relation between alcohol intake and HDL-cholesterol for both sexes, forsystolic blood pressure in men, strongest for consumers of spirits and beer. A U-shaped association betweenintake of wine and beer with systolic blood pressure was seen in women. A follow-up study with cardiovasculardeath as endpoint indicated a higher risk for men drinking beer during the last week, and a lower risk forthose drinking wine/spirits, compared with men not answering the questions about alcohol intake.1996; 6 (1): 69-71.
Characterization of Bacteria Isolation of Bacteria from Pinyon Rhizosphere, Producing Biosurfactants from Agro-Industrial Waste
Authors: WONG-VILLARREAL ARNOLDO , REYES-LÓPEZ LIZBETH , GONZÁLEZ HIPÓLITO CORZO , GONZÁLEZ CRISTINA BLANCO , YÁÑEZ-OCAMPO GUSTAVO 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Two hundred and fifty bacterial strains were isolated from pinyon rhizosphere and screened for biosurfactants production. Among them, six bacterial strains were selected for their potential to produce biosurfactants using two low cost wastes, crude glycerol and lactoserum, as raw material. Both wastes were useful for producing biosurfactants because of their high content in fat and carbohydrates. The six strains were identified by 16S rDNA with an identity percentage higher than 95%, three strains belonged to Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus pumilus and Rhizobium sp. All strains assayed were able to grow and showed halos around the colonies as evidence of biosurfactants production on Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide agar with crude glycerol and lactoserum as substrate. In a mineral salt liquid medium enriched with both wastes, the biosurfactants were produced and collected from free cell medium after 72 h incubation. The biosurfactants produced reduced the surface tension from 69 to 30 mN/m with an emulsification index of diesel at approximately 60%. The results suggest that biosurfactants produced by rhizosphere bacteria from pinyon have promising environmental applications.
Identification and Localization of β-D-Glucosidase from Two Typical Oenococcus oeni Strains
Authors: LI YAHUI , MA YANHONG , HUANG KAIHONG , ZHANG HONGZHI 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
β-D-glucosidase (βG) gene from Oenococcus oeni SD-2a and 31MBR was cloned, sequenced and analyzed, also intracellular βG of the two strains was further localized. The results showed that βG gene of the two strains was in high homology (> 99%) to reported βG gene, confirming both strains possess βG activity at the molecular level. Intracellular βG of SD-2a is a mainly soluble protein, existing mostly in the cytoplasm and to some extent in the periplasm. While for 31MBR, intracellular βG is mainly insoluble protein existing in the cytoplasmic membrane. This study provides basic information for further study of the metabolic mechanism of βG from O. oeni SD-2a and 31MBR.
Cytotoxic and Bacteriostatic Activity of Nanostructured TiO2 Coatings
Authors: CERBO ALESSANDRO DI , PEZZUTO FEDERICA , SCARANO ANTONIO 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Nanostructures are structures, mainly synthetic (nanosurfaces, cylindrical nanotubes, and nanospheres), which range between 1–100 nm in at least one dimension and can be engineered to a wide range of physical properties. This paper aims to explore the bacteriostatic and cytotoxic characteristics of nano-TiO2 coated specimens of glass, stainless steel and ceramic with different thickness and roughness. The results show that stainless steel and glass specimens with a nano-TiO2 coating thickness of 200 nm have a bacteriostatic effect of 97% and 100%, respectively after 30 minutes of UV exposure. Glass specimens with a nano-TiO2 coating thickness of 750, 200 and 50 nm have a bacteriostatic effect of 86%, 93% and 100% after 60 minutes. Nano-TiO2 coatings show a great bacteriostatic but not a cytotoxic effect, thus representing a valuable alternative for biomedical applications.
ACQUISITION OF HIGH RESOLUTION GEO OBJECTS USING IMAGE MOSAICKING TECHNIQUES
Authors: E Janani 
Published: June 2016

Remote sensing onboardsatellite techniques have been demonstrated to be powerful tools for monitoring the earth’s surface. Image mosaicking aligns multiple overlapping images of a same scene into a larger image of high resolution. In this paper, the feature extraction is based on SIFT and SURF technique. These techniques produce an efficient mosaicked image output as compared with other methods. From these algorithms the efficiency of PSNR and MSE value is 40%. It has been active research in finding disaster areas, computer vision and computer graphics, military target purposes.
Critical Theory of Communication as Critical Sociology of Critique in the Age of Digital Capitalism
Authors: Fuchs Christian 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
THIS ESSAY IS A REFLECTION ON JAN LØHMANN STEPHENSEN’S REVIEW ESSAY ON MY BOOK CULTURE AND ECONOMY IN THE AGE OF SOCIAL MEDIA (CONJUNCTIONS, VOL. 2, NO. 2). IT CONTRASTS CREATIVITY AND SOCIAL PRODUCTION IN MARX’S THEORY, CLARIFIES MY RELATIONSHIP TO BOLTANSKI AND CHIAPELLO’S APPROACH, REFLECTS ON THE INFLUENCE OF HUMANIST MARXISM ON MY THOUGHT, AND ARGUES FOR GROUNDING MEDIA/COMMUNICATION STUDIES AND DIGITAL MEDIA RESEARCH IN CRITICAL THEORY, UNDERSTOOD AS A CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY OF CRITIQUE THAT COMBINES SOCIAL THEORY, EMPIRICAL SOCIAL RESEARCH AND ETHICS.
Women, Visibility and Playful Acts
Authors: Stirling Liz 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
WOMEN VISIBILITY AND PLAYFUL ACTS IS AN ANNUAL EVENT ORGANISED BY THE FEMINIST RESEARCH GROUP F=, FOCUSING ON PLAYFUL APPROACHES TO CREATIVE PRACTICES IN PUBLIC SPACES. PLAY IS USED AS A CORE STRATEGY TO INVITE THE PUBLIC/ PARTICIPANTS TO EXPRESS IDEAS, OPINIONS AND SELF AROUND THEMES CONNECTED TO FEMINISM USING INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S DAY AS A PUBLIC PLATFORM FOR THESE EXPRESSIONS. IN CREATING SPACES OF NON-HIERARCHICAL ACTIVITY, PLAY, AS A METHOD OF ESTABLISHING TRUST, IS USED TO AID COMMUNICATION, TO MAKE NEW THINGS HAPPEN AND ENABLE TRANSFORMATION, EMPLOYING STRATEGIES OF HUMOUR AND THE SPECTACLE TO ENGAGE A DIVERSE, INTERGENERATIONAL AUDIENCE. IT IS PRIMARILY THROUGH PLAYFUL MEANS THAT WE EXTEND AN INVITATION TO TAKE PART.
THIS PAPER VISUALLY DOCUMENTS WITH A TEXTUAL COMMENTARY THE PROCESS OF THE PROJECT AND THE WAYS WE USE PLAY TO EMPOWER, EDUCATE AND ACT IN PUBLIC SPACES.
Situations of Encounter: Playful Gazes in Street Art Detours
Authors: Isaac Joseph 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
STREET ART DETOURS (STREETARTDETOURS.COM) IS A CROWD-SOURCED, LOCATIVE ART PROJECT THAT USES ‘DETOURS’ – CREATIVE STORIES AND EXPERIMENTS – TO FIND IMAGINATIVE WAYS TO EXPERIENCE PUBLIC SPACES. PRIMARILY RELYING UPON STREET ART IN MELBOURNE AS A POINT OF ACCESS, THE PROJECT WAS THE FINAL ASSESSMENT IN A STREET ART SUBJECT TAUGHT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE. THIS PAPER OUTLINES THE IMPLICATIONS OF THAT PROJECT, AND IT REFERENCES THOSE DETOURS CONTRIBUTED BY STUDENTS TO ARGUE IN FAVOR OF PLAYFUL PARTICIPATION’S ACADEMIC BENEFITS. IDENTIFYING STREET ART’S ENCOUNTER AS A CINEMATIC EVENT THAT IS SIMULTANEOUSLY IMAGINATIVE AND PERSONAL, THE PAPER POSITS AUDIENCE EMPOWERMENT AS CRUCIAL TO THE STUDY OF STREET ART. IT CONCLUDES THAT THE PRACTICE’S SUBJECTIVITY, IN ADDITION TO THE PERFORMATIVE ASPECTS OF ITS EXPERIENCE, NECESSITATES STREET ART’S CREATIVE ENGAGEMENT.
DISCLAIMER: THE AUTHOR OF THIS PAPER INITIATED DEVELOPMENT OF THIS PROJECT, AND IN THE PROCESS OF FINALIZING THE WEBSITE EDITED SOME GRAMMAR AND COPY FOR STUDENTS IN THEIR DETOURS.
Optimizing HIV/AIDS resources in Armenia: increasing ART investment and examining HIV programmes for seasonal migrant labourers
Authors: Kelly Sherrie L , Shattock Andrew J , Kerr Cliff C , Stuart Robyn M , Papoyan Arshak , Grigoryan Trdat , Hovhannisyan Ruben , Grigoryan Samvel , Benedikt Clemens , Wilson David P 
Published: June 2016

IntroductionHIV prevalence is declining in key populations in Armenia including in people who inject drugs (PWID), men who have sex with men, prison inmates, and female sex workers (FSWs); however, prevalence is increasing among Armenians who seasonally migrate to work in countries with higher HIV prevalence, primarily to the Russian Federation.MethodsWe conducted a modelling study using the Optima model to assess the optimal resource allocation to meet targets from the 2013 to 2016 national strategic plan to minimize HIV incidence and AIDS‐related deaths by 2020. Demographic, epidemiological, behavioural, and programme cost data from 2000 through 2014 were used to inform the model. The levels of coverage that could be attained among targeted populations with different investments, as well as their expected outcomes, were determined. In the absence of evidence of the efficacy of HIV programmes targeted at seasonal labour migrants, we conducted a sensitivity analysis to determine the cost‐effective funding threshold for the seasonal labour migrant programme.ResultsThe optimization analysis revealed that shifts in funding allocations could further minimize incidence and deaths by 2020 within the available resource envelope. The largest emphasis should be on antiretroviral therapy (ART), with the optimal investment to increase treatment coverage by 40%. Optimal investments also involve increases in opiate substitution therapy and FSW programmes, as well as maintenance of other prevention programmes for PWID and prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission. Additional funding for these increases should come from budgets for general population programmes. This is projected to avert 17% of new infections and 29% of AIDS‐related deaths by 2020 compared to a baseline scenario of maintaining 2013 spending. Our sensitivity analysis demonstrated that, at current spending, coverage of annual testing among migrants of at least 43% should be achieved to warrant continuation of funding for this programme.ConclusionsOptimization of HIV/AIDS investment in Armenia, with a main priority for scaling‐up ART, and less emphasis on primary prevention in the general non‐key population could significantly reduce incidence and deaths by 2020.
Ação coletiva à escala individual e local: perfis e retratos sociológicos
Authors: Nunes Nuno , Cachado Rita Ávila , Raposo Otávio , Ferreira Daniela , Do Carmo Renato Miguel 
Published: June 2016

<span>This article analyzes the dispositions towards collective action, especially in regards to the local and individual scales. We focus mainly on the plurality of the individual situations, paying attention to the role of the local contexts to the greater or lesser incorporation of a</span><em>radical habitus.</em><span> In depth interviews were done to 15 individuals belonging to nine households living in three municipalities of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, from which were built profiles and sociological portraits which salient the relevance of socializations, sociability and the involvement in collective actors in the dispositions for the collective action.</span>
Polar flexoelectric in-plane and out-of-plane switching in bent core nematic mixtures
Authors: Elamain Omaima , Hegde Gurumurthy , Komitov Lachezar 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Polar electro-optic response, arising from the coupling between an applied in-plane and out-of-plane dc electric field, respectively, and the flexoelectric polarization of bent core nematic liquid crystal mixtures with hybrid alignment is studied in conventional sandwich cells with homeotropic anchoring at one of the cell substrates and planar at the other. Such a hybrid alignment, however, results in a splay/bend elastic deformation of the nematic giving rise of a flexoelectric polarization. It was found that a pronounced polar electro-optic response, both in-plane and out of plane, took place in the bent core nematic mixtures at very low voltages due to the high flexoelectric polarization in these mixtures, compared with the one observed in calamitic liquid crystals.
Improved highly accurate localized motion imaging for monitoring high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy
Authors: Qu Xiaolei , Azuma Takashi , Sugiyama Ryusuke , Kanazawa Kengo , Seki Mika , Sasaki Akira , Takeuchi Hideki , Fujiwara Keisuke , Itani Kazunori , Tamano Satoshi , Takagi Shu , Sakuma Ichiro , Matsumoto Yoichiro 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Visualizing an area subjected to high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy is necessary for controlling the amount of HIFU exposure. One of the promising monitoring methods is localized motion imaging (LMI), which estimates coagulation length by detecting the change in stiffness. In this study, we improved the accuracy of our previous LMI by dynamic cross-correlation window (DCCW) and maximum vibration amount (MVA) methods. The DCCW method was used to increase the accuracy of estimating vibration amplitude, and the MVA method was employed to increase signal–noise ratio of the decrease ratio at the coagulated area. The qualitative comparison of results indicated that the two proposed methods could suppress the effect of noise. Regarding the results of the quantitative comparison, coagulation length was estimated with higher accuracy by the improved LMI method, and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) was reduced from 2.51 to 1.69 mm.