bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperoxic Exposure of Immature Mice Increases the Inflammatory Response to Subsequent Rhinovirus Infection: Association with Danger Signals
Authors: Cui Tracy X. , Maheshwer Bhargavi , Hong Jun Y. , Goldsmith Adam M. , Bentley J. Kelley , Popova Antonia P. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Infants with a history of prematurity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia have a high risk of asthma and viral-induced exacerbations later in life. We hypothesized that hyperoxic exposure, a predisposing factor to bronchopulmonary dysplasia, modulates the innate immune response, producing an exaggerated proinflammatory reaction to viral infection. Two- to 3-d-old C57BL/6J mice were exposed to air or 75% oxygen for 14 d. Mice were infected intranasally with rhinovirus (RV) immediately after O2 exposure. Lung mRNA and protein expression, histology, dendritic cells (DCs), and airway responsiveness were assessed 1–12 d postinfection. Tracheal aspirates from premature human infants were collected for mRNA detection. Hyperoxia increased lung IL-12 expression, which persisted up to 12 d postexposure. Hyperoxia-exposed RV-infected mice showed further increases in IL-12 and increased expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4, as well as increased airway inflammation and responsiveness. In RV-infected, air-exposed mice, the response was not significant. Induced IL-12 expression in hyperoxia-exposed, RV-infected mice was associated with increased IL-12–producing CD103+ lung DCs. Hyperoxia also increased expression of Clec9a, a CD103+ DC-specific damaged cell-recognition molecule. Hyperoxia increased levels of ATP metabolites and expression of adenosine receptor A1, further evidence of cell damage and related signaling. In human preterm infants, tracheal aspirate Clec9a expression positively correlated with the level of prematurity. Hyperoxic exposure increases the activation of CD103+, Clec9a+ DCs, leading to increased inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness upon RV infection. In premature infants, danger signal–induced DC activation may promote proinflammatory airway responses, thereby increasing respiratory morbidity.
Concise Review: Bridging the Gap: Novel Neuroregenerative and Neuroprotective Strategies in Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Ahuja Christopher S. , Fehlings Michael 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSpinal cord injuries (SCIs) result in devastating lifelong disability for patients and their families. The initial mechanical trauma is followed by a damaging secondary injury cascade involving proapoptotic signaling, ischemia, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Ongoing cellular necrosis releases ATP, DNA, glutamate, and free radicals to create a cytotoxic postinjury milieu. Long-term regeneration of lost or injured networks is further impeded by cystic cavitation and the formation of an inhibitory glial-chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan scar. In this article, we discuss important neuroprotective interventions currently applied in clinical practice, including surgical decompression, blood pressure augmentation, and i.v. methylprednisolone. We then explore exciting translational therapies on the horizon, such as riluzole, minocycline, fibroblast growth factor, magnesium, and hypothermia. Finally, we summarize the key neuroregenerative strategies of the next decade, including glial scar degradation, Rho-ROCK inhibition, cell-based therapies, and novel bioengineered adjuncts. Throughout, we emphasize the need for combinatorial approaches to this multifactorial problem and discuss relevant studies at the forefront of translation. We conclude by providing our perspectives on the future direction of SCI research.SignificanceSpinal cord injuries (SCIs) result in devastating, lifelong disability for patients and their families. This article discusses important neuroprotective interventions currently applied in clinical practice, including surgical decompression, blood pressure augmentation, and i.v. methylprednisolone. Translational therapies on the horizon are discussed, such as riluzole, minocycline, fibroblast growth factor, magnesium, and hypothermia. The key neuroregenerative strategies of the next decade are summarized, including glial scar degradation, Rho-ROCK inhibition, cell-based therapies, and novel bioengineered adjuncts. The need for combinatorial approaches to this multifactorial problem is emphasized, relevant studies at the forefront of translation are discussed, and perspectives on the future direction of SCI research are presented.
Characterization of geolocation accuracy of Suomi NPP Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder measurements
Authors: Han Yang , Weng Fuzhong , Zou Xiaolei , Yang Hu , Scott Deron 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) onboard Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership satellite has 22 channels at frequencies ranging from 23 to 183 GHz for probing the atmospheric temperature and moisture under all weather conditions. As part of the ATMS calibration and validation activities, the geolocation accuracy of ATMS data must be well characterized and documented. In this study, the coastline crossing method (CCM) and the land‐sea fraction method (LFM) are utilized to characterize and quantify the ATMS geolocation accuracy. The CCM is based on the inflection points of the ATMS window channel measurements across the coastlines, whereas the LFM collocates the ATMS window channel data with high‐resolution land‐sea mask data sets. Since the ATMS measurements provide five pairs of latitude and longitude data for K, Ka, V, W, and G bands, respectively, the window channels 1, 2, 3, 16, and 17 from each of these five bands are chosen for assessing the overall geolocation accuracy. ATMS geolocation errors estimated from both methods are generally consistent from 40 cases in June 2014. The ATMS along‐track (cross‐track) errors at nadir are within ±4.2 km (±1.2 km) for K/Ka, ±2.6 km (±2.7 km) for V bands, and ±1.2 km (±0.6 km) at W and G bands, respectively. At the W band, the geolocation errors derived from both algorithms are probably less reliable due to a reduced contrast of brightness temperatures in coastal areas. These estimated ATMS along‐track and cross‐track geolocation errors are well within the uncertainty requirements for all bands.
The impact of wave‐mean flow interaction on the Northern Hemisphere polar vortex after tropical volcanic eruptions
Authors: Bittner Matthias , Timmreck Claudia , Schmidt Hauke , Toohey Matthew , Krüger Kirstin 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe current generation of Earth system models that participate in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) does not, on average, produce a strengthened Northern Hemisphere (NH) polar vortex after large tropical volcanic eruptions as suggested by observational records. Here we investigate the impact of volcanic eruptions on the NH winter stratosphere with an ensemble of 20 model simulations of the Max Planck Institute Earth system model. We compare the dynamical impact in simulations of the very large 1815 Tambora eruption with the averaged dynamical response to the two largest eruptions of the CMIP5 historical simulations (the 1883 Krakatau and the 1991 Pinatubo eruptions). We find that for both the Tambora and the averaged Krakatau‐Pinatubo eruptions the radiative perturbation only weakly affects the polar vortex directly. The position of the maximum temperature anomaly gradient is located at approximately 30°N, where we obtain significant westerly zonal wind anomalies between 10 hPa and 30 hPa. Under the very strong forcing of the Tambora eruption, the NH polar vortex is significantly strengthened because the subtropical westerly wind anomalies are sufficiently strong to robustly alter the propagation of planetary waves. The average response to the eruptions of Krakatau and Pinatubo reveals a slight strengthening of the polar vortex, but individual ensemble members differ substantially, indicating that internal variability plays a dominant role. For the Tambora eruption the ensemble variability of the zonal mean temperature and zonal wind anomalies during midwinter and late winter is significantly reduced compared to the volcanically unperturbed period.
Effect of climate data on simulated carbon and nitrogen balances for Europe
Authors: Blanke Jan Hendrik , Lindeskog Mats , Lindström Johan , Lehsten Veiko 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn this study, we systematically assess the spatial variability in carbon and nitrogen balance simulations related to the choice of global circulation models (GCMs), representative concentration pathways (RCPs), spatial resolutions, and the downscaling methods used as calculated with LPJ‐GUESS. We employed a complete factorial design and performed 24 simulations for Europe with different climate input data sets and different combinations of these four factors. Our results reveal that the variability in simulated output in Europe is moderate with 35.6%–93.5% of the total variability being common among all combinations of factors. The spatial resolution is the most important factor among the examined factors, explaining 1.5%–10.7% of the total variability followed by GCMs (0.3%–7.6%), RCPs (0%–6.3%), and downscaling methods (0.1%–4.6%). The higher‐order interactions effect that captures nonlinear relations between the factors and random effects is pronounced and accounts for 1.6%–45.8% to the total variability. The most distinct hot spots of variability include the mountain ranges in North Scandinavia and the Alps, and the Iberian Peninsula. Based on our findings, we advise to conduct the application of models such as LPJ‐GUESS at a reasonably high spatial resolution which is supported by the model structure. There is no notable gain in simulations of ecosystem carbon and nitrogen stocks and fluxes from using regionally downscaled climate in preference to bias‐corrected, bilinearly interpolated CMIP5 projections.
Variability and trends in Southern Ocean eddy activity in 1/12° ocean model simulations
Authors: Patara Lavinia , Böning Claus W. , Biastoch Arne 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe response of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) to the strengthening of Southern Hemisphere winds occurring since the 1950s is investigated with a global ocean model having a resolution of 1/12° in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current domain. The simulations expose regional differences in the relative importance of stochastic and wind‐related contributions to interannual EKE changes. In the Pacific and Indian sectors the model captures the EKE variability observed since 1993 and confirms previous hypotheses of a lagged response to regional wind stress anomalies. Here the multidecadal trend in wind stress is reflected in an increase in EKE typically exceeding 5 cm2 s−2 decade−1. In the western Atlantic, EKE variability is mostly stochastic, is weakly correlated with wind fluctuations, and its multidecadal trends are close to zero. The nonuniform distribution of wind‐related changes in the eddy activity could affect the regional patterns of ocean circulation and biogeochemical responses to future climate change.
Evidence of kinetic Alfvén eigenmode in the near‐Earth magnetotail during substorm expansion phase
Authors: Duan S. P. , Dai Lei , Wang Chi , Liang J. , Lui A. T. Y. , Chen L. J. , He Z. H. , Zhang Y. C. , Angelopoulos V. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUnipolar pulses of kinetic Alfvén waves (KAW) are first observed in the near‐Earth plasma sheet (NEPS) associated with dipolarizations during substorm expansion phases. Two similar events are studied with Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) observations during substorms on 3 February 2008 and 7 February 2008. The unipolar pulses were located at a trough‐like Alfvén speed profile in the northern plasma sheet at a distance of 10–11 RE from Earth. The dominant wave components consist of a southward δEz toward the neutral plane and a +δBy toward the dusk. The |δEz|/|δBy| ratio was in the range of a few times the local Alfvén speed, a strong indication of KAW nature. The wave Poynting flux was earthward and nearly parallel to the background magnetic field. The pulse was associated with an earthward field‐aligned current carried by electrons. These observational facts strongly indicate a KAW eigenmode that is confined by the plasma sheet but propagates earthward along the field line. The KAW eigenmode was accompanied by short timescale (1 min) dipolarizations likely generated by transient magnetotail reconnection. The observed polarity of the KAW field/current is consistent with that of the Hall field/current in magnetic reconnection, supporting the scenario that the Hall fields/current propagate out from reconnection site as KAW eigenmodes. Aurora images on the footprint of THEMIS spacecraft suggest that KAW eigenmode may power aurora brightening during substorm expansion phase.
On the current density reduction ahead of dipolarization fronts
Authors: Lu San , Artemyev A. V. , Angelopoulos V. , Lu Quanming , Liu Jiang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDuring their earthward propagation, dipolarization fronts (DFs) interact with the ambient plasma sheet on kinetic scales. The interaction region is important to the front's structure, propagation, and regional closure of the current system. However, the physics in this region, especially of its current system, is poorly understood. We present Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) observations of the interaction region between DFs and the ambient plasma sheet at x ~ − 12 RE downtail; these observations show that the current density ahead of the DFs is significantly reduced near the neutral plane. We use a two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell model to simulate the current density reduction ahead of DFs and investigate the physical mechanism that causes it: Ion reflection and acceleration at the front cause positive charge density to build up. The resultant electrostatic field, Ez, is directed away from the neutral plane. The positive cross‐tail Ez × Bx drift of electrons (which remain magnetized) does not affect demagnetized ions. This electron‐ion decoupling results in a dawnward cross‐field current carried by electrons that reduces the cross‐tail current ahead of the approaching front.
Cobalt‐Nanocrystal‐Assembled Hollow Nanoparticles for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Generation from Neutral‐pH Water
Authors: Liu Bingrui , Zhang Lin , Xiong Weilin , Ma Mingming 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHighly active and stable electrocatalysts for hydrogen generation from neutral‐pH water are highly desired, but very difficult to achieve. Herein we report a facile synthetic approach to cobalt nanocrystal assembled hollow nanoparticles (Co‐HNP), which serve as an electrocatalyst for hydrogen generation from neutral‐pH water. An electrode composed of Co‐HNP on a carbon cloth (CC) produces cathodic current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm−2 at overpotentials of −85 mV and −237 mV, respectively. The Co‐HNP/CC electrode retains its high activity after 20 h hydrogen generation at a high current density of 150 mA cm−2, indicating the superior activity and stability of Co‐HNP as electrocatalyst.
Synthesis of 2H‐Azirines by Iridium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Ring Contraction of Isoxazol‐5(4H)‐ones
Authors: Okamoto Kazuhiro , Shimbayashi Takuya , Yoshida Masato , Nanya Atsushi , Ohe Kouichi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA phosphine‐free iridium‐catalyzed reaction of isoxazol‐5(4H)‐ones (isoxazolones) has been developed, and affords 2H‐azirines through decarboxylation and ring contraction. This method provides an efficient and environmentally benign protocol which could replace the conventional approaches used to synthesize 2H‐azirines.
Highly Active Titanocene Catalysts for Epoxide Hydrosilylation: Synthesis, Theory, Kinetics, EPR Spectroscopy
Authors: Henriques Dina Schwarz G. , Zimmer Katharina , Klare Sven , Meyer Andreas , Rojo‐Wiechel Elena , Bauer Mirko , Sure Rebecca , Grimme Stefan , Schiemann Olav , Flowers Robert A. , Gansäuer Andreas 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA catalytic system for titanocene‐catalyzed epoxide hydrosilylation is described. It features a straightforward preparation of titanocene hydrides that leads to a reaction with low catalyst loading, high yields, and high selectivity of radical reduction. The mechanism was studied by a suite of methods, including kinetic studies, EPR spectroscopy, and computational methods. An unusual resting state leads to the observation of an inverse rate order with respect to the epoxide.
Pilot‐scale cellulosic ethanol production using eucalyptus biomass pre‐treated by dilute acid and steam explosion
Authors: McIntosh Shane , Zhang Zhanying , Palmer Janice , Wong Heng‐Ho , Doherty William O.S. , Vancov Tony 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe widespread deployment of commercial‐scale cellulosic ethanol currently hinges on developing and evaluating scalable processes whilst broadening feedstock options. This study investigates whole Eucalyptus grandis trees as a potential feedstock and demonstrates dilute acid pre‐treatment (with steam explosion) followed by pre‐saccharification simultaneous saccharification fermentation process (PSSF) as a suitable, scalable strategy for the production of bioethanol. Biomass was pre‐treated in dilute H2SO4 at laboratory scale (0.1 kg) and pilot scale (10 kg) to evaluate the effect of combined severity factor (CSF) on pre‐treatment effectiveness. Subsequently, pilot‐scale pre‐treated residues (15 wt.%) were converted to ethanol in a PSSF process at 2 L and 300 L scales. Good polynomial correlations (n = 2) of CSF with hemicellulose removal and glucan digestibility with a minimum R2 of 0.91 were recorded. The laboratory‐scale 72 h glucan digestibility and glucose yield was 68.0% and 51.3%, respectively, from biomass pre‐treated at 190 °C /15 min/ 4.8 wt.% H2SO4. Pilot‐scale pre‐treatment (180 °C/ 15 min/2.4 wt.% H2SO4 followed by steam explosion) delivered higher glucan digestibility (71.8%) and glucose yield (63.6%). However, the ethanol yields using PSSF were calculated at 82.5 and 113 kg/ton of dry biomass for the pilot and the laboratory scales, respectively. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The application of time decay characteristics of laser‐induced fluorescence in the classification of vegetation
Authors: Gong Wei , Yang Jian , Shi Shuo , Du Lin , Sun Jia , Song Shalei 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn this study, the time decay of the chlorophyll fluorescence intensity (TDCFI) of vegetation was measured based on laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) technology with a 355 nm laser serving as the excitation light source. The pseudo‐color diagram of the TDCFI (PDTDCFIs) was proposed for use as a characteristic fingerprint for the analysis of various plant species based on variations in the fluorescence intensity over time. Compared with the steady‐state fluorescence spectra, two‐dimensional PDTDCFIs contained more spectral information, including variations in both the shape of the laser‐induced fluorescence spectra and the relative intensity. The experimental results demonstrated that the PDTDCFIs of various plant species show distinct differences, and this was successfully applied in the classification of plant species. Therefore, the PDTDCFIs of plants could provide researchers with a more reliable and useful tool for the characterization of vegetation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploration of electron–vibrational interaction in the 5d states of Eu2+ ions in ABaPO4 (A = Li, Na, K and Rb) phosphors
Authors: Nair Govind B. , Bhoyar P. D. , Dhoble S. J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis work reports the theoretical analysis of the electron–vibrational interaction (EVI) in 4f–5d optical transitions of Eu2+ ions in ABaPO4 (A = Li, Na, K and Rb) systems. The EVI parameters were estimated from the recently reported room temperature photoluminescence results, by employing the spectrum‐fitting method. Parameters such as the Huang–Rhys factor, effective phonon energy, Stokes shift and zero‐phonon line position were estimated and are reported here. The estimated EVI parameters were validated by modeling the emission band and establishing the agreement between the experimental and modeled emission bands. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Langer's axillary arch
Authors: Papapanagiotou Ioannis K. , Kalles Vasileios , Migklis Kyriaki , Sgantzos Markos , Kaklamanos Ioannis , Mariolis‐Sapsakos Theodoros 
Published: April 2016

Key Clinical MessageLanger's axillary arch is usually asymptomatic and difficult to detect preoperatively. When present, it is important for surgeons operating in the axillary region, to identify correctly the relevant anatomy. Simple surgical division is curative and necessary in order to achieve exposure of the axillary contents, lymphatic dissection, and neurovascular preservation.
Pseudo‐single‐atom Platinum Induced by the Promoter Confined in Brucite‐like Lattice for Catalytic Reforming
Authors: Ma Xiaodan , An Zhe , Zhu Yanru , Wang Wenlong , He Jing 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPseudo‐single atom Pt catalysts have achieved an excellent selectivity to branched paraffins and cycloalkanes in n‐hexane reforming here. Highly dispersed platinum in single‐atom and small clusters made up of several separated atoms was produced under the inducement of Sn or Zr as promoting components. The Sn or Zr oxides were topologically transformed from layered double hydroxides as precursors, and thus homogeneously dispersed owing to the confinement of the brucite‐like lattices. The lattice confinement also caused the promoter sites charge‐transferred, affording electron‐rich (Sn) or electron‐defected (Zr) sites on the surface, thereby facilitating the inducement to Pt sites. This strategy provides an effective and feasible alternative for the facile preparation of highly dispersed metal catalysts. In n‐hexane reforming, a selectivity of up to 95 % to branched paraffins and cycloalkanes was obtained with the pseudo‐single‐atom Pt catalysts.
NMR and DFT Study of the Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition Reaction: H/D Scrambling of Alkynes and Variable Reaction Order of the Catalyst
Authors: Kalvet Indrek , Tammiku‐Taul Jaana , Mäeorg Uno , Tämm Kaido , Burk Peeter , Sikk Lauri 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMechanism of an efficient and easily applicable catalytic system for the copper(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction, consisting of phosphane‐ligated CuI carboxylates and apolar/aprotic solvent was investigated by means of 1H NMR reaction monitoring techniques, isotope exchange studies, and DFT calculations (at the M06L/6‐311++G(d,p)//B97D/cc‐pVDZ (SDD) level of theory). Kinetic analysis indicates 1st order kinetics with respect to [Azide] and nonlinear positive order in [Cu]. H/D scrambling between alkynes reveals a quickly reached equilibrium existing between CuI–carboxylates and CuI–acetylides and that proton transfer processes are mediated by acetate/acetic acid system. According to the computational results, the Cu–triazolide forms a dinuclear structure that equalizes the copper atoms in the catalytic complex.
Mechanochemical Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols under Ball‐Milling Conditions
Authors: Hernández José G. , Frings Marcus , Bolm Carsten 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMechanosynthesis is a valuable technique, offering attractive alternatives for the preparation of organic, inorganic, and organometallic products. Surprisingly, mechanochemical enzymatic transformations have only scarcely been studied until now. Here, we demonstrate the use of lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) in acylative kinetic resolutions of secondary alcohols in mixer and planetary mills. Despite the mechanical stress caused by the high‐speed ball milling, the biocatalyst proved highly effective, stable, and, in part, recyclable under the applied mechanochemical conditions.