bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPING A MODEL TO ENHANCE PATIENT INVOLVEMENT IN DESIGNING AND CONDUCTING RESEARCH: VIEWS OF PATIENTS, ACADEMICS AND HEALTH SERVICE STAFF
Authors: Evans Bridie Angela , Porter Alison M , Snooks Helen A , Burholt Vanessa 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundPatients with chronic conditions are at high risk of using unscheduled and emergency services because health status fluctuates and deteriorates. We work with them to design and conduct collaborative research, but need an effective interaction process with academic and organisational experts.ObjectivesTo describe development and implementation of a model to enhance patient involvement in health and social care research.MethodsTwenty patients with chronic conditions were supported by a researcher to develop ways to enable their involvement in health services research. We explored experience of being involved in research through the model through interviews with participating patients, academics and senior managers responsible for health policy and services. Data were audio-recorded with consent and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.ResultsPatients established a pool structure, sharing support, information and skills development. Members were recruited to more than 30 collaborative research opportunities over three years. Interview respondents agreed the model increased the number and proficiency of patients involved in research. Academics and health service managers perceived this was a credible and legitimate patient group. However recruitment and communication processes were seen as confusing and interaction in research meetings was not consistently effective. Patients found the language and culture of research environments was off-putting and said they did not always know what they should and could contribute.ConclusionsWe developed a model which enhanced patients' contributory expertise and strengthened some interaction processes when they were involved in research through collaboration. Further research training for patients, improved communication and better ways to match patients' skills to research opportunities are needed to strengthen the model. Research teams should also clarify aims and roles of all collaborators when involving patients in research, to enable all expertise to be effectively integrated within research processes.
VARIATION IN INTERPRETATION OF GUIDANCE AS AN EXPLANATION OF BETWEEN-SERVICE VARIATION IN AMBULANCE QUALITY INDICATORS ON NON-CONVEYANCE
Authors: Stone Tony , O'Cathain Alicia , Knowles Emma 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundAmbulance Quality Indicators (AQI) are used by NHS England to monitor ambulance services and by Clinical Commissioning Groups to commission services. The aim of this research is to quantify how much between-service variation in the AQI can be explained by the difference in interpretation of the AQI guidance between ambulance services.MethodsComputer Aided Dispatch (CAD) data was requested from the 10 large English ambulance services for a one month period. The AQI relating toCalls closed without transportwas selected for this analysis. A ‘standardised’ interpretation of the AQI guidance was applied to the CAD data for each service to recalculate the AQI. Additionally, the supplied CAD data was investigated to identify the cause of any discrepancies between the published AQI and the ‘standardised’ AQI.Results & ConclusionAnalysis of the data is ongoing. We will present a comparison of the between-service variation found using the published figures with the between-service variation found using the ‘standardised’ interpretation of the AQI guidance for the twoCalls closed without transportindicators. Thus we will identify if differing interpretations of the AQI guidance between ambulance services explains some of the between-service variation inCalls closed without transportrates. We will go on to explore the differences in interpretation of the AQI guidance, explaining the discrepancies between the published AQI figures and those found using the ‘standardised’ interpretation of the AQI guidance.
Radiology as an aid to diagnosis in lung disease
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Aziz Zelena 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA great deal has changed in the imaging of chest diseases over the last 90 years. The plain chest radiograph has gone through numerous improvements and continues to be the front-line investigative technique with the mainstream adoption of digital imaging opening the doors to more advances in imaging efficacy and computer-aided diagnostics. The main change is in the advent and dramatic advances in CT, in some instances superseding the chest X-ray (CXR) as the first-line imaging investigation, not entirely to the authors' liking, and providing in vivo morphological data to aid a more specific diagnosis. However, in our view, there is a danger that the improvement in diagnostic imaging is starting to undermine clinical diagnostic acumen and that there is an increasing reliance on imaging that in the long run may not be advantageous to patient management.
Fractal study of pion void probability distribution in ultrarelativistic nuclear collision and its target dependence
Authors: Bhaduri Susmita , Ghosh Dipak 
Published: August 2016

There are numerous existing works on investigating the dynamics of particle production process in ultrarelativistic nuclear collision. In the past, fluctuation of spatial pattern has been analyzed in terms of the scaling behavior of voids. But analysis of the scaling behavior of the void in fractal scenario has not been explored yet. In this work, we have analyzed the fractality of void probability distribution with a completely different and rigorous method called visibility graph analysis, analyzing the void-data produced out of fluctuation of pions in [Formula: see text]S–AgBr interaction at 200 GeV in pseudo-rapidity [Formula: see text] and azimuthal angle [Formula: see text] space. The power of scale-freeness of visibility graph denoted by PSVG is a measure of fractality, which can be used as a quantitative parameter for the assessment of the state of chaotic system. As the behavior of particle production process depends on the target excitation, we can dwell down the void probability distribution in the event-wise fluctuation resulted out of the high energy interaction for different degree of target excitation, with respect to the fractal scenario and analyze the scaling behavior of the voids. From the analysis of the PSVG parameter, we have observed that scaling behavior of void probability distribution in multipion production changes with increasing target excitation. Since visibility graph method is a classic method of complex network analysis, has been applied over fractional Brownian motion (fBm) and fractional Gaussian noises (fGn) to measure the fractality and long-range dependence of a time series successfully, we can quantitatively confirm that fractal behavior of the void probability distribution in particle production process depends on the target excitation.
Quark deconfinement in neutron stars and astrophysical implications
Authors: Bombaci Ignazio , Logoteta Domenico 
Published: August 2016

We investigate the quark deconfinement phase transition in cold ([Formula: see text]) and hot [Formula: see text]-stable hadronic matter. Assuming a first-order phase transition, we calculate and compare the nucleation rate and the nucleation time due to quantum and thermal nucleation mechanisms. We show that above a threshold value of the central pressure a pure hadronic star (HS) (i.e. a compact star with no fraction of deconfined quark matter (QM)) is metastable to the conversion to a quark star (QS) (i.e. a hybrid star or a strange star). This process liberates a huge amount of energy, of the order of 10[Formula: see text] erg, which produces a powerful neutrino burst, likely accompanied by intense gravitational waves emission, and possibly by a second delayed (with respect to the supernova explosion forming the HS) explosion which could be the energy source of a powerful gamma-ray burst (GRB). This stellar conversion process populates the QS branch of compact stars, thus one has in the universe two coexisting families of compact stars: HSs and QSs. We introduce the concept of critical mass [Formula: see text] for cold HSs and proto-hadronic stars (PHSs), and the concept of limiting conversion temperature for PHSs. We show that PHSs with a mass [Formula: see text] could survive the early stages of their evolution without decaying to QSs. Finally, we discuss the possible evolutionary paths of PHSs.
On finite p-groups with few normal subgroups
Authors: Bai Pengfei , Guo Xiuyun 
Published: August 2016

A [Formula: see text]-group [Formula: see text] is called a [Formula: see text]-group if [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] for every normal subgroup [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we first investigate the properties of [Formula: see text]-groups, in particular, we give the upper bounds of the exponent of [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] and the order of [Formula: see text] for a [Formula: see text]-group [Formula: see text]. Then, we try to describe the structure of [Formula: see text]-groups, and a necessary condition for a [Formula: see text]-group to be a [Formula: see text]-group is given. We also give some elementary properties of [Formula: see text]-groups with very small derived subgroups by using the properties of capable [Formula: see text]-groups, which maybe could apply some other research of [Formula: see text]-groups.
BCL2 Inhibitors as Anticancer Drugs: A Plethora of Misleading BH3 Mimetics
Authors: S. Soderquist Ryan , Eastman Alan 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Antiapoptotic BCL2 proteins play a major role in tumor cell survival. Hence, BCL2 inhibitors have been developed as direct inducers of apoptosis. ABT-199 (venetoclax) received breakthrough therapy designation from the FDA due to its apparent efficacy in CLL and AML. However, resistance to ABT-199 is mediated by other BCL2 proteins including BCLXL and MCL1. Considerable effort has been expended seeking novel “BH3 mimetics” that inhibit all of these BCL2 proteins. While many BH3 mimetics inhibit BCL2 proteins in vitro, they fail to directly inhibit them in intact cells. Many BH3 mimetics induce the unfolded protein response culminating in induction of the proapoptotic protein NOXA, which in turn inhibits MCL1. We propose simple experiments to validate BH3 mimetics in cells. A true BCL2 inhibitor will rapidly induce apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells ex vivo. A BCLXL inhibitor will rapidly induce apoptosis in platelets. Finally, a BH3 mimetic targeting MCL1 will inhibit its degradation thereby inducing rapid MCL1 accumulation. Compounds that fail these tests should no longer be called BH3 mimetics. We now have a toolbox of selective inhibitors for most of the BCL2 proteins, and we hope these new tools will lead to effective treatment options for many cancers. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(9); 2011–7. ©2016 AACR.
High-Fat Diet-Induced Complement Activation Mediates Intestinal Inflammation and Neoplasia, Independent of Obesity
Authors: Doerner Stephanie K. , Reis Edimara S. , Leung Elaine S. , Ko Justine S. , Heaney Jason D. , Berger Nathan A. , Lambris John D. , Nadeau Joseph H. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Obesity and related metabolic disturbances are closely associated with pathologies that represent a significant burden to global health. Epidemiological and molecular evidence links obesity and metabolic status with inflammation and increased risk of cancer. Here, using a mouse model of intestinal neoplasia and strains that are susceptible or resistant to diet-induced obesity, it is demonstrated that high-fat diet-induced inflammation, rather than obesity or metabolic status, is associated with increased intestinal neoplasia. The complement fragment C5a acts as the trigger for inflammation and intestinal tumorigenesis. High-fat diet induces complement activation and generation of C5a, which in turn induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines and expression of proto-oncogenes. Pharmacological and genetic targeting of the C5a receptor reduced both inflammation and intestinal polyposis, suggesting the use of complement inhibitors for preventing diet-induced neoplasia.
Implications: This study characterizes the relations between diet and metabolic conditions on risk for a common cancer and identifies complement activation as a novel target for cancer prevention. Mol Cancer Res; 14(10); 953–65. ©2016 AACR.
Treatment of venous thromboembolism with rivaroxaban in relation to body weight
Authors: Vedovati Maria C. , Riera-Mestre Antoni , Prins Martin H. , Mueller Katharina , Cohen Alexander T. , Wells Philip S. , Beyer-Westendorf Jan , Prandoni Paolo , Bounameaux Henri , Kubitza Dagmar , Schneider Jonas , Pisters Ron , Fedacko Jan , Fontes-Carvalho Ricardo , Lensing Anthonie W. A. , Nisio Marcello Di 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThe pharmacokinetics of oral rivaroxaban are highly predictable and only affected to a limited extent by bodyweight; therefore, dose adjustments for bodyweight are not required. However, this raises concerns among physicians for potential under- or overdosing. This substudy of the randomised EINSTEIN DVT and EINSTEIN PE trials, which compared rivaroxaban with enoxaparin/vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy, aimed to determine the incidence of major bleeding in patients with a low bodyweight and recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with a high bodyweight during rivaroxaban or enoxaparin/VKA therapy. More than 8,000 patients with objectively diagnosed deepvein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism were included. Adjusted hazard ratios for recurrent VTE and bleeding were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model. Analyses were performed for both the first 21 days of treatment and the whole treatment period. For rivaroxaban recipients, there was no association between bodyweight or body mass index (BMI) and risk of recurrent VTE (ptrend=0.87 and 0.62, respectively), major bleeding (ptrend=0.24 and 0.36, respectively) or clinically relevant bleeding (ptrend=0.17 and 0.63, respectively). Major bleeding events were numerically lower in rivaroxaban patients across all bodyweight and BMI categories. Hazard ratios for rivaroxaban vs enoxaparin/VKA were similar in all bodyweight and BMI categories, both during the first 21 days and the whole treatment period. The fixed-dose rivaroxaban regimen is not associated with an increased risk of major bleeding or recurrent VTE in patients with either a low or high bodyweight. A high BMI was not associated with an increased risk of recurrent VTE during anticoagulation.Note: This study was presented at the 25th Congress of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis; June, 2015, Toronto, Canada. Trial registration: EINSTEIN DVT (NCT00440193), EINSTEIN PE (NCT00439777).
Influence of Open Water Bodies on the Modeling of Summertime Convection over the Canadian Prairies
Authors: Joshi Deepti , Carrera Marco , Bélair Stephane , Leroyer Sylvie 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
There are numerous water features on the Canadian landscapes that are not monitored. Specifically, there are water bodies over the prairies and Canadian shield regions of North America that are ephemeral in nature and could have a significant influence on convective storm generation and local weather patterns through turbulent exchanges of sensible and latent heat between the land and the atmosphere. In this study a series of numerical experiments is performed with Environment and Climate Change Canada’s Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model at 2.5-km grid spacing to examine the sensitivity of the atmospheric boundary layer and the resulting precipitation to the presence of open water bodies. Operationally, the land–water fraction in GEM is specified by means of static geophysical databases that do not change with time. Uncertainty is introduced in this study into this land–water fraction and the sensitivity of the resulting precipitation is quantified for a convective precipitation event occurring over the Canadian Prairies in the summer of 2014. The results indicate that with an increase in open water bodies, accumulated precipitation, peak precipitation amounts, and intensities decrease. Moreover, shifts are seen in times of peak for both precipitation amounts and intensities, in the order of increasing wetness. Additionally, with an increase in open water bodies, convective available potential energy decreases and convective inhibition increases, indicating suppression of forcing for convective precipitation.
Explicit Forecasts of Low-Level Rotation from Convection-Allowing Models for Next-Day Tornado Prediction
Authors: Sobash Ryan A. , Romine Glen S. , Schwartz Craig S. , Gagne David J. , Weisman Morris L. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Three diagnostic fields were examined to assess their ability to act as surrogates for tornadoes in a convection-allowing ensemble system run during the spring of 2015. The diagnostics included midlevel (2–5 km AGL) updraft helicity (UH25), low-level (0–3 km AGL) updraft helicity (UH03), and low-level (1 km AGL) vertical relative vorticity (RVORT1). RVORT1 was used as a direct measure of low-level rotation strength. Each storm’s RVORT1 magnitude and near-storm environment properties were extracted from each hour’s forecasts using an object-based approach. The near-storm environments of storm objects with large magnitudes of RVORT1 were very similar to the environments identified as conducive for the development of tornadic supercells in previous proximity sounding-based studies (e.g., low lifted condensation levels and strong low-level shear). This motivated the use of RVORT1 as a direct surrogate for tornadoes, without the need to filter forecasts with environmental information. The relationship between UH25 and UH03 was also explored among the simulated storms; UH03 only exceeded UH25 in storms occurring within low-CAPE/high-shear environments, while UH03 rarely exceeded UH25 in traditional supercell environments. Next-day ensemble surrogate severe probability forecasts (E-SSPFs) for tornadoes were generated using these diagnostics for 92 forecasts, with thresholds based on the number of observed tornado reports. E-SSPFs for tornadoes using RVORT1 and UH03 were more skillful than E-SSPFs using UH25. The UH25 E-SSPFs possessed little skill, regardless of threshold or smoothing length scale. All E-SSPFs suffered from poor sharpness at skillful scales, with few forecast probabilities greater than 40%.
Increased renal apoptosis and reduced renin–angiotensin system in fetal growth restriction
Authors: Wang Yan P , Chen Xu , Zhang Zhi K , Cui Hong Y , Wang Peng , Wang Yue 
Published: August 2016

Objective: The purpose of the study was to characterize changes in apoptosis and the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in fetal growth restriction (FGR). Materials and method: Fetuses were collected from patients who visited our hospital to either terminate or abort their pregnancy. Kidneys of fetuses which suffered with FGR, ( n=11) at gestational age of 33.4±0.5 weeks and those from non-FGR ( n=12) at gestational age of 34.3±0.9 weeks were collected. TUNEL, Bax and Bcl-2 staining were examined. The number of nephrons was also counted. Both protein and mRNA levels of renin and angiotensinogen were analyzed. Ultrasound was applied to measure fetus parameters including biparietal diameter, head circumference, circumference of abdomen, and femur length. Results: The number of nephrons was positively correlated with fetal weight at termination. Kidneys in the FGR group presented more apoptotic cells than those in the non-FGR group. Renin and angiotensinogen both decreased in the FGR group. Ultrasound revealed that biparietal diameter, abdomen circumference, femur length, and birth weight were all reduced in the FGR group compared with the non-FGR group. Kidney size was also restricted in the FGR group as indicated by ultrasound. Conclusion: Renal apoptosis might contribute to the reduction of nephrons, and ultrasound plays a vital role in early diagnosis of developmental origins of health and disease (DOHAD).
Aldosterone/direct renin concentration ratio as a screening test for primary aldosteronism: A meta-analysis
Authors: Li Xiyue , Goswami Richa , Yang Shumin , Li Qifu 
Published: August 2016

Objective: The accuracy of aldosterone/direct renin concentration ratio (ADRR) as a screening test in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) varies widely across the studies. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the accuracy of ADRR. Methods: A literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library published between April 1971–February 2016. Studies focusing on the accuracy of ADRR for PA screening were included. Two authors independently extracted information regarding patient characteristics, antihypertensives status, true positives, true negatives, false positives, and false negatives. The random-effects model was used for statistical analysis. Heterogeneity was explored by subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Results: Nine studies involving 974 patients were included. The overall sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve, and diagnostic odds ratio of ADRR were 0.89 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84–0.93), 0.96 (95% CI 0.95–0.98), 0.985 and 324 respectively, with substantial heterogeneity. Meta-regression showed that antihypertensive status affects the ADRR and may account for the heterogeneity ( p=0.03). Subgroup analysis of patients who discontinued the antihypertensives revealed a sensitivity of 0.99 (95% CI, 0.95–1.00) and a specificity of 0.98 (95% CI, 0.96–0.99). Conclusions: This study demonstrates the efficacy of ADRR as a screening test for PA. However, as antihypertensive drugs can interfere with the interpretation of ADRR, it is recommended to interrupt therapy or at least replace with analogues that do not significantly affect the ADRR value.
Splenic volume differentiates complicated and non‐complicated celiac disease
Authors: van Gils Tom , Nijeboer Petula , van Waesberghe Jan Hein TM , Coupé Veerle MH , Janssen Kiki , Zegers Jessy A , Nurmohamed Shaikh A , Kraal Georg , Jiskoot Sabine CI , Bouma Gerd , Mulder Chris JJ 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundStudies in small groups of patients indicated that splenic volume (SV) may be decreased in patients with celiac disease (CD), refractory CD (RCD) type II and enteropathy‐associated T‐cell lymphoma (EATL).ObjectiveThe objective of this article is to evaluate SV in a large cohort of uncomplicated CD, RCD II and EATL patients and healthy controls.MethodsThe retrospective cohort consisted of 77 uncomplicated CD (of whom 39 in remission), 29 RCD II, 24 EATL and 12 patients with both RCD II and EATL. The control group included 149 healthy living kidney donors. SV was determined on computed tomography.ResultsThe median SV in the uncomplicated CD group was significantly larger than in controls (202 cm3 (interquartile range (IQR): 154–275) versus 183 cm3 (IQR: 140–232), p  = 0.02). After correction for body surface area, age and gender, the ratio of SV in uncomplicated CD versus controls was 1.28 (95% confidence interval: 1.20–1.36; p  < 0.001). The median SV in RCD II patients (118 cm3 (IQR 83–181)) was smaller than the median SV in the control group (p  < 0.001).ConclusionThis study demonstrates large inter‐individual variation in SV. SV is enlarged in uncomplicated CD. The small SV in RCD II may be of clinical relevance considering the immune‐compromised status of these patients.