bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wireless Noise Surveillance - Development of Dynamic Noise Maps
Authors: Carlsen Simon , Jensen Ellen Katrine , Aardal Anders , Yoshino Hiroki , Bjor Ole-Herman , Olsen Herold 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Noise is a major challenge in the petroleum industry. Prior to performing work in a noisy area, the noise map is the tool for assessing noise exposure when planning and performing work. The aim of this paper is to present an ongoing R&D project to develop a wireless noise monitoring system that provides real-time input to a digital noise map that updates dynamically. In operations, this will provide up-to-date information when planning for noise risk controls such as work time restrictions and required hearing protection, as well as feedback during performance of work. The system, which has been named WiNoS, utilizes an industry-standard wireless communication protocol, as well as integrates smoothly into plant architecture.
The system consists of a network of battery operated wireless sound level sensors, a wireless infrastructure and software applications for processing and presenting the collected noise data. The main developments in the project are related to design of wireless sensors suitable for operation in oil & gas processing plants, and novel software algorithms for the creation of dynamic noise maps for industrial environments, maintaining the necessary accuracy.
A prototype of the system has been successfully demonstrated in an industrial laboratory environment. The demo system was composed from early prototypes of 9 wireless noise sensors and an alfa version of the mapping software. The demo system also included simple functionality for transferring acoustical frequency spectra. The demonstration successfully showed the conceptual functionality of WiNoS, and served as a decision gate for taking WiNoS into the next phase of development towards first-use at a North-Sea offshore installation.
The WiNoS system will be technically prepared for acoustical frequency analysis, and will be designed with capabilities for wireless transmission of high-resolution frequency spectra. As a next step in the WiNoS development, the idea is to utilize the acoustical spectrum to assess condition of machinery and processes. Detailed frequency analysis can be used for monitoring and fault detection, e.g. of rotating machinery. Early experiments have already been carried out; showing how different operating conditions alter the emitted acoustical frequency spectrum from a wet gas compressor.
Use of Riserless Mud Recovery for Protection of Cold Water Corals While Drilling in Norwegian Sea
Authors: Daniel Macdonald 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The riserless mud recovery (RMR) system has been commercially available for 12 years and used on over 240 wells worldwide. There are several different drivers that typically result in the use of the system and it offers many secondary benefits for top hole drilling, regardless of the primary driver. For the well in question it was used to avoid damaging cold water corals through burial with drilling related sediment. This paper details the background behind the decision to use the system, as well as the system's performance and the resulting benefits and drawbacks to be considered when selecting to use it in this way.
During a habitat assessment carried out in 2013, significant quantities of sponge and coral structures were identified as being present on the seafloor around the proposed spud location for well 6507/11-11 in the Norwegian Sea. The well was planned to be the first exploration well in the Zumba prospect in PL 591. A visual survey to assess the condition of the coral structures within 500 m of the planned spud location was carried out in 2014. The results of this survey were used to risk assess the extent of any potential damage to the corals resulting from the drilling process on the Zumba exploration well.
This process confirmed the likelihood that some of the corals would be subjected to significant harm if the well was drilled as a conventional exploration well using water based drilling fluid. Typically this would involve discharging displaced drilling fluid, cement slurry and drill cuttings to the sea at or nearby the well site. This assessment drove the decision to contain and ship to shore for disposal all the excess drilling fluids and cuttings.
The RMR system was used to achieve this cuttings containment solution during the top hole sections. This was a relatively unique use of the system in Norway because the 36" hole section was also drilled using total containment and no cuttings were discharged at sea.
How to Establish a Methane Reporting in Line with the UNEP - CCAC - OGMP (United Nations Environment Program, Climate and Clean Air Coalition, Oil & Gas Methane Partnership) within an Oil & Gas Company
Authors: Plisson-Sauné S. , Pirrone E. , Musset N. , Brown W. , Miné J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This paper presents how an Oil and Gas Company (Total) has adapted their environmental reporting to implement their commitment to the UNEP CCAC OGMP (OGMP). The Company joined the OGMP, which focuses on measurement and control of methane emissions from the Oil & Gas industry, in November 2014. This paper also explains the importance of having accurate data on methane emissions in the light of methane high Global Warming Potential (GWP).
The OGMP methane reporting implementation is a new challenge for the Oil & Gas industry. The Oil & Gas industry is allegedly the second largest methane emitter after agriculture. OGMP defined nine core methane sources identified all along the Oil & Gas production process and a new reporting system emphasizing on the methane footprint of the Companies’ activities. In this paper, the adaptations provided to Total's environmental reporting are explained step by step in order to illustrate the specifics linked to the participation in the OGMP. Methods and equations are also provided for each potential source. The involvement in the partnership allows improving methane emissions reporting and adopting the uniformized reporting methodology of the OGMP for each participating Oil & Gas company. The work done to take into account the new nine core sources is an essential point of the partnership. This work requires the understanding of the new sources and the identification of those within the Company reporting system. Once this step is done, the reporting is simple and allows assessing the methane emissions covered by the OGMP's reporting system. Thus, the Company can estimate their methane footprint and set up mitigation options toward the methane sources identified. In addition, an aggregated annual report is done with purpose communicating the work done by the Oil & Gas Companies on methane emissions reductions. The OGMP is an open forum with Governments and NGOs members, thus not only limited to Oil & Gas Companies for sharing technical information and consequently, not seen as an Oil & Gas lobby by the public. It is able to fund technical studies thanks to its own budget. Participating to OGMP is a Company internal motivation factor for improving methane reporting and emissions reduction. An additional benefit of participating to the OGMP is getting feedback and technical expertise to manage and reduce methane emissions in a standardized scheme and under the umbrella of an internationally recognized institution. This paper can be seen as a guideline for Oil & Gas companies to put in place a methane emissions reporting in line with the OGMP. It describes also the benefits and drawbacks of joining the OGMP.
Third Edition of the Oil and Gas Industry Guidance on Voluntary Sustainability Reporting
Authors: Murphy Helen , Tyson Louise , Røed Hilde , Janus Bertrand 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Oil and gas industry sustainability reporting is continuously progressing, with issue areas that mature and develop at different paces. Recent years have been characterised by an evolution in existing frameworks on voluntary sustainability reporting, the emergence of many new voluntary initiatives and mandatory sustainability reporting requirements in some countries. These varying expectations and different definitions of how and what companies should report have led to reporting challenges for many oil and gas companies.
IPIECA, the global oil and gas industry association for environmental and social issues, the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP) have been providing sustainability reporting guidance for the industry since 2005. The Oil and Gas Industry Guidance on Voluntary Sustainability Reporting helps companies to shape the structure and content of their sustainability reports, particularly for new reporters. To ensure that the Guidance remains relevant as the sustainability landscape evolves, IPIECA, API and IOGP, considering input from external stakeholders, recently produced a third edition.
Through sharing, assessing, debating and consensus building, and by ongoing dialogue with an external stakeholder panel, industry experts from the three associations have developed: –A six-step reporting process, including a ‘materiality’ step to determine the most important issues for reporting;–An updated set of issues and indicators likely to be relevant for reporting by oil and gas companies; and–Three levels of reporting – common, supplementary and other considerations – which enables consistency across the industry, and helps address the most material issues, while also taking into consideration the maturity of each company's reporting.
The third edition of the guidance has been enhanced particularly on relevant topics including climate change, water management, decommissioning, and the social and economic section has been updated to align with the 2011 United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.
This latest edition reflects feedback from subject matter experts both within and outside the industry. An external stakeholder panel of leading experts representing business and industry; environmental and community-oriented NGOs; investors; and multilateral institutions advised on both the process and the content of the Guidance. A public consultation period was undertaken on an early draft to solicit input from a wide net of interested stakeholders, and the extensive feedback received was integrated into the final version as appropriate.
This paper will cover the key changes and updates, together with their internal and external drivers, to the third edition of the reporting guidance.
A Holistic Approach to Safety Barrier Management
Authors: Jansen Bård , Firing Frank 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Statoil has enhanced safety barrier management by introducing a structured methodology for evaluation and visualization of technical integrity for oil and gas production and processing plants. The methodology is described in the management system, and supported by guidelines and a computer-based system named Technical Integrity Management Portal (TIMP). Since 2011, the TIMP-methodology has been practiced on more than 40 sites (all offand onshore sites in Norway/Denmark). Technical condition is assessed and documented giving enhanced understanding of risk related to deficiencies that could influence HSE performance or production efficiency.
The paper describes the methodology and explains how it is used to decide upon technical condition and assess risk and mitigating actions. It will also describe how TIMP is used to support decision-making at various levels in the company in order to prioritize initiatives and budgeting. The plant engineers use it to support a structured analysis of technical issues related to equipment, systems and barrier functions. The operational management uses it for verifying control with operational risk related to technical degradations, and plant management uses it to support planning and budgeting.
The result of the effort has increased the understanding of barrier management since it takes into account a number of different issues such as system design, delayed or overdue maintenance, failure frequencies, deviations and incidents. TIMP has improved management of technical condition related to safety barriers and assessment of any weaknesses. Moreover the approach has made it easy to benchmark assets, and monitor performance over time. It also supports decision making related to life time extension of the assets. TIMP has improved focus and competence related to understanding and managing major accidental risk.
This approach combines the use of automatic indicators and other information generated from a variety of systems, and judgments made by professionals. The methodology promotes collaboration across disciplines.
A Comprehensive Model for Oil Spill Liability Estimation
Authors: Boehm P. , Morrison A. M. , Semenova S. , Kashuba R. , Ahnell A. , Monti C. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The potential liability associated with oil spills from operations both offshore and onshore is enormous and in some cases can present an existential threat to a company. The cost of this liability varies widely, depending on situational, geographic, and jurisdictional factors. Companies consider these potential liabilities as they evaluate the risks of oil spills from various operations and apply that knowledge to risk management planning. To support such assessments, we developed a Bayesian network model that relates spill characteristics to specified Cost Elements. The oil spill liability estimation model (OSLEM) presented here uses two types of variables to estimate total liability—Cost Elements and Scaling Elements. Cost Elements include, at a minimum: (1) response and cleanup costs, (2) environmental damages and restoration costs, and (3) third-party claim costs (such as property damage, economic loss, and health effects). The values of the Cost Elements in the Bayesian network are predicted from user-specified values for the various Scaling Elements in the model. Scaling Elements include the location of the oil spill, the type of product, the type of operation, the size of the spill, the response actions employed, and the socio-economic and environmental sensitivities of the areas affected, among others. The output of the Bayesian OSLEM is a summation, or single estimate, of the most likely value from each Cost Element for a given scenario (location, spill size, etc.), as well as a characterization of the uncertainty of that estimate (i.e., range and likelihood of possible costs). The biggest challenge in parameterizing the model is acquiring data for the Cost Elements, which come from numerous sources. By modeling different operations, OSLEM can provide a comprehensive estimate of potential oil spill liabilities for a global portfolio. As a result of the modeling exercise, upstream management teams can identify a range of potential costs associated with an oil spill and deepen their understanding of the factors that affect each operation and, ultimately, the complex, multidimensional spill liability regime.
Inherent Safety Thinking Applied to Construction and Fabrication of Deepwater Facilities
Authors: Zerafa M. , Popat N. , Perkins B. , Marsden A. , Smith P. , Penney I. , Wolf P. , Budilo V. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In 2013-2014 the projects organization set a goal to look at personal safety through a process safety lens (inherent safety principles) to reduce hot spots in personal safety risks through improved construction planning (both pre and during construction).
This paper presents a suite of innovative techniques that were developed to identify opportunities for construction risk reduction. The techniques focus on the identification of construction hazards and development of design alternatives, fabrication sequence and yard layout changes to eliminate the source of the hazard. The paper presents the approach and techniques developed; case studies where the approach was applied; and where significant risk reduction and fabrication efficiency improvements were achieved.
The techniques developed have been applied at three primary project phases: Construction Engineering – High-level review to identify and eliminate hazards through (construction / design) engineering changes or construction related changes.30-60-90 Day Planning Reviews – Mid level reviews using a modified HAZID type approach to eliminate hazards through detailed work scope identification, work activity sequence, engineering controls, construction assembly sequence, and coordination of simultaneous task.Construction Execution Reviews – Simplified Bowties and Audits to review the number and quality of barriers to each threat line to verify that sufficient controls are in place and effective for the key top events.
The techniques have been primarily applied to the higher risk hazards, based on work activities from previous fabrication experiences that occurred at similar facilities. In particular, the work has focused on: –Eliminating working at height: by moving work to ground level (engineering and fabrication sequence changes)–Reducing the amount of working in confined spaces: changing the work sequence to complete as much activity as possible prior to confining the work face area, and providing additional access and ventilation–Reducing dropped object exposure: moving work to ground level, and reducing the simultaneous working at multiple levels of a structure–Eliminating and reducing the number and complexity of lifts: changes to the fabrication sequence and construction engineering–Reducing traffic and transportation risks: elimination of people – heavy vehicle interactions through yard layout
The quantifiable benefits of the approach have been: Reduction in the exposure of personnel to HSSE hazards by eliminating and reducing exposures during construction activities, through inherent safety thinkingImprovements and optimization of construction efficiency and sequence by reducing exposures associated with higher risk activities.
Joint Industry Project Developing a Best Available Technique Methodology for Selecting Leak Detection Systems
Authors: Karlström Thylander E. , Grimsrud T. S. , Vandenbussche V. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The oil and gas industry is putting increased focus on leak detection and use of remote sensing to detect, limit and respond to oil spills. There are a wide variety of techniques that can be applied, each with its strengths and limitations. A crucial element of a leak detection system is the selection of techniques to cover the areas of an offshore facility with highest risk or vulnerable areas. A Best Available Techniques (BAT) method and tool have been developed to select leak detection techniques, as part of a Joint Industry Project (JIP) in Norway.
The aim was to establish a generic method and tool for decision-making and documentation. A draft was established based on the authors’ experience with BAT assessments and with selection of leak detection and remote sensing techniques. The suggested solution was then improved during workshops and through communication with the JIP participants. The method and tool were developed for both new and mature fields in order to establish and document the BAT taking into account site-specific conditions. The scope included reviewing environmental, technical and economic criteria which influence the evaluation of leak detection techniques.
The result of the development work was a descriptive method and a practical tool including a scope and pre-screening with a suggested list of available techniques. The JIP included a thorough mapping of existing and emerging techniques, and the results of this activity are reflected in the BAT-tool's list of techniques. A first BAT evaluation assesses techniques separately, based on established criteria. Techniques are then grouped and system configurations are established (i.e. a combination of several techniques working as a system). The second BAT evaluation assesses the combined techniques as a system and concludes on a recommended solution. The paper focuses on the benefits and challenges of a generic BAT-based methodology and tool for leak detection techniques. Experiences from a specific case where the methodology was applied will also be included.
The paper presents and discusses the challenges and opportunities linked to applying an already known concept (BAT) for a certain area relevant for the offshore oil and gas industry. The same approach to establishing a BAT selection methodology can also be applied for other areas/systems on an offshore installation. The generic approach developed as part of this work gives users a structured way for selecting the best available leak detection techniques for specific installations.
The Integrataion of Environmental and Social Issues into Concept Decision Making
Authors: Wilford Sarah , O'Brien Rob 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The opportunity to influence a project design in terms of added value and competitiveness is most significant at the very early stages of design, when concept options are being identified, screened and selected. This is recognised in BP and a Global Concept Development (GCD) organization has been created as a centre of expertise in its upstream segment to deliver safe, cost effective and competitive major project concepts. The GCD integrated team is a multi–discipline team including resources allowing consideration of environmental and social factors, such as regulatory compliance but also striving towards environmental and social improvement.
The ability to influence design through the Environmental and Social (E&S) lens enables: Concept E&S differentiators or showstoppers to be identified and evaluated as part of the concept selection process;Opportunities for the assessment of E&S value improvement; andAdded value gained during concept development in the management of E&S risks leading to safe and reliable operations and a smoother transition into optimize - the next stage of BP's Capital Value Process (CVP).
This paper explains the environmental and social mechanisms that are applied in GCD, which form part of the GCD integrated approach.
The opportunity to challenge new projects to be innovative in the use of industry standards and new technology can make a significant contribution to enhancing value and managing risk. This includes working with other disciplines to develop their awareness and application of environmental and social issues in new projects, such as energy efficiency, water usage and water discharge.
Areas of focus for this paper are: the concept of inherent environmentally robust design (IERD) - an innovative approach applied to assessing projects during concept development, which strives toward achieving continuous environmental and social performance improvement;the integration of energy efficiency benchmarking; andthe identification of environmental sensitivities early on to inform development planning.
Lessons learned from BP's existing operations and their incorporation in new projects are also discussed. The benefit of continuously feeding back lessons learned from BP's operating assets into new project designs ensures that the environmental performance of major new projects matches expectations of the region it will be operating in and also of the company.