Abstract PR01: A novel MLL-AF4 in vivo model phenocopies t(4;11) pro-B ALL and reveals a lymphoid lineage bias of the fusion protein in human cells
Authors: Lin Shan , Luo Roger T. , Wunderlich Mark , Kaberlein Joseph J. , Rayes Ahmad , Anastasi John , O'Brien Maureen M. , Mulloy James C. , Thirman Michael J. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL) gene on chromosome 11q23 is fused by reciprocal translocation to a diverse group of partner genes in both acute myeloid and acute lymphoid leukemia (AML, ALL). As a result of the t(4;11)(q21;q23), MLL fuses to AF4 (AFF1), one of the most common MLL fusion partner proteins. Unlike several other MLL fusions that are frequently found in both AML and ALL, MLL-AF4 is almost exclusively associated with B-cell ALL with a pro-B immunophenotype. It accounts for 10-15% of ALL cases and confers a poor prognosis. Although many MLL-fusion leukemia models have been established, it has not been possible to generate a t(4;11) pro-B leukemia model that accurately recapitulates the human disease, hampering research into the molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of this subtype of leukemia. Here we present a faithful model of t(4;11) pro-B-ALL that fully recapitulates the immunophenotypic and molecular aspects of the human disease. Human hematopoietic CD34+ cells transduced with a modified MLL-AF4 fusion gene successfully initiate ALL in NSG mice with high penetrance. The leukemia cells have a CD19+CD34+ pro-B immunophenotype and are CD10(-), a common feature in MLL-AF4 patients. The effect of the oncogene is species-specific, as retroviral transduction and transplantation of murine hematopoietic cells results in only AML using either lymphoid or myeloid conditions. An MLL-AF4 specific gene signature derived from patients is significantly enriched in our model cells, as shown by RNA-Seq, and the model samples group tightly with MLL-AF4 patients, even when compared with other MLL-fusion leukemia samples in unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis. Interestingly, using gene profiles of normal pro-B and pre-B cells as reference, our MLL-AF4 leukemia cells show strong enrichment for pro-B genes, while instead, pre-B but not pro-B genes are overrepresented in our MLL-AF9 B-ALL leukemia cells. This differential developmental stage blockage of MLL-fusions is also reflected in patient samples. More strikingly, in accordance with the distinct lineage bias of MLL-fusions observed in the clinic, human cells expressing MLL-AF4 have a strong predilection for the lymphoid lineage and a demonstrated resistance to lineage redirection in response to myeloid signals compared to human cells expressing MLL-AF9. This difference in lineage predisposition of MLL-AF4 compared to MLL-AF9 can be attributed to differential effects on lineage-specific gene expression. Under myeloid-priming conditions, phenotypically (CD33+CD19-) and morphologically myeloid MLL-AF4 cells are still able to initiate pro-B ALL in immunodeficient mice, while only AML is generated by MLL-AF9 myeloid cells. Accordingly, an active lymphoid molecular program with lower expression of critical myeloid genes is observed in MLL-AF4 myeloid cells compared to MLL-AF9 myeloid cells. Interestingly, we find that the polycomb gene BMI1, which was reported to be critical to prevent lymphoid priming in normal hematopoiesis, is expressed at significantly lower levels in MLL-AF4 than in MLL-AF9 myeloid cells. Reintroduction of BMI1 into MLL-AF4 cells enables AML generation with variable penetrance, while control vector transduced cells always result in B-ALL. Our results demonstrate that lineage fate in response to MLL-fusion protein expression involves a complex interplay of oncogene, intra- and extra-cellular microenvironmental cues. In addition, our data clearly demonstrate the species specificity associated with the t(4;11). This in vivo model provides a valuable tool to unravel the pathogenesis of MLL-AF4 leukemogenesis.
This abstract is also presented as Poster A06.
Citation Format: Shan Lin, Roger T. Luo, Mark Wunderlich, Joseph J. Kaberlein, Ahmad Rayes, John Anastasi, Maureen M. O'Brien, James C. Mulloy, Michael J. Thirman. A novel MLL-AF4 in vivo model phenocopies t(4;11) pro-B ALL and reveals a lymphoid lineage bias of the fusion protein in human cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research: From Mechanisms and Models to Treatment and Survivorship; 2015 Nov 9-12; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(5 Suppl):Abstract nr PR01.