bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tolerance of Clay Minerals by Cement: Effect of Side-Chain Density in Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) Superplasticizer Additives
Authors: Tan Hongbo , Li Xin , Liu Min , Ma Baoguo , Gu Benqing , Li Xiangguo 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPolycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) is a widely used water-reducing agent that can reduce significantly the water demand of concrete, which reduces the porosity and enhances the strength and durability of the concrete. (The PCE consists of a single backbone with many long PEO side chains.) Generally, aggregate occupies >70 wt.% of concrete; clay minerals are ubiquitous in nature and are difficult to avoid in mined aggregates. Clay minerals in aggregate often render the PCE ineffective and give rise to rapid loss of the fluidity of the concrete; this phenomenon is referred to as ‘poor clay tolerance of PCE.’ Though the poor clay tolerance of PCE is known widely, the relationship between the clay tolerance and the molecular structure of the PCE, in particular the effect of the side-chain structures, on clay tolerance is not understood completely. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of different grafting densities of polyethylene oxide (PEO) side chains on the clay tolerance of PCE. The raw materials included mainly PCE, which was synthesized using acrylic acid and isopentenol polyoxyethylene ether, and a natural montmorillonite (Mnt), one of the most common clay minerals. The loss of fluidity of the cement paste was tested to assess the clay tolerance; total organic carbon was used to measure the amount of PCE adsorbed; X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were used to investigate the microstructure of the intercalated Mnt. The results showed that preventing the superficially adsorbed PCE from being intercalated into Mnt was of great importance in terms of the improvement in clay tolerance of PCE, which increased with greater grafting density of PEO in the side chain of the PCE. The results also suggested the possibility that polymers which intercalate preferentially into the Mnt could improve significantly the clay tolerance of the PCE system.
Permanent Grassland Restoration Techniques – An Overview
Authors: Golka Wiesław , Żurek Grzegorz , Kamiński Jan Radosław 
Published: February 2017

AbstractShort review of grassland restoration techniques has been made with emphasis on the application of newly developed wide-strip overseeding aggregate. Machines currently available on the market are not suitable for all types of soil and grassland conditions. Vredo seeder is useless on muck soils, while Moore aggregate requires herbicide application. Therefore it is not to be applied in organic farming. Construction designated in ITP Kłudzienko (wide-strip overseeder) is a very economical and effective, possible to be used also on muck soils and without assistance of any chemicals. Operation of the machine consists of ‘milling’ of wide (about 10 cm) strips of sod and overseeding of mineral fertilizers and seeds of grasses, legumes and herbs. Cultivator for soil ‘milling’ strips is driven by the tractor PTO. By changing the spacing of strips, an oversown area can be resized from 20% to 40%. The effect of overseeding, evaluated next year exposed the increase of hay yield from 0.8 to 1.2 t · ha-1of dry matter in the first cut. Such innovative construction is particularly important in dairy farms which are in the need of the best quality feed.
Emission of Fumes of Ursus MF235 under Conditions of Load with The Use of a Movable Dynamometric Stand
Authors: Kuranc Andrzej , Słowik Tomasz , Krzaczek Paweł , Maj Grzegorz 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The article presents calculations of unit fumes emission made based on the measurements of the fumes composition during a load test. The test was carried out with the use of a movable dynamometric stand adjusted for testing agricultural tractors by power take-off shaft. Calculations of unit emission were made based on the assumed flow of air sucked by an engine and the measured composition of fumes emitted during the load test. Results of tests and analyses supply information on the mass of particle matter and the selected gas elements emitted by an engine working under the load which was related to simultaneous determination of the exploitation characteristic of an engine. The presented methodology may be helpful at evaluation of impact of farm tractors on the environment within the hazardous fume components emitted by them.
Work Inputs and Costs of Eradication of Energy Willow Plantation
Authors: Kwaśniewski Dariusz , Juliszewski Tadeusz , Walczyk Józef , Tylek Paweł , Adamczyk Florian , Szczepaniak Jan 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The objective of the paper was to determine the work expenditures and costs of eradication of an energy willow plantation with currently applied mechanical methods and with the use of the test model of a machine for cutting willow rootstocks as a part of the scientific project no. PBS2/A8/26/2014. The scope of the paper covered research for four machine units constructed for a twelve-year willow plantation with the surface area of 3 ha. Work inputs for eradication of the plantation of the investigated aggregates were within 8.1 to 50.4 mhr ∙ ha-1. Work inputs with the new machine were 22.3 mhr ∙ ha-1. The level of work inputs was influenced by low working speeds of the tractor-machine unit and working speeds from 0.4 to 2.3 m. Costs of willow plantation eradication with current mechanical methods were from 4302 to 15536 PLN ∙ ha-1, and with the use of the new machine it was 5457 PLN ∙ ha-1.
Analysis of Principles of Selection of Secondary Waste Segregation Installation Elements on The Area of Selected Municipality
Authors: Przydatek Grzegorz , Smaga Sławomir 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In recent years systemic changes in waste management have affected searching and implementation of solutions that increase waste recovery including those intended for recycle. The article presents a predicted amount of municipal waste intended for recovery based on their selected streams. For the needs of a conceptual solution the area was determined, which was operated by the mentioned installation. The paper uses the indicators of waste accumulation: mass, volume, bulk density and irregularity of their collection in 2011-2013 for determination of the sorting plant efficiency. Elements of the installation, which should enable optimization of the waste recovery process optimization, were selected. Moreover, frames of technological efficiency of the suggested solution were defined. The aim of the paper was an attempt to select parameters of a municipal waste sorting plant with location under conditions of Stary Sącz city.
Biotechnical Preparations in Protection of Cucumber against Downy Mildew
Authors: Tekielska Dorota , Mazur Stanisław 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The effectiveness of the preparations PB 500 (extracted from cow dung) and PB 501 (silica fume – 92.8% SiO2) in protection of cucumber against downy mildew was tested during the two-years experiment. PB 500 was used at 2% concentration and PB 501 at 1% concentration. The alternative fungicides recommended by the standard protection program were used as the reference agents. The effectiveness of the preparations PB 501 and PB 500 was lower than the conventional fungicides. It was observed that the infestation of protected plants is lower than the control plants, although not statistically significant. The results indicate a limited possibility of application of the tested formulations for cucumber protection against downy mildew in comparison to the chemical protection.
Effectiveness of the Biological Control of Garlic (Allium sativum L.)
Authors: Nawrocki Jacek , Pogodzińska Anna 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In two-year field experiments (2014 and 2015), the effect of used preparations on health status of leaves and roots and bulbs on two cultivars of garlic: ‘Arkus’ and ‘Garpek’ was studied. During investigations: Polyversum WP (Pythium oligandrum), Trifender WP (Trichoderma asperellum) and RhizoVital 42 (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) and standard fungicide Topsin M 500 SC (tiophanate methyl) were used. Unprotected plants presented control. The obtained results showed that in the first year of the studies, all the tested formulations effectively protected the roots and bulbs of garlic against rot, except RhizoVital 42 for ‘Arkus’ variety and Trifender WP for cultivar ‘Garpek’. In 2015, all tested preparations, without exception, limited root rot and the rot of basal part of bulbs both cultivars of garlic. The applied biological preparations had no significant effect on health of the leaves of garlic in 2014 and in 2015 for cultivar ‘Garpek’, while in the second year of studies, all the tested formulations effectively limited the dieback of leaves of the garlic cultivar ‘Arkus’.
Investigation of the Options to Extend the Period of Market Supply with Fruits of Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.)
Authors: Panayotov Nikolay , Popova Ani 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The main goal of the present study was to establish the opportunity for prolonged obtaining and supplying with cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) through application of various technological means. Experiments were carried out with two varieties of cape gooseberry – Plovdiv and Obrazec 1. The plants were grown by three different technologies – by pricking out seedlings, not pricking out seedlings and direct outdoor sowing, with three different sowing periods with interval of each being 15 days. The whole period of obtaining the production from each variant was investigated. In additional experiments, there were established the possibilities for storage of the fruit and also the period of supplying the market as well as additional post harvest ripening. The obtaining of the production from direct harvests starts from plants grown with pricking seedlings in the second decade of August to mid – October, those with no pricking seedlings from the first ten days of September to late October and with direct seeding from the beginning to the end of October. Plovdiv variety is characterized by rather high ripe. By storage, depending on the type of farming, the production comes from mid – September to early January, and in some periods coincides with fruits from additional ripening.
The Effect of Covers Application in the Broad Bean (Vicia faba ssp. Major) Cultivation
Authors: Franczuk Jolanta , Rosa Robert , Kosterna-Kelle Edyta , Zaniewicz-Bajkowska Anna , Tartanus Michał , Chromińska Krystyna 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The experiment was carried out in 2007–2009. The investigated factors were: the kind of covers – without covering (control object), perforated foil with 100 holes per 1m2, polypropylene fibre weighing 17 g m−2 and broad beans cultivars – ‘Windsor Biały’, ‘Bizon’ and ‘Bachus’. Broad bean seeds were sown at the beginning of the second 10-days of April, at a spacing of 50 × 10 cm. Directly after, sowing field was covered by covers, which were left for 3 weeks. Broad bean was harvested in the stage of milky maturity of seeds. Before the harvest, the number of pods per plant was determined. During the harvest, the weight of pods and the yield of fresh seed were determined and productivity of seed from the weight of pods was calculated. Biometric parameters of pods and seeds i.e. length of pods, the number of seeds in the pod and length, width and thickness of seed was performed. It was found that the broad bean covering contributed to increase yield and improvement of the biometric parameters of pods and seeds compared to the control object without covering. The highest yield of pods and seeds produced cv ‘Bizon’. The best yield was obtained from plants covered by polypropylene fibre. The seeds of cultivated cultivars were characterized by similar parameters. Polypropylene fibre covering favoured formation of pods and seeds in the pods but did not cause changes in the seeds parameters.
A generalized, nonlinear regression approach to the length-weight relationship of European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) from the Polish coast of the southern Baltic Sea
Authors: De Giosa Marcello , Czerniejewski Przemysław 
Published: February 2017

AbstractLength-weight relationships in fish are important tools in fisheries management. The aim of this study was to estimate the growth curve W=aLbfor European perch, Perca fluviatilis L., from the Polish coast of the southern Baltic Sea (ICES Subdivision 25). The data set comprised the total weights and total lengths of 827 specimens caught during the 2011-2013 period. The mean total length (TL) was 169.4 mm (range 100.0-310.0 mm), and the mean total weight was 83.9 g (range 11.3-553.2 g). First, a multiplicative error term and a linear regression approach to loglog-transformed data was considered. The following estimated values for the parameters were obtained: a = exp(-12.5323), b=3.25, s=0.07862. This approach was not successful in solving the common heterogeneity problem of the length-weight data. A generalized nonlinear regression approach to the original data was more suitable in our case. The estimated model was W = 3.83×10-6×L3.238+ ε, with ε~norm(0,0.0281×E[W|L]2×1.242). The estimated 95% confidence interval for b was (3.218, 3.259), and the growth was allometric. The perch from the coastal waters of the Baltic Sea (ICES Subdivision 25) was characterized by slightly better condition than that caught in inland waters and estuaries.
Dispersal and survival of stocked juvenile hatchery-reared Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus)
Authors: Kapusta Andrzej , Morzuch Jacek , Duda Arkadiusz , Bogacka-Kapusta Elżbieta , Kolman Ryszard 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The post-stocking dispersal of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus Mitchill) in the Wis3oka River (southern Poland) was investigated using biotelemetry. Thirty-five hatchery-reared juvenile A. oxyrinchus were tagged with radio or acoustic transmitters and tracked using mobile surveys and fixed receivers. Daily movement patterns were similar in 2009 and 2010. The sturgeon migrated with a mean speed of 1.42 km h-1 in 2009 and of 2.06 km h-1 in 2010. Migration rate was not regarded as being dependent on juvenile sturgeon size. The confirmed survival of individuals from the two field seasons differed slightly over the course of this study. Short-term survival of A. oxyrinchus was 86.7 and 90% in 2009 and 2010, respectively.
Towards the Implementation of the Best Practice from Abroad – Strengthening the Cooperation Among Slovak Municipalities
Authors: Grešová Lucia 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Intermunicipal cooperation represents a tool for facilitating the delivery of services for municipalities. The intermunicipal cooperation is used by many European states, struggling with fragmentation of local structures. In Slovakia, the intermunicipal cooperation is used rather for unnecessary delivering of competences which cannot be delivered by a single municipality. Therefore, in this article, we aim to address the best practices from selected countries to the conditions of Slovakia. The research includes the attitudes of mayors from responded municipalities in the Nitra region toward extending the cooperation with other municipalities and preferable areas for cooperation.
Diagnosis of the socionic temperament of personality and creating a psychological portrait of the Western European SPA and wellness tourists in Bulgaria
Authors: Stoyanova Milena 
Published: February 2017

AbstractHuman personality is a set of psychological characteristics that distinguishes it from others. However people can be classified as congenital personality types, interactions that are precisely defined. The aim of this article is to characterize the socionic temperament and psychological profile of the spa and wellness tourists in Bulgaria. The study is based on a survey of 460 tourists who visited Bulgarian spa centers in the summer and autumn of 2015.
Morphostructure of the Sakar and Strandzha Mountains
Authors: Tzankov Tzanko , Stankova Svetla , Iliev Rosen 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The Sakar and Strandzha Mountains are disposed in the South-East end of the Balkan Peninsula (on the both sides of the Bulgarian-Turkish boundary). They belong to the southeastern margin of the Bulgarian continental microplate. They are limit from North Thracian morphostructural zone to the North, the East Thracian morphostructural zone to the South and the Rhodopean morphostructural zone to the West. The observed mountain territory builds the Sakar-Strandzha morphostructural zone. It is divided by Sakar Dervent and Strandzha morphostructural areas. Every of them include morphostructural regions. They are composed by numerous Late Pleistocene-Holocene dome-like morphostructures. The relics from the Post Early Pleistocene concentric morphostructures are distributed in the entire zone. They were determined some archer and concentric Holocene mountain morphostructures.
The regional seismic activity (during the last 50 years) outlines three parts of the Sakar-Strandzha morphostructural zone. The western one - the Sakar part is moderate seismic active. The centred - Dervent part is practically seismic „calm“. The eastern one- Strandzha part show a very intensive seismicity. It can by given right in a future (after the necessary investigations) to divide the zone in three areas.
Geomorphology of outflow part Batova river valley
Authors: Vulcheva-Georgieva Ivalena , Stankova Svetla 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Firths are geomoiphological and hydrological sites typical for flat, neutral coast of no tidal sea basins. There in the greatest extend is preserved the geological column of the correlative Pleistocene- Holocene sediments. They make possible to reveal the Quaternary evolution of the contact zone „land-sea“. Firths are one of the most reliable indicators for the Quaternary Earth crust movements.
Along the Black Sea coast most widely are developed the firths in the north - west and the west periphery, where they form a classic firth type coast.
This report examines the results of complex studies of Batova river firth, located (developed) on the North Bulgarian Black Sea coast.
The Impact of Environmental Factors on the Amount of Nitrates and Nitrites in Different Types of Soils and Ways of Their Utilization
Authors: Bachvarova Darina , Rafi Renay , Doichinov Aleksandar 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDespite the last decade considerable advances in the study of nitrate and nitrite pollution of soil, there are still some gaps in research related to neglecting or ignoring the role of soil in the food chain and its effects on upper trophic units. The article presents the results of a study on the impact of air and soil humidity and temperature, as well as soil type and utilization on the amount of nitrates and nitrites in the soil solution at the end of vegetation period. It was proved that statistically significant impact on the amounts of residual nitrate and nitrite ions was caused by the temperature and moisture of soil, its type, and the specific properties of the crops grown.
Implementing Interactive Teaching Methods for 9th Grade Organic Chemistry Classes
Authors: Traykov Ivaylo , Galcheva Petinka 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
One of the main challenges facing the current educational system is creating conditions suitable for academic skill development that allow students to navigate and adapt to today’s modern society, such as locating relevant information quickly as well as effectively utilizing innovations. We can achieve this objective by using interactive teaching methods. These methods take into account the contemporary issues and changing priorities - from the general content building for the courses to independent, student-centered cognitive activities.
The propose of this paper is to present tested and proven interactive methods for Grade 9Organic Chemistry classes. These methods significantly improve the quality of teaching and the students’ interest in the subject.
Language Attitudes, Language Learning Experiences and Individual Strategies What Does School Offer and What Does It Lack?
Authors: Tódor Erika-Mária , Dégi Zsuzsanna 
Published: February 2017

AbstractLanguage learners’ attitudes towards the language and its speakers greatly influence the language learning process and the learning outcomes. Previous research and studies on attitudes and motivation in language learning (Csizér 2007, Dörnyei 2009) show that attitudes and motivation are strongly intertwined. Positive attitude towards the language and its speakers can lead to increased motivation, which then results in better learning achievement and a positive attitude towards learning the language. The aim of the present study was to get a better insight into what regards the language attitudes of students attending Hungarian minority schools in Romania. The interest of the study lies in students’ attitudes towards the different languages, the factors/criteria along which they express their language attitudes, students’ learning experiences and strategies that they consider efficient and useful in order to acquire a language. Results suggest that students’ attitudes are determined by their own experiences of language use, and in this sense we can differentiate between a language for identification – built upon specific emotional, affective, and cognitive factors – and language for communication.
English as a Lingua Franca and Its Implications for Teaching English as a Foreign Language
Authors: Nagy Tünde 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The analysis of English as a lingua franca (ELF) has received considerable attention over the years. There has been a lot of research done both on the morpho-syntactic properties of ELF interactions and the communication strategies used by ELF speakers in order to facilitate communication and avoid misunderstandings. Given the fairly large number of findings, the question arises whether ELF should be introduced in the curriculum or replace EFL (English as a Foreign Language). I believe that although ELF data are significant and can benefit teaching English as a foreign language, they cannot replace EFL, especially because English as a lingua franca is primarily a communication tool and not a language variant. Also, while there have been other models suggested as alternatives to teaching a standard version of English, none of these models seem practical enough or have proven applicable in the classroom.
After giving an overview of the research done on English as a lingua franca, with a special emphasis on the notion of lingua franca core, the study reflects on the repercussions of ELF findings on teaching English as a foreign language.
Cultural Dimensions of Poetry Translation
Authors: Pusztai-Varga Ildikó 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The present research analyses Hungarian and English target-language translations of contemporary Finnish poems. The translation solutions of culturally-bound lexical elements are compared in both Finnish-Hungarian and Finnish-English translation directions. The analysis is carried out using a text corpus comprising Hungarian and English translations of Finnish poems published after 1950. The text corpus consists of 160 Finnish source poems and their 160 Hungarian and 160 English target-language translations. The objective of the research is to reveal the cultural aspects of the translation of poetry and to answer the question as to what types of translation solutions literary translators use when translating culturally-bound lexical elements in Finnish poems into Hungarian and English. Results show that English-language translators of contemporary Finnish poems more frequently use translation solutions which are less creative and do not stray far from the original source language text. Hungarian translators, on the other hand, are more courageous in deviating from the source text and adapting their translations to the target language. This can be explained by reference to the two translation contexts or as a result of genre-specific reasons.