bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Focus-Variation Microscopy for the Assessment of Active Surfaces of a New Generation of Coated Abrasive Tools
Authors: Kapłonek Wojciech , Nadolny Krzysztof , Królczyk Grzegorz M. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In this paper, the selected results of measurements and analysis of the active surfaces of a new generation of coated abrasive tools obtained by the use of focus-variation microscopy (FVM) are presented and discussed. The origin of this technique, as well as its general metrological characteristics is briefly described. Additionally, information regarding the focus variation microscope used in the experiments - InfiniteFocus® IF G4 produced by Alicona Imaging, is also given. The measurements were carried out on microfinishing films (IMFF), abrasive portable belts with Cubitron™ II grains, and single-layer abrasive discs with Trizact™ grains. The obtained results were processed and analyzed employing TalyMap 4.0 software in the form of maps and profiles, surface microtopographies, Abbott- Firestone curves, and calculated values of selected areal parameters. This allowed us to describe the active surfaces of the coated abrasive tools, as well as to assess the possibility of applying the FVM technique in such kinds of measurements.
Crystal structure of 3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-[(4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-4-[(E)-(2,6-difluorobenzylidene)amino]-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione, C31H36F2N6S
Authors: Al-Alshaikh Monirah A. , Ghabbour Hazem A. , Abuelizz Hatem A. , Alruqi Obaid S. , El-Emam Ali A. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
C31H36F2N6S, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 14.7561(8) Å, b = 24.6766(13) Å, c = 7.7811(4) Å, β = 95.888(2)°, V = 2818.4(3) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0624, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.1445, T = 100 K.
Crystal structure of 5,17-bis-cyano-25,26,27,28-tetrapropyloxy-calix[4]arene, C42H46N2O4
Authors: Elaieb Fethi , Sémeril David , Matt Dominique , Hedhli Ahmed 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
C42H46N2O4, orthorhombic, Pcca (No. 54), a = 14.9100(5), b = 17.2508(6), c = 16.0857(6) Å, V = 4137.4(3) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0710, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.2308, T = 173 K.
Map perception: theories and research in the second half of the twentieth century
Authors: Żyszkowska Wiesława 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Until the 1990s map perception research was one of the main parts of cartography as a scientific discipline. In the last years of the century map perception research fell out of favor as cartographers turned their attention to the new computer technology. In the first decade of the 21th century the problems of map perception became more frequent in cartographic journals.
The article recaps the main problems, theories and research conducted in the twentieth century. The main concepts connected with map perception are discussed: use, utilization, reception and interpretation. These terms are used differently in different research orientations. The author assumes that the terms: reception, reading and perception are unambiguous and perception should be treated as a complex of active and highly interactive processes, leading to identification and understanding of the visible image. The relation of perception research with theory of cartography are presented in three stages of development of the research. In the first, intuitive stage, very important role played eminent cartographers Max Eckert and Karl Peucker, who appreciated the role of human perception in cartography. The second stage began with the research initiated by A.H. Robinson in the 1950s. In the stage perceptual research contributed to the physical aspects of cartographic signs and the psychophysical orientation emerged. Perception has been accepted as an element of cartographic communication theory, modeling theory and cartographic semiotics. The third stage of perceptual research emerged as a result of criticism of empirical research effects. Cartographers turned to methods and theories of cognitive psychology and cognitive orientation was a main paradigm of the research. Perception is perceived as one of the elements of the human cognitive system and considered in the context of higher lever cognitive processes, participating in cartographic information processing. Two methodological approaches can be set apart: theoretical and experimental. In the theoretical approach the processing succession is considered and some models of cartographic processing models were presented. The first decade of the 21st century opens a new stage of perceptual research. It can be named cognitive-digital as the research is based on computer software and is concentrated on cognitive aspects of map perception.
Building a RAPPOR with the Unknown: Privacy-Preserving Learning of Associations and Data Dictionaries
Authors: Fanti Giulia , Pihur Vasyl , Erlingsson Úlfar 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Techniques based on randomized response enable the collection of potentially sensitive data from clients in a privacy-preserving manner with strong local differential privacy guarantees. A recent such technology, RAPPOR [12], enables estimation of the marginal frequencies of a set of strings via privacy-preserving crowdsourcing. However, this original estimation process relies on a known dictionary of possible strings; in practice, this dictionary can be extremely large and/or unknown. In this paper, we propose a novel decoding algorithm for the RAPPOR mechanism that enables the estimation of “unknown unknowns,” i.e., strings we do not know we should be estimating. To enable learning without explicit dictionary knowledge, we develop methodology for estimating the joint distribution of multiple variables collected with RAPPOR. Our contributions are not RAPPOR-specific, and can be generalized to other local differential privacy mechanisms for learning distributions of string-valued random variables.
Black-Box Accumulation: Collecting Incentives in a Privacy-Preserving Way
Authors: Jager Tibor , Rupp Andy 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We formalize and construct black-box accumulation (BBA), a useful building block for numerous important user-centric protocols including loyalty systems, refund systems, and incentive systems (as, e.g., employed in participatory sensing and vehicle-to-grid scenarios). A core requirement all these systems share is a mechanism to let users collect and sum up values (call it incentives, bonus points, reputation points, etc.) issued by some other parties in a privacy-preserving way such that curious operators may not be able to link the different transactions of a user. At the same time, a group of malicious users may not be able to cheat the system by pretending to have collected a higher amount than what was actually issued to them.
As a first contribution, we fully formalize the core functionality and properties of this important building block. Furthermore, we present a generic and non-interactive construction of a BBA system based on homomorphic commitments, digital signatures, and non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge. For our construction, we formally prove security and privacy properties. Finally, we propose a concrete instantiation of our construction using Groth-Sahai commitments and proofs as well as the optimal structure-preserving signature scheme of Abe et al. and analyze its efficiency.
Don’t Interrupt Me While I Type: Inferring Text Entered Through Gesture Typing on Android Keyboards
Authors: Simon Laurent , Xu Wenduan , Anderson Ross 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We present a new side-channel attack against soft keyboards that support gesture typing on Android smartphones. An application without any special permissions can observe the number and timing of the screen hardware interrupts and system-wide software interrupts generated during user input, and analyze this information to make inferences about the text being entered by the user. System-wide information is usually considered less sensitive than app-specific information, but we provide concrete evidence that this may be mistaken. Our attack applies to all Android versions, including Android M where the SELinux policy is tightened.
We present a novel application of a recurrent neural network as our classifier to infer text. We evaluate our attack against the “Google Keyboard” on Nexus 5 phones and use a real-world chat corpus in all our experiments. Our evaluation considers two scenarios. First, we demonstrate that we can correctly detect a set of pre-defined “sentences of interest” (with at least 6 words) with 70% recall and 60% precision. Second, we identify the authors of a set of anonymous messages posted on a messaging board. We find that even if the messages contain the same number of words, we correctly re-identify the author more than 97% of the time for a set of up to 35 sentences.
Our study demonstrates a new way in which system-wide resources can be a threat to user privacy. We investigate the effect of rate limiting as a countermeasure but find that determining a proper rate is error-prone and fails in subtle cases. We conclude that real-time interrupt information should be made inaccessible, perhaps via a tighter SELinux policy in the next Android version.
Blogs, Twitter Feeds, and Reddit Comments: Cross-domain Authorship Attribution
Authors: Overdorf Rebekah , Greenstadt Rachel 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Stylometry is a form of authorship attribution that relies on the linguistic information to attribute documents of unknown authorship based on the writing styles of a suspect set of authors. This paper focuses on the cross-domain subproblem where the known and suspect documents differ in the setting in which they were created. Three distinct domains, Twitter feeds, blog entries, and Reddit comments, are explored in this work. We determine that state-of-the-art methods in stylometry do not perform as well in cross-domain situations (34.3% accuracy) as they do in in-domain situations (83.5% accuracy) and propose methods that improve performance in the cross-domain setting with both feature and classification level techniques which can increase accuracy to up to 70%. In addition to testing these approaches on a large real world dataset, we also examine real world adversarial cases where an author is actively attempting to hide their identity. Being able to identify authors across domains facilitates linking identities across the Internet making this a key security and privacy concern; users can take other measures to ensure their anonymity, but due to their unique writing style, they may not be as anonymous as they believe.
Access Denied! Contrasting Data Access in the United States and Ireland
Authors: Grogan Samuel , McDonald Aleecia M. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The ability of an Internet user to access data collected about himself as a result of his online activity is a key privacy safeguard. Online, data access has been overshadowed by other protections such as notice and choice. This paper describes attitudes about data access. 873 US and Irish Internet users participated in a survey designed to examine views on data access to information held by online companies and data brokers. We observed low levels of awareness of access mechanisms along with a high desire for access in both participant groups. We tested three proposed access systems in keeping with industry programs and regulatory proposals. User response was positive. We conclude that access remains an important privacy protection that is inadequately manifested in practice. Our study provides insight for lawmakers and policymakers, as well as computer scientists who implement these systems.
The influence of the extent of infestation by helminths upon changes in body weight of sheep in Ukraine
Authors: Boyko O. O. , Zazharska N. M. , Brygadyrenko V. V. 
Published: May 2016

Among the following breeds of sheep, Merino, Bleu du Maine, Bluefaced Leicester, Dorper, Clan Forest, Suffolk, Texel and Beltex, helminths of two classes (Nematoda and Cestoda) have been registered in Ukraine (Dnipropetrovsk oblast). Among the nematodes there were: parasites of the digestive system Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, 1803), Strongyloides papillosus (Wedl, 1856), Nematodirus sp., Trichuris sp. and parasites of the respiratory system Muellerius capillaris (Muller, 1889). In the excrements of small ruminants, eggs of Moniezia expansa (Rudolphi, 1805) (Cestoda) – helminths of the small intestine, were found. Among all studied animals we found S. papillosus. 58.2% of sheep were infested with H. contortus. The lowest indicators of invasion extensivity were registered for parasitism of Trichuris sp. and M. capillaries. Extensivity of Nematodirus invasion did not exceed 16.3%. This indicator for cestodiasis, specifically monieziasis, among sheep was 25,5%. The range of fluctuation in intensivity of nematode invasion was within 7 to 860 eggs/g of excrement. This indicator for Cestoda invasion did not exceed 350 eggs/g. The highest indicators of average invasion were registered for parasitism by S. papillosus and H. contortus. The lowest average indicators of intensity were found for Trichuris. For Nematoda and Muellerius they were 25.0 and 88.9 individuals/g of feces correspondingly. The greatest influence on changes of body weight in sheep was caused by nematodes of the digestive tract Trichuris sp. and of the respiratory organs M. capillaris. The indicators of Trichuris infection level are the lowest in comparison with other registered helminthiases.
LA EMOCIONALIDAD EN LAS ESTRATEGIAS DE MERCADEO: CASO INDUSTRIA FUNERARIA // EMOTIONALITY IN MARKETING STRATEGIES: CASE STUDY FUNERAL INDUSTRY // A EMOTIVIDADE NAS ESTRATÉGIAS DE MARKETING: CASO INDÚSTRIA FUNERÁRIA
Authors: Ramírez Ospina Duvan Emilio , Toro Gonzales Lina María , Duarte Pareja Carolina 
Published: May 2016

En este escrito se analiza el manejo de la emocionalidad en las estrategias de mercadeo en empresas del sector funerario, destacando el carácter contextual y ambiental del marketing dentro de la cultura como base permeable de la sociedad, sus hábitos, costumbres y rituales. Se partió de un estudio cualitativo usando entrevistas en profundidad y observación; se hizo un acercamiento teórico al marketing emocional y se muestran las relaciones encontradas entre este y las estrategias de mercadeo que están siendo usadas por las empresas funerarias. Identificando el manejo de la emocionalidad implementado en el sector funerario por medio de “talleres de duelo”; eventos post-mortem de carácter masivo, donde los dolientes asisten a charlas programadas cada tres meses. Este tipo de eventos por su periodicidad, asisten un número elevado de personas, dificultando que la experiencia sea individual, detallada y que facilite un contacto directo entre el cliente y la empresa.
Effects of breeding versus winter habitat loss and fragmentation on the population dynamics of a migratory songbird
Authors: Taylor Caz M. , Stutchbury Bridget J. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMany migratory species are in decline and understanding these declines is challenging because individuals occupy widely divergent and geographically distant habitats during a single year and therefore populations across the range are interconnected in complex ways. Network modeling has been used to show, theoretically, that shifts in migratory connectivity patterns can occur in response to habitat or climate changes and that habitat loss in one region can affect sub‐populations in regions that are not directly connected. Here, we use a network model, parameterized by integrating long‐term monitoring data with direct tracking of ~100 individuals, to explain population trends in the rapidly declining Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) and to predict future trends. Our model suggests that species‐level declines in Wood Thrush are driven primarily by tropical deforestation in Central America but that protection of breeding habitat in some regions is necessary to prevent shifts in migratory connectivity and to sustain populations in all breeding regions. The model illustrates how shifts in migratory connectivity may lead to unexpected population declines in key regions. We highlight current knowledge gaps that make modeling full life‐cycle population demographics in migratory species challenging but also demonstrate that modeling can inform conservation while these gaps are being filled.
Changes in horn size of Stone's sheep over four decades correlate with trophy hunting pressure
Authors: Douhard Mathieu , Festa‐Bianchet Marco , Pelletier Fanie , Gaillard Jean‐Michel , Bonenfant Christophe 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSelective harvest may lead to rapid evolutionary change. For large herbivores, trophy hunting removes males with large horns. That artificial selection, operating in opposition to sexual selection, can lead to undesirable consequences for management and conservation. There have been no comparisons of long‐term changes in trophy size under contrasting harvest pressures. We analyzed horn measurements of Stone's rams (Ovis dalli stonei) harvested over 37 years in two large regions of British Columbia, Canada, with marked differences in hunting pressure to identify when selective hunting may cause a long‐term decrease in horn growth. Under strong selective harvest, horn growth early in life and the number of males harvested declined by 12% and 45%, respectively, over the study period. Horn shape also changed over time: horn length became shorter for a given base circumference, likely because horn base is not a direct target of hunter selection. In contrast, under relatively lower hunting pressure, there were no detectable temporal trends in early horn growth, number of males harvested, or horn length relative to base circumference. Trophy hunting is an important recreational activity and can generate substantial revenues for conservation. By providing a reproductive advantage to males with smaller horns and reducing the availability of desirable trophies, however, excessive harvest may have the undesirable long‐term consequences of reducing both the harvest and the horn size of rams. These consequences can be avoided by limiting offtake.
Effects of wetland plants on denitrification rates: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Alldred Mary , Baines Stephen B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHuman activity is accelerating changes in biotic communities worldwide. Predicting impacts of these changes on ecosystem services such as denitrification, a process that mitigates the consequences of nitrogen pollution, remains one of the most important challenges facing ecologists. Wetlands especially are valued as important sites of denitrification, and wetland plants are expected to have differing effects on denitrification. We present the results of a meta‐analysis, conducted on 419 published estimates of denitrification in wetlands dominated by different plant species. Plants increased denitrification rates by 55% on average. This effect varied significantly among communities as defined by the dominant plant species, but surprisingly did not differ substantially among methods for measuring denitrification or among types of wetlands. We conclude that mechanistically linking functional plant traits to denitrification will be key to predicting the role of wetlands in nitrogen mitigation in a changing world.
Restoration treatments in urban park forests drive long‐term changes in vegetation trajectories
Authors: Johnson Lea R. , Handel Steven N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMunicipalities are turning to ecological restoration of urban forests as a measure to improve air quality, ameliorate urban heat island effects, improve storm water infiltration, and provide other social and ecological benefits. However, community dynamics following urban forest restoration treatments are poorly documented. This study examines the long‐term effects of ecological restoration undertaken in New York City, New York, USA, to restore native forest in urban park natural areas invaded by woody non‐native plants that are regional problems. In 2009 and 2010, we sampled vegetation in 30 invaded sites in three large public parks that were restored 1988–1993, and 30 sites in three large parks that were similarly invaded but had not been restored. Data from these matched plots reveal that the restoration treatment achieved its central goals. After 15–20 years, invasive species removal followed by native tree planting resulted in persistent structural and compositional shifts, significantly lower invasive species abundance, a more complex forest structure, and greater native tree recruitment. Together, these findings indicate that successional trajectories of vegetation dynamics have diverged between restored forests and invaded forests that were not restored. In addition, the data suggest that future composition of these urban forest patches will be novel assemblages. Restored and untreated sites shared a suite of shade‐intolerant, quickly‐growing tree species that colonize disturbed sites, indicating that restoration treatments created sites hospitable for germination and growth of species adapted to high light conditions and disturbed soils. These findings yield an urban perspective on the use of succession theory in ecological restoration. Models of ecological restoration developed in more pristine environments must be modified for use in cities. By anticipating both urban disturbances and ecological succession, management of urban forest patches can be adjusted to better predict and direct long‐term outcomes. An urban approach to ecological restoration must use realistic, flexible targets to preserve and enhance urban biodiversity for both short‐term benefits and long‐term sustainability.
Can we control the invasive cane toad using chemicals that have evolved under intraspecific competition?
Authors: Clarke Gregory S. , Crossland Michael R. , Shine Richard 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMany invasive species experience intense intraspecific competition, because they are abundant in anthropogenically disturbed habitats where few native species persist. Species‐specific competitive mechanisms that evolve in this context may offer novel, highly targeted means to control invasive taxa. We conducted laboratory experiments to evaluate the feasibility of this method of control, based on waterborne cues that are produced by tadpoles of the cane toad (Rhinella marina) to suppress the development of conspecific embryos. Our trials examined the nature and species‐specificity of the effect, the robustness of the cue to freezing and storage, and the amounts required to suppress toad embryos. Our results were encouraging. The cue appears to be chemical rather than a biological organism, and may well be species‐specific; the four species of native anurans that we tested were not influenced by toad larval cues. The cue retains its effectiveness after being frozen, but not after being dried, or after 7 d in water. It is effective at very low concentrations (the amount produced by three tadpoles within 750 L of water). Overall, the cane toad's suppressor pheromone may offer an effective new way to control invasive toads.