bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk of Pulmonary Embolism After Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Liberman Ava L. , Merkler Alexander E. , Gialdini Gino , Messé Steven R. , Lerario Michael P. , Murthy Santosh B. , Kamel Hooman , Navi Babak B. 
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose—
Cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT) is a type of venous thromboembolism. Whether the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE) after CVT is similar to the risk after deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is unknown.

Methods—

We performed a retrospective cohort study using administrative data from all emergency department visits and hospitalizations in California, New York, and Florida from 2005 to 2013. We identified patients with CVT or DVT and the outcome of PE using previously validated
International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification
codes. Kaplan–Meier survival statistics and Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the risk of PE after CVT versus PE after DVT.

Results—

We identified 4754 patients with CVT and 241 276 with DVT. During a mean follow-up of 3.4 (±2.4) years, 138 patients with CVT and 23 063 with DVT developed PE. CVT patients were younger, more often female, and had fewer risk factors for thromboembolism than patients with DVT. During the index hospitalization, the rate of PE was 1.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1%–1.8%) in patients with CVT and 6.6% (95% CI, 6.5%–6.7%) in patients with DVT. By 5 years, the cumulative rate of PE after CVT was 3.4% (95% CI, 2.9%–4.0%) compared with 10.9% (95% CI, 10.8%–11.0%;
P
<0.001) after DVT. CVT was associated with a lower adjusted hazard of PE than DVT (hazard ratio, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.22–0.31).

Conclusion—
The risk of PE after CVT was significantly lower than the risk after DVT. Among patients with CVT, the greatest risk for PE was during the index hospitalization.
Lectotypification of the name Alnus brembana (Betulaceae), a controversial Alpine endemic species
Authors: Ardenghi Nicola M.G. , Galasso Gabriele 
Published: February 2017

Alnus brembana Rota (1853: 102, 79) (Betulaceae) was described by Italian botanist Lorenzo Rota (1819−1855) within his flora of the province of Bergamo (Rota 1853). Since its publication, the treatment of this taxon as an autonomous species did not reach a general agreement among botanists, as it was often recongnized at different taxonomic ranks, e.g. a variety or a subspecies (see e.g., Regel 1865, Parlatore 1868, Cesati et al. 1872, Arcangeli 1882, Fiori 1923, Schmidt 1996), or a synonym of A. alnobetula (Ehrhart 1783: 193) Koch (1872: 625). Some contemporary authors (Landolt 1993, 2010, Martini et al. 2012) still recognize the species as a local endemic to the southern Alps. Most current European floras and checklists (see e.g., Ball 1964, Pignatti 1982, Greuter et al. 1984, Ball 1993, Aeschimann et al. 2004, Conti et al. 2005, Euro+Med 2006 onwards) do however list it as a synonym of A. alnobetula subsp. alnobetula or its synonym A. viridis (Chaix 1785: 70) Candolle in Candolle & Lamarck (1805: 304). Its separation from A. alnobetula is questionable, since, as stated by Landolt (1993) himself, transitional forms occur within their alleged distribution areas.
Importance of the Vertical Resolution in Simulating SST Diurnal and Intraseasonal Variability in an Oceanic General Circulation Model
Authors: Ge Xuyang , Wang Wanqiu , Kumar Arun , Zhang Ying 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In this paper, the influence of high vertical resolution near the surface in an oceanic general circulation model in simulating the observed sea surface temperature (SST) variability is investigated. In situ observations of vertical temperature profiles are first used to quantify temperature variability with depth near the ocean surface. The analysis shows that there is a sharp vertical temperature gradient within the top 10 m of the ocean. Both diurnal and intraseasonal variabilities of the ocean temperatures are largest near the surface and decrease with the ocean depth. Numerical experiments with an oceanic general circulation model are next carried out with 1- and 10-m vertical resolutions for the upper ocean to study the dependence of the simulated SST and vertical temperature structure on the vertical resolution. It is found that the simulated diurnal and intraseasonal variabilities, as well as the associated vertical temperature gradient near the surface, are strongly influenced by the oceanic vertical resolution, with the 1-m vertical resolution producing a stronger vertical temperature gradient and temporal variability than the 10-m vertical resolution. These results suggest that a realistic representation of SST variability with a high vertical resolution in the upper ocean is required for a coupled atmosphere–ocean model to correctly simulate the observed tropical intraseasonal oscillations, including the Madden–Julian oscillation and the boreal summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillation, which are strongly linked with the underlying SST.
Initial Results of a New Composite-Weighted Algorithm for Dual-Polarized X-Band Rainfall Estimation
Authors: Thurai Merhala , Mishra Kumar Vijay , Bringi V. N. , Krajewski Witold F. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Data analyses for the mobile Iowa X-band polarimetric (XPOL) radar from a long-duration rain event that occurred during the NASA Iowa Flood Studies (IFloodS) field campaign are presented. A network of six 2D video disdrometers (2DVDs) is used to derive four rain-rate estimators for the XPOL-5 radar. The rain accumulation validations with a collocated network of twin and triple tipping-bucket rain gauges have highlighted the need for combined algorithms because no single estimator was found to be sufficient for all cases considered. A combined version of weighted and composite algorithms is introduced, including a new R(Ah, Zdr) rainfall estimator for X band, where Ah is the specific attenuation for horizontal polarization and Zdr is the differential reflectivity. Based on measurement and algorithm errors, the weights are derived to be as piecewise constant functions over reflectivity values. The weights are later turned into continuous functions using smoothing splines. A methodology to derive the weights in near–real time is proposed for the composite-weighted algorithm. Comparisons of 2-h accumulations and 8-h event totals obtained from the XPOL-5 with 12 rain gauges have shown 10%–40% improvement in normalized bias over individual rainfall estimators. The analyses have enabled the development of rain-rate estimators for the Iowa XPOL.
Minimal Enteral Nutrition to Improve Adaptation After Intestinal Resection in Piglets and Infants
Authors: Aunsholt Lise , Qvist Niels , Sangild Per T. , Vegge Andreas , Stoll Barbara , Burrin Douglas G. , Jeppesen Palle Bekker , Eriksen Thomas , Husby Steffen , Thymann Thomas 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackground: Minimal enteral nutrition (MEN) may induce a diet‐dependent stimulation of gut adaptation following intestinal resection. Bovine colostrum is rich in growth factors, and we hypothesized that MEN with colostrum would stimulate intestinal adaptation, compared with formula, and would be well tolerated in patients with short bowel syndrome. Methods: In experiment 1, 3‐day‐old piglets with 50% distal small intestinal resection were fed parenteral nutrition (PN, n = 10) or PN plus MEN given as either colostrum (PN‐COL, n = 5) or formula (PN‐FORM, n = 9) for 7 days. Intestinal nutrient absorption and histomorphometry were performed. In experiment 2, tolerance and feasibility of colostrum supplementation were tested in a pilot study on 5 infants who had undergone intestinal resection, and they were compared with 5 resected infants who served as controls. Results: In experiment 1, relative wet‐weight absorption and intestinal villus height were higher in PN‐COL vs PN (53% vs 23% and 362 ± 13 vs 329 ± 7 µm, P < .05). Crypt depth and tissue protein synthesis were higher in PN‐COL (233 ± 7 µm, 22%/d) and PN‐FORM (262 ± 13 µm, 22%/d) vs PN (190 ± 4 µm, 9%/d, both P < .05). In experiment 2, enteral colostrum supplementation was well tolerated, and no infants developed clinical signs of cow’s milk allergy. Conclusion: Minimal enteral nutrition feeding with bovine colostrum and formula induced similar intestinal adaptation after resection in piglets. Colostrum was well tolerated by newly resected infants, but the clinical indication for colostrum supplementation to infants subjected to intestinal resection remains to be determined.
Nutrition Deficiencies in Children With Intestinal Failure Receiving Chronic Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Namjoshi Shweta S. , Muradian Sarah , Bechtold Hannah , Reyen Laurie , Venick Robert S. , Marcus Elizabeth A. , Vargas Jorge H. , Wozniak Laura J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackground: Home parenteral nutrition (PN) is a lifesaving therapy for children with intestinal failure (IF). Our aims were to describe the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies (vitamin D, zinc, copper, iron, selenium) in a diverse population of children with IF receiving PN and to identify and characterize risk factors associated with micronutrient deficiencies, including hematologic abnormalities. Methods: Data were collected on 60 eligible patients through retrospective chart review between May 2012 and February 2015. Descriptive statistics included frequencies, medians, interquartile ranges (IQRs), and odds ratios (ORs). Statistical analyses included χ2, Fisher’s exact, t tests, and logistic, univariate, and multivariate regressions. Results: Patients were primarily young (median age, 3.3 years; IQR, 0.7–8.4), Latino (62%), and male (56%), with short bowel syndrome (70%). Of 60 study patients, 88% had ≥1 deficiency and 90% were anemic for age. Of 51 patients who had all 5 markers checked, 59% had multiple deficiencies (defined as ≥3). Multivariate analysis shows multiple deficiencies were associated with nonwhite race (OR, 9.4; P = .012) and higher body mass index z score (OR, 2.2; P = .016). Children with severe anemia (hemoglobin <8.5 g/dL) made up 50% of the cohort. Nonwhite race (OR, 6.6; P = .037) and zinc deficiency (OR, 11; P = .003) were multivariate predictors of severe anemia. Conclusions: Micronutrient deficiency and anemia are overwhelmingly prevalent in children with IF using chronic PN. This emphasizes the importance of universal surveillance and supplementation to potentially improve quality of life and developmental outcomes. Future research should investigate how racial disparities might contribute to nutrition outcomes for children using chronic PN.
N-butyl-2 cyanoacrylate (NBCA) embolus in the graft portal vein after portosystemic collateral embolization in liver transplantation recipient: what is the clinical significance?
Authors: Jang Hye Young , Kim Kyoung Won , Kwon Jae Hyun , Kwon Heon-Ju , Kim Bohyun , Seo Nieun , Lee Jeongjin , Song Gi-Won , Lee Sung-Gyu 
Published: February 2017

Background An N-butyl-2 cyanoacrylate (NBCA) embolus in the graft portal vein was frequently observed after an intraoperative embolization of portosystemic collaterals performed to prevent portal steal in liver transplant (LT) recipients. The radiological and clinical features of NBCA emboli have not yet been described. Purpose To describe radiological and clinical features of NBCA embolus in graft portal vein after portosystemic collateral embolization in LT recipients. Material and Methods A total of 165 consecutive LT recipients who had undergone intraoperative NBCA embolization of varix were found in single institution’s computerized databases of a clinical cohort of LT. Patients were evaluated for NBCA emboli (categorized into major and minor emboli according to location) on first postoperative computed tomography (CT). All electronic medical records and radiologic studies including follow-up was evaluated to determine any radiological and clinical abnormality associated with NBCA embolus. Results NBCA emboli were found in 24% (39/165) of recipients. Although most patients had minor emboli (77%, 30/39) without remarkable ultrasonography (US) abnormalities, seven (78%) of nine recipients with major emboli showed intraluminal echogenic lesions in graft portal vein on grayscale US, and five of them (71%) showed partial portal flow obstruction, although none exhibited any abnormality on contrast-enhanced US. Recipients with NBCA portal emboli showed no significant clinical abnormalities and were discharged safely. NBCA embolus eventually disappeared mostly within six months (82%, 32/39). Conclusion NBCA emboli are frequently observed after portosystemic collateral embolization in LT recipients and are not associated with poor clinical outcome. They may mimic ordinary thromboemboli on US.
Carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Su-angka N , Khositseth A , Vilaiyuk S , Tangnararatchakit K , Prangwatanagul W 
Published: February 2017

Objectives The carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and carotid arterial stiffness index (CASI) act as the surrogate markers of atherosclerosis. We aim to assess CIMT and CASI in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods Patients ≤ 20 years old fulfilling diagnostic criteria for SLE were enrolled. Patients with active smoking, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, arterial thrombosis, family history of hypercholesterolemia, chronic liver disease, or other chronic severe diseases were excluded. The patients were categorized into four groups: active SLE, age- and sex-matched control (control A), inactive SLE, and age- and sex-matched control (control I), according to the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). All subjects underwent ultrasound of carotid arteries to evaluate CIMT and CASI. Results One hundred and two SLE patients (26 active and 76 inactive) and one hundred and three healthy controls (26 control A and 77 control I) were enrolled. The median CIMT in all groups were not significantly different (0.43, 0.41–0.44; 0.43, 0.41–0.44; 0.42, 0.41–0.43; and 0.42, 0.41–0.43 mm, respectively).The CASI in active SLE (13.5, 11.4–17.3) was significantly higher than in control A (8.2, 7.2–9.2) ( p < 0.0001), whereas CASI in inactive SLE (12.7, 10.9–15.7) was significantly higher than in control I (8.9, 7.6–9.8). However, the CASI in active and inactive SLE was not significantly different. Conclusions The higher CASI in active and inactive pediatric SLE, implying functional change of carotid arteries, may be early evidence of increased atherosclerosis in pediatric SLE. This functional dysfunction has been found both in inactive and active SLE.
Circulating prolactin level in systemic lupus erythematosus and its correlation with disease activity: a meta-analysis
Authors: Song G G , Lee Y H 
Published: February 2017

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between circulating prolactin level and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and to establish a correlation between plasma/serum prolactin levels and SLE activity. Methods We performed a meta-analysis comparing the plasma/serum prolactin levels in patients with SLE to controls, and examined correlation coefficients between circulating prolactin level and SLE disease activity. Results Twenty-five studies with a total of 1056 SLE patients and 426 controls were included. Prolactin levels were significantly higher overall in the SLE group than in the control group (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.987, 95% CI = 0.512–1.463, p = 4.7 × 10−5). Stratification by ethnicity showed significantly elevated prolactin levels in the SLE group in Asian, Latin American, and mixed populations (SMD = 0.813, 95% CI = 0.137–1.490, p = 0.018; SMD = 0.981, 95% CI = 0.307–1.655, p = 0.004; SMD = 1.469, 95% CI = 0.443–2.495, p = 0.005, respectively), but not in the European population. Subgroup analysis by sample size showed significantly higher prolactin levels in the SLE group by small ( n < 30) and large sample numbers ( n > 30). Meta-analysis of correlation coefficients showed a significantly positive correlation between circulating prolactin level and SLE activity (correlation coefficient = 0.379, 95% CI = 0.026–0.487, p = 4.0 × 10−9). Circulating prolactin levels were positively associated with SLE activity in European, Asian, and mixed populations (SMD = 0.532, 95% CI = 0.443–0.609  p < 1.0 × 10−8; SMD = 0.427, 95% CI = 0.240–0.583, p = 2.4 × 10−5; SMD = 0.433, 95% CI = 0.212–0.591, p = 2.7 × 10−5, respectively). Conclusions Our meta-analysis demonstrated that circulating prolactin levels are higher in patients with SLE, and that a significantly positive correlation exists between prolactin levels and SLE activity.
Soft-Wars: The Role of the Essential Facilities Doctrine as Jus in Bello
Authors: Bouchagiar Antonios 
Published: February 2017

The question addressed is whether the Essential Facilities Doctrine can be applied in cases of software interoperability. The Microsoft case is used as a platform for the exploration of an evolved version of the Doctrine, tailored especially for cases of compatibility in the high-technology industry. The focus is on four issues: First, the notion of indispensability is approached with respect to particularities of the software industry. As in cases of physical infrastructure, the criteria which have to be fulfilled for interoperability information to be indispensable are: necessity as input for competing, non-interchangeability, non-duplicability, and sustainability. Second, when the competitors are already in the market, “softening” the requirement for “elimination of all competition” to “risk of elimination of competition” is the only means to provide an effective remedy. Therefore, an ex ante assessment becomes necessary. Third, the requirement for a new product to be introduced to the reserved market is an additional condition that renders the Essential Facilities Doctrine more protective for cases where intellectual property rights constitute essential facilities. The aim is to avoid duplication. However, in industries where the rate of innovation is enormous, such as the software industry, it is neither possible nor appropriate to focus on a specific product. An “aggregate approach” is needed to assess in general whether new products will emerge, so that derivative innovation, and not duplication, will be fostered. Otherwise, a separate procedure would be required for each update and the remedy would become ineffective. Fourth, the “new product requirement” is incomplete without the addition of the “balance of incentives to innovate” test. The latter protects the incentives of the IPR holder to invest. Besides, without the innovation of the IPR holder the competitors might not have been able to develop new derivative products. It is admitted that the cases where it will be possible to apply with certainty such a test are extremely few. However, with the burden of proof on the Commission or the plaintiff, the IPR holder is never harmed by uncertainty. Indeed, the IPR grants a rebuttable presumption of dynamic efficiency.
Need for Coherence between Institutions and Technologies: The Example of Uncertain Train Paths in France
Authors: Perennes Patricia 
Published: February 2017

This article examines the organizational structure of the French freight railway industry – more precisely the capacity allocation process – through the lens of the theory of “coherence between institutions and technology” developed by Finger, Groenewegen Künneke and Ménard. The French capacity allocation process currently faces a major shortcoming: more than 40% of the capacity attributed to freight train operating companies (TOCs) is “uncertain”, i.e. TOCs cannot be sure they can run their trains up to a few days before planned operations. This uncertainty has strong consequences for the performance of the entire industry. Rail freight is viewed by freight customers as unreliable and uncompetitive compared to truck freight. This bad performance is explained by the poorly designed institutional framework of the French rail industry. Institutions of this sector were reformed to introduce competition in the late 1990s. The liberalization process did not take into account the technical functioning of rail capacity allocation and split responsibilities for this task between several actors with diverging preferences. To solve this issue, the French government should recast rail industry institutions and give more power to the rail regulator. The preferences of the various stakeholders should be realigned accordingly.
Overcoming Barriers to Electrical Energy Storage
Authors: Ruz Francisco Castellano , Pollitt Michael G. 
Published: February 2017

Multiple market drivers suggest that electrical energy storage (EES) systems are going to be essential for future power systems within the next decade. However, the deployment of the technology is proceeding at very different rates around the world. Whereas the sector is progressing quickly in California, it is not gaining much traction, so far, in Europe. This research aims to examine the prospects for viable business models of EES to emerge, by focusing on the value proposition, value creation and value capture aspects of the technology. The market and regulatory framework in California and Europe are analyzed critically, and changes to overcome the main barriers are recommended. The research shows that the main barriers to viable business models are: inadequate definition and classification of EES in legislation; lack of markets for some ancillary services; inadequate market design that benefits traditional technologies; and the lack of need for EES in some jurisdictions. The prospects are better in California because regulation is more advanced and favorable for the technology, and regulators are collaborating with developers and utilities to analyze barriers and solutions for the technology. In Europe, there is a need to study more deeply the necessity of EES, to clarify the definition of EES, create new markets for ancillary services and design technology-neutral market rules.
Modification of the radioactive microsphere technique for assessment of regional blood flow to the craniofacial skeleton in the New Zealand rabbit
Authors: La Scala Giorgio C , Shenker Robert L , Addison Patrick D , Zhong An-Guo , Pang Cho Y , Neligan Peter C , Forrest Christopher R 
Published: February 2017

Background The radioactive microsphere technique has been used extensively for the accurate measurement of tissue blood flow in experimental animals. However, the need for carotid artery cannulation for injection of microspheres may significantly impair blood flow to the head and neck region. Objective This study assessed an alternative technique of injecting microspheres directly into the left ventricle to ensure a symmetric distribution of microspheres to the head. Methods Twenty-five New Zealand rabbits (seven to nine weeks of age) underwent blood flow measurement to the orbitozygomatic complex (OZC) regions bilaterally. Under general anesthesia, a sternotomy was performed and a cannula was inserted into the left ventricle. Radioactive microspheres were injected after a stabilization period of 15 min. Blood pressure and cardiac output were measured during the procedure and the animals were sacrificed at the end of the experiment. Tissue samples were harvested bilaterally from the OZC, hemimandibles, masseter muscles and overlying skin for measurement of blood flow. Results There was no significant difference in blood flow between the right and left side specimens. Animals were hemodynamically stable during the procedure. Conclusion Assessment of blood flow to the craniofacial region in experimental animals using radioactive microspheres may be facilitated by sternotomy and direct intracardiac injection.