bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using SPDY to improve Web 2.0 over satellite links
Authors: Cardaci Andrea , Caviglione Luca , Ferro Erina , Gotta Alberto 
Published: June 2016

SummaryDuring the last decade, the Web has grown in terms of complexity, while the evolution of the HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) has not experienced the same trend. Even if HTTP 1.1 adds improvements like persistent connections and request pipelining, they are not decisive, especially in modern mixed wireless/wired networks, often including satellites. The latter play a key role for accessing the Internet everywhere, and they are one of the preferred methods to provide connectivity in rural areas or for disaster relief operations. However, they suffer of high‐latency and packet losses, which degrade the browsing experience. Consequently, the investigation of protocols mitigating the limitations of HTTP, also in challenging scenarios, is crucial both for the industry and the academia. In this perspective, SPDY, which is a protocol optimized for the access to Web 2.0 contents over fixed and mobile devices, could be suitable also for satellite links. Therefore, this paper evaluates its performance when used both in real and emulated satellite scenarios. Results indicate the effectiveness of SPDY if compared with HTTP, but at the price of a more fragile behavior when in the presence of errors. Besides, SPDY can also reduce the transport overhead experienced by middleboxes typically deployed by service providers using satellite links. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of remote sensing based actual evapotranspiration estimation
Authors: Zhang Ke , Kimball John S. , Running Steven W. 
Published: July 2016

Evapotranspiration is a major component of the global water cycle and provides a critical nexus between terrestrial water, carbon and surface energy exchanges. Evapotranspiration is inherently difficult to measure and predict especially at large spatial scales. Remote sensing provides a cost‐effective method to estimate evapotranspiration at regional to global scales. In the past three decades a large number of studies on remote sensing based evapotranspiration estimation have emerged. This review summarizes the basic theories underpinning current remote sensing based evapotranspiration estimation methods. It also lays out the development history of these methods and compares their advantages and limitations. Several key directions for further study are identified and discussed, including identification of uncertainty sources in remote sensing evapotranspiration models, merging of different remote sensing methods, application of data assimilation and fusion techniques in producing robust evapotranspiration estimates, and utilization of multi‐source remote sensing data and latest sensor technologies. Further advances in the remote sensing of evapotranspiration will enhance capabilities for monitoring of the global water and energy cycles, including water availability and ecosystem responses and feedbacks to climate change and human impacts. WIREs Water 2016, 3:834–853. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1168This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes
Science of Water > Methods
A context‐aware cognitive SIMO transceiver for enhanced throughput on the downlink of LTE HetNet
Authors: Mrissa Imen , Bellili Faouzi , Affes Sofiène , Stéphenne Alex 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we design a new single‐input multiple‐output context‐aware cognitive transceiver (CTR) that is able to switch to the best performing modem in terms of link‐level throughput. On the top of conventional adaptive modulation and coding, we allow the proposed CTR to make best selection between three different pilot‐utilization modes: conventional data‐aided (DA) or pilot‐assisted, non‐DA (NDA) or blind, and NDA with pilots, which is a newly proposed hybrid version between the DA and NDA modes. We also enable the CTR to make best selection between two different channel identification schemes: conventional least‐squares (LS) and newly developed maximum‐likelihood estimators. Depending on whether pilot symbols can be exploited or not at the receiver, we further enable the CTR to make the best selection among two data detection modes: coherent or differential. Owing to exhaustive link‐level simulations on the downlink of a long‐term evolution system, we draw out the optimal decision rules in terms of the best combination triplet of pilot‐use, channel‐identification, and data‐detection modes that yield the best link‐level throughput as function of channel type, mobile speed, signal‐to‐noise ratio, and channel quality indicator. The proposed CTR offers a link‐level throughput gains improvement as high as 700% compared with DA LS for VehB channel type at a mobile speed of 100 km/h in the low signal‐to‐noise ratio region. For VehA channels, its throughput gain improvements can reach 114%. For PedA and PedB channels, the proposed CTR provides throughput enhancements of about 66% and 330%, respectively. Moreover, realistic simulations at the system‐level of the long‐term evolution‐HetNet network suggest that the new context‐aware CTR outperforms the conventional transceiver (i.e., pilot‐assisted LS‐type channel estimation with coherent detection) by as much as 50% and 60% gains in average and cell‐edge (i.e., five percentile) throughputs, respectively, in the high‐clustering case with type‐B channels. In the low clustering scenario, the average and cell‐edge throughput gain improvements offered by the proposed CTR exceed 80% and 90% for type‐B channels. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High-frequency effective viscosity of a dilute suspension of particles in Poiseuille flow between parallel walls
Authors: Feuillebois François , Ekiel-Jeżewska Maria L. , Wajnryb Eligiusz , Sellier Antoine , Bławzdziewicz Jerzy 
Published: June 2016

It is shown that the formal expression for the effective viscosity of a dilute suspension of arbitrary-shaped particles in Poiseuille flow contains a novel quadrupole term, besides the expected stresslet. This term becomes important for a very confined geometry. For a high-frequency flow field (in the sense used in Feuillebois et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 764, 2015, pp. 133–147), the suspension rheology is Newtonian at first order in volume fraction. The effective viscosity is calculated for suspensions of $N$-bead rods and of prolate spheroids with the same length, volume and aspect ratio (up to 6), entrained by the Poiseuille flow between two infinite parallel flat hard walls. The numerical computations, based on solving the Stokes equations, indicate that the quadrupole term gives a significant positive contribution to the intrinsic viscosity $[{\it\mu}]$ if the distance between the walls is less than ten times the particle width, or less. It is found that the intrinsic viscosity in bounded Poiseuille flow is generally smaller than the corresponding value in unbounded flow, except for extremely narrow gaps when it becomes larger because of lubrication effects. The intrinsic viscosity is at a minimum for a gap between walls of the order of 1.5–2 particle width. For spheroids, the intrinsic viscosity is generally smaller than for chains of beads with the same aspect ratio, but when normalized by its value in the bulk, the results are qualitatively the same. Therefore, a rigid chain of beads can serve as a simple model of an orthotropic particle with a more complicated shape. The important conclusion is that the intrinsic viscosity in shear flow is larger than in the Poiseuille flow between two walls, and the difference is significant even for relatively wide channels, e.g. three times wider than the particle length. For such confined geometries, the hydrodynamic interactions with the walls are significant and should be taken into account.
Frasnian Late Devonian conodont biostratigraphy in New York: graphic correlation and taxonomy
Authors: Klapper Gilbert , Kirchgasser William T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTwo regional composite sections in the Frasnian, Upper Devonian, of New York State result from graphic correlation of conodont species. The first extends from Frasnian conodont zones 3 to 7, the second from Frasnian zones 11 to 13c (we prefer this terminology to “Montagne Noire” or “MN” zonation as the zone-defining species occur throughout the Devonian tropics). Key beds, widely traceable bases of prominent black shales, have been used with only a few exceptions to position the lines of correlation (LOC) in the graphs. Other key beds, not used for positioning, fall exactly on the LOC supporting the hypothesis of their synchrony. Fifty-five conodont species in the New York regional composites are compared with their ranges in the global Frasnian Composite Standard proving no major discrepancies. The taxonomy ofAncyrodella nodosaUlrich and Bassler, widely misidentified in the past, has been clarified through restudy of the type specimens, resulting in its distinction fromA.hamataUlrich and Bassler (=A.buckeyensisStauffer). A new species ofPolygnathellusBassler, which is restricted to Frasnian Zone 4, is kept in open nomenclature because the rarity of specimens is insufficient to determine the extent of intraspecifc variation and whether one or two species are represented in our New York and Western Australian collections.
Evidence of active shortening along the eastern border of the San Rafael basement block: characterization of the seismic source of the Villa Atuel earthquake (1929), Mendoza province, Argentina
Authors: BRANELLEC M. , NIVIÈRE B. , CALLOT J.-P. , REGARD V. , RINGENBACH J.-C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractOn the 30 May 1929, a massive earthquake occurred in the San Rafael area (southern Mendoza province) leading to the destruction of the Villa Atuel and Las Malvinas towns. The region affected by the ground shaking covers a large part of southern South America. Although no surface breaks have been detected on the surface, several authors have pointed out active faults that could be related to the event of 1929. Using satellite imagery and field observations, we investigated two active faults situated on the eastern border of the San Rafael Block (SRB) close to or within the epicentral area. The most prominent faults are thec.40 km long Las Malvinas andc.30 km long Cerro Negro reverse faults which are located near the epicentral area. Geological and morphological observations allow us to describe late Pleistocene activity and estimate the long-term slip rates of these faults. Possible ruptures that match our observations and which are compatible with the cartographic length of these faults would account for a seismic moment magnitude ofM0= 2.8×1019N m and a moment magnitude ofMW= 6.9. The morphological signatures of these fault segments and the occurrence of the San Rafael earthquake suggests that the southern Mendoza Province is still currently submitted to shortening.
A cubic surface of revolution
Authors: Villarino Mark B. 
Published: June 2016

A well-known exercise in classical differential geometry [1, 2, 3] is to show that the set of all points (x, y, z) ∈ ℝ3 which satisfy the cubic equationis a surface of revolution.The standard proof ([2], [3, p. 11]), which, in principle, goes back to Lagrange [4] and Monge [5], is to verify that (1) satisfies the partial differential equation (here written as a determinant)which characterises any surface of revolution F (x, y, z) = 0 whose axis of revolution has direction numbers (l, m, n) and goes through the point (a, b, c). This PDE, for its part, expresses the geometric property that the normal line through any point of must intersect the axis of revolution (this is rather subtle; see [6]). All of this, though perfectly correct, seems complicated and rather sophisticated just to show that one can obtain by rotating a suitable curve around a certain fixed line. Moreover, to carry out this proof one needs to know a priori just what this axis is, something not immediately clear from the statement of the problem. Nor does the solution give much of a clue as to which curve one rotates.A search of the literature failed to turn up a treatment of the problem which differs significantly from that sketched above (although see [1]).The polynomial (1) is quite famous and has been the object of numerous algebraical and number theoretical investigations. See the delightful and informative paper [7].
Cryptic crossnumber puzzles: a setter's perspective
Authors: Cuthbertson Alastair 
Published: June 2016

What are (themed) cryptic crossnumber puzzles and where do they appear?I'll start by answering the second question first, as that is the easier. This rather unusual genre of puzzle appears quarterly as part of the series of Listener crosswords, which found a new home in The Times newspaper following the demise of The Listener magazine in 1991. There is also a monthly on-line crossword magazine called The Magpie, which has a numerical puzzle in each issue. As a result, fans of crossnumber puzzles have sixteen a year to tackle. Themed cryptic crosswords appear much more frequently – perhaps ten times as often.All Listener puzzles have a title and the setter is given a pseudonym. They are also numbered, and in what follows this reference is given in square brackets following the letter L. Puzzles from the The Magpie are referenced according to the issue of the magazine, using M.
On some subsets of the rational solutions of the equations aX2 + bXY + cY2 = dZ2
Authors: Pla Juan 
Published: June 2016

In this note we define and study certain subsets of the solutions of the Diophantine equations of the type(1)the coefficients a, b, c and d being integers, with gcd(a, b, c) = 1, and values of the unknowns X, Y and Z sought in rational numbers or integers, with X, Y, Z not all zero. Since (1) is a homogeneous equation it is elementary to pass from rational solutions to integral ones, and also in reverse. We chose to work with rational numbers because of the flexibility in computation they allow. This flexibility will enable us to prove that, under certain conditions, with three distinct solutions we can build infinite subsets of new solutions of (1), the properties of which are the main topic of this note.As documented by L. E. Dickson [1], formulae said to give all the solutions, either of this general equation (1) or some particular cases, have appeared in the literature at least since the first half of the 17th century. Dickson himself provided the general formulae expressing all the solutions of (1) in rational numbers from an already found particular solution [2, pp. 44-45]. Similar study and formulae are part of a recent article [3, Lemma 2-1] where the solutions of (1) are applied to the study of a particular lattice. In essence these formulae prove that from any single solution of (1) we can compute all the others, which form an infinite set.
Beyond the Basel problem: Euler’s derivation of the general formula for ζ (2n)
Authors: Lord Nick 
Published: June 2016

The problem of finding a closed-form evaluation ofbaffled the pioneers of calculus such as Leibniz and James Bernoulli and, following the latter’s promulgation of the problem, it became known as the Basel problem after his home town (which was also Euler’s birthplace). Euler’s early sensational success in solving the Basel problem by identifyingis extremely well-documented. In this paper, we give the full details of his subsequent derivation of the general formula(1)where (Bn) is a sequence of ‘strange constants’. Euler’s polished account of his discovery, in which he popularised the designation of the strange constants as ‘Bernoulli numbers’, appears in Chapter 5 of Volume 2 of his great textbookInstitutiones calculi differentialis[1; E212]: see [2] for an online English translation. Here, we will focus on his initial step-by-step account which appeared in his paper with Eneström number E130, written c1739, carrying the rather nondescript titleDe seriebus quibusdam considerationes, ‘Considerations about certain series’. (For convenience, we will just use ‘Eneström numbers’ when referencing Euler’s work: all are readily available on-line at [1].) Euler’s proof is notable for its early, sophisticated and incisive use of generating functions and for his brilliant insight that the sequence (Bn) occurring in the coefficients of the general ζ(2n) formula (1) also occurs in the Euler-Maclaurin summation formula and in the Maclaurin expansion of. By retracing Euler’s original path, we shall not only be able to admire the master in full creative flow, but also appreciate the role played by recurrence relations such as(2)which, as our ample list of references (which will be reviewed later) suggests, have been rediscovered over and over again in the literature. Moreover, our historical approach makes it clear that, while deriving (2) is relatively straightforward (and may be used to calculate ζ(2n) recursively as a rational multiple of π2n), it is establishing the connection between ζ(2n) and the Bernoulli numbers that was for Euler the more difficult step. Even today, this step presents pedagogical challenges depending on one’s starting definition for the Bernoulli numbers and what identities satisfied by them one is prepared to assume or derive.
Minimal pair word learning and vocabulary size: Links with later language skills
Authors: KEMP NENAGH , SCOTT JULIANNE , BERNHARDT B. MAY , JOHNSON CAROLYN E. , SIEGEL LINDA S. , WERKER JANET F. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThere is increasing interest in the link between early linguistic skills and later language development. In a longitudinal study, we investigated infants’ (a) ability to use speech sound categories to guide word learning in the habituation-based minimal pair switch task, and (b) early productive vocabulary, related to their concurrent and later language task performance. The participants at Phase 1 were 64 infants aged 16–24 months (25 with familial risk of language/speech impairment), followed up at 27 months (Phase 2) and at 3 years (Phase 3). Phase 1 productive vocabulary was correlated with Phase 2 productive vocabulary, and with concurrent and later (Phase 3) tests of language production and comprehension scores (standardized tool), and phonology. Phase 1 switch task performance was correlated with concurrent productive vocabulary and language production scores, but not by Phase 3. However, a combination of early low vocabulary score and a preference for looking at an already-habituated word–object combination in the switch task may show some promise as an identifier for early speech–language intervention. We discuss how these relations can help us better understand the foundations of word learning.
Surface plasma waves induced electron acceleration in a static magnetic field
Authors: Goel D. , Chauhan P. , Varshney A. , Sajal V. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe acceleration of an electron beam by surface plasma waves (SPW), in the presence of external magnetic field parallel to surface and perpendicular to direction of propagation of SPW has been studied. This wave propagating along the$\hat z$-axis is excited using Kretschmann geometry, having maximum amplitude at the metal–vacuum interface. Equations of motion have been solved for electron energy and trajectory. The electron gains and retains energy in the form of cyclotron oscillations due to the combined effect of the static magnetic field and SPW field. The energy gained by the beam increases with the strength of magnetic field and laser intensity. In the present scheme, electron beams can achieve ~15 KeV energy for the SPW amplitudeA1= 1.6 × 1011V/m, plasma frequency ωp= 1.3 × 1016rad/s and cyclotron frequency ωc/ωp= 0.003.
Electron diffraction on a traveling wave: “Inelastic Kapitza–Dirac effect”
Authors: Avetissian H. K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this paper, conceptual points regarding electron elastic (Kapitza–Dirac effect) and inelastic diffraction effects on the slowed electromagnetic wave-structures/light-gratings are considered. From the unified point of view it is analyzed the main works on this subject for last four decades in chronological order, pointing out the essential peculiarity inherent in induced Cherenkov, Compton, and undulator/wiggler processes too. This review paper has also purpose to resolve confusion in scientific literature connected with the recently appeared paper Hayrapetyan et al. in 2015 regarding electron diffraction effect on a traveling wave in a dielectric medium.
When to eat? The influence of circadian rhythms on metabolic health: are animal studies providing the evidence?
Authors: Moran-Ramos Sofía , Baez-Ruiz Adrian , Buijs Ruud M. , Escobar Carolina 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAs obesity and metabolic diseases rise, there is need to investigate physiological and behavioural aspects associated with their development. Circadian rhythms have a profound influence on metabolic processes, as they prepare the body to optimise energy use and storage. Moreover, food-related signals confer temporal order to organs involved in metabolic regulation. Therefore food intake should be synchronised with the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to elaborate efficient responses to environmental challenges. Human studies suggest that a loss of synchrony between mealtime and the SCN promotes obesity and metabolic disturbances. Animal research using different paradigms has been performed to characterise the effects of timing of food intake on metabolic profiles. Therefore the purpose of the present review is to critically examine the evidence of animal studies, to provide a state of the art on metabolic findings and to assess whether the paradigms used in rodent models give the evidence to support a ‘best time’ for food intake. First we analyse and compare the current findings of studies where mealtime has been shifted out of phase from the light–dark cycle. Then, we analyse studies restricting meal times to different moments within the active period. So far animal studies correlate well with human studies, demonstrating that restricting food intake to the active phase limits metabolic disturbances produced by high-energy diets and that eating during the inactive/sleep phase leads to a worse metabolic outcome. Based on the latter we discuss the missing elements and possible mechanisms leading to the metabolic consequences, as these are still lacking.
The contribution of arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase in tissue macrophages to adipose tissue remodeling
Authors: Kwon H-J , Kim S-N , Kim Y-A , Lee Y-H 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCellular plasticity in adipose tissue involves adipocyte death, its clearance, and de novo adipogenesis, enabling homeostatic turnover and adaptation to metabolic challenges; however, mechanisms regulating these serial events are not fully understood. The present study investigated the roles of arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (Alox15) in the clearance of dying adipocytes by adipose tissue macrophages. First, upregulation of Alox15 expression and apoptotic adipocyte death in gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) were characterized during adipose tissue remodeling induced by β3-adrenergic receptor stimulation. Next, an in vitro reconstruction of adipose tissue macrophages and apoptotic adipocytes recapitulated adipocyte clearance by macrophages and demonstrated that macrophages co-cultured with apoptotic adipocytes increased the expression of efferocytosis-related genes. Genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of Alox15 diminished the levels of adipocyte clearance by macrophages in a co-culture system. Gene expression profiling of macrophages isolated from gWAT of Alox15 knockout (KO) mice demonstrated distinct phenotypes, especially downregulation of genes involved in lipid uptake and metabolism compared to wild-type mice. Finally, in vivoβ3-adrenergic stimulation in Alox15 KO mice failed to recruit crown-like structures, a macrophage network clearing dying adipocytes in gWAT. Consequently, in Alox15 KO mice, proliferation/differentiation of adipocyte progenitors and β3-adrenergic remodeling of gWAT were impaired compared to wild-type control mice. Collectively, our data established a pivotal role of Alox15 in the resolution of adipocyte death and in adipose tissue remodeling.