bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scholarship on Delarivier Manley: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Carnell Rachel 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis essay offers an overview of scholarship on Delarivier Manley, from her marginalization by twentieth‐century literary historians, to her scholarly recuperation in the 1980s, to the recent critical reappraisal of her as an innovative writer of political secret histories and an important voice in the female theatre world of the 1690s. This recent scholarship corrects the misperception of Manley as a (mediocre) novelist and finally does her justice as an innovator in every genre in which she wrote—including drama, poetry, epistolary travelogue, secret history, periodical, pamphlet, memoir, and novella. An overview of the historical trends in the field is followed by summaries of recent research on her works in various literary genres.
How gut transcriptional function of Drosophila melanogaster varies with the presence and composition of the gut microbiota
Authors: Bost Alyssa , Franzenburg Soeren , Adair Karen L. , Martinson Vincent G. , Loeb Greg , Douglas Angela E. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDespite evidence from laboratory experiments that perturbation of the gut microbiota affects many traits of the animal host, our understanding of the effect of variation in microbiota composition on animals in natural populations is very limited. The core purpose of this study on the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster was to identify the impact of natural variation in the taxonomic composition of gut bacterial communities on host traits, with the gut transcriptome as a molecular index of microbiota‐responsive host traits. Use of the gut transcriptome was validated by demonstrating significant transcriptional differences between the guts of laboratory flies colonized with bacteria and maintained under axenic conditions. Wild Drosophila from six field collections made over two years had gut bacterial communities of diverse composition, dominated to varying extents by Acetobacteraceae and Enterobacteriaceae. The gut transcriptomes also varied among collections and differed markedly from those of laboratory flies. However, no overall relationship between variation in the wild fly transcriptome and taxonomic composition of the gut microbiota was evident at all taxonomic scales of bacteria tested for both individual fly genes and functional categories in Gene Ontology. We conclude that the interaction between microbiota composition and host functional traits may be confounded by uncontrolled variation in both ecological circumstance and host traits (e.g., genotype, age physiological condition) under natural conditions, and that microbiota effects on host traits identified in the laboratory should, therefore, be extrapolated to field population with great caution.
Coordinated delivery and function of bacterial MARTX toxin effectors
Authors: Woida Patrick J. , Satchell Karla J. F. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryBacteria often coordinate virulence factors to fine‐tune the host response during infection. These coordinated events can include toxins counteracting or amplifying effects of another toxin or though regulating the stability of virulence factors to remove their function once it is no longer needed. Multifunctional autoprocessing repeats‐in toxin (MARTX) toxins are effector delivery toxins that form a pore into the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell to deliver multiple effector proteins into the cytosol of the target cell. The function of these proteins includes manipulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics, regulating signal transduction pathways and inhibiting host secretory pathways. Investigations into the molecular mechanisms of these effector domains are providing insight into how the function of some effectors overlap and regulate one another during infection. Coordinated crosstalk of effector function suggests that MARTX toxins are not simply a sum of all their parts. Instead, modulation of cell function by effector domains may depend on which other effector domain are co‐delivered. Future studies will elucidate how these effectors interact with each other to modulate the bacterial host interaction.
Truncation of a P1 leader proteinase facilitates potyvirus replication in a non‐permissive host
Authors: Shan Hongying , Pasin Fabio , Tzanetakis Ioannis E. , Simón‐Mateo Carmen , García Juan Antonio , Rodamilans Bernardo 
Published: November 2017

SummaryThe Potyviridae family is a major group of plant viruses that includes c. 200 species, most of which have narrow host ranges. The potyvirid P1 leader proteinase self‐cleaves from the remainder of the viral polyprotein and shows large sequence variability linked to host adaptation. P1 proteins can be classified as Type A or Type B on the basis, amongst other things, of their dependence or not on a host factor to develop their protease activity. In this work, we studied Type A proteases from the Potyviridae family, characterizing their host factor requirements. Our in vitro cleavage analyses of potyvirid P1 proteases showed that the N‐terminal domain is relevant for host factor interaction and suggested that the C‐terminal domain is also involved. In the absence of plant factors, the N‐terminal end of Plum pox virus P1 antagonizes protease self‐processing. We performed extended deletion mutagenesis analysis to define the N‐terminal antagonistic domain of P1. In viral infections, removal of the P1 protease antagonistic domain led to a gain‐of‐function phenotype, strongly increasing local infection in a non‐permissive host. Altogether, our results shed new insights into the adaptation and evolution of potyvirids.
Food allergy and atopic dermatitis: Prediction, progression, and prevention
Authors: Mastrorilli Carla , Caffarelli Carlo , Hoffmann‐Sommergruber Karin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe rising burden of allergic diseases in childhood requires a compelling need to identify individuals at risk for atopy very early in life or even predict the onset of food allergy and atopic dermatitis since pregnancy. The development and clinical phenotypes of atopic diseases in childhood depend on a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors, such as allergen exposure, air pollution, and infections. Preventive strategies may include avoidance measures, diet supplements, and early complementary food introduction. Overall, the management of allergic diseases has been improving to date toward a patient's tailored approach. This review will cover the current understanding of risk factors, prediction, and management of food allergy and atopic dermatitis in childhood and discuss how these may contribute to the modification of the natural history of food allergy and atopic dermatitis.
Population axiology
Authors: Greaves Hilary 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPopulation axiology is the study of the conditions under which one state of affairs is better than another, when the states of affairs in question may differ over the numbers and the identities of the persons who ever live. Extant theories include totalism, averagism, variable value theories, critical level theories, and “person‐affecting” theories. Each of these theories is open to objections that are at least prima facie serious. A series of impossibility theorems shows that this is no coincidence: It can be proved, for various lists of prima facie intuitively compelling desiderata, that no axiology can simultaneously satisfy all the desiderata on the list. One's choice of population axiology appears to be a choice of which intuition one is least unwilling to give up.
Deactivation and Regeneration of NaTaO3 Photocatalyst in Cooperating Dehydrogenation Coupling of Isopropanol and Hydrogenation Coupling of Acetone Reaction System
Authors: Cao Baoyue , Yu Yan , Xu Shan , Wang Xiangting , Zhang Li , Wang Zhijian , Wang Shumin , Zhang Guochun 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPhotocatalyst activity is influenced by many factors, such as adsorption of by‐products, runoff of surface hydroxyl groups and carriers. In this study, a simple and efficient photocatalyst regeneration method was developed. Results indicated that NaTaO3 photocatalyst lost its photoactivity after three cycles of reaction that involves coupling of isopropanol and hydrogenation coupling of acetone reaction system. Runoff of Na on the surface was the main reason for the deactivation of NaTaO3 photocatalyst. After hydrothermal treatment of the deactivated NaTaO3 with 10 m NaOH at 180°C for 12 h, its photocatalytic activity was restored to the original level. The photocatalytic activity remained stable even after 10 cycles.
Expanding the spectrum of shallow‐marine, mixed carbonate–siliciclastic systems: Processes, facies distribution and depositional controls of a siliciclastic‐dominated example
Authors: Schwarz Ernesto , Veiga Gonzalo D. , Álvarez Trentini Gastón , Isla Manuel F. , Spalletti Luis A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMost of the present knowledge of shallow‐marine, mixed carbonate–siliciclastic systems relies on examples from the carbonate‐dominated end of the carbonate–siliciclastic spectrum. This contribution provides a detailed reconstruction of a siliciclastic‐dominated mixed system (Pilmatué Member of the Agrio Formation, Neuquén Basin, Argentina) that explores the variability of depositional models and resulting stratigraphic units within these systems. The Pilmatué Member regressive system comprises a storm‐dominated, shoreface to basinal setting with three subparallel zones: a distal mixed zone, a middle siliciclastic zone and a proximal mixed zone. In the latter, a significant proportion of ooids and bioclasts were mixed with terrigenous sediment, supplied mostly via along‐shore currents. Storm‐generated flows were the primary processes exporting fine sand and mud to the middle zone, but were ineffective to remove coarser sediment. The distal zone received low volumes of siliciclastic mud, which mixed with planktonic‐derived carbonate material. Successive events of shoreline progradation and retrogradation of the Pilmatué system generated up to 17 parasequences, which are bounded by shell beds associated with transgressive surfaces. The facies distribution and resulting genetic units of this siliciclastic‐dominated mixed system are markedly different to the ones observed in present and ancient carbonate‐dominated mixed systems, but they show strong similarities with the products of storm‐dominated, pure siliciclastic shoreface–shelf systems. Basin‐scale depositional controls, such as arid climatic conditions and shallow epeiric seas might aid in the development of mixed systems across the full spectrum (i.e. from carbonate‐dominated to siliciclastic‐dominated end members), but the interplay of processes supplying sand to the system, as well as processes transporting sediment across the marine environment, are key controls in shaping the tridimensional facies distribution and the genetic units of siliciclastic‐dominated mixed systems. Thus, the identification of different combinations of basin‐scale factors and depositional processes is key for a better prediction of conventional and unconventional reservoirs within mixed, carbonate–siliciclastic successions worldwide.
Hyperglycaemia induced by chronic i.p. and oral glucose loading leads to hypertension through increased Na+ retention in proximal tubule
Authors: Fakhruddin Selim , Alanazi Wael A. , Alhamami Hussain N. , Briski Karen P. , Jackson Keith E. 
Published: November 2017

New Findings
What is the central question of the study?
Chronic glucose feeding accompanied by glucose injection (i.p.) causes sustained hyperglycaemia and hypertension in rats. The exact reason for the hypertension is not known. We explore some molecular pathways of the renal proximal tubule that might promote Na+ retention.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Development of hypertension was mediated by upregulation of the renal renin–angiotensin system and oxidative stress, acting via the Na+–K+‐ATPase α1‐subunit in the proximal tubule, which appears to pump intracellular Na+ into the extracellular space, increasing Na+ reabsorption and blood pressure. Targeting the Na+–K+‐ATPase α1‐subunit might provide a therapeutic strategy for treatment of hypertension.

Feeding animals glucose‐, fructose‐, sucrose‐ and fat‐enriched diets can lead to diet‐induced hyperglycaemia, the severity of which largely depends on the types and concentrations of the nutrients used and duration of the dietary intervention. As a dietary intervention strategy, we adopted glucose‐enriched diet and drinking water, with i.p. glucose injection at a dose previously determined to be effective to establish a sustained hyperglycaemia over a period of 2 weeks. We used four groups of Sprague–Dawley rats: control; glucose treated; glucose plus tempol treated; and glucose plus captopril treated. Blood glucose concentrations started to increase gradually from day 3, peaked (321 mg dl−1) at day 12 and remained at similar levels until the end of the study on day 14 in the glucose treated‐group compared with the control group. In contrast, the tempol‐ and captopril‐treated groups showed significantly high glucose concentrations only in the second week. The plasma insulin concentration was significantly increased in glucose‐treated animals but not in tempol‐ and captopril‐treated groups when compared with the control rats. We also observed elevated blood pressure in the glucose‐treated group compared with the control group, which can be attributed to the increase in angiotensin II concentrations from 46.67 to 99 pg ml−1 (control versus glucose), increased oxidative stress in the cortical proximal tubule (PT), decreased urine flow, and increased expression and activity of the PT‐specific α1‐subunit of Na+–K+‐ATPase in the renal cortex, which is responsible for increased sodium reabsorption from epithelial cells of PT into the peritubular capillaries, leading to increased blood volume and eventual blood pressure. All these events were reversed in captopril‐ and tempol‐treated animals.
Hypoxia‐sensitive pathways in intestinal inflammation
Authors: Brown Eric , Taylor Cormac T. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common chronic intestinal disorder characterised by a loss of epithelial barrier function leading to the unregulated movement of luminal antigenic material into mucosal tissue with resultant inflammation. In IBD, multiple components of the inflammatory response lead to tissue hypoxia. Mucosal hypoxia leads to the inactivation of prolyl hydroxylase domain‐containing (PHD) enzymes, which in turn leads to the stabilisation of the hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF), which induces the expression of barrier protective genes. Furthermore, pharmacological hydroxylase inhibition has been shown to be protective in colitis, at least in part through enhancing intestinal epithelial barrier function through HIF‐1‐dependent barrier‐protective gene expression. Therefore, targeting hypoxia‐sensitive pathways represents a new and promising therapeutic approach in IBD.
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Direct Detection of Shigella in Stool Specimens by Use of a Metagenomic Approach
Authors: Liu Jie , Almeida Mathieu , Kabir Furqan , Shakoor Sadia , Qureshi Shahida , Zaidi Anita , Li Shan , Tamboura Boubou , Sow Samba O. , Mandomando Inacio , Alonso Pedro L. , Ramamurthy Thandavarayan , Sur Dipika , Kotloff Karen , Nataro James , Levine Myron M. , Stine O. Colin , Houpt Eric 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT

The underestimation of
Shigella
species as a cause of childhood diarrhea disease has become increasingly apparent with quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based diagnostic methods versus culture. We sought to confirm qPCR-based detection of
Shigella
via a metagenomics approach. Three groups of samples were selected from diarrheal cases from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study: nine
Shigella
culture-positive and qPCR-positive (culture
+
qPCR
+
) samples, nine culture-negative but qPCR-positive (culture
−
qPCR
+
) samples, and nine culture-negative and qPCR-negative (culture
−
qPCR
−
) samples. Fecal DNA was sequenced using paired-end Illumina HiSeq, whereby 3.26 × 10
8
± 5.6 × 10
7
high-quality reads were generated for each sample. We used Kraken software to compare the read counts specific to “
Shigella
” among the three groups. The proportions of
Shigella
-specific nonhuman sequence reads between culture
+
qPCR
+
(0.65 ± 0.42%) and culture
−
qPCR
+
(0.55 ± 0.31%) samples were similar (Mann-Whitney U test,
P
= 0.627) and distinct from the culture
−
qPCR
−
group (0.17 ± 0.15%,
P
< 0.05). The read counts of sequences previously targeted by
Shigella/
enteroinvasive
Escherichia coli
(EIEC) qPCR assays, namely,
ipaH
,
virA
,
virG
,
ial
,
ShET2
, and
ipaH3
, were also similar between the culture
+
qPCR
+
and culture
−
qPCR
+
groups and distinct from the culture
−
qPCR
−
groups (
P
< 0.001). Kraken performed well versus other methods: its precision and recall of
Shigella
were excellent at the genus level but variable at the species level. In summary, metagenomic sequencing indicates that
Shigella
/EIEC qPCR-positive samples are similar to those of
Shigella
culture-positive samples in
Shigella
sequence composition, thus supporting qPCR as an accurate method for detecting
Shigella
.
Laboratory Focus on Improving the Culture of Biosafety: Statewide Risk Assessment of Clinical Laboratories That Process Specimens for Microbiologic Analysis
Authors: Munson Erik , Bowles Erin J. , Dern Richard , Beck Eric , Podzorski Raymond P. , Bateman Allen C. , Block Timothy K. , Kropp Joshua L. , Radke Tyler , Siebers Karen , Simmons Brian , Smith Mary A. , Spray-Larson Frances , Warshauer David M. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT
The Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene challenged Wisconsin laboratories to examine their biosafety practices and improve their culture of biosafety. One hundred three clinical and public health laboratories completed a questionnaire-based, microbiology-focused biosafety risk assessment. Greater than 96% of the respondents performed activities related to specimen processing, direct microscopic examination, and rapid nonmolecular testing, while approximately 60% performed culture interpretation. Although they are important to the assessment of risk, data specific to patient occupation, symptoms, and travel history were often unavailable to the laboratory and, therefore, less contributory to a microbiology-focused biosafety risk assessment than information on the specimen source and test requisition. Over 88% of the respondents complied with more than three-quarters of the mitigation control measures listed in the survey. Facility assessment revealed that subsets of laboratories that claim biosafety level 1, 2, or 3 status did not possess all of the biosafety elements considered minimally standard for their respective classifications. Many laboratories reported being able to quickly correct the minor deficiencies identified. Task assessment identified deficiencies that trended higher within the general (not microbiology-specific) laboratory for core activities, such as packaging and shipping, direct microscopic examination, and culture modalities solely involving screens for organism growth. For traditional microbiology departments, opportunities for improvement in the cultivation and management of highly infectious agents, such as acid-fast bacilli and systemic fungi, were revealed. These results derived from a survey of a large cohort of small- and large-scale laboratories suggest the necessity for continued microbiology-based understanding of biosafety practices, vigilance toward biosafety, and enforcement of biosafety practices throughout the laboratory setting.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Targeting the G Protein Provides a New Approach for an Old Problem
Authors: Tripp Ralph A. , Power Ultan F. , Openshaw Peter J. M. , Kauvar Lawrence M. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) annually affecting >2 million children in the United States <5 years old. In the elderly (>65 years old), RSV results in ∼175,000 hospitalizations annually in the United States with a worldwide incidence of ∼34 million. There is no approved RSV vaccine, and treatments are limited. Recently, a phase 3 trial in the elderly using a recombinant RSV F protein vaccine failed to meet its efficacy objectives, namely, prevention of moderate-to-severe RSV-associated LRTI and reduced incidence of acute respiratory disease. Moreover, a recent phase 3 trial evaluating suptavumab (REGN2222), an antibody to RSV F protein, did not meet its primary endpoint of preventing medically attended RSV infections in preterm infants. Despite these setbacks, numerous efforts targeting the RSV F protein with vaccines, antibodies, and small molecules continue based on the commercial success of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the RSV F protein (palivizumab). As the understanding of RSV biology has improved, the other major coat protein, the RSV G protein, has reemerged as an alternative target reflecting progress in understanding its roles in infecting bronchial epithelial cells and in altering the host immune response. In mouse models, a high-affinity, strain-independent human MAb to the RSV G protein has shown potent direct antiviral activity combined with the alleviation of virus-induced immune system effects that contribute to disease pathology. This MAb, being prepared for clinical trials, provides a qualitatively new approach to managing RSV for populations not eligible for prophylaxis with palivizumab.
A Mechanism for Priming and Realignment during Influenza A Virus Replication
Authors: Oymans Judith , te Velthuis Aartjan J. W. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT

The influenza A virus genome consists of eight segments of single-stranded RNA. These segments are replicated and transcribed by a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) that is made up of the influenza virus proteins PB1, PB2, and PA. To copy the viral RNA (vRNA) genome segments and the cRNA segments, the replicative intermediate of viral replication, the RdRp must use two promoters and two different
de novo
initiation mechanisms. On the vRNA promoter, the RdRp initiates on the 3′ terminus, while on the cRNA promoter, the RdRp initiates internally and subsequently realigns the nascent vRNA product to ensure that the template is copied in full. In particular, the latter process, which is also used by other RNA viruses, is not understood. Here we provide mechanistic insight into priming and realignment during influenza virus replication and show that it is controlled by the priming loop and a helix-loop-helix motif of the PB1 subunit of the RdRp. Overall, these observations advance our understanding of how the influenza A virus initiates viral replication and amplifies the genome correctly.

IMPORTANCE
Influenza A viruses cause severe disease in humans and are considered a major threat to our economy and health. The viruses replicate and transcribe their genome by using an enzyme called the RNA polymerases. To ensure that the genome is amplified faithfully and that abundant viral mRNAs are made for viral protein synthesis, the RNA polymerase must work correctly. In this report, we provide insight into the mechanism that the RNA polymerase employs to ensure that the viral genome is copied correctly.