bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Eye of the Storm
Authors: Armstrong Ryan M. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Humpty Dumpty teaches Alice that focusing on her birthday has made her overlook the potential of the un-birthday. With the pervasiveness of mediation in the book of Job, it can be tempting to overlook the significance of un-mediation in Job’s encounter with the divine. This chapter examines the impact of God’s un-mediated revelation on Job by looking closely at his final speech as he remembers his quest to see God. It is helped by two of history’s often-neglected interpretations: Albert Schultens, an 18th-century Dutch philologist and Christian pastor, inadvertently complements an interpretation attributed to the Medieval scholar and Rabbi, Joseph Kara. When taken together, their readings indicate that Job finds honesty in God’s un-mediated revelation. Job reveals his own honest thoughts, and his quest to receive honest revelation is satisfied in a surprising way that entails a rethinking of his presuppositions.
An Act for the Relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners
Authors: Reeve W. Paul , Rich Christopher B. , Carruth LaJean Purcell 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The newly transcribed debates concerning An Act for the Relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners (referred to as the Indian indenture bill) in Utah Territory reveal a group of deeply conflicted lawmakers, some of whom were not convinced that they had the authority to legislate for what they deemed to be “Indian country.” All the legislators were anxious to solve the problem of Indian slavery in a humane manner, yet they strongly disagreed about how to do so. At least one legislator, Orson Pratt, charged that the body was instituting a form of slavery for Native Americans. Others emphasized that they were rescuing Indian captives from slavery and quite possibly death.
Implications
Authors: Reeve W. Paul , Rich Christopher B. , Carruth LaJean Purcell 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers how the Indian indenture bill and Black Servant Code functioned in the lives of African American and Native American slaves. How was their life as an enslaved person different in Utah Territory under An Act in Relation to Service than it was in Tennessee under chattel slavery laws there? Legislators clearly intended that the law that they passed be legally distinct from chattel slavery and it was. But what did such distinctions mean in the lives of the enslaved? Ultimately, Native American and African American “servants” were not free. Whether legally defined as a “servant” or as a “slave,” it may not have mattered. Ultimately, those held in bondage in Utah Territory were deprived of two of what Thomas Jefferson considered inalienable rights, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
On Xi Jinping
Authors: Rudd Kevin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
On Xi Jinping: How Xi’s Marxist Nationalism Is Shaping China and the World presents the ideological worldview of Xi Jinping, who holds near-total control over the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It explains how the ideological shift of Marxist-Leninist nationalism reflected the real world of Chinese policy and behaviour. Xi’s notion of Leninism took the party and Chinese politics further to the left, while Marxism took the Chinese economic thinking to the left. Meanwhile, changes in worldview reflected Xi’s broader rehabilitation of the concept of struggle as a legitimate concept for the conduct of Chinese domestic policy and Chinese foreign policy. Moreover, Xi’s ideological worldview exhibited a new level of nationalist self-confidence about China’s future.
Hiding in Plain Sight
Authors: Rudd Kevin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Xi Jinping’s ideological framework for defining the future of China. It examines the primary documents of Xi’s internal political and theoretical discourse within the ranks of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to decipher the underlying ideological dialect of intra-party communication. Xi’s China now openly challenges the political values underpinning the pre-existing international order and offers. The chapter explains that China represents a profound global, geo-political, and geo-economic disruption that affects the international community. It cites that Xi’s ideological worldview holds fast and his political authority remains unchallenged, so it is highly unlikely that we will see further fundamental changes in China’s overall policy direction under Xi’s regime.
Defining Core Concepts
Authors: Rudd Kevin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter tackles the core concepts surrounding Xi Jinping’s ideological worldview. It argues that definitions are important to be as clear as possible as to the actual content, direction, and significance of ideological change. Historically, the CCP has taken ideology seriously as it shapes and reflects the party’s overall political and policy ecosystem. The sheer volume of time, energy, and effort expended by Xi and those around him on his monumental ideological project on Marxist-Leninist Nationalism suggests that ideology under Xi means considerably more than a simple exercise in theoretical formalism. The chapter provides core definitions of critical concepts including ideology, worldview, Leninism, Marxism, nationalism, left, and right.
Ideological Change under Xi and the Transformation of Chinese Domestic Politics
Authors: Rudd Kevin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the transformation of Chinese domestic politics as a reflection of ideological change under Xi Jinping’s regime. It argues that the concept of ideology continues to provide meaning within the established patterns of the CCP’s political discourse. It also offers the most useful framework for analysing the shift in Chinese politics to the Leninist left. This shift has been demonstrated in Xi’s centralization of political power within the party at the expense of the technocratic institutions of the Chinese state. It is also evident in the concentration of political power in the person of Xi himself at the expense of the traditions of collective leadership. More broadly, this shift to the left can be seen in the reassertion of party control over the media, arts and culture, education, religious and ethic minorities, the legal system, and in a wider call to reconstitute a fundamental and abiding faith in Marxism-Leninism itself.
Archaeological correlations for the dispersal of the Malayo-Polynesian languages of Southeast Asia, western Micronesia, and Madagascar
Authors: Hung Hsiao-chun , Bellwood Peter 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the archaeological contexts for the Malayo-Polynesian (MP) languages of Southeast Asia, Western Micronesia, and Madagascar. It compares those archaeological contexts with observations from comparative linguistics, genetics, and human skeletal anthropology, and emphasises the role of human migration in establishing the Austronesian linguistic distribution that exists today. The migrations of ancestral Austronesian-speaking populations commenced with a Neolithic movement around 5000 years ago from southern China into Taiwan, then around 4000 years ago from Taiwan into the Philippines, and they continued into more recent millennia with the settlements of further regions such as Mainland Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and Remote Oceania.
Historical linguistics of the South Halmahera–West New Guinea subgroup
Authors: Kamholz David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
South Halmahera-West New Guinea (SHWNG) is a subgroup of Malayo-Polynesian containing 38 languages spoken on the southern portion of the island of Halmahera, in the Raja Ampat islands, in Cenderawasih Bay, and near the mouth of the Mamberamo River. It is a sister to the much larger and more well-studied Oceanic subgroup, together with which it forms the Eastern Malayo-Polynesian subgroup. This chapter evaluates the main innovations that define the SHWNG subgroup, which consists of eleven regular sound changes and two irregular or sporadic ones. It covers the boundaries and internal classification of the subgroup and discusses some noteworthy sound changes across the SHWNG region that do not line up with subgroups. The chapter also deals with the reconstruction of Proto-South Halmahera-West New Guinea (PSHWNG). It reviews how SHWNG languages preserve a small core of inherited Austronesian vocabulary and morphology. The principal inherited morphology potentially available for a PSHWNG reconstruction consists of subject marking and inalienable possessive paradigms. Attempts have been made to reconstruct aspects of these paradigms but the evidence is too ambiguous at present to do so convincingly.
Malayo-Polynesian contact languages in Southeast Asia and the creole controversy
Authors: Slomanson Peter 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter details selected salient features of contact languages from different parts of Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka. It clarifies various terminological definitions and reports on current debates in this area, such as the issue of whether there is a causal association between collective adult second language acquisition and morphosyntactic simplification. It also provides a concise summary of the controversy surrounding how and when to categorise a number of Malayo-Polynesian languages as contact varieties, as well as brief descriptions of selected varieties. The chapter explains that the term 'creole' will refer to language varieties with a pidgin predecessor, although this definition is not uncontroversial in the language contact literature. The creole versus non-creole status of the most divergent Malayo-Polynesian contact languages is difficult to determine, due to conflicting interpretations of the respective histories of the language varieties described.
Languages of the northern Philippines
Authors: Liao Hsiu-chuan , Reid Lawrence A. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a linguistic typology of about 70 Austronesian languages spoken in northern Philippines; these languages have been subgrouped into Bashiic, Northern Luzon, and Central Luzon. The chapter is organized into six sections: (i) the language scene; (2) phonology; (3) morphological profile; (4) reduplication; (5) syntax; (6) conclusion. The discussion of phonology covers vowel and consonant inventories, suprasegmental, syllable structure, phonotactics, and widespread phonological processes. These processes include vowel syncope, vowel raising, voiced stop allophony, palatalization, homorganic stopping and assibilation, gemination and degemination, lateral allophony, and lenition. In terms of morphological profile, northern Philippine languages can be characterized as synthetic-agglutinative in that they make a robust use of affixation in word building and morpheme boundaries are usually clear. However, morphemes do not always exhibit ‘one form-one meaning/function’. Moreover, reduplication is very pervasive in northern Philippine languages. Nine patterns of reduplication are observed in these languages, including Ca- reduplication, CV- reduplication, C 1 V 1 C 1 - reduplication, Caw- reduplication, C 1 V 1 C 2 -reduplication, CVː- reduplication, C 1 V 1 C 2 V 2 – reduplication, full reduplication, and lexicalized reduplication. The discussion of syntax covers word order, noun phrases and noun phrase marking systems, verbal clause structure, multipredicate constructions, compound sentences, and complex sentences. The conclusion section summaries unique typological features that distinguish northern Philippine languages from other Philippine languages and other Malayo-Polynesian languages.
Non-Malayic languages of Sumatra and the Barrier Islands
Authors: McDonnell Bradley , Truong Christina L. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a typological overview of the Non-Malayic languages of Sumatra and the Barrier islands off of the west coast of Sumatra. This group of languages is diverse, sharing few typological features that are not a result of their shared Austronesian inheritance. The chapter includes discussions of typological phenomena of broad relevance in the domains of phonology (segmental inventories, stress, reduplication, phonological processes) and morphosyntax (case, agreement, grammatical relations, word order, tense, aspect, mood, and noun phrase structure). It also critically discusses less common typological features, such as the presence of post-ploded nasals in several languages, consonant mutation of nominals in Nias, and symmetrical voice as an important typological parameter for these languages. Finally, the chapter suggests priorities and future direction for the Non-Malayic languages of Sumatra and the Barrier Islands.
Chamic languages
Authors: Brunelle Marc , Jensen Joshua 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an outline of the phonological and morphosyntactic structures of Chamic languages. After introducing the canonical Chamic word shape, the sesquisyllable, we show how it constrains segmental inventories and basic phonotactics, and address the question of tonal and registral developments. We then discuss a few representative phonological processes and provide a brief description of derivational morphology and compounding. We finally sketch an outline of Chamic syntax, showing that Chamic languages have SVO word order with canonical subjects, and covering basic parts of speech, the structure of noun phrases, and the bipartite negation present in most Chamic languages. Major clause types are exemplified, including existential, possessive, nominal, and subordinate clauses, and both polar and content questions are discussed. Particular attention is given to serial verb constructions, and we end with a short discussion of information structure.
Chamorro
Authors: Zobel Erik 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter is about Chamorro, a non-Oceanic Malayo-Polynesian outlier language spoken on the Mariana Islands in the western Pacific. Unlike the languages of the Oceanic subgroup to which all but two languages in the Pacific belong, Chamorro is lexically, phonologically and morphologically quite conservative. Unusual features include possessive classifiers and grammatical voice selection based on a person-animacy hierarchy. Its subgrouping among the Malayo-Polynesian languages is still debated. It is generally agreed that it is not closely related to the languages of the Philippines, and many propose that it is a first-order branch of Malayo-Polynesian. Chamorro shares some structural innovations with many languages of western Indonesia, but whether this can be used as evidence for placing Chamorro in a subgroup of Malayo-Polynesian together with these languages in western Indonesia is still a matter of ongoing research.
Suprasegmental phonology
Authors: Kaufman Daniel , Himmelmann Nikolaus P. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines stress, tone, and intonation in western Austronesian languages. Apart from summarizing what is known about intonation in the area under scrutiny, the chapter is primarily concerned with stress systems. A four-way areal typology is proposed to account for the variation across the area. One major parameter of variation appears to be the regularities of the association between phrase-marking edge tone combinations – so far found in all languages investigated – and the segmental string. This association may be highly variable (as in the Java prototype), target the penultimate syllable (as in the Eastern prototype), or the final syllable (as in the Philippine and Western Rim prototypes). A second parameter in this regard appears to be the role played by syllable weight, with movable vowel length distinctions being an important aspect in Philippine prosodic systems and open syllables with schwa being weightless. A third parameter that comes into play in various systems is the distinction between lexical and functional items, the latter often showing slightly different regularities for association rules. The sporadic appearance of tone in some languages (including Chamic, Malagasy and West New Guinea) is notable for the variety of tonal systems found and the role of contact with non-Austronesian tonal languages.
Morphology
Authors: Donohue Mark , Gil David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a quantitative overview of the major morphological characteristics of the Malayo-Polynesian languages of Southeast Asia. Its main goal is to compare the Malayo-Polynesian languages of Southeast Asia to Austronesian languages in Taiwan and the Pacific, non-Austronesian languages in the same regions as the Malayo-Polynesian languages of Southeast Asia, and non-Austronesian languages throughout the world. In addition, it highlights patterns of variation across Malayo-Polynesian languages in different broad regions, from the Philippines through Madagascar and the Malay/Indonesian archipelago and into western New Guinea. The data are presented in 24 tables, each representing a single morphological feature. Section 2 provides a general overview of the degree of morphological elaboration of Malayo-Polynesian languages of Southeast Asia, Sections 3 and 4 focus on formal types, including affixation and other processes, while Sections 5 to 8 are concerned with functional types, grouped in accordance with nominal, tense-aspect-mood, causative- applicative, and other grammatical domains.
Word order
Authors: Donohue Mark 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Clausal and Noun Phrase word order is examined through a representative selection of data from a range of Malayo-Polynesian languages of Southeast Asia and through series of maps. It becomes clear that most patterns of distribution involve areal distributions, with languages from the western part of the range showing the same word orders as the non-Austronesian languages of mainland Southeast Asia, and languages from the eastern part of the range showing the same word orders as the non-Austronesian languages of mainland New Guinea. Apart from these edges we also find distributions that contrast the northern languages with the southern ones, such as the position of demonstratives, or the central languages (Philippines + Sulawesi) with the western and eastern ones, such as the appearance of verb- initial clausal order. While SOV orders, typical of the non-Austronesian languages of most of New Guinea, are not found amongst the Malayo-Polynesian languages of Southeast Asia, we do find the order of elements in the NP, and the position of final particles indicating negation or questions, conforming to New Guinea norms.
Voice and transitivity
Authors: Kroeger Paul , Riesberg Sonja 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Voice has been an almost obsessive topic of discussion in Austronesian linguistics. Voice alternations change the identity of the grammatical subject, without changing the argument structure (semantic roles) of the clause. This is typically accomplished by demoting the subject of a basic transitive clause to non-core argument status. However, a substantial number of Western Austronesian languages have been argued to exhibit SYMMETRICAL (i.e., non- demoting) voice alternations, and the correct analysis of these systems has been a topic of long- standing controversy. This chapter describes a representative sample of Western and Central Malayo-Polynesian voice systems, and summarizes some of the analyses that have been proposed. Two empirical questions are of central importance for this study: (i) What is the grammatical subject for a particular clause type? and (ii) How do we distinguish core arguments from obliques? In addition to the typologically unusual nature of some of these systems, Austronesian is remarkable for the broad range of variation attested in its voice systems. Within the Western Malayo-Polynesian area it is common to distinguish voice systems of the Philippine-type (in the north) vs. those of the Indonesian-type (in the south and west). But even within the so-called Indonesian-type a considerable degree of variation is found. Our survey also documents the general trend of simplification, with voice morphology and voice distinctions becoming more sparse, as one moves across Indonesia from west to east.
AAPL v Sri Lanka Case
Authors: Marboe Irmgard 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This → arbitration is the first in which the jurisdiction of the → International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) was based directly upon a bilateral investment treaty (‘BIT’) and not on a negotiated arbitration agreement between the parties to the dispute (→ Investment Disputes; → Investments, Bilateral Treaties). Due to the lack of an express agree ment on the choice of law, the first interesting question concerned the law applicable to the dispute. Furthermore, the meaning of the obligation to provide full protection and security contained in a BIT needed to be interpreted by the tribunal. It had to be applied in the context of a situation of severe internal unrest. The tribunal weighed it against the → customary international law obligation of → due diligence, and against the obligation of compensation for losses owing to war, revolt, insurrection or riot, the latter being a provision contained in a large number of BITs (→ Compensation; → Reparations).
Aboriginal Title
Authors: Mostert Hanri 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Aboriginal title/native title is a term referring to the proprietary, customary law interests in land of indigenous communities or ‘first nations’, employed mainly in common law jurisdictions such as Canada, the US, Australia, and New Zealand (→ Minorities, International Protection). In some contexts-eg Canada-a distinction is made between aboriginal rights and aboriginal title. Aboriginal rights are defined in terms of certain activities which flow from the practices, customs, or traditions integral to the distinctive culture of the indigenous group claiming such rights, whereas aboriginal title refers more generally to the right to land itself. In other contexts-eg Australia-native title is regarded as a collective term for particular species of legal rights. Accordingly, the use of these terms differs slightly depending on how the conceptual basis of aboriginal title/native title is viewed (see paras 4-14 below). The doctrine of aboriginal title is applied in jurisdictions which formerly were colonies of the British Empire, or which were under its influence, especially where colonial settlement was prominent and permanent, and indigenous identities have not been obscured (→ Colonialism). The doctrine of aboriginal title recognizes that land was used and occupied by aboriginal or indigenous peoples-the original inhabitants of colonized lands-before the advent of colonization and the arrival of settlers.
Amco v Indonesia Case
Authors: Marboe Irmgard 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This arbitral award under the auspices of the → International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) deals with a number of important issues of international investment law (→ Investment Disputes; → Investments, Bilateral Treaties; → Investments, International Protection). The Amco Asia Corporation and others v Republic of Indonesia Case (‘Amco v Indonesia Case’) concerned the taking over of a hotel and a shop and office complex by the foreign investor’s business partner in Indonesia, assisted by military and police armed forces. Subsequently, Indonesian administrative organs revoked the foreign investor’s investment licence because of alleged breaches of its obligations. Legal proceedings before municipal courts confirmed the legality of the acts of the Indonesian authorities on the whole.