bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Molecular Techniques to Confirm Nonnative Fish Predation on Razorback Sucker Larvae in Lake Mohave, Arizona and Nevada
Authors: Ehlo Chase A. , Saltzgiver Melody J. , Dowling Thomas E. , Marsh Paul C. , Kesner Brian R. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractLarval predation by nonnative fishes has long been implicated in the decline of western native large‐river fishes, but visual assessment of predation is difficult due to the postconsumption degradation of fragile larvae. Molecular techniques were used to demonstrate predation on the larvae of endangered Razorback Suckers Xyrauchen texanus by nonnative juvenile centrarchids in field samples from Lake Mohave, Arizona–Nevada, where larvae are seasonally abundant. Razorback Sucker DNA was detected in the gut contents of 7% and 9% of Bluegills Lepomis macrochirus and in 14% and 15% of Green Sunfish L. cyanellus that were captured during spring 2014 and 2015, respectively. There was no significant (α = 0.05) effect of predator TL, predator species, or year on the presence of larval DNA. Juvenile centrarchids have the potential to consume substantial numbers of Razorback Sucker larvae and thus to impact recruitment. The control of nonnative fishes may be impractical, but a viable alternative for mitigation of their impacts is to provide nonnative‐free refugia for native large‐river fishes.Received June 17, 2016; accepted September 19, 2016 Published online January 19, 2017
Spatial Variability of Chinook Salmon Spawning Distribution and Habitat Preferences
Authors: Cram Jeremy M. , Torgersen Christian E. , Klett Ryan S. , Pess George R. , May Darran , Pearsons Todd N. , Dittman Andrew H. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe investigated physical habitat conditions associated with the spawning sites of Chinook SalmonOncorhynchus tshawytschaand the interannual consistency of spawning distribution across multiple spatial scales using a combination of spatially continuous and discrete sampling methods. We conducted a census of aquatic habitat in 76 km of the upper main‐stem Yakima River in Washington and evaluated spawning site distribution using redd survey data from 2004 to 2008. Interannual reoccupation of spawning areas was high, ranging from an average Pearson's correlation of 0.62 to 0.98 in channel subunits and 10‐km reaches, respectively. Annual variance in the interannual correlation of spawning distribution was highest in channel units and subunits, but it was low at reach scales. In 13 of 15 models developed for individual years (2004–2008) and reach lengths (800 m, 3 km, 6 km), stream power and depth were the primary predictors of redd abundance. Multiple channels and overhead cover were patchy but were important secondary and tertiary predictors of reach‐scale spawning site selection. Within channel units and subunits, pool tails and thermal variability, which may be associated with hyporheic exchange, were important predictors of spawning. We identified spawning habitat preferences within reaches and channel units that are relevant for salmonid habitat restoration planning. We also identified a threshold (i.e., 2‐km reaches) beyond which interannual spawning distribution was markedly consistent, which may be informative for prioritizing habitat restoration or conservation. Management actions may be improved through enhanced understanding of spawning habitat preferences and the consistency with which Chinook Salmon reoccupy spawning areas at different spatial scales.Received July 1, 2016; accepted October 18, 2016 Published online January 19, 2017
Compelling overuse injury incidence in youth multisport athletes
Authors: Rejeb Abdallah , Johnson Amanda , Vaeyens Roel , Horobeanu Cosmin , Farooq Abdulaziz , Witvrouw Erik 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe present investigation was carried out to examine the incidence and pattern of injuries in adolescent multisport athletes from youth sports academy. Injury data were prospectively collected from 166 athletes during the seasons from 2009 to 2014. A total of 643 injuries were identified, 559 (87.0%) were time‐loss injuries. The overall injury incidence was 5.5 (95% confidence interval CI: 5.1–6.0), the incidence of time‐loss injuries was 4.8 (95% CI: 4.4–5.2), the incidence of growth conditions was 1.2 (95% CI: 1.0–1.4) and incidence of serious injuries was 0.6 (95% CI: 0.5–0.8) per 1000 h of exposure. The prevalence of overuse injuries was 50.3%. Growth conditions represented 20.0%. Most of the injuries (67.0%) involved the lower extremities, and both foot and ankle were the most predominant injured body parts (22.0%). Knee injuries were mostly from overuse (50 vs. 23, p = .02), whereas foot and ankle injuries resulted from an acute mechanism (94 vs. 31, p < .0001). Minor and moderate injuries accounted for 87.0%. Muscle, tendon and osteochondrosis injuries accounted for 52.0% of all injuries. Comparing groups, squash sport was having the highest injury incidence (8.5 injuries per athlete). Higher exposure was associated with greater overuse relative risk (RR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.014, p < .001). In conclusion, the results of this study identified a high incidence of injuries in this youth sports population. Striking was the prevalence of overuse injuries of 50%, which suggests the need for injury prevention protocols for adolescent highly trained athletes.
Expelling the Poor
Authors: Hirota Hidetaka 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
This book examines the origins of immigration restriction in the United States, especially deportation policy. Based on an analysis of immigration policies in major American coastal states, including New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Louisiana, and California, it provides the first sustained study of immigration control conducted by states prior to the introduction of federal immigration law in the late nineteenth century. The influx of impoverished Irish immigrants over the first half of the nineteenth century led nativists in New York and Massachusetts to develop policies for prohibiting the landing of destitute foreigners and deporting those already in the states to Europe, Canada, or other American states. No other coastal state engaged in immigration regulation with the same level of legislative effort and success as the two states. By locating the roots of American immigration control in cultural prejudice against the Irish and, more essentially, economic concerns about their poverty in nineteenth-century New York and Massachusetts, this book fundamentally revises the history of American immigration policy, which has largely focused on anti-Asian racism on the West Coast. Beginning with Irish migrants’ initial departure from Ireland, this book traces their transatlantic movement to North America, expulsion from the United States, and postdeportation lives. In doing so, it places the implementation of American deportation policy in a broad context that extended from the United States to Ireland, Britain, and Canada, demonstrating how the policy operated as part of a larger legal culture of excluding nonproducing members from societies in the Atlantic world.
Styling the ‘ordinary’
Authors: Thornborrow Joanna 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis chapter examines the concept of ‘ordinary’ as a way of categorizing and describing people who are non-media professionals participating in mediated discourse, specifically in relation to the emergence of reality television as one of the most significant and widespread formats of 21st-century broadcasting. Using the notion of middle-space performances, the chapter argues that these participants are not displaying ordinariness in the sense of being like us, recruited from the population who constitute the audience, but rather categorizable social identities based on specific, recognizable characteristics which broadcasters can then draw upon to produce watchable performances of difference. The question of style becomes relevant as a set of discursive choices in three domains: lifestyle, production style, and the styling of a social identity as ‘other.’
The Delineation Tolerant, Classical, Strict framework
Authors: Burnett Heather 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis chapter presents the Del-TCS non-classical logical system for modelling the relationship between context sensitivity, vagueness, and gradability in the adjectival domain. An analysis of the context sensitivity/vagueness patterns described in Chapter 3 within this framework is given and the empirical predictions that the analysis makes for a wide range of semantic and pragmatic phenomena associated with adjectival predicates is discussed. Empirical phenomena analyzed in this chapter include: universal/existential context sensitivity, (a)symmetric vagueness, adjectival (non-)gradability, scalar “coercion,” and the distribution of for phrases.
Beyond Delineation semantics
Authors: Burnett Heather 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis chapter studies a first class of extensions of the framework developed in the first part of the book: theoretical/formal extensions. More precisely, this chapter explores to what extent the enrichment of current theories of the semantics of gradable expressions, besides Delineation semantics (DelS), with the structure of a non-classical logic such as Tolerant, Classical, Strict, can be useful to understanding the complex relationships between context sensitivity, vagueness, and scale structure that are discussed in the first part of the book. Focus is particularly on the detailed comparison of the DelTCS framework and current analyses of the absolute/relative distinction set within Degree semantics (DegS), with particular attention to the differences and similarities between DelTCS and (a parallel formalization of) the account presented in Kennedy (2007).
Beyond the adjectival domain
Authors: Burnett Heather 
Published: January 2017

AbstractChapter 7 presents new data concerning the distribution of vagueness, context sensitivity, and scale structure properties outside the adjectival domain. This chapter argues that three of the four principle `scale structure’ classes of adjectives have analogues in the determiner phrase (DP) domain and that these subclasses of DPs can be distinguished in a similar (although not identical) manner to their counterparts in the adjectival domain through their vagueness, context sensitivity, and scale structure properties. A mereological extension of the DelTCS framework is given and it is demonstrated how statements concerning DP vagueness and context sensitivity within the new framework can be used to derive the mereologically based scales that are independently proposed to be associated with various kinds of DPs.
Absolute Poverty Lines
Authors: Arndt Channing , Mahrt Kristi , Tarp Finn 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Private consumption capabilities form only one facet of comprehensive living standards assessments, but they are an important facet whose measurement should be done well. Measurement is complex due to a multitude of methodological choices, which often interact with imperfect data and a desire for comparability through time. This chapter outlines ideas underpinning these choices with particular attention to the tensions between consistency and specificity. It also highlights a series of limitations associated with typical cost of basic needs approaches. Finally, it reaffirms that a ‘sensibly eclectic’ approach, employing multiple methods, is the best available mode for addressing these limitations. A first fundamental choice is whether to estimate an absolute poverty line at all. Consumption-based poverty metrics provide only a partial view into the welfare of individuals or households, which may or may not accord with other important facets of welfare.
Multidimensional First-Order Dominance Comparisons of Population Wellbeing
Authors: Siersbæk Nikolaj , Østerdal Lars Peter , Arndt Channing 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
This chapter conveys the concept of first-order dominance (FOD) with particular focus on applications to multidimensional population welfare comparisons. It gives an account of the fundamental equivalent definitions of FOD both in the one-dimensional and multidimensional setting, illustrated with simple numerical examples. An implementable method for detecting dominances that relies on linear programming is explained along with a bootstrapping procedure that yields additional information relative to what can be obtained from dominance comparisons alone. The chapter discusses strengths and weaknesses of FOD compared to other multidimensional population comparison concepts, and describes practical tools that enable the reader to easily use it.
A Review of Consumption Poverty Estimation for Mozambique
Authors: Arndt Channing , Jones Sam , Mahrt Kristi , Salvucci Vincenzo , Tarp Finn 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Since the end of the civil war in 1992, Mozambique has registered significant progress across a range of monetary and non-monetary poverty indicators at both national and regional levels. This conclusion of material progress draws from a large array of nationally representative datasets that became available starting from 1996. This chapter is concerned with the estimation of consumption poverty rates. It begins by reviewing the challenges encountered and choices made in the national assessments. Efforts to maintain consistency imply that prior choices tend to be adopted in subsequent analyses. At the same time, the practice of consumption poverty analysis is not static. Because ‘best practice’ evolves (and hopefully improves) with time, there arises a natural tension between the desire to follow best practice and the desire to maintain consistency with previous analyses.
SYSTEMIC PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS OF INTRAVITREAL AFLIBERCEPT, BEVACIZUMAB, AND RANIBIZUMAB
Authors: Avery Robert L. , Castellarin Alessandro A. , Steinle Nathan C. , Dhoot Dilsher S. , Pieramici Dante J. , See Robert , Couvillion Stephen , Nasir Ma'an A. , Rabena Melvin D. , Maia Mauricio , Van Everen Sherri , Le Kha , Hanley William D. 
Published: January 2017

Purpose:
To evaluate the systemic pharmacokinetics (PKs) of aflibercept, bevacizumab, and ranibizumab in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic macular edema (DME), or retinal vein occlusion (RVO).

Methods:
Prospective, open-label, nonrandomized clinical trial of patients with AMD, DME, or RVO who were antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) naïve or had not received anti-VEGF for ≥4 months. Patients received 3 monthly intravitreal injections of aflibercept 2.0 mg, bevacizumab 1.25 mg, or ranibizumab (0.5 mg for AMD/RVO, 0.3 mg for DME). The main outcome measures were serum PKs and plasma free-VEGF concentrations after the first and third injections.

Results:
A total of 151 patients were included. In AMD/DME/RVO, systemic exposure to each drug was highest with bevacizumab, then aflibercept, and lowest with ranibizumab. Ranibizumab cleared from the bloodstream more quickly than bevacizumab or aflibercept. Aflibercept treatment resulted in the greatest reductions in plasma free-VEGF relative to baseline levels, whereas ranibizumab treatment resulted in the smallest decreases in plasma free-VEGF.

Conclusion:
The three anti-VEGF treatments examined in this analysis demonstrated notable differences in systemic PKs. Generally, the reduction in plasma free-VEGF levels correlated with elevated levels of circulating anti-VEGF agents, with the reduction in free-VEGF levels greatest with aflibercept and least with ranibizumab.
SUBFOVEAL CHOROIDAL THICKNESS AND VASCULAR DIAMETER IN ACTIVE AND RESOLVED CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY
Authors: Chung Yoo-Ri , Kim Jong Wan , Choi Shin-Young , Park Sung Wook , Kim Jeong Hun , Lee Kihwang 
Published: January 2017

Purpose:
To determine the subfoveal choroidal thickness and analyze Haller's layer, Sattler's layer, and large choroidal vessel diameter in eyes with active central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and after resolution of CSC.

Methods:
Ocular and clinical features of 32 eyes with CSC were analyzed retrospectively from October 2014 to September 2015. Subfoveal choroidal thickness and thicknesses of Haller's layer and Sattler's layer were measured in the active and resolved states. The diameter of the subfoveal choroidal hyporeflective lumen (i.e., the large choroidal vessel in Haller's layer) was also measured.

Results:
The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness, mean thickness of Haller's layer, and mean choroidal vessel diameter were significantly less after the resolution of CSC (P < 0.001). However, the thickness of Sattler's layer did not change after the resolution of CSC (P = 0.731). There were no significant differences among the different treatment modalities.

Conclusion:
After the resolution of CSC, the subfoveal choroidal thickness and thickness of Haller's layer declined, but the reduced diameter of subfoveal choroidal vessels accounted for only about half of the total thickness changes in the choroid. These results suggest that nonvascular smooth muscle cells might play a role in the thickening of the choroid during CSC and possibly in the pathogenesis and progression of CSC.
ASSOCIATION STUDY BETWEEN POLYMORPHISMS OF THE p53 AND LYMPHOTOXIN ALPHA (LTA) GENES AND THE RISK OF PROLIFERATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY/RETINAL DETACHMENT IN A MEXICAN POPULATION
Authors: Quiroz-Casian Natalia , Lozano-Giral David , Miranda-Duarte Antonio , Garcia-Montalvo Ivan , Rodriguez-Loaiza Jose L. , Zenteno Juan C. 
Published: January 2017

Purpose:
To report the results of an association study between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the p53 and LTA genes and the risk of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR)/retinal detachment (RD) in a Mexican cohort.

Methods:
A total of 380 unrelated subjects were studied, including 98 patients with primary rhegmatogenous RD without PVR, 82 patients with PVR after RD surgery, and 200 healthy, ethnically matched subjects. Genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs1042522 (p53 gene) and rs2229094 (LTA gene) was performed by direct nucleotide sequencing. Allele frequencies, genotype frequencies, and Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were assessed with HaploView software.

Results:
No significant differences in the allelic distributions of the previously identified risk C allele for LTA rs2229094 were observed between RD subjects and controls (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 0.8 [0.5–1.2]; P = 0.3). Conversely, the C allele for rs1042522 in p53 was positively associated with an increased risk for RD (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.4 [1.01–1.9]; P = 0.04). No significant differences were observed when the subgroup of 82 RD + PVR subjects was compared with the subgroup of 98 patients with RD.

Conclusion:
The C allele for rs1042522 in p53 was genetically associated with a higher risk for RD but not for PVR in this cohort. This is the first association study attempting replication of PVR-associated risk alleles in a nonwhite population.
How mice are indispensable for understanding obesity and diabetes genetics
Authors: Attie Alan D. , Churchill Gary A. , Nadeau Joseph H. 
Published: January 2017

Purpose of review
The task of cataloging human genetic variation and its relation to disease is rapidly approaching completion. The new challenge is to discover the function of disease-associated genes and to understand the pathways that lead to human disease. We propose that achieving this new level of understanding will increasingly rely on the use of model organisms. We discuss the advantages of the mouse as a model organism to our understanding of human disease.

Recent findings
The collection of available mouse strains represents as much genetic and phenotypic variation as is found in the human population. However, unlike humans, mice can be subjected to experimental breeding protocols and the availability of tissues allows for a far greater and deeper level of phenotyping. New methods for gene editing make it relatively easy to create mouse models of known human mutations. The distinction between genetic and epigenetic inheritance can be studied in great detail. Various experimental protocols enable the exploration of the role of the microbiome in physiology and disease.

Summary
We propose that there will be an interdependence between human and model organism research. Technological advances and new genetic screening platforms in the mouse have greatly improved the path to gene discovery and mechanistic studies of gene function.
Non-parametric test for connectivity detection in multivariate autoregressive networks and application to multiunit activity data
Authors: Gilson M , Campo A Tauste , Chen X , Thiele A , Deco G 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTDirected connectivity inference has become a cornerstone in neuroscience to analyze multivariate data from neuroimaging and electrophysiological techniques. Here we propose a non-parametric significance method to test the non-zero values of multivariate autoregressive model to infer interactions in recurrent networks. We use random permutations or circular shifts of the original time series to generate the null-hypothesis distributions. The underlying network model is the same as used in multivariate Granger causality, but our test relies on the autoregressive coefficients instead of error residuals. By means of numerical simulation over multiple network configurations, we show that this method achieves a good control of false positives - type 1 error - and detects existing pairwise connections more accurately than using the standard parametric test for the ratio of error residuals. In practice, our method aims to detect temporal interactions in real neuronal networks with nodes possibly exhibiting redundant activity. As a proof of concept, we apply our method to multiunit activity (MUA) recorded from Utah electrode arrays in a monkey and examine detected interactions between 25 channels. We show that during stimulus presentation our method detects a large number of interactions that cannot be solely explained by the increase in the MUA level.