bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Mass and Velocity Field in the Cosmic Web: Comparison Between Baryonic and Dark Matter
Authors: Zhu Weishan , Feng Long-Long 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
We investigate the evolution of the cosmic web since z = 5 in grid-based cosmological hydrodynamical simulations, focusing on the mass and velocity fields of both baryonic and cold dark matter. The tidal tensor of density is used as the main method for web identification, with λ
th = 0.2–1.2. The evolution trends in baryonic and dark matter are similar, although moderate differences are observed. Sheets appear early, and their large-scale pattern may have been set up by z = 3. In terms of mass, filaments supersede sheets as the primary collapsing structures from z ∼ 2–3. Tenuous filaments assembled with each other to form prominent ones at z < 2. In accordance with the construction of the frame of the sheets, the cosmic divergence velocity, v
div, was already well-developed above 2–3 Mpc by z = 3. Afterwards, the curl velocity, v
curl, grew dramatically along with the rising of filaments, becoming comparable to v
div, for <2–3 Mpc at z = 0. The scaling of v
curl can be described by the hierarchical turbulence model. The alignment between the vorticity and the eigenvectors of the shear tensor in the baryonic matter field resembles that in the dark matter field, and is even moderately stronger between

and

, and ω and

. Compared with dark matter, there is slightly less baryonic matter found residing in filaments and clusters, and its vorticity developed more significantly below 2–3 Mpc. These differences may be underestimated because of the limited resolution and lack of star formation in our simulation. The impact of the change of dominant structures in overdense regions at z ∼ 2–3 on galaxy formation and evolution is shortly discussed.
Polarized Disk Emission from Herbig Ae/Be Stars Observed Using Gemini Planet Imager: HD 144432, HD 150193, HD 163296, and HD 169142
Authors: Monnier John D. , Harries Tim J. , Aarnio Alicia , Adams Fred C. , Andrews Sean , Calvet Nuria , Espaillat Catherine , Hartmann Lee , Hinkley Sasha , Kraus Stefan , McClure Melissa , Oppenheimer Rebecca , Perrin Marshall , Wilner David 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
In order to look for signs of ongoing planet formation in young disks, we carried out the first J-band polarized emission imaging of the Herbig Ae/Be stars HD 150193, HD 163296, and HD 169142 using the Gemini Planet Imager, along with new H band observations of HD 144432. We confirm the complex “double ring” structure for the nearly face-on system HD 169142 first seen in H-band, finding the outer ring to be substantially redder than the inner one in polarized intensity. Using radiative transfer modeling, we developed a physical model that explains the full spectral energy distribution and J- and H-band surface brightness profiles, suggesting that the differential color of the two rings could come from reddened starlight traversing the inner wall and may not require differences in grain properties. In addition, we clearly detect an elongated, off-center ring in HD 163296 (MWC 275), locating the scattering surface to be 18 au above the midplane at a radial distance of 77 au, co-spatial with a ring seen at 1.3 mm by ALMA linked to the CO snow line. Lastly, we report a weak tentative detection of scattered light for HD 150193 (MWC 863) and a non-detection for HD 144432; the stellar companion known for each of these targets has likely disrupted the material in the outer disk of the primary star. For HD 163296 and HD 169142, the prominent outer rings we detect could be evidence for giant planet formation in the outer disk or a manifestation of large-scale dust growth processes possibly related to snow-line chemistry.
Identification of marker shale horizons in banded iron formation: linking measurements of downhole natural gamma‐ray with measurements from reflectance spectrometry of rock cores
Authors: Silversides Katherine L. , Murphy Richard J. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTMarker shale horizons are used in stratigraphic interpretation and for modelling and mining of the banded‐iron‐formation‐hosted iron ore deposits in the Hamersley Province in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. These deposits contain marker shale horizons that are highly consistent throughout the Hamersley Province and are used to define lithology and provide context to enable the separation of visually similar rock units. The locations of these shales are normally determined from natural gamma‐ray logs in exploration holes, which provide a coarse resolution boundary due to their wide spatial separation. Hyperspectral imagery can provide detailed information at high spatial resolution on the location and strike of shale horizons as they are presented on benches and walls in open‐pit mines. The relationship between measurements of downhole gamma and shale horizons as detected by hyperspectral imagery must be understood if these very different kinds of measurements are to be used in a complementary way.The ability to identify marker shale horizons using their spectral features would allow them to be mapped using hyperspectral imagery. Multivariate analysis of shales from a typical Marra Mamba deposit showed absorption features relating to ferric iron, OH, H2O, and Al‐OH, which allowed different marker shales to be spectrally separated. The kaolinite and Al2O3abundance was estimated from the hyperspectral data using the intensity of the feature at 2202 nm to within 5.8% and 2.6%, respectively.Comparison of measurements of downhole gamma‐ray with a proportion of kaolinite estimated from hyperspectral data showed both similarities and differences that required examination. Peaks in the gamma were located at the same depth in the core as peaks in the proportion of kaolinite. However, the relative magnitudes of these peaks were not consistent. Additionally, the gamma‐ray baseline measurements between peaks varied at different depths in the core, with some sections of the core having a much higher baseline than others. This was not true for estimated kaolinite. These differences would lead to different interpretations of the distribution of material types down the hole. Similarities in the location of peaks in both types of data provide a basis to link these very different types of data to improve the resolution and accuracy of ore body boundary models.
Reconstruction quality of SIP parameters in multi‐frequency complex resistivity imaging
Authors: Weigand Maximilian , Orozco Adrián Flores , Kemna Andreas 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTComplex resistivity imaging provides information on the subsurface distribution of the electrical conduction and polarisation properties. Spectral induced polarisation (SIP) refers to the frequency dependence of these complex resistivity values. Measured SIP signatures are commonly analysed by performing a Cole–Cole model fit or a Debye decomposition, yielding in particular chargeability and relaxation time values. Given the close relation of these parameters with petrophysical properties of relevance in various hydrogeological and environmental applications, it is crucial to understand how well they can be reconstructed from multi‐frequency complex resistivity imaging with subsequent Cole–Cole or Debye decomposition analysis. In this work, we investigate, in a series of numerical simulations, the reconstruction behaviour of the main spectral induced polarisation parameters across a two‐dimensional complex resistivity imaging plane by considering a local anomalous polarisable body at different depths. The different anomaly positions correspond to different cumulated sensitivity (coverage) values, which we find to be a simple and computationally inexpensive proxy for resolution. Our results show that, for single‐frequency measurements, the reconstruction quality of resistivity and phase decreases strongly with decreasing cumulated sensitivity. A similar behaviour is found for the recovery of Cole–Cole and Debye decomposition chargeabilities from multi‐frequency imaging results, while the reconstruction of the Cole–Cole exponent shows non‐uniform dependence over the examined sensitivity range. In contrast, the Cole–Cole and Debye decomposition relaxation times are relatively well recovered over a broad sensitivity range. Our results suggest that a quantitative interpretation of petrophysical properties derived from Cole– Cole or Debye decomposition relaxation times is possible in an imaging framework, while any parameter estimate derived from Cole–Cole or Debye decomposition chargeabilities must be used with caution. These findings are of great importance for a successful quantitative application of spectral induced polarisation imaging for improved subsurface characterisation, which is of interest particularly in the fields of hydrogeophysics and biogeophysics.
Using ground‐penetrating radar to investigate the internal structure of Puente del Inca, Mendoza, Argentina
Authors: Lannutti Esteban , Lenzano M. Gabriela , Barón Jorge , Lenzano Luis E. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTWe performed ground‐penetrating radar measurements to study the internal structure of Puente del Inca (Inca Bridge). This natural structure is located in Mendoza, Argentina, and its formation is associated with deposition of travertine caused by geobiological processes created by hot mineral springs. The 200‐MHz ground‐penetrating radar measurements performed on the surface of the bridge allowed us to relate the behaviour of the electromagnetic signal with the presence or absence of hot spring activity. We also made ground‐penetrating radar measurements at 20 MHz to estimate the propagation velocity and study the bridge’s internal structure. In order to validate the ground‐penetrating radar results, we used a soil dielectric sensor to obtain the attenuation and the velocity of the medium. The results showed similar propagation velocities (0.0222 m/ns on average) between field observation (ground‐penetrating radar) and independent sensor data, as well as significant attenuation due to the hot spring water, which is the primary element controlling the response of the electromagnetic signals. As checked through dielectric sensor measurements, the unusually low electromagnetic wave velocity is due to polarisation mechanisms related to thermal water, which cause a very high permittivity value (178.1). However, the medium is not sufficiently dispersive (conductivity=27.7 mS/m; attenuation=3.5 dB/m) to condition the results of ground‐penetrating radar measurements if low‐frequency antennas (20 MHz) are used.
The imaging of the near‐surface features using earthquakes and ambient noise in the Tehran region
Authors: Asadi Samane , Rahimi Habib , Fard Rouhollah Amiri 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTSeismic surface wave tomography of short‐period dispersion curves is a useful method for studying the shallow structures of the Earth. In this research, the continuous records of ten seismographs of the Tehran Disaster Mitigation and Management Organization for a period of 8 months have been used to calculate the Green’s function for Love and Rayleigh waves. Dispersion curves are calculated using the cross‐correlation of the ambient noise signal recorded at station pairs. In order to improve the ray coverage in the Tehran region, dispersion curves of Love and Rayleigh waves are derived from the seismic events recorded by a temporary network run by Parsian Company. The epicentral distance and magnitude of earthquakes are less than 100 km and larger than 1.5, respectively. The dispersion curves are calculated in the period range between 2 seconds and 5 seconds, which correspond to the top sedimentary cover. Surface wave tomography has also been performed to estimate the two‐dimensional group velocity maps of Love and Rayleigh waves in the region. Based on the ray coverage inside the 0.1° × 0.1° cells in the region, the estimated minimum dimension of distinct heterogeneities was about 6 km. Based on the derived velocity model, the western and the central parts of the Tehran plain show low anomalies that could be due to the large thickness of alluvial sedimentary cover over the basement. The high‐velocity anomaly in the southeastern part of the region can be attributed to the tapering of the alluvial cover towards the rock units where the southeastern mountains of Tehran are present.
Seasonal change and microhabitat association of Arctic spider assemblages (Arachnida: Araneae) on Victoria Island (Nunavut, Canada)
Authors: Cameron Elyssa R. , Buddle Christopher M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractArctic ecosystems are characterised by a mosaic of distinct microhabitats, which play a key role in structuring biodiversity. Understanding species diversity in relation to these microhabitats, and how communities are structured seasonally, is imperative to properly conserve, monitor, and manage northern biodiversity. Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) are dominant arthropod predators in the Arctic, yet the seasonal change in their communities in relation to microhabitat variation is relatively unknown. This research quantified how spider assemblages are structured seasonally and by microhabitat, near Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada. In 2014, spiders were collected in 240 pan and pitfall traps placed in common microhabitat types (two wet and two dry) from 3 July to 11 August, the active season in the high Arctic. In total, 10 353 spiders from 22 species and four families were collected. Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations revealed that spider assemblages from wet habitats were distinct from those occurring in drier habitats, but that differences within each of those habitats were not evident. Abundance and diversity was highest in wet habitats and differed significantly from dry habitats; both these variables decreased seasonally. Spider assemblages in the north are structured strongly along moisture gradients, and such data informs planning for future ecological monitoring in the Arctic.
Osbornellus auronitens (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae), an introduced species new for the Palaearctic region
Authors: Trivellone Valeria , Mitrović Milana , Dietrich Christopher H. , Toševski Ivo 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe introduction of invasive species may result in important ecological, environmental, and economic impacts. Extensive study of Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera) fauna in a wine-growing region in southern Switzerland revealed, for the first time, presence of the Nearctic leafhopper Osbornellus auronitens (Provancher) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in the vicinity of Stabio (Canton of Ticino). The species identity of the collected specimens was confirmed using morphological and molecular characters. All specimens of O. auronitens were collected in a forest of Castanea sativa Miller (Fagaceae), Corylus avellana Linnaeus (Betulaceae), and Alnus glutinosa (Linnaeus) Gaertner (Betulaceae) intermixed with Cornus sanguinea Linnaeus (Cornaceae), Salix Linnaeus (Salicaceae), and Rubus Linnaeus (Rosaceae). In its native range this leafhopper is polyphagous and a relatively common visitor in vineyards. Based on analysis of the barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene of the collected O. auronitens, 100% identity with specimens of the same species originating from Canada was determined. Osbornellus auronitens is morphologically similar to Scaphoideus titanus Ball (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), another introduced Nearctic leafhopper, which was involved in severe outbreaks of disease caused by the Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma (Bacteria: Acholeplasmataceae) in European viticultural regions since the 1960s. In this paper, we report the morphological features to distinguish O. auronitens from S. titanus, and discuss the possible implications of its expected spread across the Old World.
Proposal of Ultrafine and High Reliable Trench Wiring Process for Organic Interposer
Authors: Mitsukura Kazuyuki , Toba Masaya , Urashima Kousuke , Ejiri Yoshinori , Iwashita Kenichi , Minegishi Tomonori , Kurafuchi Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2017

An organic interposer technology with ultrafine line and space is required to achieve high-density interconnection between chips. In this article, we propose a high reliability, ultrafine trench wiring process. Currently, trench wiring is made by laser ablation of dielectric, sputtering, copper plating, and then chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). However, it is challenging to achieve fine trench with smooth side wall using laser ablation, and CMP is also not suitable because of its high assembly cost. Reliability is another challenge because of the narrower and thinner insulator.
We have developed a photosensitive insulation film (PIF) with fine resolution. The trench wiring of 2/2 μm line and space has been successfully assembled by photolithography, plating, and surface planer method as the alternative to CMP. The wiring layer of 2/2 μm line and space, which is covered with a thin barrier metal layer and PIF, has passed the biased highly accelerated temperature and humidity stress test (HAST) screening.
A copper paste is applied as a seed layer instead of sputtering. The sintered copper filled with adhesive paste into the copper pores is compatible as the seed layer, and the wiring layer of 10/10 μm line and space has passed the reliability tests such as moisture sensitivity level 2 (MSL2), thermal cycling test, and biased HAST.
Phototherapy for Improvement of Performance and Exercise Recovery: Comparison of 3 Commercially Available Devices
Authors: De Marchi Thiago , Schmitt Vinicius Mazzochi , Danúbia da Silva Fabro Carla , da Silva Larissa Lopes , Sene Juliane , Tairova Olga , Salvador Mirian 
Published: March 2017

Context:
Recent studies suggest the prophylactic use of low-powered laser/light has ergogenic effects on athletic performance and postactivity recovery. Manufacturers of high-powered lasers/light devices claim that these can produce the same clinical benefits with increased power and decreased irradiation time; however, research with high-powered lasers is lacking.

Objective:
To evaluate the magnitude of observed phototherapeutic effects with 3 commercially available devices.

Design:
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study.

Setting:
Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Forty healthy untrained male participants.

Intervention(s):
Participants were randomized into 4 groups: placebo, high-powered continuous laser/light, low-powered continuous laser/light, or low-powered pulsed laser/light (comprising both lasers and light-emitting diodes). A single dose of 180 J or placebo was applied to the quadriceps.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Maximum voluntary contraction, delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and creatine kinase (CK) activity from baseline to 96 hours after the eccentric exercise protocol.

Results:
Maximum voluntary contraction was maintained in the low-powered pulsed laser/light group compared with placebo and high-powered continuous laser/light groups in all time points (P &lt; .05). Low-powered pulsed laser/light demonstrated less DOMS than all groups at all time points (P &lt; .05). High-powered continuous laser/light did not demonstrate any positive effects on maximum voluntary contraction, CK activity, or DOMS compared with any group at any time point. Creatine kinase activity was decreased in low-powered pulsed laser/light compared with placebo (P &lt; .05) and high-powered continuous laser/light (P &lt; .05) at all time points. High-powered continuous laser/light resulted in increased CK activity compared with placebo from 1 to 24 hours (P &lt; .05).

Conclusions:
Low-powered pulsed laser/light demonstrated better results than either low-powered continuous laser/light or high-powered continuous laser/light in all outcome measures when compared with placebo. The increase in CK activity using the high-powered continuous laser/light compared with placebo warrants further research to investigate its effect on other factors related to muscle damage.
The Epidemiology of Deltoid Ligament Sprains in 25 National Collegiate Athletic Association Sports, 2009–2010 Through 2014–2015 Academic Years
Authors: Kopec Thomas J. , Hibberd Elizabeth E. , Roos Karen G. , Djoko Aristarque , Dompier Thomas P. , Kerr Zachary Y. 
Published: March 2017

Context:
Deltoid ligament sprains among collegiate student-athletes have not been extensively investigated. Research regarding the mechanisms, participation-restriction time, and recurrence of deltoid ligament sprains in collegiate student-athletes is lacking.

Objective:
To describe the epidemiology of deltoid ligament sprains in 25 National Collegiate Athletic Association championship sports.

Design:
Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting:
National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
We analyzed deltoid ligament sprains recorded in the Injury Surveillance Program for the 2009–2010 through 2014–2015 academic years. Deltoid ligament sprain injury rates, rate ratios, and injury proportion ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported.

Results:
During the study period, 380 deltoid ligament sprains were reported, resulting in a combined injury rate of 0.79/10 000 athlete-exposures (AEs; 95% CI = 0.71, 0.87). Most deltoid ligament sprains occurred in practices (54.2%, n = 206). However, the competition injury rate was higher than the practice injury rate (rate ratio = 3.74; 95% CI = 3.06, 4.57). The highest deltoid ligament sprain rates were in women's gymnastics (2.30/10 000 AEs; 95% CI = 1.05, 3.55), men's soccer (1.73/10 000 AEs; 95% CI = 1.14, 2.32), women's soccer (1.61/10 000 AEs; 95% CI = 1.13, 2.09), and men's football (1.40/10 000 AEs; 95% CI = 1.18, 1.62). Nearly half of all deltoid ligament sprains (49.7%, n = 189) were due to player contact, and 39.5% (n = 150) were non–time-loss injuries (ie, participation restricted for less than 24 hours). Only 8.2% (n = 31) of deltoid ligament sprains were recurrent.

Conclusions:
The highest deltoid ligament sprain rates were in women's gymnastics, men's and women's soccer, and men's football. However, the rate for women's gymnastics was imprecise (ie, the CI was wide), highlighting the need for further surveillance of deltoid ligament sprains in the sport. Most deltoid ligament sprains were due to player contact. Future researchers should assess interventions that may prevent deltoid ligament sprains.