bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Groundwater Connectivity between Douglas Lake and Carp Creek Based on Fluorescein Dye Studies
Authors: HENDRICKS SUSAN , KOPPLE ROBERT VANDE , GOODSPEED PETER , WHITE DAVID 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Sandy-gravelly deposits are highly permeable and allow groundwater to seep from one lake to another in glacial lake districts such as occur throughout much of Michigan. The springs that form the headwaters of Carp Creek were assumed to have their origins as groundwater seepage from Douglas Lake. A tracer test using a concentrated fluorescein dye solution was conducted during the summer of 2011 to confirm the velocity of groundwater flow from Douglas Lake to a series of springs in Carp Creek. Five springs were monitored from 28 June to 21 September 2011. Dilution of the dye by groundwater was nine orders of magnitude (g−L to ng−L) by the time it reached the springs. The fastest travel times of the dye were ≤ 10 days to all except one spring giving an average observed linear velocity of approximately 100 m d−1 to travel an average distance of 1036 m. Dye was not detectable in the springs after 19 August (day 53 of the experiment). Observed seepage velocities were faster than those predicted from Darcy's Law using hydraulic conductivities for gravel and sand. Douglas Lake and Carp Creek are connected hydrologically through the sand-gravel aquifer and much of the groundwater seepage most likely originates in the deep hole in South Fishtail Bay. This study contributes to our understanding of subsurface connectivity and drainage patterns between glacial lakes of northern Lower Michigan.
Gaston Bachelard's Scientific Pedagogy: Gaston Bachelard's (1888-1963) Interdisciplinary Contribution to the Role of Scientific Values in Education
Authors: WINTERS LAURENCE 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Often unacknowledged, Gaston Bachelard exercised profound influence on Foucault, Deleuze, and the ‘post-structuralists.' Much of the difficulty English speaking scholars have had coming to terms with the contemporary Continental ‘scene' would be mitigated by a study of Bachelard. In this essay, the connections between the current state of theory in the natural sciences and the pedagogy of values are explored. The method of ‘internal critique' is employed, while the works of several recent commentators are consulted, and many directions for further reading and research are indicated.
Enhancement mode AlGaN/GaN MOS high-electron-mobility transistors with ZrO2 gate dielectric deposited by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Anderson Travis J. , Wheeler Virginia D. , Shahin David I. , Tadjer Marko J. , Koehler Andrew D. , Hobart Karl D. , Christou Aris , Kub Francis J. , Eddy Charles R. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Advanced applications of AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) in high-power RF and power switching are driving the need for insulated gate technology. We present a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) gate structure using atomic-layer-deposited ZrO2 as a high-k, high-breakdown gate dielectric for reduced gate leakage and a recessed barrier structure for enhancement mode operation. Compared to a Schottky metal-gate HEMT, the recessed MOS-HEMT structure demonstrated a reduction in the gate leakage current by 4 orders of magnitude and a threshold voltage shift of +6 V to a record +3.99 V, enabled by a combination of a recessed barrier structure and negative oxide charge.
Quantitative measurement of ultrasound pressure field by optical phase contrast method and acoustic holography
Authors: Oyama Seiji , Yasuda Jun , Hanayama Hiroki , Yoshizawa Shin , Umemura Shin-ichiro 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
A fast and accurate measurement of an ultrasound field with various exposure sequences is necessary to ensure the efficacy and safety of various ultrasound applications in medicine. The most common method used to measure an ultrasound pressure field, that is, hydrophone scanning, requires a long scanning time and potentially disturbs the field. This may limit the efficiency of developing applications of ultrasound. In this study, an optical phase contrast method enabling fast and noninterfering measurements is proposed. In this method, the modulated phase of light caused by the focused ultrasound pressure field is measured. Then, a computed tomography (CT) algorithm used to quantitatively reconstruct a three-dimensional (3D) pressure field is applied. For a high-intensity focused ultrasound field, a new approach that combines the optical phase contrast method and acoustic holography was attempted. First, the optical measurement of focused ultrasound was rapidly performed over the field near a transducer. Second, the nonlinear propagation of the measured ultrasound was simulated. The result of the new approach agreed well with that of the measurement using a hydrophone and was improved from that of the phase contrast method alone with phase unwrapping.
Efficient generation of cavitation bubbles and reactive oxygen species using triggered high-intensity focused ultrasound sequence for sonodynamic treatment
Authors: Yasuda Jun , Yoshizawa Shin , Umemura Shin-ichiro 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSonodynamic treatment is a method of treating cancer using reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cavitation bubbles in collaboration with a sonosensitizer at a target tissue. In this treatment method, both localized ROS generation and ROS generation with high efficiency are important. In this study, a triggered high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) sequence, which consists of a short, extremely high intensity pulse immediately followed by a long, moderate-intensity burst, was employed for the efficient generation of ROS. In experiments, a solution sealed in a chamber was exposed to a triggered HIFU sequence. Then, the distribution of generated ROS was observed by the luminol reaction, and the amount of generated ROS was quantified using KI method. As a result, the localized ROS generation was demonstrated by light emission from the luminol reaction. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the triggered HIFU sequence has higher efficiency of ROS generation by both the KI method and the luminol reaction emission.
Data analysis results of the second sea trial of ambient noise imaging with acoustic lens in 2014: Two-dimensional target images affected by direction of field of view and spatial noise distribution
Authors: Mori Kazuyoshi , Ogasawara Hanako , Tsuchiya Takenobu , Endoh Nobuyuki 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
An aspherical lens with an aperture diameter of 1.0 m has been designed and fabricated to develop a prototype system for ambient noise imaging (ANI). A sea trial of silent target detection using the prototype ANI system was conducted under only natural ocean ambient noise at Uchiura Bay in November 2010. It was verified that targets are successfully detected under natural ocean ambient noise, mainly generated by snapping shrimps. Recently, we have built a second prototype ANI system using an acoustic lens with a two-dimensional (2D) receiver array with 127 elements corresponding to a field of view (FOV) spanning 15° horizontally by 9° vertically. In this study, we investigated the effects of the direction of the FOV and the spatial noise distribution on the 2D target image obtained by ANI. Here, the noise sources in front of the target are called “front light”, and those at the rear of the target are called “back light”. The second sea trial was conducted to image targets arranged in the FOV and measure the positions of noise sources at Uchiura Bay in November 10–14, 2014. For front light, the pixel values in the on-target directions were greater than those in other directions owing to the dominant target scatterings. Reversely, for back light, the pixel values in the on-target directions were lower than those in other directions owing to the dominant direct noises such as “silhouette”.
Growth enhancement and gene expression of Arabidopsis thaliana irradiated with active oxygen species
Authors: Watanabe Satoshi , Ono Reoto , Hayashi Nobuya , Shiratani Masaharu , Tashiro Kosuke , Kuhara Satoru , Inoue Asami , Yasuda Kaori , Hagiwara Hiroko 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The characteristics of plant growth enhancement effect and the mechanism of the enhancement induced by plasma irradiation are investigated using various active species in plasma. Active oxygen species in oxygen plasma are effective for growth enhancement of plants. DNA microarray analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana indicates that the genes coding proteins that counter oxidative stresses by eliminating active oxygen species are expressed at significantly high levels. The size of plant cells increases owing to oxygen plasma irradiation. The increases in gene expression levels and cell size suggest that the increase in the expression level of the expansin protein is essential for plant growth enhancement phenomena.
Three-dimensional magnetic recording using ferromagnetic resonance
Authors: Suto Hirofumi , Kudo Kiwamu , Nagasawa Tazumi , Kanao Taro , Mizushima Koichi , Sato Rie 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
To meet the ever-increasing demand for data storage, future magnetic recording devices will need to be made three-dimensional by implementing multilayer recording. In this article, we present methods of detecting and manipulating the magnetization direction of a specific layer selectively in a vertically stacked multilayer magnetic system, which enable layer-selective read and write operations in three-dimensional magnetic recording devices. The principle behind the methods is ferromagnetic resonance excitation in a microwave magnetic field. By designing each magnetic recording layer to have a different ferromagnetic resonance frequency, magnetization excitation can be induced individually in each layer by tuning the frequency of an applied microwave magnetic field, and this selective magnetization excitation can be utilized for the layer-selective operations. Regarding media for three-dimensional recording, when layers of a perpendicular magnetic material are vertically stacked, dipolar interaction between multiple recording layers arises and is expected to cause problems, such as degradation of thermal stability and switching field distribution. To solve these problems, we propose the use of an antiferromagnetically coupled structure consisting of hard and soft magnetic layers. Because the stray fields from these two layers cancel each other, antiferromagnetically coupled media can reduce the dipolar interaction.
B2O3: Grain boundary material for high-Ku CoPt–oxide granular media with low degree of intergranular exchange coupling
Authors: Tham Kim Kong , Hinata Shintaro , Kushibiki Ryosuke , Saito Shin 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The magnetic properties and structures of Co80Pt20–30 vol % oxide (ZrO2, Cr2O3, Y2O3, Al2O3, MnO, TiO2, WO2, SiO2, Mn3O4, WO3, Co3O4, MoO3, and B2O3) granular media deposited at room temperature were investigated. As a result, the following were found. 1) By employing oxides with low melting point temperatures as the granular media, magnetic grains with high saturation magnetization (

) and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (

) are obtained; the increases in

and

are due to the promotion of the columnar growth of magnetic grains and phase separation or two-phase precipitation between magnetic grains and oxides. 2) The increase in the

of the granular media followed by the decrease in the melting point of oxides is due to the reduction in the amount of stacking faults. 3) Among these granular media, the CoPt–B2O3 granular medium has the highest coercivity (H
c) and ratio of H
c to the magnetic anisotropy field (

) of 8.0 kOe and 0.4, with

and

of 1115 emu/cm3 and 1.1 × 107 erg/cm3, respectively. 4) The CoPt–B2O3 granular medium has well-isolated and columnar growth magnetic grains with an average grain size of 6.5 nm.
Volume-Synchronised Probability of Informed Trading on Chinese Index Futures: A Comparative Approach1
Authors: He Zhongzhi , Jiang Jinzhi , Kusy Martin , Trabelsi Samir 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In light of the controversial debate over the measure of Volume-Synchronised Probability of Informed Trading (VPIN), this paper investigates the effectiveness of VPIN as a risk warning signal in the Chinese market. Using intraday transaction data on Chinese stock index futures from 2012 to 2013, we conduct a comparative analysis of VPIN metrics using three trade classification methods: the tick rule (TR), the Lee-Ready (LR) algorithm, and bulk volume (BV). We assess the predictive ability of VPIN metrics for two highly volatile market events in China: the Money Shortage Event in June 2013 and the Fat Finger Event on 16 August 2013. Our results suggest that BV-VPIN has the best risk warning effect in signalling the occurrence of volatile events. Our work suggests that BV-VPIN can be used in the prevalent high-frequency trading (HFT) mechanism of the current financial world.
Assimilation of temperature and hydraulic gradients for quantifying the spatial variability of streambed hydraulics
Authors: Huang Xiang , Andrews Charles B. , Liu Jie , Yao Yingying , Liu Chuankun , Tyler Scott W. , Selker John S. , Zheng Chunmiao 
Published: June 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the spatial and temporal characteristics of water flux into or out of shallow aquifers is imperative for water resources management and eco‐environmental conservation. In this study, the spatial variability in the vertical specific fluxes and hydraulic conductivities in a streambed were evaluated by integrating distributed temperature sensing (DTS) data and vertical hydraulic gradients into an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and smoother (EnKS) and an empirical thermal‐mixing model. The formulation of the EnKF/EnKS assimilation scheme is based on a discretized 1D advection‐conduction equation of heat transfer in the streambed. We first systematically tested a synthetic case and performed quantitative and statistical analyses to evaluate the performance of the assimilation schemes. Then a real‐world case was evaluated to calculate assimilated specific flux. An initial estimate of the spatial distributions of the vertical hydraulic gradients was obtained from an empirical thermal‐mixing model under steady‐state conditions using a constant vertical hydraulic conductivity. Then, this initial estimate was updated by repeatedly dividing the assimilated specific flux by estimates of the vertical hydraulic gradients to obtain a refined spatial distribution of vertical hydraulic gradients and vertical hydraulic conductivities. Our results indicate that optimal parameters can be derived with fewer iterations but greater simulation effort using the EnKS compared with the EnKF. For the field application in a stream segment of the Heihe River Basin in northwest China, the average vertical hydraulic conductivities in the streambed varied over three orders of magnitude (5 × 10−1 to 5 × 102 m/d). The specific fluxes ranged from near zero (qz < ±0.05 m/d) to ±1.0 m/d, while the vertical hydraulic gradients were within the range of −0.2 to 0.15 m/m. The highest and most variable fluxes occurred adjacent to a debris‐dam and bridge pier. This phenomenon is very likely the result of heterogeneous streambed hydraulic characteristics in these areas. Our results have significant implications for hyporheic micro‐habitats, fish spawning and other wildlife incubation, regional flow and hyporheic solute transport models in the Heihe River Basin, as well as in other similar hydrologic settings.
Radar detection of the brine extent at McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, and its control by snow accumulation
Authors: Grima Cyril , Greenbaum Jamin S. , Lopez Garcia Erika J. , Soderlund Krista M. , Rosales Arami , Blankenship Donald D. , Young Duncan A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe derive the surface density and brine infiltration depth/extent at McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, from combined analysis of radar profiles and radar statistical reconnaissance of the surface from 2011 to 2012 austral summer airborne observations. Most of the brine boundaries appear controlled, directly or indirectly, by the snow accumulation pattern. The infiltration is bounded westward by an ablation area and resides just above the pore close‐off depth over most of its extent. The eastern brine limit matches a light‐snow corridor, suggesting a reversed pressure gradient at depth that might sharply slow down the infiltration. Brine into ice is confirmed at the deepest locations north and east of Williams Field. The ice‐ocean interface is undetected west of the infiltrated zone, except in localized patches. We hypothesize this echo‐free zone to be due to high scattering below the surface, possibly from a network of accreted ice and/or ice platelets at the ice‐ocean interface.
Thermospheric wind observed by GOCE: Wind jets and seasonal variations
Authors: Liu Huixin , Doornbos Eelco , Nakashima Junichiro 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFour years of GOCE observation near ∼250 km altitude during 2010–2013 provide a large data set for examining winds near dawn and dusk. The analysis has revealed interesting new features on the spatial and seasonal variation of the quiet time F region wind. (1) The wind structure in equatorial regions is aligned with the dip equator in all seasons but June solstice, forming a strong eastward jet in the evening sector but a weak westward jet in the morning sector. This demonstrates a magnetic control of the thermospheric wind. (2) The equatorial evening eastward wind reaches over 120 m/s in December but drops below 90 m/s in June. This weak wind likely leads to the frequently observed weak prereversal enhancement in June. (3) At middle latitudes, winds experience a marked annual variation but with opposite phase between the evening and morning sectors. The evening eastward wind maximizes in local winter (∼140 m/s) and minimizes in local summer (∼60 m/s), while the morning westward wind behaves vice versa. This annual variation may be attributed to the Midlatitude Summer Night Anomaly. (4) Although HWM14 empirical wind model significantly improved over HWM07, neither captures the wind's alignment with the dip equator. This leads to large underestimation of zonal winds by over 50 m/s at low latitudes in the evening sector at all longitudes in all seasons. Care should thus be taken when using HWMs to drive physical models, as they likely produce weaker upward plasma drift.
Cloudiness over the Amazon rainforest: Meteorology and thermodynamics
Authors: Collow Allison B. Marquardt , Miller Mark A. , Trabachino Lynne C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractComprehensive meteorological observations collected during GOAmazon2014/15 using the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Mobile Facility no. 1 and assimilated observations from the Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 are used to document the seasonal cycle of cloudiness, thermodynamics, and precipitation above the Amazon rainforest. The reversal of synoptic‐scale vertical motions modulates the transition between the wet and dry seasons. Ascending moist air during the wet season originates near the surface of the Atlantic Ocean and is advected into the Amazon rainforest, where it experiences convergence and, ultimately, precipitates. The dry season is characterized by weaker winds and synoptic‐scale subsidence with little or no moisture convergence accompanying moisture advection. This combination results in the drying of the midtroposphere during June through October as indicated by a decrease in liquid water path, integrated water, and the vertical profile of water vapor mixing ratio. The vertical profile of cloud fraction exhibits a relatively consistent decline in cloud fraction from the lifting condensation level (LCL) to the freezing level where a minimum is observed, unlike many other tropical regions. Coefficients of determination between the LCL and cloud fractional coverage suggest a relatively robust relationship between the LCL and cloudiness beneath 5 km during the dry season (R2 = 0.42) but a weak relationship during the wet season (0.12).
Mortality of lead smelter workers: A follow‐up study with exposure assessment
Authors: Bertke Stephen J. , Lehman Everett J. , Wurzelbacher Steven J. , Hein Misty J. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundLead exposure has been linked to impaired renal function and kidney failure. High lead exposures have been associated with increased mortality from certain cancers, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).MethodsWe extended vital status follow‐up on a cohort of 1,990 lead smelter workers by 25 years and computed standardized mortality ratios and rate ratios (RR) stratified by cumulative lead exposure.ResultsThe update added 13,823 person‐years at risk and 721 deaths. Increased risk of mortality was observed for the a priori outcomes of lung cancer, cardiovascular disease (including cerebrovascular disease), chronic kidney disease, and ALS. However, of these outcomes, only cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and chronic kidney diseases were associated with a positive exposure‐response in RR analyses.ConclusionsThis study reaffirms the association of lead exposure with cardiovascular and kidney diseases; however, increased mortality observed for certain cancers is not likely to be due to lead exposure. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:979–986, 2016. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Clinically distinct electroencephalographic phenotypes of early myoclonus after cardiac arrest
Authors: Elmer Jonathan , Rittenberger Jon C. , Faro John , Molyneaux Bradley J. , Popescu Alexandra , Callaway Clifton W. , Baldwin Maria ,   for the Pittsburgh Post‐Cardiac Arrest Service
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveWe tested the hypothesis that there are readily classifiable electroencephalographic (EEG) phenotypes of early postanoxic multifocal myoclonus (PAMM) that develop after cardiac arrest.MethodsWe studied a cohort of consecutive comatose patients treated after cardiac arrest from January 2012 to February 2015. For patients with clinically evident myoclonus before awakening, 2 expert physicians reviewed and classified all EEG recordings. Major categories included: Pattern 1, suppression‐burst background with high‐amplitude polyspikes in lockstep with myoclonic jerks; and Pattern 2, continuous background with narrow, vertex spike‐wave discharges in lockstep with myoclonic jerks. Other patterns were subcortical myoclonus and unclassifiable. We compared population characteristics and outcomes across these EEG subtypes.ResultsOverall, 401 patients were included, of whom 69 (16%) had early myoclonus. Among these patients, Pattern 1 was the most common, occurring in 48 patients (74%), whereas Pattern 2 occurred in 8 patients (12%). The remaining patients had subcortical myoclonus (n = 2, 3%) or other patterns (n = 7, 11%). No patients with Pattern 1, subcortical myoclonus, or other patterns survived with favorable outcome. By contrast, 4 of 8 patients (50%) with Pattern 2 on EEG survived, and 4 of 4 (100%) survivors had favorable outcomes despite remaining comatose for 1 to 2 weeks postarrest.InterpretationEarly PAMM is common after cardiac arrest. We describe 2 distinct patterns with distinct prognostic significances. For patients with Pattern 1 EEGs, it may be appropriate to abandon our current clinical standard of aggressive therapy with conventional antiepileptic therapy in favor of early limitation of care or novel neuroprotective strategies. Ann Neurol 2016;80:175–184