bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cooperative or competitive? Private regulators and public supervisors in the post-crisis European financial services landscape
Authors: Cherednychenko Olha O 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
This article explores the interplay between private regulators and public supervisors within principles-based regulation and meta-regulation in the post-crisis European retail financial services landscape. It shows that the way in which the compliance with such regulatory frameworks is supervised and enforced may determine the type of relationship between private regulators and public supervisors — cooperative or competitive — that prevails at a specific moment in time. While there is evidence of both cooperation and competition between the two in the post-crisis era, a predominantly competitive relationship between private regulators and public watchdogs may severely undermine the practical importance of co-governance arrangements. A significant degree of cooperation between private regulators and public supervisors is key to ensuring their effectiveness. Public supervision and enforcement must therefore be responsive to the peculiarities of co-governance arrangement.
Determinants of Outcome in Hospitalized Patients With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infection: Results From National Surveillance in Canada, 2008-2012
Authors: Simor Andrew E. , Pelude Linda , Golding George , Fernandes Rachel , Bryce Elizabeth , Frenette Charles , Gravel Denise , Katz Kevin , McGeer Allison , Mulvey Michael R. , Smith Stephanie , Weiss Karl ,   the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUNDBloodstream infection (BSI) due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality.OBJECTIVETo determine the incidence of MRSA BSI in Canadian hospitals and to identify variables associated with increased mortality.METHODSProspective surveillance for MRSA BSI conducted in 53 Canadian hospitals from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2012. Thirty-day all-cause mortality was determined, and logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with mortality.RESULTSA total of 1,753 patients with MRSA BSI were identified (incidence, 0.45 per 1,000 admissions). The most common sites presumed to be the source of infection were skin/soft tissue (26.6%) and an intravascular catheter (22.0%). The most common spa types causing MRSA BSI were t002 (USA100/800; 55%) and t008 (USA300; 29%). Thirty-day all-cause mortality was 23.8%. Mortality was associated with increasing age (odds ratio, 1.03 per year [95% CI, 1.02–1.04]), the presence of pleuropulmonary infection (2.3 [1.4–3.7]), transfer to an intensive care unit (3.2 [2.1–5.0]), and failure to receive appropriate antimicrobial therapy within 24 hours of MRSA identification (3.2 [2.1–5.0]); a skin/soft-tissue source of BSI was associated with decreased mortality (0.5 [0.3–0.9]). MRSA genotype and reduced susceptibility to vancomycin were not associated with risk of death.CONCLUSIONSThis study provides additional insight into the relative impact of various host and microbial factors associated with mortality in patients with MRSA BSI. The results emphasize the importance of ensuring timely receipt of appropriate antimicrobial agents to reduce the risk of an adverse outcome.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(4):390–397
Routine Surveillance Versus Independent Assessment by an Outcome Adjudication Committee in Assessing Patients for Sternal Surgical Site Infections After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Mertz Dominik , Whitlock Richard , Kokoszka Alicia Y. , Smith Stephanie W. , Carignan Alex , Rehan Muhammad , Jaffer Iqbal H. , Alsagheir Ali , Loeb Mark 
Published: January 2016

Based on a cohort of 966 patients, routine surveillance data were not sufficiently accurate for use in clinical trials investigating surgical site infections. Surveillance data can only be used if adequate 90-day follow-up is provided and if cases identified by surveillance are independently reviewed by a blinded outcome adjudication committee.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:600–602
The XXL Survey XIV. AAOmega Redshifts for the Southern XXL Field
Authors: Lidman C. , Ardila F. , Owers M. , Adami C. , Chiappetti L. , Civano F. , Elyiv A. , Finet F. , Fotopoulou S. , Goulding A. , Koulouridis E. , Melnyk O. , Menanteau F. , Pacaud F. , Pierre M. , Plionis M. , Surdej J. , Sadibekova T. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe present a catalogue containing the redshifts of 3 660 X-ray selected targets in the XXL southern field. The redshifts were obtained with the AAOmega spectrograph and 2dF fibre positioner on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. The catalogue contains 1 515 broad line AGN, 528 stars, and redshifts for 41 out of the 49 brightest X-ray selected clusters in the XXL southern field.
Properties of Dwarf Stars in Cygnus OB2
Authors: Maryeva Olga , Parfenov S. Yu. , Yushkin M. V. , Shapovalova A. S. , Gorda S. Yu. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe present the results of investigation of five stars, originally classified as dwarfs, belonging to Cyg OB2 association, their stellar, and wind properties. Using both tlusty and cmfgen codes, we derived effective temperatures, surface gravities, chemical abundances, mass-loss rates, and projected rotation velocities. Due to the fact that distance to the stars is well known, we were able to estimate their luminosities. Using evolutionary models, we estimated the ages of these sample stars and find that lower mass ones—MT282 and MT343—belong to older population of the association. Their ages are greater than 10 Myr. The ages of three other stars—MT317, MT299, MT259—are between 4 and 6 Myr.
Evaluation of native plant flower characteristics for conservation biological control ofPrays oleae
Authors: Nave A. , Gonçalves F. , Crespí A.L. , Campos M. , Torres L. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSeveral studies have shown that manipulating flowering weeds within an agroecosystem can have an important role in pest control by natural enemies, by providing them nectar and pollen, which are significant sources of nutrition for adults. The aim of this study was to assess if the olive moth,Prays oleae(Bernard, 1788) (Lepidoptera: Praydidae), and five of its main natural enemies, the parasitoid speciesChelonus elaeaphilusSilvestri (Hymenoptera: Braconidae),Apanteles xanthostigma(Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae),Ageniaspis fuscicollis(Dalman) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) andElasmus flabellatus(Fonscolombe) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), as well as the predatorChrysoperla carnea(Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), can theoretically access the nectar from 21 flowering weeds that naturally occur in olive groves. Thus, the architecture of the flowers as well as the mouthpart structure and/or the head and thorax width of the pest and its enemies were analyzed. The results suggested that all beneficial insects were able to reach nectar of the plant species from Apiaceae family, i.e.Conopodium majus(Gouan) Loret,Daucus carotaL. andFoeniculum vulgareMill., as well asAsparagus acutifoliusL.,Echium plantagineumL.,Capsella bursa-pastoris(L.) Medik.,Raphanus raphanistrumL.,Lonicera hispanicaBoiss. et Reut.,Silene gallicaL.,Spergula arvensisL.,Hypericum perforatumL.,Calamintha baeticaBoiss. et Reut,Malva neglectaWallr. andLinaria saxatilis(L.) Chaz.P. oleaewas not able to access nectar from five plant species, namely:Andryala integrifoliaL.,Chondrilla junceaL.,Dittrichia viscosa(L.) Greuter,Sonchus asper(L.) Hill andLavandula stoechasL.
Functional diversity of staphylinid beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in maize fields: testing the possible effect of genetically modified, insect resistant maize
Authors: Svobodová Z. , Skoková Habuštová O. , Boháč J. , Sehnal F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractStaphylinid beetles are recommended bioindicators for the pre-market environmental risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) insect protected maize expressing the Cry3Bb1 toxin. Our multiannual study is a unique European analysis of a staphylinid community within a 14 ha maize field. GM maize, its near-isogenic hybrid (with or without insecticide treatment), and two other reference hybrids were each grown in five 0.5 ha plots. The opportunity for exposure to Cry toxin from plant residues ploughed into the soil was shown by the presence of saprophagous dipteran larvae that are common prey of predatory staphylinid species and hosts of the parasitoid species. 2587 individuals belonging to 77 staphylinid species were sampled using pitfall traps.Lesteva longoelytrata(31%),Oxypoda acuminata(12%),Aloconota sulcifrons(8%) andAnotylus rugosus(7%) were the most abundant beetles in the field. Bionomics, food specialization, temperature requirements and size group were assigned for 25 most common species. These traits determine the occurrence of staphylinid beetles in the field, the food sources they could utilize and thus also their likely contact with the Cry3Bb1 toxin. Statistical analysis of activity abundance, Rao indices and multivariate analysis of distribution of particular categories of functional traits in the field showed negligible effects of the experimental treatments, including the GM maize, upon the staphylinid community. Staphylinid beetles represent a considerably diverse part of epigeic field fauna with wide food specialization; these features render them suitable for the assessment of environmental safety of GM insect protected maize. However, the availability of prey and the presence of particular staphylinid species and their abundance are highly variable; this complicates the interpretation of the results.
The life cycle ofGregarina cuneatain the midgut ofTribolium castaneumand the effects of parasitism on the development of insects
Authors: Gigliolli A.A.S. , Julio A.H.F. , Conte H. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTribolium castaneumHerbst 1797 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), an important pest of stored grains and byproducts, is naturally infected byGregarina cuneataStein 1848 (Apicomplexa: Gregarinidae). Changes in the life cycle of insects caused by the parasite development in the midgut were studied. Trophozoites, gamonts (solitary and associated), and gametocysts were present in the midgut of the insects. In young trophozoites, the apical region differentiated into an epimerite that firmly attached the parasite to the host epithelial cells. With maturation, trophozoites developed in gamonts that were associated with the initiation of sexual reproduction in the cell cycle, culminating in the formation of the spherical gametocyst. Morpho-functional analyses indicated that gregarines absorb nutrients from infected cells and can occlude the midgut as they develop. Consequently, nutritional depletion may interfere with the host's physiology, causing decreased growth, delayed development, and high mortality rates of the parasitized insects. These results suggestG. cuneatacould be an important biological agent for controllingT. castaneumin integrated pest management programs.
Differential Equations Driven byΠ-Rough Paths
Authors: Gyurkó Lajos Gergely 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis paper revisits the concept of rough paths of inhomogeneous degree of smoothness (geometricΠ-rough paths in our terminology) sketched by Lyons in 1998. Although geometricΠ-rough paths can be treated asp-rough paths for a sufficiently largep, and the theory of integration of Lipγone-forms (γ>p–1) along geometricp-rough paths applies, we prove the existence of integrals of one-forms under weaker conditions. Moreover, we consider differential equations driven by geometricΠ-rough paths and give sufficient conditions for existence and uniqueness of solution.
Calicophoron daubneyiandFasciola hepatica: characteristics of natural and experimental co-infections of these digeneans in the snailLymnaea glabra
Authors: Vignoles P. , Titi A. , Mekroud A. , Rondelaud D. , Dreyfuss G. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA retrospective study on differentLymnaea glabrasamples collected from central France between 1993 and 2010 was carried out to determine the prevalence of natural co-infections withCalicophoron daubneyiandFasciola hepatica, and to specify the composition of redial burdens. Experimental infections ofL. glabraperformed during the same period of time were also analysed to study metacercarial production of each digenean in co-infected snails. Controls were naturally or experimentally co-infectedGalba truncatula. In natural co-infections, prevalence was 0.7% inL. glabra(186/25,128) and 0.4% inG. truncatula(137/31,345). Low redial burdens were found in these snails, withF. hepaticarediae significantly more numerous inL. glabrathan inG. truncatula(7.5 per snail instead of 5.2). In contrast, the total numbers ofC. daubneyirediae in both lymnaeids were close to each other (4.3 and 3.0 rediae, respectively). In experimentally co-infected groups, prevalence was greater inG. truncatulathan in the other lymnaeid (6.3% instead of 3.0%). Significantly shorter patent periods and lower metacercarial production for each digenean were noted inL. glabrathan inG. truncatula.However, in both lymnaeids, the two types of cercariae were released during the same shedding waves and several peaks during the patent period were synchronous. In spite of a greater shell height forL. glabra, metacercarial production of both digeneans in co-infected snails was lower than that inG. truncatula, thus indicating a still incomplete adaptation between these FrenchL. glabraand both parasites.
Epistaxis management: current understanding amongst junior doctors
Authors: Fox R , Nash R , Liu Z-W , Singh A 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackground:Epistaxis is a common and potentially life-threatening emergency. This survey assesses understanding and confidence in epistaxis management amongst current junior doctors.Method:A cross-sectional study was conducted of foundation year one and two doctors based at three National Health Service trusts within a single region of the UK, assessing basic understanding and procedural confidence.Results:A total of 111 foundation doctors completed this survey. The average duration of undergraduate exposure to otolaryngology was 8.1 days. Forty-one per cent of respondents stated that they would apply pressure to the nasal bones to control epistaxis. Seventy-five per cent lacked confidence in their ability to manage epistaxis. Those with two weeks or more of undergraduate exposure to otolaryngology were more confident than those with one week or less of exposure (p < 0.0001).Conclusion:Junior doctors lack understanding and confidence in epistaxis management, with patient safety implications. Confidence is associated with the duration of undergraduate exposure to otolaryngology. A minimum emergency safe competency should be a priority during foundation training if not achieved in UK medical schools.
The preliminary assessment of abundance and composition of marine beach debris in the northern Persian Gulf, Bandar Abbas City, Iran
Authors: Sarafraz Jaleh , Rajabizadeh Mahdi , Kamrani Ehsan 
Published: January 2016

Marine debris is a major challenge threatening ocean and coastal environment with no easy solution in coming years. The problem is totally manmade and extendeds to coastal areas around the world. The accumulation of marine debris is largely due to lack of awareness and environmental education among the public reinforced with mismanagement of municipal litter in coastal cities. Iran has about 2415 km of coastlines in the north and south of the country that suffer severely from a marine debris problem. Despite the great scale of the problem that leads to the shutdown of some beaches to beachgoers, there are no documented data on the abundance, composition and sources of marine debris dispersed on beaches. With the cooperation of marine biology student volunteers, we surveyed beaches at two scales, 100 m and 1 km searching for litter in varying ranges. The results revealed that the most common items are made of plastic/polystyrene. Tourism and recreational activities are responsible for more than 90% of litter production on the study beach. Fisheries and aquaculture are the second source of most abundant marine litter found on the beach with considerable distance from tourism activities. We conclude that lack of education about the consequences of marine litter is the main reason for marine debris at the study beach. Another reason is related to rapid construction of coastal areas and development of coastal cities with no proper infrastructure to manage municipal littering.
Real-world Islands in a Social Media Sea: Nationalism and Censorship on Weibo during the 2012 Diaoyu/Senkaku Crisis
Authors: Cairns Christopher , Carlson Allen 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDuring August and September 2012, Sino-Japanese conflict over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands escalated. Alongside street demonstrations in China, there was an outpouring of public sentiment on China's leading micro-blog, Sina Weibo (微波). Using human and computer-assisted content analysis, we exploit original Weibo data to measure how public sentiment in China fluctuated over the dispute, and ask two questions. First, how cohesive and volatile were online nationalist sentiments? Second, we measure government censorship of Weibo in order to ask which sentiments did authorities allow to be expressed, and when? We first find that many of the micro-bloggers' harshest invective was directed not at Japan but at their own government. Second, while censorship remained high across topics for most of the dispute, it plummeted on 18 August – the same day as bloggers' anger at Beijing peaked. These observations suggest three theoretical explanations: two are instrumental-strategic (“audience costs” and “safety valve”) and one is ideational (elite identification with protesters).
Reciprocal relationship between unhealthy eating behaviours and depressive symptoms from childhood to adolescence: 10-year follow-up of the Child and Adolescent Behaviors in Long-Term Evolution study
Authors: Wu Wen-Chi , Luh Dih-Lin , Lin Ching-I , Chiang Yi-Chen , Hung Chao-Chia , Wang Sabrina , Wu Chi-Chen , Hurng Baai-Shyun , Chang Yi-Han , Yen Lee-Lan , Chang Hsing-Yi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the reciprocal relationship between unhealthy eating behaviours and depressive symptoms from childhood to adolescence.DesignUnhealthy eating behaviours were measured by the frequencies of eating foods with excess salt, sugar or fat in the past week. Depressive symptoms in the past two weeks were measured using a seven-item scale. Hierarchical linear growth models were used to analyse longitudinal associations between unhealthy eating behaviours and depressive symptoms. Time-fixed variables (sex, parents’ education level and household monthly income) and time-varying variables (parents’ marital status, family activities, body weight, vegetable or fruit consumption, exercising and smoking) were controlled for.SettingThe Child and Adolescent Behaviors in Long-Term Evolution study, which commenced in 2001 and has annual follow-up.SubjectsStudents (n2630) followed from 2nd grade (8 years old in 2002) to 11th grade.ResultsThe frequency of unhealthy eating behaviours in the previous year and the difference between the frequency in the previous and successive year were positively associated with the initiation and growth rate of depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms in the previous year and the difference in depressive symptoms between the previous and successive year were positively associated with the initial state and growth rate of unhealthy eating behaviours.ConclusionsOur results suggest a reciprocal relationship between depressive symptoms and unhealthy eating behaviours. This relationship should be considered when developing programmes targeting depressive symptoms and unhealthy diet in children and adolescents.
Critical role of spatial information from chiral-asymmetric peptides in the earliest occurrence of life
Authors: Cruz-Rosas Hugo I. , Riquelme Francisco , Maldonado Mariel , Cocho Germinal 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe earliest functional living system on Earth should have been able to reproduce an ordered configuration and a self-organization dynamics. It was capable of resisting a random variability in time and space to keep the functionality. Amino acids (AAs) and nucleobases generated from abiotic reactions as seen in laboratory-based experiments have demonstrated that molecular elements for life can be obtained by predictable physicochemical processes. However, a functional, self-organized living system needs complex molecular interactions to endure. In this paper, we address the transference of spatial information on highly enantiopure polymers as a critical condition to support the dynamics in a self-organized biogenic system. Previous scenarios have considered almost exclusively the information encoded in sequences as the suitable source of prebiotic information. But the spatial information transference has been poorly understood thus far. We provide the supporting statements which predict that the ordered configuration in a biogenic system should be significantly influenced by spatial information, instead of being exclusively generated by sequences of polymers. This theoretical approach takes into consideration that the properties of mutation and inheritance did not develop before definition of the structures that allow the management of information. Rather, we postulate that the molecular structures to store and transfer information must exist at first, in order to retain particular functional ‘meaning’, and subsequently, such information can be ‘inherited’ and eventually modified. Thus, the present contribution follows the theory that life was originated from an unstable prebiotic environment that involves the early spatial information transference based on large chiral asymmetry.
Evolutionary distinctiveness of fatty acid and polyketide synthesis in eukaryotes
Authors: Kohli Gurjeet S , John Uwe , Van Dolah Frances M , Murray Shauna A 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Fatty acids, which are essential cell membrane constituents and fuel storage molecules, are thought to share a common evolutionary origin with polyketide toxins in eukaryotes. While fatty acids are primary metabolic products, polyketide toxins are secondary metabolites that are involved in ecologically relevant processes, such as chemical defence, and produce the adverse effects of harmful algal blooms. Selection pressures on such compounds may be different, resulting in differing evolutionary histories. Surprisingly, some studies of dinoflagellates have suggested that the same enzymes may catalyse these processes. Here we show the presence and evolutionary distinctiveness of genes encoding six key enzymes essential for fatty acid production in 13 eukaryotic lineages for which no previous sequence data were available (alveolates: dinoflagellates, Vitrella, Chromera; stramenopiles: bolidophytes, chrysophytes, pelagophytes, raphidophytes, dictyochophytes, pinguiophytes, xanthophytes; Rhizaria: chlorarachniophytes, haplosporida; euglenids) and 8 other lineages (apicomplexans, bacillariophytes, synurophytes, cryptophytes, haptophytes, chlorophyceans, prasinophytes, trebouxiophytes). The phylogeny of fatty acid synthase genes reflects the evolutionary history of the organism, indicating selection to maintain conserved functionality. In contrast, polyketide synthase gene families are highly expanded in dinoflagellates and haptophytes, suggesting relaxed constraints in their evolutionary history, while completely absent from some protist lineages. This demonstrates a vast potential for the production of bioactive polyketide compounds in some lineages of microbial eukaryotes, indicating that the evolution of these compounds may have played an important role in their ecological success.