bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seclusion: An International Comparison
Authors: Mason T 
Published: July 2017

A review of the national and international literature on seclusion of psychiatric patients established its wide use throughout the countries located with use of primary or secondary published data. Although the form seclusion took varied considerably, with some embroiling the concept under the rubric of restraint, it became apparent that in the extremes of violence it was unavoidable. All the countries reviewed expressed concerns regarding the use of seclusion including the non-psychiatrized country highlighted, but were unable to provide a realistic practical alternative as an emergency measure.
2. A Multilocus DNA Fingerprint with Built-in Security Devices
Authors: Krawczak Michael , Schmidtke Jörg , Epplen Jörg T , Hansmann Ingo , Thies Ulrike 
Published: July 2017

An unusual case of paternity testing is reported in which determination of paternity was an essential part of a genetic diagnosis. A.Y-chromosomal abnormality, observed in a 33-year-old male whose wife had experienced a series of spontaneous abortions, was not found in his alleged father. DNA fingerprinting with the oligonucleotide multilocus probe (CAC)5 yielded two aberrant bands for the proband, i.e. bands exhibited by neither parent. This finding resulted in a comparatively low paternity probability of 0.02934 which is suggestive of, but does not unequivocally prove, false paternity. Subsequent analysis with other multi- and single-locus systems, however, failed to confirm this preliminary result. The paternity probability computed on the basis of the single-locus systems was 0.99997, providing compelling evidence in favour of true paternity. The present case thus demonstrates that even when two mutations turn up in a DNA fingerprint, these may be readily recognized as such.
Recent Developments in Alexithymia Theory and Research
Authors: Taylor Graeme J 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To review recent developments in alexithymia theory and research that are relevant to the field of psychosomatic medicine. Method: Articles were selected from the alexithymia literature published over the past decade that describe advances in the theoretical understanding of alexithymia or report empirical investigations of the relationships of the construct with emotion regulation and with somatic illness and disease. Empirical investigations of the neural correlates of alexithymia were reviewed also, as were studies that explore therapeutic attempts to modify alexithymic characteristics. Results: The salient features of the alexithymia construct are now thought to reflect deficits in the cognitive processing and regulation of emotions. This is supported by studies showing that alexithymia is associated with maladaptive styles of emotion regulation, low emotional intelligence, a bidirectional interhemispheric transfer deficit, and reduced rapid eye movement (REM) density (number of eye movements divided by number of REM periods). Although empirical evidence demonstrates that alexithymia is associated with several somatic disorders, more prospective studies are required to establish the direction of causality. Preliminary data suggest that psychotherapies involving specific techniques to enhance emotional awareness and integrate symbolic and subsymbolic elements of emotion schemas may be effective in reducing alexithymic characteristics. Conclusion: Alexithymia is proving to be a heuristically useful construct for exploring the role of personality and emotions in the pathogenesis of certain somatic illnesses and diseases.
Comparison of Family Therapy and Family Group Psychoeducation in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Geist Rose , Heinmaa Margus , Stephens Derek , Davis Ron , Katzman Debra K 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To compare the effects of 4 months of 2 family-oriented treatments, family therapy and family psychoeducation, on female adolescents with newly diagnosed restrictive eating disorders. Method: Twenty-five female adolescents requiring hospitalization were randomized into either family therapy or family group psychoeducation. Outcome measures included medical (body weight) and psychosocial (specific and nonspecific eating disorder psychopathology) variables at baseline and after 4 months of treatments every 2 weeks. Results: A significant time effect was found in both treatment groups for the restoration of body weight (percentage of ideal body weight, P < 0.000 01). The group averages ranged from 75% to 77% ideal body weight before treatment to 91% to 96% after it. A time effect was also seen on the Family Assessment Measure (P < 0.018), in that the patients of both groups acknowledged more family psychopathology at the end of treatment. No significant group differences were found on any of the self-report measures of specific and nonspecific eating disorder pathology. Conclusions: Weight restoration was achieved following the 4-month period of treatment in both the family therapy and family psychoeducation groups, but no significant change was reported in psychological functioning by either adolescents or parents. Family group psychoeducation, the less expensive form of treatment, is an equally effective method of providing family-oriented treatment to newly diagnosed, medically compromised anorexia nervosa patients and their families.
Attitudes of Senior Psychiatry Residents toward Persons with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Ouellette-Kuntz Hélène , Burge Philip , Henry David B , Bradley Elspeth A , Leichner Pierre 
Published: July 2017

Objectives: This study examined the attitudes of senior residents in psychiatry toward persons with intellectual disabilities. Examining residents' attitudes will highlight areas of training that could be enhanced to better prepare psychiatrists to work with individuals with intellectual disabilities. Method: A questionnaire was distributed to senior psychiatry residents at a Canada-wide preparatory session for the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Included in the questionnaire was the Community Living Attitudes Scale Mental Retardation - Short Form (CLAS) as well as demographic items (for example, age, sex, and marital status) and questions about training in intellectual disabilities. Scores on the 4 CLAS subscales (Empowerment, Similarity, Exclusion, and Sheltering) are reported, and analyses of variance were performed to identify factors associated with each subscale score. The residents' scores are compared with those obtained in surveys of other groups. Results: Fifty-eight senior residents from across Canada completed the questionnaire. The residents' scores favorued Empowerment and Similarity over Exclusion and Sheltering. Men and women responded differently. Training in intellectual disabilities during residency only appeared to influence the Similarity subscale scores. Conclusion: Senior psychiatry residents hold attitudes toward persons with intellectual disabilities that are not entirely consistent with the community living philosophic paradigm. More research is needed to uncover how attitudes of psychiatrists develop, as well as how training can influence attitudes.
Estimating the Economic Costs of Antidepressant Discontinuation during Pregnancy
Authors: O'Brien Lisa , Laporte Audrey , Koren Gideon 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Depression is a major public health concern that results in a wide range of economic costs to people, their families, and the health care system. Our study sought to determine the direct medical costs incurred by the Ontario government owing to cessation of antidepressant therapy during pregnancy. Methods: We conducted an economic evaluation by making assumptions based on data obtained from Statistics Canada, federal and provincial government reports, and relevant depression literature. The analysis included the number of pregnant women with depression residing in Ontario and, subsequently, the number of those women who experienced depressive relapse during pregnancy owing to discontinuation of antidepressant medication. The cost of physician services, hospitalizations, and the birth of preterm and low birth weight infants (2 adverse outcomes associated with untreated depression during pregnancy) were also taken into consideration. Results: An estimated 2953 pregnant women with depression in Ontario annually discontinue antidepressant therapy and subsequently have a depressive relapse. An estimated $20 546 982 is spent annually in Ontario on untreated maternal depression in pregnancy; this is the total after subtracting the cost of risks associated with treated depression during pregnancy ($3 144 053). Conclusions: Safe treatment options for the management of depression during pregnancy should be actively explored as treated depression translates into cost savings for the Ontario government and society as a whole. Beyond this cost, depression interferes with the quality of childrearing, maternal responsiveness to infants, and other determinants essential for optimal child development.
Transitions in Hearing Impairment and Psychological Distress in Older Adults
Authors: Corna Laurie M , Wade Terrance J , Streiner David L , Cairney John 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Although previous research has demonstrated an association between hearing impairment (HI) and psychological distress, less work has explored the effect of transitions in hearing status on distress over time, or the explanatory pathways that may explain this association. Method: We use 2 waves of data from the Canadian National Population Health Survey to examine the effect of HI transitions on changes in distress during 6 years, and to test the potential mediating effects of psychosocial factors and chronic stressors. Results: Experiencing a decline in hearing was associated with increased distress at Wave 4, net of Wave 1 distress, although the significance of the relation was reduced to trend level following adjustment for sociodemographic variables ( P < 0.06). The introduction of mastery and self-esteem further reduced the size of the effect of reporting a decline in hearing in the full model. Conclusions: The association between declines in HI and psychological distress during a 6-year period did not reach a traditional level of statistical significance, and we discuss potential explanations for this finding. Mastery and self-esteem may be important explanatory variables in the HI–distress association and should be considered in future research.
Course, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Depressive Symptomatology in Workers following a Workplace Injury: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Franche Renée-Louise , Carnide Nancy , Hogg-Johnson Sheilah , Côté Pierre , Breslin F Curtis , Bültmann Ute , Severin Colette N , Krause Niklas 
Published: July 2017

Objectives: To estimate prevalence, incidence, and course of depressive symptoms and prevalence of mental health treatment following a workplace injury, and to estimate the association between depressive symptoms and return-to-work (RTW) trajectories. Method: In a prospective cohort study, workers filing a lost-time compensation claim for a work-related musculoskeletal disorder of the back or upper extremity were interviewed 1 month ( n = 599) and 6 months ( n = 430) postinjury. A high level of depressive symptoms was defined as 16 or more on the self-reported Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression (CES-D) Scale. The following estimates are reported: prevalence of high depressive symptom levels at 1 and 6 months postinjury; incidence, resolution, and persistence of high depressive symptom levels between 1 and 6 months; and prevalence of self-reported mental health treatment and depression diagnosis at 6 months postinjury. Results: Prevalence of high depressive symptom levels at 1 month and 6 months postinjury were 42.9% (95% CI 38.9% to 46.9%) and 26.5% (95% CI 22.3% to 30.7%), respectively. Among participants reporting high depressive symptom levels at 1 month postinjury, 47.2% (95% CI 39.9% to 54.5%) experienced a persistence of symptoms 6 months postinjury. By 6 months, 38.6% of workers who never returned to work or had work disability recurrences had high depressive symptom levels, compared with 17.7% of those with a sustained RTW trajectory. At 6–month follow-up, 12.9% (95% CI 5.8% to 20.1%) of participants with persistently high depressive symptom levels self-reported a depression diagnosis since injury and 23.8% (95% CI 14.7% to 32.9%) were receiving depression treatment. Conclusions: Depressive symptoms are pervasive in workers with musculoskeletal injuries, but transient for some, and seldom diagnosed as depression or treated.
Disclosure Attitudes and Social Acknowledgement as Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Severity in Chinese and German Crime Victims
Authors: Mueller Julia , Orth Ulrich , Wang Jianping , Maercker Andreas 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Only rare data exist comparing cross-cultural aspects of civilian traumatization. We compared prevalence rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in German and Chinese crime victims, and investigated the cross-cultural effect of 2 interpersonal predictors. Method: German ( n = 151) and Chinese ( n = 144) adult crime victims were assessed several months postcrime. The parallel questionnaire set assessed PTSD symptom severity, disclosure attitudes, social acknowledgement, and demographic and crime characteristics. Results: German and Chinese participants differed significantly in their PTSD symptom severity. However, in both samples, disclosure attitudes and social acknowledgement predicted PTSD symptom severity with a similar strength, in addition to the effects of other PTSD predictors. Conclusions: The results suggest that interpersonal variables are predictors of PTSD symptom severity in both cultures and should be included in etiologic models of PTSD.
Choosing a Career in Psychiatry: Factors Associated with a Career Interest in Psychiatry among Canadian Students on Entry to Medical School
Authors: Gowans Margot C , Glazier Lee , Wright Bruce J , Brenneis Fraser R , Scott Ian M 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To report the proportion of Canadian medical students interested in a career in psychiatry at medical school entry and to describe the unique demographics and career influences associated with this early interest. Methods: From 2001 to 2004, during the first 2 weeks of medical school, a 41–item survey of career choice, demographics, and attitudes toward various aspects of medical practice was distributed to all students in 18 classes at 8 Canadian medical schools. Associations between early career interest, demographics, and career influences were explored. Results: Of the 2096 completed surveys, 3.2% of students named psychiatry as their first career choice. While 34% of students considered psychiatry a possible career option, 54.9% stated that they had not considered this option. Students interested in psychiatry were more likely than other students to have an undergraduate education in the arts, to have close family or friends practicing medicine, and to have worked voluntarily with people with mental illness. Students interested in psychiatry had a lesser social orientation than students interested in family medicine but had a greater social orientation and lesser hospital orientation than students interested in other specialties. Conclusions: Enhanced psychiatric care may be aided by the selective recruitment into medical school of students with a demonstrated empathy toward people with mental illness, an educational background in the arts, and a strong social orientation. As career influences change throughout medical school, participants in this study will be re-surveyed at graduation to better understand the evolution of career choice decision-making throughout medical school.
Bullying Victimization (Being Bullied) among Adolescents Referred for Urgent Psychiatric Consultation: Prevalence and Association with Suicidality
Authors: Alavi Nazanin , Roberts Nasreen , Sutton Chloe , Axas Nicholas , Repetti Leanne 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To examine the prevalence of bullying victimization among adolescents referred for urgent psychiatric consultation, to study the association between bullying victimization and suicidality, and to examine the relation between different types of bullying and suicidality. Method: A retrospective chart review was conducted for all adolescents referred to a hospital-based urgent consultation clinic. Our study sample consisted of adolescents with a history of bullying victimization. The Research Ethics Board of Queen's University provided approval. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS (IBM SPSS Inc, Armonk, NY). Chi-square tests were used for sex, suicidal ideation, history of physical and sexual abuse, and time and type of bullying, and an independent sample t test was used for age. Results: The prevalence of bullying victimization was 48.5% (182 of 375). There was a significant association between being bullied and suicidal ideation ( P = 0.01), and between sex and suicidal ideation ( P = 0.001). Victims of cyberbullying reported more suicidal ideation than those who experienced physical or verbal bullying ( P = 0.04). Conclusions: Bullying victimization, especially cyberbullying, is associated with increased risk of suicidal ideation among adolescents referred for psychiatric risk assessment. The detailed history of the type and duration of bullying experienced by the victims should be considered when conducting a psychiatric risk assessment.
Impact of Board Size: An Empirical Study of Companies Listed in BSE 100 Index
Authors: Saibaba MD , Ansari Valeed Ahmad 
Published: July 2017

Corporate boards of directors play a central role in the corporate governance of modern companies. Post Enron's, sweeping regulatory changes were made, particularly regarding the role of directors in the SOX Act, 2002. Such far reaching reforms have not been witnessed in the past 70 years of corporate governance history (Byrenes, 2003). In India, in line with these regulations, Narayanamurthy Committee's report of SEBI came into force in 2006. This study examines the relationship between board size and firm valuations of companies listed in the BSE 100 index covering a five year period, 2004-05 to 2008-09, using the framework of panel data methodology. In the Indian context the results are in consonance with similar studies showing a positive impact of larger board sizes on firm valuations measured by Tobin's Q.
En/Countering Corrupt Leadership and Poor Corporate Governance in the Nigerian Banking Sector: Towards a Model of Ethical Leadership
Authors: Nwagbara Uzoechi 
Published: July 2017

The recent global corporate scandals, banking frauds and financial mismanagement involving high-profile institutional failures have necessitated the saliency of corporate governance and ethical leadership in the banking sector. This ugly development has intensified debates on the workability of corporate governance framework as a check on the excesses of corporations, banks and financial institutions. In this paper, attention will be focused on Nigerian banking sector, which has recently witnessed one of the worst forms of corporate scandals, stemming largely from financial impropriety by its leaders, as well as corrupt leadership that failed to gain the confidence and trust of customers and stakeholders. In remedying poor corporate governance as well as fiduciary impropriety in the Nigerian banking sector, this paper proposes ethical leadership, a leadership model that is visionary as well as responsible to various stakeholders. Ethical leadership takes legitimacy from strength of character that fosters trust and ethical conduct. Although heavy regulatory measures are necessary, however, ethical leadership will promote positive corporate norms and ethical climate that would combine with corporate regulations for better banking practices.
Aspects of Economic Relations between India and North Africa
Authors: Azhar Muhammad 
Published: July 2017

In the globalised world, the importance of co-operation between different regions and countries of the world has grown very fast. Although India and the countries of North Africa are situated at a long distance but the economic relations have prospered significantly. India is the second fastest growing economy in the world with substantial mass of skilled manpower, whereas the countries of North Africa are rich in phosphate deposits and petroleum oil and gas deposits. They are situated on the eastern side of the Mediterranean across which lies the Europe. They are also part of the African continent. Thus geography gives them a strategic position. India’s economic relations with these countries are quite old. However, the period of analysis is of contemporary years. The article tries to find the trends in India – North Africa trade, India’s exports to North African countries, India’s imports from North Africa, balance of trade and cooperation in energy and other sectors. The competition in North African market is very high but Indian companies can utilize the North African market for expanding access to the markets of other African countries and European Countries.
Indigenising Knowledge Base for Consequential Education in Ethiopia – A Conceptual Model
Authors: Janetius S.T. , Workie Bekele , Mini T. C. 
Published: July 2017

The uniqueness of Ethiopian socio-cultural environment creates challenges for teachers and scholars due to the questionable accuracy and applicability of Euro-American theories and concepts that are being taught in various disciplines in Ethiopia. How far cross-cultural theories have soundness for universal application? How far Euro-American theories are unassailable in Ethiopian cultural context? These are some of the exigent questions often raised by scholarly teachers, educationists as well as critical students in search of consequential education. Consequential education is a process of learning where the teacher encourages critical examination of multiple sources of knowledge and theories in diverse learning styles with the intention that the acquired knowledge is centred, located, oriented, and grounded on the learner’s culture, which could be applied, translated appropriately by the learner and thus be well equipped to be productive locally and globally. In view of enhancing consequential education by indigenising the local knowledge base in Ethiopia, the objectives of this paper are twofold: i) Identify key constructs, components and obstacles for indigenising Ethiopian knowledge base; ii) Prepare a conceptual model of indigenization for consequential education in Ethiopia. This qualitative study used a mixture of ethnography and phenomenology methods to collect data. Specifically, Delphi debate, brainstorming, storytelling/informal conversation and document analysis were used. The study identified many local cultural constructs that need extensive research so that local knowledge base could be established and local theories formulated. In view of this, the need for qualitative Ethiocentric (Ethiopia based) research is highlighted. A few myths were spotted out that are the barriers to indigenising knowledge base in Ethiopia. Inspired by the findings, the authors propose a Pyramid Model of Indigenization for Consequential Education in Ethiopia.