bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating inducible short‐chain alcohol dehydrogenases/reductases clarifies rice oryzalexin biosynthesis
Authors: Kitaoka Naoki , Wu Yisheng , Zi Jiachen , Peters Reuben J. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryRice (Oryza sativa) produces a variety of labdane‐related diterpenoids as phytoalexins and allelochemicals. The production of these important natural products has been partially elucidated. However, the oxidases responsible for production of the keto groups found in many of these diterpenoids have largely remained unknown. Only one short‐chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductases (SDRs), which has been proposed to catalyze the last step in such a pathway, has been characterized to date. While rice contains >220 SDRs, only the transcription of five has been shown to be induced by the fungal cell wall elicitor chitin. This includes the momilactone A synthase (OsMAS/SDR110C‐MS1), with the other four all falling in the same SDR110C family, further suggesting roles in diterpenoid biosynthesis. Here, biochemical characterization with simplified substrate analogs was first used to indicate potential functions, which were then supported by further analyses with key biosynthetic intermediates. Kinetic studies were then employed to further clarify these roles. Surprisingly, OsSDR110C‐MS2 more efficiently catalyzes the final oxidation to produce momilactone A that was previously assigned to OsMAS/SDR110C‐MS1, and we speculate that this latter SDR may have an alternative function instead. Conversely, two of these SDRs clearly appear to act in oryzalexin biosynthesis, with OsSDR110C‐MI3 readily oxidizing the 3α‐hydroxyl of oryzalexin D, while OsSDR110C‐MS3 can also oxidize the accompanying 7β‐hydroxyl. Together, these SDRs then serve to produce oryzalexins A–C from oryzalexin D, essentially completing elucidation of the biosynthesis of this family of rice phytoalexins.
Salmonella Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices: A Survey of Backyard Poultry Owners Residing in Seattle, Washington and the Surrounding Metropolitan Area
Authors: Kauber K. , Fowler H. , Lipton B. , Meschke J. S. , Rabinowitz P. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryRaising poultry flocks in urban backyard settings is becoming increasingly popular across the United States, but carries a risk of zoonotic infection. In the United States from 1990 to 2014, 53 outbreaks of human salmonellosis linked to live poultry have been documented resulting in 2611 known illnesses, 387 known hospitalizations and five known deaths (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2015a, http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/resources/dont-play-chicken-with-your-health-poster-24x36_508.pdf). A cross‐sectional descriptive study was developed to better understand knowledge, attitudes and practices of urban backyard poultry owners regarding Salmonella risk and prevention. The study included a survey of bird health, animal husbandry and hygiene practices, and knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to Salmonella risk. Participants were videotaped while caring for their birds, and the recordings were transcribed using notational analysis to determine whether reported practices differed from observed practices. The results indicated that while a large proportion of participants knew that exposure to Salmonella is an inherent risk associated with raising poultry and harvesting eggs, their reported and observed practices would not consistently reduce risk of transmission of Salmonella and other zoonotic diseases. Approximately one in four participants reported performing practices that increase risk of inoculation, such as snuggling and kissing birds or eating/drinking near them. None of the participants were observed kissing their birds on video; however, snuggling (holding birds to clothes) or touching their face during routine care was observed in approximately two‐thirds of the video recordings. The video data provided a unique opportunity to compare reported practices with actions recorded during site visits. While the differences were not statistically significant, findings from our study suggest that flock owners may not accurately report the frequency with which risky practices are performed during routine animal care. Education and outreach targeting backyard flock owners should aim to improve husbandry and hygiene practices and reduce risk of zoonotic diseases associated with raising poultry in the backyard setting.
SIRT3 gene expression but not SIRT3 subcellular localization is altered in response to fasting and exercise in human skeletal muscle
Authors: Edgett Brittany A. , Hughes Meghan C. , Matusiak Jennifer B. L. , Perry Christopher G. R. , Simpson Craig A. , Gurd Brendon J. 
Published: June 2016

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Evidence from cellular and animal models suggests that SIRT3 is involved in regulating aerobic ATP production. Thus, we investigated whether changes in fatty acid and oxidative metabolism known to accompany fasting and exercise occur in association with changes in SIRT3 mitochondrial localization and expression in human skeletal muscle.

What is the main finding and its importance?
We find that 48 h of fasting and acute endurance exercise decrease SIRT3 mRNA expression but do not alter SIRT3 mitochondrial localization despite marked increases in fatty acid oxidation. This suggests that SIRT3 activity is not regulated by changes in mitochondrial localization in response to cellular energy stress in human skeletal muscle.

The present study examined SIRT3 expression and SIRT3 mitochondrial localization in response to acute exercise and short‐term fasting in human skeletal muscle. Experiment 1 involved eight healthy men (age, 21.4 ± 2.8 years; peak O2 uptake, 47.1 ± 11.8 ml min−1 kg−1) who performed a single bout of exercise at ∼55% of peak aerobic work rate for 1 h. Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest (Rest), immediately after exercise (EX‐0) and 3 h postexercise (EX‐3). Experiment 2 involved 10 healthy men (age, 22.0 ± 1.5 years; peak O2 uptake, 47.2 ± 6.7 ml min−1 kg−1) who underwent a 48 h fast, with muscle biopsies collected 1 h postprandial (Fed) and after 48 h of fasting (Fast). Mitochondrial respiration was measured using high‐resolution respirometry in permeabilized muscle fibre bundles to assess substrate oxidation. Whole body fat oxidation increased after both exercise (Rest, 0.96 ± 0.32 kcal min−1; Exercise, 5.66 ± 1.97 kcal min−1; P < 0.001) and fasting (Fed, 0.87 ± 0.51 kcal min−1; Fast, 1.30 ± 0.37 kcal min−1, P < 0.05). SIRT3 gene expression decreased (P < 0.05) after both exercise (−8%) and fasting (−19%); however, SIRT3 whole muscle protein content was unaltered after fasting. No changes were observed in SIRT3 mitochondrial localization following either exercise or fasting. Fasting also decreased the Vmax of glutamate [80 ± 43 versus 50 ± 21 pmol s−1 (mg dry weight)−1; P < 0.05]. These findings suggest that SIRT3 does not appear to be regulated by changes in mitochondrial localization at the time points measured in the present study in response to cellular energy stress in human skeletal muscle.
Using Shear and DC Electric Fields to Manipulate and Self-Assemble Dielectric Particles on Microchannel Walls
Authors: Yoda Minami , Cevheri Necmettin 
Published: June 2016

Manipulating suspended neutrally buoyant colloidal particles of radii a = O(0.1 μm–1 μm) near solid surfaces, or walls, is a key technology in various microfluidics devices. These particles, suspended in an aqueous solution at rest near a solid surface, or wall, are subject to wall-normal “lift” forces described by the DLVO theory of colloid science. The particles experience additional lift forces, however, when suspended in a flowing solution. A fundamental understanding of such lift forces could therefore lead to new methods for the transport and self-assembly of particles near and on solid surfaces.
Various studies have reported repulsive electroviscous and hydrodynamic lift forces on colloidal particles in Poiseuille flow (with a constant shear rate γ̇ near the wall) driven by a pressure gradient. A few studies have also observed repulsive dielectrophoretic-like lift forces in electroosmotic (EO) flows driven by electric fields.
Recently, evanescent-wave particle tracking has been used to quantify near-wall lift forces on a = 125 nm–245 nm polystyrene (PS) particles suspended in a monovalent electrolyte solution in EO flow, Poiseuille flow, and combined Poiseuille and EO flow through ∼30 μm deep fused-silica channels. In Poiseuille flow, the repulsive lift force appears to be proportional to γ̇, a scaling consistent with hydrodynamic, vs. electroviscous, lift.
In combined Poiseuille and EO flow, the lift forces can be repulsive or attractive, depending upon whether the EO flow is in the same or opposite direction as the Poiseuille flow, respectively. The magnitude of the force appears to be proportional to the electric field magnitude. Moreover, the force in combined flow exceeds the sum of the forces observed in EO flow for the same electric field or in Poiseuille flow for the same γ̇. Initial results also imply that this force, when repulsive, scales as γ̇1/2. These results suggest that the lift force in combined flow is fundamentally different from electroviscous, hydrodynamic, or dielectrophoretic-like lift.
Moreover, for the case when the EO flow opposes the Poiseuille flow, the particles self-assemble into dense stable periodic streamwise bands with an average width of ∼6 μm and a spacing of 2–4 times the band width when the electric field magnitude exceeds a threshold value. These results are described and reviewed here.
Airflow Distribution in the Longitudinal Plan of a Boeing 767 Mockup Cabin
Authors: Shehadi Maher , Hosni Mohammad , Jones Byron W. 
Published: June 2016

The Bureau of Transportation Statistics [5] indicates that the number of passengers using commercial aircrafts has doubled over the last two decades reaching to approximately 813 million passengers in 2012. Biological and chemical incidents have been detected on flights such as SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and H1N1 (swine flu). Chemical incidents that were reported can be related to smoke and fumes detected inside passengers’ cabins. The smoke and fumes are thought to be a result of oil pyrolysis inside the jet propulsion engines of the aircraft that can leak into the passengers’ fresh air supply duct system. Such odors, fumes, viruses, and bacteria can result in serious health hazards. Consequently, considerable research have been and continues to be conducted to understand fluid dynamics characteristics of airborne gaseous and particulate transport and their distribution inside passenger cabins to develop means for detecting, controlling, and removing such contaminants from cabins.
The objective of the present study was to understand the airflow distribution and gaseous transport phenomena inside a mockup aircraft cabin. A testing chamber that mimics a Boeing 767 passenger cabin was used for this study. The mockup cabin includes 11 rows in the longitudinal direction with each row consisting of 7 seats. The mockup cabin seats, the air supply duct, and linear diffusers are original parts from a salvaged Boeing 767 aircraft. Each seat in the cabin is occupied by an inflatable manikin which was instrumented with a 10 m long wire heater element to generate approximately 100 Watts of distributing heat, representing heat load from a sedentary human being.
Smoke visualizing technique was used to visualize the airflow inside the cabin. Tracer gas, composed mainly of carbon-dioxide, was then used to track the airflow distribution inside the cabin. Carbon dioxide was released in several locations inside the cabin and was then sampled at various locations throughout the mockup cabin. Results showed that the flow inside the cabin was chaotic and difficult to quantify. However, using visualized smoke in conjunction with quantitative results from sampling the tracer gas showed that there exist several swirling and circulations inside the cabin. Two clockwise, large size, circulations dominated over the front and middle sections of the cabin. Each circulation controlled the flow over approximately four consecutive rows in the longitudinal direction and over the entire cross section. The results from the aft section of the cabin were less definitive. The west-back side was controlled by a clockwise directed circulation having the same longitudinal strength as in the front and middle sections, but dominated over half the width of the cabin cross section. On the other side, the east-back region was rather controlled by smaller circulations flowing in the counter clockwise direction.
Comparing a Yoga Class with a Resistance Exercise Class: Effects on Body Satisfaction and Social Physique Anxiety in University Women
Authors: Gammage Kimberley L. , Drouin Breanne , Lamarche Larkin 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:The current study compared a single yoga group exercise class and a resistance group exercise class for their effects on state body satisfaction and social physique anxiety in women.Methods:A pretest-posttest design was used. Participants (N = 46) completed both a resistance exercise class and yoga class in a counterbalanced order. Measures of body satisfaction and social physique anxiety were completed immediately before and after each class.Results:A 2 (time) × 2 (class type) repeatedmeasures multiple analysis of variance showed a significant overall Time × Class Type interaction (F2,44 = 5.69, P < .01, η p2 = .21). There was a significant increase in body satisfaction after the yoga class. After both classes, there was a significant decrease in social physique anxiety, but the magnitude of the change was larger after the yoga class than after the resistance class.Conclusions:Both types of exercise class were associated with improvements in body image, but there were greater improvements after the yoga class. This study provided evidence of the positive effects of yoga for reducing state social physique anxiety and increasing state body satisfaction, adding to correlational evidence suggesting that yoga is particularly beneficial for improving body image-related outcomes in women.
Different Amounts of Physical Activity Measured by Pedometer and the Associations With Health Outcomes in Adults
Authors: Mantovani Alessandra Madia , Duncan Scott , Codogno Jamile Sanches , Lima Manoel Carlos Spiguel , Fernandes Rômulo Araújo 
Published: June 2016

Background:Physical activity level is an important tool to identify individuals predisposed to developing chronic diseases, which represent a major concern worldwide.Objective:To identify correlates of daily step counts measured using pedometers, as well as analyze the associations between health outcomes and 3 different amounts of daily physical activity.Methods:The sample comprised 278 participants (126 men and 153 women) with a mean age of 46.51 ± 9.02 years. Physical activity was assessed using pedometers for 7 consecutive days, and 3 amounts of daily physical activity were considered: ≥10,000 steps/day, ≥7500 steps/day, and <5000 steps/day. Sleep quality was assessed through a questionnaire, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to measure body fat. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data were also collected.Results:The percentages of adults achieving at least 10,000 and 7500 steps/day on a minimum of 5 days of the evaluated week were 12.9% and 30.9%, respectively. Adults who reached ≥7500 steps/day had a lower likelihood of being obese (odds ratio [OR] = 0.38, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17–0.85) and reporting worse sleep quality (OR = 0.58, 95% CI, 0.34–0.99). Adults who reached <5000 steps/day had a higher likelihood of reporting worse sleep quality (OR = 2.11, 95% CI, 1.17–3.82).Conclusion:Physical activity in adulthood, as measured by pedometer, constituted a behavior related to lower adiposity and better sleep quality.
A Complete Street Intervention for Walking to Transit, Nontransit Walking, and Bicycling: A Quasi-Experimental Demonstration of Increased Use
Authors: Brown Barbara B. , Smith Ken R. , Tharp Doug , Werner Carol M. , Tribby Calvin P. , Miller Harvey J. , Jensen Wyatt 
Published: June 2016

Background:Complete streets require evaluation to determine if they encourage active transportation.Methods:Data were collected before and after a street intervention provided new light rail, bike lanes, and better sidewalks in Salt Lake City, Utah. Residents living near (<800 m) and far (≥801 to 2000 m) from the street were compared, with sensitivity tests for alternative definitions of near (<600 and <1000 m). Dependent variables were accelerometer/global positioning system (GPS) measures of transit trips, nontransit walking trips, and biking trips that included the complete street corridor.Results:Active travel trips for Near-Time 2 residents, the group hypothesized to be the most active, were compared with the other 3 groups (Near-Time 1, Far-Time 1, and Far-Time 2), net of control variables. Near-Time 2 residents were more likely to engage in complete street transit walking trips (35%, adjusted) and nontransit walking trips (50%) than the other 3 groups (24% to 25% and 13% to 36%, respectively). Bicycling was less prevalent, with only 1 of 3 contrasts significant (10% of Near-Time 2 residents had complete street bicycle trips compared with 5% of Far-Time 1 residents).Conclusions:Living near the complete street intervention supported more pedestrian use and possibly bicycling, suggesting complete streets are also public health interventions.
High Concentrations of Measles Neutralizing Antibodies and High-Avidity Measles IgG Accurately Identify Measles Reinfection Cases
Authors: Sowers Sun B. , Rota Jennifer S. , Hickman Carole J. , Mercader Sara , Redd Susan , McNall Rebecca J. , Williams Nobia , McGrew Marcia , Walls M. Laura , Rota Paul A. , Bellini William J. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTIn the United States, approximately 9% of the measles cases reported from 2012 to 2014 occurred in vaccinated individuals. Laboratory confirmation of measles in vaccinated individuals is challenging since IgM assays can give inconclusive results. Although a positive reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay result from an appropriately timed specimen can provide confirmation, negative results may not rule out a highly suspicious case. Detection of high-avidity measles IgG in serum samples provides laboratory evidence of a past immunologic response to measles from natural infection or immunization. High concentrations of measles neutralizing antibody have been observed by plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) assays among confirmed measles cases with high-avidity IgG, referred to here as reinfection cases (RICs). In this study, we evaluated the utility of measuring levels of measles neutralizing antibody to distinguish RICs from noncases by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Single and paired serum samples with high-avidity measles IgG from suspected measles cases submitted to the CDC for routine surveillance were used for the analysis. The RICs were confirmed by a 4-fold rise in PRN titer or by RT-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay, while the noncases were negative by both assays. Discrimination accuracy was high with serum samples collected ≥3 days after rash onset (area under the curve, 0.953; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.854 to 0.993). Measles neutralizing antibody concentrations of ≥40,000 mIU/ml identified RICs with 90% sensitivity (95% CI, 74 to 98%) and 100% specificity (95% CI, 82 to 100%). Therefore, when serological or RT-qPCR results are unavailable or inconclusive, suspected measles cases with high-avidity measles IgG can be confirmed as RICs by measles neutralizing antibody concentrations of ≥40,000 mIU/ml.
Function of Succinoglycan Polysaccharide in Sinorhizobium meliloti Host Plant Invasion Depends on Succinylation, Not Molecular Weight
Authors: Mendis Hajeewaka C. , Madzima Thelma F. , Queiroux Clothilde , Jones Kathryn M. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

The acidic polysaccharide succinoglycan produced by the rhizobial symbiont
Sinorhizobium meliloti
1021 is required for this bacterium to invade the host plant
Medicago truncatula
and establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis.
S. meliloti
mutants that cannot make succinoglycan cannot initiate invasion structures called infection threads in plant root hairs.
S. meliloti
exoH mutants that cannot succinylate succinoglycan are also unable to form infection threads, despite the fact that they make large quantities of succinoglycan. Succinoglycan produced by
exoH
mutants is refractory to cleavage by the glycanases encoded by
exoK
and
exsH
, and thus succinoglycan produced by
exoH
mutants is made only in the high-molecular-weight (HMW) form. One interpretation of the symbiotic defect of
exoH
mutants is that the low-molecular-weight (LMW) form of succinoglycan is required for infection thread formation. However, our data demonstrate that production of the HMW form of succinoglycan by
S. meliloti
1021 is sufficient for invasion of the host
M. truncatula
and that the LMW form is not required. Here, we show that
S. meliloti
strains deficient in the
exoK
- and
exsH-
encoded glycanases invade
M. truncatula
and form a productive symbiosis, although they do this with somewhat less efficiency than the wild type. We have also characterized the polysaccharides produced by these double glycanase mutants and determined that they consist of only HMW succinoglycan and no detectable LMW succinoglycan. This demonstrates that LMW succinoglycan is not required for host invasion. These results suggest succinoglycan function is not dependent upon the presence of a small, readily diffusible form.

IMPORTANCE
Sinorhizobium meliloti
is a bacterium that forms a beneficial symbiosis with legume host plants.
S. meliloti
and other rhizobia convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, a nutrient source for the host plant. To establish the symbiosis, rhizobia must invade plant roots, supplying the proper signals to prevent a plant immune response during invasion. A polysaccharide, succinoglycan, produced by
S. meliloti
is required for successful invasion. Here, we show that the critical feature of succinoglycan that allows infection to proceed is the attachment of a “succinyl” chemical group and that the chain length of succinoglycan is much less important for its function. We also show that none of the short-chain versions of succinoglycan is produced in the absence of two chain-cleaving enzymes.