bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of acetophenazine with perphenazine in schizophrenics: Demonstration of differential effects based on computer‐derived diagnostic models
Authors: Overall J. E. , Hollister L. E. , Honigfeld G. , Kimbell I. H. , Meyer F. , Bennett J. L. , Caffey E. 
Published: January 2016

Acetophenazine was compared with a closely related phenothiazine tranquilizer, perphenazine, under controlled conditions in 98 schizophrenic men newly admitted to five Veterans Administration hospitals. Clinical response was evaluated by two separate rating scales, the Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale (IMPS) and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS).Improvement was noted in most factors of both rating devices from either treatment, with no evidence of any difference between the drugs on the basis of mean score changes. Rather marked differences were fmmd between the two drugs in relation to the spread of mean score changes, those from acetophenazine varying more than those from perphenazine. To determine whether there was any specificity of patient type which might influence reaction to drugs, further analyses were made after patients were classified as “paranoid” and “core schizophrenic” by computer analysis of initial ratings on the BPRS. Acetophenazine was found to be clearly the more efficacious drug in patients claSSified as “paranoid,” while the converse was true in the case of perphenazine.Reactions and complications of treatment were mild, not impairing the study to any extent. Perphenazine induced more extrapyramidal disturbances than acetophenazine. Abnormal laboratory findings were relatively frequent before treatment and occurred sporadically during treatment. Their significance depends entirely on accompanying clinical findings.
The General Practitioner Research Group
Authors: Wheatley David 
Published: January 2016

The General Practitioner Research Group is an organization of 150 general practitioners undertaking clinical trials in Great Britain.Many diseases are treated solely by the general practitioner and he is best qualified to evaluate new drugs in these conditions. Also, different stages of the same diseases are seen in domiciliary and in institutional practice, and evaluation of therapy may be totally different in these stages. Drugs which are better tolerated from the point of view of adverse efJects and convenience of medication may become the treatment of choice in general practice.The members of the Group are classified according to their own special interests and types of practice and are divided into smaller sections of 8 to 10 for each individual trial. On occasion, the full resources of the Group may be employed when information is required on a large number of cases in a short space of time.Although the Group receives financial support from the pharmaceutical industry and academic institutions, there is no direct contact between the physicians taking part in a trial and the supplier of the drug concerned. Neither do the members of the team know one another until the end of the trial, when the results are analyzed centrally. Shortened versions of the reports of the Group are published in a regular monthly series in the Practitioner.The usual design of trial is a comparison of the new drug to a "standard" preparation, on the "double‐blind" basis, with random seleetion of patients.
Effects of sediment flushing from a small Alpine reservoir on downstream aquatic fauna
Authors: Quadroni S. , Brignoli M. L. , Crosa G. , Gentili G. , Salmaso F. , Zaccara S. , Espa P. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSediment flushing is currently performed to recover the storage capacity of small‐sized to medium‐sized reservoirs. However, its environmental impacts are not yet adequately quantified. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of a 3‐day sediment flushing from a small reservoir in the Italian Alps on downstream freshwater fauna. Biomonitoring was carried out in two streams. In the impounded stream, benthic macroinvertebrates were surveyed immediately below the flushed reservoir. In the receiving stream, where diluting flows were released to reduce the sediment concentration and deposition, fish and macroinvertebrates were monitored at two sites, one above and one below the stream junction. Above the stream junction, the only disturbance was the increase in streamflow, while the reach below the stream junction was perturbed by the increase in both streamflow and sediment load. At the site closer to the flushed reservoir, the benthic community was almost completely impaired after the operations, and its recovery was still incomplete after 1 year. In the receiving stream, the average sediment concentration of approximately 6 g l−1 and deposition of 30 kg m−2 were estimated at the site subjected to the sediment increase. A density reduction of 80% and a change in composition affected the macroinvertebrate assemblage, which recovered in approximately 9 months. At the same site, the fish survey showed that brown trout juveniles were affected by the sediment load from the flushing operations. Only minor effects were detected on macroinvertebrates and fish subjected only to the increase in streamflow, i.e. above the stream junction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthraphen: A Salphen‐Like Non‐Innocent Tetradentate Anthraquinone Imine Dye – Coordination and Electrochemistry
Authors: Prinzisky Christian , Jacob Andreas , Harrer Marcus , Elfferding Michael , Sundermeyer Jörg 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA new, highly redox‐active chromophore ligand, H2(anthraphen) (1), containing two o‐phenylenediamine‐linked anthraquinone imine units has been synthesized in a three‐step synthesis and fully characterized by X‐ray crystallography, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The dark‐red dye 1 shows molar extinction coefficients of up to 47000 L mol–1 cm–1 and four reversible reduction processes. This dianionic N2O2 ligand, with a significantly extended π system, offers a salphen‐like binding cavity for metal coordination, as has been demonstrated by the synthesis of [K2(anthraphen)] (2) and the transition‐metal complexes of TiIV (3), VIV (4), FeII (5), FeIII (6), CoII (7), NiII (8), CuII (9), PdII (10), PtII (11), and ZnII (12). These metal chromophores have colors ranging from dark‐red, violet, green to black. Their optical and electrochemical properties were investigated and compared with those of the diprotic ligand. Coordination led to an increase in the molar extinction coefficients up to 66400 L mol–1 cm–1 in the case of [V(anthraphen)O] (4), broadening of the absorption bands in the visible‐light region as well as a redshift of the lowest‐energy absorption band. The lowest‐energy absorption observed for these complexes to date is for [Ni(anthraphen)] (8) at 784 nm. The metal chromophores exhibit up to five fully reversible oxidation and reduction processes.
Synthesis and Olfactory Properties of Silicon‐Containing Analogs of Rosamusk, Romandolide, and Applelide: Insights into the Structural Parameters of Linear Alicyclic Musks
Authors: Liu Junhui , Zou Yue , Fan Wu , Mao Jian , Chai Guobi , Li Peng , Qu Zhan , Zong Yongli , Zhang Jianxun , Kraft Philip 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA series of silicon‐containing derivatives of linear alicyclic musks comprising sila‐Rosamusk (3b), sila‐Romandolide (5b), sila‐Applelide (11b), and the corresponding dehydro derivatives was synthesized from sila‐analogs of Artemone and Herbac, respectively, by means of sodium borohydride reduction and subsequent esterification with the corresponding acid chlorides in the presence of triethylamine. The olfactory properties of the new sila‐odorants 3b–13b are reported in comparison with their carba‐analogs 3a–13a, and quantitative threshold data allowed the generation of an improved musk olfactophore model featuring a correlation of 80.5 % with a null‐cost distance of 244. This olfactophore model shows that it is likely that linear and macrocyclic musks address the same odorant receptors, and it should facilitate the design of new musks.
From Protected β‐Hydroxy Acylsil­anes to Functionalized Silyl Enol Ethers and Applications in Mukaiyama Aldol Reactions
Authors: Ruiz Johal , Karre Nagaraju , Roisnel Thierry , Chandrasekhar Srivari , Grée René 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBy starting from protected β‐hydroxy acylsilanes, two complementary strategies were designed to prepare stereoselectively either E or Z silyl enol ethers. These routes exhibit good tolerance for different substituents on the starting aldol‐type product, as well as the choice of the hydroxyl‐protecting group and the acylsilane moiety. Further, by varying the nature of the sulfone used in these reactions it proved possible to introduce different substituents on the enol ether system. Representative examples of Mukaiyama aldol reactions were performed to demonstrate the usefulness of this approach towards polypropionate fragments.
Enantioselective Construction of Aryl‐Substituted All‐Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters by Using Tertiary Amine–Thiourea‐Catalyzed Michael Additions
Authors: Chen Peng , Bao Xu , Zhang Le‐Fen , Liu Guo‐Jie , Jiang Yi‐Jun 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA catalytic enantioselective synthetic strategy for the aryl‐substituted all‐carbon quaternary stereocenters of bioactive hydrodibenzofuran alkaloids was achieved by the Michael addition reaction of α‐cyano ketones and acrylates using a chiral tertiary amine–thiourea catalyst. This method can tolerate steric bulkiness and multiple functional groups, and 32 Michael adducts were prepared in good to excellent yields with moderate to good enantioselectivities. The enantiopurity of the products could also be enriched up to 99 % ee after one recrystallization. This enantioselective Michael addition features a low cost, metal‐free, and easily operable procedure that can provide multifunctionalized enantiopure Michael adducts on a four‐gram scale and supply sufficient amounts of potential precursors for a number of hydrodibenzofuran natural products.
Oxypalladation Initiating the Oxid­ative Heck Reaction with Alkenyl ­Alcohols: Synthesis of Isocoumarin–Alkanones
Authors: Zheng Meifang , Huang Liangbin , Tong Qizhen , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng 
Published: January 2016

AbstractHighly regioselective nucleopalladation for the oxidative coupling of internal alkynes with alkenyl alcohols by using green and low‐costing oxygen as the sole oxidant was investigated. This one‐pot cascade cyclization proceeds through Pd‐catalyzed intramolecular C–O bond cyclization, insertion of nonbiased alkenyl alcohols, β‐H elimination, and reinsertion of a HPdX species, which is finally transferred to the target ketones. This method has the advantages of mild conditions, good functional group tolerance, and can be performed with unactivated alkenes to afford isocoumarin derivatives.
Determination of Esomeprazole on an Electropolymerized L‐arginine and β‐cyclodextrin Modified Screen Printed Carbon Electrode
Authors: Radi Abd‐Elgawad , El‐Ghany Nadia Abd , Wahdan Tarek 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe formation of an inclusion complex of the proton‐pump inhibitor (PPI) drug esomeprazole (ESO) with ß‐cyclodextrin (ß‐CD) has been investigated and proven by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The formation constant of the complex was determined. Thereafter, an electropolymerized β‐CD and L‐arginine (L‐arg) modified screen printed carbon electrode (P‐β‐CD‐L‐arg/SPCE) was developed for the determination of ESO using differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV). A significant enhancement of the peak current was observed when applying an accumulation step due to the effect of adsorption. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) further indicated that the polymer of β‐CD and L‐arg efficiently improved the electron transfer kinetic between analyte and electrode surface. Under the optimized conditions, the oxidation peak current was linearly proportional to the concentration of the drug in the range of 1.0×10−8 to 1.0×10−5 M. The DPAdSV method was successfully used to determine the concentrations of the drug in spiked human serum samples.
Are harmful algal blooms becoming the greatest inland water quality threat to public health and aquatic ecosystems?
Authors: Brooks Bryan W. , Lazorchak James M. , Howard Meredith D.A. , Johnson Mari-Vaughn V. , Morton Steve L. , Perkins Dawn A.K. , Reavie Euan D. , Scott Geoffrey I. , Smith Stephanie A. , Steevens Jeffery A. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

In this Focus article, the authors ask a seemingly simple question: Are harmful algal blooms (HABs) becoming the greatest inland water quality threat to public health and aquatic ecosystems? When HAB events require restrictions on fisheries, recreation, and drinking water uses of inland water bodies significant economic consequences result. Unfortunately, the magnitude, frequency, and duration of HABs in inland waters are poorly understood across spatiotemporal scales and differentially engaged among states, tribes, and territories. Harmful algal bloom impacts are not as predictable as those from conventional chemical contaminants, for which water quality assessment and management programs were primarily developed, because interactions among multiple natural and anthropogenic factors determine the likelihood and severity to which a HAB will occur in a specific water body. These forcing factors can also affect toxin production. Beyond site-specific water quality degradation caused directly by HABs, the presence of HAB toxins can negatively influence routine surface water quality monitoring, assessment, and management practices. Harmful algal blooms present significant challenges for achieving water quality protection and restoration goals when these toxins confound interpretation of monitoring results and environmental quality standards implementation efforts for other chemicals and stressors. Whether HABs presently represent the greatest threat to inland water quality is debatable, though in inland waters of developed countries they typically cause more severe acute impacts to environmental quality than conventional chemical contamination events. The authors identify several timely research needs. Environmental toxicology, environmental chemistry, and risk-assessment expertise must interface with ecologists, engineers, and public health practitioners to engage the complexities of HAB assessment and management, to address the forcing factors for HAB formation, and to reduce the threats posed to inland surface water quality. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:6–13. © 2015 SETAC
Why go the extra mile? A longitudinal study on sojourn goals and their impact on sojourners' adaptation
Authors: Zimmermann Julia , Schubert Kristina , Bruder Martin , Hagemeyer Birk 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAlthough international student mobility has become a ubiquitous phenomenon in many parts of the world, the goals that student sojourners pursue when moving abroad have received little systematic attention in psychological research. Likewise, their effects on psychological outcomes such as sojourners' psychological and sociocultural adaptation abroad have not yet been examined. Hence, the purpose of the present research was twofold: First, we established the parsimonious Sojourn Goals Scale and confirmed its psychometric quality and construct validity. Second, we used a longitudinal sample of student sojourners to investigate the role of sojourn goals for sojourners' sociocultural (i.e., sojourners' social relationships) and psychological (i.e., sojourn satisfaction) adaptation abroad at 3 months into the sojourn. Regression analyses revealed substantial effects of sojourn goals on measures of sociocultural adaptation. Response surface analyses served to examine the interplay of sojourn goals and respective sojourn experiences on sojourn satisfaction. We discuss implications for both psychological and applied research and identify future research needs.
The Effects of the Organic Flame‐Retardant 1,2‐Dibromo‐4‐(1,2‐dibromoethyl) Cyclohexane (TBECH) on Androgen Signaling in Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Wong Lilian I. L. , Reers Alexandra R. , Currier Heidi A. , Williams Tony D. , Cox Michael E. , Elliott John E. , Beischlag Timothy V. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTThe effects of the organic flame retardant 1,2‐Dibromo‐4‐(1,2‐dibromoethyl) cyclohexane (TBECH) on androgen receptor target gene expression were examined in the human LNCaP prostate cancer cell line. While γ‐/δ‐TBECH alone led to a significant increase in prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) mRNA accumulation, both the α‐/‐TBECH and γ‐/δ‐TBECH mixtures repressed androgen‐inducible PSA mRNA and protein accumulation in human LNCaP cells. Thus, we hypothesize that isomeric mixtures of TBECH may act as partial agonists of the androgen receptor.
Differential Effects of Variations at Codon 106 on Sprouty2 Functions in Lung Cancer‐Derived Cells
Authors: Kral Rosana , Doriguzzi Angelina , Mayer Christoph‐Erik , Krenbek Dagmar , Setinek Ulrike , Sutterlüty‐Fall Hedwig 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTSprouty2 is a modulator of receptor tyrosine kinase‐mediated signalling with an important role during lung carcinogenesis. Here, we characterize a Sprouty2 variant harbouring a substitution of proline 106 with serine. Serine substitution fails to influence expression, but accumulation of slower migrating phosphatase‐sensitive forms indicates that its presence facilitates phosphorylation. In normal lung cells the serine variant is slightly more potent in inhibiting proliferation and migration. Additionally non‐malignant cells expressing the major Sprouty2 variant attach more effective to fibronectin, while the serine variant only weakly stimulates cell adhesion. Mechanistically, the serine variant interferes less effectively with mitogen‐activated protein kinase induction in response to serum. Concerning the positive Sprouty2 effect on epidermal growth factor receptor activation the serine variant is more potent. In all lung cancer‐derived cell lines proliferation is more effectively inhibited if the Sprouty2 protein harbours the serine. In contrast, an increased interference of the serine Sprouty2 variant is only observed in cells with unaltered K‐Ras. In cells harbouring a K‐Ras mutation the serine conversion weakens the reduction of migration velocity indicating that dependent on the status of K‐Ras the serine influences Sprouty2 functions differently. Accordingly, cell adhesion in cells with unaffected K‐Ras is only stimulated by a Sprouty2 protein harbouring proline, while a serine conversion improves the attachment of the cells with constitutive active Ras. In summary our studies demonstrate that substitution of proline by serine at position 106 has biological significance and that the observed effects of this conversion depend on the activation status of endogenous K‐Ras. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1822–1832, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The more I want, the less I have left to give: The moderating role of psychological entitlement on the relationship between psychological contract violation, depressive mood states, and citizenship behavior
Authors: Priesemuth Manuela , Taylor Regina M. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryResearch has emphasized the negative effects of organizations' broken promises and failed obligations on employee attitudes and behaviors. However, not all employees respond in the same manner. This paper integrates research on psychological contracts and psychological entitlement to examine how individuals with exceedingly high demands and expectations react to a perceived letdown by the organization. Drawing on conservation of resources theory, we argue that a psychological contract violation is associated with employee depressive mood states, which, in turn, influence the amount of citizenship behavior displayed. We further posit that psychological entitlement moderates the link between contract violation and depressive mood states. Using Hayes' PROCESS macro to assess a moderated mediation model, findings from a multi‐source field study support our predictions. This research contributes to the work on psychological contracts and psychological entitlement on multiple fronts. Suggestions for future research and practical implications for managers are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of a simplified cupric oxide oxidation HPLC method with the traditional GC‐MS method for characterization of lignin phenolics in environmental samples
Authors: Sun Luni , Spencer Robert G. M. , Hernes Peter J. , Dyda Rachael Y. , Mopper Kenneth 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA simplified method to characterize the lignin phenolic composition of environmental samples using alkaline CuO oxidation, solid‐phase extraction (SPE), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. Samples were oxidatively hydrolyzed in inexpensive, commercially available Teflon vials rather than expensive high‐pressure Teflon‐lined reaction vessels. We used milder hydrolysis conditions than conventionally used to avoid “over‐oxidation.” The monomeric lignin phenols released were extracted by SPE rather than liquid–liquid extraction and analyzed by reverse phase HPLC with ultraviolet (UV)‐visible diode array detection. Recoveries were 88% ± 6% for the overall procedure. The lignin phenolic composition of a wide variety of samples including plant tissues, isolated humic substances, soils, sediments, and freshwater dissolved organic matter are presented and compared with the conventional high pressure reaction vessel gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) method. The agreement was generally good; the mean difference of nine diverse samples for a total of eight oxidation products was 4.5% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 23%. The advantages of this simplified method include no lengthy clean‐up and derivatization steps, no specialized reaction equipment, increased sample throughput, amenability to compound‐specific isotope analyses, and lower cost.
Testing sample stability using four storage methods and the macroalgae Ulva and Gracilaria
Authors: Oczkowski Autumn , Thornber Carol S. , Markham Erin E. , Rossi Ryann , Ziegler Amanda , Rinehart Shelby 
Published: January 2016

AbstractConcern over the relative importance of different sample preparation and storage techniques frequently used in stable isotope analysis of particulate nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) prompted an experiment to determine how important such factors were to measured values in marine organisms. We stored the marine macroalgae Ulva and Gracilaria in four different ways and analyzed replicates every three months over the course of a year to assess treatment effects on stability. Treatments consisted of algae dried at 65°C, ground to a powder, and stored in a desiccator until analysis; algae left in a drying oven or in a freezer and processed (dried and ground) just prior to analysis, as well as some dried, ground samples kept out in the lab and reanalyzed quarterly for 12 months. Concurrently, to assess the ecological range in isotope values over the course of a year, samples were freshly collected from the same location and analyzed along with the other treatments at each time step. Neither storage technique nor time had an impact on either δ15N or δ13C values or the %N and %C of the algae tissues. There were clear and consistent differences between species and some large seasonal differences in the freshly collected samples. The interspecies differences and seasonal ranges of values underscore the stability associated with method and duration of sample storage.