bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Non‐Natural Deaths among Veterans: New Mexico Medical Examiner‐Investigated Deaths, 2002–2011
Authors: LeBlanc Melissa R. , Clifford Camille P. , Lathrop Sarah L. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWhile it is recognized that veterans have increased rates of depression, post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suicide, and substance use disorders, rates of homicide and unintentional injury deaths in veterans have been minimally investigated. We evaluated all non‐natural deaths in New Mexico veterans between 2002 and 2011 in comparison with non‐natural deaths among non‐veterans. We reviewed all decedents in New Mexico with a history of military service and investigated by the medical examiner, excluding natural deaths and deaths due to fall from standing height. The most common manner of death was unintentional injury (62%), most of these deaths due to motor vehicle accidents (29%) followed by unintentional overdose (26%). Suicide rates among veterans were consistently higher than the general population. The most common mechanism of suicide in men was gunshot wound (72%), and intentional overdose in women (49%). Services are needed for veterans that are tailored to all ages and both sexes.
The drugs that mostly frequently induce acute kidney injury: a case − noncase study of a pharmacovigilance database
Authors: Pierson‐Marchandise Marion , Gras Valérie , Moragny Julien , Micallef Joelle , Gaboriau Louise , Picard Sylvie , Choukroun Gabriel , Masmoudi Kamel , Liabeuf Sophie ,   the French National Network of Pharmacovigilance Centres
Published: December 2016

AimsAcute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with a high hospitalization rate, accelerated long‐term decline in kidney function and a high mortality rate. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) constitute one of the most important modifiable factors in the context of AKI. Most studies of drug‐induced AKI have focused on a sole drug class. The objective of the present study was to establish a comprehensive overview of drug‐induced AKI on the basis of spontaneously reported ADRs in the French national pharmacovigilance database (FPVD).MethodsWe performed a case–noncase study of drug‐induced AKI. Cases corresponded to the reports of AKI recorded in the FPVD between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2015. The noncases corresponded to all other spontaneously reported ADRs (excluding AKI) recorded in the FPVD during the same period. Data were expressed as the reporting odds ratio (ROR) and the 95% confidence interval.ResultsOf the 38 782 ADRs recorded in the FPVD during the study period, 3.2% were classified as cases of AKI. A total of 1254 patients experienced AKI (males: 55%; mean age ± standard deviation: 68.7 ± 15.0 years). Overall, 15.2% of the patients required renal replacement therapy. Two or more concomitantly administered drugs were involved in 66% of the cases of AKI. The most frequently implicated drug classes were antibacterial agents for systemic use (29.5%), diuretics (18.5%), agents acting on the renin–angiotensin system (16.3%), antineoplastic agents (10.2%) and anti‐inflammatory agents (5.4%). Gentamicin, eplerenone, spironolactone, candesartan, cisplatin and acyclovir had the highest RORs (>10).ConclusionA comprehensive study of a national pharmacovigilance database enabled us to identify the drug classes that most frequently induced AKI. Even though most of the identified drugs were already known to induce AKI, the present work should raise physicians' awareness of the compounds responsible for triggering this potentially life‐threatening condition.
Human basophils are a source of ‐ and are differentially activated by ‐ IL‐31
Authors: Raap U. , Gehring M. , Kleiner S. , Rüdrich U. , Eiz‐Vesper B. , Haas H. , Kapp A. , Gibbs B. F. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryBackgroundBasophils are important effector cells involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases including chronic urticaria which is associated by increased IL‐31 serum levels. So far the effects of IL‐31 on human basophils are unknown.ObjectiveTo analyse the functional role of IL‐31 in basophil biology.MethodsIL‐31 expression was evaluated in skin samples derived from chronic spontaneous urticaria patients. Oncostatin M receptor (OSMR), IL‐31 receptor A (RA) and IL‐31 protein expressions were analysed on human basophils from healthy donors. Basophil responses to IL‐31 were assessed for chemotaxis, externalization of CD63 and CD203c as well as the release of histamine, IL‐4 and IL‐13.ResultsIL‐31RA and OSMR were expressed on human basophils. IL‐31 was strongly expressed in the skin of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria and was released from isolated basophils following either anti‐IgE, IL‐3 or fMLP stimulation. IL‐31 induced chemotaxis and the release of IL‐4 and IL‐13 which was specifically inhibited by anti‐IL‐31RA and anti‐OSMR. Conversely, IL‐31 had no effect on CD63 and CD203c externalization or histamine release.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceHuman basophils are a source of –and are activated by – IL‐31 with the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and the induction of chemotaxis indicating an important novel function of IL‐31 in basophil biology.
Hypoxia causes IL‐8 secretion, Charcot Leyden crystal formation, and suppression of corticosteroid‐induced apoptosis in human eosinophils
Authors: Porter L. M. , Cowburn A. S. , Farahi N. , Deighton J. , Farrow S. N. , Fiddler C. A. , Juss J. K. , Condliffe A. M. , Chilvers E. R. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryBackgroundInflamed environments are typically hypercellular, rich in pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and profoundly hypoxic. While the effects of hypoxia on neutrophil longevity and function have been widely studied, little is known about the consequences of this stimulus on eosinophils.ObjectiveWe sought to investigate the effects of hypoxia on several key aspects of eosinophil biology, namely secretion, survival, and their sensitivity to glucocorticosteroids (GCS), agents that normally induce eosinophil apoptosis.MethodsEosinophils derived from patients with asthma/atopy or healthy controls were incubated under normoxia and hypoxia, with or without glucocorticoids. Activation was measured by flow cytometry, ELISA of cultured supernatants, and F‐actin staining; apoptosis and efferocytosis by morphology and flow cytometry; and GCS efficacy by apoptosis assays and qPCR.ResultsHypoxic incubation (3 kPa) caused (i) stabilization of HIF‐2α and up‐regulation of hypoxia‐regulated genes including BNIP3 (BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19‐kDa protein‐interacting protein 3) and GLUT1 (glucose transporter 1); (ii) secretion of pre‐formed IL‐8, and Charcot Leyden crystal (CLC) formation, which was most evident in eosinophils derived from atopic and asthmatic donors; (iii) enhanced F‐actin formation; (iv) marked prolongation of eosinophil lifespan (via a NF‐κB and Class I PI3‐kinase‐dependent mechanism); and (v) complete abrogation of the normal pro‐apoptotic effect of dexamethasone and fluticasone furoate. This latter effect was evident despite preservation of GCS‐mediated gene transactivation under hypoxia.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceThese data indicate that hypoxia promotes an eosinophil pro‐inflammatory phenotype by enhancing eosinophil secretory function, delaying constitutive apoptosis, and importantly, antagonizing the normal pro‐apoptotic effect of GCS. As eosinophils typically accumulate at sites that are relatively hypoxic, particularly during periods of inflammation, these findings may have important implications to understanding the behaviour of these cells in vivo.
When to initiate immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IGRT) in antibody deficiency: a practical approach
Authors: Jolles S , Chapel H , Litzman J 
Published: December 2016

Summary
Primary antibody deficiencies (PAD) constitute the majority of all primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) and immunoglobulin replacement forms the mainstay of therapy for many patients in this category. Secondary antibody deficiencies (SAD) represent a larger and expanding number of patients resulting from the use of a wide range of immunosuppressive therapies, in particular those targeting B cells, and may also result from renal or gastrointestinal immunoglobulin losses. While there are clear similarities between primary and secondary antibody deficiencies, there are also significant differences. This review describes a practical approach to the clinical, laboratory and radiological assessment of patients with antibody deficiency, focusing on the factors that determine whether or not immunoglobulin replacement should be used. The decision to treat is more straightforward when defined diagnostic criteria for some of the major PADs, such as common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID) or X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA), are fulfilled or, indeed, when there is a very low level of immunoglobulin production in association with an increased frequency of severe or recurrent infections in SAD. However, the presentation of many patients is less clear-cut and represents a considerable challenge in terms of the decision whether or not to treat and the best way in which to assess the outcome of therapy. This decision is important, not least to improve individual quality of life and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with recurrent infections but also to avoid inappropriate exposure to blood products and to ensure that immunoglobulin, a costly and limited resource, is used to maximal benefit.
A Neurocomputational Model of the N400 and the P600 in Language Processing
Authors: Brouwer Harm , Crocker Matthew W. , Venhuizen Noortje J. , Hoeks John C. J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTen years ago, researchers using event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) to study language comprehension were puzzled by what looked like a Semantic Illusion: Semantically anomalous, but structurally well‐formed sentences did not affect the N400 component—traditionally taken to reflect semantic integration—but instead produced a P600 effect, which is generally linked to syntactic processing. This finding led to a considerable amount of debate, and a number of complex processing models have been proposed as an explanation. What these models have in common is that they postulate two or more separate processing streams, in order to reconcile the Semantic Illusion and other semantically induced P600 effects with the traditional interpretations of the N400 and the P600. Recently, however, these multi‐stream models have been called into question, and a simpler single‐stream model has been proposed. According to this alternative model, the N400 component reflects the retrieval of word meaning from semantic memory, and the P600 component indexes the integration of this meaning into the unfolding utterance interpretation. In the present paper, we provide support for this “Retrieval–Integration (RI)” account by instantiating it as a neurocomputational model. This neurocomputational model is the first to successfully simulate the N400 and P600 amplitude in language comprehension, and simulations with this model provide a proof of concept of the single‐stream RI account of semantically induced patterns of N400 and P600 modulations.
Learning to Be (In)variant: Combining Prior Knowledge and Experience to Infer Orientation Invariance in Object Recognition
Authors: Austerweil Joseph L. , Griffiths Thomas L. , Palmer Stephen E. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHow does the visual system recognize images of a novel object after a single observation despite possible variations in the viewpoint of that object relative to the observer? One possibility is comparing the image with a prototype for invariance over a relevant transformation set (e.g., translations and dilations). However, invariance over rotations (i.e., orientation invariance) has proven difficult to analyze, because it applies to some objects but not others. We propose that the invariant transformations of an object are learned by incorporating prior expectations with real‐world evidence. We test this proposal by developing an ideal learner model for learning invariance that predicts better learning of orientation dependence when prior expectations about orientation are weak. This prediction was supported in two behavioral experiments, where participants learned the orientation dependence of novel images using feedback from solving arithmetic problems.
Knowledge Attributions and Behavioral Predictions
Authors: Turri John 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRecent work has shown that knowledge attributions affect how people think others should behave, more so than belief attributions do. This paper reports two experiments providing evidence that (a) knowledge attributions also affect behavioral predictions more strongly than belief attributions do, and (b) knowledge attributions facilitate faster behavioral predictions than belief attributions do. Thus, knowledge attributions play multiple critical roles in social cognition, guiding judgments about how people should and will behave.
Long‐term climate and competition explain forest mortality patterns under extreme drought
Authors: Young Derek J. N. , Stevens Jens T. , Earles J. Mason , Moore Jeffrey , Ellis Adam , Jirka Amy L. , Latimer Andrew M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRising temperatures are amplifying drought‐induced stress and mortality in forests globally. It remains uncertain, however, whether tree mortality across drought‐stricken landscapes will be concentrated in particular climatic and competitive environments. We investigated the effects of long‐term average climate [i.e. 35‐year mean annual climatic water deficit (CWD)] and competition (i.e. tree basal area) on tree mortality patterns, using extensive aerial mortality surveys conducted throughout the forests of California during a 4‐year statewide extreme drought lasting from 2012 to 2015. During this period, tree mortality increased by an order of magnitude, typically from tens to hundreds of dead trees per km2, rising dramatically during the fourth year of drought. Mortality rates increased independently with average CWD and with basal area, and they increased disproportionately in areas that were both dry and dense. These results can assist forest managers and policy‐makers in identifying the most drought‐vulnerable forests across broad geographic areas.
People with epilepsy receive more statins than the general population but have no higher cardiovascular risk: results from a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Vivanco‐Hidalgo R. M. , Elosua R. , Gómez González A. , Moreira A. , Díez L. , Grau M. , Degano I. R. , Roquer J. 
Published: December 2016

Background and purposeEpilepsy has been associated with cardiovascular comorbidity. Risk prediction equations are the standard tools in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to compare the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs), cardiovascular risk and statin use in people with epilepsy (PWE) and the general population.MethodsThe CVRFs and cardiovascular risk score were compared between 815 PWE from an outpatient register and 5336 participants from a general population cohort.ResultsPeople with epilepsy had less hypertension (43.3% vs. 50.4%), less diabetes (15.8% vs. 19.2%), more dyslipidemia (40.2% vs. 34.6%) and lower cardiovascular risk than the general population (P < 0.01). No etiology was associated with a worse CVRF profile or higher cardiovascular risk. Patients taking enzyme‐inducing antiepileptic drugs (EIAEDs) had more dyslipidemia than the general population (41.6% vs. 34.6%) but similar cardiovascular risk. Independently of risk or CVRFs, PWE had 60% more probability of receiving statins than the general population.ConclusionsPeople with epilepsy had more dyslipidemia, related to EIAEDs, and lower cardiovascular risk but still took more statins than the general population. Physicians should use clinical judgement to decide on further treatment of CVRFs in PWE who are below the recommended risk threshold for treatment and should consider lipid abnormalities a potential side‐effect of EIAEDs. Other therapy options may need to be evaluated before starting lipid‐lowering treatment.
The role of objective cognitive dysfunction in subjective cognitive complaints after stroke
Authors: van Rijsbergen M. W. A. , Mark R. E. , Kop W. J. , de Kort P. L. M. , Sitskoorn M. M. 
Published: December 2016

Background and purposeObjective cognitive performance (OCP) is often impaired in patients post‐stroke but the consequences of OCP for patient‐reported subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) are poorly understood. We performed a detailed analysis on the association between post‐stroke OCP and SCC.MethodsAssessments of OCP and SCC were obtained in 208 patients 3 months after stroke. OCP was evaluated using conventional and ecologically valid neuropsychological tests. Levels of SCC were measured using the CheckList for Cognitive and Emotional (CLCE) consequences following stroke inventory. Multivariate hierarchical regression analyses were used to evaluate the association of OCP with CLCE scores adjusting for age, sex and intelligence quotient. Analyses were performed to examine the global extent of OCP dysfunction (based on the total number of impaired neuropsychological tests, i.e. objective cognitive impairment index) and for each OCP test separately using the raw neuropsychological (sub)test scores.ResultsThe objective cognitive impairment index for global OCP was positively correlated with the CLCE score (Spearman's rho = 0.22, P = 0.003), which remained significant in multivariate adjusted models (β = 0.25, P = 0.01). Results for the separate neuropsychological tests indicated that only one task (the ecologically valid Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test) was independently associated with the CLCE in multivariate adjusted models (β = −0.34, P < 0.001).ConclusionsObjective neuropsychological test performance, as measured by the global dysfunction index or an ecologically valid memory task, was associated with SCC. These data suggest that cumulative deficits in multiple cognitive domains contribute to subjectively experienced poor cognitive abilities in daily life in patients post‐stroke.
Increased expression of Forkhead box M1 transcription factor is associated with clinicopathological features and confers a poor prognosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Egawa Mayumi , Yoshida Yuichi , Ogura Satoshi , Kurahashi Tomohide , Kizu Takashi , Furuta Kunimaro , Kamada Yoshihiro , Chatani Norihiro , Hamano Mina , Kiso Shinichi , Hikita Hayato , Tatsumi Tomohide , Eguchi Hidetoshi , Nagano Hiroaki , Doki Yuichiro , Mori Masaki , Takehara Tetsuo 
Published: December 2016

AimForkhead Box M1 (FoxM1) is a proliferation‐specific transcription factor. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the clinicopathological and prognostic values of FoxM1 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and correlate FoxM1 expression with various etiologies of liver diseases. We also investigated its therapeutic value in HCC.MethodsWe investigated the expression of FoxM1 in tumor tissues and adjacent non‐tumor tissues of 79 Japanese HCC patients by quantitative real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis. Depletion by siRNA or specific inhibition by siomycin A were also used to investigate the effect of FoxM1 inhibition on stem‐like features of human HCC cells.ResultsQuantitative real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that tumor tissues displayed an approximately 14‐fold increase in FoxM1 expression compared with adjacent non‐tumor tissues. Interestingly, the expression levels of FoxM1in tumor tissues did not depend on the etiology of liver disease. The expression of FoxM1 in tumor tissues was associated with serum α‐fetoprotein level, maximum tumor size, histological grade, TNM staging, and portal involvement. Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that the high FoxM1 expression (≥median) group had a poor prognosis compared with the low FoxM1 expression (<median) group. Using multivariate analysis, the expression of FoxM1 in tumor tissues was shown to be an independent prognostic factor that affected overall survival and disease‐free survival. Furthermore, FoxM1 inhibition by siRNA or siomycin A reduced spheroid colony formation of HCC cells in vitro.ConclusionOur data suggest that FoxM1 might be a prognostic biomarker and a promising therapeutic target for HCC.
What's for Sale at Canadian Universities? A Mixed‐Methods Analysis of Promotional Strategies
Authors: Pizarro Milian Roger 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe current fiscal environment has driven Canadian universities to become more entrepreneurial, seeking out and competing over new sources of funding. Despite such intensifying competition, little effort has been made to document the promotional tactics that Canadian universities are using to render themselves appealing to external audiences. This study examines the contents of the home pages of English‐speaking universities in Canada. It finds that, though there are some differences in the tactics that primarily undergraduate and research‐intensive universities employ, both generally strive to emulate the same institutional ‘template’. Moreover, the usage of more unorthodox promotional tactics, drawing on labour market rhetoric or discourses of inclusivity, is limited. These findings are theorised in relation to contemporary work within organisational sociology and strategic management.
Labour statistics in south‐eastern Europe: Similarities and differences across national definitions
Authors: FILIPI Gjergji 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIt is obviously important to harmonize national statistical definitions of employment, unemployment and inactivity – both for general accuracy and for international data comparability. This concise overview compares the statistical practices of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia and Turkey in this respect. While all of these territories and countries rely on labour force surveys to collect the required data, they exhibit discrepancies as to the definitions, classification and labour market status of specific groups, particularly in regard to the statistical category of unemployment. The paper concludes with a plea for remedying these remaining discrepancies through further harmonization.
Sub‐Tg enthalpy relaxation in a milling‐derived chalcogenide glass
Authors: Qiao Ang , Tao Haizheng , Yue Yuanzheng 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this work we succeeded in synthesizing a chalcogenide glass, that is, the Ag3PS4 glass, by milling the mixture of the crystalline Ag2S and P2S5 powder. In terms of potential energy, the glass was excited by the milling process. The evidence for the energy excitation was the occurrence of the sub‐Tg relaxation recorded by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The relaxation behavior in the milling‐derived Ag3PS4 glass was found to significantly differ from that of a hyperquenched oxide glass. We observed two decoupled peaks of the energy release during a DSC scan, which are in contrast to the single asymmetric peak of the hyperquenched glass. The low‐temperature peak could be attributed to the β‐relaxation of the Ag–S ionic bonds, whereas the high‐temperature peak could arise from the α‐relaxation of the distorted rigid [PS4] units involving covalent bonds. The decoupling between the two peaks implies the fragile nature of the Ag3PS4 glass. Upon the dynamic heating and the sub‐Tg annealing we found that the relaxation of the Ag3PS4 glass is of high nonexponentiallity, and hence, of high structural heterogeneity.