bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
r.avaflow v1, an advanced open-source computational framework for the propagation and interaction of two-phase mass flows
Authors: Mergili Martin , Fischer Jan-Thomas , Krenn Julia , Pudasaini Shiva P. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract. r.avaflow represents an innovative open-source computational tool for routing rapid mass flows, avalanches, or process chains from a defined release area down an arbitrary topography to a deposition area. In contrast to most existing computational tools, r.avaflow (i) employs a two-phase, interacting solid and fluid mixture model (Pudasaini, 2012); (ii) is suitable for modelling more or less complex process chains and interactions; (iii) explicitly considers both entrainment and stopping with deposition, i.e. the change of the basal topography; (iv) allows for the definition of multiple release masses, and/or hydrographs; and (v) serves with built-in functionalities for validation, parameter optimization, and sensitivity analysis. r.avaflow is freely available as a raster module of the GRASS GIS software, employing the programming languages Python and C along with the statistical software R. We exemplify the functionalities of r.avaflow by means of two sets of computational experiments: (1) generic process chains consisting in bulk mass and hydrograph release into a reservoir with entrainment of the dam and impact downstream; (2) the prehistoric Acheron rock avalanche, New Zealand. The simulation results are generally plausible for (1) and, after the optimization of two key parameters, reasonably in line with the corresponding observations for (2). However, we identify some potential to enhance the analytic and numerical concepts. Further, thorough parameter studies will be necessary in order to make r.avaflow fit for reliable forward simulations of possible future mass flow events.
The residence time of water in the atmosphere revisited
Authors: van der Ent Ruud J. , Tuinenburg Obbe A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract. This paper revisits the knowledge on the residence time of water in the atmosphere. Based on state-of-the-art data of the hydrological cycle we derive a global average residence time of 8.9 ± 0.4 days (uncertainty given as 1 standard deviation). We use two different atmospheric moisture tracking models (WAM-2layers and 3D-T) to obtain atmospheric residence time characteristics in time and space. The tracking models estimate the global average residence time to be around 8.5 days based on ERA-Interim data. We conclude that the statement of a recent study that the global average residence time of water in the atmosphere is 4–5 days, is not correct. We derive spatial maps of residence time, attributed to evaporation and precipitation, and age of atmospheric water, showing that there are different ways of looking at temporal characteristics of atmospheric water. Longer evaporation residence times often indicate larger distances towards areas of high precipitation. From our analysis we find that the residence time over the ocean is about 2 days less than over land. It can be seen that in winter, the age of atmospheric moisture tends to be much lower than in summer. In the Northern Hemisphere, due to the contrast in ocean-to-land temperature and associated evaporation rates, the age of atmospheric moisture increases following atmospheric moisture flow inland in winter, and decreases in summer. Looking at the probability density functions of atmospheric residence time for precipitation and evaporation, we find long-tailed distributions with the median around 5 days. Overall, our research confirms the 8–10-day traditional estimate for the global mean residence time of atmospheric water, and our research contributes to a more complete view of the characteristics of the turnover of water in the atmosphere in time and space.
Las lenguas inmigrantes en el IES Eclipse: un análisis desde la política lingüística de la Comunidad de Madrid
Authors: Solís Casco Isabel 
Published: February 2017

La política lingüística educativa europea se caracteriza por el progresivo fomento del multilingüismo entre sus ciudadanos y el reconocimiento de la riqueza cultural de las lenguas asentadas en Europa. Sin embargo, no todas las lenguas han obtenido el mismo grado de promoción ni de reconocimiento en los sistemas educativos europeos. En el caso de las lenguas inmigrantes su estatus y grado de visibilidad apenas ha variado desde que en los setenta se publicaron las primeras normas para su regulación. A través de un estudio de caso, que forma parte de una investigación más amplia sobre la política lingüística educativa llevada a cabo en la Comunidad de Madrid, se estudia la visibilidad de las lenguas inmigrantes en un centro educativo de Secundaria y la ideología lingüística respecto a estas lenguas. Siguiendo el método etnográfico, a partir del estudio de documentos oficiales del centro y del paisaje lingüístico del instituto, se llega a la conclusión de que en el contexto educativo prevalece una ideología lingüística de invisibilización de las lenguas inmigrantes, a pesar de la normativa y de los estudios que han demostrado los beneficios de valorar las lenguas inmigrantes en la escuela.
Australian Universities Under Neoliberal Management: The Deepening Crisis
Authors: Connell Raewyn 
Published: February 2017

Australian universities were transformed from small colonial outposts of European education to a relatively large public higher education sector by national development funding. Neoliberal management since the 1980s has transformed the universities into export-oriented corporations, is placing severe stress on the younger workforce, and is generating a crisis in the production of an intellectual culture.
The Scholar-Practitioner Debate in International Higher Education
Authors: Streitwieser Bernhard , Ogden Anthony C. 
Published: February 2017

This discussion looks at the role and potential of a growing class of professionals at U.S. colleges and universities today: scholar-practitioners or alternative-academics. Scholar-practitioners are products of a changing higher education landscape where core faculty lines are declining while contract and adjunct positions are growing in tandem with the proliferation of specialized campus services. For hybrid scholar-practitioners of international higher education, opportunities exist to leverage their exposure to data and experiential knowledge in order to broaden and deepen the discussion in an enterprise increasingly attracting significant research attention.
Hvilket paradoks / hvis paradoks?
Authors: Louw Maria , Rytter Mikkel 
Published: February 2017

I stedet for et abstract er her begyndelsen på indledningen: Der er de senere år blevet forsket og skrevet om sufisme fra mange forskellige vinkler og med fokus på en bred række tematikker. For blot at nævne nogle, kunne man fremhæve studier der tager afsæt i den karisma, der emmer fra levende shuyukh (Werbner og Basu 1998; Werbner 2003); de tilbagevendende religiøse festivaller og fejringer ved helgengrave (Curie 2006; Frembgen 2011); forskellige former for zikr (ihukommelse af Gud) og ekstatiske ritualer (Lizzio 2007; Pinto 2010; Irwin 2011); fødevarers potentielt rensende og transformerende egenskaber for dedikerede sufier (Werbner 1998; Matzens 2012; Rytter 2013); sufisme som en integreret del af hverdagsislam (Louw 2007; Raudvere og Stenberg 2007); samt nutidige turuq (veje, ordner) globale udstrækninger og plasticitet (Malik and Hinnels 2006; Geaves, Dressler and Klinkhammer 2009; Stjernholm 2011; Bubandt 2011; Mathiesen 2012). Trods det massive opbud af studier, er der imidlertid ingen der endnu har adresseret og diskuteret det forhold, at sufisme - og islamisk mysticisme mere generelt - tilsyneladende har paradokset som centralt omdrejningspunkt. Det er denne vinkel på sufismen, som nærværende temanummer afsøger og diskuterer. (...)
Monstrous Hybrids in Shakespeare’s King Lear
Authors: Lafont Agnès 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT: This article seeks to present the different languages (emblems, Renaissance translations of classical myths, biblical exegesis) that inform the images of monsters which, as hybrid creatures blending human and animal characteristics, serve a dramatic function in Shakespeare’s King Lear. It means to question the ways in which the play links filial ingratitude with female monstrosity and Lear’s madness. Tracing the classical and medieval lineage of the monstrous bestiary (serpent, tiger, vulture) in King Lear and connecting it to emblematic readings of Shakespeare’s time, it explores how Shakespeare provides a dynamic characterisation of Goneril and Regan through their bestialisation. This study of teratogenesis then questions the notion of metamorphoses in the play. KEYWORDS: Shakespeare; King Lear; emblem; mythology; ingratitude. RESUMEN: Este artículo intenta presentar los lenguajes diferentes (los emblemas, las traducciones renacentistas de los mitos clásicos, la exégesis bíblica) que informan las imágenes de los monstruos que, como criaturas híbridas que combinan características humanas y animales, sirven una función dramática en King Lear de Shakespeare. Procura interrogar las maneras en que el drama establece un vínculo entre la ingratitud filial, la monstruosidad femenina y la locura de Lear. Por trazar el linaje clásico y medieval del bestiario monstruoso (serpiente, tigre, buitre) en King Lear, y conectándolo con interpretaciones emblemáticas de la época de Shakespeare, explora cómo Shakespeare nos proporciona una caracterización dinámica de Goneril y Regan mediante su bestialización. Este estudio de la teratología procede a cuestionar el concepto de las metamorfosis en el drama. PALABRAS CLAVES: Shakespeare, King Lear, emblema, mitología, ingratitude.
García Mahíques, Rafael (dir.), Los tipos iconográficos de la tradición cristiana, vol. 2. Los Ángeles I. La Gloria y sus jerarquías
Authors: Mínguez Cornelles Víctor 
Published: February 2017

Recensión del libro:GARCÍA MAHÍQUES, Rafael (dir.) [2016]. Los tipos iconográficos de la tradición cristiana, vol. 2. Los Ángeles I. La Gloria y sus jerarquías, Madrid, Ediciones Encuentro, 594 pp.
Candidate genes that have facilitated freshwater adaptation by palaemonid prawns in the genusMacrobrachium: identification and expression validation in a model species (M. koombooloomba)
Authors: Rahi Md Lifat , Amin Shorash , Mather Peter B. , Hurwood David A. 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundThe endemic Australian freshwater prawn,Macrobrachium koombooloomba, provides a model for exploring genes involved with freshwater adaptation because it is one of the relatively fewMacrobrachiumspecies that can complete its entire life cycle in freshwater.MethodsThe present study was conducted to identify potential candidate genes that are likely to contribute to effective freshwater adaptation byM. koombooloombausing a transcriptomics approach.De novoassembly of 75 bp paired end 227,564,643 high quality Illumina raw reads from 6 different cDNA libraries revealed 125,917 contigs of variable lengths (200–18,050 bp) with an N50 value of 1597.ResultsIn total, 31,272 (24.83%) of the assembled contigs received significant blast hits, of which 27,686 and 22,560 contigs were mapped and functionally annotated, respectively. CEGMA (Core Eukaryotic Genes Mapping Approach) based transcriptome quality assessment revealed 96.37% completeness. We identified 43 different potential genes that are likely to be involved with freshwater adaptation inM. koombooloomba. Identified candidate genes included: 25 genes for osmoregulation, five for cell volume regulation, seven for stress tolerance, three for body fluid (haemolymph) maintenance, eight for epithelial permeability and water channel regulation, nine for egg size control and three for larval development. RSEM (RNA-Seq Expectation Maximization) based abundance estimation revealed that 6,253, 5,753 and 3,795 transcripts were expressed (at TPM value ≥10) in post larvae, juveniles and adults, respectively. Differential gene expression (DGE) analysis showed that 15 genes were expressed differentially in different individuals but these genes apparently were not involved with freshwater adaptation but rather were involved in growth, development and reproductive maturation.DiscussionThe genomic resources developed here will be useful for better understanding the molecular basis of freshwater adaptation inMacrobrachiumprawns and other crustaceans more broadly.
Effect of yield curves and porous crush on hydrocode simulations of asteroid airburst
Authors: Robertson D. K. , Mathias D. L. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSimulations of asteroid airburst are being conducted to obtain best estimates of damage areas and assess sensitivity to variables for asteroid characterization and mitigation efforts. The simulations presented here employed the ALE3D hydrocode to examine the breakup and energy deposition of asteroids entering the Earth's atmosphere, using the Chelyabinsk meteor as a test case. This paper examines the effect of increasingly complex material models on the energy deposition profile. Modeling the meteor as a rock having a single strength can reproduce airburst altitude and energy deposition reasonably well but is not representative of real rock masses (large bodies of material). Accounting for a yield curve that includes different tensile, shear, and compressive strengths shows that shear strength determines the burst altitude. Including yield curves and compaction of porous spaces in the material changes the detailed mechanics of the breakup but only has a limited effect on the burst altitude and energy deposition. Strong asteroids fail and create peak energy deposition close to the altitude at which ram dynamic pressure equals the material strength. Weak asteroids, even though they structurally fail at high altitude, require the increased pressure at lower altitude to disrupt and disperse the rubble. As a result, a wide range of weaker asteroid strengths produce peak energy deposition at a similar altitude.
Iron(III) Chloride‐Mediated Regio‐ and Stereoselective Chlorosulfonylation of Alkynes and Alkenes with Sodium Sulfinates
Authors: Zeng Kui , Chen Lang , Chen Yi , Liu Yongping , Zhou Yongbo , Au Chak‐Tong , Yin Shuang‐Feng 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe atom‐economic and one‐pot regio‐ and stereoselective addition of sodium arenesulfinates to either alkynes or alkenes can be achieved with an iron(III) chloride hexahydrate [FeCl3⋅6 H2O] catalytic system to afford β‐haloalkenyl and β‐chloroalkyl sulfones in moderate to good yields.magnified image
Electrophilic Derivatization of Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Semisquarate Using Unsaturated Organosilanes and Subsequent Ring Transformations
Authors: Kurohara Takashi , Shibuya Masatoshi , Yamamoto Yoshihiko 
Published: February 2017

AbstractTo extend the synthetic potential of trifluoromethyl‐substituted semisquarate (CF3‐semisquarate) previously synthesized by us as a pluripotent building block, its electrophilic derivatization was investigated. The electrophilic addition of allylic silanes and silyl enolates to CF3‐semisquarate afforded the corresponding 4‐hydroxycyclobutenones. Subsequent ring expansion of these products via thermolysis or oxidation using lead tetraacetate afforded trifluoromethylated bicyclo[3.2.0]heptenones or (Z)‐γ‐alkylidenetetronates.magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed Addition of Arylboronic Acids to para‐ Quinone Methides for Preparation of Diarylacetates
Authors: Zhuge Ruijing , Wu Liang , Quan Mao , Butt Nicholas , Yang Guoqiang , Zhang Wanbin 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed addition of arylboronic acids to para‐quinone methides has been developed. The catalytic system employing 4,4′‐dimethoxy‐2,2′‐bipyridine (DMeO‐BPy) as ligand and trifluoroethanol (TFE) as solvent provides diarylacetate products in high yields. A wide range of functionalized arylboronic acids can be used and the method tolerates some variation in the scope of the para‐quinone methides.magnified image
Utilizing an Encapsulated Solution of Reagents to Achieve the Four‐Component Synthesis of (Benzo)Thiophene Derivatives
Authors: Shen Chaoren , Spannenberg Anke , Auer Matthias , Wu Xiao‐Feng 
Published: February 2017

AbstractReagent capsules can help to resolve the compatibility problem of reagents in multicomponent processes. Herein we demonstrate a facile method for encapsulating smelly liquid chemicals and its application in a modular palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative synthesis of multi‐substituted thiophenes from terminal alkynes and aryl iodides as well as a palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative synthesis of benzothiophene derivatives from aryl iodides and arylboronic acids. Here, the capsule plays a pivotal role in solving the issues on reaction condition incompatibilities and selectivity of multicomponent reactions as well as avoiding deactivation of the catalyst by releasing the reagents when the reaction temperature is raised. It greatly facilitates the development of highly‐efficient multicomponent reactions and demonstrates a modular pathway to obtain functionalized molecules.magnified image
Brief communication: Correlation between elastic modulus and radiographic density in mandibular cortical bone of colobine monkeys
Authors: Rapoff Andrew J. , Scott McGraw W. , Duque Ana , Daegling David J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe relationship between radiographic grayscale and elastic modulus was determined using mandibular cortical bone of colobine monkeys. Quantification of this relationship is critical for establishing absolute measures of structural rigidity of skeletal elements.Materials and methodsWe determined the Vickers microhardness values in mandibular bone from two species of African colobine monkeys and related these values to elastic modulus through an empirically determined correlation. We also determined radiographic grayscale values from microcomputed tomographic scans of the mandible in the same regions in which microhardness was sampled. We then correlated modulus to grayscale with a power law relationship.ResultsWe found that elastic modulus scaled with negative allometry with respect to grayscale with an exponent of 0.77.DiscussionOur results suggest a single exponent can effectively capture the relationship of grayscale to elastic modulus and facilitate development of heterogeneous structural models for use in comparative and computational biomechanical studies.
The Extension of Baird's Rule to Twisted Heteroannulenes: Aromaticity Reversal of Singly and Doubly Twisted Molecular Systems in the Lowest Triplet State
Authors: Hong Yongseok , Oh Juwon , Sung Young Mo , Tanaka Yasuo , Osuka Atsuhiro , Kim Dongho 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe have investigated the aromaticity of singly twisted Möbius aromatic and doubly twisted Hückel antiaromatic bis(palladium(II)) [36]octaphyrins in the lowest triplet state (T1) by spectroscopic measurements and quantum calculations. The T1 state of the singly twisted Möbius [36]octaphyrin shows broad and weak absorption spectral features that are analogous to those of antiaromatic expanded porphyrins while the T1 state of the doubly twisted Hückel [36]octaphyrin exhibits intense and distinct spectral features, indicating the aromatic nature. These results along with theoretical calculations support the hypothesis that the aromaticity is reversed in the T1 state. Furthermore, we show that the degree of structural smoothness affects the aromaticity reversal in the T1 state.
Automated Synthesis of Well‐Defined Polymers and Biohybrids by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Using a DNA Synthesizer
Authors: Pan Xiangcheng , Lathwal Sushil , Mack Stephanie , Yan Jiajun , Das Subha R. , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA DNA synthesizer was successfully employed for preparation of well‐defined polymers by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), in a technique termed AutoATRP. This method provides well‐defined homopolymers, diblock copolymers, and biohybrids under automated photomediated ATRP conditions. PhotoATRP was selected over other ATRP methods because of mild reaction conditions, ambient temperature, tolerance to oxygen, and no need to introduce reducing agents or radical initiators. Both acrylate and methacrylate monomers were successfully polymerized with excellent control in the DNA synthesizer. Diblock copolymers were synthesized with different targeted degrees of polymerization and with high retention of chain‐end functionality. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers were grafted from DNA. The DNA‐polymer hybrids were characterized by SEC and DLS. The AutoATRP method provides an efficient route to prepare a range of different polymeric materials, especially polymer‐biohybrids.
A Metal Chelating Porous Polymeric Support: The Missing Link for a Defect‐Free Metal–Organic Framework Composite Membrane
Authors: Barankova Eva , Tan Xiaoyu , Villalobos Luis Francisco , Litwiller Eric , Peinemann Klaus‐Viktor 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSince the discovery of size‐selective metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), researchers have tried to incorporate these materials into gas separation membranes. Impressive gas selectivities were found, but these MOF membranes were mostly made on inorganic supports, which are generally too bulky and expensive for industrial gas separation. Forming MOF layers on porous polymer supports is industrially attractive but technically challenging. Two features to overcome these problems are described: 1) a metal chelating support polymer to bind the MOF layer, and 2) control of MOF crystal growth by contra‐diffusion, aiming at a very thin nanocrystalline MOF layer. Using a metal chelating poly‐thiosemicarbazide (PTSC) support and adjusting the metal and organic ligand concentrations carefully, a very compact ZIF‐8 (ZIF=zeolitic imidazolate framework) layer was produced that displayed interference colors because of its smooth surface and extreme thinness—within the range of visible light. High performances were measured in terms of hydrogen/propane (8350) and propylene/propane (150) selectivity.
Katalytische Desaromatisierung von N‐Heteroarenen mit Silicium‐ und Borverbindungen
Authors: Park Sehoon , Chang Sukbok 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDesaromatisierte N‐Heterocyclen sind als Strukturmotive für die organische Synthese und die chemische Biologie von Bedeutung. Die katalytische desaromatisierende Reduktion von nicht aktivierten N‐Heteroarenen mit Silicium‐ und/oder Borverbindungen als Reduktionsmittel ist eine der direktesten Alternativen zur Hydrierung. Bisher wurden jedoch nur vereinzelte Beispiele zur katalytischen Reduktion von N‐Heteroarenen mit Silan‐ oder Boranreduktionsmitteln beschrieben. In diesem Aufsatz wird über jüngste Fortschritte bei der katalytischen Reduktion von nicht aktivierten N‐Heteroarenen mit Hydrosilanen, Hydroboranen, Silaboranen und Diboranen berichtet. Dabei wird vor allem auf die chemische Reaktivität und Selektivität von Übergangsmetallkatalysatoren und metallfreien Organokatalysatorsystemen eingegangen. Des Weiteren werden die Funktionsweisen dieser Katalysatoren insbesondere auf der Basis experimenteller mechanistischer Erkenntnisse beschrieben.
Controlled Covalent Functionalization of Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide To Generate Defined Bifunctional 2D Nanomaterials
Authors: Faghani Abbas , Donskyi Ievgen S. , Fardin Gholami Mohammad , Ziem Benjamin , Lippitz Andreas , Unger Wolfgang E. S. , Böttcher Christoph , Rabe Jürgen P. , Haag Rainer , Adeli Mohsen 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA controlled, reproducible, gram‐scale method is reported for the covalent functionalization of graphene sheets by a one‐pot nitrene [2+1] cycloaddition reaction under mild conditions. The reaction between commercially available 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine and sodium azide with thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO) results in defined dichlorotriazine‐functionalized sheets. The different reactivities of the chlorine substituents on the functionalized graphene allow stepwise post‐modification by manipulating the temperature. This new method provides unique access to defined bifunctional 2D nanomaterials, as exemplified by chiral surfaces and multifunctional hybrid architectures.