bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Audio-visual synchrony and spatial attention enhance processing of dynamic visual stimulation independently and in parallel: a frequency-tagging study
Authors: Covic Amra , Keitel Christian , Porcu Emanuele , Schröger Erich , Müller Matthias M 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTThe neural processing of a visual stimulus can be facilitated by attending to its position or by a co-occurring auditory tone. Using frequency-tagging we investigated whether facilitation by spatial attention and audio-visual synchrony rely on similar neural processes. Participants attended to one of two flickering Gabor patches (14.17 and 17 Hz) located in opposite lower visual fields. Gabor patches further “pulsed” (i.e. showed smooth spatial frequency variations) at distinct rates (3.14 and 3.63 Hz). Frequency-modulating an auditory stimulus at the pulse-rate of one of the visual stimuli established audio-visual synchrony. Flicker and pulsed stimulation elicited stimulus-locked rhythmic electrophysiological brain responses that allowed tracking the neural processing of simultaneously presented stimuli. These steady-state responses (SSRs) were quantified in the spectral domain to examine visual stimulus processing under conditions of synchronous vs. asynchronous tone presentation and when respective stimulus positions were attended vs. unattended. Strikingly, unique patterns of effects on pulse- and flicker driven SSRs indicated that spatial attention and audiovisual synchrony facilitated early visual processing in parallel and via different cortical processes. We found attention effects to resemble the classical top-down gain effect facilitating both, flicker and pulse-driven SSRs. Audio-visual synchrony, in turn, only amplified synchrony-producing stimulus aspects (i.e. pulse-driven SSRs) possibly highlighting the role of temporally co-occurring sights and sounds in bottom-up multisensory integration.
High-resolution analysis of spatiotemporal virulence gene regulation during food-borne infection withEscherichia coliO157:H7 within a live host
Authors: Stones Daniel H , Fehr Alexander GJ , Madhavan Thekke P , Voelz Kerstin , Krachler Anne Marie 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTFood-borne infection with enterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli(EHEC) is a major cause of diarrheal illness in humans, and can lead to severe complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome. Cattle and other ruminants are the main reservoir of EHEC, which enters the food-chain through contaminated meat, dairy, or vegetables. However, how EHEC transitions from the transmission vector to colonizing the intestinal tract, and how virulence-specific genes are regulated during this transition, is not well understood. Here, we describe the establishment of a vertebrate model for food-borne EHEC infection, using the protozoanParamecium caudatumas a vector and the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a host. At 4 days post fertilization, zebrafish have a fully developed intestinal tract, yet are fully transparent. This allows us to follow intestinal colonization, microbe-host cell interactions, and microbial gene induction within the live host and in real time throughout the infection. Additionally, this model can be adapted to compare food- and water-borne infections, under gnotobiotic conditions or against the backdrop of an endogenous (and variable) host microbiota. Finally, the zebrafish allows for investigation of factors affecting shedding and transmission of bacteria to naïve hosts. High-resolution analysis of EHEC gene expression within the zebrafish host emphasizes the need for tight transcriptional regulation of virulence factors for within-host fitness.IMPORTANCEEnterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli(EHEC) is a food-borne pathogen which can cause diarrhea, vomiting and in some cases, severe complications such as kidney problems in humans. Up to 30% of cattle are colonized with EHEC, which can enter the food-chain through contaminated meat, dairy and vegetables. In order to control infections and stop transmission, it is important to understand what factors allow EHEC to colonize its hosts, cause virulence and aid transmission. Since this cannot be systematically studied in humans, it is important to develop animal models of infection and transmission. We developed a model which allows us to study food-borne infection in zebrafish, a vertebrate host that is transparent and genetically tractable. Using the zebrafish host, we can follow the bacterial infection cycle in real time, and gain important information regarding bacterial physiology and microbe-host interactions. This will allow us to identify potential new targets for infection control and prevention.
Host population structure and treatment frequency maintain balancing selection on drug resistance
Authors: Cobey Sarah , Baskerville Edward B. , Colijn Caroline , Hanage William , Fraser Christophe , Lipsitch Marc 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIt is a truism that antimicrobial drugs select for resistance, but explaining pathogen- and population-specific variation in patterns of resistance remains an open problem. Like other common commensals,Streptococcus pneumoniaehas demonstrated persistent coexistence of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains. Theoretically, this outcome is unlikely. We modeled the dynamics of competing strains ofS. pneumoniaeto investigate the impact of transmission dynamics and treatment-induced selective pressures on the probability of stable coexistence. We find that the outcome of competition is extremely sensitive to structure in the host population, although coexistence can arise from age-assortative transmission models with age-varying rates of antibiotic use. Moreover, we find that the selective pressure from antibiotics arises not so much from the rate of antibiotic use per se but from the frequency of treatment: frequent antibiotic therapy disproportionately impacts the fitness of sensitive strains. This same phenomenon explains why serotypes with longer durations of carriage tend to be more resistant. These dynamics may apply to other potentially pathogenic, microbial commensals and highlight how population structure, which is often omitted from models, can have a large impact.
Integrative Structural Brain Network Analysis In Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Authors: Chung Moo K. , Hanson Jamie L. , Adluru Nagesh , Alexander Andrew L. , Davidson Richard J. , Pollak Seth D. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn diffusion tensor imaging, structural connectivity between brain regions is often measured by the number of white matter fiber tracts connecting them. Other features such as the length of tracts or fractional anisotropy (FA) are also used in measuring the strength of connectivity. In this study, we investigated the effects of incorporating the number of tracts, the tract length and FA-values into the connectivity model. Using various node-degree based graph theory features, the three connectivity models are compared. The methods are applied in characterizing structural networks between normal controls and maltreated children, who experienced maltreatment while living in post-institutional settings before being adopted by families in the US.
Single-virion Sequencing of Lamivudine Treated HBV Populations Reveal Population Evolution Dynamics and Demographic History
Authors: Zhu Yuan O , Aw Pauline PK , de Sessions Paola Florez , Hong Shuzhen , See Lee Xian , Hong Lewis Z , Wilm Andreas , Li Chen Hao , Hue Stephane , Lim Seng Gee , Nagarajan Niranjan , Burkholder William F , Hibberd Martin 
Published: April 2017

AbstractViral populations are complex, dynamic, and fast evolving. The evolution of groups of closely related viruses in a competitive environment is termed quasispecies. To fully understand the role that quasispecies play in viral evolution, characterizing the trajectories of viral genotypes in an evolving population is the key. In particular, long-range haplotype information for thousands of individual viruses is critical; yet generating this information is non-trivial. Popular deep sequencing methods generate relatively short reads that do not preserve linkage information, while third generation sequencing methods have higher error rates that make detection of low frequency mutations a bioinformatics challenge. Here we applied BAsE-Seq, an Illumina-based single-virion sequencing technology, to eight samples from four chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients – once before antiviral treatment and once after viral rebound due to resistance. We obtained 248-8,796 single-virion sequences per sample, which allowed us to find evidence for both hard and soft selective sweeps. We were also able to reconstruct population demographic history that was independently verified by clinically collected data. We further verified four of the samples independently on PacBio and Illumina sequencers. Overall, we showed that single-virion sequencing yields insight into viral evolution and population dynamics in an efficient and high throughput manner. We believe that single-virion sequencing is widely applicable to the study of viral evolution in the context of drug resistance, differentiating between soft or hard selective sweeps, and the reconstruction of intra-host viral population demographic history.
Estimating wildlife vaccination coverage using genetic methods
Authors: Smith Freya , Robertson Andrew , Smith Graham C. , Gill Peter , McDonald Robbie A. , Wilson Gavin , Delahay Richard J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractVaccination is a potentially useful approach for the control of disease in wildlife populations. The effectiveness of vaccination is contingent in part on obtaining adequate vaccine coverage at the population level. However, measuring vaccine coverage in wild animal populations is challenging and so there is a need to develop robust approaches to estimate coverage and so contribute to understanding the likely efficacy of vaccination.We used a modified capture mark recapture technique to estimate vaccine coverage in a wild population of European badgers (Meles meles) vaccinated by live-trapping and injecting with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin as part of a bovine tuberculosis control initiative in Wales, United Kingdom. Our approach used genetic matching of vaccinated animals to a sample of the wider population to estimate the percentage of badgers that had been vaccinated. Individual-specific genetic profiles were obtained using microsatellite genotyping of hair samples which were collected both directly from trapped and vaccinated badgers and non-invasively from the wider population using hair traps deployed at badger burrows.We estimated the percentage of badgers vaccinated in a single year and applied this to a simple model to estimate cumulative vaccine coverage over a four year period, corresponding to the total duration of the vaccination campaign.In the year of study, we estimated that between 44-65% (95% confidence interval, mean 55%) of the badger population received a vaccine dose. Using the model, we estimated that 70-85% of the total population would have received at least one vaccine dose over the course of the four year vaccination campaign.This study represents the first application of this novel approach for measuring vaccine coverage in wildlife. This is also the first attempt at quantifying the level of vaccine coverage achieved by trapping and injecting badgers. The results therefore have specific application to bovine tuberculosis control policy, and the approach is of significance to the wider field of wildlife vaccination.
Sofosbuvir protects Zika virus-infected mice from mortality, preventing short- and long-term sequela
Authors: Ferreira André C. , Valle Camila Z. , Reis Patricia A. , Barbosa-Lima Giselle , Vieira Yasmine Rangel , Mattos Mayara , de Paiva Silva Priscila , Sacramento Carolina , de Castro Faria Neto Hugo C. , Campanati Loraine , Tanuri Amilcar , Brüning Karin , Bozza Fernando A. , Bozza Patrícia T. , Souza Thiago Moreno L. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTZika virus (ZIKV) caused significant public health concern, because of its association with congenital malformations, neurological disorders in adults and, more recently, with deaths. Considering the necessity to mitigate the cases ZIKV-associated diseases, antiviral interventions against this virus are an urgent necessity. Sofosbuvir, a drug in clinical use against Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), is among the FDA-approved substances endowed with anti-ZIKV activity. In this work, we further investigated thein vivoactivity of sofosbuvir against ZIKV. Neonatal Swiss mice were infected with ZIKV (2 x 107PFU) and treated with sofosbuvir at 20 mg/kg/day, a concentration compatible with pre-clinical development of this drug. We found that sofosbuvir reduced acute levels of ZIKV from 60 to 90 % in different anatomical compartments, such as in blood plasma, spleen, kidney and brain. Early treatment with sofosbuvir doubled the percentage and time of survival of ZIKV-infected animals, despite the aggressive virus challenge assayed and also prevented the acute neuromotor impairment triggered by the virus. On the long-term behavior analysis of ZIKV-associated sequelae, sofosbuvir prevented loss of hippocampal- and amygdala-dependent memory. Our results point out that sofosbuvir inhibits ZIKV replicationin vivo, which is consistent with the prospective necessity of antiviral drugs to treat ZIKV-infected individuals.
Inhibiters replacement of chilled water system in nuclear unit
Authors: Xie Jianli , Hu Jiayuan , Lu Jundong , Li Xinmin 
Published: April 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper was to study the corrosion control of B10 copper-nickel alloy using the LiOH-N2H4 compound inhibitors and to evaluate the feasibility of replacing the original inhibitors (NaNO2-Na2MoO4) with the new ones (LiOH-N2H4) for the chilled water system in a nuclear unit.

Design/methodology/approach
The corrosion resistance performance of B10 copper-nickel alloy was evaluated during the whole replacement process of inhibiters using electrochemical tests and surface analysis techniques.

Findings
The results indicated that the corrosion of B10 copper-nickel alloy could be prevented effectively using LiOH to increase the pH value of solution higher than 10.0 and using N2H4 to consume dissolved oxygen. During the replacement process of inhibitors from NaNO2-Na2MoO4 to LiOH-N2H4, the corrosion resistance performance of B10 copper-nickel alloy had not decreased greatly. The new LiOH-N2H4 inhibitor, which could enhance the compactness of rust, was able to reduce the corrosion rate of rusted B10 metal.

Originality/value
It is feasible and operable to replace the NaNO2-Na2MoO4 inhibitors with the LiOH-N2H4 inhibitors for the corrosion prevention of B10 copper-nickel alloy. The research results can provide guidelines for the inhibitor selection of chilled water system in a nuclear unit.
Structure and corrosion behavior of Al-Co-Ti alloy system
Authors: Debili Mohamed Yacine , Sassane Nacira , Boukhris Noureddine 
Published: April 2017

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate ternary Al-Co-Ti alloy system with various Co compositions. Structural characterization of AlxCoy-2Ti2 alloys were performed by means of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electrochemical test. The effect of the addition of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 per cent Co and 2 per cent Ti on the structural evolution shows that both intermetallic compounds formation and structure morphology are related to corrosion resistance at the as-elaborated state as after subsequent heat treatment at 500°C during short time. According to the microstructural characterizations, the authors can notice that the substitution of Co has an important effect on the corrosion resistance and plays a role for the formation of the passive film.Design/methodology/approachThe alloys in this study were obtained by a high-frequency induction fusion. Powders from Al, Co and Ti (99.999 per cent) in proportions defined according to the composition aimed of alloy have been used. The total mass of the sample to be elaborated lies between 8 and 10 g. Cold compaction was achieved for mixed powder intended for high fusion frequency (HF). For electrochemical tests, the sample was cut by a diamond wheel to obtain a square section of dimensions 1 cm2. Afterward, this sample was connected with a Cu electrical wire. The last stage is the envelope in an acrylic resin realized in a plastic mold. The used electrolyte is a salt environment of 3.5 per cent NaCl (35 g of NaCl by liter of distilled water at room temperature [25 ± 1°C], aerated and with moderated agitation V = 250 r.min−1). This mold is kept in ambient air for 10 min to allow the resin to solidify.FindingsThe aim of this work is to establish the influence of the addition of Co and Ti on structural change and related corrosion behavior improvement in Al. Particular attention is accorded to Al-15 per cent Co-2 per cent Ti alloy.Originality/valueAmong the studied alloys with different Co contents, a precise composition of 15 per cent Co and 2 per cent Ti appears to have interesting electrochemical characteristics regarding the corrosion potential, the corrosion current and particularly the corrosion rate, which is very small when compared to that of other alloys, as well in the as-solidified state than after heat treatment. This composition is located halfway between the stainless steel 304 and the Al-Fe and Al-Co-Ce alloys.
The influence of temperature on the corrosion inhibition of API 5L X42 pipeline steel in HCl medium by gum arabic
Authors: Bentrah Hamza , Chala Abdelouahad , Djellab Mounir , Rahali Youssouf , Taoui Hicham 
Published: April 2017

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the influence of temperature (25-65°C) on the adsorption and the inhibition efficiency of gum arabic (GA) for the corrosion of API 5L X42 pipeline steel in 1M HCl.Design/methodology/approachInhibition behaviour on steel in HCl has been studied in relation to the concentration of the inhibitor and the temperature using potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption were calculated from the viewpoint of adsorption theory.FindingsThe results show that at a temperature range from 25 to 65°C, GA was a good inhibitor for API 5L X42 pipeline steel, and its inhibition efficiency was significantly stable. The maximum inhibition efficiency (93 per cent) is obtained at 4 g L−1. In absence and presence of GA, there is almost no change in the corrosion mechanism regardless of the temperature. The adsorption of GA on steel surface is an exothermic process. The adsorption of GA involves physical adsorption.Practical implicationsThe use of GA as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor is practical for carbon steel in HCl.Originality/valueThe stability of inhibition efficiency of GA at a temperature range from 25 to 65°C could find possible applications in acid pickling, industrial acid cleaning and acid descaling.
Psychological therapies and people who have ID: a report from the Royal College of Psychiatrists and British Psychological Society
Authors: Beail Nigel 
Published: April 2017

PurposeOver a decade ago “Psychotherapy and learning disabilities” was published by the UK Royal College of Psychiatrists. It was decided by the Royal College and British Psychological Society’s faculties for people who have ID to revise and update this report. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachExperts in the field were invited to make a contribution on their approach covering method, adaptations, service user views and outcomes.FindingsA great deal has changed in the last decade in terms of service development and research resulting in a much wider range of therapies being made available and there being a growing evidence base.Research limitations/implicationsFurther work needs to be carried out to make such information accessible to carers and service users.Practical implicationsThe report is a useful resource for professionals involved in the support of the mental health and emotional needs of people who have ID.Social implicationsThe report should help expand the range of therapies available to people who have ID who need then so they can live more fulfilling lives.Originality/valueThe report provide extensive coverage of the range of psychological therapies available to people who have ID along with their evidence base.
Psychosis and epilepsy in ring chromosome 20 syndrome
Authors: Shelton Alice , Tromans Samuel Joseph , Bhaumik Sabyasachi , Kiani Reza 
Published: April 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the challenges of assessment and management of psychotic symptoms in a background of intellectual disability (ID) and treatment-resistant epilepsy caused by a genetic syndrome.Design/methodology/approachRing chromosome 20 [r(20)] syndrome is characterised by the triad of severe refractory epilepsy, mild to severe ID and behavioural problems. This paper describes the presentation of r(20) syndrome in a young woman with moderate ID and treatment-resistant epilepsy, who experiences psychotic symptoms at times of improved seizure control.FindingsThere are several diagnostic possibilities for such a presentation, including psychotic symptoms due to adverse effects of anti-epileptic medications and forced normalisation (alternating psychosis).Originality/valueThis paper advocates judicious use of antipsychotic medication to manage psychotic symptoms, as well as involvement of both patient and close family members throughout all stages of care. It is essential to strike a balance between control of epileptic seizures and psychiatric symptoms, providing an optimal benefit to the patients’ quality of life by meeting their complex needs through a multidisciplinary and multi-agency team input.
Feeling down and understanding depression
Authors: Cronin Peter , Peyton Liam , Chaplin Eddie 
Published: April 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to offer a perspective on depression and self-help from two experts with lived experience of learning disabilites.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper outlines the authors’ presentation and experiences at the recent Learning Disability Today conference.

Findings
The paper shares some things we can do to help our mental wellbeing.

Originality/value
This paper offers the view of two people with learning disabilities lived experience of depression. The paper also offers and insight into some of the strategies they use to manage and encourage positive mental health.
Segmenting beyond behavioural intentions
Authors: Kruger Martinette , Saayman Melville 
Published: April 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine whether a music festival leads to additional intangible benefits such as the appreciation of the specific music genre and music tourism. This was done by using visitors’ behavioural intentions related to these benefits as a tool for market segmentation.Design/methodology/approachThe research followed a quantitative approach by conducting a visitor survey at an international jazz festival in South Africa.FindingsThe results showed that visitors’ post-festival behavioural intentions are a useful market segmentation tool. This approach revealed three distinct market segments with different levels of post-festival behavioural intentions (high, medium, and low). The results further showed that music festivals have the potential to create benefits beyond the festival itself or the host destination in the form of music tourism and the appreciation of a music genre. However, influencing visitors’ behavioural intentions can only be achieved by a thorough understanding of the characteristics of the market.Originality/valueThis research applied an innovative market segmentation approach that showed the post-festival behavioural intentions of different visitor segments at a music festival. The findings confirm that music festivals can have far-reaching benefits that can contribute to their legacy.