bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival, Functional Status, and Eating Ability After Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tube Placement for Acute Stroke
Authors: Meisel Karl , Arnold Robert M. , Stijacic Cenzer Irena , Boscardin John , Smith Alexander K. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesTo determine the long‐term survival and independence of individuals with stroke and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingA longitudinal nationally representative community‐based sample of older adults.ParticipantsIndividuals with stroke who had a PEG tube placed (N = 174, mean age 79, 51% female, 29% African American).MeasurementsFunctional status before incident stroke was determined based on data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a national longitudinal survey of community‐dwelling older adults, from 1993 to 2012. Hospitalizations for stroke and PEG placement were determined according to Medicare claims. HRS participants were interviewed, and outcomes of survivors interviewed in the 2 years after hospitalization are described. Survival and functional and eating ability of the cohort were examined. Groups were compared according to age and prestroke functional disability in activities of daily living (ADLs) because it was hypothesized that ADL disability would predict worse outcomes.ResultsIn the 2 years after hospitalization, overall mortality was 66%. Fifteen participants survived and regained independent ADL function (9%). Of those who survived to a follow‐up interview, 33 (56%) could not eat independently, and 31 (53%) required assistance to walk across the room. Age of 85 and older was associated with worse outcomes (10% vs 29% at 2 years, P < .001), but baseline ADL disability was not.ConclusionIn this community‐based sample, individuals who had had a stroke and a PEG tube placed had high mortality, and survivors were unlikely to be functional or mobile or to recover eating ability after hospitalization. A palliative care discussion including goals of care should occur before PEG tube placement is considered.
Caregiving for Older Adults with Obesity in the United States
Authors: Ankuda Claire K. , Harris John , Ornstein Katherine , Levine Deborah A. , Langa Kenneth M. , Kelley Amy S. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesTo determine the difference in receipt of activity of daily living (ADL) assistance between obese and normal‐weight older adults.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingNational Health and Aging Trends Study, 2011–2015.ParticipantsU.S. adults aged 65 and older with ADL disability and a body mass index (BMI) of 18.5 kg/m2 or greater (N = 5,612)MeasurementsBMI was classified as normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2), or obese (≥30.0 kg/m2). Primary outcome was self‐reported receipt of help with specific ADLs. Models were adjusted for demographic characteristics (age, sex, race), degree of need (self‐reported general health, severity of disability), household resources (income, marriage, people in household, number of children), and cognitive status (dementia, proxy respondent).ResultsObese with disabilities had lower rates of receiving assistance with walking inside (odds ratio (OR) = 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.50–0.81), walking outside (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.59–0.97), toileting (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.52–0.89), and getting in and out of bed (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.50–0.87) than normal‐weight older adults after adjustment for respondent demographic characteristics. Level of need and cognitive status partially explained the associations. In fully adjusted models, older adults with obesity still had significantly lower odds of receiving assistance in getting in and out of bed than normal weight adults (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.49–0.98).ConclusionOlder adults with obesity are less likely to receive assistance for ADL disabilities than their normal‐weight counterparts—an important concern because of ongoing demographic changes in the United States.
The efficacy of non‐narcotic analgesics on post‐operative endodontic pain: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Shirvani A. , Shamszadeh S. , Eghbal M. J. , Asgary S. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryThe objective of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of non‐narcotic analgesics including non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and/or paracetamol in the treatment of post‐operative endodontic pain. Additionally, we aimed to examine the possible association of study covariates on the pain scores using meta‐regression analysis. An electronic search was performed in 2016. After data extraction and quality assessment of the included studies (n = 27, representing 2188 patients), meta‐analysis was performed using a random‐effect inverse variance method. Meta‐regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations between effect sizes and study‐level covariates (P < 0·05). The results showed that administration of non‐narcotic analgesic was more effective than placebo in the management of post‐operative pain, resulting in a lower pain scores with a standardised mean difference of −0·50 (95% CI= −0·70, −0·30), −0·76 (95%CI= −0·95, −0·56), −1·15 (95% CI= −1·52, −0·78), −0·65 (95% CI= −1·05, −0·26) for immediately after the procedure, 6−, 12− and 24 h post−operative follow‐ups (test for statistical heterogeneity: P = 0·000, P = 0·000, P = 0·000 and P = 0·001), respectively. Our meta‐regression analysis provided the evidence for association between some study covariates with treatment effect, each at different follow‐ups. We concluded that the clinicians can manage post‐operative endodontic pain by administration of NSAIDs and/or paracetamol. However, analgesic regimens should be considered as important determinants when prescribing a pharmacological adjuvant.
Noninferiority trial investigating the efficacy of a nonantibiotic intramammary therapy in the treatment of mild‐to‐moderate clinical mastitis in dairy cows with longer lasting udder diseases
Authors: Ziesch M. , Wente N. , Zhang Y. , Zaremba W. , Engl S. , Krömker V. 
Published: April 2017

A nonblinded, positively controlled, noninferiority trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of an alternative, nonantibiotic therapy with Masti Veyxym® to reduce ineffective antibiotic usage in the treatment of nonsevere clinical mastitis (CM) in cows with longer lasting udder diseases. The solely intramammary treatment with Masti Veyxym® (three applications, 12 hr apart) and the combined treatment with Masti Veyxym® and antibiotics as usual on the farm according to label of the respective product were compared with the reference treatment of solely antibiotic therapy. The matched field study was conducted on eight free‐stall dairy farms located in Eastern Germany. Cases of mild‐to‐moderate CM in cows with longer lasting high somatic cell counts in preceding dairy herd improvement test days and with previous CM cases in current lactation were randomly allocated to one of the three treatment groups. A foremilk sample of the affected quarter was taken before treatment and again approximately 14 days and 21 days after the end of therapy for cyto‐bacteriological examination. Primary outcomes were clinical cure (CC) and no CM recurrence within 60 days after the end of treatment (no R60). Bacteriological cure (BC) and quarter somatic cell count (QSCC) cure were chosen as secondary outcomes although low probabilities of BC and QSCC cure for selected cows were expected. The study resulted in the following findings: the pathogens mostly cultured from pretreatment samples were Streptococcus uberis, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase‐negative staphylococci. There were no significant differences between the two test treatments in comparison with the reference treatment regarding all outcome variables. The sole therapy with Masti Veyxym® resulted in a numerically lower likelihood of BC without significant differences to the reference treatment. The combined therapy group showed a numerically higher nonrecurrence rate than the two other treatment groups and noninferiority compared to the reference treatment was proven. Having regard to the selection criteria of cows in this study, the findings indicated that sole treatment with Masti Veyxym® in nonsevere CM cases may constitute an alternative therapy to reduce antibiotics. However, noninferiority evaluations were mostly inconclusive. Further investigations with a larger sample size are required to confirm the results and to make a clear statement on noninferiority.
Socioeconomic determinants of growth in a longitudinal study in Nepal
Authors: Devakumar Delan , Kular Dalvir , Shrestha Bhim P. , Grijalva‐Eternod Carlos , Daniel Rhian M. , Saville Naomi M. , Manandhar Dharma S. , Costello Anthony , Osrin David , Wells Jonathan C.K. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSocioeconomic status (SES) is associated with childhood anthropometry, but little is known about how it is associated with tissue growth and body composition. To investigate this, we looked at components of SES at birth with growth in early and mid‐childhood, and body composition in a longitudinal study in Nepal. The exposure variables (material assets, land ownership, and maternal education) were quantified from questionnaire data before birth. Anthropometry data at birth, 2.5 and 8.5 years, were normalized using WHO reference ranges and conditional growth calculated. Associations with child growth and body composition were explored using multiple regression analysis. Complete anthropometry data were available for 793 children. There was a positive association between SES and height‐for‐age and weight‐for‐age, and a reduction in odds of stunting and underweight for each increase in rank of SES variable. Associations tended to be significant when moving from the lower to the upper asset score, from none to secondary education, and no land to >30 dhur (~500 m2). The strongest associations were for maternal secondary education, showing an increase of 0.6–0.7 z scores in height‐for‐age and weight‐for‐age at 2.5 and 8.5 years and 0.3 kg/m2 in fat and lean mass compared to no education. There was a positive association with conditional growth in the highest asset score group and secondary maternal education, and generally no association with land ownership. Our results show that SES at birth is important for the growth of children, with a greater association with fat mass. The greatest influence was maternal secondary education.
Effects of rare earth elements on growth rate, lipids, fatty acids and pigments in microalgae
Authors: Goecke Franz , Vítová Milada , Lukavský Jaromír , Nedbalová Linda , Řezanka Tomáš , Zachleder Vilém 
Published: April 2017

SUMMARYThe extensive exploitation of rare earth elements (REEs), particularly in electronic technologies and agriculture has concomitantly raised the environmental load. Their resulting effects on primary producers such as microalgae are, however, poorly understood. We have studied these effects on two microalgae of biotechnological interest. The yellow‐green alga Trachydiscus minutus (Eustigmatophyceae, Ochrophyta), and the green alga Parachlorella kessleri (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) were cultivated in mineral medium supplemented with 10 μmol L−1 chlorides of REEs: cerium, gadolinium, lanthanum, lutetium, praseodymium, scandium, and with monazite, which is a mineral rich in those elements. We observed growth rates at different mean light intensities (20, 50, 150 and 300 μmol m−2 s−1). The high growth rate of P. kessleri was not affected by the presence of any lanthanide, and decreased proportionally with light intensity (from 0.2 to 0.04 doublings per hour). In contrast, the growth rate of T. minutus was about three times lower compared with P. kessleri, with an optimum at 50 μmol m−2 s−1 and decreased at higher or lower light intensities. In the presence of Ce3+, La3+ and Sc3+, the growth rate markedly increased to a value that corresponded to the growth rate in P. kessleri at the same light intensity. The composition and content of pigments and lipids were followed at the optimum light intensity for both species. The lipid content (percentage of dry weight) varied only slightly in the presence of individual rare earths. There was, however, an increase in saturated fatty acids at the expense of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The effect of REEs on pigments was variable: the presence of Ce3+, Gd3+, La3+ and Sc3+ caused an increase in the concentrations of major pigments such as lutein, violaxanthin, β‐carotene or chlorophylls, while Pr3+ and Lu3+ reduced them.
Behavioural disinhibition in the general population during the antiretroviral therapy roll‐out in Sub‐Saharan Africa: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Legemate Eva M. , Hontelez Jan A. C. , Looman Caspar W. N. , de Vlas Sake J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectivesImproved life expectancy and reduced transmission probabilities due to ART may result in behavioural disinhibition – that is an increase in sexual risk behaviour in response to a perceived lower risk of HIV. We examined trends in sexual risk behaviour in the general population of sub‐Saharan African countries 1999–2015.MethodsWe systematically reviewed scientific literature of sexual behaviour and reviewed trends in Demographic and Health Surveys. A meta‐analysis on four indicators of sexual risk behaviour was performed: unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, commercial sex and prevalence of sexually transmitted infections.ResultsOnly two peer‐reviewed studies met our inclusion criteria, while our review of DHS data spanned 18 countries and 16 years (1999–2015). We found conflicting trends in sexual risk behaviour. Reported unprotected sex decreased consistently across the 18 countries, for both sexes. In contrast, reporting multiple partners was decreasing over the period 1999 to the mid‐2000s, yet has been consistently increasing thereafter. Similar trends were found for reported sexually transmitted infections and commercial sex (men only).ConclusionsIn conclusion, we found no clear evidence of behavioural disinhibition due to expanded access to ART in sub‐Saharan Africa. Substantial increases in condom use coincided with increases in reported multiple partners, commercial sex and sexually transmitted infections, especially during the period of ART scale‐up. Further research is needed into how these changes might affect HIV transmission.
A review of associated controversies surrounding glucocorticoid use in veterinary emergency and critical care
Authors: Aharon Maya A. , Prittie Jennifer E. , Buriko Kate 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo review the literature in human and veterinary medicine regarding the indications for, efficacy of, and controversies surrounding glucocorticoid (GC) administration in the emergency and critical care (ECC) setting, and to provide an overview of the most commonly used synthetic GC formulations.MedicationsSynthetic GCs vary in GC and mineralocorticoid potency, hypothalamic pituitary axis suppression, duration of action, route of administration, and clinical indication for use. Some of the GC compounds commonly used in human and veterinary ECC include hydrocortisone, prednisone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone.Indications for UseGCs are used in human and veterinary ECC for a variety of disorders including anaphylaxis, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, and spinal cord injury. Evidence for morbidity or mortality benefit with administration of GC within these populations exists; however, data are sparse and often conflicting.Adverse Effects and ContraindicationsRoutine use of GC in some conditions such as trauma, hemorrhagic shock, and traumatic brain injury is likely contraindicated. GC use has been associated with hyperglycemia, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, gastrointestinal ulceration, or increased mortality in some populations.
Teaching and Learning Sport Education: A Self-Study Exploring the Experiences of a Teacher Educator and Pre-Service Teachers
Authors: Hordvik Mats M. , MacPhail Ann , Ronglan Lars T. 
Published: April 2017

Purpose:In this study, we articulate and share our knowledge and understanding of teaching and learning Sport Education in physical education teacher education (PETE): (a) How did the PETE faculty member experience teaching about teaching Sport Education? and (b) How did the PSTs experience learning about teaching Sport Education?Method:One PETE faculty member (the first author) and twelve PSTs took part in a university Sport Education unit. Data were collected through the PETE faculty member’s open-ended reflective diary and focus groups with three PST teams.Results:The PETE faculty member and PSTs experienced various challenges such as bridging theory and practice when learning about teaching Sport Education and articulating the “what”, “how” and “why” when teaching about teaching Sport Education.Conclusion:Sport Education is a complex curriculum and instructional model, encouraging further interrogation of the theoretical implications of the model.
Evaluation of StrepB
Select
Chromogenic Medium and the Fast-Track Diagnostics Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Real-Time PCR Assay Compared to Routine Culture for Detection of GBS during Antepartum Screening
Authors: Church Deirdre L. , Baxter Heather , Lloyd Tracie , Larios Oscar , Gregson Daniel B. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

Life-threatening infection in neonates due to group B
Streptococcus
(GBS) is preventable by screening of near-term pregnant women and treatment at delivery. A total of 295 vaginal-rectal swabs were collected from women attending antepartum clinics in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. GBS colonization was detected by the standard culture method (Strep B Carrot Broth subcultured to blood agar with a neomycin disk) and compared to recovery with Strep Group B Broth (Dalynn Biologicals) subcultured to StrepB
Select
chromogenic medium (CM; Bio-Rad Laboratories) and the Fast-Track Diagnostics GBS real-time PCR (quantitative PCR [qPCR]) assay (Phoenix Airmid Biomedical Corp.) performed with broth-enriched samples and the Abbott
m2000
sp/
m2000
rt system. A total of 62/295 (21%) women were colonized with GBS; 58 (19.7%) cases were detected by standard culture, while CM and qPCR each found 61 (20.7%) cases. The qPCR and CM were similar in performance, with sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values of 98.4 and 98.4%, 99.6 and 99.6%, 98.4 and 98.4%, and 99.6 and 99.6%, respectively, compared to routine culture. Both qPCR and CM would allow more rapid reporting of routine GBS screening results than standard culture. Although the cost per test was similar for standard culture and CM, the routine use of qPCR would cost approximately four times as much as culture-based detection. Laboratories worldwide should consider implementing one of the newer methods for primary GBS testing, depending on the cost limitations of different health care jurisdictions.
Core Genome Multilocus Sequence Typing Scheme for Stable, Comparative Analyses of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli Human Disease Isolates
Authors: Cody Alison J. , Bray James E. , Jolley Keith A. , McCarthy Noel D. , Maiden Martin C. J. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

Human campylobacteriosis, caused by
Campylobacter jejuni
and
C. coli
, remains a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in many countries, but the epidemiology of campylobacteriosis outbreaks remains poorly defined, largely due to limitations in the resolution and comparability of isolate characterization methods. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data enable the improvement of sequence-based typing approaches, such as multilocus sequence typing (MLST), by substantially increasing the number of loci examined. A core genome MLST (cgMLST) scheme defines a comprehensive set of those loci present in most members of a bacterial group, balancing very high resolution with comparability across the diversity of the group. Here we propose a set of 1,343 loci as a human campylobacteriosis cgMLST scheme (v1.0), the allelic profiles of which can be assigned to core genome sequence types. The 1,343 loci chosen were a subset of the 1,643 loci identified in the reannotation of the genome sequence of
C. jejuni
isolate NCTC 11168, chosen as being present in >95% of draft genomes of 2,472 representative United Kingdom campylobacteriosis isolates, comprising 2,207 (89.3%)
C. jejuni
isolates and 265 (10.7%)
C. coli
isolates. Validation of the cgMLST scheme was undertaken with 1,478 further high-quality draft genomes, containing 150 or fewer contiguous sequences, from disease isolate collections: 99.5% of these isolates contained ≥95% of the 1,343 cgMLST loci. In addition to the rapid and effective high-resolution analysis of large numbers of diverse isolates, the cgMLST scheme enabled the efficient identification of very closely related isolates from a well-defined single-source campylobacteriosis outbreak.
Differentiated Levels of Ganciclovir Resistance Conferred by Mutations at Codons 591 to 603 of the Cytomegalovirus UL97 Kinase Gene
Authors: Chou Sunwen , Ercolani Ronald J. , Vanarsdall Adam L. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTDiagnostic mutations in the cytomegalovirus UL97 kinase gene are used to assess the level of associated ganciclovir resistance and therapeutic options. The best-known mutations at codons 460, 520, or 591 to 607 individually confer 5- to 10-fold-decreased ganciclovir susceptibility, except that a 3-fold decrease occurs in the case of the amino acid substitution C592G. Less common point and in-frame deletion mutations at codons 591 to 603 remain incompletely characterized. The ganciclovir susceptibilities of 17 mutants in this codon range were evaluated by use of the same recombinant phenotyping system and extensive assay replicates in two types of cell cultures. Amino acid substitutions K599E and T601M conferred no ganciclovir resistance, while A591V conferred 3.8-fold-decreased susceptibility. In-frame deletions of three or more codons conferred at least 8-fold-increased ganciclovir resistance, while the level of resistance conferred by one- or two-codon deletions varied from 4- to 10-fold, depending on their location. Measured levels of ganciclovir resistance were closely comparable when assays were performed in either fibroblasts or modified retinal epithelial cells. The significant revision of a few previously published resistance phenotypes and the new data strengthen the interpretation of genotypic testing for cytomegalovirus drug resistance.