bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative Performance Evaluation and the Ratchet Effect
Authors: Casas‐Arce Pablo , Holzhacker Martin , Mahlendorf Matthias D. , Matějka Michal 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTWhen targets depend on past performance, incentives are adversely affected by the ratchet effect. We provide theory and evidence that incorporating past peer performance into targets can alleviate this adverse incentive effect. In particular, we present an analytical model that characterizes optimal target revisions as a function of past own and past peer performance. We then test the predictions of our model using data on 2008–2010 performance targets from 354 units of a governmental agency responsible for reintegration of the long‐term unemployed into the labor market. As a unique feature of our data, we have information on peer group quality, defined as the extent to which peer performance is informative about common shocks. Consistent with our model, we find that higher peer group quality (a) increases sensitivity of target revisions to past peer performance, (b) reduces sensitivity of target revisions to past own performance, and (c) reduces the ratchet effect as reflected in managerial incentives to withhold end‐of‐year effort.
‘THE LAWS OF THE RITES AND OF THE PRIESTS’: VARRO AND LATE REPUBLICAN ROMAN SACRAL JURISPRUDENCE
Authors: MACRAE DUNCAN 
Published: December 2017

Abstract:
Starting from Cicero's famous panegyric on Varro's Antiquitates and attempting to look past the image of the book provided by Augustine, this article proposes a new reading of that work and its place in late Republican intellectual culture. Cicero's specific claim that Varro opened up ‘the laws of the rites and of the priests’ for his readers allows us to contextualize the Antiquitates within a contemporary jurisprudence. The rise of Roman legal studies in general in the first century bc extended to the laws of the priestly colleges: there are signs of lively debate over their nature and the production of texts on the details of these iura. By re-reading the fragments from the Antiquitates alongside the evidence for this sacral-legal turn, we can gain both a new appreciation for the place of law (ius) in Varro's textualization of Roman religion and a fuller understanding of Republican legal thinking.
A TYPOLOGY OF ERRORS IN VARRO AND HIS EDITORS: A CLOSE LOOK AT SELECTED PASSAGES IN THE DE LINGUA LATINA
Authors: DE MELO WOLFGANG D. C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract:
Varro's De lingua Latina, our first grammatical treatise of any length written in Latin, is a problematic text: Varro's linguistic theory and practice are often at odds with what later grammarians do, and the text has come down to us in a very poor state. This article examines how modern scholars have often approached the transmitted text with preconceived notions, and how this has influenced editorial choices and subsequent interpretations. The piece also looks at Varro's own linguistic practices and predilections, and how he sometimes reaches conclusions that are logically inconsistent and indefensible.
Intercropping hampers the nocturnal biological control of aphids
Authors: Gontijo L.M. , Saldanha A.V. , Souza D.R. , Viana R.S. , Bordin B.C. , Antonio A.C. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIncreasing plant diversity in agroecosystems (i.e. intercropping) has been widely accepted as a means of promoting conservation biological control of mites and insect pests. Nevertheless, the contribution from underlying mechanisms such as the provision of non‐prey alternative food (i.e. pollen and nectar) and shelter have not been properly disentangled; and additionally, it remains unexplored whether the performance of nocturnal and diurnal natural enemies is improved when provided with diverse plant communities. Using open field experiments and a greenhouse microcosm, we investigated whether intercropping collards with parsley could create shelter for natural enemies in the lower stratum (parsley), and whether or not nocturnal and diurnal natural enemies would carry out aphid biological control equally well in this increased plant diversity scenario (intercropping). The results showed that the shelter alone provided by the lower stratum/companion plants (parsley) mediated an increase in the abundance of natural enemies without involving the provision of non‐prey alternative food. However, the biological control of aphids exerted by nocturnal predators was negatively affected by intercropping. The lower stratum (parsley) appeared to hamper the ability of nocturnal predators to reach aphids more quickly on the collard host plants (higher stratum). In total, our findings indicate that intercropping non‐flowering companion plants is likely enough to mediate an increase of natural enemies via shelter provision. In addition, the results suggest that nocturnal predators, or non‐flying predators for that matter, are hampered by complex lower stratum vegetation. Thus, considering natural enemy behaviour and plant characteristics when designing polyculture systems are vital for attaining conservation biological control success.
Numerical host plant relationships of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) within and among major Australian field crops
Authors: Sequeira Richard V , Reid David J 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe within‐plant, vertical (internodal) distribution of the silverleaf whitefly (SLW), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MEAM1 (biotype B) adult, large nymph (3rd and 4th instar) and egg stages was quantified in relation to four major Australian field crops, viz., cotton, mungbean, soybean and sunflower in 2003. The objective was to identify suitable sampling locations within the crop canopy. Ovipositional preference of SLW among the four crops under field conditions was also determined to gauge potential susceptibility and support crop choice and configuration decisions in multi‐crop systems. SLW abundance at main stem leaf nodes within each crop was characterised in a two‐stage analysis of the proportion of infested nodes and the number of SLW at the node if infested. The vertical distribution profiles of adults and nymphs from the experimental plots were validated for cotton using scouting data collected in the 2002–2003 growing season and for mungbean from an agronomic comparison of commercial germplasm conducted in 2003. Vertical distributions of adults and juvenile stages differed among the four crops. Based on their distribution profiles, the optimal sampling locations in cotton, mungbean, soybean and sunflower are leaf nodes 3–5, 2–3, 3–4 and 5–7 for adult SLW and 7–10, 4–5, 5–6 and 17–21 for large nymphs, respectively. A comparison of egg density per unit area of green leaf among the four host plant species indicated that soybean is the most attractive to ovipositing females, mungbean the least, and cotton and sunflower intermediate. The potential of each crop as a source for SLW on the basis of nymph abundance is discussed. Low preference combined with a low source potential makes mungbean the crop of choice in broad acre cropping areas in which SLW is endemic.
Using secondments in tertiary health facilities to build paediatric expertise in allied health professionals working in rural New South Wales
Authors: Blayden Carmel , Hughes Sonia , Nicol Jennifer , Sims Susan , Hubbard Isobel J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractOutline of problemAllied health professionals working in rural settings have broad caseloads requiring advanced skills as general specialists. This can include children with specialised needs.DesignEducational secondments were coordinated for allied health professionals to achieve self‐nominated learning objectives. Learning objectives were assessed using pre and post evaluations to determine the effect of the educational secondment on knowledge and confidence specific to the nominated learning outcomes.SettingEducational secondments were undertaken by allied health professionals from New South Wales Health facilities in regional or rural locations outside of the Sydney metropolitan area. The educational secondments occurred in tertiary‐level hospitals or specialist health facilities.Key measures for improvementUsing self‐reported questionnaires, allied health secondees’ outcomes were assessed prior to the secondment, immediately following and again at 6 months post‐secondment, and their managers at 6 months post‐secondment. The program aimed to improve the allied health professional's knowledge and confidence around self‐selected learning objectives related to the specialised care of children with complex health needs in rural settings.Strategies for changeAllied health professionals reported increased knowledge and confidence immediately following the secondment which was sustained at 6 months. On the basis of this outcome, the secondment program will continue.Effects of changeThe secondment program resulted in changes to the ongoing clinical practice of participating clinicians as well as other health professionals within the departments where they worked.Lessons learntEducational secondments can improve the knowledge and skills of allied health professionals working in rural and remote locations with a view to improving access to equitable health care for children living in rural settings.
Laparoscopic colectomy after self‐expanding metallic stent placement through the ileocecal valve for right‐sided malignant colonic obstruction: A case report
Authors: Takeyama Hiroshi , Danno Katsuki , Kogita Yuya , Nishigaki Takahiko , Yamashita Masafumi , Yamazaki Masami , Yamakita Tsuyoshi , Nishihara Akihiro , Hoshi Minako , Taniguchi Hirokazu , Mizutani Masayo , Nakamichi Itsuko , Yura Mamoru , Ikeda Kimimasa , Kurokawa Eiji 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA 78‐year‐old man with a history of open sigmoidectomy for sigmoid cancer presented with abdominal pain and vomiting. Abdominal multi‐detector CT revealed an obstructive ileocecal tumor with distended small bowel on the oral side. We performed emergency drainage using a transnasal decompression tube, and 2 days later, we conducted a colonoscopic examination, which lead to a provisional diagnosis of obstruction with a malignant tumor invading the ileocecal valve. We then placed a self‐expanding metallic stent (SEMS) through the ileocecal valve. We confirmed patency of the ileocecal valve and removed the transnasal decompression tube 2 days after SEMS placement. We then performed elective laparoscopic colectomy 8 days after SEMS placement. To the best of our knowledge, there has been only one previous report of laparoscopic colectomy after decompression with SEMS placement through the ileocecal valve for right‐sided malignant colonic obstruction.
Measurement properties of instruments that assess participation in young people with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review
Authors: Lami Francesca , Egberts Kristine , Ure Alexandra , Conroy Rowena , Williams Katrina 
Published: December 2017

AimTo systematically review the measurement properties of instruments assessing participation in young people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).MethodA search was performed in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and PubMed combining three constructs (‘ASD’, ‘test of participation’, ‘measurement properties’). Results were restricted to articles including people aged 6 to 29 years. The 2539 identified articles were independently screened by two reviewers. For the included articles, data were extracted using standard forms and their risk of bias was assessed.ResultsNine studies (8 cross‐sectional) met the inclusion criteria, providing information on seven different instruments. The total sample included 634 participants, with sex available for 600 (males=494; females=106) and age available for 570, with mean age for these participants 140.58 months (SD=9.11; range=36–624). Included instruments were the school function assessment, vocational index, children's assessment of participation and enjoyment/preferences for activities of children, experience sampling method, Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory, Computer Adaptive Test, adolescent and young adult activity card sort, and Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System parent‐proxy peer relationships. Seven studies assessed reliability and validity; good properties were reported for half of the instruments considered. Most studies (n=6) had high risk of bias. Overall the quality of the evidence for each tool was limited.InterpretationValidation of these instruments, or others that comprehensively assess participation, is needed. Future studies should follow recommended methodological standards.What this paper adds

Seven instruments have been used to assess participation in young people with autism.

One instrument, with excellent measurement properties in one study, does not comprehensively assess participation.

Studies of three instruments that incorporate a more comprehensive assessment of participation have methodological limitations.

Overall, limited evidence exists regarding measurement properties of participation assessments for young people with autism.
A randomized controlled pilot study of continuous glucose monitoring and flash glucose monitoring in people with Type 1 diabetes and impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia
Authors: Reddy M. , Jugnee N. , El Laboudi A. , Spanudakis E. , Anantharaja S. , Oliver N. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAimHypoglycaemia in Type 1 diabetes is associated with mortality and morbidity, especially where awareness of hypoglycaemia is impaired. Clinical pathways for access to continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and flash glucose monitoring technologies are unclear. We assessed the impact of CGM and flash glucose monitoring in a high‐risk group of people with Type 1 diabetes.MethodsA randomized, non‐masked parallel group study was undertaken. Adults with Type 1 diabetes using a multiple‐dose insulin‐injection regimen with a Gold score of ≥ 4 or recent severe hypoglycaemia were recruited. Following 2 weeks of blinded CGM, they were randomly assigned to CGM (Dexcom G5) or flash glucose monitoring (Abbott Freestyle Libre) for 8 weeks. The primary outcome was the difference in time spent in hypoglycaemia (below 3.3 mmol/l) from baseline to endpoint with CGM versus flash glucose monitoring.ResultsSome 40 participants were randomized to CGM (n = 20) or flash glucose monitoring (n = 20). The participants (24 men, 16 women) had a median (IQR) age of 49.6 (37.5–63.5) years, duration of diabetes of 30.0 (21.0–36.5) years and HbA1c of 56 (48–63) mmol/mol [7.3 (6.5–7.8)%]. The baseline median percentage time < 3.3 mmol/l was 4.5% in the CGM group and 6.7% in the flash glucose monitoring. At the end‐point the percentage time < 3.3 mmol/l was 2.4%, and 6.8% respectively (median between group difference −4.3%, P = 0.006). Time spent in hypoglycaemia at all thresholds, and hypoglycaemia fear, were different between groups, favouring CGM.ConclusionCGM more effectively reduces time spent in hypoglycaemia in people with Type 1 diabetes and impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia compared with flash glucose monitoring. (Clinical Trial Registry No: NCT03028220)
Spatial approaches to measure subnational inequality: Implications for Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Smith Richard J. , Rey Sergio J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe United Nations expressed an interest in reducing subnational (i.e., province and state level) inequality. We propose using a spatial decomposition of the Gini coefficient (SDGC) to track changes in subnational inequality. Typically, agencies do not track summary measures of subnational clustering of development indicators. Tracking changes in the SDGC can help measure and reduce regional inequality. To illustrate the use of the SDGC, we first present data for 93 nations to obtain cross‐sectional variation. Next, to illustrate how the SDGC trends over time, changes in the Human Development Index in Mongolia are compared to Russia and China. The SDGC can show improvement, decline and persistent clustering of subnational level inequality. The SDGC is a useful measure for the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals.
Worthless companies
Authors: Heaton J. B. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCompanies with worthless assets can have substantial efficient markets equity values and debt that trades near par if there is a probability that an irrational bidder will acquire the company. Even if most capital market participants recognize that the company's assets are worthless, efficient markets pricing of the worthless company's equity and debt precludes arbitrage, and it may be impossible to persuade the potential irrational bidder to abandon its plans. The worthless company hypothesis may shed light on the valuation of some high‐profile start‐ups, the 1990s dot‐com bubble, and the bad performance of some short sellers.
From pederasty to pedophilia: Sex between children or youth and adults in U.S. history
Authors: Cleves Rachel Hope 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe history of sexual relations between children or youth and adults in the United States has received limited attention in part because of the strong taboos against discussion of the topic. The growing moral panic about pedophilia in the 1980s, which coincided with the first wave of American historiography of sexuality, had a silencing effect. Historians of the family first broke the silence by researching the history of incest within the family, focusing on father–daughter relations. Later, in the 1990s, historians of childhood argued that age should be considered as a category of analysis within the history of sexuality. Many scholars have explored the role that age played in structuring same‐sex male encounters, especially at the turn of the twentieth century. Others working in a range of disciplines have historicized the rhetoric of the “sexual psychopath” or the “pedophile,” and its effects. Much work remains to be done on multiple aspects of this topic.
THINKING WITH VIOLENCE
Authors: CARROLL STUART 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTThis article addresses the assumptions that have underpinned historical writing about violence. It identifies a growing disconnect between mainstream historical practice and a new form of “comfort history” written for a popular audience largely by nonhistorians. It explores the reasons for this disconnect by looking at history's engagement with four other disciplines: psychology, historical sociology, anthropology, and evolutionary psychology. It concludes by showing what the possibilities are for a more open dialogue between historians and social scientists and scientists.
EPISTEMOLOGIES OF VIOLENCE: MEDIEVAL JAPANESE WAR TALES
Authors: OXENBØLL MORTEN 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTAlthough violence is one of the most primitive means of communication, appropriate aggression is nevertheless something that needs to be learned. But even though scholars of various disciplines agree that violence is deeply embedded in cultural structures, there has been a remarkable lack in scholarship on how the conscious differentiation between appropriate and inappropriate violence is learned through mediated representations of violence. By applying media theories and works on social learning to premodern Japanese material, I argue that mediated violence can create a “safe space” where different forms of violence can be experienced without the physical consequences of real violence. Mediated violence thus serves crucial functions as learning spaces where societal rules and norms can be temporarily suspended, reconfigured, and often reinforced through active experimentation without the danger of bodily harm. Brutal and graphic depictions of violence thus go beyond mere entertainment. By aestheticizing and staging good and bad violence, mediated violence invites its audiences to reflect on and learn from violent episodes. Violent representations reduce the complexities of real‐world conflicts, thereby facilitating a process where audiences can make sense of—and create order out of—chaos. Through the use of epistemological theories, I argue that such simplifications are necessary for human cognitive systems to be able to relate to and learn from violence, and that this learning process takes place within a social and collaborative context.
Population‐based incidence and melanoma‐specific survival of cutaneous malignant melanoma in a Colombian population 2000–2009
Authors: Reyes Evy , Uribe Claudia , de Vries Esther 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundDemographic, clinical, and morphological characteristics of cutaneous melanoma are unknown for the Colombian population. We aim to provide these characteristics as well as population‐based incidence and survival data.MethodsAll patients with an invasive cutaneous melanoma diagnosed in the period 2000–2009 registered in the population‐based cancer registry of the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga were included for analysis (n = 169). Age‐standardized incidence rates were calculated and melanoma‐specific and overall survival estimated with follow‐up until June 9, 2016, using Kaplan–Meier methodology, stratifying for gender, anatomical localization, and type of affiliation to the social security system.ResultsThe age‐standardized melanoma incidence rate was 1.7 per 100,000, with lower limbs being the most affected body sites (42.6% of all melanomas). A high proportion of melanomas presented on the plants or palms (16%) and under the nails (7.1%); at least 24.3% of melanomas were ulcerated, and 21.1% had a Breslow thickness more than 2 mm. Melanoma‐specific 5‐year survival was 79.3%, with worst survival for melanomas localized on the plants (64.6%) and subungual areas (55.6%). Affiliation to the subsidized type of affiliation to the social security system was statistically significantly (P = 0.003) associated with poorer survival (68.8%) compared to the special regimes (95.8%).ConclusionsMelanoma is a relatively rare cancer in Colombia with mainly the acral sites, high proportion of thick and ulcerated melanomas, and relatively poor survival being distinct features, indicating the need for tailor‐made primary and secondary prevention strategies. Better training of pathologists in the difficult field of melanoma would improve precision of available data.
Do individuals with intellectual disability have a lower peak heart rate and maximal oxygen uptake?
Authors: Hilgenkamp Thessa Irena Maria , Baynard Tracy 
Published: December 2017

BackgroundIndividuals with intellectual disability (ID) have very low physical activity and low peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), potentially explained by physiologically lower peak heart rates (HRpeak).MethodThe present authors performed a retrospective analysis of a large data set of individuals with intellectual disability (n = 100), with Down syndrome (DS) (n = 48) and without intellectual disability (n = 224) using multiple linear regression analyses, to determine if individuals with intellectual disability exhibit lower HRpeak and VO2peak than individuals without intellectual disability, controlling for age, sex and body mass index (BMI).ResultsIndividuals with intellectual disability on average have significantly lower HRpeak and VO2peak than individuals without intellectual disability, even when controlling VO2peak for the lower HRpeak.ConclusionsThis study suggests potential physiological differences in individuals with intellectual disability and warrants further investigation to determine their relevance to physical activity promotion and exercise testing in individuals with intellectual disability.