bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evolution of solar wind strahl with heliospheric distance
Authors: Graham G. A. , Rae I. J. , Owen C. J. , Walsh A. P. , Arridge C. S. , Gilbert L. , Lewis G. R. , Jones G. H. , Forsyth C. , Coates A. J. , Waite J. H. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractField‐aligned beams of suprathermal electrons, known as “strahl,” are a frequently observed constituent of solar wind plasma. However, the formation and interplanetary evolution of the strahl electron populations has yet to be fully understood. As strahl electrons travel away from the Sun, they move into regions of decreasing magnetic field strength and thus are subject to adiabatic focusing. However, the widths of strahl pitch angle distributions observed at 1 AU are significantly broader than expected. Previous investigations have found that the average observed strahl pitch angle width actually increases with heliocentric radial distance. This implies that strahl electrons must be subjected to some form of pitch angle scattering process or processes, details of which as of yet remain elusive. In this paper, we use Cassini electron measurements to examine strahl beams across a distance range of approximately 8 AU, from its Earth Flyby in 1999 until its insertion into orbit around Saturn in 2004. We find that, in general, there is a relatively constant rate of broadening of strahl pitch angle distributions with distance between ∼1 and 5.5 AU. Our results from beyond this distance indicate that the strahl population is likely to be completely scattered, presumably to form part of the halo. We find multiple energy dependences at different radial distances implying that there are multiple strahl scattering mechanisms in operation.
On nonhydrostatic coastal model simulations of shear instabilities in a stratified shear flow at high Reynolds number
Authors: Zhou Zheyu , Yu Xiao , Hsu Tian‐Jian , Shi Fengyan , Rockwell Geyer W. , Kirby James T. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe nonhydrostatic surface and terrain‐following coastal model NHWAVE is utilized to simulate a continually forced stratified shear flow in a straight channel, which is a generic problem to test the existing nonhydrostatic coastal models' capability in resolving shear instabilities in the field scale. The resolved shear instabilities in the shear layer has a Reynolds number of about 1.4 × 106, which is comparable to field observed value. Using the standard Smagorinsky closure with a grid size close to the Ozmidov length scale, simulation results show that the resolved energy cascade exceeds 1 order of magnitude and the evolution and turbulent mixing characteristics are predicted well. Two different approaches are used to estimate the turbulent dissipation rate, namely using the resolved turbulent energy spectrum and the parameterized subgrid turbulent dissipation rate, and the predicted results provide the upper and lower bounds that encompass the measured values. Model results show significantly higher turbulence in braids of shear instabilities, which is similar to field observations while both the subgrid turbulent dissipation rate and resolved vorticity field can be used as surrogates for measured high acoustic backscatter signals. Simulation results also reveal that the surface velocity divergence/convergence is an effective identifier for the front of the density current and the shear instabilities. To guide future numerical studies in more realistic domains, an evaluation on the effects of different grid resolutions and subgrid viscosity on the resolved flow field and subgrid dissipation rate are discussed.
Thin ice and storms: Sea ice deformation from buoy arrays deployed during N‐ICE2015
Authors: Itkin Polona , Spreen Gunnar , Cheng Bin , Doble Martin , Girard‐Ardhuin Fanny , Haapala Jari , Hughes Nick , Kaleschke Lars , Nicolaus Marcel , Wilkinson Jeremy 
Published: March 2017

AbstractArctic sea ice has displayed significant thinning as well as an increase in drift speed in recent years. Taken together this suggests an associated rise in sea ice deformation rate. A winter and spring expedition to the sea ice covered region north of Svalbard–the Norwegian young sea ICE2015 expedition (N‐ICE2015)—gave an opportunity to deploy extensive buoy arrays and to monitor the deformation of the first‐year and second‐year ice now common in the majority of the Arctic Basin. During the 5 month long expedition, the ice cover underwent several strong deformation events, including a powerful storm in early February that damaged the ice cover irreversibly. The values of total deformation measured during N‐ICE2015 exceed previously measured values in the Arctic Basin at similar scales: At 100 km scale, N‐ICE2015 values averaged above 0.1 d−1, compared to rates of 0.08 d−1 or less for previous buoy arrays. The exponent of the power law between the deformation length scale and total deformation developed over the season from 0.37 to 0.54 with an abrupt increase immediately after the early February storm, indicating a weakened ice cover with more free drift of the sea ice floes. Our results point to a general increase in deformation associated with the younger and thinner Arctic sea ice and to a potentially destructive role of winter storms.
Surface wave breaking over sheared currents: Observations from the Mouth of the Columbia River
Authors: Zippel Seth , Thomson Jim 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMeasurements of waves and currents from freely drifting buoys are used to evaluate wave breaking parameterizations at the Mouth of the Columbia River, where breaking occurs in intermediate depths and in the presence of vertically sheared currents. Breaking waves are identified using images collected with cameras onboard the buoys, and the breaking activity is well‐correlated with wave steepness. Vertical shear in the currents produces a frequency‐dependent effective current that modifies the linear dispersion relation. Accounting for these sheared currents in the wavenumber spectrum is essential in calculating the correct wave steepness; without this, wave steepness can be over (under) estimated on opposing (following) currents by up to 20%. The observed bulk steepness values suggest a limiting value of 0.4. The observed fraction of breaking waves is in good agreement with several existing models, each based on wave steepness. Further, a semispectral model designed for all depth regimes also compares favorably with measured breaking fractions. In this model, the majority of wave breaking is predicted to occur in the higher frequency bands (i.e., short waves). There is a residual dependence on directional spreading, in which wave breaking decreases with increasing directional spread.
A new look at ocean ventilation time scales and their uncertainties
Authors: Fine Rana A. , Peacock Synte , Maltrud Mathew E. , Bryan Frank O. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA suite of eddy‐resolving ocean transient tracer model simulations are first compared to observations. Observational and model pCFC‐11 ages agree quite well, with the eddy‐resolving model adding detail. The CFC ages show that the thermocline is a barrier to interior ocean exchange with the atmosphere on time scales of 45 years, the measureable CFC transient, although there are exceptions. Next, model simulations are used to quantify effects on tracer ages of the spatial dependence of internal ocean tracer variability due to stirring from eddies and biases from nonstationarity of the atmospheric transient when there is mixing. These add to tracer age uncertainties and biases, which are large in frontal boundary regions, and small in subtropical gyre interiors. These uncertainties and biases are used to reinterpret observed temporal trends in tracer‐derived ventilation time scales taken from observations more than a decade apart, and to assess whether interpretations of changes in tracer ages being due to changes in ocean ventilation hold water. For the southern hemisphere subtropical gyres, we infer that the rate of ocean ventilation 26–27.2σθincreased between the mid‐1990s and the decade of the 2000s. However, between the mid‐1990s and the decade of the 2010s, there is no significant trend—perhaps except for South Atlantic. Observed age/AOU/ventilation changes are linked to a combination of natural cycles and climate change, and there is regional variability. Thus, for the future it is not clear how strong or steady in space and time ocean ventilation changes will be.
Observations of waves and currents during barrier island inundation
Authors: Engelstad A. , Ruessink B.G. , Wesselman D. , Hoekstra P. , Oost A. , van der Vegt M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractOverwash and inundation on barrier islands can transport sediment onshore, leading to vertical accretion. These processes could ensure barrier island growth in times of sea‐level rise, but wave and current fields during overwash and inundation are not well understood. Field data of water levels, waves, and currents were collected on a barrier island in the Netherlands to investigate the hydrodynamics during island inundation. Observations show that even in shallow water depths (<0.5 m) wave energy was not completely dissipated as waves propagated from the North Sea onshore. Additionally, locally generated wind waves entered the field area from the Wadden Sea and propagated offshore. Infragravity waves were an important part of the wave field, particularly onshore of the beach crest. They were observed to be onshore progressive and displayed a bore‐like shape when water depths were shallow. Wave breaking was the dominant dissipation mechanism for high‐frequency waves as well as for infragravity waves, which is in agreement with prior research on infragravity wave energy dissipation on mild sloping (closed‐boundary) beaches. A large‐scale offshore directed water‐level gradient between the Wadden Sea and the North Sea side, caused by elevated water levels in the Wadden Sea during the storms, frequently drove an offshore flow if it was large enough to exceed the cross‐shore gradient due to wave setup. In addition, elevated water levels in the Wadden Sea decreased current velocities due to a decrease in water‐level gradients. This study highlights the influence of back‐barrier processes on the hydrodynamics during inundation.
Dynamical reconstruction of the global ocean state during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Kurahashi‐Nakamura Takasumi , Paul André , Losch Martin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe global ocean state for the modern age and for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was dynamically reconstructed with a sophisticated data assimilation technique. A substantial amount of data including global seawater temperature, salinity (only for the modern estimate), and the isotopic composition of oxygen and carbon (only in the Atlantic for the LGM) were integrated into an ocean general circulation model with the help of the adjoint method, thereby the model was optimized to reconstruct plausible continuous fields of tracers, overturning circulation and water mass distribution. The adjoint‐based LGM state estimation of this study represents the state of the art in terms of the length of forward model runs, the number of observations assimilated, and the model domain. Compared to the modern state, the reconstructed continuous sea‐surface temperature field for the LGM shows a global‐mean cooling of 2.2 K, and the reconstructed LGM ocean has a more vigorous Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, shallower North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) equivalent, stronger stratification, and more saline deep water.
Current challenges in monitoring, discrimination, and management of induced seismicity related to underground industrial activities: A European perspective
Authors: Grigoli Francesco , Cesca Simone , Priolo Enrico , Rinaldi Antonio Pio , Clinton John F. , Stabile Tony A. , Dost Bernard , Fernandez Mariano Garcia , Wiemer Stefan , Dahm Torsten 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDue to the deep socioeconomic implications, induced seismicity is a timely and increasingly relevant topic of interest for the general public. Cases of induced seismicity have a global distribution and involve a large number of industrial operations, with many documented cases from as far back to the beginning of the twentieth century. However, the sparse and fragmented documentation available makes it difficult to have a clear picture on our understanding of the physical phenomenon and consequently in our ability to mitigate the risk associated with induced seismicity. This review presents a unified and concise summary of the still open questions related to monitoring, discrimination, and management of induced seismicity in the European context and, when possible, provides potential answers. We further discuss selected critical European cases of induced seismicity, which led to the suspension or reduction of the related industrial activities.
Understanding the Individual Cognitive Potential of Persons with Intellectual Disability in Workshops for Adapted Work
Authors: Sebastian Katharina , Ghose Tandra , Zacks Jeffrey M. , Huff Markus 
Published: March 2017

SummaryWe aimed at using simple judgments of event segmentation to reveal cognitive problems in workers with intellectual disability regarding their assembly performance. We investigated event perception and assembly performance in 32 workers (mean IQ = 64.4). First, we assessed their ability to segment activity into meaningful events. The task involved segmenting four videos in coarse and fine events. We assessed event segmentation performance and compared it to 30 controls (IQ > 100). The workers detected fewer event boundaries than controls. A subgroup of the workers (12 of 32) defined more event boundaries in the coarse than the fine condition, indicating misconception of higher‐ and lower‐level content. The remaining 20 workers showed diminished hierarchical alignment compared to controls. Second, workers executed a Lego task. Better event segmentation performance was associated with enhanced assembly performance. These results suggest that the event segmentation task can serve as a diagnostic assessment for cognitive potential.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Individual Depictive Style: Individual Differences in Narrating Personal Experiences
Authors: Heering Nina , Volbert Renate 
Published: March 2017

SummaryThis study aims to identify characteristic variables of individual narrative habits. A total of 59 participants each related three personal experiences of varying emotional valence. Their transcribed statements were coded for a range of linguistic and content‐related variables and aspects of narrative style. In addition, transcripts were analyzed by the computer program Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. By definition, a variable was considered to be indicative of the individual depictive style when all paired correlations of the three statement conditions as well as the global measure of internal consistency were significant. Ten linguistic variables and eight Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count features met the predefined demands. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted to illuminate underlying cognitive mechanisms. The meaning of the results for deception detection is discussed: vague descriptions and overgeneralizations might be considered as indicators of deception; however, they may just be the expression of a stable individual narrative habit. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of processing techniques on new poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐embelin microparticles of biomedical interest
Authors: Cortez Tornello Pablo R. , Feresin Gabriela E. , Tapia Alejandro , Dzieciuch Monika , Cuadrado Teresita R. , Abraham Gustavo A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPoly(ε‐caprolactone) microparticles containing embelin (PCLE) are prepared by electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) and emulsion‐solvent evaporation techniques. Microparticles are characterized in terms of drug state, drug‐loading capacity, encapsulation efficiency, morphology and in vitro release in different mediums. Physicochemical, morphological, and thermal characterization is presented. Kinetic analysis is performed. EHDA microparticles present higher size, surface area, and encapsulation efficiency. The release profiles combine a high initial release, followed by a slow‐controlled release stage. Electrosprayed PCLE presented characteristics such as size (3.14 ± 0.05 μm), zeta potential (−49.22 ± 2.88 mV) and release profiles that could be attractive for the development of microcarriers for pulmonary administration of embelin.
Solving Key Challenges in Battery Research Using In Situ Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques
Authors: Gu Qinfen , Kimpton Justin A. , Brand Helen E. A. , Wang Zhiyang , Chou Shulei 
Published: March 2017

AbstractUnderstanding the electrochemical reaction mechanisms and kinetics in batteries is the key challenge for developing breakthroughs with new or existing electrode materials. X‐rays and neutrons are excellent probes for studying atomic structure changes and phase evolution in battery materials during charge and discharge. Synchrotron X‐ray powder diffraction (SXPD), with its high angular resolution and beam intensity, allows fast scattering and diffraction data collection to record crystalline structure changes that occur on short time‐scales. Neutron powder diffraction (NPD) provides complementary information that is sensitive to different structural details during charge/discharge. More recently X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has been used to identify the oxidation states of transition metal ions present in new cathode compositions at different stages of battery cycling. Using in‐house designed battery cells, electrodes or other cell components can be subjected to conditions designed to mimic their real operating conditions. It is preferable to investigate battery materials in operation to identify any critical intermediate stages during charge/discharge rather than using ex situ methods to analyse dismantled batteries. Examples and combinations of SXPD, XAS, and NPD measurements, which have been used to investigate lithium ion batteries and sodium ion batteries, are described and reviewed in this contribution.
Carbon Anode Materials for Advanced Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hou Hongshuai , Qiu Xiaoqing , Wei Weifeng , Zhang Yun , Ji Xiaobo 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe ever‐increasing demand of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) caused by the rapid development of various electronics and electric vehicles will be hindered by the limited lithium resource. Thus sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as a promising potential alternative for LIBs owing to the abundant sodium resource and similar electrochemical performances. In recent years, significant achievements regarding anode materials which restricted the development of SIBs in the past decades have been attained. Significantly, the sodium storage feasibility of carbon materials with abundant resource, low cost, nontoxicity and high safety has been confirmed, and extensive investigation have demonstrated that the carbonaceous materials can become promising electrode candidates for SIBs. In this review, the recent progress of the sodium storage performances of carbonaceous materials, including graphite, amorphous carbon, heteroatom‐doped carbon, and biomass derived carbon, are presented and the related sodium storage mechanism is also summarized. Additionally, the critical issues, challenges and perspectives are provided to further understand the carbonaceous anode materials.
Targeted next generation sequencing and identification of risk factors in World Health Organization defined atypical chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Patnaik Mrinal M. , Barraco Daniela , Lasho Terra L. , Finke Christy M. , Reichard Kaaren , Hoversten Katherine P. , Ketterling Rhett P. , Gangat Naseema , Tefferi Ayalew 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAtypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML) is an aggressive myeloid neoplasm with overlapping features of myelodysplastic syndromes (prominent granulocytic dysplasia) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (neutrophilic leukocytosis). We studied 25 molecularly‐annotated and World Health Organization defined aCML patients; median age 70 years, 84% males. Cytogenetic abnormalities were seen in 36% and gene mutations in 100%. Mutational frequencies were, ASXL1 28%, TET2 16%, NRAS 16%, SETBP1 12%, RUNX1 12%, ETNK1 8%, and PTPN11 4%. Fifteen patients (60%) had >1 mutation, while 9 (36%) had ≥3. The median overall survival (OS) was 10.8 months and at last follow up (median 11 months), 17 (68%) deaths and 2 (8%) leukemic transformations were documented. On univariate analysis, survival was adversely impacted by advanced age (P = .02), low hemoglobin (P = .01), red blood cell transfusion dependence (P = .03), high white blood cell count (P = .02), TET2 (P = .03), NRAS (P = .04), PTPN11 (P = .02) mutations and the presence of ≥3 gene mutations (P = .006); ASXL1, SETBP1, and ETNK1 mutations did not impact OS. In multivariable analysis, advanced age (P = .003) [age >67: HR 10.1, 95% CI 1.3‐119], low hemoglobin (P = .008) [HB< 10 gm/dL: HR 8.2, 95% CI 1.6‐23.2] and TET2 mutations (P = .01) [HR 8.8, 95% CI 1.6‐47.7] retained prognostic significance. We then used age >67 years, hemoglobin <10 gm/dL and the presence of TET2 mutations (each counted as one risk factor) to create a hazard ratio weighted prognostic model; effectively stratifying patients into two risk categories, low (0‐1 risk factor) and high (≥2 risk factors), with median OS of 18 and 7 months, respectively.
Treatment patterns and outcome following initial relapse or refractory disease in patients with systemic light chain amyloidosis
Authors: Tandon Nidhi , Sidana Surbhi , Gertz Morie A. , Dispenzieri Angela , Lacy Martha Q. , Buadi Francis K. , Dingli David , Fonder Amie L. , Hobbs Miriam A. , Hayman Suzanne R. , Gonsalves Wilson I. , Hwa Yi Lisa , Kapoor Prashant , Kyle Robert A. , Leung Nelson , Go Ronald S. , Lust John A. , Russell Stephen J. , Zeldenrust Steven R. , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Kumar Shaji K. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe analyzed the outcomes following initial relapse or refractory disease in systemic light chain amyloidosis (AL) and the impact of type of therapy employed.A total of 1327 patients with AL seen at Mayo Clinic within 90 days of diagnosis, between 2006 and 2015, were reviewed. The study included 366 patients experiencing a documented hematological or organ relapse or refractory disease requiring start of second line therapy. Overall survival (OS) and time to next treatment (TTNT) were calculated from start of second line treatment.The median time to require second line treatment was 16.2 months (1‐93) from the start of first line therapy. At relapse, patients received proteasome inhibitors (PI; 45.1%), immunomodulators (IMiD; 22.7%), alkylators (9%), PI and IMiD combination (4.1%), autologous transplant (3.8%), steroids and other therapies (4.9%). Among these, 124 (33.9%) required change or reinstitution of therapy. The median time to require third line treatment was 31 months (95% CI; 24, 40.5) and the median overall survival (OS) was 38.8 months (95% CI; 29.6, 52.6) from the start of second line treatment. Retreatment with same therapy at relapse significantly reduced TTNT (22 m vs 32.3 m; P = .01) as compared to different therapy; but did not have any impact OS (30.8 m vs 51.1 m; P = .5). In conclusion, this study provides important information about outcomes of patients with AL who require second line treatment for relapsed/refractory disease . Treatment with a different therapy at relapse improves time to next therapy but does not impact OS.