bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degrading and Non-Degrading Sex in Popular Music: A Content Analysis
Authors: Primack Brian A. , Gold Melanie A. , Schwarz Eleanor B. , Dalton Madeline A. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. Those exposed to more degrading sexual references in popular music are more likely to initiate intercourse at a younger age. The purpose of this study was to perform a content analysis of contemporary popular music with particular attention paid to the prevalence of degrading and non-degrading sexual references. We also aimed to determine if sexual references of each subtype were associated with other song characteristics and/or content. Methods. We used Billboard magazine to identify the top popular songs in 2005. Two independent coders each analyzed all of these songs (n=279) for degrading and non-degrading sexual references. As measured with Cohen's kappa scores, inter-rater agreement on degrading vs. non-degrading sex was substantial. Mentions of substance use, violence, and weapon carrying were also coded. Results. Of the 279 songs identified, 103 (36.9%) contained references to sexual activity. Songs with references to degrading sex were more common than songs with references to non-degrading sex (67 [65.0%] vs. 36 [35.0%], p<0.001). Songs with degrading sex were most commonly Rap (64.2%), whereas songs with non-degrading sex were most likely Country (44.5%) or Rhythm & Blues/Hip-Hop (27.8%). Compared with songs that had no mention of sexual activity, songs with degrading sex were more likely to contain references to substance use, violence, and weapon carrying. Songs with non-degrading sex were no more likely to mention these other risk behaviors. Conclusions. References to sexual activity are common in popular music, and degrading sexual references are more prevalent than non-degrading references. References to degrading sex also frequently appear with references to other risky behaviors.
Condom Use among High-Risk Adolescents: Anticipation of Partner Disapproval and Less Pleasure Associated with Not Using Condoms
Authors: Brown Larry K. , DiClemente Ralph , Crosby Richard , Fernandez M. Isabel , Pugatch David , Cohn Sylvia , Lescano Celia , Royal Scott , Murphy Jacqueline R. , Silver Barbara , Schlenger William E. ,   For the Project Shield Study Group
Published: July 2017

Objective. We determined the association of demographic, psychosocial, and contextual factors with condom use among a large community sample of at-risk adolescents recruited from four locations in the U.S. Methods. We enrolled 1,410 adolescents/young adults between the ages of 15 and 21 with a history of unprotected sex in the past 90 days at four study sites. Subjects completed an audio-assisted, computerized assessment that gathered information about sexual behavior and its contexts, substance use, and relevant risk and protective attitudes. Results. Nearly two-thirds of adolescents did not use condoms at the time of last intercourse and adolescents reported a mean of 15.5 (median = 5) unprotected intercourse occasions in the past 90 days. Controlling for relevant demographic variables, not using condoms was associated with the perception that condoms reduce sexual pleasure, the perception that partners will not approve of condom use, and less discussion with partners about condoms. Conclusions. Even across racial/ethnic groups, gender, and geographic locations, several important correlates of adolescents' sexual risk reduction were identified. Many adolescents may feel that condoms reduce their sexual pleasure and fear partner reactions if they initiate condom use. These attitudes may be malleable through clinical and community-based interventions.
Patient Risks, Outcomes, and Costs of Voluntary HIV Testing at Five Testing Sites within a Medical Center
Authors: Mehta Supriya D. , Hall Jonathan , Greenwald Jeffrey L. , Cranston Kevin , Skolnik Paul R. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends offering human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing to all patients in all high HIV-prevalence clinical settings. We evaluated programmatic aspects of HIV testing across multiple clinical settings within a single medical center. Methods. We analyzed programmatic data of HIV testing in the Urgent Care Center (UCC), inpatient floors, outpatient primary care, a non-clinical Drop-In Center, and Emergency Department (ED). HIV testing was by oral mucosal transudate, venous blood samples, or rapid testing fingersticks, with Western blot confirmation. We compared the sociodemographics and behavioral risks of individuals undergoing HIV testing across the five sites and estimated costs per person tested and per HIV-positive test result. Results. From 2002 to 2004, 16,750 HIV tests were conducted, with 229 (1.4%) previously unreported HIV infections diagnosed among 16,696 valid test results. HIV-positive prevalence was 1.5% for the UCC, 1.5% at the Drop-In Center, 1.4% for primary care, 1.2% for inpatient, and 0.6% in the ED. Behavioral risks were most prevalent in the UCC and the Drop-In Center. The cost per test was lowest in the UCC and highest in the Drop-In Center. The cost per previously unreported HIV infection was lowest in the UCC ($1,980) and highest in the ED ($9,724). Conclusions. Although a significant number of HIV infections were identified, the number of tests performed represents <10% of all clinical visits. Due to personnel and time constraints, offering HIV testing to patients hierarchically in some settings of a high-volume medical center merits evaluation.
Using Diagnostic Codes to Screen for Intimate Partner Violence in Oregon Emergency Departments and Hospitals
Authors: Schafer Sean D. , Drach Linda L. , Hedberg Katrina , Kohn Melvin A. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. Many of the 2.5 million Americans assaulted annually by intimate partners seek medical care. This project evaluated diagnostic codes indicative of intimate partner violence (IPV) in Oregon hospital and emergency department (ED) records to determine predictive value positive (PVP), sensitivity, and usefulness in routine surveillance. Statewide incidence of care for IPV was calculated and victims and episodes characterized. Methods. The study was a review of medical records assigned ≥1 diagnostic codes thought predictive of IPV. Sensitivity was estimated by comparing the number of confirmed victims identified with the number predicted by statewide telephone survey. Patients were aged ≥2 years, treated in any of 58 EDs or hospitals in Oregon during 2000, and discharged with one of three primary or 12 provisional codes suggestive of IPV. Outcome measures were number of victims detected, PPV and sensitivity of codes for detection of IPV, and description of victims. Results. Of 58 hospitals, 52 (90%) provided records. Case finding using primary codes identified 639 victims, 23% of all estimated female victims seen in EDs or hospitalized statewide. PVP was 94% (639/677). Provisional codes increased sensitivity (51%) but reduced PVP (50%). Highest incidence occurred in women aged 20–39 years, and those who were black. Hospitalizations were highest among women aged $50 years, black people, or those with comorbid illness. Conclusions. Three diagnostic codes used for case finding detect approximately one-quarter of ED- and hospital-treated victims, complement surveys, and facilitate description of injured victims.
Assessment of a Media Campaign and Related Crisis Help Line following Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Beaudoin Christopher E. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. We evaluated the impact of a media campaign targeting stress and depression following Hurricane Katrina. We specifically examined public response to the campaign's recommendation that people could contact a telephone help line for further assistance if needed. Methods. Call data from Via Link allowed us to track trends in 800-number Crisis Line call volume ( n=29,659), which is the number recommended in the media campaign, and 2-1-1 Information and Referral Line call volume ( n=8,035), which is employed in a control-like manner. With data from April 1, 2006, through November 30, 2006, multivariate analysis was used to assess trends and differences among and within pre-intervention, intervention, and post-intervention. Results. Information and Referral Line call volume, which was unrelated to the campaign, did not change over time. In contrast, Crisis Line call volume, which was related to the campaign, increased significantly from pre-intervention to intervention, but not from intervention to post-intervention. Furthermore, the daily rate of Crisis Line call volume was constant during pre-intervention, increased during intervention, but decreased during post-intervention. Conclusion. There is support for the media campaign's influence on public behavior to contact Via Link in regard to stress and depression following Hurricane Katrina. Analysis helps undermine alternative explanations, including general trends in help line call volume and those specific to Crisis Line call volume.
Hepatitis A Seroprevalence and Risk Factors among Homeless Adults in San Francisco: Should Homelessness Be Included in the Risk-Based Strategy for Vaccination?
Authors: Hennessey Karen A. , Bangsberg David R. , Weinbaum Cindy , Hahn Judith A. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. Homeless adults have an increased risk of infectious diseases due to sexual and drug-related behaviors and substandard living conditions. We investigated the prevalence and risk factors for presence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibodies among homeless and marginally housed adults. Methods. We analyzed serologic and questionnaire data from a study of marginally housed and homeless adults in San Francisco from April 1999 to March 2000. We tested seroprevalance for total antibodies to HAV (anti-HAV) and analyzed data using Chi-square tests and logistic regression. Results. Of the 1,138 adults in the study, 52% were anti-HAV positive. The anti-HAV prevalence in this study population was 58% higher than the expected prevalence based on age-specific prevalence rates from the general population. Number of years of homelessness (≤1, 2-4, and ≥5 years) was associated with anti-HAV prevalence (46%, 50%, and 61%, respectively, p<0.001). We found other differences in anti-HAV prevalence (p<0.05) for ever having injected drugs (63% vs. 42% for non-injectors), being foreign-born (75% vs. 51% among U.S.-born), race/ethnicity (72%, 53%, and 45% for Hispanic, white, and black people, respectively), and increasing age (38%, 49%, and 62% among those aged <35, 35-45, and >45 years, respectively). These variables all remained significant in a multivariate model. Conclusions. We found overall anti-HAV prevalence elevated in this San Francisco homeless population compared with the general U.S. population. These data show that anti-HAV was associated with homelessness independent of other known risk factors, such as being foreign-born, race/ethnicity, and injection drug use. This increase indicates an excess risk of HAV infection and the potential need to offer hepatitis A vaccination as part of homeless services.
Acculturation and Cardiovascular Risk Factor Control among Hispanic Adults in the United States
Authors: Eamranond Pracha P. , Wee Christina C. , Legedza Anna T.R. , Marcantonio Edward R. , Leveille Suzanne G. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. We sought to determine whether low acculturation, based on language measures, leads to disparities in cardiovascular risk factor control in U.S. Hispanic adults. Methods. We studied 4,729 Hispanic adults aged 18 to 85 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004. We examined the association between acculturation and control of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, blood pressure, and hemoglobin A1c based on national guidelines among participants with hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes, respectively. We used weighted logistic regression adjusting for age, gender, and education. We then examined health insurance, having a usual source of care, body mass index, fat intake, and leisure-time physical activity as potential mediators. Results. Among participants with hypercholesterolemia, Hispanic adults with low acculturation were significantly more likely to have poorly controlled LDL cholesterol than Hispanic adults with high acculturation after multivariable adjustment (odds ratio [OR] = 3.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2, 9.5). Insurance status mildly attenuated the difference in LDL cholesterol control. After adjusting for diet and physical activity, the magnitude of the association increased. Other covariates had little influence on the observed relationship. Among those with diabetes and hypertension, we did not observe statistically significant associations between low acculturation and control of hemoglobin A1c (OR=0.5, 95% CI 0.2, 1.2), and blood pressure (OR=1.1, 95% CI 0.6, 1.7), respectively. Conclusions. Low levels of acculturation may be associated with increased risk of inadequate LDL cholesterol control among Hispanic adults with hypercholesterolemia. Further studies should examine the mechanisms by which low acculturation might adversely impact lipid control among Hispanic adults in the U.S.
Birth and Fetal Death Records and Environmental Exposures: Promising Data Elements for Environmental Public Health Tracking of Reproductive Outcomes
Authors: Fitzgerald Edward , Wartenberg Daniel , Thompson W. Douglas , Houston Allison 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. We inventoried and reviewed the birth and fetal death certificates of all 50 U.S. states to identify nonstandard data items that are environmentally relevant, inexpensive to collect, and might enhance environmental public health tracking. Methods. We obtained online or requested by mail or telephone the birth certificate and fetal death record forms or formats from each state. Every state data element was compared to the 2003 standards promulgated by the National Center for Health Statistics to identify any items that are not included on the standard. We then evaluated these items for their utility in environmentally related analyses. Results. We found three data fields of potential interest. First, although every state included residence of mother at time of delivery on the birth certificate, only four states collected information on how long the mother had lived there. This item may be useful in that it could be used to assess and reduce misclassification of environmental exposures among women during pregnancy. Second, we found that father's address was listed on the birth certificates of eight states. This data field may be useful for defining paternal environmental exposures, especially in cases where the parents do not live together. Third, parental occupation was listed on the birth certificates of 15 states and may be useful for defining parental workplace exposures. Our findings were similar for fetal death records. Conclusion. If these data elements are accurate and well-reported, their addition to birth, fetal death, and other health records may aid in environmental public health tracking.
Primary Health-Care Delivery Gaps among Medically Underserved Asian American and Pacific Islander Populations
Authors: Weir Rosy Chang , Tseng Winston , Yen Irene H. , Caballero Jeffrey 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. Asian American and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) historically have faced multiple social and racial/ethnic health disparities in the United States. We gathered national-level health-care data on AAPIs and examined medically underserved health service areas for them. Methods. We used 2000 U.S. Census data and the Bureau of Primary Health Care (BPHC) 2004 dataset for primary care physician full-time equivalents per 1,000 population, as well as AAPI population, AAPI poverty, and AAPI limited English proficiency, to develop an index of medically underserved AAPI counties (MUACs). The index identifies U.S. counties that do not adequately serve AAPIs. Results. We identified 266 counties of medically underserved health service areas for AAPIs across the nation, representing 12% of all U.S. counties. One hundred thirty-eight (52%) MUACs were not designated as BPHC medically underserved counties. Of these counties, 20 (14%) had an AAPI population of at least 10,000, and 29 (21%) had an AAPI population of at least 5,000. Conclusion. This project complements federal efforts to identify medically underserved health service areas and identifies U.S. counties that need new or expanded health services for medically underserved AAPIs.
Divergence in Contributing Factors for Suicide among Men and Women in Kentucky: Recommendations to Raise Public Awareness
Authors: Walsh Sabrina , Clayton Richard , Liu Li , Hodges Sue 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. The primary purpose of this study was to compile demographic information from 1999 to 2005 on suicides and examine specifically toxicology differences between men and women dying by suicide and differences in what type of intimate partner problems (IPPs) were cited as a precipitating circumstance. Methods. In addition to death certificate data, coroner investigation reports were available for more than three-quarters of cases in 2005 detailing precipitating factors leading up to suicide. We linked toxicology results to death certificates and coroner investigation reports in the Kentucky Violent Death Reporting System database for statewide analysis. Results. In 2005, IPP was documented as a contributing factor in 128 (29%) of all suicide cases where the circumstances were known. In 54 (42%) of the 128 cases, the coroner noted that the decedent's intimate was in the process of leaving, breaking up, had recently left, had recently separated, had recently filed for divorce, was awaiting divorce, or had a divorce recently finalized. Of those 54 cases involving IPPs, most (87%) of the suicide victims were men and were significantly different from the women. Conclusions. As a result of this study, we have two recommendations: ( 1) partnering with the media and community-based programs and services to systematically disseminate information on issues such as male IPPs and suicide, and ( 2) continuing and expanding the use of violent death surveillance to improve risk factor identification. With improved data gathering, targeted interventions can better address the various dynamics influencing the decision to take one's own life.
How Healthy Could a State Be?
Authors: Kindig David , Peppard Paul , Booske Bridget 
Published: July 2017

Objective. We predicted the amount of health outcome improvement any state might achieve if it could reach the highest level of key health determinants any individual state has already achieved. Methods. Using secondary county-level data on modifiable and nonmodifiable health determinants from 1994 to 2003, we used regression analysis to predict state age-adjusted mortality rates in 2000 for those younger than age 75, under the scenario of each state's “ideal” predicted mortality if that state had the best observed level among all states of modifiable determinants. Results. We found considerable variation in predicted improvement across the states. The state with the lowest baseline mortality, New Hampshire, was predicted to improve by 23% to a mortality rate of 250 per 100,000 population if New Hampshire had the most favorable profile of modifiable health determinants. However, West Virginia, with a much higher baseline, would be predicted to improve the most—by 46% to 254 per 100,000 population. Individual states varied in the pattern of specific modifiable variables associated with their predicted improvement. Conclusions. The results support the contention that health improvement requires investment in three major categories: health care, behavioral change, and socioeconomic factors. Different states will require different investment portfolios depending on their pattern of modifiable and nonmodifiable determinants.
Transitions Clinic: Creating a Community-Based Model of Health Care for Recently Released California Prisoners
Authors: Wang Emily A. , Hong Clemens S. , Samuels Liz , Shavit Shira , Sanders Ronald , Kushel Margot 
Published: July 2017

Most California prisoners experience discontinuity of health care upon return to the community. In January 2006, physicians working with community organizations and representatives of the San Francisco Department of Public Health's safety-net health system opened the Transitions Clinic (TC) to provide transitional and primary care as well as case management for prisoners returning to San Francisco. This article provides a complete description of TC, including an illustrative case, and reports information about the recently released individuals who participated in the program. From January 2006 to October 2007, TC saw 185 patients with chronic medical conditions. TC patients are socially and economically disenfranchised; 86% belong to ethnic minority groups and 38% are homeless. Eighty-nine percent of patients did not have a primary care provider prior to their incarceration. Preliminary findings demonstrate that a community-based model of care tailored to this disenfranchised population successfully engages them in seeking health care.
Impact of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on URIs and Influenza in Crowded, Urban Households
Authors: Larson Elaine L. , Ferng Yu-Hui , Wong-McLoughlin Jennifer , Wang Shuang , Haber Michael , Morse Stephen S. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. We compared the impact of three household interventions—education, education with alcohol-based hand sanitizer, and education with hand sanitizer and face masks—on incidence and secondary transmission of upper respiratory infections (URIs) and influenza, knowledge of transmission of URIs, and vaccination rates. Methods. A total of 509 primarily Hispanic households participated. Participants reported symptoms twice weekly, and nasal swabs were collected from those with an influenza-like illness (ILI). Households were followed for up to 19 months and home visits were made at least every two months. Results. We recorded 5,034 URIs, of which 669 cases reported ILIs and 78 were laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza. Demographic factors significantly associated with infection rates included age, gender, birth location, education, and employment. The Hand Sanitizer group was significantly more likely to report that no household member had symptoms ( p<0.01), but there were no significant differences in rates of infection by intervention group in multivariate analyses. Knowledge improved significantly more in the Hand Sanitizer group ( p<0.0001). The proportion of households that reported ≥50% of members receiving influenza vaccine increased during the study ( p<0.001). Despite the fact that compliance with mask wearing was poor, mask wearing as well as increased crowding, lower education levels of caretakers, and index cases 0–5 years of age (compared with adults) were associated with significantly lower secondary transmission rates (all p<0.02). Conclusions. In this population, there was no detectable additional benefit of hand sanitizer or face masks over targeted education on overall rates of URIs, but mask wearing was associated with reduced secondary transmission and should be encouraged during outbreak situations. During the study period, community concern about methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was occurring, perhaps contributing to the use of hand sanitizer in the Education control group, and diluting the intervention's measurable impact.