bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Varied pathways for simulated tropical cyclone rapid intensification. Part I: Precipitation and environment
Authors: Harnos Daniel S. , Nesbitt Stephen W. 
Published: March 2016

Two 1‐km Weather Research and Forecasting model simulations of the rapid intensification (RI) periods of hurricanes Ike
(2008) and Earl
(2010), under low and high wind shear respectively, are performed to evaluate mechanisms linked to the initiation and maintenance of RI. Despite similar simulated intensification time series, the exhibited hydrometeor characteristics differ between the two cases since Ike possesses less asymmetry and less vigorous convection than Earl.An objective method to quantitatively estimate the radius of maximum wind (RMW) with respect to height is introduced for quantifying the primary circulation character of each storm, permitting analysis of where heating is most efficient for driving warm core growth and subsequent intensification. Following eye development in each, diabatic heating remains embedded within the RMW. Earl's RI onset coincides with an absolute maximum in diabatic heating occurring within the RMW, while Ike possesses relatively less diabatic heating inside the RMW throughout and lacks an absolute peak associated with RI. The majority of diabatic heating within the RMW of both cases occurs at subfreezing temperatures, indicative of the importance of clouds associated with ice processes in these RI simulations. Earl's diabatic heating peak is tied to a maximum in convective burst activity residing within the RMW. Earl's preference for more sparse but intense convection is associated with increased sea surface temperatures, surface heat fluxes, moisture convergence, and near‐surface equivalent potential temperature relative to the broader, weaker convective character in Ike.
Implicit equal‐weights particle filter
Authors: Zhu Mengbin , van Leeuwen Peter Jan , Amezcua Javier 
Published: March 2016

Filter degeneracy is the main obstacle for the implementation of particle filters in nonlinear high‐dimensional models. A new scheme, the implicit equal‐weights particle filter (IEWPF), is introduced, in which samples are drawn implicitly from proposal densities with a different covariance for each particle, such that all particle weights are equal by construction.We test and explore the properties of the new scheme using a 1000 dimensional simple linear model and the 1000 dimensional nonlinear Lorenz96 model and compare the performance of the scheme with that of a local ensemble transformed Kalman filter (LETKF). The new scheme is never degenerate and shows good and consistent performance in all experiments. The LETKF has lower root‐mean‐square errors at observed grid points, but its ensemble spread is too low at unobserved grid points, where the IEWPF performs better. Furthermore, the IEWPF has a consistent spread in all experiments.This new filter opens up a new class of particle filters that, by construction, do not suffer from the curse of dimensionality.
Computed tomographic colonography vs rectal water‐ contrast transvaginal sonography in diagnosis of rectosigmoid endometriosis: a pilot study
Authors: Ferrero S. , Biscaldi E. , Vellone V. G. , Venturini P. L. , Leone Roberti Maggiore U. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo compare the performance of computed tomographic colonography (CTC) and rectal water‐contrast transvaginal sonography (RWC‐TVS) in the diagnosis of rectosigmoid endometriosis, and compare precision in estimating the length of the rectosigmoid nodules and the distance between the nodules and the anal verge.MethodsThis prospective study included 70 patients of reproductive age with clinical suspicion of rectosigmoid endometriosis. Patients underwent RWC‐TVS and CTC before laparoscopic excision of endometriotic nodules. The findings of RWC‐TVS and CTC were compared with surgical and histological results.ResultsOf the 70 patients included in the study, 40 (57.1%) had rectosigmoid endometriosis. CTC and RWC‐TVS had similar accuracy in the diagnosis of rectosigmoid endometriosis (P = 0.508) and similar precision in estimating the length of the endometriotic nodules (P = 0.077). CTC was more precise than RWC‐TVS in estimating the distance between the rectosigmoid nodule and the anal verge (P < 0.001). The intensity of pain experienced during CTC was higher than that perceived during RWC‐TVS (P < 0.001); however, intestinal distension for CTC was well‐tolerated in all patients without significant adverse effects.ConclusionsRWC‐TVS and CTC have similar accuracy in the diagnosis of rectosigmoid endometriosis and similar precision in estimating the size of the nodules; however, CTC is more precise than RWC‐TVS in estimating the distance between the nodules and the anal verge, yet patients tolerate RWC‐TVS better than CTC. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Hybrid damper with stroke amplification for damping of offshore wind turbines
Authors: Brodersen Mark L. , Høgsberg Jan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe magnitude of tower vibrations of offshore wind turbines is a key design driver for the feasibility of the monopile support structure. A novel control concept for the damping of these tower vibrations is proposed, where viscous‐type hybrid dampers are installed at the bottom of the wind turbine tower. The proposed hybrid damper consists of a passive viscous dashpot placed in series with a load cell and an active actuator. By integrated force feedback control of the actuator motion, the associated displacement amplitude over the viscous damper can be increased compared with the passive viscous case, hereby significantly increasing the feasibility of viscous dampers acting at the bottom of the wind turbine tower. To avoid drift in the actuator displacement, a filtered time integration of the measured force signal is introduced. Numerical examples demonstrate that the filtered time integration control leads to performance similar to that of passive viscous damping and substantial amplification of the damper deformation without actuator drift. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Silver Ion High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography for Quantitative Analysis of Selected n‐3 and n‐6 PUFA in Oil Supplements
Authors: Czajkowska‐Mysłek Anna , Siekierko Urszula , Gajewska Magdalena 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop a simple method for simultaneous determination of selected cis/cis PUFA–LNA (18:2), ALA (18:3), GLA (18:3), EPA (20:5), and DHA (22:6) by silver ion high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector (Ag‐HPLC‐DAD). The separation was performed on three Luna SCX Silver Loaded columns connected in series maintained at 10 °C with isocratic elution by 1 % acetonitrile in n‐hexane. The applied chromatographic system allowed a baseline separation of standard mixture of n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acid methyl esters containing LNA, DHA, and EPA and partial separation of ALA and GLA positional isomers. The method was validated by means of linearity, precision, stability, and recovery. Limits of detection (LOD) for considered PUFA standard solutions ranged from 0.27 to 0.43 mg L−1. The developed method was used to evaluate of n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids contents in plant and fish softgel oil capsules, results were compared with reference GC‐FID based method.
Lack of Galanin 3 Receptor Aggravates Murine Autoimmune Arthritis
Authors: Botz Bálint , Kemény Ágnes , Brunner Susanne M. , Sternberg Felix , Csepregi Janka , Mócsai Attila , Pintér Erika , McDougall Jason J. , Kofler Barbara , Helyes Zsuzsanna 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNeurogenic inflammation mediated by peptidergic sensory nerves has a crucial impact on the pathogenesis of various joint diseases. Galanin is a regulatory sensory neuropeptide, which has been shown to attenuate neurogenic inflammation, modulate neutrophil activation, and be involved in the development of adjuvant arthritis, but our current understanding about its targets and physiological importance is incomplete. Among the receptors of galanin (GAL1–3), GAL3 has been found to be the most abundantly expressed in the vasculature and on the surface of some immune cells. However, since there are minimal in vivo data on the role of GAL3 in joint diseases, we analyzed its involvement in different inflammatory mechanisms of the K/BxN serum transfer-model of autoimmune arthritis employing GAL3 gene-deficient mice. After arthritis induction, GAL3 knockouts demonstrated increased clinical disease severity and earlier hindlimb edema than wild types. Vascular hyperpermeability determined by in vivo fluorescence imaging was also elevated compared to the wild-type controls. However, neutrophil accumulation detected by in vivo luminescence imaging or arthritic mechanical hyperalgesia was not altered by the lack of the GAL3 receptor. Our findings suggest that GAL3 has anti-inflammatory properties in joints by inhibiting vascular hyperpermeability and consequent edema formation.
Investigating Early Childhood Teachers’ Understandings of and Practices in Education for Sustainability in Queensland: A Japan-Australia Research Collaboration
Authors: Inoue Michiko , O'Gorman Lyndal , Davis Julie 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn a study undertaken in Queensland, Australia, analysis of a survey that included both qualitative and quantitative questions revealed that, like their Japanese counterparts, early childhood teachers do not have well-developed ideas and practices in education for sustainability (EfS). Instead, they mainly practise traditional nature-based activities, such as gardening or playing outdoors, and teaching about resource conservation through books, posters or fact sheets. Teachers’ understandings of nature education, environmental education, and education for sustainability seem to influence their educational practices. Deeper understandings about sustainability are necessary to extend beyond such traditional practices. Even though national curriculum frameworks and guidelines point to the importance of sustainability within early childhood curriculum, these appear to be insufficient in strengthening early childhood teachers’ ideas of sustainability and how to practise it effectively. We suggest that it would be beneficial for early childhood teachers, both preservice and inservice, to have professional development opportunities that build deeper understandings of sustainability and its implementation in their settings.
THE EFFICIENT COMPUTATION AND THE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF FINITE-TIME RUIN PROBABILITIES AND THE ESTIMATION OF RISK-BASED REGULATORY CAPITAL
Authors: Joshi Mark S. , Zhu Dan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSolvency regulations require financial institutions to hold initial capital so that ruin is a rare event. An important practical problem is to estimate the regulatory capital so the ruin probability is at the regulatory level, typically with less than 0.1% over a finite-time horizon. Estimating probabilities of rare events is challenging, since naive estimations via direct simulations of the surplus process is not feasible. In this paper, we present a stratified sampling algorithm for estimating finite-time ruin probabilities. We further introduce a sequence of measure changes to remove the pathwise discontinuities of the estimator, and compute unbiased first and second-order derivative estimates of the finite-time ruin probabilities with respect to both distributional and structural parameters. We then estimate the regulatory capital and its sensitivities. These estimates provide information to insurance companies for meeting prudential regulations as well as designing risk management strategies. Numerical examples are presented for the classical model, the Sparre Andersen model with interest and the periodic risk model with interest to demonstrate the speed and efficacy of our methodology.
The dynamics of dense particle clouds subjected to shock waves. Part 1. Experiments and scaling laws
Authors: Theofanous Theo G. , Mitkin Vladimir , Chang Chih-Hao 
Published: March 2016

We quantify experimentally the dispersal characteristics of dense particle clouds in high-speed interactions with an atmosphere. Focused on the fundamentals, the experiments, conducted in a large-scale shock tube, involve a well-characterized ‘curtain’ of (falling) particles that fully occupies the cross-sectional area of the expansion section. The particle material (glass) and size (${\sim}$1 mm) are fixed, as is the curtain thickness (${\sim}$30 mm) and the particle volume fractions in it, varying from ${\sim}$58 % at the top of the curtain to ${\sim}$24 % near the bottom. Thus, the principal experimental variable is the impacting shock strength, with Mach numbers varying from 1.2 to 2.6, and flow speeds that cover from subsonic ($M_{IS}\sim 0.3$) to transonic and supersonic ($M_{IS}\sim 1.2$). The peak shock pressure ratio, 7.6, yields a flow speed of ${\sim}\!630~\text{m}~\text{s}^{-1}$, and a curtain expansion rate at ${\sim}$20 000 g. We record visually (high-speed, particle-resolving shadowgraphic method) the reflected/transmitted pressure waves and the transmitted contact wave, as well as the curtain displacements, and we measure the reflected/transmitted pressure transients. Data analysis yields simple rules for the amplitudes of the reflected pressure waves and the rapid cloud expansions observed, and we discover a time scaling that hints at a universal regime for cloud expansion. The data and these data-analysis results can provide the validation basis for numerical simulations meant to enable a deeper understanding of the key physics that drive this rather complex dispersal process.
Forming associations between language and sensorimotor traces during novel word learning
Authors: ÖTTL BIRGIT , DUDSCHIG CAROLIN , KAUP BARBARA 
Published: March 2016

abstractEmbodied models of language comprehension are based on the assumption that words become associated with sensorimotor experiences during initial word learning. To test this hypothesis, adult participants learned artificial words as labels for novel objects in a multisensory environment. In a word learning phase, novel objects were located in the participant’s upper or lower visual field and participants learned the objects’ names by interacting with them. In a test phase, participants responded to the color of the words with either an upwards or a downwards directed arm movement in a Stroop-like paradigm. Responses were fastest when the movement direction was compatible with the word’s referent location (i.e., the location of the novel object in vertical space) during the learning phase. This finding suggests that sensorimotor experiences become associated with words during initial word learning. The results of the current study and implications for language learning are discussed.
Application of Braiding Sequences. II. Polynomial Invariants of Positive Knots
Authors: Stoimenow A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe apply the concept of braiding sequences to link polynomials to show polynomial growth bounds on the derivatives of the Jones polynomial evaluated onS1and of the Brandt–Lickorish–Millett–Ho polynomial evaluated on [–2, 2] on alternating and positive knots of given genus. For positive links, boundedness criteria for the coefficients of the Jones, HOMFLY and Kauffman polynomials are derived. (This is a continuation of the paper ‘Applications of braiding sequences. I’:Commun. Contemp. Math.12(5) (2010), 681–726.)
Iron and silica enrichments in the middle Albian neptunian dykes from the High-Tatric Unit, Central Western Carpathians: an indication of hydrothermal activity for an extensional tectonic regime
Authors: BĄK KRZYSZTOF , KOWALCZYK JOANNA , WOLSKA ANNA , BĄK MARTA , NATKANIEC-NOWAK LUCYNA 
Published: March 2016

AbstractStudies dealing with the response of subaqueous volcanic and hydrothermal activities to carbonate sedimentation in hemipelagic environments affected by tectonic processes are comparatively rare. Here, a microfacies record with combined chemical data from the neptunian dykes found at an intrabasinal ridge (Tatric Ridge; Carpathian domain of the Western Tethys), close to a source of alkaline volcanism with possible hydrothermal vents (Zliechov Basin), is presented. The characteristic features of the neptunian dykes, up to 20 cm thick, in the middle Albian echinoderm-foraminiferal limestones (Tatra Mountains, Inner Carpathians) are their red fillings. Microprobe and x-ray diffraction analyses show that this reddish material, partly mixed with sparitic clasts coming from the host limestone, consists mainly of hematite crystals which are associated with low crystalline silica and quartz. The microfacies data suggest that the reddish infillings of the dykes is partly related to dissolution processes inside the fissures that could have taken place during the transport of FeCl3 fluids together with silica gel. The fluids could have been derived from hydrothermal vents occurring along the extensional faults in the neighbouring Zliechov Basin. Rare Earth element (REE) signatures of the reddish infill (i.e. low values of total REE content, chondrite- and Post-Archean Australian Shale-normalized REE + Y patterns with negative Ce anomaly) and a high Y/Ho ratio suggest authigenic removal of REEs from the water column. This suggests that the fissures were open to the sea bottom and were in contact with sea water during their filling.
The fine structure of sexual stage development and sporogony ofCryptosporidium parvumin cell-free culture
Authors: ALDEYARBI HEBATALLA M. , KARANIS PANAGIOTIS 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYThe sexual stages and new oocysts development ofCryptosporidium parvumwere investigated in a cell-free culture system using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Sexual development was extremely rapid after inoculation of oocysts into the medium. The process began within 1/2–12 h and was completed with new oocyst formation 120 h post-inoculation. The macrogamonts were bounded by two membranes and had amylopectin granules and two distinct types of wall-forming bodies. The microgamonts had a large nucleus showing lobe projections and condensation of chromatin, giving rise to peripherally budding microgametes. The microgametes contained a large area of granular substance containing groups of microtubules surrounding the electron-dense nucleus. In some instances, the dividing microgamy was observed in cell-free cultures with no preceding merogonic process. Fertilization was observed with the bullet-shaped microgamete penetrating an immature macrogamont at 24 and 216 h. The new thin- and thick-walled oocysts had a large residuum with polysaccharide granules and sporogony noted inside these oocysts. Novel immature four-layer walled thick oocysts with irregular knob-like protrusions on the outer layer resembling the immatureEimeriaoocysts were also observed. The present study confirms the gametogony and sporogony ofC. parvumin cell-free culture and describes their ultra-structure for the first time.
Nitrous oxide speeds the reduction of distressing intrusive memories in an experimental model of psychological trauma
Authors: Das R. K. , Tamman A. , Nikolova V. , Freeman T. P. , Bisby J. A. , Lazzarino A. I. , Kamboj S. K. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves maladaptive long-term memory formation which underlies involuntary intrusive thoughts about the trauma. Preventing the development of such maladaptive memory is a key aim in preventing the development of PTSD. We examined whether the N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist gas nitrous oxide (N2O) could reduce the frequency of intrusive memories by inhibiting NMDAR-dependent memory consolidation in a laboratory analogue of psychological trauma.MethodParticipants were randomized to inhale N2O (N = 25) or medical air (N = 25) after viewing a negatively valenced emotional film clip (‘trauma film’). Participants subsequently completed a daily diary assessing frequency of intrusive thoughts relating to the film clip. A week later, participants completed an explicit memory recall task related to the film.ResultsPost-encoding N2O sped the reduction in intrusive memory frequency, with a significant reduction by the next day in the N2O group compared to 4 days later in the air group. N2O also interacted with post-film dissociation, producing increased intrusion frequency in those who were highly dissociated at baseline. Sleep length and quality the night after viewing the film did not differ between the groups.ConclusionN2O speeds the reduction of intrusive analogue trauma memory in a time-dependent manner, consistent with sleep-dependent long-term consolidation disruption. Further research with this drug is warranted to determine its potential to inoculate against enduring effects of psychological trauma; however, caution is also urged in dissociated individuals where N2O may aggravate PTSD-like symptomatology.
MENTALISM VERSUS BEHAVIOURISM IN ECONOMICS: A PHILOSOPHY-OF-SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Dietrich Franz , List Christian 
Published: March 2016

Abstract:Behaviourism is the view that preferences, beliefs and other mental states in social-scientific theories are nothing but constructs re-describing people’s behaviour. Mentalism is the view that they capture real phenomena, on a par with the unobservables in science, such as electrons and electromagnetic fields. While behaviourism has gone out of fashion in psychology, it remains influential in economics, especially in ‘revealed preference’ theory. We defend mentalism in economics, construed as a positive science, and show that it fits best scientific practice. We distinguish mentalism from, and reject, the radical neuroeconomic view that behaviour should be explained in terms of brain processes, as distinct from mental states.
‘An incredibly vile sport’: Campaigns against Otter Hunting in Britain, 1900–39
Authors: ALLEN DANIEL , WATKINS CHARLES , MATLESS DAVID 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOtter hunting was a minor field sport in Britain but in the early years of the twentieth century a lively campaign to ban it was orchestrated by several individuals and anti-hunting societies. The sport became increasingly popular in the late nineteenth century and the Edwardian period. This paper examines the arguments and methods used in different anti-otter hunting campaigns 1900–1939 by organisations such as the Humanitarian League, the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports and the National Association for the Abolition of Cruel Sports.
Well-founded recursion with copatterns and sized types
Authors: ABEL ANDREAS , PIENTKA BRIGITTE 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we study strong normalization of a core language based on System ${\mathsf{F}_\omega}$ which supports programming with finite and infinite structures. Finite data such as finite lists and trees is defined via constructors and manipulated via pattern matching, while infinite data such as streams and infinite trees is defined by observations and synthesized via copattern matching. Taking a type-based approach to strong normalization, we track size information about finite and infinite data in the type. We exploit the duality of pattern and copatterns to give a unifying semantic framework which allows us to elegantly and uniformly support both well-founded induction and coinduction by rewriting. The strong normalization proof is structured around Girard's reducibility candidates. As such, our system allows for non-determinism and does not rely on coverage. Since System ${\mathsf{F}_\omega}$ is general enough that it can be the target of compilation for the Calculus of Constructions, this work is a significant step towards representing observation-based infinite data in proof assistants such as Coq and Agda.