bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limited Contribution of Primary Motor Cortex in Eye-Hand Coordination: A TMS Study
Authors: Mathew James , Eusebio Alexandre , Danion Frederic 
Published: September 2017

The ability to track a moving target with the eye is substantially improved when the target is self-moved compared with when it is moved by an external agent. To account for this observation, it has been postulated that the oculomotor system has access to hand efference copy, thereby allowing to predict the motion of the visual target. Along this scheme, we tested the effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the hand area of the primary motor cortex (M1) when human participants (50% females) are asked to track with their eyes a visual target whose horizontal motion is driven by their grip force. We reasoned that, if the output of M1 is used by the oculomotor system to keep track of the target, on top of inducing short latency disturbance of grip force, single-pulse TMS should also quickly disrupt ongoing eye motion. For comparison purposes, the effect of TMS over M1 was monitored when subjects tracked an externally moved target (while keeping their hand at rest or not). In both cases, results showed no alterations in smooth pursuit, meaning that its velocity was unaffected within the 25–125 ms epoch that followed TMS. Overall, our results imply that the output of M1 has limited contribution in driving the eye motion during our eye-hand coordination task. This study suggests that, if hand motor signals are accessed by the oculomotor system, this is upstream of M1.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe ability to coordinate eye and hand actions is central in everyday activity. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this coordination remain to be clarified. A leading hypothesis is that the oculomotor system has access to hand motor signals. Here we explored this possibility by means of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the hand area of the primary motor cortex (M1) when humans tracked with the eyes a visual target that was moved by the hand. As expected, ongoing hand action was perturbed 25–30 ms after TMS, but our results fail to show any disruption of eye motion, smooth pursuit velocity being unaffected. This work suggests that, if hand motor signals are accessed by the oculomotor system, this is upstream of M1.
Mutant Huntingtin Inhibits αB-Crystallin Expression and Impairs Exosome Secretion from Astrocytes
Authors: Hong Yan , Zhao Ting , Li Xiao-Jiang , Li Shihua 
Published: September 2017

In the brain, astrocytes secrete diverse substances that regulate neuronal function and viability. Exosomes, which are vesicles produced through the formation of multivesicular bodies and their subsequent fusion with the plasma membrane, are also released from astrocytes via exocytotic secretion. Astrocytic exosomes carry heat shock proteins that can reduce the cellular toxicity of misfolded proteins and prevent neurodegeneration. Although mutant huntingtin (mHtt) affects multiple functions of astrocytes, it remains unknown whether mHtt impairs the production of exosomes from astrocytes. We found that mHtt is not present in astrocytic exosomes, but can decrease exosome secretion from astrocytes in HD140Q knock-in (KI) mice. N-terminal mHtt accumulates in the nuclei and forms aggregates, causing decreased secretion of exosomes from cultured astrocytes. Consistently, there is a significant decrease in secreted exosomes in both female and male HD KI mouse striatum in which abundant nuclear mHtt aggregates are present. Conversely, injection of astrocytic exosomes into the striatum of HD140Q KI mice reduces the density of mHtt aggregates. Further, mHtt in astrocytes decreased the expression of αB-crystallin, a small heat shock protein that is enriched in astrocytes and mediates exosome secretion, by reducing the association of Sp1 with the enhancer of the αB-crystallingene. Importantly, overexpression of αB-crystallin rescues defective exosome release from HD astrocytes as well as mHtt aggregates in the striatum of HD140Q KI mice. Our results demonstrate that mHtt reduces the expression of αB-crystallin in astrocytes to decrease exosome secretion in the HD brains, contributing to non–cell-autonomous neurotoxicity in HD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHuntington's disease (HD) is characterized by selective neurodegeneration that preferentially occurs in the striatal medium spiny neurons. Recent studies in different HD mouse models demonstrated that dysfunction of astrocytes, a major type of glial cell, leads to neuronal vulnerability. Emerging evidence shows that exosomes secreted from astrocytes contain neuroprotective cargoes that could support the survival of neighboring neurons. We found that mHtt in astrocytes impairs exosome secretion by decreasing αB-crystallin, a protein that is expressed mainly in glial cells and mediates exosome secretion. Overexpression of αB-crystallin could alleviate the deficient exosome release and neuropathology in HD mice. Our results revealed a new pathological pathway that affects the critical support of glial cells to neurons in the HD brain.
How Human Amygdala and Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis May Drive Distinct Defensive Responses
Authors: Klumpers Floris , Kroes Marijn C.W. , Baas Johanna M.P. , Fernández Guillén 
Published: September 2017

The ability to adaptively regulate responses to the proximity of potential danger is critical to survival and imbalance in this system may contribute to psychopathology. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is implicated in defensive responding during uncertain threat anticipation whereas the amygdala may drive responding upon more acute danger. This functional dissociation between the BNST and amygdala is however controversial, and human evidence scarce. Here we used data from two independent functional magnetic resonance imaging studies [n= 108 males andn= 70 (45 females)] to probe how coordination between the BNST and amygdala may regulate responses during shock anticipation and actual shock confrontation. In a subset of participants from Sample 2 (n= 48) we demonstrate that anticipation and confrontation evoke bradycardic and tachycardic responses, respectively. Further, we show that in each sample when going from shock anticipation to the moment of shock confrontation neural activity shifted from a region anatomically consistent with the BNST toward the amygdala. Comparisons of functional connectivity during threat processing showed overlapping yet also consistently divergent functional connectivity profiles for the BNST and amygdala. Finally, childhood maltreatment levels predicted amygdala, but not BNST, hyperactivity during shock anticipation. Our results support an evolutionary conserved, defensive distance-dependent dynamic balance between BNST and amygdala activity. Shifts in this balance may enable shifts in defensive reactions via the demonstrated differential functional connectivity. Our results indicate that early life stress may tip the neural balance toward acute threat responding and via that route predispose for affective disorder.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPreviously proposed differential contributions of the BNST and amygdala to fear and anxiety have been recently debated. Despite the significance of understanding their contributions to defensive reactions, there is a paucity of human studies that directly compared these regions on activity and connectivity during threat processing. We show strong evidence for a dissociable role of the BNST and amygdala in threat processing by demonstrating in two large participant samples that they show a distinct temporal signature of threat responding as well as a discriminable pattern of functional connections and differential sensitivity to early life threat.
Comparison of Single Genome and Allele Frequency Data Reveals Discordant Demographic Histories
Authors: Beichman Annabel C , Phung Tanya N , Lohmueller Kirk E 
Published: September 2017

AbstractInference of demographic history from genetic data is a primary goal of population genetics of model and nonmodel organisms. Whole genome-based approaches such as the pairwise/multiple sequentially Markovian coalescent methods use genomic data from one to four individuals to infer the demographic history of an entire population, while site frequency spectrum (SFS)-based methods use the distribution of allele frequencies in a sample to reconstruct the same historical events. Although both methods are extensively used in empirical studies and perform well on data simulated under simple models, there have been only limited comparisons of them in more complex and realistic settings. Here we use published demographic models based on data from three human populations (Yoruba, descendants of northwest-Europeans, and Han Chinese) as an empirical test case to study the behavior of both inference procedures. We find that several of the demographic histories inferred by the whole genome-based methods do not predict the genome-wide distribution of heterozygosity, nor do they predict the empirical SFS. However, using simulated data, we also find that the whole genome methods can reconstruct the complex demographic models inferred by SFS-based methods, suggesting that the discordant patterns of genetic variation are not attributable to a lack of statistical power, but may reflect unmodeled complexities in the underlying demography. More generally, our findings indicate that demographic inference from a small number of genomes, routine in genomic studies of nonmodel organisms, should be interpreted cautiously, as these models cannot recapitulate other summaries of the data.
Distinct and Cooperative Roles of amh and dmrt1 in Self-Renewal and Differentiation of Male Germ Cells in Zebrafish
Authors: Lin Qiaohong , Mei Jie , Li Zhi , Zhang Xuemei , Zhou Li , Gui Jian-Fang 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a fundamental process in male reproductive biology and depends on precise balance between self-renewal and differentiation of male germ cells. However, the regulative factors for controlling the balance are poorly understood. In this study, we examined the roles of amh and dmrt1 in male germ cell development by generating their mutants with Crispr/Cas9 technology in zebrafish. Amh mutant zebrafish displayed a female-biased sex ratio, and both male and female amh mutants developed hypertrophic gonads due to uncontrolled proliferation and impaired differentiation of germ cells. A large number of proliferating spermatogonium-like cells were observed within testicular lobules of the amh-mutated testes, and they were demonstrated to be both Vasa- and PH3-positive. Moreover, the average number of Sycp3- and Vasa-positive cells in the amh mutants was significantly lower than in wild-type testes, suggesting a severely impaired differentiation of male germ cells. Conversely, all the dmrt1-mutated testes displayed severe testicular developmental defects and gradual loss of all Vasa-positive germ cells by inhibiting their self-renewal and inducing apoptosis. In addition, several germ cell and Sertoli cell marker genes were significantly downregulated, whereas a prominent increase of Insl3-positive Leydig cells was revealed by immunohistochemical analysis in the disorganized dmrt1-mutated testes. Our data suggest that amh might act as a guardian to control the balance between proliferation and differentiation of male germ cells, whereas dmrt1 might be required for the maintenance, self-renewal, and differentiation of male germ cells. Significantly, this study unravels novel functions of amh gene in fish.
Effectiveness of bedtime levothyroxine intake as compared to morning levothyroxine intake in children
Authors: R Radhakrishnan , Venkatasamy Seenivasan , Pyarejan Karamath S. , K. Jayachandran 
Published: September 2017

Background: The study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of bedtime Levothyroxine administration as compared to morning Levothyroxine administration in thyroid profile, renal and lipid parameters, anthropometric and vital parameters in children attending endocrinology OPD at a tertiary care center in Southern India.Methods: It is an open label randomized control study. 154 children who were diagnosed to have hypothyroidism, on levothyroxine supplementation and in euthyroid state at the start of study were included. Children were randomly allocated into two groups. One group received levothyroxine in early morning (1hr before food) and another group received levothyroxine in bedtime (2hrs after food) up to 3 months. At baseline, 6 weeks and 12weeks, thyroid profile, renal and lipid parameters and vital parameters were measured during follow up. Anthropometric parameters were measured at baseline and 12 weeks.Results: In 6th week analysis, mean TSH level of morning group (2.35±0.38 mIU/L) and bedtime group (2.42±0.40 mIU/L) did not show any statistical difference (p=0.8). In 12th week analysis mean TSH level of morning group (2.18±0.34 mIU/L) and bedtime group (1.90±0.33 mIU/L) did not show any statistical difference (p=0.24). At 6th week analysis, mean free T4 level of bedtime group (1.45±0.08 ng/dl) is higher than morning group (1.33±0.2 ng/dl). This difference is statistically significant (p= 0.03). At 12 th week analysis, mean free T4 level of bedtime group (1.65±0.04 ng/dl) is higher than morning group (1.31±0.06 ng/dl). This difference is statistically significant (p<0.00001). A 12weeks, the difference in mean serum cholesterol of morning group (152.79±4.59 mg/dl) and bedtime group (143.58±3.059 mg/dl) is statistically significant (p=0.001). At 6 and12 weeks, other parameters like serum triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, renal parameters, anthropometry, vital parameters of morning group and bedtime group did not show any statistical significant difference.Conclusions: There is a significant improvement in free T4 level when levothyroxine was taken at bedtime. The efficacy of bedtime regimen of levothyroxine is quite comparable to the efficacy of morning regimen. There is considerable decrease in serum cholesterol level when levothyroxine was taken at bedtime. Bedtime regimen may result in good compliance in school going children. Parents should be allowed to choose either morning or bedtime regimen depending on their convenience.
Tuberculosis in otolaryngological practice
Authors: Ghate Girija A. , Chavan Paresh S. , Thomas James , Ingale Mayur H. 
Published: September 2017

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Tuberculosis has become a common occurrence in Otorhinolaryngology with increasing number of extra pulmonary cases. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">This is a study of 27 patients who visited ENT OPD of Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Pune, with variety of manifestations of tuberculosis in the ENT region. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Majority of those suffered from tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy, other manifestations included laryngeal tuberculosis, tuberculous otitis media, lupus vulgaris and tuberculous infection of a pre auricular sinus. FNAC and histopathologic examination proved to be reliable tools of diagnosis. Five of these patients suffered from concurrent pulmonary tuberculosis. All these responded well to category 1 anti-tubercular therapy well. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Tuberculosis in Otorhinolaryngology shows a variety of manifestations so it should be kept in mind whenever dealing with unusual presentations.</span></p>
ORIENTACIÓN DE META Y CLIMA MOTIVACIONAL PERCIBIDO EN LAS CLASES DE EDUCCIÓN FÍSICA
Authors: Quintana Moreno Diana Carolina , Quintana Moreno Iliana Paola , Corrêa Thiago Henrique Barnabé 
Published: September 2017

El presente estudio es de tipo descriptivo-correlacional dentro del paradigma cuantitativo y de corte trasversal; de acuerdo con Hernández, Fernández, and Baptista (2014) se entiende como la medición del grado de relación existente entre estas dos variables, buscando analizar la relación entre las orientaciones de meta y el clima motivacional percibido de los estudiantes en las clases de Educación Física en colegios públicos y privados de Chiquinquirá, Boyacá (Colombia). Siendo esta una muestra de tipo no probabilística la cual estuvo conformada por 378 sujetos (178 hombres y 200 mujeres) de grado noveno, para la obtención de los datos se utilizaron las adaptaciones al castellano del Cuestionario de Orientación al Ego y a la Tarea, (TEOSQ) y el Cuestionario de Orientación al Aprendizaje y al Rendimiento en las Clases de Educación Física, (LAPOPECQ). El procesamiento de los datos se realizó mediante el software estadístico SPSS 13 en su versión estudiantil. Los resultados mostraron una relación significativa entre la orientación a la tarea y al clima motivacional orientado al aprendizaje, lo que quiere decir que los estudiantes evalúan su proceso de formación basándose en ellos mismos y perciben que el clima motivacional orientado por el profesor está dirigido más hacia la tarea que hacia el ego.
Treatment of high strength aqueous wastes in a thermophilic aerobic membrane reactor (TAMR): performance and resilience
Authors: Collivignarelli Maria Cristina , Abbà Alessandro , Bertanza Giorgio , Barbieri Giacomo 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
In the present work, the thermophilic aerobic membrane reactor technology was studied for the treatment of high strength aqueous wastes mainly containing dyes, surfactants and solvents. The thermophilic biomass resilience and the process stability under critical conditions (such as rapid rise of the mixed liquor pH, oxygen supply interruption, etc.) were also evaluated. The experimental work was carried out with the use of a pilot plant at semi-industrial scale, which was managed throughout for 14 months; the operation temperature was 49 °C and the organic loading rate was increased from 3 to 12 kgCOD m−3 d−1. Critical conditions, especially the interruption of oxygen supply, affected the pilot plant performance but did not cause a complete system break down. After the temporary reduction of process performance, also proven by the decrease in the oxygen consumption, the normal working conditions were restored. Moreover, the longer non-aerated phase involved a significant reduction (40%) of volatile suspended solids concentration in the biological reactor and the increase of 30% in foaming power; nevertheless, once the oxygen supply was reactivated, optimal conditions were rapidly restored. Therefore, the study showed the high resilience of the thermophilic biomass, which was able to recover full functionality after critical events.
DISPUTAS IDENTITÁRIAS: PÓS-MODERNIDADE E TEORIA QUEER
Authors: Meneses Cleber Souza 
Published: September 2017

Neste artigo discorreremos sobre identidades de gênero, partindo da premissa que toda identidade é uma construção social e relacional e todo indivíduo é fragmentado e múltiplo. Tomando como referência @s transgêneros como sujeit@s da pós-modernidade, iniciaremos com uma revisão bibliográfica para compreender como a mulher lidou historicamente com o patriarcalismo. Fazendo uma relação entre a construção do Ser mulher em uma relação de alteridade com o seu Outro, o homem, perceberemos como os discursos das instituições sociais as categorizavam com um grau de inferioridade, uma vez que por muito tempo foi nomeada e construída pelos discursos masculinos. Esse percurso de primeiro pensar a construção da mulher foi necessário para compreendermos como a população trans feminina lidou com a construção de suas identidades perante as relações de poder, em um debate a partir da teoria queer, refletindo como el@s tornaram-se sujeit@s “fora da norma” (abjetos) em uma sociedade constituída pelo viés da heteronormatividade.
Imaging of the Unstable Shoulder
Authors: Baudi Paolo , Rebuzzi Manuela , Matino Giovanni , Catani Fabio 
Published: September 2017

Background:
Unstable shoulder can occur in different clinical scenarios with a broad spectrum of symptoms and presentations: first-time (or recurrent) traumatic acute shoulder anterior dislocation or chronic anterior instability after repeated dislocations.
Imaging in unstable shoulder is fundamental for choosing the right treatment preventing recurrence.
The goal of imaging depends on clinical scenario and patient characteristics.

Method:
Careful selection and evaluation of the imaging procedures is therefore essential to identify, characterize and quantify the lesions. Proper imaging in unstable shoulder cases is critical to the choice of treatment to prevent recurrence, and to plan surgical intervention.

Results:
In acute setting, radiographs have to roughly detect and characterize the bone defects present. At about 7 days, it is recommended to perform a MR to demonstrate lesions to labrum and/or ligaments and bone defects: in acute setting, the MRA is not necessary, because of effusion and hemarthrosis that behave as the contrast medium.
In recurrence, it is fundamental not only to detect lesions but characterize them for planning the treatment. The first study to do is the MRI (with a magnetic field of at least 1.5 Tesla), and if possible MRA, above all in younger patients. Then, on the basis of the pathologic findings as bipolar lesion or severity of bone defects, CT can be performed. PICO method on 2D or 3D CT is helpful if you need to study a glenoid bone loss, with the “en face view” of glenoid, while a 3D CT reconstruction with the humeral head “en face view” is the gold standard to assess an Hill-Sachs lesion.

Conclusion:
The clinical diagnoses of anterior shoulder instability can be different and acknowledgement of imaging findings is essential to guide the treatment choice.
Imaging features are quite different in chronic than in acute scenario. This requires appropriate indications of many different imaging techniques.
The Posterior Unstable Shoulder: Natural History, Clinical Evaluation and Imaging
Authors: Díaz Heredia Jorge , Ruiz Iban Miguel Angel , Ruiz Diaz Raquel , Moros Marco Santos , Gutierrez Hernandez Juan Carlos , Valencia Maria 
Published: September 2017

Background:There is a low incidence of posterior instability which is present in only 2% to 10% of all unstable shoulders. The posterior instable shoulder includes different manifestations like fixed dislocation, recurrent subluxation or dislocation.Methods:Research and online content related to posterior instability is reviewed. Natural history, clinical evaluation and imaging are described.Results:An awareness of the disorder, together with a thoughtful evaluation, beginning with the clinical history, usually leads to proper diagnosis. An appropriate physical exam, taking in account hyperlaxity and specific tests for posterior instability should be done.Conclusion:Posterior shoulder instability is an uncommon condition and is challenging to diagnose. There is not a single injury that is responsible for all cases of recurrent shoulder dislocation or subluxation, and the presence of soft tissue lesions or bone alterations should be evaluated, with the use of adequate simple radiology and multiplanar imaging.