bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of the non-farm sector in rural development in Lesotho
Authors: Rantšo Tšepiso A. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper assesses the role of the non-farm sector in rural development in Lesotho. Evidence from studies in developing countries indicates that agriculture was formerly used as the main source of livelihood for many people in poor countries. However, due to the decline in agricultural productivity (which results in poverty and food insecurity) caused by unfavourable agro-climatic conditions, many people are turning to non-farm activities as a means of making a living. Therefore, non-farm incomes are used to provide the means of sustenance for many people. However, little attention has hitherto been paid to improving the rural non-farm sector as an alternative or complementary rural development strategy in Lesotho. This research paper uses quantitative research methods to analyse the available data. The main research findings suggest that many people make a living out of non-farm incomes. As a result, this paper proposes that the rural non-farm sector should be given more priority by the government in rural development in Lesotho.
Development of a recombinant protein-based ELISA for diagnosis of larval cyathostomin infection
Authors: MITCHELL MAIRI C. , TZELOS THOMAS , HANDEL IAN , MCWILLIAM HAMISH E. G. , HODGKINSON JANE E. , NISBET ALASDAIR J. , KHARCHENKO VITALIY O. , BURGESS STEWART T. G. , MATTHEWS JACQUELINE B. 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYCyathostomins are ubiquitous nematodes of horses. Once ingested, they can spend a substantial time as encysted larvae in the intestinal wall. The larvae can comprise up to 90% of the total burden, with up to several million worms reported in individuals. These stages can emerge in large numbers to cause life-threatening colitis. Direct methods for detection of encysted larval burdens in live horses do not exist. Previously, two antigen complexes were identified as promising markers for infection. A component of these, cyathostomin gut associated larval antigen-1 (Cy-GALA-1), was identified following immunoscreening of a complementary DNA library. Serum immunoglobulin G(T) (IgG(T)) responses to Cy-GALA-1 were shown to inform on larval infection. Sequence analysis of polymerase chain reaction products amplified from individual worms indicated that Cy-GALA-1 was derived from Cyathostomum pateratum. As cyathostomin infections always comprise multiple species, a diagnostic test must account for this. Here, segments of the Cy-gala gene were isolated from four common species, Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicocyclus ashworthi, Cylicostephanus goldi and Cylicostephanus longibursatus, and the associated proteins expressed in recombinant form. The specificity and immunogenicity of each protein was confirmed. Each protein was assessed by enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) for its ability for informing on the presence of encysted larval infection and the level of burden.
Community structure of fleas within and among populations of three closely related rodent hosts: nestedness and beta-diversity
Authors: VAN DER MESCHT LUTHER , KRASNOV BORIS R. , MATTHEE CONRAD A. , MATTHEE SONJA 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYWe studied nestedness and its relationships with beta-diversity in flea communities harboured by three closely related rodent species (Rhabdomys pumilio, Rhabdomys intermedius, Rhabdomys dilectus) at two spatial scales (within and among host populations) in South Africa and asked (a) whether variation in species composition of flea communities within and among host populations follows a non-random pattern; if yes, (b) what are the contributions of nestedness and species turnover to dissimilarity (= beta-diversity) among flea communities at the two scales; and (c) do the degree of nestedness and its contribution to beta-diversity differ among host species (socialvssolitary) and between scales. We found that nestedness in flea assemblages was more pronounced (a) in social than solitary host species and (b) at lower (among host individuals within populations) than at higher scale (among host populations). We also found that higher degree of nestedness was associated with its higher contribution to beta-diversity. Our findings support earlier ideas that parasite community structure results from the processes of parasite accumulation by hosts rather than from the processes acting within parasite communities.
Anthelmintic effects of forage chicory (Cichorium intybus) against gastrointestinal nematode parasites in experimentally infected cattle
Authors: PEÑA-ESPINOZA MIGUEL , THAMSBORG STIG M. , DESRUES OLIVIER , HANSEN TINA V. A. , ENEMARK HEIDI L. 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYTwo experiments studied the effects of dietary chicory against gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle. In Experiment (Exp.) 1, stabled calves were fed chicory silage (CHI1;n= 9) or ryegrass/clover hay (CTL1;n= 6) with balanced protein/energy intakes between groups. After 16 days, all calves received 10 000Ostertagia ostertagiand 66 000Cooperia oncophorathird-stage larvae (L3) [day (D) 0 post-infection (p.i.)]. In Exp. 2, calves were assigned to pure chicory (CHI2;n=10) or ryegrass/clover (CTL2;n= 10) pastures. After 7 days, animals received 20 000O. ostertagiL3/calf (D0 p.i.) and were moved regularly preventing pasture-borne infections. Due to poor regrowth of the chicory pasture, CHI2was supplemented with chicory silage. At D40 p.i. (Exp. 1) and D35 p.i. (Exp. 2) calves were slaughtered for worm recovery. In Exp.1, fecal egg counts (FEC) were similar between groups. However,O. ostertagicounts were significantly reduced in CHI1by 60% (geometric mean;P< 0·01), whereasC. oncophoraburdens were unaffected (P= 0·12). In Exp. 2, FEC were markedly lowered in CHI2from D22 p.i onwards (P< 0·01).Ostertagia ostertagiadult burdens were significantly reduced in CHI2by 66% (P< 0·001). Sesquiterpene lactones were identified only in chicory (fresh/silage). Chicory shows promise as an anti-Ostertagiafeed for cattle and further studies should investigate its on-farm use.
The TcTASV proteins are novel promising antigens to detect activeTrypanosoma cruziinfection in dogs
Authors: FLORIDIA-YAPUR N. , MONJE RUMI M. , RAGONE P. , LAUTHIER J. J. , TOMASINI N. , ALBERTI D'AMATO A. , DIOSQUE P. , CIMINO R. , MARCO J. D. , BARROSO P. , SANCHEZ D. O. , NASSER J. R. , TEKIEL V. 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYIn regions where Chagas disease is endemic, canineTrypanosoma cruziinfection is highly correlated with the risk of transmission of the parasite to humans. Herein we evaluated the novel TcTASV protein family (subfamilies A, B, C), differentially expressed in bloodstream trypomastigotes, for the detection of naturally infected dogs. A gene of each TcTASV subfamily was cloned and expressed. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were developed using recombinant antigens individually or mixed together. Our results showed that dogs with activeT. cruziinfection differentially reacted against the TcTASV-C subfamily. The use of both TcTASV-C plus TcTASV-A proteins (Mix A+C-ELISA) enhanced the reactivity of sera from dogs with active infection, detecting 94% of the evaluated samples. These findings agree with our previous observations, where the infected animals exhibited a quick anti-TcTASV-C antibody response, coincident with the beginning of parasitaemia, in a murine model of the disease. Results obtained in the present work prove that the Mix A+C-ELISA is a specific, simple and cheap technique to be applied in endemic areas in screening studies. The Mix A+C-ELISA could help to differentially detect canine hosts with active infection and therefore with high impact in the risk of transmission to humans.
Influence of model resolution on geometric simulations of antibody aggregation
Authors: Manavi Kasra , Jacobson Bruna , Hoard Brittany , Tapia Lydia 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYIt is estimated that allergies afflict up to 40% of the world's population. A primary mediator for allergies is the aggregation of antigens and IgE antibodies bound to cell-surface receptors, FcεRI. Antibody/antigen aggregate formation causes stimulation of mast cells and basophils, initiating cellular degranulation and releasing immune mediators which produce an allergic or anaphylactic response. Understanding the shape and structure of these aggregates can provide critical insights into the allergic response. We have previously developed methods to geometrically model, simulate and analyze antibody aggregation inspired by rigid body robotic motion simulations. Our technique handles the large size and number of molecules involved in aggregation, providing an advantage over traditional simulations such as molecular dynamics (MD) and coarse-grained energetic models. In this paper, we study the impact of model resolution on simulations of geometric structures using both our previously developed Monte Carlo simulation and a novel application of rule-based modeling. These methods complement each other, the former providing explicit geometric detail and the latter providing a generic representation where multiple resolutions can be captured. Our exploration is focused on two antigens, a man-made antigen with three binding sites, DF3, and a common shrimp allergen (antigen), Pen a 1. We find that impact of resolution is minimal for DF3, a small globular antigen, but has a larger impact on Pen a 1, a rod-shaped molecule. The volume reduction caused by the loss in resolution allows more binding site accessibility, which can be quantified using a rule-based model with implicit geometric input. Clustering analysis of our simulation shows good correlation when compared with available experimental results. Moreover, collisions in all-atom reconstructions are negligible, at around 0.2% at 90% reduction.
Wavelet neural network-based H∞trajectory tracking for robot manipulators using fast terminal sliding mode control
Authors: Panwar Vikas 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYThis paper focuses on fast terminal sliding mode control (FTSMC) of robot manipulators using wavelet neural networks (WNN) with guaranteed H∞tracking performance. The FTSMC for trajectory tracking is employed to drive the tracking error of the system to converge to an equilibrium point in finite time. The tracking error arrives at the sliding surface in finite time and then converges to zero in finite time along the sliding surface. To deal with the case of uncertain and unknown robot dynamics, a WNN is proposed to fully compensate the robot dynamics. The online tuning algorithms for the WNN parameters are derived using Lyapunov approach. To attenuate the effect of approximation errors to a prescribed level, H∞tracking performance is proposed. It is shown that the proposed WNN is able to learn the system dynamics with guaranteed H∞tracking performance and finite time convergence for trajectory tracking. Finally, the simulation results are performed on a 3D-Microbot manipulator to show the effectiveness of the controller.
Chlamydiaprevalence in Polish pig herds
Authors: RYPUŁA K. , KUMALA A. , PŁONECZKA-JANECZKO K. , KARUGA-KUŹNIEWSKA E. , DUDEK K. , CHORBIŃSKI P. 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYChlamydiae are frequently encountered intracellular Gram-negative bacteria. In pigs, these bacteria in combination with other pathogens contribute to the induction of a multi-aetiological syndrome. One of the major characteristics ofChlamydiaspp. is their ability to cause prolonged, often subclinical infections. While the economic consequences ofChlamydiaspp. infections in pig farms are not fully established, we know that reproductive disorders and other syndromes correlated withChlamydiainfection can lead to financial loss as a result of a reduction in pork production. Additionally,Chlamydiaspp. presents a potential zoonotic hazard, therefore determining the prevalence ofChlamydiain pig populations is critical. In the present study 97 pig herds from Poland were involved. To determine the prevalence ofChlamydiaPCR and CFT tests were used. In total 797 vaginal samples, 797 conjunctival samples, and 235 serum samples were collected and tested. The study took place from 2011 to 2014. We foundChlamydiaspp. present in 71·2% of all tested farms. The percentage of animals testing positive on any given farm varied from 20% to 100%.
The Neuropsychology of Risky Sexual Behavior
Authors: Ross J. Megan , Duperrouzel Jacqueline , Vega Melanie , Gonzalez Raul 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectives:Engagement in risky sexual behavior (RSB) is a significant public health concern. A growing body of literature is elucidating the role of brain systems and neuropsychological constructs implicated in RSB, which may pave the way for novel insights and prevention efforts.Methods:In this article, we review studies incorporating neuropsychology into the study of RSB across the lifespan. The review of the literature on the neuropsychology of RSB is separated into three different sections by age of participants. Background is presented on research associating RSB with neurocognitive processes and the brain systems involved. Given the overlap between RSBs and substance use, studies addressing these problems in tandem are also discussed.Results:Neurocognitive constructs are implicated in RSB, including impulsivity, decision-making, and working memory.Discussion:Thus far, evidence suggest that neuropsychological factors are associated with engagement in RSB. More research on the influence of neuropsychological factors on engagement in RSB is necessary and may help inform future prevention efforts. (JINS, 2016,22, 586–594)
Identifying and addressing the support needs of family caregivers of people with motor neurone disease using the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool
Authors: Aoun Samar M. , Deas Kathleen , Kristjanson Linda J. , Kissane David W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjective:Family caregivers of people with motor neurone disease (MND) experience adverse health outcomes as a result of their caregiving experience. This may be alleviated if their support needs are identified and addressed in a systematic and timely manner. The objective of the present study was to assess the feasibility and relevance of the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool (CSNAT) in home-based care during the period of caregiving from the perspectives of the family caregivers of people with MND and their service providers.Method:The study was conducted during 2014 in Western Australia. Some 30 family caregivers and 4 care advisors participated in trialing the CSNAT intervention, which involved two visits from care advisors (6–8 weeks apart) to identify and address support needs. The feedback from family caregivers was obtained via telephone interviews and that of care advisors via a self-administered questionnaire.Results:A total of 24 caregivers completed the study (80% completion rate) and identified the highest support priorities as “knowing what to expect in the future,” “knowing who to contact if concerned,” and “equipment to help care.” The majority found that this assessment process adequately addressed their needs and gave them a sense of validation, reassurance, and empowerment. Care advisors advocated the CSNAT approach as an improvement over standard practice, allowing them to more clearly assess needs, to offer a more structured follow-up, and to focus on the caregiver and family.Significance of Results:The CSNAT approach for identifying and addressing family caregivers' support needs was found to be relevant and feasible by MND family caregivers and care advisors. The tool provided a formal structure to facilitate discussions with family caregivers and thus enable needs to be addressed. Such discussions can also inform an evidence base for the ongoing development of services, ensuring that new and improved services are designed to meet the explicit needs of the family caregivers of people with a motor neurone disease.
NO JUSTICE, NO PEACE
Authors: Durán Robert J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article provides a thematic overview of a subset of controversial officer involved shootings that have occurred in Denver, Colorado during a period of thirty years (1983-2012). Determining whether a shooting was legally justified involved multiple participants, including local, national, and international representatives. The primary stakeholders were City and County District Attorneys regarding whether to file criminal charges against the officer, and Managers of Safety for whether officers acted within police departmental policy. Although most cases were processed without conflict, a small number were challenged by members of the community based on thematic reasons of shooting individuals who had not committed a crime, violating continuum of force standards, and entrusting law enforcement officers with the power to use deadly force both off-duty and while working secondary jobs. Despite outcome legitimacy vested in a small number of public officials, community members often reported a lack of justice and accountability. They struggled to get public officials to take notice and implement systematic change. Reviewing controversial shootings highlights the multiple issues involved in protecting law enforcement officers from encountering criminal charges, and in essence the procurement of colonial control. Critical Race Theory (interest convergence and storytelling), Social Dominance Theory, along with the historical framework of W. E. B. Du Bois, were utilized to explore a number of officer-involved shootings that continue to produce disparate outcomes by race, class, and gender.
DECOLONIZING SOUTH AFRICAN SOCIOLOGY
Authors: Mangcu Xolela 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOn 14 June 2014 the Council of the University of Cape Town (UCT) voted to change race-based affirmative action in student admissions. The Council was ratifying an earlier decision by the predominantly White University Senate. According to the new policy race would be considered as only one among several factors, with the greater emphasis now being economic disadvantage. This paper argues that the new emphasis on economic disadvantage is a reflection of a long-standing tendency among left-liberal White academics to downplay race and privilege economic factors in their analysis of disadvantage in South Africa. The arguments behind the decision were that (1) race is an unscientific concept that takes South Africa back to apartheid-era thinking, and (2) that race should be replaced by class or economic disadvantage. These arguments are based on the assumption that race is a recent product of eighteenth century racism, and therefore an immoral and illegitimate social concept.Drawing on the non-biologistic approaches to race adopted by W. E. B. Du Bois, Tiyo Soga, Pixley ka Seme, S. E. K. Mqhayi, and Steve Biko, this paper argues that awareness of Black perspectives on race as a historical and cultural concept should have led to an appreciation of race as an integral part of people’s identities, particularly those of the Black students on campus. Instead of engaging with these Black intellectual traditions, White academics railroaded their decisions through the governing structures. This decision played a part in the emergence of the #RhodesMustFall movement at UCT.This paper argues that South African sociology must place Black perspectives on race at the center of its curriculum. These perspectives have been expressed by Black writers since the emergence of a Black literary culture in the middle of the nineteenth century. These perspectives constitute what Henry Louis Gates, Jr. calls a shared “text of Blackness” (Gates 2014, p. 140). This would provide a practical example of the decolonization of the curriculum demanded by students throughout the university system.
The blind men and the AML elephant: can we feel the progress?
Authors: Tauro S 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe pharmacological therapy of non-promyelocytic acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has remained unchanged for over 40 years with an anthracycline–cytarabine combination forming the backbone of induction treatments. Nevertheless, the survival of younger patients has increased due to improved management of the toxicity of therapies including stem cell transplantation. Older patients and those with infirmity that precludes treatment-intensification have, however, not benefited from improvements in supportive care and continue to experience poor outcomes. An increased understanding of the genomic heterogeneity of AML raises the possibility of treatment-stratification to improve prognosis. Thus, efforts to identify agents with non-conventional anti-leukemic effects have paralleled those aiming to optimize leukemia cell-kill with conventional chemotherapy, resulting in a number of randomized controlled trials (RCT). In the last 18 months, RCTs investigating the effects of vosaroxin, azacitidine and gemtuzumab ozogamycin and daunorubicin dose have been reported with some studies indicating a statistically significant survival benefit with the investigational agent compared with standard therapy and potentially, a new era in AML therapeutics. Given the increasing costs of cancer care, a review of these studies, with particular attention to the magnitude of clinical benefit with the newer agents would be useful, especially for physicians treating patients in single-payer health systems.
Phylogenetic network analysis applied to pig gut microbiota identifies an ecosystem structure linked with growth traits
Authors: Ramayo-Caldas Yuliaxis , Mach Nuria , Lepage Patricia , Levenez Florence , Denis Catherine , Lemonnier Gaetan , Leplat Jean-Jacques , Billon Yvon , Berri Mustapha , Doré Jöel , Rogel-Gaillard Claire , Estellé Jordi 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The ecological interactions within the gut microbial communities are complex and far from being fully understood. Here we report the first study that aims at defining the interaction network of the gut microbiota in pigs and comparing it with the enterotype-like clustering analysis. Fecal microbiota of 518 healthy piglets was characterized by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Two networks were constructed at the genus and operational taxonomic unit levels. Within-network interactions mirrored the human gut microbiota relationships, with a strong co-exclusion between Prevotella and Ruminococcus genera, and were consistent with the two enterotype-like clusters identified in the pig microbiota. Remarkably, the cluster classification of the individuals was significantly associated with the body weight at 60 days of age (P=0.005) and average daily gain (P=0.027). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide an integrated overview of the porcine gut microbiota that suggests a conservation of the ecological community interactions and functional architecture between humans and pig. Moreover, we show that the microbial ecosystems and porcine growth traits are linked, which allows us to foresee that the enterotype concept may have an important role in the animal production industry.
Fragmentation of magnetism in artificial kagome dipolar spin ice
Authors: Canals Benjamin , Chioar Ioan-Augustin , Nguyen Van-Dai , Hehn Michel , Lacour Daniel , Montaigne François , Locatelli Andrea , Menteş Tevfik Onur , Burgos Benito Santos , Rougemaille Nicolas 
Published: May 2016

AbstractGeometrical frustration in magnetic materials often gives rise to exotic, low-temperature states of matter, such as the ones observed in spin ices. Here we report the imaging of the magnetic states of a thermally active artificial magnetic ice that reveal the fingerprints of a spin fragmentation process. This fragmentation corresponds to a splitting of the magnetic degree of freedom into two channels and is evidenced in both real and reciprocal space. Furthermore, the internal organization of both channels is interpreted within the framework of a hybrid spin–charge model that directly emerges from the parent spin model of the kagome dipolar spin ice. Our experimental and theoretical results provide insights into the physics of frustrated magnets and deepen our understanding of emergent fields through the use of tailor-made magnetism.