bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Activities of the African Section of the Library of Congress March 1960 to June 1962
Authors: Reining Conrad C. 
Published: February 2017

The grant by the Carnegie Corporation of New York to the Library of Congress in December 1959 for the purpose of establishing and operating for five years an African studies unit resulted in the formation of the Africana (since changed to African) Section within the General Reference and Bibliography Division of the Reference Department of the Library. Activation of the unit came in March 1960 with the transfer of Miss Helen F. Conover to the African Section as area specialist. Dr. Conrad C. Reining was appointed head of the section in April of 1960. The position of editorial clerk was provided for by the initial grant and has had three incumbents. Mrs. Audrey A. Walker, of the Manuscript Division of the Library, was appointed to fill the position of bibliographer-reference librarian in June 1961.
The section has gradually built up a collection of reference works comprised of bibliographies, directories, atlases, guides, and surveys which is of prime importance for its work and invariably of interest to visitors. The current issues of fifty or so periodicals selected for display are also constantly used by both staff and visitors. About fifty boxes of ephemeral reference material have been assembled. The section maintains a card file of current publications on Africa, which is a continuation and refinement of one originated by Miss Conover some years ago. About twenty entries per week are made from Library of Congress preliminary catalog cards and from notices of new books. Most of the entries are for publications of the past three years. The file is consulted several times a day by the staff and research workers, and is currently forming the basis of Miss Conover's major task of revising the general bibliography Africa South of the Sahara. We have also started reference card files for addresses of organizations concerned with Africa, biographical materials, pertinent abbreviations, and special issues of periodicals on Africa.
Masks as Agents of Social Control
Authors: Sieber Roy 
Published: February 2017

Traditional African art for the most part was more closely integrated with other aspects of life than those which might be described as purely esthetic. Art for art's sake — as a governing esthetic concept—seems not to have existed in Africa. Indeed, the more closely an art form is related to a major non-esthetic aspect of culture such as religion, the more distant it is from such separatist philosophical concepts.
In fact traditional Africati sculpture might best be described as based on a concept of art-for-life's sake. It was, in most cases, closely allied to those cultural mechanisms dedicated to the maintenance of order and well being. In short, sculpture was oriented to those social values upon which depended the sense of individual and tribal security.
These values were often formalized in exceedingly practical and commonsense terms, as is demonstrated in this Bambara prayer addressed to the ancestors:
I sacrifice this hen to you in the name of my children and myself. Protect us from all evil. Give us rain at the time the rains begin; give us a good harvest, a happy old age, women, children and the health to cultivate our fields. Do not be angry with us. We love you, we honor you. Be happy during your sojourn in Lehara, the realm of the invisible. (Kjersmeier 1935: 15).
Rare metals on shatter cone surfaces from the Steinheim Basin (SW Germany) – remnants of the impacting body?
Authors: BUCHNER E. , SCHMIEDER M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe ~3.8 km Steinheim Basin in SW Germany is a well-preserved complex impact structure characterized by a prominent central uplift and well-developed shatter cones that occur in different shocked target lithologies. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron probe microanalysis have revealed, for the first time, the occurrence of rare metals on the Steinheim shatter cone surfaces. Shatter cones produced from the Middle Jurassic (Aalenian) Opalinus Claystone (‘Opalinuston’), temporarily exposed in the central uplift in spring 2010, and shatter cones in Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) limestones from the southeastern crater rim domain are commonly covered by faint coatings. The Opalinus Claystone shatter cone surfaces carry coatings dominated by Fe, Ca, P, S and Al, and are covered by abundant small, finely dispersed microparticles and aggregates of native gold, as well as locally elevated concentrations of Pt. On several surfaces of the claystone shatter cones, additional Fe, Ni and Co was detected. The Ca–Mn-rich coatings on the limestone shatter cone surfaces locally include patches of Fe, Ni, Co, Cu and Au in variable amounts and proportions. The intriguing coatings on the Steinheim shatter cones could either stem from the impacted Lower Jurassic to Palaeogene sedimentary target rocks; from the crystalline-metamorphic Variscan crater basement; or, alternatively, these coatings might represent altered meteoritic matter from the Steinheim impactor, possibly an iron meteorite, which may have been remobilized during post-impact hydrothermal activity. We here discuss the most plausible source for the rare metals found adherent to the shatter cone surfaces.
TERRAQUEOUS HISTORIES
Authors: BASHFORD ALISON 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTIn her Inaugural Lecture, Alison Bashford, Vere Harmsworth Professor of Imperial and Naval History, introduces the concept of ‘terraqueous histories’. Maritime historians often stake large claims on world history, and it is indeed the case that the connections and distinctions between land and sea are everywhere in the many traditions of world history-writing. Collapsing the land/sea couplet is useful and ‘terraqueous’ history serves world historians well. The term returns the ‘globe’ to global history, it signals sea as well as land as claimable territory, and in its compound construction foregrounds the history and historiography of meeting places. If the Vere Harmsworth Chair of Imperial and Naval History has recently turned from ‘imperial’ into ‘world’ history, so might its ‘naval’ element become terraqueous history in the twenty-first century.
The APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor transcription factor OsDERF2 negatively modulates drought stress in rice by repressing abscisic acid responsive genes
Authors: GUO Y. , HUANG R. , DUAN L. , WANG J. 
Published: February 2017

SUMMARYAPETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) family transcription factors play a vital role in plant growth and in response to hormones and abiotic stresses. In the current research, it is reported that OsDERF2, one of the drought-responsive ERF, is a member of the DREB sub-family. OsDERF2 is a nuclear-localized protein and has transcriptional activity in yeast. Expression of OsDERF2 was induced by drought and inhibited by abscisic acid (ABA). However, OsDERF2 RNA interference (RNAi) knock-down transgenic lines enhanced tolerance to drought stress at seedling stage and were much more sensitive to ABA treatment, which may result from the increased ABA level in vivo. The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor family plays an important role in the ABA signalling pathway of abiotic stress. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the bZIP family gene OsbZIP20 and ABA-response gene OsABA45 were up-regulated 25 times and 120 times, respectively, in OsDERF2 RNAi knock-down lines under drought stress, which were up-regulated five and seven times in wild type under drought stress. The current data reveal that OsDERF2 negatively modulates drought stress response in an ABA-mediated pathway through regulating gene expression of other ABA-response transcription factors.
Dropping the debt: a new conundrum in Kant's rational religion
Authors: CLEM STEWART 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn this article, I argue that Immanuel Kant fails to provide a satisfactory account of ‘moral debt’ inReligion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason.More precisely, he fails to answer the question of why we should assume that a debt exists in the first place. In light of recent scholarship on this area of his thought, I sketch some possible readings of Kant on the nature of moral transformation that suggest how he might account for this debt. I then argue that these accounts fail to justify its existence within Kant's project.
Prehistoric Economy in the Mount Carmel Area of Palestine: Site Catchment Analysis
Authors: Vita-Finzi C. , Higgs E. S. , Sturdy D. , Harriss J. , Legge A. J. , Tippett H. 
Published: February 2017

This study is concerned with the exploitation of resources by human groups in the Carmel area over a period of about 50,000 years. To this end an attempt is made to evaluate the changing economic potential of the ‘catchments’ of individual sites, for this enables us to make a comparative analysis of hunting-gathering and agricultural economies.Although the study of prehistoric sites is now usually complemented by some treatment of their setting, the situation in their immediate vicinity—the principal concern of the inhabitants—tends to be neglected or at any rate overshadowed by generalized statements regarding the physiographic, vegetational, climatic or kindred zones of which they form a (not necessarily typical) part. The difficulty that is encountered by attempts to harmonize the findings of the various specialists who nowadays contribute to archaeological studies may, in fact, be due to the limitations of a zonal approach, for the populations or phenomena with which each of them is concerned do not necessarily refer to a single ‘catchment’ area and may have little connection with the picture of the exploited territory that is imprinted on the site record.
An Analysis of U.S. Farm Income Policies: Historical, Market-Determined, and Sector-Wide Stabilization
Authors: McDowell Howard , Kramer Randall A. , Price J. Michael 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis paper provides an economic analysis of the historical agricultural price and income support policy, a policy of market-determined prices and income, and a policy linking market-determined prices with sector-wide farm income stabilization in years of economic disaster. The analysis compares commodity prices, net farm income, and government expenditures over the period 1970 through 1982 based on estimates generated by USDA's Food and Agricultural Policy Simulator (FAPSIM). The historical policy generates the highest income and most stable prices. Market-determined income is lowest and has the greatest variability. Stabilization minimized income variability at intermediate income levels.
Incorporating Government Program Provisions into a Mean-Variance Framework
Authors: Perry Gregory M. , Rister M. Edward , Richardson James W. , Bessler David A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractE-V studies traditionally have relied on historical data to calculate returns and variance. Historical data may not fully reflect current conditions, particularly when decisions involve government-supported crops. This paper presents a method for calculating mean and variance using subjectively-estimated data. The method is developed for both government-supported and non-program crops. Comparisons to alternative methods suggest the approach provides reasonable accuracy.
Distortionary Impacts of the 1982 and 1986 U.S. Tax Codes on Capital Investments: A Case Study of Investment in Orange Groves
Authors: Moss Charles B. , Muraro Ronald P. , Boggess William G. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe 1980s have been a period of dramatic change for the income tax code in the United States. Although numerous modifications were considered in policy deliberations, two key goals, the reduction of the importance of tax considerations in investment decisions and tax simplification, emerged from the discussion and guided drafting of the 1986 Tax Reform Act. This study examines the importance of tax considerations in investment decisions under the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 and its predecessor, the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982. The study then compares the tax liability under these tax codes with a nondistortionary tax scheme. Results indicate that the Tax Reform Act of 1986 reduced the distortionary effects of the tax code on capital investment decisions. However, a large portion of the reduction can be attributed to the change in the average tax rate.
Government Payments to Farmers and Real Agricultural Asset Values in the 1980s
Authors: Moss Charles B. , Shonkwiler J.S. , Reynolds John E. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis study determines the effect of government payments on real agricultural asset values using Bayesian vector autoregression. In developing the empirical model, special attention is focused on the informational content of government payments. The results indicate that government payments to farmers have little effect on real asset values in the long run. In the short run, an increase in government payments to farmers may be associated with decline in asset values.
Acreage Planting Decision Analysis of South Carolina Tomatoes: Nerlovian Versus Just Risk Model
Authors: Fu T. T. , Fletcher S. M. , Epperson J. E. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractFactors which explain supply response behavior of South Carolina tomato growers were determined. Two well known supply response models were used for comparison: the Nerlovian structural model and the Just risk model. The Just risk model reflected the significance of the risk effect in both stable and unstable periods. An evaluation of forecasting power between the two models was indeterminate. Growers are apparently willing to invest in more information with increased market instability because growers were influenced by the Florida winter price of tomatoes in planting decisions during the period of instability.
Risk Attitudes and Farm/Producer Attributes: A Case Study of Texas Coastal Bend Grain Sorghum Producers
Authors: Ramaratnam S. Sri , Rister M. Edward , Bessler David A. , Novak James 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAn analysis of risk attitudes for a sample of grain sorghum producers in the Texas Coastal Bend is reported. Four alternative functional forms were estimated on data elicited by the direct elicitation of utility approach. The exponential functional form described most producers' utility preferences better than other utility forms. Relationships between exponential risk measures and both producer attributes and farm characteristics, including interactions among them, were identified as significant. Risk aversion was found to diminish with more experience in farming and to increase with more leasing of farm land. Risk aversion was also found to decline with larger farm size and to increase with higher dependency of farm operators on farm income.
Analyzing Tenure Arrangements and Crop Rotations Using Farm Simulation and Probit Analysis
Authors: Perry Gregory M. , Rister M. Edward , Richardson James W. , Grant Warren R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWhole farm simulation analysis and econometric techniques are employed in an analysis of crop rotations and tenure arrangement strategies. The FLIPSIM model is used to analyze a representative Texas Upper Gulf Coast rice and soybean farm. Probit analysis is then used to determine the impact of net cash farm income, land tenure, and crop rotation on probability of survival. Results suggest that, although the simulation model is useful in providing information on the effect at the farm level of following the different strategies, probit results provide greater understanding into the returns and risk inherent to each strategy.
Measuring the Productivity of Capital in United States Agriculture
Authors: Gustafson Cole R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe agricultural sector has operated in a period of high real interest rates for over half a decade. Some are concerned that this has limited capital availability and stagnated the historic capital for labor substitution occurring in the sector. This study proposes new procedures for estimating the aggregate production function of United States agriculture. Improvements include incorporation of total returns and revised measures of both durable and nondurable capital inputs. Results indicate increasing capital productivity has occurred, but encouraging further capital substitution may not benefit agricultural producers.
Wage Determination for Regular Hired Farm Workers: An Empirical Analysis for Georgia
Authors: Gunter Lewell F. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractRegular hired farm workers, performing 150 days or more of farm work annually, became increasingly important in the 1970's. The number of regular hired workers in the United States increased by almost 50 percent during the decade, while the number of seasonal workers, operators, and unpaid family workers declined. Pricing of regular hired labor is investigated through estimation of three nested wage determination models in a case study analysis for Georgia. Micro-level data on individual workers were used to analyze the effects of general human capital, farm worker duties, local labor market conditions, and farm characteristics on wage rates.
Household Solid Waste Associated With Food Consumption Activities
Authors: Saleh Abdullah A. , Havlicek Joseph 
Published: February 2017

The quantity of solid waste arising from household consumption activities commands considerable public concern. Information about the level and composition of consumption residuals and their relationship to household consumption activities is scarce. Such information is quite basic to a better understanding of solid waste problems and to formulating policies aimed at coping with them.This paper focuses on linking solid waste from food consumption activities to consumer behavior. The theoretical framework used in conceptualizing the solid waste generation process and its relationship to household consumption behavior is presented in Section II. A four - equation model involving relationships for total household food expenditure, value of food consumed at home, value of meals eaten away-from-home and total household solid waste generated by food consumption activities is set forth in Section III. Data and estimation are discussed in Section IV. The quantities of glass, metal, plastic and paper associated with selected food consumption activities and selected food expenditures, and the statistical estimates of the four-equation model, are analyzed in Section V. Some concluding remarks are given in Section VI.
Financial Implications of Waste Management Systems for Shellfish Processing
Authors: North Ronald M. , Lyda Fred M. 
Published: February 2017

Shellfish harvesting, processing and marketing are components of an old, established industry in southeastern coastal areas. This traditional industry, with proven production records and established markets for its high-quality shrimp, is being subjected to difficult circumstances which could result in a significant restructuring of various segments of it. Processors are faced with very expensive control outlays required to reduce pollution levels in coastal waters. These pollution control problems are particularly perplexing for both old and new firms, since solutions lead only to higher processing costs in a competitive market, heavily influenced by international conditions.Financial effects of effluent discharge guidelines are already being felt by processors in those states where early compliance dates are being specified by State environmental protection agencies. In many instances State standards are more stringent than those of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In addition, alternative waste treatment methods have been rejected by some State agencies, resulting in higher costs for meeting specified effluent discharge guidelines.
Specification of the Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Consumption of the Animal and Vegetable Sources of Protein
Authors: Adrian John , Daniel Raymond 
Published: February 2017

Proteins are one of the basic and essential nutrients consumed by man. Both animal and vegetable sources provide proteins in the human diet. Many proteins derived from animal sources are nutritionally adequate because all essential amino acids are present. However, proteins from vegetable sources are often deficient in one or more essential amino acids. Therefore, vegetable protein must generally be supplemented with other proteins in order to provide good nutition. However, vegetable proteins can provide a satisfactory diet if the individual is judicious in selecting foods.A study of 1955 data indicated that approximately 55 percent of the protein component of the American diet came from animal sources. A recent analysis indicated that red meats contributed approximately 30 percent of the animal source to total protein. Dairy products, poultry, and fish contributed the balance. Similarly, wheat flour provided approximately 15 percent of total vegetable protein intake with other cereals (rice, corn, barley and rye), legume seeds (beans, peas and soybeans), and nuts constituting the balance.
Effects of Increasing Panama Canal Toll Rates on U.S. Grain Exports
Authors: Fuller Stephen , Makus Larry , Gallimore William 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSome believe Panama Canal toll rates will increase dramatically as Panama's sovereignty over the Canal becomes complete at the end of this century. This paper focuses on the ability of Panama Canal management to extract additional toll revenues from United States grain traversing the Canal and the impact of increased toll rates on export grain flows. Analyses show toll rates established by a revenue-maximizing Canal management would exceed historical and current rates. A monopolizing Canal operator would have moderately increased Pacific port exports in the mid-1970's; whereas, in the 1979-82 period, Pacific port flows would have exceeded historical level.
Economics of Purchasing Genetically Superior Beef Bulls
Authors: Clary G. M. , Jordan J. W. , Thompson C. E. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractNet present value analysis is used to derive the marginal bid price for a beef herd sire from after-tax net revenues and cash flow influenced by genetic improvements. Marginal bid price represents the additional amount a producer could pay, above the present value of the current beef herd sire, for a sire expected to exhibit superior performance as reflected by increased average weaning weights of offspring.An analysis of the profitability of purchasing a breeding bull for a commercial beef cow herd is presented as an application. Several alternative scenarios illustrate the impact of selected determinants on the marginal bid price of a bull.
Forecasting Rail Freight Traffic from a Statewide Economic Model
Authors: Jordan Jeffrey L. , Thompson Stanley R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to develop a procedure for estimating future rail traffic that considers the relationship between the structure of a state's economy and rail freight traffic. The study expands the use of input-output models to include the forecasting of transportation demand. Georgia and Michigan case studies were used to test the forecasting capability of the input-output procedure. For Michigan's 1980 rail movements, the model predicted rail traffic to within 0.15 percent of actual traffic. For 1979 Georgia traffic, the model predicted within 4.3 percent of actual traffic. Various statistical tests indicate that the procedure was effective in forecasting rail freight traffic.