bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chinese Investment Treaties
Authors: Gallagher Norah , Shan Wenhua 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
China's success in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) in the last decade is undisputed and unprecedented. It is currently the second largest FDI recipient in the world, a success partially due to China's efforts to enter into bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and other international investment instruments. This book is a comprehensive commentary on Chinese BITs. Chinese investment treaties have typically provided international forums for settling investment disputes such as the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). Given the continuous growth of FDI in China, the emergence of state-investor disagreements in China, and the dramatic rise of investment treaty based arbitrations world wide in recent years, it is anticipated that there will be an increasing number of investment arbitrations involving the central and local governments of China. This book reviews and analyzes China's approach to foreign investment. It considers the current role of investment treaties in China's foreign economic policy, analyzes and interprets the key provisions of the BITs, and discusses the future agenda of China's investment program. It looks at how this investment regime interconnects with the domestic system and considers the implications for a foreign investor in China.
International Investment in China and the Bit Programme
Authors: Gallagher Norah , Shan Wenhua 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the changing role of China in international investment, including a historical review followed by a discussion of the main forms of foreign investment in China. It then analyzes aspects of the Chinese investment treaties, focusing on the evolution and features of the BIT programme and the legal status of investment treaties within the Chinese legal system. The chapter ends with a brief introduction to the book.
Fair And Equitable Treatment
Authors: Gallagher Norah , Shan Wenhua 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Like other bilateral investment treaties (BITs), Chinese BITs establish a set of general standards of treatment accorded to foreign investors by the host state. The most commonly found general standards of treatment include fair and equitable treatment (FET), (full) protection and security (PNS), most favoured nation treatment (MFN), and national treatment (NT). The first two belong to the group of non-contingent standards (or so-called “absolute standard of treatment”), whilst the latter two are forms of contingent standards (or “relative standards of treatment”). Absolute standards do not depend on treatment granted to other investors. In contrast, the relative standards are contingent on treatment given to other categories of investors, nationals of the host state in the case of NT and investors from third states for the MFN. This chapter begins with an examination of the FET standard, focusing on the different approaches of interpretations that have been developed in theory and in arbitration practice. It then analyzes the standard under Chinese BITs and assesses the implications of its standard format and any variations.
Settlement Of Investor–State Disputes
Authors: Gallagher Norah , Shan Wenhua 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The dispute-resolution provisions in bilateral investment treaties (BITs) have become the “ultimate” investor protection in modern investment treaties. This chapter reviews the different types of dispute-resolution provisions of the Chinese BITs. It first looks at the choice of arbitrations made in its treaties, ICSID, ad hoc, or other arbitration rules. It then continues to review the two main types of investor-state dispute-resolution clauses in China's BITs: restrictive—where the BIT permits international arbitration of disputes on the amount of compensation for expropriation only; and more liberal or expansive—which allows access to international arbitration for all disputes between the investor and host state. It then considers a topic of particular interest right now for investors and potential investors in China: the application of the MFN clause to dispute resolution. Finally, it looks at the applicable law to dispute settlement and the requirement to exhaust domestic remedies.
Conclusions: Towards A New Model Investment Treaty For China
Authors: Gallagher Norah , Shan Wenhua 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter begins with a general assessment of the existing Chinese investment treaties. It then considers the general considerations and specific changes for a New Model investment treaty. It argues that now is the right time for China to consider seriously a more sophisticated, forward-looking model investment treaty of its own, rather than merely following the prototypes developed by European states as it has done so far. The New Model promotes a balanced approach towards investment protection, since recent moves around the world have demonstrated that the traditionally one-sided investment treaty model cannot be sustained.
The formation of giant planets in wide orbits by photoevaporation-synchronized migration
Authors: Guilera O. M. , Miller Bertolami M. M. , Ronco M. P. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The discovery of giant planets in wide orbits represents a major challenge for planet formation theory. In the standard core accretion paradigm, planets are expected to form at radial distances ≲20 au in order to form massive cores (with masses ≳10 M⊕) able to trigger the gaseous runaway growth before the dissipation of the disc. This has encouraged authors to find modifications of the standard scenario as well as alternative theories like the formation of planets by gravitational instabilities in the disc to explain the existence of giant planets in wide orbits. However, there is not yet consensus on how these systems are formed. In this Letter, we present a new natural mechanism for the formation of giant planets in wide orbits within the core accretion paradigm. If photoevaporation is considered, after a few Myr of viscous evolution a gap in the gaseous disc is opened. We found that, under particular circumstances planet migration becomes synchronized with the evolution of the gap, which results in an efficient outward planet migration. This mechanism is found to allow the formation of giant planets with masses Mp ≲ 1MJup in wide stable orbits as large as ∼130 au from the central star.
Staged Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Large Brain Metastases: Local Control and Clinical Outcomes of a One-Two Punch Technique
Authors: Dohm Ammoren , McTyre Emory R , Okoukoni Catherine , Henson Adrianna , Cramer Christina K , LeCompte Michael C , Ruiz Jimmy , Munley Michael T , Qasem Shadi , Lo Hui-Wen , Xing Fei , Watabe Kounosuke , Laxton Adrian W , Tatter Stephen B , Chan Michael D 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Treatment options are limited for large, unresectable brain metastases.

OBJECTIVE
To report a single institution series of staged stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) that allows for tumor response between treatments in order to optimize the therapeutic ratio.

METHODS
Patients were treated with staged SRS separated by 1 mo with a median dose at first SRS of 15 Gy (range 10-21 Gy) and a median dose at second SRS of 14 Gy (range 10-18 Gy). Overall survival was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cumulative incidences were estimated for neurological death, radiation necrosis, local failure (marginal or central), and distant brain failure. Absolute cumulative dose–volume histogram was created for each treated lesion. Logistic regression and competing risks regression were performed for each discrete dose received by a certain volume.

RESULTS
Thirty-three patients with 39 lesions were treated with staged radiosurgery. Overall survival at 6 and 12 mo was 65.0% and 60.0%, respectively. Cumulative incidence of local failure at 6 and 12 mo was 3.2% and 13.3%, respectively. Of the patients who received staged therapy, 4 of 33 experienced local failure. Radiation necrosis was seen in 4 of 39 lesions. Two of 33 patients experienced a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group toxicity grade > 2 (2 patients had grade 4 toxicities). Dosimetric analysis revealed that dose (Gy) received by volume of brain (ie, VDose(Gy)) was associated with radiation necrosis, including the range V44.5Gy to V87.8Gy.

CONCLUSION
Staged radiosurgery is a safe and effective option for large, unresectable brain metastases. Prospective studies are required to validate the findings in this study.
Antarctic Archaeology
Authors: Zarankin A. , Salerno Melisa A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAntarctica was the last continent to be known. Human encounters with the region acquired different characteristics over time. Within the framework of dominant narratives, the early ‘exploitation’ of the territory was given less attention than late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century ‘exploration’. Nineteenth-century exploitation was especially associated with sealing on the South Shetland Islands. Dominant narratives on the period refer to the captains of sealing vessels, the discovery of geographical features, the volume of resources obtained. However, they do not consider the life of the ordinary sealers who lived and worked on the islands. This chapter aims to show the power of archaeology to shed light on these ‘invisible people’ and their forgotten stories. It holds that archaeology offers a possibility for reimagining the past of Antarctica, calling for a revision of traditional narratives.
Lutheran
Authors: Rusch William G. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter describes how Lutheranism has viewed, responded to, and contributed to the ecumenical movement. It defines the nature of Lutheranism and the ecumenical movement. It traces the history of the relationship of Lutheranism to other Christians and their churches from the sixteenth until the twenty-first century. Thus it shows how Lutherans developed their views of the unity of the Church and of its importance. The initial response of Lutheranism to the rise of the ecumenical movement in 1910 was one of caution and fear of doctrinal compromise. During the twentieth century, Lutheran reflection about and involvement in all aspects of the ecumenical movement increased dramatically. One result is that global Lutheranism as represented by the Lutheran World Federation is now a major partner on the ecumenical scene.
Ekphrasis
Authors: Altman Joel 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis chapter examines the use of ekphrasis in early modern theatre, with particular emphasis on its effect on the stage and the relationship of ekphrastic speech to the ongoing action in which it is enunciated. It maps the parameters of ekphrasis on the early modern English stage by considering a few examples of the ways in which ekphrasis instantiates early modern theatricality. It also discusses the expressive potential of ekphrastic speech and its transmission to the listener as well as the ironic uses of ekphrasis as a mode of persuasion, whether directed to oneself, an on-stage auditor, off-stage auditors, or all three. It argues that ekphrasis creates nothing less than what it calls ‘the psyche of the play’ and explains how the unusually flexible capacity of the staged word allows it to be used for a wide range of theatrical techniques, including the usual sense of ‘word-painting’. Finally, it looks at William Shakespeare’s deployment of ekphrasis in his work such as Hamlet.
Eventuality
Authors: Witmore Michael 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines eventuality as a fundamental capacity of theatre to engage participants precisely on the basis of what they cannot already know or expect. More specifically, it considers how eventuality delivers one of the theatre’s most basic pleasures—the pleasure of sensing that one exists, and of doing so in the company of others. Using a number of examples from William Shakespeare’s plays, the chapter argues that the eventuality of a stage play thrusts spectators into the drama of ‘being there’, of seeing and hearing ‘what happens, as it happens’. To argue this point, the chapter builds on Daniel Heller-Roazen’s work on the ‘inner touch’ and shows that there exists in Shakespeare’s plays an activation of our capacity for sensation, and especially for shared, collective encounters. It also employs phenomenology to describe what happens when the event gets theatricalized; for example, when it is exposed to the contingencies of performance that might emanate from actor, from architecture, or from audience.
Reading
Authors: Coiro Ann Baynes 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the fortunes of ‘theatricality’ after the closing of the public theatres in 1642 and into the Restoration, with particular emphasis on how reading influenced notions of early modern theatre. It considers the question of early modern theatre and its relationship to the emerging concepts of drama and literary criticism by focusing on Humphrey Moseley and John Dryden. It also explores how the plays of William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson, Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher were revived by the companies of Thomas Killigrew and William Davenant and gradually transformed into a more readerly form of literary drama by the publishing efforts of Moseley and by the retrospective judgement of Dryden’s An Essay of Dramatick Poesie. The chapter argues that, during the Restoration, ‘the London theater was crowded with old theatrical memories and new demands’, and that it had been fundamentally altered by its passage into print.
Scene
Authors: Smith Bruce R. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis chapter examines the scene as a segment of dramatic action marked at the beginning and end by an empty stage, scene as big effect, and scene as fictional setting. It begins with a discussion of the scene to which Robert Greene alludes in Greenes, groats-vvorth of witte (1592). It then considers the folio text of Henry VI, Part Three to show how acts and scenes were marked in plays printed between 1590 and 1630. It also discusses two ways that scenes can be registered verbally in scripts: marking and remarking. Finally, it explores the connection between physical means and theatrical ends in early modern usage in the context of scene, along with senses of ‘scene’ that may be increasingly remote from theatres as physical structures but that nonetheless maintain an important relationship with theatrical performance as a way of framing and understanding human experience.
Lines
Authors: Menzer Paul 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the importance of the ‘line’ in the composition, reading, editing, interpretation, and performance of early modern drama. It considers the gradual emergence of the poetic verse that is characteristic of early modern drama and one of the most obviously ‘textual’ units of early modern theatre. It shows that the line, before it became a formal verse element, persisted as a graphic mark, a technology of performance shared by musicians and singers as well as actors and playwrights. It explains how the line, through the printing of plays and poems, became the immaterial metaphysical unit we associate with the period’s finest ‘literary’ writing. It also discusses physical and metaphysical lines and their attempt to regulate silence. Finally, it argues that attention at the level of the line pushes performance towards the typographic, even advancing a kind of ‘typographical acting’ alert to every piece of punctuation, every line break, every diacritically pricked out metrical inflection.
How ‘Best’ to Determine Trophic Levels in Archaeological Agricultural Communities
Authors: Reynard Linda M. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Stable isotope ratios of bone collagen have been used to determine trophic levels in diverse archaeological populations. The longest established and arguably most successful isotope system has been nitrogen, followed by carbon, and more recently hydrogen. These trophic level proxies rely on a predictable change in isotope ratio with each trophic level step; however, this requirement may not always be met, which can lead to difficulties in interpreting archaeological evidence. In agricultural communities, in particular, there are several possible complications to the interpretation of nitrogen and carbon isotopes. Recent approaches to overcome these limitations include better quantification and understanding of the influences on consumer isotope ratios; inclusion of evidence from plant remains; further investigation of apatite δ13C—collagen δ13C spacing in bones; measurement of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in individual amino acids, rather than collagen; and development of other stable isotope proxies for trophic level, such as hydrogen isotopes.
Gene networks provide a high-resolution view of bacteriophage ecology
Authors: Shapiro Jason W. , Putonti Catherine 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBacteriophages are the most abundant and diverse biological entities on the planet, and new phage genomes are being discovered at a rapid pace from metagenomes. As more novel, uncultured phage genomes are published, new tools are needed for placing these genomes in an ecological and evolutionary context. Phages are difficult to study with phylogenetic methods, because they exchange genes regularly, and no single gene is conserved across all phages. Instead, genome-level networks have been used to group similar viruses into clusters for taxonomy. Here, we show that gene-level networks provide a high-resolution view of phage genetic diversity and offer a novel perspective on virus ecology. To that end, we developed a method that identifies informative associations between a phage’s annotated host and clusters of genes in the network. Given these associations, we were able to predict a phage’s host with 86% accuracy at the genus level, while also identifying genes that underlie these virus-host interactions. This approach, thus, provides one of the most accurate means of host prediction while also pointing to directions for future empirical work.
Multiplex staining by sequential immunostaining and antibody removal on routine tissue sections
Authors: Bolognesi Maddalena Maria , Manzoni Marco , Scalia Carla Rossana , Zannella Stefano , Bosisio Francesca Maria , Faretta Mario , Cattoretti Giorgio 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTMultiplexing (mplx), labeling for multiple immunostains the very same cell or tissue section in situ, has raised considerable interest. The methods proposed include the use of labelled primary antibodies, spectral separation of fluorochromes, bleaching of the fluorophores or chromogens, blocking of previous antibody layers, all in various combinations. The major obstacles to the diffusion of this technique are high costs in custom antibodies and instruments, low throughput, scarcity of specialized skills or facilities.We have validated a method based on common primary and secondary antibodies and diffusely available fluorescent image scanners. It entails rounds of four-color indirect immunofluorescence, image acquisition and removal (stripping) of the antibodies, before another stain is applied. The images are digitally registered and the autofluorescence is subtracted. Removal of antibodies is accomplished by disulphide cleavage and a detergent or by a chaotropic salt treatment, this latter followed by antigen refolding. More than thirty different antibody stains can be applied to one single section from routinely fixed and embedded tissue. This method requires a modest investment in hardware and materials and uses freeware image analysis software. Mplx on routine tissue sections is a high throughput tool for in situ characterization of neoplastic, reactive, inflammatory and normal cells.
Carbon disclosure, freedom and democracy
Authors: Grauel Jonas , Gotthardt Daniel 
Published: June 2017

Purpose
Wide differences in response rates to the Carbon Disclosure Project’s (CDP’s) climate change program between countries have been explained by legal origins and the varying extent of environmental regulation. This paper seeks to enhance the explanation by examining the relevance of two dimensions of “democratic capital” – both the influence of countries’ experiences with democratic government recruitment are considered, as well as experiences with civil liberties. In addition, it is examined whether these forms of democratic capital are mediated by environmental regulation.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors draw upon the literature on the relationship between political regime form and environmental policy and the environmental disclosure literature debate. Hypotheses are based on institutional and stakeholder theory. Methodologically, multilevel regression analysis is used.

Findings
Results show that the history of democratic government recruitment is a relevant factor to explain firms’ disclosure decisions. The amount of freedom in civil society seems to also matter, but results are less clear in this regard. The hypothesis concerning the mediation effects of environmental regulation could not be corroborated. Findings, thus, corroborate the claim that standards of informational transparency flourish best in countries with a pluralistic political culture.

Practical implications
The results imply that voluntary carbon transparency may thrive as democratization advances, but its success may also be endangered by the recent revitalization of authoritarianism.

Originality/value
The authors deliver the first paper which tests the hypotheses on the influence of the “democratic capital” on the countries-of-origin on the firms’ carbon disclosure decisions, based on a multilevel analysis.
Personal values and approach of undergraduates towards corporate social responsibility
Authors: Franco Izabela , Moura-Leite Rosamaria , Pereira Matheus Wemerson Gomes , Lopes José Carlos de Jesus 
Published: June 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to broaden the knowledge to identify which factors influence the relationship between business undergraduates and corporate social responsibility (CSR).

Design/methodology/approach
Hypotheses have been developed to test the relationship between personal values of business undergraduates and CSR. Results have been achieved from 434 questionnaires within a survey through seven campuses of Brazilian universities. The data were primarily submitted to descriptive statistics – univariate analysis, followed by a four-factor analyses and finally, a structural model – one of the components from the structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied.

Findings
The results identified that undergraduate students who valued issues and behaviours connected with self-direction, stimulation, universalism and benevolence are more prone to value organizational philosophy towards CSR. Furthermore, it was identified that the more business administration students value such themes, there will be a higher chance of them of getting involved in CSR, when occupying decision-making positions. Further results show that women valued the issue more – and their interest increased, as they become older.

Practical implications
The results contribute to the identification of a student profile with increased affinity towards CSR, as well as highlighting gaps in business education, which will affect future managers’ social responsibility standards and decisions.

Originality/value
This paper suggests new hypotheses and adopts measures towards personal values and CSR, which had not been used together previously.