bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal expansion of Pd-based metallic glasses by ab initio methods and high energy X-ray diffraction
Authors: Evertz Simon , Music Denis , Schnabel Volker , Bednarcik Jozef , Schneider Jochen M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMetallic glasses are promising structural materials due to their unique properties. For structural applications and processing the coefficient of thermal expansion is an important design parameter. Here we demonstrate that predictions of the coefficient of thermal expansion for metallic glasses by density functional theory based ab initio calculations are efficient both with respect to time and resources. The coefficient of thermal expansion is predicted by an ab initio based method utilising the Debye-Grüneisen model for a Pd-based metallic glass, which exhibits a pronounced medium range order. The predictions are critically appraised by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and excellent agreement is observed. Through this combined theoretical and experimental research strategy, we show the feasibility to predict the coefficient of thermal expansion from the ground state structure of a metallic glass until the onset of structural changes. Thereby, we provide a method to efficiently probe a potentially vast number of metallic glass alloying combinations regarding thermal expansion.
Primary Dural Closure for Retrosigmoid Approaches
Authors: Venable Garrett , Roberts Mallory , Lee Ryan , Michael L. 
Published: November 2017

Object Primary closure of posterior fossa dura can be challenging, and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks continue to represent a common complication of the retrosigmoid approach. We describe a simple technique to allow for primary closure of the dura following retrosigmoid approaches. The incidence of CSF leaks using this method is reported.
Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted on all cases of retrosigmoid craniotomies performed by the senior surgeon from February 2009 to February 2015. The primary outcome was development of postoperative CSF leak or pseudomeningocele. Length of stay, lesion type, and other surgical complications were also reported.
Results Eighty-six patients underwent a retrosigmoid craniotomy during the study period. The most common indications for retrosigmoid craniotomy were microvascular decompression (58%) and tumor resection (36%). No allo- or autografts to repair the dural defect were needed, and no lumbar drains were used. No patients developed CSF otorrhea, rhinorrhea, or incisional leak postoperatively.
Conclusion Primary dural closure is possible in retrosigmoid approaches without the use of allo- or autografts and may prevent postoperative CSF leaks when combined with other posterior fossa closure techniques. Careful attention to the handling of the dural flap is necessary to achieve this.
Impact of Cochlear Dose on Hearing Preservation following Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy for the Treatment of Vestibular Schwannoma
Authors: Chung Lawrance , Ung Nolan , Sheppard John , Nguyen Thien , Lagman Carlito , Choy Winward , Tenn Stephen , Pouratian Nader , Lee Percy , Kaprealian Tania , Selch Michael , De Salles Antonio , Gopen Quinton , Yang Isaac 
Published: November 2017

Objective The objective of this study was to examine the effect of cochlear dose on hearing preservation in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (fSRT) for vestibular schwannoma (VS).
Design This is a retrospective case–control study.
Setting This study was completed at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, a university-affiliated tertiary care center.
Participants Patients who underwent SRS (marginal dose of 12 Gy) or fSRT (marginal dose of 50.4 Gy) procedures for VS were included in the study.
Main Outcome Measures The main outcome measure was hearing preservation. Audiometric data, when available, were used to determine the level of hearing according to the Gardner Robertson scale.
Results A total of 38 patients (14 SRS and 24 fSRT) were analyzed. SRS patients with decreased hearing received a significantly higher minimum cochlear dose (7.41 vs. 4.24 Gy, p = 0.02) as compared with those with stable hearing. In fSRT patients, there were no significant differences in cochlear dose for patients with decreased hearing as compared with those with stable hearing. For SRS patients, who received a minimum cochlear dose above 6 Gy, there was a significant risk of decreased hearing preservation (odds ratio: 32, p = 0.02).
Conclusion Higher minimum cochlear dose was predictive of decreased hearing preservation following SRS. Though the study is low powered, the radiation dose to the cochlea should be a parameter that is considered when planning SRS or fSRT therapies for patients with VS.
Factors Predicting Lower Leg Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome in a Large Population
Authors: de Bruijn Johan , van Zantvoort Aniek , van Klaveren David , Winkes Michiel , van der Cruijsen-Raaijmakers Marike , Hoogeveen Adwin , Teijink Joep , Scheltinga Marc 
Published: November 2017

AbstractKnowledge about lower leg chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is largely obtained from highly selected populations. Patient characteristics may therefore not be appropriate for the general population. Our purpose was to describe a heterogeneous population of individuals suspected of lower leg CECS and to identify predictors of CECS. Charts of individuals who were analyzed for exercise-induced lower leg pain in a referral center between 2001 and 2013 were retrospectively studied. Patients were included if history and physical examination were suggestive of CECS and if they had undergone a dynamic intracompartmental pressure measurement. Six hundred ninety-eight of 1411 individuals were diagnosed with CECS in one or more of three lower leg muscle compartments (anterior tibial, deep flexor, lateral). Prevalence of CECS peaked around the age of 20–25 years and decreased thereafter, although a plateau around 50 years was found. Age, gender, bilateral symptoms, previous lower leg pathology, sports (running and skating) and tender muscle compartments were identified as independent predictors of lower leg CECS. The proposed predictive model has moderate discriminative ability (AUC 0.66) and good calibration over the complete range of predicted probabilities. The predictive model, displayed as a nomogram, may aid in selecting individuals requiring an invasive dynamic intracompartmental muscle pressure measurement.
怎么引导深入讨论？
Authors: Jiao Liwei 
Published: November 2017

提要
本文首先简单介绍了汉语作为外语(CFL)课堂上引导讨论的几种方法，包括对台戏法、老皇历法、一言堂法；然后以一个具体的商务汉语课堂上的例子比较详细地探讨了另一种引导讨论的方法——回马枪法的操作过程；最后用实际的语料验证了这种方法的效果。
Crustacean parasites.
Authors: Rohde K. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Of all the metazoan groups discussed in this book, the crustaceans are the most diverse and ubiquitous. Among them, the copepods are dominant. They, jointly with the monogeneans, are the most diverse group of metazoan ectoparasites of marine fishes; in addition, they infect a wide range of marine invertebrates. Thousands of species are already known, but many potential host groups have not been examined, and for this reason even approximate estimates of species numbers are impossible. Reflecting the diversity of hosts, copepods show an amazing variety of adaptations which secure infection of and survival on the hosts. Many copepods have great economic importance as agents of disease in wild and aquacultured fish populations. Isopods are primarily found in warm waters, they infect fish but also other crustaceans. Larval isopod parasites of the family Gnathiidae are abundant on the gills of tropical marine fish and represent a primary source of food for cleaner fish. Most branchiurans occur in fresh water, but a few species of the genus Argulus are ectoparasites on the skin of marine fish. The tiny tantulocarids are ectoparasites of other crustaceans. To date only 28 species have been described, and little is known about their biology. Thoracica and Rhizocephala are included in the Cirripedia. Few species of the Thoracica are parasitic (on dogfish and polychaetes), whereas the rhizocephalans parasitize other crustaceans. The latter are particularly fascinating because of their extreme sexual dimorphism, the extreme reduction of morphological complexity in the parasitic female, and their ability to change the behaviour of host crabs which benefits the parasite. The Ascothoracida infect various echinoderms and cnidarians. Amphipoda use many groups of marine animals as hosts, including medusae, siphonophores, ctenophores, and thaliaceans. Others (including the whale-lice) infect various marine mammals. When occurring in large numbers, whale-lice may even damage very large humpback whales.
Risks to forests in heavily polluted regions.
Authors: Luttermann A. , Freedman B. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Human populations and industrial activities have increased dramatically during the past several centuries. This has resulted in enormous emissions of air pollutants in many regions of the world, which continue to affect surrounding forests and other ecosystems. A description is given of the major constituents of air pollution typically found in heavily industrialized and urbanized regions, and the risks that these pose to nearby forests. From the perspective of forest health, the most important gaseous pollutants are sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), ammonia (NH3) and fluorides (especially HF). Other air pollutants which can have considerable effects include heavy metals suspended in gaseous emissions, such as copper and nickel, and the acidifying constituents of dry and wet deposition. Substantial variations in the effects of these pollutants are observed, ranging from acute local impacts to regional low-level changes in ecosystem composition and functioning. A commonly observed spatial pattern is a geometrical decrease in the intensity of effects spreading over a region away from a point-source.
Air pollution impacts on subarctic forests at Noril'sk, Siberia.
Authors: Kharuk V. I. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The Noril'sk mining industrial complex is having a dramatic impact on the subarctic forest-tundra transition area in the northern part of Siberia (Russia). The main pollutant, sulfur dioxide, has caused forest damage and mortality at distances up to 200 km downwind from the smelters. The sensitivity of the major tree and shrub species to pollutants decreases in the following order: larch (Larix gmelinii, L. russica [L. sibirica]), spruce (Picea obovata), birch (Betula pendula) and willow (Salix spp.). The soil sulfur content varies within the range 30-540 kg ha-1 in the upper 0-2 cm, and 100 to 250 kg ha-1 in the 0-20 cm layer. Heavy metals (copper, nickel and cobalt) in the upper soil horizons (0-10 cm) exceed background levels by a factor of 10-1000 at distances of up to 30 km from the smelters. A dramatic increase in forest mortality in the late 1970s and the early 1980s was attributed to the construction of taller stacks which facilitated pollution transfer over longer distances. The Noril'sk phenomenon is one of the greatest ecological catastrophes caused by man in the subarctic zone.
Trade in HFCS: cointegration with substitute goods.
Authors: Moss C. B. , Schmitz A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter develops a theoretical and empirical model to extend the depictions of the coalition arguments established by Moss and Schmitz (in chapter 18 of this volume, pp. 259-280) as to why changes may occur in the structure of the Sugar Alliance in the USA. This structure, in part, hinges on the substitutability between sugar and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), and the potential for trade with Mexico. This chapter focuses on discrete changes in structure. Specifically, it examines stable relationships between sugar (both raw and wholesale refined) and HFCS prices that persist over each phase of the development of HFCS.
A review of proposed maximum tolerated levels for fumonisins in maize and maize products.
Authors: Viljoen J. H. , Marasas W. F. O. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides and occur widely in maize and maize products. Fumonisins are the cause of leukoencephalomalacia in horses, pulmonary oedema in pigs, liver cancer in rats, and liver and kidney damage in many other animals. A statistical relationship between the occurrence of F. verticillioides and fumonisins in maize and oesophageal cancer in humans has been demonstrated in parts of South Africa and China. The "toxins derived from F. verticillioides" and fumonisin B1 have been labelled Group 2B carcinogens i.e. possibly carcinogenic to humans, by the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization. We reviewed the available epidemiological and toxicological evidence of the effects of fumonisins on humans and animals, their occurrence in maize and maize products, previously proposed or adopted maximum tolerated levels (MTLs) for fumonisins in maize and maize products, and the practical implications of MTLs set for maize and maize products. Based on the results of this study we propose the following MTLs for total fumonisins in maize and maize products for human consumption: 4 µg/g in whole, uncleaned maize; 2 µg/g in dry-milled maize products with a fat content ≥3.0%, dry weight basis (e.g. sifted and unsifted maize meal); 1 µg/g in dry-milled maize products with a fat content of ≤3.0%, dry weight basis (e.g. flaking grits, brewers grits, samp, maize rice, super and special maize meal).
Standardised testing for diatomaceous earth.
Authors: Fields P. , Allen S. , Korunic Z. , McLaughlin A. , Stathers T. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

A protocol for the evaluation of the efficacy of diatomaceous earth (DE) as grain protectant was developed. Four DE samples as admixture for wheat were evaluated against laboratory-reared cultures of 7- to 21-day-old unsexed adult Sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil; CSIRO strain 418) and Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle; CSIRO strain 4). Four different laboratories used this protocol for the evaluation of the DE samples. One laboratory conducted a rapid assessment test that uses physical characteristics to predict insecticidal activity. One laboratory tested the DE samples as surface treatments applied both as a dust and as a slurry. In general, there was good agreement between laboratories, although one laboratory had significantly higher mortality than the other. The possible reasons for this are discussed. The efficacy in the grain bioassay was not correlated with the efficacy in the surface bioassay.
Organic agriculture, sustainability and policy.
Authors: Jones D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The first section of this paper reviews some of the recent developments that have raised the policy profile of organic agriculture and the decision taken by OECD Environment Ministers in 2001 to undertake work on organic agriculture. The second section outlines the concept of sustainable agriculture and how organic agriculture may contribute to sustainability. The following section then discusses how the essential policy elements defined by the OECD for developing sustainable agriculture (i.e., reforming support policies, adopting an ecosystems approach, addressing externalities, enhancing the dissemination of information, and devising appropriate structural adjustment policies) relate to and impact on organic agriculture.
The biodiversity benefits of organic farming.
Authors: Bartram H. , Perkins A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Organic farming has been held up as a model of sustainable farming - delivering economic, social and environmental benefits. Taxpayer support is justified through the environmental "public" goods delivered, which extend to society as a whole and not just to the minority of consumers who choose to purchase organic food. One of the reasons consumers cite for buying organic food are benefits to the environment and for wildlife. However, various commentators have questioned the environmental claims made by the organic sector. Given these questions, plus the renewed emphasis on increasing UK organic primary production for both market and policy reasons, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) undertook a review of 33 published studies on the biodiversity differences associated with organically and conventionally managed farmland systems. General findings of these studies were that organically managed fields and farms had a greater biodiversity than conventionally managed sites. Management practices associated with organic regimes which were generally beneficial for biodiversity included mixed crop rotations, spring sowing of cereal crops, prohibition of herbicides and insecticides, use of farmyard manure, shallow ploughing and sensitive management of non-cropped field margin habitats. Practices that had negative impacts included weed control using mechanical methods and undersowing of crops.
The profitability of organic farming in Europe.
Authors: Nieberg H. , Offermann F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This paper discusses some methodological aspects important for the analysis of the economic performance of organic farming, and gives an overview of the profitability of organic farming in Europe at the farm level. On the basis of a review of current and previous studies, as well as farm accounting data, the incomes of organic and comparable conventional farms are compared, and the main factors influencing profitability, especially yields, price premia and support payments for organic farming are discussed. The analysis shows that organic farming has been an economically interesting alternative in many European countries even though yields were generally significantly lower. One of the main determinants of profitability is the realization of higher farm-gate prices. Premium prices could generally be realized for crop products, while for livestock products marketing was often more difficult. European Union and government support payments for organic farming as well as the design of the Common Agricultural Policy contributed to the success of the farms. While on average the profits of organic farms are very similar to those of comparable conventional farms, there was, however, a wide variation in performance within the samples and between countries and farm types. The development of profits in organic and comparable conventional farms is remarkably similar. This indicates that external, non-system inherent factors influence both farming systems in very much the same way. Comparing financially successful and less successful organic farms reveals that in organic farming too, size and cost-effectiveness of production matter.
Planning and developing 'destination Dubai' in the context of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
Authors: Kotsi F. , Michael I. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter initially reviews the development of tourism in Dubai, which is characterized as a relatively young and modern tourism destination, within the wider context of the UAE. The chapter considers the role sustainability plays in the development of a tourism destination and evaluates whether the staging of Expo 2020 can be used as an event to build a destination brand that exemplifies the principles of sustainability.
Control options for invasive alien plants in agroforestry in the Asia-Pacific region.
Authors: Sankaran K. V. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

In the Asia-Pacific region, some of the world's worst invasive alien plants have been present for over a century. Top of the list of terrestrial weeds that affect agroforestry are species such as Lantana camara (lantana), Chromolaena odorata (chromolaena), Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium), Mikania micrantha (mikania) and Mimosa diplotricha var. diplotricha (spiny mimosa). This chapter reviews briefly the control options for invasive alien plant management in agroforestry in the Asia-Pacific region, and discusses how preventive integrated pest management (IPM) measures provide a viable means of minimizing their impact. No single method is efficient enough to manage a weed population on its own. Hence, the complexity of agroforestry systems and the robust growth and reinvasion potential of invasive alien weeds provides an environment where an integrated management approach can yield the best results. Where possible, biological control should provide the cornerstone, and the appropriate mechanical, chemical, cultural control methods are then integrated as required. Regrettably, concerted efforts have not been made for effective implementation of IPM, especially in the Asia-Pacific region.
Selling to consumers.
Authors: Li S. C. H. , Rahimi R. , Stylos N. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter illustrates the importance of identifying the rural tourist profiles to boost business operations in this field and to support the rural tourism economy at large in developed countries. In this vein, profile characteristics, traits and other psychographic elements are presented according to the relevant rural tourist profiles and any changes throughout the years are provided; additionally, a comparison between urban and rural tourists is offered. The factors shaping rural tourists' motivations are established to categorize distinctive needs and wants. To assist the development of successful marketing strategies, a segmentation of the rural tourists is demonstrated. Marketing tools available to managers and the development of an integrated marketing communications mix are also discussed. The supply side of rural services is considered to offer a complete idea of the interactions between rural businesses and consumers.
Biodynamic agriculture today.
Authors: Leiber F. , Fuchs N. , Spiess H. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This subject is reviewed under the following headings: general principles in biodynamic farming, including mixed holdings, varied site-appropriate crop rotations, intensive organic fertilization, biodynamic preparations, livestock husbandry systems which fulfil the animals' welfare requirements, food quality, breeding locally adapted crop plant varieties, maintaining plant health, cosmic rhythms, low-impact soil management, landscape design, and design of the social and economic setting; the roots of biodynamic farming; and the main questions faced by biodynamic farmers and researchers.
Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa intoxication in Wapiti (Cervus canadensis).
Authors: Cook W. E. , Cornish T. E. , Williams E. S. , Brown B. , Hiatt G. , Kreeger T. J. , Dailey R. N. , Raisbeck M. F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This paper reports on a case of massive death (an estimated 400-500 dead animals) due to X. chlorochroa poisoning in a herd of elks found at the Red Rim in Carbon County, Wyoming, USA. Highlight of the report focused on the clinical aspects, histopathological findings as well as toxicological studies done on X. chlorochroa.
Is your article EV‐TRACKed?
Authors: Van Deun Jan , Hendrix An 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTThe EV‐TRACK knowledgebase is developed to cope with the need for transparency and rigour to increase reproducibility and facilitate standardization of extracellular vesicle (EV) research. The knowledgebase includes a checklist for authors and editors intended to improve the transparency of methodological aspects of EV experiments, allows queries and meta‐analysis of EV experiments and keeps track of the current state of the art. Widespread implementation by the EV research community is key to its success.