bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined early and adult life risk factor associations for mid-life obesity in a prospective birth cohort: assessing potential public health impact
Authors: Pinto Pereira Snehal M , van Veldhoven Karin , Li Leah , Power Chris 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveThe combined effect of life-course influences on obesity development and thus their potential public health impact is unclear. We evaluated combined associations and predicted probabilities for early and adult life risk factors with central and general obesity in mid-adulthood.Setting1958 British birth cohort.Participants4629 males and 4670 females with data on waist circumference.Outcome measures45 year obesity measured via waist circumference, waist–hip ratio (WHR) and BMI.ResultsAt 45 years, approximately a third of the population were centrally obese and a quarter were generally obese. Three factors (parental overweight, maternal smoking during pregnancy and adult inactivity) were consistently associated with central and general obesity. Predicted probabilities for waist obesity increased from those with none to all three risk factors (0.15–0.33 in men; 0.19–0.39 in women (ptrend<0.001)), with a similar trend for general obesity. Additional factors (adult smoking, low fibre and heavy alcohol consumption) were associated with WHR obesity, although varying by gender. Prevalence of risk factors was higher in manual than non-manual groups: for example, in men 38% versus 25%, respectively, had ≥2 risk factors for waist and general obesity.ConclusionsEarly-life and adult factors that are amenable to change are highly prevalent and accumulate in association with central and general obesity in mid-adulthood. The increase in probabilities for mid-adult obesity associated with cumulative levels of risk factors suggests the potential for public health impact.
Improving distress in dialysis (iDiD): a feasibility two-arm parallel randomised controlled trial of an online cognitive behavioural therapy intervention with and without therapist-led telephone support for psychological distress in patients undergoing haemodialysis
Authors: Hudson Joanna L , Moss-Morris Rona , Game David , Carroll Amy , McCrone Paul , Hotopf Matthew , Yardley Lucy , Chilcot Joseph 
Published: April 2016

IntroductionPsychological distress is common in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and is associated with poorer health outcomes. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is recommended in UK clinical guidelines for the management of depression in people with long-term conditions. Access to skilled therapists competent in managing the competing mental and physical health demands of ESKD is limited. Online CBT treatments tailored to the needs of the ESKD population offers a pragmatic solution for under-resourced services. This study examines the feasibility and acceptability of implementing a two-arm parallel randomised controlled trial of online CBT with (intervention arm) and without (control arm) therapist support to improve psychological distress in patients undergoing haemodialysis.MethodsPatients will be screened for depression and anxiety while attending for their haemodialysis treatments. We aim to recruit 60 adult patients undergoing haemodialysis who meet criteria for mild to moderately severe symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. Patients will be randomised individually (using a 1:1 computerised sequence ratio) to either online CBT with therapist telephone support (intervention arm), or online CBT with no therapist (control arm). Outcomes include feasibility and acceptability descriptive data on rates of recruitment, randomisation, retention and treatment adherence. Self-report outcomes include measures of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7), quality of life (Euro-QoL), service use (client service receipt inventory) and illness cognitions (brief illness perception questionnaire). A qualitative process evaluation will also be conducted. The statistician will be blinded to treatment allocation.Ethics and disseminationA National Health Service (NHS) research ethics committee approved the study. Data from this study will provide essential information for the design and testing of further interventions to ameliorate distress in patients undergoing dialysis. Any amendments to the protocol will be submitted to the NHS committee and study sponsor.Trial registration numberNCT023528702; Pre-results.
Comparison of the International Crowding Measure in Emergency Departments (ICMED) and the National Emergency Department Overcrowding Score (NEDOCS) to measure emergency department crowding: pilot study
Authors: Boyle Adrian , Abel Gary , Raut Pramin , Austin Richard , Dhakshinamoorthy Vijayasankar , Ayyamuthu Ravi , Murdoch Iona , Burton Joel 
Published: April 2016

IntroductionThere is uncertainty about the best way to measure emergency department crowding. We have previously developed a consensus-based measure of crowding, the International Crowding Measure in Emergency Departments (ICMED). We aimed to obtain pilot data to evaluate the ability of a shortened form of the ICMED, the sICMED, to predict senior emergency department clinicians’ concerns about crowding and danger compared with a very well-studied measure of emergency department crowding, the National Emergency Department Overcrowding Score (NEDOCS).MethodsWe collected real-time observations of the sICMED and NEDOCS and compared these with clinicians’ perceptions of crowding and danger on a visual analogue scale. Data were collected in four emergency departments in the East of England. Associations were explored using simple regression, random intercept models and models accounting for correlation between adjacent time points.ResultsWe conducted 82 h of observation in 10 observation sets. Naive modelling suggested strong associations between sICMED and NEDOCS and clinician perceptions of crowding and danger. Further modelling showed that, due to clustering, the association between sICMED and danger persisted, but the association between these two measures and perception of crowding was no longer statistically significant.ConclusionsBoth sICMED and NEDOCS can be collected easily in a variety of English hospitals. Further studies are required but initial results suggest both scores may have potential use for assessing crowding variation at long timescales, but are less sensitive to hour-by-hour variation. Correlation in time is an important methodological consideration which, if ignored, may lead to erroneous conclusions. Future studies should account for such correlation in both design and analysis.
Opportunistic detection of atrial fibrillation using blood pressure monitors: a systematic review
Authors: Kane Sarah A , Blake James R , McArdle Frank J , Langley Philip , Sims Andrew J 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) affects around 2% of the population and early detection is beneficial, allowing patients to begin potentially life-saving anticoagulant therapies. Blood pressure (BP) monitors may offer an opportunity to screen for AF.AimTo identify and appraise studies which report the diagnostic accuracy of automated BP monitors used for opportunistic AF detection.MethodsA systematic search was performed of the MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process and EMBASE literature databases. Papers were eligible if they described primary studies of the evaluation of a BP device for AF detection, were published in a peer-reviewed journal and reported values for the sensitivity and specificity. Included studies were appraised using the QUADAS-2 tool to assess their risk of bias and applicability to opportunistic AF detection. Values for the sensitivity and specificity of AF detection were extracted from each paper and compared.Results and ConclusionsWe identified seven papers evaluating six devices from two manufacturers. Only one study scored low risk in all of the QUADAS-2 domains. All studies reported specificity >85% and 6 reported sensitivity >90%. The studies showed that BP devices with embedded algorithms for detecting arrhythmias show promise as screening tools for AF, comparing favourably with manual pulse palpation. But the studies used different methodologies and many were subject to potential bias. More studies are needed to more precisely define the sensitivity and specificity of opportunistic screening for AF during BP measurement before its clinical utility in the population of interest can be assessed fully.
Groundwater recharge as the trigger of naturally occurring intraplate earthquakes
Authors: Costain John K. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
I explore the hypothesis that most intraplate earthquakes and their aftershock sequences are triggered by pore-fluid pressure increases. As proposed in this paper, data from the magnitude 5.7 Virginia earthquake of 23 August 2011 show that this is a two-step process. (1) First, from areas where there is greater than normal meteoric recharge, pore-fluid pressure diffusion by means of Biot slow waves transfers more pore-fluid pressure towards a future hypocentre. Here the cumulation of Biot slow waves produces a steady increase in pore-fluid overpressure until a main shock is triggered. (2) Then, aftershocks occur in the zone reaching from the depth of the main shock to a depth of a few kilometres below the land surface, preferring to localize in a weaker, pervasive anisotropic crustal fabric, in response to locally increased permeability and pore-fluid pressure transients caused by the main shock. The primary corrosive agent responsible for reducing the strength of silicate minerals in this upper crustal zone is water, so that quartz-rich crust tends to have lower values of Poisson's ratio. I show here that increases in pore-fluid overpressure from normal groundwater recharge can start crack dilation leading to fracturing and the creation of new permeability. Previous chemical analyses across the Central Virginia Piedmont that hosted the 2011 Virginia shock show high upper crustal quartz content. This proposed two-step model for a main shock-aftershock sequence explains why intraplate earthquakes are rarely correlated with recognizable brittle faults at the Earth's surface.

Supplementary material:
A biography of John Costain is available at
https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.2854324.v3
Healthy Lifestyle and Risk of Heart Failure
Authors: Larsson Susanna C. , Tektonidis Thanasis G. , Gigante Bruna , Åkesson Agneta , Wolk Alicja 
Published: April 2016

Background—
The joint impact of multiple healthy lifestyle factors on heart failure (HF) risk is unclear. We investigated the separate and collective associations of healthy lifestyle factors with HF incidence in 2 population-based prospective cohort studies.

Methods and Results—

This study consisted of 33 966 men (Cohort of Swedish Men) and 30 713 women (Swedish Mammography Cohort) who were 45 to 83 years of age and free of HF and ischemic heart disease at baseline. A healthy lifestyle was defined as being a nonsmoker and physically active (≥150 min/wk), and having body mass index between 18.5 and 25 kg/m
2
and a healthy diet (defined as adherence to a modified Mediterranean diet). Incident HF cases were ascertained by linkage with the Swedish National Patient Register and the Swedish Cause of Death Register. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to analyze the data. During13 years of follow-up, HF was diagnosed in 1488 men and 1096 women. Each healthy lifestyle factor was associated with a statistically significant lower risk of HF in both men and women, and the risk decreased with increasing number of healthy behaviors. The greatest reduction in HF risk was observed for combinations that included nonsmoking. Compared with men and women with none of the healthy lifestyle factors, the multivariable relative risks (95% confidence interval) of HF for those with all 4 healthy behaviors were 0.38 (0.28–0.53) in men and 0.28 (0.19–0.41) in women.

Conclusions—
Adhering to a healthy lifestyle is associated with a substantially lower HF risk.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifiers: NCT01127698 and NCT01127711.
Acute Stroke Imaging Research Roadmap III Imaging Selection and Outcomes in Acute Stroke Reperfusion Clinical Trials
Authors: Warach Steven J. , Luby Marie , Albers Gregory W. , Bammer Roland , Bivard Andrew , Campbell Bruce C.V. , Derdeyn Colin , Heit Jeremy J. , Khatri Pooja , Lansberg Maarten G. , Liebeskind David S. , Majoie Charles B.L.M. , Marks Michael P. , Menon Bijoy K. , Muir Keith W. , Parsons Mark W. , Vagal Achala , Yoo Albert J. , Alexandrov Andrei V. , Baron Jean-Claude , Fiorella David J. , Furlan Anthony J. , Puig Josep , Schellinger Peter D. , Wintermark Max , Ansari Sameer A. , Aviv Richard I. , Barreto Andrew D. , Broderick Joseph P. , Christensen Søren , Davis Stephen M. , Demchuk Andrew M. , Dippel Diederik W. , Donnan Geoffrey A. , Fiebach Jochen B. , Fiehler Jens , Houser Gary , Grotta James C. , Hacke Werner , Hill Michael D. , Hsia Amie W. , Jovin Tudor G. , Köhrmann Martin , Latour Lawrence L. , Leigh Richard , Lees Kennedy R. , Lev Michael D. , Marshall Randolph S. , Mocco J , Nadareishvili Zurab , Nogueira Raul G. , Olivot Jean Marc , Palesch Yuko , Pedraza Salvador , Sasaki Makoto , Saver Jeffrey L. , Savitz Sean I. , Schwamm Lee H. , Simpkins Alexis , Smith Wade S. , Thijs Vincent , Thomalla Götz , Wechsler Lawrence R. , Wu Ona , Zaharchuk Greg , Zaidat Osama O. 
Published: April 2016

Background and Purpose—
The Stroke Imaging Research (STIR) group, the Imaging Working Group of StrokeNet, the American Society of Neuroradiology, and the Foundation of the American Society of Neuroradiology sponsored an imaging session and workshop during the Stroke Treatment Academy Industry Roundtable (STAIR) IX on October 5 to 6, 2015 in Washington, DC. The purpose of this roadmap was to focus on the role of imaging in future research and clinical trials.

Methods—
This forum brought together stroke neurologists, neuroradiologists, neuroimaging research scientists, members of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), industry representatives, and members of the US Food and Drug Administration to discuss STIR priorities in the light of an unprecedented series of positive acute stroke endovascular therapy clinical trials.

Results—
The imaging session summarized and compared the imaging components of the recent positive endovascular trials and proposed opportunities for pooled analyses. The imaging workshop developed consensus recommendations for optimal imaging methods for the acquisition and analysis of core, mismatch, and collaterals across multiple modalities, and also a standardized approach for measuring the final infarct volume in prospective clinical trials.

Conclusions—
Recent positive acute stroke endovascular clinical trials have demonstrated the added value of neurovascular imaging. The optimal imaging profile for endovascular treatment includes large vessel occlusion, smaller core, good collaterals, and large penumbra. However, equivalent definitions for the imaging profile parameters across modalities are needed, and a standardization effort is warranted, potentially leveraging the pooled data resulting from the recent positive endovascular trials.
Prognosis of Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Occlusion
Authors: Hackam Daniel G. 
Published: April 2016

Background and Purpose—
The aim of this systematic review was to quantify the risk of ipsilateral stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery occlusion (ACAO).

Methods—

Studies reporting ipsilateral stroke risk in ACAO were identified by a search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and study bibliographies. Study estimates were pooled using a random effects model, and heterogeneity was quantified using the
I
2
statistic. The primary outcome was the annual rate of ipsilateral stroke.

Results—

Thirteen studies were identified, encompassing 718 patients with ACAO who were followed up for a median of 2.8 years. The annual rate of ipsilateral stroke was 1.3% (95% confidence interval, 0.4–2.1;
I
2
=53%). The annual rate of ipsilateral transient ischemic attack was 1.0% (95% confidence interval, 0.3–1.8;
I
2
=40%). The annual rate of death was substantially higher at 7.7% (95% confidence interval, 4.3–11.2;
I
2
=83%). Correction for possible publication bias for the primary outcome suggested a lower risk of ipsilateral stroke (0.3% per year; 95% confidence interval, –0.4 to 1.1).

Conclusions—
Stroke in ACAO is relatively infrequent, but patients face high mortality rates. This suggests the need for intensified medical therapy in ACAO.
All-Season Climatology and Variability of Atmospheric River Frequencies over the North Pacific
Authors: Mundhenk Bryan D. , Barnes Elizabeth A. , Maloney Eric D. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Recent work on atmospheric rivers (ARs) has led to a characterization of these impactful features as primarily cold-season phenomena. Here, an all-season analysis of AR incidence in the North Pacific basin is performed for the period spanning 1979–2014 using the NASA Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis dataset. An occurrence-based detection algorithm is developed and employed to identify and characterize ARs in instantaneous fields of anomalous vertically integrated water vapor transport. The all-season climatology and variability of AR frequencies due to the seasonal cycle, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), and their interactions are presented based on composites of the detected features. The results highlight that ARs exist throughout the year over the North Pacific, although their preferred locations shift substantially throughout the year. This seasonal cycle manifests itself as northward and westward displacement of ARs during the Northern Hemisphere warm seasons, rather than an absolute change in the number of ARs within the domain. It is also shown that changes to the North Pacific mean-state due to ENSO and the MJO may enhance or completely offset the seasonal cycle of AR activity, but that such influences on AR frequencies vary greatly based on location.
Fabricated bronchial artery embolization for hemoptysis using a coil
Authors: Miyano Yutaka , Kanzaki Masato , Obara Tetsuya , Onuki Takamasa 
Published: April 2016

Background Bronchial artery embolization is considered a conservative form of therapy for hemoptysis. This study aimed to examine the short- and long-term effects of bronchial artery embolization, as well as the performance of the coils used in our hospital. Methods We reviewed the background, symptoms, findings, and prognosis of 27 cases of bronchial artery embolization for hemoptysis between April 2003 and October 2011. For embolization materials, short coils combined with a long interlocking detachable coil were mainly used from March 2008. Results Aspergillosis and chronic empyema comprised the majority of cases. In terms of short-term results, there were 25 successful cases of bronchial artery embolization and 2 unsuccessful cases. Regarding the long-term outcome of the successful cases, during an average observation period of 17 months, one patient required repeat bronchial artery embolization, and one was admitted to another hospital with recurrent hemoptysis. Conclusions Bronchial artery embolization for hemoptysis was preformed in a safe and minimally invasive manner with positive results over both the short- and long-term, thus underscoring its utility as a form of treatment. Furthermore, by combining the use of long and short coils, we were able to reduce the number of coils necessary for the procedure, and thus reduce the time and cost involved.
Successful Doxycycline Therapy in a Patient With Escherichia coli and Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: White Cassandra R. , Jodlowski Tomasz Z. , Atkins Dylan T. , Holland Nicole G. 
Published: April 2016

Objective: To report on a patient with a symptomatic, polymicrobial Escherichia coli and multidrug-resistant (MDR), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae urinary tract infection (UTI) who was successfully treated with oral doxycycline hyclate. Case Summary: A 70-year-old white male inpatient with a history of recurrent UTI, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and diverticular disease was diagnosed with UTI and empirically treated with oral ciprofloxacin. Symptoms persisted 2 days later, and the patient was transitioned to amoxicillin/clavulanate by a different provider. The next day, upon receipt of the urine culture and susceptibility panel revealing E coli and MDR, ESBL-positive K pneumoniae infection, treatment was switched to doxycycline hyclate, which resulted in clinical improvement. Discussion: Complicated UTI involving multiple pathogens requires careful clinical judgment to select the appropriate antimicrobial agent, improve clinical outcomes, and prevent resistance. Treatment with doxycycline was based on the susceptibility panel and local resistance patterns. Advantages of doxycycline for UTI include its oral formulation, wide spectrum of activity, ability to achieve high concentration in the urine, and low toxicity. Conclusion: Doxycycline hyclate may be an effective treatment option for patients with susceptible MDR UTI.
A meta-analytic review of health information credibility
Authors: Yang Qinghua , Beatty Michael 
Published: April 2016

Background: Despite the large corpus of literature on the credibility of health information, results of studies that examined the effect sizes for relationships between credibility and expertise/trustworthiness are inconsistent and have drawn attention to the ambiguity and uncertainty that surrounds the relationship between these constructs in the literature. Objective: This study aimed to provide an estimate of the magnitude of the relationship between manipulated expertise and trustworthiness in predicting health information credibility and to search for potential moderators of the relationship. Method: Comprehensive searches of the Communication & Mass Media Complete, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Knowledge, and Medline databases were used to identify potentially eligible studies. No year range was set in this study. Application of strict inclusion and exclusion criteria identified 20 studies, which were analyzed using the R package. Results: Results indicated that manipulated expertise correlated with health information credibility at a higher level than did trustworthiness in the online but not offline context, and that sample characteristics (student vs. nonstudent populations; age of participants) as well as the year of publication of the study were significant moderators of the relationship. Conclusion: This meta-analytic review of the literature has contributed to knowledge about how health information is received and processed by those who seek it. While participants in studies included in this research perceived health information to be more credible when provided by an expert rather than a layperson, their perceptions were moderated by demographic characteristics. This highlights the importance of moderator analyses and provides guidance for future research and practice in health information management.