bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A synthetic data set of high-spectral-resolution infrared spectra for the Arctic atmosphere
Authors: Cox Christopher J. , Rowe Penny M. , Neshyba Steven P. , Walden Von P. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Cloud microphysical and macrophysical properties are critical for understanding the role of clouds in climate. These properties are commonly retrieved from ground-based and satellite-based infrared remote sensing instruments. However, retrieval uncertainties are difficult to quantify without a standard for comparison. This is particularly true over the polar regions, where surface-based data for a cloud climatology are sparse, yet clouds represent a major source of uncertainty in weather and climate models. We describe a synthetic high-spectral-resolution infrared data set that is designed to facilitate validation and development of cloud retrieval algorithms for surface- and satellite-based remote sensing instruments. Since the data set is calculated using pre-defined cloudy atmospheres, the properties of the cloud and atmospheric state are known a priori. The atmospheric state used for the simulations is drawn from radiosonde measurements made at the North Slope of Alaska (NSA) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) site at Barrow, Alaska (71.325° N, 156.615° W), a location that is generally representative of the western Arctic. The cloud properties for each simulation are selected from statistical distributions derived from past field measurements. Upwelling (at 60 km) and downwelling (at the surface) infrared spectra are simulated for 260 cloudy cases from 50 to 3000 cm−1 (3.3 to 200 µm) at monochromatic (line-by-line) resolution at a spacing of  ∼  0.01 cm−1 using the Line-by-line Radiative Transfer Model (LBLRTM) and the discrete-ordinate-method radiative transfer code (DISORT). These spectra are freely available for interested researchers from the NSF Arctic Data Center data repository (doi:10.5065/D61J97TT).
Human signatures derived from nighttime lights along the Eastern Alpine river network in Austria and Italy
Authors: Ceola Serena , Montanari Alberto , Parajka Juraj , Viglione Alberto , Blöschl Günter , Laio Francesco 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Understanding how human settlements and economic activities are distributed with reference to the geographical location of streams and rivers is of fundamental relevance for several issues, such as flood risk management, drought management related to increased water demands by human population, fluvial ecosystem services, water pollution and water exploitation. Besides the spatial distribution, the evolution in time of the human presence constitutes an additional key question. This work aims at understanding and analysing the spatial and temporal evolution of human settlements and associated economic activity, derived from nighttime lights, in the Eastern Alpine region. Nightlights, available at a fine spatial resolution and for a 22-year period, constitute an excellent data base, which allows one to explore in details human signatures. In this experiment, nightlights are associated to five distinct distance-from-river classes. Our results clearly point out an overall enhancement of human presence across the considered distance classes during the last 22 years, though presenting some differences among the study regions. In particular, the river network delineation, by considering different groups of river pixels based on the Strahler order, is found to play a central role in the identification of nightlight spatio-temporal trends.
Effects of anthropogenic land-subsidence on inundation dynamics: the case study of Ravenna, Italy
Authors: Carisi Francesca , Domeneghetti Alessio , Castellarin Attilio 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Can differential land-subsidence significantly alter river flooding dynamics, and thus flood risk in flood prone areas? Many studies show how the lowering of the coastal areas is closely related to an increase in the flood-hazard due to more important tidal flooding and see level rise. The literature on the relationship between differential land-subsidence and possible alterations to riverine flood-hazard of inland areas is still sparse, although several geographical areas characterized by significant land-subsidence rates during the last 50 years experienced intensification in both inundation magnitude and frequency. We investigate the possible impact of a significant differential ground lowering on flood hazard over a 77 km2 area around the city of Ravenna, in Italy. The rate of land-subsidence in the study area, naturally in the order of a few mm year−1, dramatically increased up to 110 mm year−1 after World War II, primarily due to groundwater pumping and gas production platforms. The result was a cumulative drop that locally exceeds 1.5 m. Using a recent digital elevation model (res. 5 m) and literature data on land-subsidence, we constructed a ground elevation model over the study area in 1897 and we characterized either the current and the historical DEM with or without road embankments and land-reclamation channels in their current configuration. We then considered these four different topographic models and a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to simulate and compare the inundation dynamics associated with a levee failure scenario along embankment system of the river Montone, which flows eastward in the southern portion of the study area. For each topographic model, we quantified the flood hazard in terms of maximum water depth (h) and we compared the actual effects on flood-hazard dynamics of differential land-subsidence relative to those associated with other man-made topographic alterations, which resulted to be much more significant.
A Critical Review of Consciousness-Raising Approaches: Applied Linguistics vs. Systemic Functional Linguistics
Authors: Pineh Aiyoub Jodairi 
Published: May 2016

<p class="2"><span lang="EN-AU">This paper is a critical review of the notion of consciousness-raising approach in the mainstream Applied Linguistics (AL) and Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). It reviews the development of this approach from traditional grammarian perspectives to the recent developments in AL, and compares and contrasts this approach in AL with the notion of grammatical metaphor (GM) in SFL as a compatible resource for consciousness-raising. The paper concludes that SFL introduces new and developmental resources of consciousness at different times and spaces, which is subject to further linguistic investigations. It has also implications for the English language teaching and learning in EFL contexts. </span></p>
Actividades contextualizadas: una opción metodológica para fomentar la verbalización estudiantil
Authors: Flores Morales Jairo José 
Published: May 2016

Este trabajo presenta el resultado de una intervención didáctica, con diversas actividades contextualizadas, se analizan las verbalizaciones orales y escritas ofrecidas por los estudiantes al solucionar variados problemas de índole probabilístico, valorando el papel que desempeña la idónea estructuración de sesiones didácticas, su tratamiento y la metodología empleada para lograr que los discentes expresen sus ideas, opiniones y soluciones con fluidez argumentativa.
Evaluación del control interno del área de Inventarios en la fábrica de puros ACCSA
Authors: Pérez Úbeda Florencio Germán 
Published: May 2016

El presente trabajo estuvo encauzado a la Evaluación del control interno del área de inventario de materia prima y productos terminados en la fábrica de puros ACCSA, mediante el análisis de los cinco componentes del informe COSO. Este estudio se realizó tomando en consideración el enfoque cuali-cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo y de corte transversal. La muestra utilizada fue de siete funcionarios de la empresa que están directamente relacionados con el área de inventarios. La información se obtuvo utilizando técnicas de levantamiento de datos, tales como: entrevistas, encuestas y revisión documental. Estos dieron un mejor entendimiento sobre los procedimientos que se llevan a cabo en la fábrica respecto a la administración y manejo del inventario de materiales y mercancías.Los resultados obtenidos indican que los controles internos de inventarios que se aplican en la fábrica son ineficientes, ocasionando problemas de segregación de funciones que derivan en incertidumbre en cuanto a la realización de las operaciones de inventario de manera efectiva y poniendo en duda la confiabilidad de la información financiera.
The Swiss Federal Code of Civil Procedure: Achievements and missed opportunities
Authors: Domej T. 
Published: May 2016

The Swiss Federal Code of Civil Procedure: Achievements and missed opportunities
In Zwitserland had elk kanton eigen procesrecht, totdat op 1 januari 2011 een landelijk geldend wetboek van burgerlijke rechtsvordering in werking is getreden. Dit artikel biedt informatie over de regels die sindsdien gelden voor de civiele procedure in Zwitserland en over de wijze waarop in Zwitserland wordt gewerkt aan rechtseenheid in de toepassing van die regels. Ingegaan wordt onder meer op de schikking in de preprocessuele fase, de procedure in eerste aanleg, de regiefunctie van de rechter en het hoger beroep
‘Dissenting opinions’ in religiezaken voor het Europees Hof (II)
Authors: van Bijsterveld Sophie 
Published: May 2016

Dissenting opinions in religion cases of the European Court of Human Rights (II). The Chamber
What divides the ECtHR in religion cases? Study of dissenting opinions in religion cases of the ECtHR sheds a light on dividing lines within the ECtHR and deepens our understanding of the methods of reasoning of the ECtHR itself. Following an analysis of dissenting opinions in religion cases in the rulings of the Grand Chamber of the ECtHR, this article focuses on the Chamber. As in the previous analysis, a clear pattern in the dividing lines is brought to light. This article discusses and evaluates this finding.
Waartoe is de Protestantse Kerk in Nederland op aarde?
Authors: Noordegraaf Herman 
Published: May 2016

What is the destination of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands? Her future according the report Church 2025
The Protestant Church accepted in November 2015 a report about her future. This reflection was necessary because of the shrinking amount of members and of income. The report combines a principal view on the essence of being church with practical proposals to get a more simple organisation of the church and savings in expenditures. The responsibility of the church for society is explicitly stated. Much shall depend on the concrete follow up. Needed is more attention to the question how this responsibility can get shape.
Toward Harmonization of Performance Criteria for Mycotoxin Screening Methods: The EU Perspective
Authors: Lattanzio Veronica M T 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Screening methods are defined as methods that are used to detect the presence of a substance or class of substances at the level of interest. These methods must have the capability of high sample throughput when being used to screen large numbers of samples for potential noncompliant results. Before using a screening method for practical applications, its fitness for the intended purpose needs to be demonstrated. This is normally achieved by conducting a validation study, comparing method performance against predefined criteria. Official guidelines recently established by the European Union for the evaluation of fitness-for-purpose performance parameters of screening methods to be used for the detection of mycotoxins in foods are presented and discussed herein. Practical applications of this evaluation scheme for single- and interlaboratory validation studies, as well as relevant information on screening method performances are reviewed, with emphasis on the impact of mycotoxin contamination in real samples on the fitness-for-purpose of the screening test. Lastly, validation follow-up is discussed in terms of extension of the scope of the method (increasing the range of application in terms of mycotoxin/matrix combinations), method implementation and verification, and evaluation of the method's applicability to modified mycotoxins.
Climate changes and environmental migrations in the Northeastern Semiarid
Authors: Bilar Alexsandro Bezerra Correia , Carvalho Renata Coppieters Oliveira de , Galvíncio Josicleda Domiciniano , Souza Werônica Meira de 
Published: May 2016

The present exploratory and descriptive study brings some thoughts and inferences about the relationships between rainfall, climate changes and environmental migrations in the small-sized municipalities of the northeastern semiarid, that is, the ones which are a part of the Caatinga biome. For this purpose, it was examined the case of Santana de Mangueira, municipality of Paraíba state, which currently has less than six thousand habitants, according to data from the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE (2010), bordering in the South with Serra Talhada/PE, which was used as the rainfall data collection source, due to the lack of such records in Santana de Mangueira/PB. The studied municipality presented a significant decrease in population, in approximately eigth per cent, according to the IBGE census performed during the years of 2000 and 2010, respectively. The central inquiry that subsidized the present studywas: How are the relationships between climate changes and rainfall affecting small-sized municipalities’ citizens’ lives in the Caatinga biome?As for the conclusions, it was found, through obtained data analysis, that the small-sized municipalities of the northeastern semiarid region, traditionally used to lose their citizens for bigger cities in the pursuit for better living conditions, tend to suffer an increase of the migration flow with the climate changes consequences worsening, as: drought period increase, desertification, and, consequently, family agriculture and cattle raising reduction. Key words: Caatinga, Environmental migrations, Climate changes, Rainfall.
First-principles study on bottom-up fabrication process of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons
Authors: Kaneko Tomoaki , Tajima Nobuo , Ohno Takahisa 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We investigate the energetics of a polyanthracene formation in the bottom-up fabrication of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons on Au(111) using first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory. We show that the structure of precursor molecules plays a decisive role in the C–C coupling reaction. The reaction energy of the dimerization of anthracene dimers is a larger negative value than that of the dimerization of anthracene monomers, suggesting that the precursor molecule used in experiments has a favorable structure for graphene nanoribbon fabrication.
Effects of the Mo composition of Mo-alloyed Yb/Si contacts on the microstructures and electrical properties
Authors: Na Sekwon , Eom Tae-yil , Joo Young-Chang , Lee Hoo-Jeong 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In this study, we investigate the effects of the Mo composition of Mo-alloyed Yb/Si contacts on the microstructures during silicidation and the electrical properties of the contacts. We co-sputter Mo and Yb to produce Mo-alloyed Yb films with different Mo compositions (5, 20, 40, and 50 at. %) and anneal them at elevated temperatures (500–700 °C). Our material characterization elucidates a series of material reactions, including solid-state amorphization and the nucleation and growth of epitaxial YbSi2−

x
. The increase of the Mo content hinders the growth of the epitaxial layer, producing a thinner epitaxial layer, and increases the stability of the epitaxial layer against oxidation at high temperatures. Electrical measurement of the contact properties indicates that the Mo 20% sample has the best contact properties.
The influence of Southern Ocean winds on the North Atlantic carbon sink
Authors: Bronselaer Ben , Zanna Laure , Munday David R. , Lowe Jason 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObserved and predicted increases in Southern Ocean winds are thought to upwell deep ocean carbon and increase atmospheric CO2. However, Southern Ocean dynamics affect biogeochemistry and circulation pathways on a global scale. Using idealized Massachusetts Institute of Technology General Circulation Model (MITgcm) simulations, we demonstrate that an increase in Southern Ocean winds reduces the carbon sink in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre. The increase in atmospheric CO2 due to the reduction of the North Atlantic carbon sink is shown to be of the same magnitude as the increase in atmospheric CO2 due to Southern Ocean outgassing. The mechanism can be described as follows: The increase in Southern Ocean winds leads to an increase in upper ocean northward nutrient transport. Biological productivity is therefore enhanced in the tropics, which alters the chemistry of the subthermocline waters that are ultimately upwelled in the subpolar gyre. The results demonstrate the influence of Southern Ocean winds on the North Atlantic carbon sink and show that the effect of Southern Ocean winds on atmospheric CO2 is likely twice as large as previously thought in past, present, and future climates.
Satellite‐derived surface temperature and in situ measurement at Solfatara of Pozzuoli (Naples, Italy)
Authors: Silvestri M. , Cardellini C. , Chiodini G. , Buongiorno M. F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractGround thermal anomalies in volcanic‐hydrothermal systems, where the outflow of hot fluids gives rise to fumarolic fields, soil degassing, and hot soils, have, up to now, rarely been investigated by using satellite. Here we report a comparison between surface temperature derived by satellite data and a large data set of measured soil temperatures and CO2fluxes for a volcanic‐hydrothermal system, the Solfatara of Pozzuoli (Campi Flegrei, Italy). Surface temperatures derived from ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) data are compared with soil temperatures and CO2fluxes from four surveys performed in 2003, 2010, and in 2014. The good match between the spatial distributions of computed and measured temperatures suggests the adequacy of satellite data to describe the Solfatara thermal anomaly, while the correspondence between temperatures and CO2fluxes, evidences the link between degassing and heating processes. The ASTER derived surface temperatures (14–37°C) are coherent with those measured in the soil (10–97°C at 10 cm depth), considering the effect of the thermal gradients which characterize the degassing area of Solfatara. This study shows that satellite data can be a very powerful tool with which to study surface thermal anomalies, and can provide a supplementary tool to monitor thermal evolution of restless volcanoes.
Storm time current distribution in the inner equatorial magnetosphere: THEMIS observations
Authors: Yang Y. Y. , Shen C. , Dunlop M. , Rong Z. J. , Li X. , Angelopoulos V. , Chen Z. Q. , Yan G. Q. , Ji Y. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFor the first time, the current density distribution in the inner equatorial magnetosphere ranging from 4 to 12 RE (RE is the Earth radius, 6371 km) has been obtained by using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) (P3, P4, and P5) three point magnetic measurements. This study mainly focuses on the storm events when the constellation of the three THEMIS spacecraft has relatively small separation distance. Two cases with different storm activities are first displayed to illustrate the effectiveness of the method. The inner magnetospheric equatorial current distribution ranging from 4 to 12 RE is shown through statistical analysis. The features of current density are separately analyzed for the storm main phase and the recovery phase. The statistical study reveals that with increasing radial distance the predominant ring current density reverses from Eastward (below r = 4.8 RE, where r is the geocentric radial distance) to Westward, but that the distribution behaves differently for the two phases of activity. During the main phase, both the westward and eastward current are enhanced by added signal and are more dynamic so that both radial profile and magnetic local time (MLT) structure is obscured. During the recovery phase, the radial profile of the westward current is smooth and peaks, then falls, between r = 5–7.5 RE showing some MLT dependence in this region. Beyond r = 7.5 RE, the current is lower and nearly constant and shows little MLT variation. The results also suggest that the change from eastward to westward current depends on the storm phase and hence storm activity.
Velocity structure near IODP Hole U1309D, Atlantis Massif, from waveform inversion of streamer data and borehole measurements
Authors: Harding Alistair J. , Arnulf Adrien F. , Blackman Donna K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSeismic full waveform inversion (FWI) is a promising method for determining the detailed velocity structure of the igneous oceanic crust, especially for locations such as the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge with significant lateral heterogeneity and seafloor topography. We examine the accuracy of FWI by inverting, after downward continuation to datum just above the seafloor, a multichannel seismic (MCS) profile from Atlantis Massif oceanic core complex at 30°N that passes close to Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole U1309D and comparing the results against borehole measurements and existing on‐bottom refraction data. The comparisons include the results of IODP Expedition 340T, which extended the sonic logging and vertical seismic profiling to the bottom of the borehole at 1400 m below seafloor. Compared to travel time tomography, the refinement in velocity and velocity gradient produced by FWI significantly improves the overall match to the borehole measurements, and allows the multilevel pattern of deformation and alteration of the detachment footwall seen in Hole U1309D to be extrapolated across the Central Dome. Prestack depth migration of the profile using the FWI velocities reveals the top and edges of the high‐velocity, gabbroic core of the massif. It also indicates that the comparatively uniform gabbroic rocks drilled at Hole U1309D extend to ∼2.5 km below seafloor but overlie an extended, ∼2 km thick, mantle transition zone.
The role of the atmospheric electric field in the dust‐lifting process
Authors: Esposito F. , Molinaro R. , Popa C. I. , Molfese C. , Cozzolino F. , Marty L. , Taj‐Eddine K. , Di Achille G. , Franzese G. , Silvestro S. , Ori G. G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMineral dust particles represent the most abundant component of atmospheric aerosol in terms of dry mass. They play a key role in climate and climate change, so the study of their emission processes is of utmost importance. Measurements of dust emission into the atmosphere are scarce, so that the dust load is generally estimated using models. It is known that the emission process can generate strong atmospheric electric fields. Starting from the data we acquired in the Sahara desert, here, we show for the first time that depending on the relative humidity conditions, electric fields contribute to increase up to a factor of 10 the amount of particles emitted into the atmosphere. This means that electrical forces and humidity are critical quantities in the dust emission process and should be taken into account in climate and circulation models to obtain more realistic estimations of the dust load in the atmosphere.