bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Quinine Odyssey: A Barometer of the State of Organic Synthesis Over Centuries
Authors: Bissember Alex C. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe year 2024 marks the 80th anniversary of the landmark formal synthesis of (±)‐quinine completed by Woodward and Doering. This article examines the evolution of approaches to access this storied Cinchona alkaloid natural product which represent a microcosm the progress that has been made in organic synthesis over the past ~170 years. Seminal contributions led by Pasteur, Rabe, Woodward, Uskoković, Stork, Jacobsen, Hayashi, Maulide and others are discussed.
Stable Antiaromatic [16]Triphyrin(2.1.1) with Core Modification: Synthesis Using a 16π Electrocyclic Reaction
Authors: Hirai Yuya , Kawazoe Yosuke , Yamashita Ken‐ichi 
Published: September 2024

AbstractAntiaromatic porphyrinoids have attracted significant attention owing to their unique electronic properties and potential applications. However, synthesis of antiaromatic contracted porphyrinoids is challenging owing to the inherent instability associated with smaller ring sizes. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of the first stable trioxa[16]triphyrin(2.1.1), a novel 16π antiaromatic contracted porphyrinoid. We utilized a core modification approach to stabilize the [16]triphyrin(2.1.1). X‐ray crystallographic analysis revealed a nearly planar structure. Electrochemical studies demonstrated reversible oxidation behavior and a small HOMO–LUMO gap, which was consistent with its antiaromatic nature. Chemical oxidation yielded an aromatic [14]triphyrin(2.1.1) dication, highlighting the antiaromaticity–aromaticity switching capability of this system. This synthesis involved the discovery of a key intermediate, dihydrotrioxatriphyrin(2.1.1), which underwent oxidative dehydrogenation to yield the target compound. Theoretical calculations suggested that dihydrotrioxatriphyrin(2.1.1) formed via a rare 16π electrocyclic reaction. The successful synthesis and characterization of this stable trioxa[16]triphyrin(2.1.1) underscores the potential of the core modification strategies for the rational design of novel antiaromatic systems with tunable properties. Moreover, the discovery of the rare 16π electrocyclic reaction advances the understanding of high‐order pericyclic processes and may inspire new synthetic strategies for complex macrocyclic compounds.
Adherence, clinical benefits, and adverse effects of endocrine therapies among women with nonmetastatic breast cancer in developing countries: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Elshafie Shaimaa , Trivedi Rupal , Villa‐Zapata Lorenzo A. , Tackett Randall L. , Zaghloul Iman Y. , Young Henry N. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBackgroundDespite significant advances in breast cancer control and survival with endocrine therapies (ETs), treatment utilization and outcomes in developing countries have not been adequately explored. This review evaluated ET adherence, potential benefits, and harms in populations across developing countries.MethodsA literature search was conducted through August 2023 in five databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Global Health, and WHO Global Index Medicus. Retrieved records were screened to identify observational research presenting at least one outcome in women with nonmetastatic breast cancer in developing countries who received ET (tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors). A random effects model was used to compute the rates of adherence, discontinuation, adverse events (AEs), disease progression, and death.ResultsA total of 104 studies met the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was low in most studies, and a large portion of the patients involved Asians. The overall heterogeneity between studies was partially attributed to variations in study design or outcome measurement method. Results showed a pooled adherence rate of 75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 67%–81%) and a discontinuation rate of 16% (95% CI, 10%–25%). Treatment side effects and young age consistently emerged as significant predictors of nonadherence. A wide range of AEs was identified in our analysis. The estimated average rates of cancer recurrence and mortality at 5‐years were 16% and 8%, respectively.ConclusionsThe findings of this study underscore suboptimal ET use in developing countries and provide comprehensive insights into treatment experiences in the real‐world setting. Targeted strategies are warranted to enhance adherence and subsequently optimize treatment benefits.
Scaled Complexity of Mammalian Astrocytes: Insights From Mouse and Macaque
Authors: Heffernan Kate S. , Martinez Indeara , Jaeger Dieter , Khakh Baljit S. , Smith Yoland , Galvan Adriana 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTAstrocytes intricately weave within the neuropil, giving rise to characteristic bushy morphologies. Pioneering studies suggested that primate astrocytes are more complex due to increased branch numbers and territory size compared to rodent counterparts. However, there has been no comprehensive comparison of astrocyte morphology across species. We employed several techniques to investigate astrocyte morphology and directly compared them between mice and rhesus macaques in cortical and subcortical regions. We assessed astrocyte density, territory size, branching structure, fine morphological complexity, and interactions with neuronal synapses using a combination of techniques, including immunohistochemistry, adeno‐associated virus–mediated transduction of astrocytes, diOlistics, confocal imaging, and electron microscopy. We found significant morphological similarities between primate and rodent astrocytes, suggesting that astrocyte structure has scaled with evolution. Our findings show that primate astrocytes are larger and more numerous than those in rodents but contest the view that primate astrocytes are morphologically far more complex.
Connectivity of the Claustrum–Endopiriform Complex with the Presubiculum and Hippocampal Regions in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Honda Yoshiko , Moriya‐Ito Keiko , Shimokawa Tetsuya , Kobayashi Yasushi 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTWe have investigated the hippocampal connectivity of the marmoset presubiculum (PreS) and reported that major connections of PreS in the rat were conserved in the marmoset. Moreover, our results indicated the presence of several additional projections that were almost absent in the rat brain, but abundant in the marmoset, such as direct projections from CA1 to PreS. However, little is known about the connectivity between the frontal brain regions and PreS or hippocampal formation. Therefore, we investigated the distribution of cells of the origins and terminals of the presubicular and hippocampal projections in the marmoset frontal brain regions using the retrograde and anterograde tracer cholera toxin B subunit. In cases of tracer injections into all layers of PreS, many neurons and terminals were labeled in the claustrum–endopiriform (Cl–En) complex almost entirely along the rostrocaudal axis. Even in cases where the injection site involved the superficial (not deep) layers of PreS, labeled neurons and terminals were distributed over a wide rostrocaudal range of the Cl–En complex, but their number and density were significantly lower than the whole‐layer injection cases. In cases where the injection site was confined to the hippocampal formation, labeled cells and terminals were localized at a restricted portion of the Cl–En complex. Here, we demonstrate for what we believe to be the first time the strong, reciprocal connections of the Cl–En complex with PreS and projections from the Cl–En complex to the hippocampal regions (CA1 and the subiculum) in the marmoset. Our findings indicate that the Cl–En complex may exert a strong influence on the cortical and subcortical outputs from PreS and, in turn, the entire memory circuitry in the marmoset brain.
Parent and patient knowledge and attitudes about cancer predisposition syndrome genetic testing in pediatric oncology: Understanding sociodemographic and parent–child differences
Authors: Rapoport Chelsea S. , Masser‐Frye Diane , Mehta Sapna , Choi Alyssa K. , Olfus Sydney , Korhummel Megan , Hoyo Veronica , Dimmock David , Malcarne Vanessa L. , Kuo Dennis J. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBackgroundCancer predisposition syndromes (CPS) impact about 10% of patients with pediatric cancer. Genetic testing (CPS‐GT) has multiple benefits, but few studies have described parent and child knowledge and attitudes regarding CPS‐GT decision‐making. This study examined parent and patient CPS‐GT decision‐making knowledge and attitudes.ProcedureEnglish‐ or Spanish‐speaking parents of children with pediatric cancer and patients with pediatric cancer ages 15–18 within 12 months of diagnosis or relapse were eligible to participate. Seventy‐five parents and 19 parent‐patient dyads (N = 94 parents, 77.7% female, 43.6% Latino/a/Hispanic; 19 patients, 31.6% female) completed surveys measuring CPS‐GT‐related beliefs. Independent samples t‐tests compared parent responses across sociodemographic characteristics and parent‐patient responses within dyads.ResultsSpanish‐speaking parents were significantly more likely than English‐speaking parents to believe that CPS‐GT not being helpful (p < .001) and possibly causing personal distress (p = .002) were important considerations for deciding whether to obtain CPS‐GT. Parents with less than four‐year university education, income less than $75,000, or Medicaid (vs. private insurance) were significantly more likely to endorse that CPS‐GT not being helpful was an important consideration for deciding whether to obtain CPS‐GT (p < .001). Parents felt more strongly than patients that they understood what CPS‐GT was (p = .01) and that parents should decide whether patients under 18 should receive CPS‐GT (p = .002).ConclusionsSpanish‐speaking parents and parents with lower socioeconomic statuses were more strongly influenced by the potential disadvantages of CPS‐GT in CPS‐GT decision‐making. Parents felt more strongly than patients that parents should make CPS‐GT decisions. Future studies should investigate mechanisms behind these differences and how to best support CPS‐GT knowledge and decision‐making.
Knockdown of PRDX2 Inhibits the Proliferation, Growth, Migration, Invasion, and MMP9 Activity of Ewing's Sarcoma Cells Cultured In Vitro
Authors: Xue Ruifeng , Fan Zhengfu , An Yunhe 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundEwing’s sarcoma (ES) is the second most common malignant primary bone tumor in children and adolescents. Peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2) is an antioxidant enzyme.AimsHere, we investigated the role and mechanism of PRDX2 in the development of ES.Methods and resultsPRDX2 expression was knocked down in A673 and RDES cells by specific siRNA interference (si‐PRDX2). Knockdown of PRDX2 strongly inhibited the proliferation, growth, migration, invasion, and MMP9 activity and induces apoptosis of A673 and RDES cells. si‐PRDX2 significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and the expression of cyclin D1. The transcription factor that might regulate PRDX2 transcription was predicted with the JASPAR and UCSC databases, and analyzed using dual‐luciferase and Chromatin co‐immunoprecipitation experiments. SNAI1 could activate the transcription of PRDX2 by binding to predicted promoter binding site.ConclusionPRDX2 may be a potential therapeutic target for ES.
Chinese Medicines and Natural Medicine as Immunotherapeutic Agents for Gastric Cancer: Recent Advances
Authors: Zhang Zhipeng , Chen Ziqi , Que Zujun , Fang Zhihong , Zhu Huirong , Tian Jianhui 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroudAccording to the 2020 statistics from the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), it is projected that there will be over 1 million new cases of gastric cancer (GC) patients worldwide in 2020, resulting in approximately 770 000 deaths. Gastric cancer ranks fifth in terms of incidence rate and forth in death rate among malignant tumors. Despite advancements in early diagnostic techniques, the incidence of GC has exhibited a marginal decline; nevertheless, the mortality rate remains elevated for advanced inoperable patients with no currently available efficacious treatment options.Recent FindingChinese medicine (CM) has emerged as an efficacious treatment for GC, gradually gaining acceptance and widespread usage in China. It exhibits distinctive advantages in the prevention and treatment of metastasis. CM and natural medicine possess the ability to elicit antitumor effects by augmenting immune cell population, enhancing immune cell activity, and improving the tumor immune microenvironment. CMs and natural remedies encompass a diverse range of types, characterized by multiple targets, pathways, and extensive pharmacological effects. Consequently, they have become a prominent research area among oncologists worldwide. Numerous studies have demonstrated that CM and natural medicine can directly or indirectly enhance innate immune system components (including macrophages, natural killer cells, and myeloid suppressor cells), adaptive immune system elements (such as T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells), relevant cytokines (e.g., IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐10, TNF‐α), and PD‐1/PD‐L1 axis regulation, thereby bolstering the cytotoxicity of immune cells against tumor cells.ConclusionsThis ultimately leads to an improved tumor immune microenvironment facilitating superior antitumor efficacy. This paper critically examines the role of CM and natural medicine in regulating immunotherapy for GC, aiming to establish a new theoretical framework for the clinical treatment and prevention of gastric cancer within the realm of CM.
Identification of Biomarkers Associated With Paget's Disease of Bone and Bone Metastasis From Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Bhardwaj Mahima , Begum Farhana , Singh Duleswar , Krupanidhi Srirama , Yadav Virendra Kumar , Sahoo Dipak Kumar , Patel Ashish , Singh Sachidanand 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe bone is among the most frequently chosen sites for the metastatic spread of breast cancer. The prediction of biomarkers for BM (Bone Metastasis) and PDB (Paget's disease of bone) initiated from breast cancer could be critically important in categorizing individuals with a higher risk and providing targeted treatment for PDB and BM.AimsThis research aims to investigate the common key candidate biomarkers that contribute to BM‐BCa (Bone metastasis of breast cancer) and PDB by employing network decomposition and functional enrichment studies.Methods and ResultsThis research analyzed high‐throughput transcriptome sequencing (RNA‐Seq). For this work, the dataset (GSE121677) was downloaded from GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus), and DEGs were identified using Galaxy and R script 4.3. Using STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes), high‐throughput research created a protein‐protein interaction network (PPIN). The BM‐PDB‐interactome was created using Cytoscape 3.9.1 and PDB biomarkers, with the top 3% DEGs from BM‐BCa. Functional Enrichment Analysis (Funrich 3.1.3) and DAVID 6.8 performed functional and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of putatively essential biomarkers. TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) validated the discovered genes. Based on our research, we identified 1262 DEGs; among these DEGs, 431 genes were upregulated, and 831 genes were downregulated. During the third growth of the interactome, 20 more genes were pinned to the BM‐PDB interactome. RAC2, PIAS1, EP300, EIF2S1, and LRP6 are among the additional 25% of genes identified to interact with the BM‐PDB interactome. To corroborate the findings of the research presented, additional functional and gene set enrichment analyses have been performed.ConclusionOf the five reported genes (RAC2, PIAS1, EP300, EIF2S1, and LRP6), RAC2 was identified to function as the common key potential biomarker in the BM‐PDB interactome analysis and validated by TCGA in the study presented.
Synthesis of Diketopyrrolopyrrole Based Photoactive Materials via Photoredox C−H Activation
Authors: Kumar Vinay , Yadagiri Bommaramoni , Prakash Singh Surya 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe synthesis of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) derivatives followed the well‐known conventional cross‐coupling methods such as Suzuki, Stille, Sonogashira, and Negishi cross‐coupling reactions. However, these methods required unfavorable reaction conditions, organometallic precursors, and high temperatures. In addition, the synthesis of conventional cross‐coupling partners including organoboranes, stannane, and acetylenes required drastic reaction conditions and strong bases. In this work, a wide variety of thiophene‐diketopyrrolopyrrole (TDPP)‐based semiconducting materials (36 compounds) were synthesized via Pd‐catalysed photoredox methodology by using N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHP) based coupling partners, which can be readily prepared from N‐hydroxyphthalimide and carboxylic acid or aldehyde derivatives via single step C−O bond formation reactions with good yield (80–90 %). This methodology minimizes additional synthetic steps, harsh reaction conditions, and high temperature (100–150 °C). Optoelectronic studies suggest that the synthesized materials have suitable band gap, HOMO and LUMO levels for variety of optoelectronic applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis of TDPP‐based π‐conjugated materials via the photoredox method.
Apologize or deny? How companies defend legitimacy of Wall street, Main street, and Market street after corporate misconduct
Authors: Oberhauser Marc , Conrad Marcus , Holtbrügge Dirk 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to analyze which measures corporations use to defend legitimacy after conducting misconduct and how different stakeholders react to these legitimacy‐defending measures (LDMs). Drawing on legitimacy theory and the concept of thought worlds, we derive hypotheses for three stakeholder groups and two types of corporate misconduct (CM): social‐ and environmental‐related CM and product‐ and service‐related CM. These hypotheses are tested in a sample of 343 cases of CM. Data for these CM were hand‐collected from various corporate publications, newspapers, and websites. We find that investors, customers, and society respond differently to different LDMs and different types of CM. The study contributes a stakeholder‐ and CM‐differentiated approach to legitimacy theory and adds to the literature on corporate misconduct, corporate legitimacy, and stakeholder management.
High‐Performance Hardware Structure of ChaCha20 Stream Cipher Based on Sparse Parallel Prefix Adder
Authors: Rashidi Bahram 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a high‐performance and area‐efficient hardware structure of the ChaCha20 stream cipher is presented. The most complex operation in the ChaCha20 stream cipher is addition modulo 232. The addition is used in the round function computations and the addition of the last round result and initial state. We use the proposed sparse parallel prefix adder for the implementation of addition modulo 232, which has a low critical path delay. In the proposed structure, to reduce area consumption, we use resource sharing with minimum hardware. To increase throughput and speed, the four registers are used with two main tasks including the storing intermediate results of the round function and the break critical path delay for the pipeline of the structure. Also, based on the used registers in the structure, the computations of the last clock cycle of the previous round function and the first clock cycle from the next round function are computed concurrently. Implementation results such as delay, computation time, area, and throughput of the proposed structure in 180 nm CMOS technology and FPGA implementation on the device Xilinx Virtex‐7 XC7VX485T are achieved. The achieved results show that the design has better hardware and timing properties compared with other works.
Cognitive Control Moderates Associations Between Domains of Temperamental Reactivity and Preschoolers’ Social Behaviors
Authors: Mistry‐Patel Sejal , Nyman‐Mallis Tristin , Dollar Jessica M. , Gagne Jeffrey R. , Brooker Rebecca J. 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTTemperamental characteristics and emerging cognitive control are meaningful predictors of children's development of adaptive and maladaptive social behaviors during the preschool period. However, knowledge of the interplay of these pathways, when examined concurrently to highlight their individual contributions, is limited. Using a cross‐sectional sample of 3‐year‐old children, we examined parent‐reported discrete traits of negative (anger, fear, sadness, and shyness) and positive (low‐ and high‐intensity pleasure) temperamental reactivity as predictors of children's prosociality and physical aggression. Further, we tested whether the effects of discrete temperament were moderated by cognitive control, as indexed by the N2 event‐related potential, during a go/no‐go task. Analyses focus on a subsample of children with an observable N2 (n = 66). When controlling for other relative temperament traits, several significant main effects emerged. Moreover, at low cognitive control (smaller N2), fear was negatively associated with aggression, whereas at high cognitive control, sadness was positively associated with aggression. Heightened anger was linked to reduced prosocial behavior when cognitive control was low but linked to greater prosocial behavior when cognitive control was high. The results highlight that discrete temperament traits predict individual differences in child outcomes but that associations depend on concurrent levels of cognitive control.
Greater Frontoparietal Connectivity During Task Engagement Among Toddlers With Parent‐Reported Inattention
Authors: Joseph Heather M. , Santosa Hendrik , Fisher Nadiyah , Huppert Theodore , Morgan Judith K. 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTAttention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with lifelong impairments. ADHD‐related behaviors have been observed as early as toddlerhood for children who later develop ADHD. Children with ADHD have disrupted connectivity in neural circuitry involved in executive control of attention, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and dorsal attention network (DAN). It is not known if these alterations in connectivity can be identified before the onset of ADHD. Children (N = 51) 1.5–3 years old were assessed using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy while engaging with a book. The relation between mother‐reported ADHD‐related behaviors and neural connectivity, computed using robust innovation‐based correlation, was examined. Task engagement was high across the sample and unrelated to ADHD‐related behaviors. Observed attention was associated with greater connectivity between the right lateral PFC and the right temporal parietal junction (TPJ). Children with greater ADHD‐related behaviors had greater frontoparietal connectivity, particularly between the PFC bilaterally and the right TPJ. Toddlers at risk for developing ADHD may require increased frontoparietal connectivity to sustain attention. Future work is needed to examine early interventions that enhance developing attention and their effect on neural connectivity between the PFC and attention networks.