bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Male‐biased hermaphrodites in a gynodioecious shrub,Daphne jezoensis
Authors: Sinclair J. P. , Kameyama Y. , Shibata A. , Kudo G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGynodioecy, a state where female and hermaphrodite plants coexist in populations, has been widely proposed an intermediate stage in the evolutionary pathway from hermaphroditism to dioecy. In the gynodioecy–dioecy pathway, hermaphrodites may gain most of their fitness through male function once females invade populations. To test this prediction, comprehensive studies on sex ratio variation across populations and reproductive characteristics of hermaphrodite and female phenotypes are necessary. This study examined the variation in sex ratio, sex expression, flower and fruit production and sexual dimorphism of morphological traits in a gynodioecious shrub,Daphne jezoensis, over multiple populations and years. Population sex ratio (hermaphrodite:female) was close to 1:1 or slightly hermaphrodite‐biased. Sex type of individual plants was largely fixed, but 15% of plants changed their sex during a 6‐year census. Hermaphrodite plants produced larger flowers and invested 2.5 times more resources in flower production than female plants, but they exhibited remarkably low fruit set (proportion of flowers setting fruits). Female plants produced six times more fruits than hermaphrodite plants. Low fruiting ability of hermaphrodite plants was retained even when hand‐pollination was performed. Fruit production of female plants was restricted by pollen limitation under natural conditions, irrespective of high potential fecundity, and this minimised the difference in resources allocated to reproduction between the sexes. Negative effects of previous flower and fruit production on current reproduction were not apparent in both sexes. This study suggests that gynodioecy in this species is functionally close to a dioecious mating system: smaller flower production with larger fruiting ability in female plants, and larger flower production with little fruiting ability in hermaphrodite plants.
Nonproliferation and Norm Discourse: An Agentic Constructivist Model of U.S. Nuclear Export Policy Changes
Authors: Lantis Jeffrey S. 
Published: April 2016

U.S. government claims of support for the global nonproliferation norm sometimes appear contradicted by dramatic changes in its policies regarding support for peaceful nuclear energy programs around the world. This study offers a new accounting of foreign policy decision making relative to global nonproliferation normative architectures as a product of norm‐based differences between presidents and congressional leaders over technology sharing. It advances an agentic constructivist model of the export policy process and conducts a plausibility probe of the model through three case studies of export control reform debates. It also examines alternative theory models focused on strategic imperatives, foreign policy change, and neoliberal economics. Case evidence suggests that different alignments in norm stewardship, and the interactions of key agents regarding perceived norm commitments, help account for export policy struggles. These often translate into unique and complex policy outcomes, suggesting the value of contingent models of policy change and international cooperation.Related ArticlesAbulof,Uriel.2013. “.”Politics & Policy41():690-772.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12035/abstractHaar,Roberta.2010. “.”Politics & Policy38():965-990.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00265.x/abstractRipberger,Joseph T.,Thomas M.Rabovsky, andKerry G.Herron.2011. “.”Politics & Policy39():891-923.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00327.x/abstractRelated Media.2016. “Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Nuclear Policy Program.”http://carnegieendowment.org/programs/npp/.2015. “President Obama on Iran Deal Opponents: ‘What's Your Alternative?’” YouTube.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6aL5TVVRFI
Widespread distribution of Xanthomonas perforans and limited presence of X. gardneri in Brazil
Authors: Araújo E. R. , Costa J. R. , Ferreira M. A. S. V. , Quezado‐Duval A. M. 
Published: April 2016

Tomato bacterial spot is caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, X. vesicatoria, X. perforans and X. gardneri. In order to determine the distribution, frequency of occurrence, and diversity of these species in the Brazilian commercial tomato fields, a survey was conducted between 2009 and 2012. In this period, 204 strains were obtained from 33 counties (22 with processing tomatoes and 11 with fresh‐market tomatoes). Pathogenicity tests, BOX‐PCR, PCR with species‐specific primers, and sequence analysis of the avirulence gene avrXv3 were performed in order to identify the strains at species and race level. Xanthomonas perforans predominated among the strains (92%) and was present in most counties. In addition, this species was prevalent in most areas of both fresh‐market tomatoes (63.6% of counties surveyed) and processing tomatoes (95.4% of counties surveyed). Fifteen strains (7.5%) were identified as X. gardneri, which was found mostly in fresh‐market fields located at regions with altitude higher than 900 m, and only one strain of X. euvesicatoria (0.5%) was found in a processing tomato field. High genetic diversity was observed within X. perforans, with 137 BOX‐PCR haplotypes. Race T3 prevailed (97.5%), but reported here for the first time is the occurrence of five strains identified as race T4 in fresh‐market fields in the state of São Paulo. The race T4 phenotype of these strains resulted from the presence of an 859 bp insertion in the avirulence gene avrXv3. This insertion is related to amino acid sequences of a transposase found in X. gardneri, and to amino acid sequences of X. campestris.
Physiotherapy for cystic fibrosis in Australia and New Zealand: A clinical practice guideline
Authors: Button Brenda M. , Wilson Christine , Dentice Ruth , Cox Narelle S. , Middleton Anna , Tannenbaum Esta , Bishop Jennifer , Cobb Robyn , Burton Kate , Wood Michelle , Moran Fiona , Black Ryan , Bowen Summar , Day Rosemary , Depiazzi Julie , Doiron Katherine , Doumit Michael , Dwyer Tiffany , Elliot Alison , Fuller Louise , Hall Kathleen , Hutchins Matthew , Kerr Melinda , Lee Annemarie L. , Mans Christina , O'Connor Lauren , Steward Ranjana , Potter Angela , Rasekaba Tshepo , Scoones Rebecca , Tarrant Ben , Ward Nathan , West Samantha , White Dianne , Wilson Lisa , Wood Jamie , Holland Anne E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPhysiotherapy management is a key element of care for people with cystic fibrosis (CF) throughout the lifespan. Although considerable evidence exists to support physiotherapy management of CF, there is documented variation in practice. The aim of this guideline is to optimize the physiotherapy management of people with CF in Australia and New Zealand. A systematic review of the literature in key areas of physiotherapy practice for CF was undertaken. Recommendations were formulated based on National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) guidelines and considered the quality, quantity and level of the evidence; the consistency of the body of evidence; the likely clinical impact; and applicability to physiotherapy practice in Australia and New Zealand. A total of 30 recommendations were made for airway clearance therapy, inhalation therapy, exercise assessment and training, musculoskeletal management, management of urinary incontinence, managing the newly diagnosed patient with CF, delivery of non‐invasive ventilation, and physiotherapy management before and after lung transplantation. These recommendations can be used to underpin the provision of evidence‐based physiotherapy care to people with CF in Australia and New Zealand.
THE DIETARY PROTEIN REQUIREMENT IN FORMULATED FEED FOR SPECIFIC GROWTH, DIGESTIBILITY AND SURVIVAL OF SPIRAL BABYLON (Babylonia spirata)
Authors: Rachmawati Diana , Samidjan Istiyanto 
Published: April 2016

Study aims to determine effects of protein in formulated feed on specific growth, digestibility and survival of spiral Babylon [Babylonia spirata (Linnaeus, 1758)] snail. The snail average weights (10.19 ± 0.124) g per individu was stocked at a density of two snails per liter, and fed formulated feed twice daily (5 % of total biomass) with three different protein levels: 30 %, 35 % and 40 % for 70 d. The results show that different protein contents significantly affected the growth of spiral Babylon (P < 0.01) and protein digestibility, but not the survival of spiral Babylon (P > 0.05) and spiral Babylon needs 35 % protein in the formulated feed.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa AlgU Contributes to Posttranscriptional Activity by Increasing
rsmA
Expression in a
mucA22
Strain
Authors: Stacey Sean D. , Pritchett Christopher L. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
thrives in multiple environments and is capable of causing life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. RsmA is a posttranscriptional regulator that controls virulence factor production and biofilm formation. In this study, we investigated the expression and activity of
rsmA
and the protein that it encodes, RsmA, in
P. aeruginosa
mucA
mutant strains, which are common in chronic infections. We determined that AlgU regulates a previously unknown
rsmA
promoter in
P. aeruginosa
. Western blot analysis confirmed that AlgU controls
rsmA
expression in both a laboratory strain and a clinical isolate. RNase protection assays confirmed the presence of two
rsmA
transcripts and suggest that RpoS and AlgU regulate
rsmA
expression. Due to the increased amounts of RsmA in
mucA
mutant strains, a translational leader fusion of the RsmA target,
tssA1
, was constructed and tested in
mucA
,
algU
,
retS
,
gacA
, and
rsmA
mutant backgrounds to examine posttranscriptional activity. From these studies, we determined that RsmA is active in
mucA22
mutants, suggesting a role for RsmA in
mucA
mutant strains. Taken together, we have demonstrated that AlgU controls
rsmA
transcription and is responsible for RsmA activity in
mucA
mutant strains. We propose that RsmA is active in
P. aeruginosa
mucA
mutant strains and that RsmA also plays a role in chronic infections.

IMPORTANCE
P. aeruginosa
causes severe infections in immunocompromised patients. The posttranscriptional regulator RsmA is known to control virulence and biofilm formation. We identify a new
rsmA
promoter and determine that AlgU is important in the control of
rsmA
expression. Mutant
mucA
strains that are considered mucoid were used to confirm increased
rsmA
expression from the AlgU promoter. We demonstrate, for the first time, that there is RsmA activity in mucoid
P. aeruginosa
strains. Our work suggests that RsmA may play a role during chronic infections as well as acute infections.
Spore Peptidoglycan
Authors: Popham David L. , Bernhards Casey B. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Bacterial endospores possess multiple integument layers, one of which is the cortex peptidoglycan wall. The cortex is essential for the maintenance of spore core dehydration and dormancy and contains structural modifications that differentiate it from vegetative cell peptidoglycan and determine its fate during spore germination. Following the engulfment stage of sporulation, the cortex is synthesized within the intermembrane space surrounding the forespore. Proteins responsible for cortex synthesis are produced in both the forespore and mother cell compartments. While some of these proteins also contribute to vegetative cell wall synthesis, others are sporulation specific. In order for the bacterial endospore to germinate and resume metabolism, the cortex peptidoglycan must first be degraded through the action of germination-specific lytic enzymes. These enzymes are present, yet inactive, in the dormant spore and recognize the muramic-δ-lactam modification present in the cortex. Germination-specific lytic enzymes across
Bacillaceae
and
Clostridiaceae
share this specificity determinant, which ensures that the spore cortex is hydrolyzed while the vegetative cell wall remains unharmed.
Bacillus
species tend to possess two redundant enzymes, SleB and CwlJ, capable of sufficient cortex degradation, while the clostridia have only one, SleC. Additional enzymes are often present that cannot initiate the cortex degradation process, but which can increase the rate of release of small fragments into the medium. Between the two families, the enzymes also differ in the enzymatic activities they possess and the mechanisms acting to restrict their activation until germination has been initiated.
Clostridium perfringens
Sporulation and Sporulation-Associated Toxin Production
Authors: Li Jihong , Paredes-Sabja Daniel , Sarker Mahfuzur R. , McClane Bruce A. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

The ability of
Clostridium perfringens
to form spores plays a key role during the transmission of this Gram-positive bacterium to cause disease. Of particular note, the spores produced by food poisoning strains are often exceptionally resistant to food environment stresses such as heat, cold, and preservatives, which likely facilitates their survival in temperature-abused foods. The exceptional resistance properties of spores made by most type A food poisoning strains and some type C foodborne disease strains involve their production of a variant small acid-soluble protein-4 that binds more tightly to spore DNA than to the small acid-soluble protein-4 made by most other
C. perfringens
strains. Sporulation and germination by
C. perfringens
and
Bacillus
spp. share both similarities and differences. Finally, sporulation is essential for production of
C. perfringens
enterotoxin, which is responsible for the symptoms of
C. perfringens
type A food poisoning, the second most common bacterial foodborne disease in the United States. During this foodborne disease,
C. perfringens
is ingested with food and then, by using sporulation-specific alternate sigma factors, this bacterium sporulates and produces the enterotoxin in the intestines.
Evaluating the Climate Effects of Reforestation in New England Using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model Multiphysics Ensemble
Authors: Burakowski E. A. , Ollinger S. V. , Bonan G. B. , Wake C. P. , Dibb J. E. , Hollinger D. Y. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The New England region of the northeastern United States has a land use history characterized by forest clearing for agriculture and other uses during European colonization and subsequent reforestation following widespread farm abandonment. Despite these broad changes, the potential influence on local and regional climate has received relatively little attention. This study investigated wintertime (December through March) climate impacts of reforestation in New England using a high-resolution (4 km) multiphysics ensemble of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. In general, the conversion from mid-1800s cropland/grassland to forest led to warming, but results were sensitive to physics parameterizations. The 2-m maximum temperature (T2max) was most sensitive to choice of land surface model, 2-m minimum temperature (T2min) was sensitive to radiation scheme, and all ensemble members simulated precipitation poorly. Reforestation experiments suggest that conversion of mid-1800s cropland/grassland to present-day forest warmed T2max +0.5 to +3 K, with weaker warming during a warm, dry winter compared to a cold, snowy winter. Warmer T2max over forests was primarily the result of increased absorbed shortwave radiation and increased sensible heat flux compared to cropland/grassland. At night, T2min warmed +0.2 to +1.5 K where deciduous broadleaf forest replaced cropland/grassland, a result of decreased ground heat flux. By contrast, T2min of evergreen needleleaf forest cooled –0.5 to –2.1 K, primarily owing to increased ground heat flux and decreased sensible heat flux.
Autonomy versus control in procurement and contracting: the use of cost-reimbursement contracts in three US federal departments
Authors: Kim Yong Woon , Brown Trevor 
Published: April 2016

This article examines the efficacy of central attempts to influence the use of specific types of contracts, namely, cost-reimbursement versus fixed-price contracts, by individual departments within a decentralized procurement system. We draw five years of data (Fiscal Years 2004–2008) from the Federal Procurement Data System to examine the contract type decisions of three US federal agencies: the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Defense, and the Department of Homeland Security. The results of our analysis suggest that while departments have discretion to purchase products that meet their mission requirements, there is relative uniformity in the reliance on cost-reimbursement versus fixed-price contracts. Points for practitioners The driving factor in the use of one contract type over the other is not the department in question, but rather what the department buys. Following central regulatory guidance, the three departments in our sample tend to use cost-reimbursement contracts for complex products and fixed-price contracts for simple products. The practical implications for central policymakers is that focusing guidance on what departments buy may be more effective in maintaining overall budget control rather than focusing on how the department buys products.
Relationship between building hot water usage and energy and carbon reduction
Authors: Cheng CL , Peng JJ , Liao WJ , Chang CW 
Published: April 2016

This article proposes a calculation model for estimating the energy consumption and CO2 emissions resulting from hot water usage and for evaluating the potential for carbon reduction by using a water efficiency strategy. The model revealed a reciprocal relationship between hot water usage in daily life and energy consumption and carbon footprints. From 1990 to 2010 in Taiwan, hot water accounted for approximately 20%–30% of daily water consumption, and the use of hot water indirectly caused an average emission of 6.19 (kg-CO2/m3) and a 1.83% contribution to carbon emissions per capita. The potential influence of hot water usage on the issue of carbon reduction and the importance of strategies for saving water are thus highlighted in this study. Practical application:The proposed calculation model clarified the relationship between hot water usage and carbon emissions. Through the investigation and simulation of domestic hot water usage, the carbon reduction potential of a hot water-savings strategy was validated. This study can make various organizations in both the public and private sectors aware of the importance of building a society based on the concept of water conservation, and various policy-making processes are anticipated to be initiated as a result. Efforts to save hot water could be consolidated to achieve synergy with carbon reduction policies and benefits to building service engineering.
Potentiation of Kanamycin Ototoxicity by a History of Noise Exposure
Authors: Ryan Allen F. , Bone Robert C. 
Published: April 2016

Chinchillas were exposed to a noise band (1,414 to 5,656 Hz, 100‐dB sound pressure level [SPL] for one hour) and treated with kanamycin (150 mg/kg a day until hearing loss was noted at 6.0 kHz) either separately, simultaneously, or sequentially. Simultaneous noise and kanamycin resulted in interactive potentiation of threshold shift and cochlear pathologic condition. Kanamycin treatment two months after noise exposure produced similar potentiation. No interaction was seen when noise exposure occurred one month after kanamycin treatment.
Hematoma after Head and Neck Surgery—A Major Complication?
Authors: Johnson Jonas T. , Cummings Charles W. 
Published: April 2016

The role of hematoma formation in the development of complications after major head and neck surgery is surveyed retrospectively. An incidence of 4.2% was encountered.In all cases, the hematoma was identified within 12 hours postoperatively. Prompt surgical clot evacuation and reinstitution of drainage did not adversely affect the patient's subsequent course. Failure to adequately drain the hematoma resulted in increased wound dehiscence, major infection, and fistula. When properly treated, postoperative hematoma formation offers only the risks attendant with a second anesthesia; no subsequent related morbidity need be anticipated.
Effect of Lip Closure on Facial Growth in the Surgically Induced Cleft Rabbit
Authors: Eisbach Karl J. , Bardach Janusz 
Published: April 2016

This project was designed to determine whether cleft lip repair has an influence on facial growth. To study this, 62 rabbits were divided into four groups: control, control without repair, Millard‐type repair, and Bardach‐type repair. Surgical clefts of the lip, alveolus, and the palate were created in 6‐week‐old rabbits. Periodic measurements were made of the pressure exerted by the lip on the maxillary alveolus. The animals were killed 20 weeks postoperatively. The skulls were processed and measurements were taken from the skulls.The pressure measurements showed a definite increase in lip pressure on the maxillary alveolus for the lip repair group. This pressure was high soon after surgery, rapidly returned toward the control level, but never reached it.Skull measurements indicate an inhibition in anterior maxillary growth for the “control without repair” group. This inhibition was even more profound in the two lip repair groups. No significant differences were found in maxillary width or mandibular length.When correlations were made to see if increased lip pressure resulted in decreased anterior maxillary growth, a significant correlation was found for both lip repair groups. This means that as the pressure of the lip repair increased, it resulted in a decrease in anterior maxillary growth.The data reported here indicates that cleft lip surgery must be considered as having a definite influence on anterior maxillary growth inhibition observed in the cleft lip and palate population. Further studies are indicated to determine the role of cleft palate repair on facial growth.
Contralaterally Elicited Electrical Stimulation of Paralyzed Facial Muscles
Authors: Tobey David N. , Sutton Dwight 
Published: April 2016

Functional electrical stimulation is being explored in the extremities. A major obstacle is found in programming the firing sequence. In 1976, David Zealear proposed using the activity on the normal side in axial muscle pairs that normally function symmetrically to act as a template to control the stimulator. This method was demonstrated in laryngeal muscles in dogs, and is now demonstrated in the face with future applications being proposed.The facial nerve on one side was sectioned in a series of rabbits. Implanted electrodes received electrical potentials from selected muscles on the normal side. Bursts of electrical activity on the normal side during a blink or a twitch were used to trigger a muscle stimulator, which was routed to matching muscles on the paralyzed side. This technique restored symmetric function to the hemiparalyzed face.
Undergraduate Medical Education in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Baker Bruce B. , Jafek Bruce W. , Balkany Thomas J. , Perkins Terry J. 
Published: April 2016

Instruction in basic surgical techniques with practical experience is often minimized in the modern, compressed medical curriculum. The otolaryngologist can fulfill a major need in this area by presenting instruction in these techniques with emphasis on their application to the face. The authors have developed a course which has been refined through the experiences of over 100 medical students at the University of Colorado Medical Center and has been uniformly well received by students and administration. The outline of the didactic presentation and organization of the practicum is presented.