bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Illiquid Capital: Are Conservation Easement Payments Reinvested in Farms?
Authors: Duke Joshua M. , Schilling Brian J. , Sullivan Kevin P. , Esseks J. Dixon , Gottlieb Paul D. , Lynch Lori 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAgricultural conservation easements have positive externalities but few studies examine the supply‐side. This paper explores whether easements may also overcome a credit‐market failure, as banks may not be lending based on the full developed value of land. Original survey data test our research hypotheses and show profitable owners and nonoperators to be using easement payments to extract capital from their land by using the preservation programs as a bank. The results also show that the unprofitable owners and operators are reinvesting in their agricultural enterprises. Both results are consistent with an underlying credit‐market failure, and the latter suggests that easements may provide indirect efficiency enhancement. The results suggest an integration of policies on agricultural finance and land preservation might lead to improved efficiency.
Alien plant invasions and native plant extinctions: a six-threshold framework
Authors: Downey Paul O. , Richardson David M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Biological invasions are widely acknowledged as a major threat to global biodiversity. Species from all major taxonomic groups have become invasive. The range of impacts of invasive taxa and the overall magnitude of the threat is increasing. Plants comprise the biggest and best-studied group of invasive species. There is a growing debate; however, regarding the nature of the alien plant threat—in particular whether the outcome is likely to be the widespread extinction of native plant species. The debate has raised questions on whether the threat posed by invasive plants to native plants has been overstated. We provide a conceptual framework to guide discussion on this topic, in which the threat posed by invasive plants is considered in the context of a progression from no impact through to extinction. We define six thresholds along the ‘extinction trajectory’, global extinction being the final threshold. Although there are no documented examples of either ‘in the wild’ (Threshold 5) or global extinctions (Threshold 6) of native plants that are attributable solely to plant invasions, there is evidence that native plants have crossed or breached other thresholds along the extinction trajectory due to the impacts associated with plant invasions. Several factors may be masking where native species are on the trajectory; these include a lack of appropriate data to accurately map the position of species on the trajectory, the timeframe required to definitively state that extinctions have occurred and management interventions. Such interventions, focussing mainly on Thresholds 1–3 (a declining population through to the local extinction of a population), are likely to alter the extinction trajectory of some species. The critical issue for conservation managers is the trend, because interventions must be implemented before extinctions occur. Thus the lack of evidence for extinctions attributable to plant invasions does not mean we should disregard the broader threat.
Identification of a human intestinal myeloid cell subset that regulates gut homeostasis
Authors: Barman Soumik , Kayama Hisako , Okuzaki Daisuke , Ogino Takayuki , Osawa Hideki , Matsuno Hiroshi , Mizushima Tsunekazu , Mori Masaki , Nishimura Junichi , Takeda Kiyoshi 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Inappropriate activation of T helper (Th) cells, such as Th1 and Th17 cells, is implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disorders including ulcerative colitis (UC). CX3CR1high macrophages contribute to intestinal homeostasis through various mechanisms in mice. However, whether mononuclear phagocytes with regulatory functions are present in the human colon is not clearly defined. We investigated whether innate myeloid cells that suppress activation of effector T cells exist in the human intestinal mucosa. Among intestinal lamina propria cells, Lin− HLA-DRhigh CD14+ CD163high cells were subdivided into CD160low and CD160high cells. Both subsets produced high levels of IL-10. CD163high CD160high cells suppressed effector T cell proliferation, whereas CD163high CD160low cells induced Th17 differentiation. Patients with UC exhibited increased numbers of CD163high CD160low cells, while showing profoundly decreased numbers of CD163high CD160high cells. In this context, CD163high CD160high cells had higher CD80/CD86 expression and lower IL10RB expression, and these cells did not suppress effector T cell proliferation. The CD163high CD160high subset in normal intestinal mucosa inhibits inappropriate Th1/Th17 responses through suppression of their proliferation, and its number and suppressive activity are impaired in patients with UC. These findings indicate how human innate immune cells might prevent UC development.
The Yiqi and Yangyin Formula ameliorates injury to the hematopoietic system induced by total body irradiation
Authors: Zhang Junling , Li Hongyu , Lu Lu , Yan Lixiang , Yang Xiangdong , Shi Zhexin , Li Deguan 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In this study, we examined whether the Yiqi and Yangyin Formula (YYF), used in traditional Chinese medicine, could ameliorate damage to the hematopoietic system induced by total body irradiation (TBI). Treatment with 15 g/kg of YYF increased the survival rate of Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice exposed to 7.5 Gy TBI. Furthermore, YYF treatment increased the white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT) counts in ICR mice exposed to 2 Gy or 4 Gy TBI. Treatment with YYF also increased the number of bone marrow cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and the colony-forming ability of granulocyte–macrophage cells. YYF alleviated TBI-induced suppression of the differentiation ability of HPCs and HSCs and decreased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs), HPCs and HSCs from mice exposed to 2 Gy or 4 Gy TBI. Overall, our data suggest that YYF can ameliorate myelosuppression by reducing the intracellular ROS levels in hematopoietic cells after TBI at doses of 2 Gy and 4 Gy.
Radiosensitivity and relative biological effectiveness based on a generalized target model
Authors: Zhao Lei , Wu Di , Mi Dong , Sun Yeqing 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
By considering both cellular repair effects and indirect effects of radiation, we have generalized the traditional target model, and made it have a linear–quadratic–linear characteristic. To assess the repair capacity–dependent radiosensitivity and relative biological effectiveness (RBE), the generalized target model was used to fit the survival of human normal embryonic lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells in the G0 and G1 phases after various types of radiations. The fitting results indicate that the generalized target model works well in the dose ranges considered. The resulting calculations qualitatively show that the parameter ratio (a/V) in the model could represent the cellular repair capacity. In particular, the significant linear correlations between radiosensitivity/RBE and cellular repair capacity are observed for different slopes of the linear regression curves. These results show that the radiosensitivity and RBE depend on the cellular repair capacity and can be regulated by linear energy transfer. These analyses suggest that the ratio a/V in the generalized target model can also be used for radiation damage assessment in radiotherapy.
Pathology and biology of radiation-induced cardiac disease
Authors: Tapio Soile 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHeart disease is the leading global cause of death. The risk for this disease is significantly increased in populations exposed to ionizing radiation, but the mechanisms are not fully elucidated yet. This review aims to gather and discuss the latest data about pathological and biological consequences in the radiation-exposed heart in a comprehensive manner. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying radiation-induced damage in heart tissue and cardiac vasculature will provide novel targets for therapeutic interventions. These may be valuable for individuals clinically or occupationally exposed to varying doses of ionizing radiation.
Sparing of tissue by using micro-slit-beam radiation therapy reduces neurotoxicity compared with broad-beam radiation therapy
Authors: Mukumoto Naritoshi , Nakayama Masao , Akasaka Hiroaki , Shimizu Yasuyuki , Osuga Saki , Miyawaki Daisuke , Yoshida Kenji , Ejima Yasuo , Miura Yasushi , Umetani Keiji , Kondoh Takeshi , Sasaki Ryohei 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Micro-slit-beam radiation therapy (MRT) using synchrotron-generated X-ray beams allows for extremely high-dose irradiation. However, the toxicity of MRT in central nervous system (CNS) use is still unknown. To gather baseline toxicological data, we evaluated mortality in normal mice following CNS-targeted MRT. Male C57BL/6 J mice were head-fixed in a stereotaxic frame. Synchrotron X-ray-beam radiation was provided by the SPring-8 BL28B2 beam-line. For MRT, radiation was delivered to groups of mice in a 10 × 12 mm unidirectional array consisting of 25-μm-wide beams spaced 100, 200 or 300 μm apart; another group of mice received the equivalent broad-beam radiation therapy (BRT) for comparison. Peak and valley dose rates of the MRT were 120 and 0.7 Gy/s, respectively. Delivered doses were 96–960 Gy for MRT, and 24–120 Gy for BRT. Mortality was monitored for 90 days post-irradiation. Brain tissue was stained using hematoxylin and eosin to evaluate neural structure. Demyelination was evaluated by Klüver–Barrera staining. The LD50 and LD100 when using MRT were 600 Gy and 720 Gy, respectively, and when using BRT they were 80 Gy and 96 Gy, respectively. In MRT, mortality decreased as the center-to-center beam spacing increased from 100 μm to 300 μm. Cortical architecture was well preserved in MRT, whereas BRT induced various degrees of cerebral hemorrhage and demyelination. MRT was able to deliver extremely high doses of radiation, while still minimizing neuronal death. The valley doses, influenced by beam spacing and irradiated dose, could represent important survival factors for MRT.
Upregulation of microRNA-98 increases radiosensitivity in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Jin Ying-Ying , Chen Qing-Juan , Wei Yang , Wang Ya-Li , Wang Zhong-Wei , Xu Kun , He Yun , Ma Hong-Bing 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Although radiation resistance is a common challenge in the clinical treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), an effective treatment strategy has yet to be developed. Aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is responsible for cancer sensitivity to radiation. In this study, we aimed to identify the miRNAs that are associated with radioresistance in ESCC. We used a miRNA microarray to perform a comparison of miRNA expression in both ESCC parental and acquired radioresistance cell lines. qRT-PCR was used to confirm the alterations. Cell radiosensitivity was determined with a survival fraction assay. Functional analyses of the identified miRNA in ESCC cells with regard to metastasis and apoptosis were performed by transwell assays and flow cytometry. The miRNA targets were identified with pathway analysis and confirmed with a luciferase assay. miR-98 was recognized as the most downregulated miRNA in established radioresistant cell line. AmiR-98 mimic enforced the expression of miRNA-98 and made ESCC cells sensitive to radiotherapy, while anti-miR-98 reversed this process. Optimal results were achieved by decreasing cellular proliferation, decreasing cell migration and inducing apoptosis. The luciferase target gene analysis results showed that the overexpression of miRNA-98 inhibited tumor growth and resistance tolerance by directly binding to the BCL-2 gene. Our study indicated that increasing miRNA-98 expression can be used as a potential radiosensitive therapeutic strategy for treating esophageal cancer cells.
Protective effects of seabuckthorn pulp and seed oils against radiation-induced acute intestinal injury
Authors: Shi Jing , Wang Lan , Lu Yan , Ji Yue , Wang Yaqing , Dong Ke , Kong Xiangqing , Sun Wei 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Radiation-induced gastrointestinal syndrome, including nausea, diarrhea and dehydration, contributes to morbidity and mortality after medical or industrial radiation exposure. No safe and effective radiation countermeasure has been approved for clinical therapy. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of seabuckthorn pulp and seed oils against radiation-induced acute intestinal injury. C57/BL6 mice were orally administered seabuckthorn pulp oil, seed oil and control olive oil once per day for 7 days before exposure to total-body X-ray irradiation of 7.5 Gy. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used for the measurement of apoptotic cells and proteins, inflammation factors and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. Seabuckthorn oil pretreatment increased the post-radiation survival rate and reduced the damage area of the small intestine villi. Both the pulp and seed oil treatment significantly decreased the apoptotic cell numbers and cleaved caspase 3 expression. Seabuckthorn oil downregulated the mRNA level of inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8. Both the pulp and seed oils elevated the level of phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and reduced the levels of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38. Palmitoleic acid (PLA) and alpha linolenic acid (ALA) are the predominant components of pulp oil and seed oil, respectively. Pretreatment with PLA and ALA increased the post-radiation survival time. In conclusion, seabuckthorn pulp and seed oils protect against mouse intestinal injury from high-dose radiation by reducing cell apoptosis and inflammation. ALA and PLA are promising natural radiation countermeasure candidates.
Safety and Efficacy of a Topical Sodium Channel Inhibitor (TV-45070) in Patients With Postherpetic Neuralgia (PHN)
Authors: Price Nicola , Namdari Rostam , Neville Judith , Proctor Katie J.W. , Kaber Samer , Vest Jeffery , Fetell Michael , Malamut Richard , Sherrington Robin P. , Pimstone Simon N. , Goldberg Yigal P. 
Published: July 2016

Objective:The objective was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of TV-45070 ointment, as a treatment for postherpetic neuralgia, and to explore the response in patients with the Nav1.7 R1150W gain-of-function polymorphism.Materials and Methods:This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, 2-period, 2-treatment crossover trial. Patients with postherpetic neuralgia with moderate or greater pain received TV-45070 and placebo ointments, each applied twice daily for 3 weeks. The primary efficacy measure was the difference in change in mean daily pain score from baseline compared with the last week of placebo and active treatment. Secondary endpoints included responder rate analyses and a further exploratory analysis of response in carriers of the Nav1.7 R1150W polymorphism was conducted.Results:Seventy patients were enrolled and 54 completed the study. TV-45070 was safe and well tolerated. No statistical difference was observed between treatments for the primary endpoint. However, the proportion of patients with ≥50% reduction in mean pain scores at week 3 was greater on TV-45070 than on placebo (26.8% vs. 10.7%,P=0.0039). Similarly, a greater proportion of patients on TV-45070 had a ≥30% reduction in mean pain scores at week 3 (39.3% on TV-45070 vs. 23.2% on placebo,P=0.0784). Of note, 63% of patients with the R1150W polymorphism versus 35% of wild-type carriers had a ≥30% reduction in mean pain score on TV-45070 at week 3 (no inferential analysis performed).Conclusions:The 50% responder analysis suggests a subpopulation may exist with a more marked analgesic response to TV-45070.The trend toward a larger proportion of responders within Nav1.7 R1150W carriers warrants further investigation.
A Prospective Study of Predictors of Long-term Opioid Use Among Patients With Chronic Noncancer Pain
Authors: Thielke Stephen M. , Shortreed Susan M. , Saunders Kathleen , Turner Judith A. , LeResche Linda , Von Korff Michael 
Published: July 2016

Background:
Chronic pain patients at increased risk of unfavorable pain and opioid misuse outcomes may be those most likely to use opioids long-term, but this has not been evaluated prospectively.

Objectives:
To ascertain whether pain prognostic risk, problem opioid use risk, and depression predict opioid use 1 year later among patients recently initiating opioid therapy with a moderate likelihood of long-term opioid use.

Materials and Methods:
Self-report and electronic health record data were collected from patients aged 45+ years who recently initiated opioid therapy (N=762), in an integrated health care system. Logistic regression models tested whether baseline patient chronic pain prognostic risk, problem opioid use risk, depression, and expectations concerning continued opioid use independently predicted continuing use at 1 year (≥30 d supply in the prior 4 mo).

Results:
At 1 year, 46% of participants continued to use opioids. Baseline problem opioid use risk score (adjusted odds ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.26) and expectations about continuing opioid use, but not pain prognostic risk score or depression, were significant predictors of 1-year opioid use. Compared with patients who thought continued opioid use unlikely, those who thought it was extremely or very likely had 4 times the odds of opioid use at 1 year (adjusted odds ratio, 4.05; 95% confidence interval, 2.59-6.31).

Discussion:
The strongest predictors of long-term opioid use were not patient-related or medication-related factors, but expectations about using opioids in the future. Asking about such expectations may be the easiest way to identify patients likely to continue opioid use long-term.
External Validation and Modification of a Predictive Model for Acute Postsurgical Pain at Home After Day Surgery
Authors: Stessel Björn , Fiddelers Audrey A.A. , Marcus Marco A. , van Kuijk Sander M.J. , Joosten Elbert A. , Peters Madelon L. , Buhre Wolfgang F.F.A. , Gramke Hans-Fritz 
Published: July 2016

Objectives:
In 2009, Gramke and colleagues have described predictive factors to preoperatively detect those at risk for moderate to severe acute postsurgical pain (APSP) after day surgery. The aim of the present study is to externally validate this initial model and to improve and internally validate a modified version of this model.

Materials and Methods:
Elective patients scheduled for day surgery were prospectively enrolled from November 2008 to April 2010. Model discrimination was quantified using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Model calibration was assessed by visual inspection of the calibration plot. Subsequently, we modified (different assignment of type of surgery, different cutoff for moderate to severe APSP, continuous of dichotomized variables and testing of additional variables) and internally validated this model by standard bootstrapping techniques.

Results:
A total of 1118 patients were included. The AUC for the original model was 0.81 in the derivation data set and 0.72 in our validation data set. The model showed poorly calibrated risk predictions. The AUC of the modified model was 0.82 (optimism-corrected AUC=0.78). This modified model showed good calibration.

Conclusions:
The original prediction model of Gramke and colleagues performed insufficiently on our cohort of outpatients with respect to discrimination and calibration. Internal validation of a modified model shows promising results. In this model, preoperative pain, patient derived expected pain, and different types of surgery are the strongest predictors of moderate to severe APSP after day surgery.
Effect of Chlorhexidine Bathing Every Other Day on Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections in the Surgical ICU: A Single-Center, Randomized Controlled Trial*
Authors: Swan Joshua T. , Ashton Carol M. , Bui Lan N. , Pham Vy P. , Shirkey Beverly A. , Blackshear Jolene E. , Bersamin Jimmy B. , Pomer Rubie May L. , Johnson Michael L. , Magtoto Audrey D. , Butler Michelle O. , Tran Shirley K. , Sanchez Leah R. , Patel Jessica G. , Ochoa Robert A. , Hai Shaikh A. , Denison Karen I. , Graviss Edward A. , Wray Nelda P. 
Published: July 2016

Objective:
To test the hypothesis that compared with daily soap and water bathing, 2% chlorhexidine gluconate bathing every other day for up to 28 days decreases the risk of hospital-acquired catheter-associated urinary tract infection, ventilator-associated pneumonia, incisional surgical site infection, and primary bloodstream infection in surgical ICU patients.

Design:
This was a single-center, pragmatic, randomized trial. Patients and clinicians were aware of treatment-group assignment; investigators who determined outcomes were blinded.

Setting:
Twenty-four–bed surgical ICU at a quaternary academic medical center.

Patients:
Adults admitted to the surgical ICU from July 2012 to May 2013 with an anticipated surgical ICU stay for 48 hours or more were included.

Interventions:
Patients were randomized to bathing with 2% chlorhexidine every other day alternating with soap and water every other day (treatment arm) or to bathing with soap and water daily (control arm).

Measurements and Main Results:
The primary endpoint was a composite outcome of catheter-associated urinary tract infection, ventilator-associated pneumonia, incisional surgical site infection, and primary bloodstream infection. Of 350 patients randomized, 24 were excluded due to prior enrollment in this trial and one withdrew consent. Therefore, 325 were analyzed (164 soap and water versus 161 chlorhexidine). Patients acquired 53 infections. Compared with soap and water bathing, chlorhexidine bathing every other day decreased the risk of acquiring infections (hazard ratio = 0.555; 95% CI, 0.309–0.997; p = 0.049). For patients bathed with soap and water versus chlorhexidine, counts of incident hospital-acquired infections were 14 versus 7 for catheter-associated urinary tract infection, 13 versus 8 for ventilator-associated pneumonia, 6 versus 3 for incisional surgical site infections, and 2 versus 0 for primary bloodstream infection; the effect was consistent across all infections. The absolute risk reduction for acquiring a hospital-acquired infection was 9.0% (95% CI, 1.5–16.4%; p = 0.019). Incidences of adverse skin occurrences were similar (18.9% soap and water vs 18.6% chlorhexidine; p = 0.95).

Conclusions:
Compared with soap and water, chlorhexidine bathing every other day decreased the risk of acquiring infections by 44.5% in surgical ICU patients.