bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causes and consequences of spatial variation in sex ratios in a declining bird species
Authors: Morrison Catriona A. , Robinson Robert A. , Clark Jacquie A. , Gill Jennifer A. 
Published: July 2016

Summary

Male‐biased sex ratios occur in many bird species, particularly in those with small or declining populations, but the causes of these skews and their consequences for local population demography are rarely known. Within‐species variation in sex ratios can help to identify the demographic and behavioural processes associated with such biases.

Small populations may be more likely to have skewed sex ratios if sex differences in survival, recruitment or dispersal vary with local abundance. Analyses of species with highly variable local abundances can help to identify these mechanisms and the implications for spatial variation in demography. Many migratory bird species are currently undergoing rapid and severe declines in abundance in parts of their breeding ranges and thus have sufficient spatial variation in abundance to explore the extent of sex ratio biases, their causes and implications.

Using national‐scale bird ringing data for one such species (willow warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus), we show that sex ratios vary greatly across Britain and that male‐biased sites are more frequent in areas of low abundance, which are now widespread across much of south and east England. These sex ratio biases are sufficient to impact local productivity, as the relative number of juveniles caught at survey sites declines significantly with increasing sex ratio skew.

Sex differences in survival could influence this sex ratio variation, but we find little evidence for sex differences in survival increasing with sex ratio skew. In addition, sex ratios have become male‐biased over the last two decades, but there are no such trends in adult survival rates for males or females. This suggests that lower female recruitment into low abundance sites is contributing to these skews.

These findings suggest that male‐biased sex ratios in small and declining populations can arise through local‐scale sex differences in survival and dispersal, with females recruiting disproportionately into larger populations. Given the high level of spatial variation in population declines and abundance of many migratory bird species across Europe at present, male‐biased small populations may be increasingly common. As singing males are the primary records used in surveys of these species, and as unpaired males often sing throughout the breeding season, local sex ratio biases could also be masking the true extent of these population declines.
The aesthetic appeal of assistive technology and the economic value baby boomers place on it: A pilot study
Authors: de Jonge Desleigh , Aplin Tammy , Larkin Stephen , Ainsworth Elizabeth 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundThis pilot study aimed to understand the importance of assistive technology (AT) aesthetics on the intention to purchase, using grab rails as the example. Furthermore, the study explored the economic value consumers placed on aesthetic appeal.MethodStructured interviews were conducted with 25 participants, nine female, mean age 59; where seven grab rails were presented and feedback obtained on the level of appeal and ‘willingness to pay’. Responses to open‐ended and fixed response questions were transcribed by the interviewer during the interview and a qualitative content analysis conducted.ResultsPositive and negative terms in relation to aesthetics were used to describe appealing and unappealing grab rails; however, all grab rails were felt to have negative aesthetic aspects by at least five participants. Physical design and finish emerged as the two main themes regarding the appeal of the grab rail designs. Participants’ ‘willingness‐to‐pay’ for appealing options was mixed, with both over and under valuations. The most likely grab rails to be purchased were considered both appealing and cost effective by participants.ConclusionAesthetic appeal plays an important role in acceptance and uptake of AT. Designers and manufacturers should be encouraged to provide appealing options as the study has shown consumers prefer aesthetically appealing grab rails. However, the challenge is creating more appealing designs, without increasing cost as consumers seem to not want to pay more for them. Furthermore, clinicians need to acknowledge the importance of aesthetics when recommending interventions and be familiar with a range of options to provide clients with more choice.
‘Equivalent numbers’ for species, phylogenetic or functional diversity in a nested hierarchy of multiple scales
Authors: Pavoine Sandrine , Marcon Eric , Ricotta Carlo 
Published: July 2016

Summary

Many recent studies have searched to integrate species’ functions and phylogenies in the measurement of biodiversity. To obtain easily interpretable measures, some researchers recommended diversity indices expressed in terms of equivalent numbers of species: the number of equally likely and maximally dissimilar species needed to produce the given value of diversity. Then, biodiversity is often calculated at three scales: within communities (α diversity), among communities (β diversity) and in a region (γ diversity). These three scales are, however, insufficient to tackle the organization of biodiversity in space because, for most organisms, there is a nested hierarchy of multiple scales characterized by different patterns and processes, from the small neighbourhood to the biosphere.

We developed methodologies for analysing species, functional, taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity in a hierarchy of multiple scales using equivalent numbers of species. As an example, we analysed the taxonomic and functional diversity of macroinvertebrate assemblages in the Loire River, France, at four levels: within sites (α diversity), among sites within geological regions (β1 diversity), among geological regions (β2 diversity) and at the river scale (γ diversity). The new hierarchical approaches of biodiversity revealed very low differences among sites within regions and among regions in terms of taxonomy and functional traits (size and diet), despite moderate, significant species turnover among geological regions.

We compare our framework with those other authors have developed. We argue that different definitions of α, β, γ diversities are used in the literature reflecting different points of view on biodiversity. We make recommendations on how to normalize functional (or phylogenetic) dissimilarities among species to render sites and regions comparable, and discuss the pros and cons of our approach.

The hierarchical approaches of biodiversity in terms of ‘equivalent numbers’ respond to current demands to obtain intuitive, easily interpretable components of biodiversity. The approaches we propose go beyond current developments by considering a hierarchy of spatial scales and unbalanced sampling design. They will provide powerful tools to detect the ecological and evolutionary processes that act differently at different scales.
Effects of Heavy Drinking on T‐Cell Phenotypes Consistent with Immunosenescence in Untreated HIV Infection
Authors: So‐Armah Kaku A. , Edelman E. Jennifer , Cheng Debbie M. , Doyle Margaret F. , Patts Gregory J. , Gnatienko Natalia , Krupitsky Evgeny M. , Samet Jeffrey H. , Freiberg Matthew S. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundThe role of alcohol consumption in HIV‐related adaptive immune dysfunction is debated. We hypothesized that heavy drinking would be associated with greater evidence of immunosenescence (i.e., aging‐related decline of adaptive immune function) among antiretroviral therapy (ART)‐naïve HIV‐infected individuals.MethodsUsing data from the Russia ARCH cohort study, we conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of ART‐naïve HIV‐infected individuals recruited between 2012 and 2014. Independent variable: Heavy drinking defined as >4 standard drinks in a day (or >14 standard drinks per week) for men and >3 per day (or >7 per week) for women, respectively. Dependent variables: Percentage of CD8+ and CD4+ T‐cells with a phenotype consistent with immunosenescence (i.e., expressing CD28− CD57+, or memory [CD45RO+ CD45RA+] phenotype and not the naïve [CD45RO− CD45RA+] phenotype). Statistical analysis: Multiple linear regression adjusted for confounders.ResultsOf 214 eligible participants, 61% were heavy drinkers. Mean age was 33 years and the cohort was predominantly male (72%). Hepatitis C prevalence was high (87%) and mean log10 HIV‐1 RNA copies/ml was 4.6. We found no significant differences by drinking status in the percentage of immunosenescent, memory, or naïve CD8+ or CD4+ T‐cells.ConclusionsIn this cross‐sectional analysis, heavy drinking in the setting of untreated HIV infection did not appear to be associated with alterations in T‐cell phenotypes consistent with immunosenescence. To substantiate these findings, longitudinal studies should assess whether changes in alcohol consumption are associated with changes in these and other immunosenescent T‐cell phenotypes.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa identified as a key pathogen in hospitalised children with aspiration pneumonia and a high aspiration risk
Authors: Ashkenazi‐Hoffnung Liat , Ari Anne , Bilavsky Efraim , Scheuerman Oded , Amir Jacob , Prais Dario 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimData on the causative pathogens and optimal empirical therapy of aspiration pneumonia in children are limited. This study sought to describe the bacteriology of aspiration pneumonia in hospitalised children with a high aspiration risk.MethodsRespiratory tract specimens were prospectively collected using the induced sputum technique from children with a high aspiration risk who were hospitalised for aspiration pneumonia in a tertiary paediatric medical centre from 2009 to 2014. Clinical, microbiological and treatment data were recorded and analysed for each admission.ResultsThe cohort comprised 50 children with 235 hospital admissions. Of the 183 respiratory tract cultures performed, 110 were positive for bacteria, with 169 isolates, mostly Gram‐negative. The most common Gram‐negative pathogen was Pseudomonas aeruginosa. If patients had Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation, the risk of them having the pathogen again was 81%. The multivariate analysis showed that the use of antibiotic prophylaxis and number of hospitalisations were significantly associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation.ConclusionGram‐negative bacilli, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were the major causative agents of paediatric aspiration pneumonia in our study. Empiric antipseudomonas treatment should be considered, particularly in patients who are receiving antibiotic prophylaxis, have experienced recurrent hospitalisations or with previous respiratory cultures that showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation.
Mobile devices, learning and clinical workplaces: Medical student use of smartphones in Parisian hospitals
Authors: Phelps Megan , Scott Karen M. , Chauffeté‐Manillier Martine , Lenne Frédéric , Le Jeunne Claire 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMobile devices are ubiquitous worldwide, including in hospitals. “Just in time” learning provided by these devices is important for students. We investigated current use of, and learning with, smartphones and other mobile devices by medical students in Parisian hospitals. A survey with quantitative and qualitative items previously used with students from an Australian medical school was translated to French and adapted. The voluntary survey was delivered online to Université Paris Descartes students. A total 854 medical students from across the final 5 years of the program completed the survey. The mean age was 22 years and 90% identified as French, matching the demographic pattern of the student body. Of 976 devices used by these students, 43% were iPhones and 32% another smartphone. Students accessed the Internet regularly or often, more for medically relevant than unrelated information—49% versus 16.5%. Almost half of respondents reported never accessing social media during clinical placements. Students agreed they used mobile devices for improving learning, knowledge and skills, but less for timetabling and communication. Reactions of supervisors, patients and families were concerning. Only 3.3% of respondents did not use a mobile device in clinical settings. These findings have implications for Francophone and all health professional schools.
Explaining Constrains Causal Learning in Childhood
Authors: Walker Caren M. , Lombrozo Tania , Williams Joseph J. , Rafferty Anna N. , Gopnik Alison 
Published: July 2016

Three experiments investigate how self‐generated explanation influences children's causal learning. Five‐year‐olds (N = 114) observed data consistent with two hypotheses and were prompted toexplainor toreporteach observation. In Study 1, when making novel generalizations, explainers were more likely to favor the hypothesis that accounted for more observations. In Study 2, explainers favored a hypothesis that was consistent with prior knowledge. Study 3 pitted a hypothesis that accounted for more observations against a hypothesis consistent with prior knowledge. Explainers were more likely to base generalizations on prior knowledge. Findings suggest that attempts to explain drive children to evaluate hypotheses using features of “good” explanations, or those supporting generalizations with broad scope, as informed by children's prior knowledge and observations.
IgE‐associated food allergy alters the presentation of paediatric eosinophilic esophagitis
Authors: Pelz B. J. , Wechsler J. B. , Amsden K. , Johnson K. , Singh A. M. , Wershil B. K. , Kagalwalla A. F. , Bryce P. J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBackgroundLinks between food allergens and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) have been established, but the interplay between EoE‐ and IgE‐associated immediate hypersensitivity to foods remains unclear.ObjectiveWe sought to determine the prevalence of IgE‐associated food allergy at the time of diagnosis of EoE in children and to determine whether differences existed in presentation and disease compared to subjects with EoE alone.MethodsEosinophilic esophagitis patients were stratified based on the diagnosis of IgE‐associated immediate hypersensitivity (EoE + IH vs. EoE−IH). Clinical, histologic, pathologic, and endoscopic differences were investigated using a retrospective database.ResultsWe found that 29% of the 198 EoE patients in our cohort had EoE + IH. These subjects presented at a younger age than those without IH (6.05 vs. 8.09 years, P = 0.013) and were more likely to have comorbid allergic disease. Surprisingly, the EoE + IH group presented with significantly different clinical symptoms, with increased dysphagia, gagging, cough, and poor appetite compared to their counterparts in the EoE−IH group. Male gender, allergic rhinitis, the presence of dysphagia, and younger age were independently associated with having EoE + IH. Specific IgE levels to common EoE‐associated foods were higher in EoE + IH, regardless of eliciting immediate hypersensitivity symptoms. In contrast, IgE levels for specific foods triggering EoE were relatively lower in both the groups than IgE levels for immediate reactions.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceImmediate hypersensitivity is common in children with EoE and identifies a population of EoE patients with distinct clinical characteristics. Our study describes a subtype of EoE in which IgE‐mediated food allergy may impact the presentation of paediatric EoE.
Stereotactic Administration of Edaravone Ameliorates Collagenase‐Induced Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rat
Authors: Zhang Yan , Yang Yang , Zhang Guang‐Zhu , Gao Mou , Ge Guang‐Zhi , Wang Qin‐Qin , Ji Xin‐Chao , Sun Yi‐Lin , Zhang Hong‐Tian , Xu Ru‐Xiang 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBackgroundEdaravone is widely used for treating ischemic stroke, but it is not still confirmed in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) as an ideal medication targeting the brain parenchyma. We aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of stereotactic administration of edaravone (SI) into the brain parenchyma.MethodsIntracerebral hemorrhage rat models were established by infusion of collagenase into the caudate nucleus. Neural functional recovery was assessed using modified neurological severity scores (mNSS). A comparative study of therapeutic effects between SI and intraperitoneal injection of edaravone (IP) involved in cerebral edema, blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, hematoma absorption, inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis.ResultsCompared with IP, the mNSS was significantly (P < 0.05) improved by SI; cerebral edema and BBB permeability were dramatically ameliorated (P < 0.05); IL‐4 and IL‐10 levels increased, but IL‐1β and TNF‐α levels significantly decreased; neuron apoptosis decreased markedly (P < 0.05); and caspase‐3 and Bax expression significantly dropped, but Bcl‐2 increased in SI group (P < 0.05).ConclusionSI markedly improved neurological deficits in ICH rat models via antiinflammatory and antiapoptosis mechanisms and promoted M2‐type microglia differentiation. SI was effective in rats with collagenase‐induced ICH.
EGFR mutation testing using archival‐stained smears in non‐small cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Ozluk Y. , Firat P. , Yegen G. , Hocaoglu J. , Tas S. , Yilmazbayhan D. 
Published: July 2016

Objective
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have shown benefits regarding progression‐free and overall survival in patients whose tumours show EGFR mutations. Most patients’ lung cancer is metastatic when detected. Small tissue samples and cytological materials are widely used in diagnosis. The aim of the present study was to compare the EGFR mutation analysis results between cytology, small biopsies and resections.
Methods
Archival material for EGFR testing was reviewed. Cell blocks and/or stained smears and tissue blocks were used where appropriate. The tumour cell count and percentage were recorded as well as the DNA content. The influence of TTF‐1 immunoreactivity on EGFR testing was also investigated.
Results
The study cohort included 300 unpaired specimens of 84 resections, 83 small biopsies and 133 cytological materials. EGFR mutation rates did not differ significantly for cytology, small biopsy and resections (P > 0.05). The higher tumour cell percentage in FNAs than in exfoliative cytology did not affect the EGFR mutation status. EGFR mutation rates were similar when either slides or cell blocks were used. Cytology slides revealed a higher tumour cell content and DNA concentration than the cell blocks. May‐Grünwald–Giemsa (MGG)‐stained smears had higher rates of the EGFR mutation than the Papanicolaou (Pap)‐stained slides (P < 0.05). Tumours with negative immunoreactivity for TTF‐1 are less likely to have an EGFR mutation (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
Cytological materials can be used successfully for mutation analysis in lung cancer.
“Listening Silence” and Its Discursive Effects
Authors: Applebaum Barbara 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTWhile researchers have studied how white silence protects white innocence and white ignorance, in this essay Barbara Applebaum explores a form of white silence that she refers to as “listening silence” in which silence protects white innocence but does not necessarily promote resistance to learning. White listening silence can appear to be a constructive pedagogical tool for teaching white students about their implication in the perpetuation of racism. The truth of white students' listening may make it seem as if silence promotes what George Yancy refers to as “tarrying” with a critique of whiteness. Applebaum argues, however, that white listening silence is itself a manifestation of complicity and needs to be disrupted. This examination expands discussions of white silence in the scholarship not by providing a formula for when silence is or is not pedagogically necessary, but rather by demonstrating that listening silence is not a form of “tarrying.” The first section examines the unique features of listening silence and the relationship between silence, ignorance, and innocence. The second section critically examines white listening silence in cross‐cultural dialogues and draws upon the work of Linda Martin Alcoff to argue that listening silence must be understood within the discursive context in which it is practiced. Finally, three implications of this emphasis on the discursive context for the role of silence in tarrying with the critique of whiteness are discussed.
Unique set of copulatory organs in mantises: Concealed female genital opening and extremely asymmetric male genitalia
Authors: Hashimoto Kosei , Suzuki Koh , Hayashi Fumio 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSeveral insects exhibit strong asymmetry in male genital shape, but the functions of this asymmetry is unknown. In the four species of the family Mantidae belonging to the genera Tenodera, Statilia and Hierodula, male genitalia consist of a more complex left‐side lobe, with two well‐pointed sclerotized processes, the apical process (paa) and the distal process (pda). Female genitalia are symmetric, and the genital opening (gonopore) is concealed by placement of the ovipositor (ovi) into the subgenital plate (sgp). Mating with experimental males, in which either paa or pda was cut, demonstrated that paa is essential for successful copulation. By fluorescence detection of the surface of females mated with males in which the paa was coated with fine fluorescent beads, the paa attachment site was determined to be the left edge of the female sgp. This finding suggests that copulation begins with exposure of the female gonopore by the male hooking the paa to the sgp and unfastening the ovi from the sgp, as associated with other parts of the male genitalia. The extremely asymmetric male genitalia also determine their mating posture. The male, mounting the female, bends his abdomen from the right side of his mate to attach his paa to her sgp. We found no antisymmetry in male genitalia, and never observed reversal (leftward) abdominal bending by the males. This was the fixed mating posture, even in virgin males, suggesting its innateness.
Identifying recommendation opportunities for computer‐supported collaborative environments
Authors: Lobo Jesus L. , Santos Olga C. , Boticario Jesus G. , Del Ser Javier 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCollaborative indicators derived from participants' interactions can be used to support and improve their collaborative behaviour. In this research, we focus on automatically identifying recommendation opportunities in the Collaborative Logical Framework from participants' interactions. Different information sources have been considered: (a) statistical collaborative indicators; (b) social interactions; (c) opinions received by the participants via ratings; and (d) users' affective state and personality. The recommendations have been elicited considering the generality and transferability of the participants' interactions provided by the Collaborative Logical Framework. As a result, three scenarios have been identified that lead us to propose meaningful grouping suggestions and recommendations, which ultimately aimed to ground an informed personalized support to the participants in intensive collaborative frameworks.