bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Louis-Sébastien Mercier, lecteur et propagateur de l'économie politique
Authors: Dorigny Marcel 
Published: June 2016

Marcel Dorigny : L.-S. Mercier, reader and populariser of economics.
Although Mercier was not a major economist of the late 18th Century, economics is always present in his writings, especially before the Revolution. He helped to popularise the issues that were at the heart of vital controversies, such as free trade in corn, luxury and social inequality, credit and currency, or property rights. He was a reader and propagator of other people's writings, but he was not a neutral observer. His radical, almost obsessive, hostility towards Quesnay's school did not make him an anti-liberal doubting the legitimacy of property rights or defending social egalitarianism. On the contrary, Mercier was a virulent defender of individualism and inequality as factors of unlimited economic progress. He belongs to one of the founding currents of French liberalism, distinct from the Physiocrats but which did not adopt all of the theories of the British school.
Sur la querelle de l'Akakia. Une lettre inconnue de Montesquieu à Maupertuis, présentée
Authors: Häseler Jens 
Published: June 2016

Jens Hàseler : The Akakia Dispute. An unknown letter from Montesquieu
to Maupertuis.
This unpublished letter from Montesquieu to Maupertuis, dated 26th January 1754, found in the archives of the Paris Académie des Sciences, throws new light on the good relations that existed between the two philosophes. In particular it shows support for Maupertuis's position in the Docteur Akakia dispute and it adds to the small number of his supporters in France. In it La Condamine is revealed as a tireless intermediary between the President of the Prussian Academy and the author of the Esprit des Lois.
La constitution d'un recueil de textes clandestins
Authors: Quantin Jean-Louis 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Louis Quantin : A collection of clandestine works.
The Sélestat Bibliothèque Humaniste possesses a collection of clandestine philosophical treatises which was hitherto unknown (ms 216). An examination of this collection clarifies important points in the history of certain works, in particular Dumarsais's Le philosophe. The collection also reflects the interests and curiosity of the person who copied them, who was obvioiusly anxious to make as complete an anti-christian collection as possible, to the extent of including two separate extracts from Meslier.
Chateaubriand et le despotisme oriental
Authors: Berchet Jean-Claude 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Claude Berchet : Chateaubriand and oriental despotism.
It does not matter that the theory of "Oriental despotism" as developed by Montesquieu and reinterpreted by Volney is built on shaky foundations, for it served as a useful mask to denounce, despite censorship, different forms of "Occidental despotism". The same strategy was adopted by Chateaubriand when in 1811 he published the account of his journey to the East. His visit to Constanti¬ nople provides not only an opportunity to reassert his opposition to the Imperial régime, but also a place in which to set out his model of liberal Christianity associating for the first time Athens and Jerusalem. By stressing the political dimension of his Itinéraire, this article aims to show the origin of the principles which, continuing but also breaking with Enlightenment thought, guided the public career of the first Romantic during the Restoration.
Utopie française, auteur anglais ?
Authors: Dunmore J. 
Published: June 2016

John Dunmore : A French utopia with an English author ?
The anonymous Fragmens du dernier voyage de La Pérouse (Quimper, an V) purported to give details of the discovery of Blue Island by La Pérouse' s expedition in 1788. It has been suggested that the author was Fr Receveur, member of the expedition or A. A. Dupetit-Thouars ; recently J. Gury put forward the name of Jacques Cambry. But whoever it was, he knew A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay (1789) by Watkin Tench, who had met La Pérouse at Botany Bay and knew fluent French. An analysis of these works and of his correspondence has led I.McLaren to suggest that Tench himself was the author of Fragmens, which would present the unusual case of a French Utopian tale being written in wartime by an Englishman.
Fragments en quête d'auteur
Authors: Gury Jacques 
Published: June 2016

Jacques Gury : Fragments in search of an author.
This article, a reply to the previous one, points out that W. Tench, an officer in the Royal Marines who had met La Pérouse in Botany Bay in 1788, did stay in Britanny in 1795 and may have met, in Quimper, Cambry who is thought to be the author of Fragmens du dernier voyage de Lapérouse (Quimper 1797) (see DHS n° 22). It is however very unlikely that he provided Cambry with more than the prefatorial tale, and even his contribution of any source material has yet to be proven.
Philippe Chéry, premier illustrateur de Sade
Authors: Champarnaud François 
Published: June 2016

François Champarnaud : Philippe Chéry, Sade s first illustrator.
Sade' s first, anonymous, work, Justine ou les malheurs de la vertu, appeared in 1791 with a frontispiece by Philippe Chéry, engraved by Carré in a neoclassical style which is austere enough to give the impression that this is an edifying work. The first paintings of Chéry (born 1759), on religious history, have unfortunately vanished, but from the Revolution he painted themes from Greek mythology, the Bible and above all portraits of contemporaries. Like Sade, he was interested in the theatre and published illustrations for Le Vacher' s Recherches sur les costumes et sur les théâtres de toutes nations. He was also an art critic, a defender of David and a republican, with the result that in 1813 he was looked on with suspicion. The article also mentions a pupil of David's, Mlle Le Roux de la Ville the elder, whose career developed during the Empire.
L'éclipsé de la musique baroque au début du 19e siècle
Authors: Cannone Belinda 
Published: June 2016

Belinda Cannone : The eclipse of baroque music in the early 19th Century.
This article analyses the ideas behind writings celebrating the demise of baroque music, which began in the mid-1 8th Century. During the first two decades of the 19th Century, the term "French music" only applied to music composed before Gluck, who was considered to represent the beginning of a movement to perfect music. Lully and Rameau, who were no longer played, were accused of bad taste and of demoting music and harmony to an ancillary function. The history of music was therefore presented in terms of a break with the early 18th Century, whose French music is only referred to in terms of errors and depravity.
Raynal romancier et politique
Authors: Brot Muriel 
Published: June 2016

Muriel Brot : Raynal, novellist and political writer.
The 8th book of the Histoire des Deux Indes owes much to Charlevoix's Histoire du Paraguay, and although the "tragic tale of a Spanish lady" is merely one of many borrowings, it was extensively rewritten in a way which emphasizes its novelistic character. In addition, although Raynal preserves Charlevoix's manichean perspective, he inverses the roles, rehabilitating the Indian, while the Spaniard (the victim in the original version) becomes a bloodthirsty barbarian whose methods of colonisation are both inhuman and politically inept. The literary base is both a satirical tool and a means of developing criticism of the Spanish
— which until then had been only concerned with political and economic issues
— to include humanitarian and ethical considerations.
Voyageurs au Levant à la recherche de l'Antiquité
Authors: Jager Patrick 
Published: June 2016

Patrick Jager : Travellers in the Levant and the search for Antiquity.
The most common motivation mentioned by travellers in the Levant was the search for classical culture, and they each tried their best to contribute their own discovery. Yet there was a great difference between the erudite antiquarians and collectors of the early 18th Century and the philosophical travellers at the end of the century. The "Souvenirs" which they brought back fell into three types : objects, which laid the foundations for museum collections ; picturesque or scientific drawings ; and above all accounts in which a new sensibility was developed and new meditations were tried out.
Les voyageurs français et les musées italiens
Authors: Luciani Gérard 
Published: June 2016

Gérard Luciani : Late eighteenth-century French travellers and Italian museums.
In their rediscovery of a more authentic classical antiquity than that of their predecessors in the age of Louis xiv, the French in the second half of the 18th Century used travel accounts, by literati like Barthélémy or Duclos, artists like Houel, art historians like Saint-Non, diplomats like Creuzé de Lesser, future politicians like Roland de la Platière or merely curious educated people like Sade. Enlightened Europe was rethinking museums while Italy was discovering, or excavating more rationally, the archeological sites of Campania ; thus it is interesting to study the reactions of travellers to the way Italians chose to exhibit new discoveries and reinterpret known antiquities in the light of neoclassical aesthetics. At the time when museums were abandoning the simple accumulation of objects, like that seen in the collections imagined by Pannini, for an organised arrangement like that behind Denon's organisation of the great Imperial Louvre, the echo of these great ideas can be found in French travel accounts.
L'imaginaire antique et le palladianisme des Lumières
Authors: Baridon Michel 
Published: June 2016

Michel Baridon : Classical imagination and Enlightenment Palladianism.
The fall of absolutism in Britain removed the religious references of political thought and encouraged a new image of classical Rome. What was admired was no longer the unifying empire but the colonizing city and its balance between monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. This image of Rome was already present during the Renaissance with Macchiavelli, and Palladio seemed to be the architect who gave it its purest expression. Thus Palladianism was the style of the new politics, that of the Masonic ideal. Its low lines and staccato effects made it blend into the countryside and its modernity was affirmed by its rejection of the spectacular thrust of baroque geometry. It spread the forms and sensibility which are to be found in Fielding, Pope and Montesquieu, the main representatives of literary Palladianism.
Peinture et belles antiques dans la première moitié du siècle. Les statues vivent aussi
Authors: Démoris René 
Published: June 2016

René Démoris : Painting and classical beauties in the first half of the century. Statues are also alive.
The art of the Rococo period, from La Fosse to Boucher in painting, had a strange reception in France ; it was violently attacked in the middle of the 18th Century, often considered in the 19th Century as the symbol of the frivolous aristocratic Enlightenment and sometimes later accused of being an art of enslave¬ ment abandoning the very purpose of art. We here try to analyse, in connection with a major reference for classical aesthetics — the relation to classical beauties as models — the position of artists who did not rebel against academic principles but who, by their practise, did in fact question the artistic ideology which developed from Du Bos to Diderot ; this ideology attributed certain social or moral aims to painting, a field in which writers wished to seize power and did in fact do so. The violence of the reactions to Rococo painting can be explained less by a relatively discreet immorality than by the latent critical charge of this artistic practice and its obsessions.
Antiquité, nature et nation chez Winckelmann
Authors: Espagne Michel 
Published: June 2016

Michel Espagne : Antiquity, nature and nation in J. J. Winckelmann.
Antiquity is a construction in the work of Winckelmann. Greek man stylised by the History of Art in Antiquity is a result of the philological discovery of classical texts as seen in reading notes, reflection on works of art exhibited in the Dresden gallery and reflection on history in the Biinau library. There was also the experience of the Dresden court by a young provincial from the depths of German society. There was the desire for liberation from the constraints of erudition which, however, Winckelmann could not do without ; and finally the affirmation of national feeling against the French. One of the paradoxes of Winckelmann concerns the way in which the personal relationship with classical Antiquity was universalised into a European aesthetics and a German literary style.
Énée et Didon à la scène, ou l'art d'accommoder les restes
Authors: Martin René 
Published: June 2016

René Martin : Dido and .Eneas on stage or how to use leftovers.
The last French tragedies inspired by book IV of the Aïnead were written during the 18th Century. Their authors, who were forced both to develop Virgil's rather thin diegesis and to innovate in this respect compared to their predecessors of the previous century, solved the problem by using two different tactics : they transformed the inflexible Trojan hero into a passionate lover ready to sacrifice his duty to his love, and they built up the secondary character of Iarbas, who became the joint rival and equal of �Eneas. Sometimes their unfaithfulness to Virgil was pushed even further into a sort of fictional mythology in which the Trojan hero gave up his mission and chose to reign over Carthage. Thus the survival of the episode imagined by Virgil was ensured by means of various betrayals, with results that were unequal but sometimes not devoid of interest.
Rousseau et Homère
Authors: Touchefeu Yves 
Published: June 2016

Yves Touchefeu : Rousseau and Homer.
The opposition, for J.-J. Rousseau, of the values of nature and the polity is well known, as is the fact the Discourse on the Origins of Inequality and the Essay on the Origin of Language celebrate the beginning of society which, at the dawn of history, allowed for a golden mean between the indolence of primitive life and the tension of civil life. This explains why Rousseau paid such passionate attention to Homer, for the world of Achilles and Ulysses led him to precisely those important moments at which emerging society was as if in tune with the natural order. The reference to Homer is particularly present in Emile. While this treatise on education begins by opposing categorically the education of the individual and that of the citizen, the Homeric imagery invites the reader to dream of a time when the two figures of "natural man" and "citizen" were not yet clearly separated into their contradictory relationship.
Les ambigüités du philhellénisme. L'ambassade du comte de Choiseul-Gouffîer auprès de la Sublime Porte (1784-1792)
Authors: Grell Chantal 
Published: June 2016

Chantal Grell : The ambiguities ofphilhellenism. Count Choiseul-Gouffiers's embassy to the ottoman court (1784-92).
The reign of Louis XVI was marked by the triumph of classical taste, in particular "Greek fashions". This article analyses, via Count Choiseul-Gouffier's embassy, the ambiguities of philhellenism. As a backdrop to it there was the decline of Ottoman power and the appetite of the European states looking forward to dividing up the spoils. The defence of classical Greece thus allowed them to provide a generous veil for much less generous aims. In the case of France, which was allied in theory to the Sultan, this philhellenic ideology was used to hide the weakness of their divided diplomacy and keep up the illusion, thanks mainly to archeological research undertaken by the ambassador, that the "country of literature and art" continued to play an active and effective role in near eastern affairs.
L'Antiquité chez Philippeaux
Authors: Bouineau Jacques 
Published: June 2016

Jacques Bouineau : Philippeaux and classical antiquity.
Philippeaux refers to classical Antiquity as to a catechism (well-known examples, minor and limited borrowings), but his references on the subject of teaching are rather more original. It is true that, like many others, he emphasizes the example of Greece and in particular Sparta, but he puts the moderns not the ancients in the first place. As far as administration is concerned, he proposed dividing France into tens, hundreds and thousands, claiming to borrow from Tacitus, which seems strange and leads one rather to think that Philippeaux had found his supposed model in his imagination. But classical Antiquity is also used to combat the church of his own time, seen as an abject monster compared to the ideal democracy of the primitive church.
Cinq lettres de Nicolas-Antoine Boulanger à Helvétius
Authors: Inguenaud Marie-Thérèse , Smith David W. 
Published: June 2016

Marie-Thérèse Inguenaud and David Smith : Five letters from Nicolas-Antoine Boulanger to Helvétius.
Five holograph letters by Boulanger (by whom only letter one was hitherto known) are here published ; they were written to Helvétius shortly before his death, between January and August 1759. Although they are all unsigned or signed with a pseudonym ; they can nevertheless be formally attributed to Boulan¬ ger thanks to the handwriting and the content. The first is the original of the prefaratory Letter from the author to M... in the Recherches sur l'origine du despotisme oriental, whose attribution was generally contested. The four others, all hitherto unknown, share the common theme of illness. They are interesting in that they confirm the biographical elements provided by Diderot in his preface to L'Antiquité dévoilée as well as throwing some light on an unknown character and providing precise information on medical practice in the mid-18th Century.
Une prédication républicaine au milieu du siècle : Les Bagatelles morales de l'abbé Coyer
Authors: Cheminade Christian 
Published: June 2016

Christian Cheminade : A republican preacher in the mid century : abbé
Coyer's Bagatelles morales.
From 1747 onward abbé Coyer (1707-1782) wrote nine pamphlets, published in 1754 under the title of Bagatelles morales, which attack, using buffoonery, the vices and stupidities of his age. This moral satire leads him to question the social order, denouncing an unequal and corrupting society and condemning the overwhelming domination of the rich and the misery of the people. He preaches a return to natural equality thanks to which reconciled humanity would escape from vice and unhappiness. He proposes more and more clearly a new model of political and social relations on the lines of Athens and Rome, which he sees honoured in Basel, Amsterdam and London. This republican sermon, which is close to the thought of Rousseau, shows the existence in the mid century of a republican current still very distinct from the Enlightenment.
L'allégorie révolutionnaire, de la Liberté à la République
Authors: Jourdan Annie 
Published: June 2016

Annie Jourdan : The revolutionary allegory : from liberty to the republic.
Revolutionary allegories have often been studied but clever, even brilliant, analyses have been based on a few carefully chosen examples or on specifically popular forms, resulting in hasty generalizations which falsify historical truth. This article tries to distinguish true from false and takes into account a large number of projects envisaged by the authorities in their drive to "republicanize" public space. For French revolutionary imagery was above all conceived by politicians to represent themselves as a political body and as the nation. Already in 1789 there emerged a political imagery dominated by allegory. From Liberty to the Republic, how did the French Revolution wish to represent itself, and what principles did it want to embody ? An analysis of different projects (statues, monuments, vignettes, seals, coins) shows that political representation does not always coincide with proclaimed principles and that the public image is rarely a reflection of reality. Often the sign masks the evanescence of its subject, whether it is popular sovereignty, liberty or the republic.
Approches roumaines de l'histoire ottomane
Authors: Lemny Stefan 
Published: June 2016

Stefan Lemmy : Rumanian studies of Ottoman History.
This article shows how the dominating political presence of the Sultan in the Rumanian past influenced their historians' approach to Ottoman history. Until the end of the Seventeenth Century, interest in Ottoman history was to be seen only through references to relations between Rumanians and Turks to be found in the scant chronicles of Rumanian countries. A change came about at the beginning of the 18th Century with the Moldavian Prince Dimitri Cantemir's History of the Ottoman Empire, which was read and praised throughout Europe ; it was translated into several languages and used by Voltaire, who admired its author. After Cantemir, interest in Ottoman history died out. The poet and statesman Ianach Vàcàrescu was the last 18th-century Rumanian to write a History of Ottoman Emperors, but it remained unfinished in manuscript form and was inferior to Cantemir's work.
Les Jeunes de langue de Péra-lès-Constantinople
Authors: Hitzel Frédéric 
Published: June 2016

Frédéric Hitzel : the 'jeunes de langue' at Pera of Constantinople.
Following Venice, which had created in the 16th century a school of oriental languages in order to form dragomans, the French minister Colbert's edict of 18th November 1669 set up, at the request of the Marseilles Chamber of Commerce, a school of professional interpreters to act as dragomans for French ambassadors and consuls in the East. The school was called the school of "Enfants de langue" or "Jeunes de langue". After studying at the Parisian college of Louis-le-Grand, the pupils were sent at the age of twenty to the Capucin convent at Pera in Constantinople, where they perfected their knowledge of Turkish, Arabic and Persian. The great period of this school was between 1721 and 1762, after which it declined, particulary on the creation in Paris of the School of Oriental Languages. It ceased to exist in Constantinople in 1831 and in Paris in 1873.
Le Traité des trois imposteurs et ses origines arabes
Authors: Gunny Ahmad 
Published: June 2016

Ahmad Gunny : The Traité des trois imposteurs and its Arab origins.
In the 18th Century, the personality of Muhammad drew more attention perhaps than sociological, political and economic questions in Islam. The Prophet was often denounced in published works, though the fiercest attack against him is to be found in clandestine texts, particularly the Traité des trois imposteurs. The Traité, as Massignon has shown, had Arab origins and dates back to the 10th Century, the 18th-century version being a reconstruction of the earlier, Arabic text. But the reconstruction was not as fantastical as Massignon thought. This article shows that a major episode, found in the French text only, may have had a later, historical origin.
À propos du Divan de Goethe. La lumière vient de l'Orient
Authors: Brahimi Denise 
Published: June 2016

Denise Brahimi : On Goethe s Divan.
The East-West Divan, a late work of Goethe's, prolongs his Enlightenment inspiration while around him there was developing a certain romanticism which exalted the irrational and associated poetry with darkness. Goethe adopts the Enlightenment criticism of Oriental despotism, the denunciation of pilgrimages and the Crusades and praise for travel as a means of gaining knowledge. In a Voltairian manner he contrasts the admirable deism of the Parsees to the deplorable excesses of Hinduism, and his sarcasm concerning Hinduism is often a mask for criticism of Christianity. He adopts the Parsees' natural religion and worship of the sun, source of all Enlightenment.