bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personality and Differential Treatment Response in Major Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy and Pharmacotherapy
Authors: Bagby R Michael , Quilty Lena C , Segal Zindel V , McBride Carolina C , Kennedy Sidney H , Costa Paul T 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Effective treatments for major depressive disorder exist, yet some patients fail to respond, or achieve only partial response. One approach to optimizing treatment success is to identify which patients are more likely to respond best to which treatments. The objective of this investigation was to determine if patient personality characteristics are predictive of response to either cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) or pharmacotherapy (PHT). Method: Depressed patients completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, which measures the higher-order domain and lower-order facet traits of the Five-Factor Model of Personality, and were randomized to receive either CBT or PHT. Result: Four personality traits—the higher-order domain neuroticism and 3 lower-order facet traits: trust, straightforwardness, and tendermindedness—were able to distinguish a differential response rate to CBT, compared with PHT. Conclusion: The assessment of patient dimensional personality traits can assist in the selection and optimization of treatment response for depressed patients. Objectif: Il existe des traitements efficaces du trouble dépressif majeur et pourtant, des patients ne réussissent pas à y répondre, ou n'y répondent que partiellement. Une approche en vue d'optimiser la réussite du traitement consiste à identifier quels patients sont plus susceptibles de mieux répondre à quels traitements. L'objectif de cette recherche était de déterminer si les caractéristiques de la personnalité des patients prédisent la réponse à soit la thérapie cognitivo-comportementale (TCC) soit la pharmacothérapie (PHT).
Work Characteristics and Social Phobia in a Nationally Representative Employed Sample
Authors: Stansfeld Stephen A , Blackmore Emma Robertson , Zagorski Brandon M , Munce Sarah , Stewart Donna E , Weller Iris 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Social phobia is associated with long-term impairment and disability. Environmental and genetic influences may be important in etiology and persistence. This is the first study to examine the association of work characteristics with social phobia in a representative nationally employed population. Method: Self-reported work characteristics were linked to 12-month social phobia diagnosed by the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview in 24 324 employed individuals from the Canadian Community Health Survey. Results: High job strain (OR = 1.62, 95%CI, 1.06 to 2.49) and job insecurity (OR = 2.47, 95%CI, 1.73 to 3.51) were associated with an increased risk of 12-month social phobia, adjusting for sociodemographic variables, prevalent depression, and other work characteristics. Conclusions: Work characteristics are associated with social phobia. Characteristics such as job insecurity may be a consequence of illness in employed populations, while high job strain may increase the risk of symptoms. More investigation is needed of the relation between work and social phobia to understand how to reduce occupational disability.
Predictive Validity of the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version for Intramural Behaviour in Violent Offenders—A Prospective Study at a Secure Psychiatric Hospital in Germany
Authors: Huchzermeier Christian , Bruß Emelie , Geiger Friedemann , Kernbichler Andreas , Aldenhoff Josef 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To consider the extent to which the presence of psychopathy, as indicated by the psychopathy checklist: screening version (PCL:SV), can predict intramural behaviour in offenders with mental disorders serving compulsory treatment at a German forensic psychiatric hospital. Method: The PCL:SV was used with 48 offenders detained at a forensic psychiatric hospital in Germany. In a prospective design, objective and subjective measures of behaviour were compared for those identified as high and low scorers on the PCL:SV. Data were obtained from hospital records of disciplinary incidents (objective) and from interviews with case managers and therapists (subjective), according to predefined criteria and in standardized forms. Results: The hospital records of the high scorers indicated they had been involved in significantly more disciplinary incidents than low scorers. Their behaviour was also rated significantly more negative by therapists than the low scorers. Conclusion: Numeorus studies found the psychopathy checklist (PCL) score to be a reliable predictor of recidivism in offenders after release. The present study has demonstrated that the PCL score has also predictive validity for intramural behaviour problems in individuals serving compulsory treatment at a forensic psychiatric hospital. As a result, we recommend the routine use of the PCL with offenders starting a period of compulsory detention to identify those at increased risk for problem behaviour.
Assessing the Outcome of Compulsory Treatment Orders on Management of Psychiatric Patients at 2 McGill University- Associated Hospitals
Authors: Nakhost Arash , Perry John Christopher , Frank Daniel 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Some literature suggests that compulsory community treatment orders (CTOs) are effective in reducing hospitalizations in a subgroup of psychiatric patients with histories of repeated hospitalization, allowing them to be treated in the community under less restrictive measures. However, studies have yielded contradictory findings, in part because of methodological differences. Our study examines the effectiveness of CTOs in reducing hospitalizations and increasing community tenure of such patients. Method: The sample included all psychiatric patients who had been given a CTO during a 9-year period at 2 of McGill University's hospitals. This is a naturalistic, observational, retrospective, before-and-after study where patients acted as their own control subjects. We examined variables, including the number, duration, and time to psychiatric admissions, comparing 4 time periods: early, pre-index, index (when the first CTO was in force), and post-index periods. The total study duration per subject encompasses the longest period of observation within existing studies in Canada. Results: Psychiatric patients with histories of frequent readmissions demonstrated a signifcant reduction in their number of hospitalizations as well as an increase in the median time to re-hospitalization, during the period when they were treated under a CTO. This effect of CTO was sustained even after the CTO had expired. Conclusions: Our study suggests that CTOs are effective in assisting psychiatric patients with histories of repeated hospitalizations to live and be treated in the community, diminishing the occurrence of frequent hospitalization.
Psychosis Literacy in a Canadian Health Region: Results from a General Population Sample
Authors: Addington Donald , Berzins Sandy , Yeo Maryann 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To assess the public's level of mental health literacy for psychosis. Method: A cross-sectional telephone survey using a random phone number selection procedure was conducted to identify a sample of 1685 participants comprised of youth at risk (aged 15 to 39 years) and parents of youth at risk of psychosis (aged 35 to 59 years). Participants were asked about their awareness of symptoms and causes of schizophrenia and psychosis, treatment options, and preferred channels for obtaining information about health and mental health. Results: The response rate was 73%. There was a high reported knowledge of the term schizophrenia (76%), but a low reported knowledge of the term psychosis (23%). Ninety-one per cent of participants agreed that medications can control symptoms of schizophrenia. Significant barriers to getting help included not knowing the early signs of psychosis, concerns about being labelled mentally ill or psychotic, and not knowing where to go for help. Preferred communication elements to reach at-risk youth and their families were pamphlets at family physicians' and school counsellors' offices, posters on buses, television and radio advertisements, and information on websites. Conclusions: Whereas there is good knowledge about recognition and treatment of schizophrenia, there is less awareness of the broader concept of psychosis. Barriers to accessing care included recognition of early signs of psychosis and stigma. Public education programs aimed at promoting earlier intervention would need to address information about both psychosis and stigma.
Birth Weight, Stress, and Symptoms of Depression in Adolescence: Evidence of Fetal Programming in a National Canadian Cohort
Authors: Colman Ian , Ataullahjan Anushka , Naicker Kiyuri , Van Lieshout Ryan J 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To investigate evidence of fetal programming in humans by studying whether adolescents born at high or low birth weights (LBW) are more likely to experience symptoms of depression and anxiety after experiencing stress. Method: The sample included 3732 members of a prospective Canadian cohort study assessed for symptoms of depression and anxiety at age 12 to 15 years (2006/2007), and had birth weight and gestational age (GA) data recorded in 1994/1995. Major stressful life events and chronic stressors were also reported throughout childhood. Results: After adjusting for acute and chronic stress, being born small for GA (SGA) (OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.08 to 2.08) or large (OR 1.31; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.72) for GA was associated with an increased risk of depression and anxiety in adolescence, compared with adolescents who were born at a weight appropriate for their GA. Most interactions between birth weight and stress were not significant; however, the relation between chronic stress and adolescent depression and anxiety was more pronounced in males who were born SGA (interaction P < 0.05). Conclusions: The link between birth weight and depression is complex and evidence of fetal programming is inconsistent; however, people born at LBW may be at an increased risk of depression in the face of chronic stress.
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome—An 11-Year Longitudinal Case-Control Study
Authors: Nielsen René Ernst , Jensen Signe Olrik Wallenstein , Nielsen Jimmi 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To describe patients with neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), to establish occurrence of NMS, to investigate risk factors of NMS, and to investigate mortality associated with NMS. Method: We conducted a longitudinal register linkage case-control study of NMS. Result: In health care registers covering the period from 1996 to 2007, we identified, among 224 372 patients with organic, psychotic, affective, or neurotic diagnosis, 83 patients with NMS, equivalent to an occurrence of 0.04%. Treatment with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) in the 3 months preceding admission increased the NMS risk (OR 4.66; 95% CI 1.96 to 11.10) and also first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) of high potency (OR 23.41; 95% CI 5.29 to 103.61) and mid potency (OR 4.81; 95% CI 1.96 to 11.79), and depot antipsychotics (OR 4.53; 95% CI 1.60 to 12.80). Benzodiazepines (BDZs) also increased the risk of NMS (OR 3.43; 95% CI 1.68 to 12.80). NMS was associated with an increased mortality (HR 1.88; 95% CI 1.19 to 2.98) in patients, compared with sex-, age-, and diagnosis-matched control subjects, but no significant difference in mortality between patients and control subjects was observed after the initial 30 days ( P = 0.27). Conclusions: The occurrence of NMS is low, and the prediction of NMS is difficult. Previous treatment with FGAs, SGAs, and BDZs was identified as a risk factor for developing NMS. NMS increased mortality within 30 days after NMS.
Multiple Informant Agreement of Child, Parent, and Teacher Ratings of Child Anxiety within Community Samples
Authors: Miller Lynn D , Martinez Yvonne J , Shumka Ellen , Baker Heather 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Extant research concerning the degree of multiple informant (that is, parent, clinician, teacher, and child) agreement for child anxiety ratings generally uses clinical samples, and results have been mixed. Method: Our study used a community sample of public school children ( n = 1039) to investigate child (self), parent, and teacher reports of child anxiety across 3 time points (pretreatement, posttreatment, and follow-up) in 3 independent school prevention and intervention trials. Results: Results showed that parents and teachers had high informant agreement for ratings on anxiety across the 3 time points ( r = 0.95 to 0.96, P < 0.001); agreement between parent and child (self) reports and between teacher and child (self) reports consistently showed lower agreement across the 3 time points ( r = 0.14 and 0.28, respectively, P < 0.001). Group differences were also significant for sex and grade, whereby females more commonly self-reported higher anxiety and children in grades 3 and 4 self-reported higher anxiety, compared with students in grades 5 to 7. Conclusion: Correlations between parent and teacher with child ratings were poor over 3 time points, and significant differences were found for sex and grade. Research is needed to understand reasons for poor concordance between parent, child, and teacher ratings of anxiety for all children.
Do Psychopathic Traits Assessed in Mid-Adolescence Predict Mental Health, Psychosocial, and Antisocial, Including Criminal Outcomes, over the Subsequent 5 Years?
Authors: Hemphälä Malin , Hodgins Sheilagh 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To determine whether psychopathic traits assessed in mid-adolescence predicted mental health, psychosocial, and antisocial (including criminal) outcomes 5 years later and would thereby provide advantages over diagnosing conduct disorder (CD). Method: Eighty-six women and 61 men were assessed in mid-adolescence when they first contacted a clinic for substance misuse and were reassessed 5 years later. Assessments in adolescence include the Psychopathy Checklist—Youth Version (PCL-YV), and depending on their age, either the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children or the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (SCID). Assessments in early adulthood included the SCID, self-reports of psychosocial functioning, aggressive behaviour, and criminality and official criminal records. Results: The antisocial facet score positively predicted the number of anxiety symptoms and likelihood of receiving treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs). Lifestyle and antisocial facet scores negatively predicted Global Assessment of Functioning scores. By contrast, the interpersonal score and male sex independently and positively predicted the number of months worked or studied, as did the interaction of Lifestyle x Sex indicating that among men, but not women, an increase in lifestyle facet score was associated with less time worked or studied. Interpersonal and antisocial scores positively predicted school drop-out. Antisocial facet scores predicted the number of symptoms of antisocial personality disorder, alcohol and SUDs, and violent and nonviolent criminality but much more strongly among males than females. Predictions from numbers of CD symptoms were similar. Conclusions: Psychopathic traits among adolescents who misuse substances predict an array of outcomes over the subsequent 5 years. Information on the levels of these traits may be useful for planning treatment.
Pharmacogenetics of Antipsychotics
Authors: Brandl Eva J , Kennedy James L , Müller Daniel J 
Published: July 2017

Objective: During the past decades, increasing efforts have been invested in studies to unravel the influence of genetic factors on antipsychotic (AP) dosage, treatment response, and occurrence of adverse effects. These studies aimed to improve clinical care by predicting outcome of treatment with APs and thus allowing for individualized treatment strategies. We highlight most important findings obtained through both candidate gene and genome-wide association studies, including pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors. Methods: We reviewed studies on pharmacogenetics of AP response and adverse effects published on PubMed until early 2012. Owing to the high number of published studies, we focused our review on findings that have been replicated in independent studies or are supported by meta-analyses. Results: Most robust findings were reported for associations between polymorphisms of the cytochrome P450 system, the dopamine and the serotonin transmitter systems, and dosage, treatment response, and adverse effects, such as AP-induced weight gain or tardive dyskinesia. These associations were either detected for specific medications or for classes of APs. Conclusion: First promising and robust results show that pharmacogenetics bear promise for a widespread use in future clinical practice. This will likely be achieved by developing algorithms that will include many genetic variants. However, further investigation is warranted to replicate and validate previous findings, as well as to identify new genetic variants involved in AP response and for replication of existing findings.
A Narrative Review of Recent Developments in Knowledge Translation and Implications for Mental Health Care Providers
Authors: Goldner Elliot M , Jenkins Emily K , Fischer Benedikt 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Attention to knowledge translation (KT) has increased in the health care field in an effort to improve uptake and implementation of potentially beneficial knowledge. We provide an overview of the current state of KT literature and discuss the relevance of KT for health care professionals working in mental health. Method: A systematic search was conducted using MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases to identify review articles published in journals from 2007 to 2012. We selected articles on the basis of eligibility criteria and then added further articles deemed pertinent to the focus of our paper. Results: After removing duplicates, we scanned 214 review articles for relevance and, subsequently, we added 46 articles identified through hand searches of reference lists or from other sources. A total of 61 papers were retained for full review. Qualitative synthesis identified 5 main themes: defining KT and development of KT science; effective KT strategies; factors influencing the effectiveness of KT; KT frameworks and guides; and relevance of KT to health care providers. Conclusions: Despite limitations in existing evidence, the concept and practice of KT holds potential value for mental health care providers. Understanding of, and familiarity with, effective approaches to KT holds the potential to enhance providers' treatment approaches and to promote the use of new knowledge in practice to enhance outcomes.
Implementing a Continuum of Evidence-Based Psychosocial Interventions for People with Severe Mental Illness: Part 1—Review of Major Initiatives and Implementation Strategies
Authors: Menear Matthew , Briand Catherine 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Providing comprehensive care to people with severe mental illness (SMI) involves moving beyond pharmacological treatment and ensuring access to a wide range of evidence-based psychosocial services. Numerous initiatives carried out in North America and internationally have promoted the widespread adoption of such services. Objectives of this rapid review were 3-fold: to identify these implementation initiatives, to describe the implementation strategies used to promote the uptake of psychosocial services, and to identify key issues related to the implementation of a broad range of services. Part 1 presents findings for objectives 1 and 2 of the review. Method: Searches were carried out in MEDLINE and PsycINFO for reports published between 1990 and 2012 using key words related to SMI, psychosocial practices, and implementation. Contacts with experts and reference list and reverse citation searches were also conducted. Results: Fifty-five articles were retained that identified more than a dozen major North American and international implementation initiatives. Initiative leaders employed diverse strategies at the planning, execution, and evaluation stages of the implementation process. Stakeholder meetings, training, ongoing consultation, and quality or fidelity monitoring were strategies consistently adopted across most initiatives, whereas theory-based approaches and organizational- and system-level strategies were less frequently described. Conclusion: Insights from the initiatives identified in this review can help guide future efforts to implement a broad range of psychosocial services for people with SMI. However, such efforts will also need to be informed by more rigorous, theory-based studies of implementation processes and outcomes.
Subjective Cognitive Complaints and Functional Disability in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder and Their Nonaffected First-Degree Relatives
Authors: Ruocco Anthony C , Lam Jaeger , McMain Shelley F 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To examine the contributions of subjective cognitive complaints to functional disability in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and their nonaffected relatives. Method: Patients with BPD ( n = 26), their first-degree biological relatives ( n = 17), and nonpsychiatric control subjects ( n = 31) completed a self-report measure of cognitive difficulties and rated the severity of their functional disability on the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. Results: After accounting for group differences in age and severity of depressive symptoms, patients and relatives endorsed more inattention and memory problems than control subjects. Whereas probands reported greater disability than relatives and control subjects across all functional domains, relatives described more difficulties than control subjects in managing multiple life activities, including domestic activities and occupational and academic functioning, and participating in society. For both probands and relatives, inattention and memory problems were linked primarily to difficulties with life activities, independent of depression and other comorbid psychiatric disorders. Conclusions: Problems with inattention and forgetfulness may lead to difficulties carrying out activities of daily living and occupational or academic problems in patients with BPD, as well as their nonaffected first-degree relatives.