bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small‐scale barriers mitigate desertification processes and enhance plant recruitment in a degraded semiarid grassland
Authors: Fick Stephen E. , Decker Cheryl , Duniway Michael C. , Miller Mark E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAnthropogenic desertification is a problem that plagues drylands globally; however, the factors which maintain degraded states are often unclear. In Canyonlands National Park on the Colorado Plateau of southeastern Utah, many degraded grasslands have not recovered structure and function >40 yr after release from livestock grazing pressure, necessitating active restoration. We hypothesized that multiple factors contribute to the persistent degraded state, including lack of seed availability, surficial soil‐hydrological properties, and high levels of spatial connectivity (lack of perennial vegetation and other surface structure to retain water, litter, seed, and sediment). In combination with seeding and surface raking treatments, we tested the effect of small barrier structures (“ConMods”) designed to disrupt the loss of litter, seed and sediment in degraded soil patches within the park. Grass establishment was highest when all treatments (structures, seed addition, and soil disturbance) were combined, but only in the second year after installation, following favorable climatic conditions. We suggest that multiple limiting factors were ameliorated by treatments, including seed limitation and microsite availability, seed removal by harvester ants, and stressful abiotic conditions. Higher densities of grass seedlings on the north and east sides of barrier structures following the summer months suggest that structures may have functioned as artificial “nurse‐plants”, sheltering seedlings from wind and radiation as well as accumulating wind‐blown resources. Barrier structures increased the establishment of both native perennial grasses and exotic annuals, although there were species‐specific differences in mortality related to spatial distribution of seedlings within barrier structures. The unique success of all treatments combined, and even then only under favorable climatic conditions and in certain soil patches, highlights that restoration success (and potentially, natural regeneration) often is contingent on many interacting factors.
Shake table test and numerical study of self‐centering steel frame with SMA braces
Authors: Qiu Canxing , Zhu Songye 
Published: July 2016

SummaryGiven their excellent self‐centering and energy‐dissipating capabilities, superelastic shape memory alloys (SMAs) become an emerging structural material in the field of earthquake engineering. This paper presents experimental and numerical studies on a scaled self‐centering steel frame with novel SMA braces (SMAB), which utilize superelastic Ni–Ti wires. The braces were fabricated and cyclically characterized before their installation in a two‐story one‐bay steel frame. The equivalent viscous damping ratio and ‘post‐yield’ stiffness ratio of the tested braces are around 5% and 0.15, respectively. In particular, the frame was seismically designed with nearly all pin connections, including the pinned column bases. To assess the seismic performance of the SMA braced frame (SMABF), a series of shake table tests were conducted, in which the SMABF was subjected to ground motions with incremental seismic intensity levels. No repair or replacement of structural members was performed during the entire series of tests. Experimental results showed that the SMAB could withstand several strong earthquakes with very limited capacity degradation. Thanks to the self‐centering capacity and pin‐connection design, the steel frame was subjected to limited damage and zero residual deformation even if the peak interstory drift ratio exceeded 2%. Good agreement was found between the experimental results and numerical simulations. The current study validates the prospect of using SMAB as a standalone seismic‐resisting component in critical building structures when high seismic performance or earthquake resilience is desirable under moderate and strong earthquakes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of frequency‐dependent soil–structure interaction on the fragility of R/C bridges
Authors: Lesgidis Nikolaos , Sextos Anastasios , Kwon Oh‐Sung 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBridge performance under earthquake loading can be significantly influenced by the interaction between the structure and the supporting soil. Even though the frequency dependence of the interaction mentioned in this study has long been documented, the simplifying assumption that the dynamic stiffness is dominated by the mean or predominant excitation frequency is still commonly made, primarily as a result of the associated numerical difficulties when the analysis has to be performed in the time domain. This study makes use of the advanced lumped parameter models recently developed in order to quantify the impact of the assumption on the predicted fragility of bridges mentioned in this study. This is achieved by comparing the predicted vulnerability for the case of a reference, well studied, actual bridge using both conventional, frequency‐independent, Kelvin–Voigt models and the aforementioned lumped parameter formulation. Analysis results demonstrate that the more refined consideration of frequency dependence of soil–structure interaction at the piers and the abutments of a bridge not only leads to different probabilities of failure for given intensity measures but also leads to different hierarchy and distribution of damage within the structure for the same set of earthquake ground motions even if the overall probability of exceeding a given damage state is the same. The paper concludes with the comparative assessment of the effect for different soil conditions, foundation configurations, and ground motion characteristics mentioned in this study along with the relevant analysis and design recommendations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does the Interpersonal Model Generalize to Obesity Without Binge Eating?
Authors: Lo Coco Gianluca , Sutton Rachel , Tasca Giorgio A. , Salerno Laura , Oieni Veronica , Compare Angelo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe interpersonal model has been validated for binge eating disorder (BED), but it is not yet known if the model applies to individuals who are obese but who do not binge eat. The goal of this study was to compare the validity of the interpersonal model in those with BED versus those with obesity, and normal weight samples. Data from a sample of 93 treatment‐seeking women diagnosed with BED, 186 women who were obese without BED, and 100 controls who were normal weight were examined for indirect effects of interpersonal problems on binge eating psychopathology mediated through negative affect. Findings demonstrated the mediating role of negative affect for those with BED and those who were obese without BED. Testing a reverse model suggested that the interpersonal model is specific for BED but that this model may not be specific for those without BED. This is the first study to find support for the interpersonal model in a sample of women with obesity but who do not binge. However, negative affect likely plays a more complex role in determining overeating in those with obesity but who do not binge. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Energy production advantage of independent subcell connection for multijunction photovoltaics
Authors: Warmann Emily C. , Atwater Harry A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIncreasing the number of subcells in a multijunction or “spectrum splitting” photovoltaic improves efficiency under the standard AM1.5D design spectrum, but it can lower efficiency under spectra that differ from the standard if the subcells are connected electrically in series. Using atmospheric data and the SMARTS multiple scattering and absorption model, we simulated sunny day spectra over 1 year for five locations in the United States and determined the annual energy production of spectrum splitting ensembles with 2–20 subcells connected electrically in series or independently. While electrically independent subcells have a small efficiency advantage over series‐connected ensembles under the AM1.5D design spectrum, they have a pronounced energy production advantage under realistic spectra over 1 year. Simulated energy production increased with subcell number for the electrically independent ensembles, but it peaked at 8–10 subcells for those connected in series. Electrically independent ensembles with 20 subcells produce up to 27% more energy annually than the series‐connected 20‐subcell ensemble. This energy production advantage persists when clouds are accounted for.
Importance of Hepatic Transporters in Clinical Disposition of Drugs and Their Metabolites
Authors: Patel Mitesh , Taskar Kunal S. , Zamek‐Gliszczynski Maciej J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis review provides a practical clinical perspective on the relevance of hepatic transporters in pharmacokinetics and drug‐drug interactions (DDIs). Special emphasis is placed on transporters with clear relevance to clinical DDIs, efficacy, and safety. Basolateral OATP1B1 and 1B3 emerged as important hepatic drug uptake pathways, sites for systemic DDIs, and sources of pharmacogenetic variability. As the first step in hepatic drug removal from the circulation, OATPs are an important determinant of systemic pharmacokinetics, specifically influencing systemic absorption, clearance, and hepatic distribution for subsequent metabolism and/or excretion. Biliary excretion of parent drugs is a less prevalent clearance pathway than metabolism or urinary excretion, but BCRP and MRP2 are critically important to biliary/fecal elimination of drug metabolites. Inhibition of biliary excretion is typically not apparent at the level of systemic pharmacokinetics but can markedly increase liver exposure. Basolateral efflux transporters MRP3 and MRP4 mediate excretion of parent drugs and, more commonly, polar metabolites from hepatocytes into blood. Basolateral excretion is an area in need of further clinical investigation, which will necessitate studies more complex than just systemic pharmacokinetics. Clinical relevance of hepatic uptake is relatively well appreciated, and clinical consequences of hepatic excretion (biliary and basolateral) modulation remain an active research area.
The Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Predict the Role of Drug Transporters: Scientific and Regulatory Perspectives
Authors: Pan Yuzhuo , Hsu Vicky , Grimstein Manuela , Zhang Lei , Arya Vikram , Sinha Vikram , Grillo Joseph A. , Zhao Ping 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTransporters play an important role in drug absorption, disposition, and drug action. The evaluation of drug transporters requires a comprehensive understanding of transporter biology and pharmacology. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models may offer an integrative platform to quantitatively evaluate the role of drug transporters and its interplay with other drug disposition processes such as passive drug diffusion and elimination by metabolizing enzymes. To date, PBPK modeling and simulations integrating drug transporters lag behind that for drug‐metabolizing enzymes. In addition, predictive performance of PBPK has not been well established for predicting the role of drug transporters in the pharmacokinetics of a drug. To enhance overall predictive performance of transporter‐based PBPK models, it is necessary to have a detailed understanding of transporter biology for proper representation in the models and to have a quantitative understanding of the contribution of transporters in the absorption and metabolism of a drug. This article summarizes PBPK‐based submissions evaluating the role of drug transporters to the Office of Clinical Pharmacology of the US Food and Drug Administration.
Review of Transporter‐Related Postmarketing Requirement or Postmarketing Commitment Studies
Authors: Fan Ying , Sun Bo , Agarwal Sheetal , Zhang Lei 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe objectives of this report are to summarize the content and status of transporter‐related postmarketing requirement (PMR)/postmarketing commitment (PMC) studies in new drug applications (NDAs) approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and to discuss the reasons for requesting such studies and the impact of PMR/PMC study results on labeling to guide the optimal use of the drugs. Multiple data sources were searched to collect information on transporter‐related PMR/PMC studies between January 1999 and May 2015. A total of 40 transporter‐related PMR/PMC study requests were issued for 35 NDAs. Among these PMR/PMC studies, 27 requested studies related to P‐glycoprotein. As of May 31, 2015, 34 transporter‐related PMR/PMC studies (85%) are considered “fulfilled” (per the FDA's PMR/PMC website), and 22 (65%) resulted in labeling updates. The majority of the PMR/PMC studies are for drugs in the therapeutic areas of anti‐infectives, oncology, and neurology. The results from PMR/PMC studies are important for dosing optimization and are often included in the updated labeling. Because a significant lag time is anticipated between drug approval and PMR/PMC fulfillment, NDA applicants are encouraged to include transporter‐related assessments in clinical drug development programs for drug products.
Effect of fermentation and sterilization on anthocyanins in blueberry
Authors: Nie Qixing , Feng Lei , Hu Jielun , Wang Sunan , Chen Haihong , Huang Xiaojun , Nie Shaoping , Xiong Tao , Xie Mingyong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDBlueberry products have various health benefits due to their high content of dietary anthocyanins. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of fermentation and sterilization on total anthocyanin content, composition and some quality attributes of blueberry puree. The blueberry puree used here was fermented for 40 h at 37 °C by Lactobacillus after sterilization. The method of ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was optimized for the rapid analysis of anthocyanins. Quality attributes including pH, color, total soluble solids and viscosity were measured.RESULTSA total of 21 anthocyanins and five anthocyanidins were quantified by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography. Fermented blueberry had reduced total anthocyanin content (29%) and levels of individual anthocyanins compared with fresh blueberry. Total anthocyanin content was decreased 46% by sterilization, and different degradation behavior of individual anthocyanin was appeared between fermented and sterilized–fermented blueberry puree. Fermentation and sterilization decreased the total soluble solids and pH and changed color parameters, while minimally influencing viscosity.CONCLUSIONSThe loss of total anthocyanin content by fermentation was related to the unstable structure of blueberry anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are sensitive to temperature (>80 °C), and degradation of anthocyanins by sterilization in blueberry should be considered in the fermentation procedure. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of açaí (Euterpe oleracea) genotypes and commercial pulps
Authors: Carvalho Ana Vânia , Ferreira Ferreira da Silveira Tayse , Mattietto Rafaella de Andrade , Padilha de Oliveira Maria do Socorro , Godoy Helena Teixeira 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDAçaí has been reported to contain many bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins. This study aimed to determine the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of pulps of three different açaí genotypes from the Active Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Eastern Amazon and three commercial açaí pulps from Belém, state of Pará, Brazil.RESULTSAnthocyanin 3‐rutinoside was the major anthocyanin present in freeze‐dried açaí pulp samples. The commercial sample C showed the greatest amounts of cyanidin 3‐glucoside and cyanidin 3‐rutinoside (18 942 and 34 397 µg g−1 respectively). The content of phenolic compounds varied significantly among the commercial and genotype samples, and vanillic acid was found in the highest concentration in the samples studied. All açaí samples showed high DPPH, ORAC and TEAC values, confirming the exceptionally high radical‐scavenging capacity of açaí pulp previously reported by other researchers.CONCLUSIONThe commercial samples showed higher antioxidant capacity and higher levels of anthocyanins and non‐anthocyanic compounds than those of the genotype samples. Among the genotypes studied, L4P16 stood out for its higher contents of fibre and bioactive compounds and higher antioxidant capacity, indicating that this genotype has great potential for use in plant breeding programs that should be further explored. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Applying Multidimensional Method of Moments for Modeling and Estimating Parameters for Arborescent Polyisobutylene Production in Batch Reactor
Authors: Zhao Yutian R. , Arriola Daniel J. , Puskas Judit E. , McAuley Kimberley B. 
Published: July 2016

A mathematical model is developed for the arborescent poly­isobutylene system in a batch reactor, using multidimensional method of moments, to predict the concentrations of monomer and inimer as well as number and weight average molecular weight. This model is significantly efficient in computation, making parameter estimation practical. Simulation results agree with results obtained by Monte Carlo simulations. Parameter estimation results show that using the weight average molecular weight data provide better overall fit than leaving them out in the previous model.image
Orthostatic Hypotension in Parkinson's Disease: The Relation of Blood Pressure Tests and Symptoms in Daily Life
Authors: Velseboer Daan C. , de Haan Rob J. , Post Bart , Krediet C.T.P. (Paul) , Verberne Hein J. , de Bie Rob M.A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundOrthostatic hypotension (OH) is common in Parkinson's disease (PD), but the relation between the results of orthostatic blood pressure tests and orthostatic symptoms in daily life is not clear.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional study in an incident nontertiary care cohort of PD patients with additional recruitment of PD patients from our own outpatient clinic. We recruited sex‐ and age‐matched controls. All participants underwent orthostatic blood pressure tests using continuous blood pressure measurements. Orthostatic symptoms experienced in daily life were assessed using autonomic symptom questionnaires (SCOPA‐AUT and COMPASS‐31).ResultsA total of 83 PD patients and 35 controls were included. Mean patient age was 69.2 years (standard deviation [SD]: 10.0). Mean disease duration was 6.6 years (SD, 0.8). The estimated prevalence of OH in PD was 24.1% (95% confidence interval: 16.2–34.3). There was no significant difference between PD patients with and without OH regarding reported daily orthostatic symptoms. Alternative OH criteria did not substantially improve this.ConclusionsPerceived orthostatic symptoms in daily life have no clear association with the results of a single orthostatic blood pressure test. Better diagnostic strategies are needed.
Wie Mikroorganismen und Elektroden interagieren
Authors: Schröder Uwe , Greiner Andreas , Rosenbaum Miriam A. , Harnisch Falk 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDie Verknüpfung von Elektrochemie und Mikrobiologie ist Forschung mit Anwendungspotenzial: von der Energiegewinnung aus Abwasser bis zur Synthese von Chemikalien. Wichtige Rollen spielen Elektrochemie, Mikrobiologie und Materialwissenschaften.
Was vom Graphen‐Hype übrig bleibt
Authors: Osterath Brigitte 
Published: July 2016

AbstractUnglaublich dünn, gleichzeitig fest und leitfähig − die wissenschaftliche Welt feierte die zweidimensionale Kohlenstoffmodifikation nach der Entdeckung Anfang der 2000er Jahre als neues Wundermaterial. Inzwischen hat die Begeisterung etwas nachgelassen – aber verebbt ist sie noch nicht.
Subdural hematoma cases identified through a Danish patient register: diagnosis validity, clinical characteristics, and preadmission antithrombotic drug use
Authors: Poulsen Frantz Rom , Halle Bo , Pottegård Anton , García Rodríguez Luis Alberto , Hallas Jesper , Gaist David 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPurposeThis study aimed to assess the usefulness of Danish patient registers for epidemiological studies of subdural hematoma (SDH) and to describe clinical characteristics of validated cases.MethodsUsing a patient register covering a geographically defined area in Denmark, we retrieved hospital contacts recorded under SDH International Classification of Diseases version 10 codes S065 and I620 in 2000–2012. Neurosurgeons reviewed medical records of all potential cases. Based on brain scan results, verified cases were classified by SDH type (chronic SDH (cSDH) or acute SDH (aSDH)). Thirty‐day mortality and preadmission antithrombotic drug use were established through linkage to population‐based registers. We calculated the positive predictive value of the SDH code and compared mortality and preadmission antithrombotic drug use of cSDH with those of aSDH (age‐adjusted and sex‐adjusted odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (95%CI)).ResultsWe verified the diagnosis in 936 of 1185 identified patients. The positive predictive value was highest for hospital contacts with principal discharge diagnosis code S065 (96%) but was low for other contact types under code S065 (25–54%), and only moderate for patients recorded under code I620 (62%). cSDH represented 57% of verified cases, and aSDH the remaining 43%. cSDH differed markedly from aSDH with regard to a number of clinical characteristics, including a much lower mortality (OR 0.2, 95%CI 0.1–0.3). However, preadmission antithrombotic drug use did not vary by SDH type (OR 0.9, 95%CI 0.6–1.2).ConclusionsDanish patient registers are a useful resource for SDH studies. However, choice of International Classification of Diseases code markedly influences diagnostic validity. Distinction between cSDH and aSDH is not possible based on SDH diagnosis codes only. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A recoverable chaos‐based fragile watermarking with high PSNR preservation
Authors: Li Ming , Xiao Di , Liu Hong , Bai Sen 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe preservation of high peak signal‐to‐noise ratio of the watermarked image is required in some applications. The chaos‐based fragile watermarking proposed by Rawat et al. in 2011 can meet this requirement, for only one LSB plane of the original image is modified by the watermark data. However, there are three drawbacks in the original scheme: (i) insecurity, the host image can be tampered without being detected; (ii) the detected tampered area is incomplete; and (iii) the most important thing is that the tampered area is unrecoverable. Enlightened by the work of Rawat et al., we propose a new recoverable chaos‐based fragile watermarking scheme, in which all of the drawbacks in the original scheme have been overcome, while the size of the watermark is unchanged, therefore the high peak signal‐to‐noise ratio characteristic can be preserved. The chaotic map is used to ensure the security; the idea of block dividing is adopted to improve the tamper detection and to make storage space for the recovery data embedding; and the border matching recovery based on vector quantization is proposed to improve the recovery result of the target image. Experiments show that our method is secure and recoverable, and the recovery ability is extremely satisfactory. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.