bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dimension‐Based Statistical Learning Affects Both Speech Perception and Production
Authors: Lehet Matthew , Holt Lori L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMultiple acoustic dimensions signal speech categories. However, dimensions vary in their informativeness; some are more diagnostic of category membership than others. Speech categorization reflects these dimensional regularities such that diagnostic dimensions carry more “perceptual weight” and more effectively signal category membership to native listeners. Yet perceptual weights are malleable. When short‐term experience deviates from long‐term language norms, such as in a foreign accent, the perceptual weight of acoustic dimensions in signaling speech category membership rapidly adjusts. The present study investigated whether rapid adjustments in listeners’ perceptual weights in response to speech that deviates from the norms also affects listeners’ own speech productions. In a word recognition task, the correlation between two acoustic dimensions signaling consonant categories, fundamental frequency (F0) and voice onset time (VOT), matched the correlation typical of English, and then shifted to an “artificial accent” that reversed the relationship, and then shifted back. Brief, incidental exposure to the artificial accent caused participants to down‐weight perceptual reliance on F0, consistent with previous research. Throughout the task, participants were intermittently prompted with pictures to produce these same words. In the block in which listeners heard the artificial accent with a reversed F0 × VOT correlation, F0 was a less robust cue to voicing in listeners’ own speech productions. The statistical regularities of short‐term speech input affect both speech perception and production, as evidenced via shifts in how acoustic dimensions are weighted.
Bethesda classification is a valuable guide for fine needle aspiration reports and highly predictive especially for diagnosing aggressive variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Evranos B. , Polat S. B. , Baser H. , Ozdemir D. , Kilicarslan A. , Yalcin A. , Ersoy R. , Cakir B. 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundA fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is the most valuable diagnostic procedure for pre‐operative discrimination of benign and malignant nodules. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology provides standardised reporting and cytomorphological criteria in aspiration smears. The aim of the present study was to determine malignancy rates in nodules with different cytology results and evaluate the diagnostic value of Bethesda for variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).Materials and methodsA retrospective analysis of 2534 cases with 5784 thyroid nodules, who underwent FNAB followed by surgery, were included in this study. FNAB was performed with ultrasonography guidance. Cytological diagnoses were classified as: non‐diagnostic (ND), benign, atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesions of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm (FN/SFN), suspicious for malignancy (SUS) and malignant. Histopathological diagnoses were classified into four groups: benign, PTC, follicular thyroid cancer and other types of thyroid cancer (including medullary thyroid cancer, undifferentiated thyroid cancer and thyroid tumours of uncertain malignant potential). Cases with PTC were further divided into four categories: conventional variant, follicular variant, aggressive variants (tall cell, diffuse sclerosing and columnar variant) and other variants (oncocytic, solid/trabecular and warthin‐like variants). FNAB results were compared with histopathological results.ResultsMalignancy rates were 6.3%, 3.2%, 20.7%, 33.3%, 74.2% and 95.6% in the nodules with ND, benign, AUS/FLUS, FN/SFN, SUS and malignant cytology results, respectively. Pre‐operative cytology was malignant or SUS in 56.6% of conventional, 24.3% of follicular, 92% of aggressive and 41.7% of other variants of histopathologically confirmed PTC. The difference between the groups was significant (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe Bethesda classification is a reliable indicator of malignancy in nodules with different cytology results and seems to be very effective in predicting the malignancy for the nodules diagnosed with aggressive variant PTC on the final histological examination.
Effect of vitamin D supplementation on oral glucose tolerance in individuals with low vitamin D status and increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes (EVIDENCE): A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Moreira‐Lucas Tracy S. , Duncan Alison M. , Rabasa‐Lhoret Rémi , Vieth Reinhold , Gibbs Alison L. , Badawi Alaa , Wolever Thomas M. S. 
Published: September 2016

AimsLow serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin‐D (25(OH)D) concentrations are associated with insulin resistance, β‐cell dysfunction and type 2 diabetes. We conducted a 24‐week double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial to examine the effect of 28 000 IU of vitamin D3
once weekly on plasma glucose after a 2 hour‐75 g oral glucose tolerance test (2hrPC glucose), insulin sensitivity and β‐cell function.Study Design and MethodsA total of 71 participants with serum 25(OH)D ≤65 nmol/L, impaired fasting glucose and elevated glycated hemoglobin were randomly assigned to receive 28 000 IU of vitamin D3
(VitD; n = 35) or placebo (n = 36) in cheese once weekly for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in 2hPC glucose. Secondary outcomes were fasting glucose, fasting and postprandial insulin, indices of insulin sensitivity and β–cell function, glycated hemoglobin and lipid profile. Participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test to determine 2hPC glucose.ResultsMean baseline serum 25(OH)D was 48.1 and 47.6 nmol/L in the VitD and placebo groups, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D significantly increased to 98.7 nmol/L (51 nmol/L increase;
P
< .0001) in the VitD group. No significant differences in fasting (
P
= .42) or 2hPC glucose (
P
= .55) or other indices of glucose metabolism, including β‐cell function and insulin sensitivity, were observed between groups. A subgroup analysis of individuals with 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L and prediabetes did not change these results. The VitD group exhibited a significant reduction in LDL cholesterol (−0.27 vs 0.01 mmol/L,
P
= .03).ConclusionWeekly doses of vitamin D3
in individuals with suboptimal vitamin D levels who were at risk for type 2 diabetes did not improve oral glucose tolerance or markers of glycaemic status.
Near‐normalization of glycaemic control with glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist treatment combined with exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Mensberg P. , Nyby S. , Jørgensen P. G. , Storgaard H. , Jensen M. T. , Sivertsen J. , Holst J. J. , Kiens B. , Richter E. A. , Knop F. K. , Vilsbøll T. 
Published: September 2016

AimsTo investigate the effects of exercise in combination with a glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1RA), liraglutide, or placebo for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.MethodsThirty‐three overweight, dysregulated and sedentary patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly allocated to 16 weeks of either exercise and liraglutide or exercise and placebo. Both groups had three supervised 60‐minute training sessions per week including spinning and resistance training.ResultsGlycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels dropped by a mean ± standard deviation of 2.0% ± 1.2% (from 8.2% ± 1.4%) in the exercise plus liraglutide group vs 0.3% ± 0.9% (from 8.0% ± 1.2%) in the exercise plus placebo group (
P
< .001), and body weight was reduced more with liraglutide (−3.4 ± 2.9 kg vs −1.6 ± 2.3 kg;
P
< .001). Compared with baseline, similar reductions were seen in body fat (exercise plus liraglutide: −2.5% ± 1.4% [
P
< .001]; exercise plus placebo: −2.2% ± 1.9% [
P
< .001]) and similar increases were observed in maximum oxygen uptake (exercise plus liraglutide: 0.5 ± 0.5 L O2
/min [
P
< .001]; exercise plus placebo: 0.4 ± 0.4 L O2
/min [
P
= .002]). Greater reductions in fasting plasma glucose (−3.4 ± 2.3 mM vs −0.3 ± 2.6 mM,
P
< .001) and systolic blood pressure (−5.4 ± 7.4 mm Hg vs −0.6 ± 11.1 mm Hg,
P
< .01) were seen with exercise plus liraglutide vs exercise plus placebo. The two groups experienced similar increases in quality of life during the intervention.ConclusionsIn obese patients with type 2 diabetes, exercise combined with GLP‐1RA treatment near‐normalized HbA1c levels and caused a robust weight loss when compared with placebo. These results suggest that a combination of exercise and GLP‐1RA treatment is effective in type 2 diabetes.
Habitat preference of wormlions and their behavioural repeatability under illumination/shade conditions
Authors: KATZ NOA , SUBACH AZIZ , PRUITT JONATHAN N. , SCHARF INON 
Published: September 2016

1. Animal personality is defined as the repeatable between‐individual differences in behaviour over time and contexts. Some personality traits, such as activity or aggression, have received much attention while other behaviours, such as habitat preference or learning, have been neglected.2. Wormlion larvae are sit‐and‐wait dipteran predators that inhabit shaded microhabitats in the field and also prefer shade in the laboratory. The aim of the present study was to examine wormlion larvae behavioural repeatability in general and specifically in the context of habitat preference. In order to achieve this, three experiments were conducted to determine whether, to what extent and under which conditions wormlion preference for shaded microhabitats is repeatable.3. Individual tendency to relocate when the environment conditions deteriorate was also assessed, by switching between shaded and illuminated conditions, either with or without pit destruction.4. Larvae showed a highly repeatable preference for shade. Repeatability was detected in additional behavioural traits: pit construction, pit area and tendency to relocate.5. This behavioural repeatability was demonstrated under constant microhabitat conditions, with distinct behaviours in each setting. Under constant illumination, wormlions constructed smaller pits, moved over longer distances and were found at the tray edges more frequently than under constant shade conditions, suggesting that illuminated environments are perceived as risky or unsuitable.6. Switching between the two microhabitat conditions without pit destruction induced fewer relocations than switching with pit destruction, suggesting that wormlions do not tend to abandon their pits, even if their microhabitat conditions deteriorate.
Acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly (age 70 yr or older): long‐term survivors
Authors: Heiblig Maël , Elhamri Mohamed , Le Jeune Caroline , Laude Marie‐Charlotte , Deloire Alexandre , Wattel Eric , Salles Gilles , Thomas Xavier 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectiveLittle data exist regarding long‐term survival in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML).MethodsIn view of the fact that most deaths occurred during the first 3 yr, this study examined long‐term survival in this patient population, defined as overall survival for at least 3 yr with the aim to determine the number of long‐term survivors and to identify factors that might impact on longer survival.ResultsThe criterion for entry into this cohort was fulfilled by 57 patients among 302 seen over a 14‐yr period (19%): 12 patients who never achieved complete remission (CR), 21 patients who relapsed after CR achievement, and 24 patients who achieved CR and did not relapse, including three patients who died while in CR and 21 patients still alive in first CR at the time of analysis. The pretreatment prognostic importance of cytogenetics was still apparent. However, some patients with secondary AML and/or unfavorable‐risk markers belonged to long survivors. The cohort involved mainly patients treated by intensive chemotherapy, but also some patients receiving low‐intensity therapies.ConclusionImproved results should come from a better selection of patients to a more ‘personalized’ therapeutic approach combined with better supportive care assessment.
Coupling of D2R Short but not D2R Long receptor isoform to the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway renders striatal neurons vulnerable to mutant huntingtin
Authors: Galan‐Rodriguez Beatriz , Martin Elodie , Brouillet Emmanuel , Déglon Nicole , Betuing Sandrine , Caboche Jocelyne 
Published: September 2016

AbstractHuntington's disease, an inherited neurodegenerative disorder, results from abnormal polyglutamine extension in the N‐terminal region of the huntingtin protein. This mutation causes preferential degeneration of striatal projection neurons. We previously demonstrated, in vitro, that dopaminergic D2 receptor stimulation acted in synergy with expanded huntingtin to increase aggregates formation and striatal death through activation of the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway. In vivo, in a lentiviral‐mediated model of expanded huntingtin expression in the rat striatum, we found that the D2 antagonist haloperidol protects striatal neurons against expanded huntingtin‐mediated toxicity. Two variant transcripts are generated by alternative splicing of the of D2 receptor gene, the D2R‐Long and the D2R‐Short, which are thought to play different functional roles. We show herein that overexpression of D2R‐Short, but not D2R‐Long in cell lines is associated with activation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. In striatal neurons in culture, the selective D2 agonist Quinpirole triggers phosphorylation of cofilin, a downstream effector of ROCK, which is abrogated by siRNAs that knockdown both D2R‐Long and D2R‐Short, but not by siRNAs targeting D2R‐Long alone. Aggregate formation and neuronal death induced by expanded huntingtin, were potentiated by Quinpirole. This D2 agonist‐mediated effect was selectively inhibited by the siRNA targeting both D2R‐Long and D2R‐Short but not D2R‐Long alone. Our data provide evidence for a specific coupling of D2R‐Short to the RhoA/ROCK/cofilin pathway, and its involvement in striatal vulnerability to expanded huntingtin. A new route for targeting Rho‐ROCK signaling in Huntington's disease is unraveled with our findings.
Anesthesia reduces discharge rates in the human pallidum without changing the discharge rate ratio between pallidal segments
Authors: Castrioto Anna , Marmor Odeya , Deffains Marc , Willner Dafna , Linetsky Eduard , Bergman Hagai , Israel Zvi , Eitan Renana , Arkadir David 
Published: September 2016

AbstractClassical rate models of basal ganglia circuitry associate discharge rate of the globus pallidus external and internal segments (GPe, GPi respectively) solely with dopaminergic state and predict an inverse ratio between the discharge rates of the two pallidal segments. In contrast, the effects of other rate modulators such as general anesthesia (GA) on this ratio have been ignored. To respond to this need, we recorded the neuronal activity in the GPe and GPi in awake and anesthetized human patients with dystonia (57 and 53 trajectories respectively) and in awake patients with Parkinson's disease (PD, 16 trajectories) undergoing deep brain stimulation procedures. This triad enabled us to dissociate pallidal discharge ratio from general discharge modulation. An automatic offline spike detection and isolation quality system was used to select 1560 highly isolated units for analysis. The mean discharge rate in the GPi of awake PD patients was dramatically higher than in awake dystonia patients although the firing rate in the GPe was similar. Firing rates in dystonic patients under anesthesia were lower in both nuclei. Surprisingly, in all three groups, GPe firing rates were correlated with firing rates in the ipsilateral GPi. Thus, the firing rate ratio of ipsilateral GPi/GPe pairs was similar in awake and anesthetized patients with dystonia and significantly higher in PD. We suggest that pallidal activity is modulated by at least two independent processes: dopaminergic state which changes the GPi/GPe firing rate ratio, and anesthesia which modulates firing rates in both pallidal nuclei without changing the ratio between their firing rates.
Impact of vascular access intervention therapy on cardiac load in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Adachi Takayuki , Sakurada Tsutomu , Otowa Takanori , Uehara Keita , Sueki Shina , Kojima Shigeki , Kaneshiro Nagayuki , Matsui Katsuomi , Tomohiro Tadahisa , Shibagaki Yugo 
Published: September 2016

AbstractVascular access intervention therapy (VAIVT) has been positioned as the first choice of treatment for stenosis lesions frequently observed in arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for hemodialysis patients in Japan. Furthermore, increased blood flow can provide a stable dialysis. In contrast, it has been reported that excess blood flow of AVF causes high‐output heart failure. Although VAIVT is used to increase blood flow of AVF, the impact of VAIVT on cardiac load has been rarely reported. We examined the factors associated with cardiac load in hemodialysis patients undergoing VAIVT by measuring levels of α human atrial natriuretic polypeptide (hANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) before and after VAIVT. Data were extracted on hemodialysis patients who underwent measurements of αhANP and BNP in before and after VAIVT at our facility and related facilities between February 2014 and December 2014. Nineteeen patients (median age, 73.0 [66.5–80.5] years; male, 52.6%; 36.8% with diabetes; median duration of dialysis treatment, 50.0 [21–109] months) were enrolled in this study. Flow volume of AVF was higher after VAIVT than that before VAIVT (442.0 vs. 758.0 mL/minute, P < 0.001). Moreover, resistance index (RI) of AVF after VAIVT was lower than that before VAIVT (0.61 vs. 0.53, P < 0.01). Although αhANP did not change before and after VAIVT (55.6 vs. 54.9 pg/mL, P = 0.099), BNP after VAIVT was significantly higher than that before VAIVT (145.2 vs. 175.0 pg/mL, P < 0.05). Factors correlated with the increase in BNP were flow volume of AVF before VAIVT (r = −0.458, P = 0.049) and levels of BNP before VAIVT (r = 0.472, P = 0.041). There was no significant correlation between the increase in αhANP with flow volume of AVF before VAIVT, levels of αhANP before VAIVT. Patients with high levels of BNP and low flow volume of AVF before VAIVT were considered to have a high risk of developing heart failure after VAIVT.
In tandem extracorporeal therapies during hemodialysis in pediatric patients
Authors: McAlister Amy E. , Geile Kira , Halabi Carmen M. , Davis T. KEEFE 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe describe the successful treatment of a pediatric transplant patient with simultaneous intermittent hemodialysis and therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). The patient presented with kidney graft failure. He had life threatening electrolyte disturbances and fluid overload due to antibody‐mediated rejection. Therefore, he was in need of both emergent kidney replacement therapy and TPE. Both extracorporeal circuits were set up, established, and maintained safely and effectively without difficulty or alarms. Running intermittent hemodialysis and TPE simultaneously significantly reduced therapy time, allowed both needed therapies priority, and provided a superior pediatric patient experience in an acute situation.
Comparisons of amino acids, body constituents and antioxidative response between long‐time HD and normal HD
Authors: Torigoe Akira , Sato Emiko , Mori Takefumi , Ieiri Norio , Takahashi Chika , Ishida Yoko , Hotta Osamu , Ito Sadayoshi 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIntroduction Oxidative stress is one of the main mediators of progression of chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Nuclear factor E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) is the transcription factor of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes and related proteins which play an important role in cellular defense. Long‐time hemodialysis (HD) therapy (8 hours) has been considered to be more beneficial compared to normal HD therapy (4 hours). We investigated oxidative response related to Nrf2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of long‐time HD and normal HD patients.Methods Eight adult long‐time HD therapy patients (44.5 ± 3.0 years) and 10 normal HD therapy patients (68.1 ± 2.7 years) were enrolled. PBMCs were isolated and processed for expression of Nrf2 and its related genes by qRT‐PCR. Plasma indoxyl sulfate, amino acids, and body constituents were measured.Findings Plasma indoxyl sulfate was significantly low after long‐time HD therapy compare to that of normal HD therapy. Although, skeletal muscle mass, lean body mass, mineral and protein were significantly decreased 2 months in normal HD patients, those in long‐time HD patients were significantly increased after 2 months. Almost of amino acids were significantly decreased after HD therapy in both HD therapies. Plasma amino acids were significantly low in long‐time HD patients compared to normal HD patients. In PBMCs, the expression of Nrf2 was significantly decreased and hemooxygenase‐1 expression was significantly increased in long‐time HD compared to normal HD.Conclusion These observations indicate the beneficial effects of in long‐time HD in improving oxidative stress in patients.
Blood pressure targets for hemodialysis patients: Aspirational or practical?
Authors: Davenport Andrew 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWhereas there is strong relationship between high blood pressure and increased overall and cardiovascular mortality for the general population, observational studies in hemodialysis patients have reported a “U” shaped relationship between pre‐hemodialysis blood pressure recordings and patient survival. Previous attempts to introduce pre and post‐hemodialysis blood pressure targets were associated with an increased frequency of intra‐dialytic hypotension, itself an independent risk factor for mortality. Conversely, meta‐analyses of trials of antihypertensive medications in hemodialysis patients, reported survival benefit for those prescribed medication. More recently, further meta‐analyses have suggested a reduced risk for cardiovascular mortality benefit with a systolic blood pressures (SBPs) of less than 140 mmHg, the absolute benefit, in terms of risk reduction was greatest in those with the highest vascular disease burden. Even though data from current observational studies and studies of antihypertensive medications would suggest that patient survival would be greater with pre‐dialysis SBP should be less than 160 mmHg, there is no current data to propose specific blood pressure targets. Defining blood pressure targets can only be answered by adequately powered prospective randomized controlled trials comparing different targets. As the benefits of lowering blood pressure appear to be greatest for those with most vascular disease, then blood pressure targets may have to be adjusted on an individual risk basis, and future trials should therefore stratify patients according to vascular morbidity and have different targets for patients with differing degrees of pre‐existing cardiovascular disease.