bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxic role in schizophrenia: A review by a clinical case
Authors: Canseco Navarro M. , Peña Serrano A. , Hernández Sánchez J.M. , Canccino Botello M. , Molina López F. , Machado Vera M. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionOften find it difficult diagnostic approach to patients with symptoms that could correspond to several clinical entities. This requires making a correct differential diagnosis to enable a better understanding and addressing the disease in an individualized way.ObjectiveDescribe pathogenetic factors of paranoid schizophrenia highlighting their relationship with drug consumption.MethodsReview of the clinical history of a patient admitted to acute ward of the Hospital General Universitario of Valencia.ResultsA case of a 30-year-old man, whose income is motivated by persistent and structured autolytic ideation occurs. It presents positive symptoms for several years and amotivational syndrome ago. It has a history of cannabis, cocaine and alcohol since he was thirteen and remains abstinent for more than six months ago. Differential diagnosis arises between amotivational toxic syndrome, reactive depressive symptoms to the disease and negative symptoms for chronic psychotic process. Finally diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and is included in the program of first psychotic episodes.Today the productive symptoms disappeared and remain negative though with less intensity achieving an improvement in overall activity.ConclusionsConsumption of toxic influences the development of a chronic psychotic process that may appear years later, becoming a etiological and maintainer factor, not only if its consumption continue, but other effects that occur long term amotivational syndrome and worsening prognosis.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Compulsiveness dimension in a case of pathological gambling
Authors: Chiappini S. , Testa R. , Maisto F. , Leone B. , Di Paolo M. , Pascucci M. , Polidori P. , Grandinetti P. , Conte G. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionPathological gambling (PG) is currently included among Addictive Disorders (DSM-5). However, its phenomenology resembles features of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Several models of addiction conceptualize a progression from impulsivity to compulsivity transitioning from initial positive reinforcement motivations to later negative reinforcement and less pleasurable and automaticity mechanisms.Clinical presentationA 34-year-old male, since diagnosed with PG in 2013 and prescribed a group rehabilitation therapy, presented in 2015 complaining of intrusive thoughts and depression symptoms. During the psychiatric examination emerged: low mental concentration; dysphoria; hyporexia; irritability; insomnia; persistent ideas and excessive preoccupations to be betrayed by his girlfriend; and behaviours of hyper control on her life. He has been evaluated using MMPI-2 (obsessivity Tscore 70, depression Tscore 67) and BIS-11 (high score of non-planning impulsiveness).TreatmentIt appeared there was a shift from ego-syntonic novelty driven/impulsive behaviours focused primarily on gambling to ego-dystonic habit driven/compulsive behaviours focused on her girlfriend. He started an individual psychodynamic psychotherapy centred on dysfunctional beliefs and behavioural strategies for treating the compulsive features. As thought content was the most relevant aspect, he was prescribed olanzapine, not a SSRI (normally indicated for OCD), up to 10 mg/die. After a month obsessions and compulsions reduced, and he seemed to reach a good level of personal functioning, despite a rigid anankastic personality trait.ConclusionsAs the management of compulsive behaviours is complex, physician should better assess and recognize psychological personality aspect, collecting patients’ complete history, also testing them psychometrically, and paying more attention to an eventual treatment (both psychological and pharmacological).Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
A theory of actor-network for cyber-security
Authors: Balzacq Thierry , Cavelty Myriam Dunn 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article argues that some core tenets of Actor-Network Theory (ANT) can serve as heuristics for a better understanding of what the stakes of cyber-security are, how it operates, and how it fails. Despite the centrality of cyber-incidents in the cyber-security discourse, researchers have yet to understand their link to, and affects on politics. We close this gap by combining ANT insights with an empirical examination of a prominent cyber-incident (Stuxnet). We demonstrate that the disruptive practices of cyber-security caused by malicious software (malware), lie in their ability to actively perform three kinds of space (regions, networks, and fluids), each activating different types of political interventions. The article posits that the fluidity of malware challenges the consistency of networks and the sovereign boundaries set by regions, and paradoxically, leads to a forceful re-enactment of them. In this respect, the conceptualisation of fluidity as an overarching threat accounts for multiple policy responses and practices in cyber-security as well as attempts to (re-)establish territoriality and borders in the virtual realm. While this article concentrates on cyber-security, its underlying ambition is to indicate concretely how scholars can profitably engage ANT’s concepts and methodologies.
Sofic entropy of Gaussian actions
Authors: HAYES BEN 
Published: May 2016

Associated to any orthogonal representation of a countable discrete group, is a probability measure-preserving action called the Gaussian action. Using the Polish model formalism we developed before, we compute the entropy (in the sense of Bowen [J. Amer. Math. Soc.23(2010) 217–245], Kerr and Li [Invent. Math.186(2011) 501–558]) of Gaussian actions when the group is sofic. Computation of entropy for Gaussian actions has only been done when the acting group is abelian and thus our results are new, even in the amenable case. Fundamental to our approach are methods of non-commutative harmonic analysis and$C^{\ast }$-algebras which replace the Fourier analysis used in the abelian case.
An evaluation of the effectiveness of ‘Time to Adjust’ a group-based cognitive-behavioural-therapy (CBT) programme for patients recovering from cancer
Authors: Likely N. , Switzer V. 
Published: May 2016

Objectives‘Time to Adjust’ (TTA) is a 6-week group-based cognitive-behavioural-therapy programme for patients recovering from cancer. The TTA intervention is designed to facilitate patient’s adjustment to life after cancer by enhancing existing coping skills, developing new coping skills and drawing on peer support within the context of group delivery of the programme. The study aims to explore patient psychological adjustment and to identify features of the intervention that patients find most beneficial.MethodsThis retrospective repeated measures design study represents a clinical evaluation of a group-based intervention routinely delivered by the Cancer Psychology Service at University Hospital Limerick. TTA was open to patients with a cancer diagnosis who had completed their surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatment by the programme start date. Patients self-referred and suitability for the programme was assessed by pre-programme clinical interview. Pre- and post-intervention data from 59 participants was collected using self-report measures of stress and coping. A brief end-of-programme questionnaire provided descriptive feedback on patients’ experience of the programme.ResultsFindings revealed favourable trends in the psychological adjustment of patients. Self-reported depression, anxiety and negative adjustment was lower post-TTA.ConclusionsThis study indicates that TTA supports patients’ psychological recovery from cancer with multiple components of the programme facilitating psychological adjustment. Findings support the delivery of group-based therapeutic interventions for this patient group. Future research could use in-depth post-intervention interviews for a richer understanding of the programme benefits. Longer-term follow-up in could examine the degree to which benefits are maintained over time.
Paleoproterozoic evolution of the Guiana Shield in Suriname: A revised model
Authors: Kroonenberg S.B. , de Roever E.W.F. , Fraga L.M. , Reis N.J. , Faraco T. , Lafon J.-M. , Cordani U. , Wong T.E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Proterozoic basement of Suriname consists of a greenstone–tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite belt in the northeast of the country, two high-grade belts in the northwest and southwest, respectively, and a large granitoid–felsic volcanic terrain in the central part of the country, punctuated by numerous gabbroic intrusions. The basement is overlain by the subhorizontal Proterozoic Roraima sandstone formation and transected by two Proterozoic and one Jurassic dolerite dyke swarms. Late Proterozoic mylonitisation affected large parts of the basement. Almost 50 new U–Pb and Pb–Pb zircon ages and geochemical data have been obtained in Suriname, and much new data are also available from the neighbouring countries. This has led to a considerable revision of the geological evolution of the basement. The main orogenic event is the Trans-Amazonian Orogeny, resulting from southwards subduction and later collision between the Guiana Shield and the West African Craton. The first phase, between 2.18 and 2.09 Ga, shows ocean floor magmatism, volcanic arc development, sedimentation, metamorphism, anatexis and plutonism in the Marowijne Greenstone Belt and the adjacent older granites and gneisses. The second phase encompasses the evolution of the Bakhuis Granulite Belt and Coeroeni Gneiss Belt through rift-type basin formation, volcanism, sedimentation and, between 2.07 and 2.05 Ga, high-grade metamorphism. The third phase, between 1.99 and 1.95 Ga, is characterised by renewed high-grade metamorphism in the Bakhuis and Coeroeni belts along an anticlockwise cooling path, and ignimbritic volcanism and extensive and varied intrusive magmatism in the western half of the country. An alternative scenario is also discussed, implying an origin of the Coeroeni Gneiss Belt as an active continental margin, recording northwards subduction and finally collision between a magmatic arc in the south and an older northern continent. The Grenvillian collision between Laurentia and Amazonia around 1.2–1.0 Ga caused widespread mylonitisation and mica age resetting in the basement.
The importance of blood lipids in the association between BMI and blood pressure among Chinese overweight and obese children
Authors: Zou Zhi-yong , Yang Yi-de , Wang Shuo , Dong Bin , Li Xiao-hui , Ma Jun 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe aimed to examine the contribution of blood lipids to the association between BMI and blood pressure (BP) in children with overweight and obesity. Data were collected in elementary and high schools of Chaoyang District, Beijing, China in 2012. Participants’ weight, height, BP and fasting plasma lipid profile were measured by standard protocols. Mediation analysis was used to examine the mediation role of blood lipids on the relation between BMI and BP, with age included as a covariate. We found that in boys 8·29 % (mediation effect=0·106, P=0·012) of the association between BMI and systolic BP was mediated through TAG. TAG mediated 12·53 % (mediation effect=0·093, P=0·018) and LDL-cholesterol mediated 7·75 % (mediation effect=0·57, P=0·046) of the association between BMI and diastolic BP was mediated by TAG and LDL-cholesterol, respectively. However, blood lipids did not show the mediation effect in girls. Our findings suggested that there was a sex difference in the contribution of blood lipids to the association between BMI and BP. Controlling TAG or LDL-cholesterol may be beneficial for reducing the risk of the BMI-related high BP in overweight boys; however, this outcome is not the case when controlling TAG or LDL-cholesterol in girls. This study may provide clues to explore the underlying mechanism of the association between obesity and hypertension.
Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load among Australian children and adolescents: results from the 2011–2012 Australian Health Survey
Authors: Jones Molly , Barclay Alan W. , Brand-Miller Jennie C. , Louie Jimmy Chun Yu 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study aimed to examine the dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) of Australian children and adolescents, as well as the major food groups contributing to GL, in the recent 2011–2012 Australian Health Survey. Plausible food intake data from 1876 children and adolescents (51 % boys), collected using a multiple-pass 24-h recall, were analysed. The GI of foods was assigned based on a step-wise published method using values from common GI databases. Descriptive statistics were calculated for dietary GI, GL and contribution to GL by food groups, stratified by age group and sex. Linear regression was used to test for trends across age groups for BMI, dietary GI and GL, and intakes of energy, nutrients and food groups. Pearson’sχ2test was used to test for differences between age groups for categorical subject characteristic variables. Mean dietary GI and GL of participants were 55·5 (sd5·3) and 137·4 (sd50·8), respectively. The main contributors to dietary GL were starchy foods: breads, cereal-based dishes, breakfast cereals, flours, grains and potatoes accounted for 41 % of total GL. Sweetened beverages, fruit and vegetable juices/drinks, cake-type desserts and sweet biscuits contributed 15 %. No significant difference (atP<0·001) was observed between sexes. In conclusion, Australian children and adolescents appear to consume diets with a lower GI than European children. Exchanging high-GI foods for low-GI alternatives within core and non-core foods may improve diet quality of Australian children and adolescents.
Pathological aspects of the assessment of head and neck cancers: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Helliwell T R , Giles T E 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. It introduces the current best practice in histopathology and cytopathology as it pertains to head and neck and thyroid cancers.Recommendations• Accurate diagnosis of the type of malignancy is a key component of effective management. (R)• Surgeons and oncologists should understand the scope and limitations of cellular pathology in order to inform multidisciplinary discussions. (R)• A clinically suspected diagnosis of malignancy should be confirmed by biopsy or cytology before operation. (R)• Cytopathological diagnoses should be discussed with surgeons and radiologists to maximise the information gained from each modality of investigation. (R)• Pathological investigations are the basis for accurate cancer staging and stratification of clinical outcomes. (R)
Management of Salivary Gland Tumours: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Sood S , McGurk M , Vaz F 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. Salivary gland tumours are rare and have very wide histological heterogeneity, thus making it difficult to generate high level evidence. This paper provides recommendations on the assessment and management of patients with cancer originating from the salivary glands in the head and neck.Recommendations• Ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology is recommended for all salivary tumours and cytology should be reported by an expert histopathologist. (R)• Adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) following surgery is recommended for all malignant submandibular tumours except in cases of small, low-grade tumours that have been completely excised. (R)• For benign parotid tumours complete excision of the tumour should be performed and offers good cure rates. (R)• In the event of intra-operative tumour spillage, most cases need long-term follow-up for clinical observation only. These should be raised in the multidisciplinary team to discuss the merits of adjuvant RT. (G)• As a general principle, if the facial nerve function is normal pre-operatively then every attempt to preserve facial nerve function should be made during parotidectomy and if the facial nerve is divided intra-operatively then immediate microsurgical repair (with an interposition nerve graft if required) should be considered. (G)• Neck dissection is recommended in all cases of malignant parotid tumours except for low-grade small tumours. (R)• Where malignant parotid tumours lie in close proximity to the facial nerve there should be a low threshold for adjuvant RT. (G)• Adjuvant RT should be considered in high grade or large tumours or in cases where there is incomplete or close resection margin. (R)• Adjuvant RT should be prescribed on the basis of clinical factors in addition to histology and grade, e.g. stage, pre-operative facial weakness, positive margins, peri-neural invasion and extracapsular spread. (R)
Head and neck melanoma (excluding ocular melanoma): United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Ahmed O A , Kelly C 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the United Kingdom. This paper provides consensus recommendations on the management of melanomas arising in the skin and mucosa of the head and neck region on the basis of current evidence.Recommendations• At-risk individuals should be warned about the correlation between ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure and skin cancer, and should be given advice on UVR protection. (R)• Dermatoscopy can aid in the diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma. (R)• Histological examination after biopsy is essential to confirm the diagnosis and the tumour thickness. (G)• Excisional biopsy is method of choice. (G)• Staging investigations can be performed for both regional and distant disease. (R)• Scanning (computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging) is recommended for patients with high-risk melanoma. (G)• Patients with signs or symptoms of disease relapse should be investigated by imaging. (R)• Imaging of the brain should be performed in patients who have stage IV disease. (G)• Patients with melanoma of unknown primary should be thoroughly examined and investigated for a potential primary source. (R)• Primary cutaneous invasive melanoma should be excised with a surgical margin of at least 1 cm. (G)• The maximum recommended excision margin is 3 cm. (R)• The actual margin of excision depends upon the depth of the melanoma and its anatomical site. (G)• Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) or core biopsy of suspected lymphadenopathy is more accurate than ‘blind’ biopsy. (R)• Open biopsy should only be performed if FNA or core biopsy is inadequate or equivocal. (R)• Prior to lymph node dissection, staging by CT scan should be carried out. (R)• If parotid disease is present without neck involvement, both parotidectomy and neck dissection should ideally be performed. (R)• There is no role for elective lymph node dissection. (R)• Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) can be considered in stage IB and above by specialist skin cancer multidisciplinary teams. (G)• Patients should be made aware that SLNB is a staging procedure, and should understand that it has, as yet, no proven therapeutic value. (R)• All patients with cutaneous melanoma should have their original tumour checked for BRAF gene status, and their subsequent targeted biological therapy based on this. (R)• Patients who develop brain metastases should be considered for stereotactic radio-surgery. (R)
The metaphorical expression of Nature in Jørn Utzon's design for the Sydney Opera House
Authors: Chen-Yu Chiu , Goad Philip , Myers Peter 
Published: May 2016

Both before and after his forced resignation from the charge of the Sydney Opera House (1956–66)in 1966, Danish Architect Jørn Utzon (1918–2008) has cited Chinese architecture as one of the most important inspirational sources of his unfinished masterpiece. However, the significance of Chinese building culture has largely been overlooked in historical accounts of Utzon's Opera House design. This is despite ample evidences suggesting several direct analogies of Chinese architecture in Utzon's design proposals. The evidence also indicates that one of the key Chinese sources for Utzon comes from the written works of Finland-born and Sweden-based art historian Osvald Sirén 喜龍仁 (1879–1966). Accordingly, this paper aims to identify Utzon's perception of Chinese architecture from Sirén's interpretation of this subject, and Utzon's eventual reinterpretation of this notion in his design of the Sydney Opera House.The article poses four questions. First, what were the socio-political contexts both of Sirén and Utzon's approach to Chinese architecture? Second, how did Sirén interpret Chinese architecture in his scholarly work? Third, what was the interrelationship between Sirén and Utzon? And fourth, how did Utzon reinterpret Sirén's concept in his design for the Sydney Opera House? To respond to these questions, the authors surveyed the literature associated with Sirén and Utzon, reviewed their private collections, and undertook interviews with their friends, colleagues and followers. On this basis, the authors constructed a series of ideological analogies between Sirén and Utzon's work, with particular emphasis on Utzon's design for the Sydney Opera House.
Revealing the mechanism of passive transport in lipid bilayers via phonon-mediated nanometre-scale density fluctuations
Authors: Zhernenkov Mikhail , Bolmatov Dima , Soloviov Dmitry , Zhernenkov Kirill , Toperverg Boris P. , Cunsolo Alessandro , Bosak Alexey , Cai Yong Q. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe passive transport of molecules through a cell membrane relies on thermal motions of the lipids. However, the nature of transmembrane transport and the precise mechanism remain elusive and call for a comprehensive study of phonon excitations. Here we report a high resolution inelastic X-ray scattering study of the in-plane phonon excitations in 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine above and below the main transition temperature. In the gel phase, for the first time, we observe low-frequency transverse modes, which exhibit a phonon gap when the lipid transitions into the fluid phase. We argue that the phonon gap signifies the formation of short-lived nanometre-scale lipid clusters and transient pores, which facilitate the passive molecular transport across the bilayer plane. Our findings suggest that the phononic motion of the hydrocarbon tails provides an effective mechanism of passive transport, and illustrate the importance of the collective dynamics of biomembranes.