bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The concept of stigma in mental illness as applied to Haitian Americans
Authors: Dieujuste Colette 
Published: March 2016

AimTo report on the analysis of the concept of the stigma of mental illness within the Haitian American community.BackgroundMental illness is a highly stigmatized condition within certain communities making it challenging for individuals to seek effective treatment. The consequences of such stigma can have lifelong corollaries for the individuals, the families and the communities.IntroductionThe concept of stigma is not fully developed in nursing; clarity of the concept of stigma of mental illness is still needed in the nursing literature. In order to assist patients in accessing mental health services, the concept of stigma must first be clarified.MethodsThe method used for this concept analysis was that of Walker and Avant.FindingsFive attributes were identified, creating the following definition: labelling, stereotype, negative attitude, emotional response, and discrimination. The antecedents for stigma of mental illness are lack of knowledge about mental illness, emotional state and cultural beliefs and values.Implications for nursing and health policyThe origins of stigmatization of mental illness among Haitian Americans need to be understood. Mental health illnesses are stigmatized within the Haitian culture, which presents as a barrier to accessing help for many Haitian American women suffering from mental illness. The defining attributes can be used to develop tools to help clinicians identify patients being stigmatized. Once stigma is recognized, nurses can develop strategies and policies that can mitigate the effects of stigmatization of mental illness among this patient population.ConclusionFurther research is essential to examine the ways in which this concept impacts the Haitian American community, as well as effective strategies to help minimize its effects.
Viral etiology of severe acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children in Cameroon, 2011–2013
Authors: Kenmoe Sebastien , Tchendjou Patrice , Vernet Marie‐Astrid , Moyo‐Tetang Suzie , Mossus Tatiana , Njankouo‐Ripa Mohamadou , Kenne Angeladine , Penlap Beng Véronique , Vabret Astrid , Njouom Richard 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundSevere acute respiratory illness (SARI) is recognized as an important cause of morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization among children in developing countries. Little is known, however, in tropical countries like Cameroon about the cause and seasonality of respiratory infections, especially in hospitalized settings.Objectives: Our study investigates the viral etiology and seasonality of SARI in hospitalized children in Yaounde, Cameroon.MethodsProspective clinic surveillance was conducted to identify hospitalized children aged ≤15 years presenting with respiratory symptoms ≤5‐day duration. Demographic and clinical data, and respiratory specimens were collected. Nasopharyngeal samples were tested for 17 respiratory viruses using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The viral distribution and demographic data were statistically analyzed.ResultsFrom September 2011 through September 2013, 347 children aged ≤15 years were enrolled. At least one virus was identified in each of 65·4% children, of which 29·5% were coinfections; 27·3% were positive for human adenovirus (hAdV), 13·2% for human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), 11·5% for rhinovirus/enterovirus (RV/EV), 10·6% for human bocavirus (hBoV), 9·8% for influenza virus (Inf), 6·6% for human parainfluenza virus (hPIV), 5·7% for human coronavirus (hCoV), and 2·3% for human metapneumovirus (hMPV). While hRSV showed seasonal patterns, hAdV and RV/EV were detected throughout the year and no evident temporal patterns were observed for the remaining viruses.ConclusionRespiratory viruses were associated with a high burden of hospitalizations among children in Cameroon. Nevertheless, additional studies evaluating asymptomatic Cameroonian children will be important in understanding the relationship between viral carriage and disease.
The ubiquitin proteasomal system: a potential target for the management of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Gadhave Kundlik , Bolshette Nityanand , Ahire Ashutosh , Pardeshi Rohit , Thakur Krishan , Trandafir Cristiana , Istrate Alexandru , Ahmed Sahabuddin , Lahkar Mangala , Muresanu Dafin F. , Balea Maria 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe cellular quality control system degrades abnormal or misfolded proteins and consists of three different mechanisms: the ubiquitin proteasomal system (UPS), autophagy and molecular chaperones. Any disturbance in this system causes proteins to accumulate, resulting in neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and prion or polyglutamine diseases. Alzheimer's disease is currently one of the most common age‐related neurodegenerative diseases. However, its exact cause and pathogenesis are unknown. Currently approved medications for AD provide symptomatic relief; however, they fail to influence disease progression. Moreover, the components of the cellular quality control system represent an important focus for the development of targeted and potent therapies for managing AD. This review aims to evaluate whether existing evidence supports the hypothesis that UPS impairment causes the early pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. The first part presents basic information about the UPS and its molecular components. The next part explains how the UPS is involved in neurodegenerative disorders. Finally, we emphasize how the UPS influences the management of AD. This review may help in the design of future UPS‐related therapies for AD.
The relationship between vasculogenic mimicry and epithelial‐mesenchymal transitions
Authors: Liu Qiqi , Qiao Lili , Liang Ning , Xie Jian , Zhang Jingxin , Deng Guodong , Luo Hui , Zhang Jiandong 
Published: March 2016

AbstractVasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a vascular‐like structure which can mimic the embryonic vascular network pattern to nourish the tumour tissue. As a unique perfusion way, VM is correlated with tumour progression, invasion, metastasis and lower 5‐year survival rate. Notably, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulators and EMT‐related transcription factors are highly up‐regulated in VM‐forming tumour cells, which demonstrated that EMT may play a crucial role in VM formation. Therefore, the up‐regulation of EMT‐associated adhesion molecules and other factors can also make a contribution in VM‐forming process. Depending on these discoveries, VM and EMT can be utilized as therapeutic target strategies for anticancer therapy. The purpose of this article is to explore the advance research in the relationship of EMT and VM and their corresponding mechanisms in tumorigenesis effect.
Population differentiation in the context of Holocene climate change for a migratory marine species, the southern elephant seal
Authors: Corrigan L. J. , Fabiani A. , Chauke L. F. , McMahon C. R. , de Bruyn M. , Bester M. N. , Bastos A. , Campagna C. , Muelbert M. M. C. , Hoelzel A. R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractUnderstanding observed patterns of connectivity requires an understanding of the evolutionary processes that determine genetic structure among populations, with the most common models being associated with isolation by distance, allopatry or vicariance. Pinnipeds are annual breeders with the capacity for extensive range overlap during seasonal migrations, establishing the potential for the evolution of isolation by distance. Here, we assess the pattern of differentiation among six breeding colonies of the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina, based on mtDNA and 15 neutral microsatellite DNA markers, and consider measures of their demography and connectivity. We show that all breeding colonies are genetically divergent and that connectivity in this highly mobile pinniped is not strongly associated with geographic distance, but more likely linked to Holocene climate change and demographic processes. Estimates of divergence times between populations were all after the last glacial maximum, and there was evidence for directional migration in a clockwise pattern (with the prevailing current) around the Antarctic. We discuss the mechanisms by which climate change may have contributed to the contemporary genetic structure of southern elephant seal populations and the broader implications.
Color Properties of Demineralized Enamel Surfaces Treated with a Resin Infiltration System
Authors: Hallgren Kevin , Akyalcin Sercan , English Jeryl , Tufekci Eser , Paravina Rade D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo assess color properties of white spot lesions (WSLs) following resin infiltration treatment in vitro.Materials and MethodWSLs were artificially created on 30 extracted human teeth. Two groups were formed: (a) control, and (b) resin infiltrant group (n = 15, each). Instrumental color measurements were performed using a spectrophotometer and visual color evaluation was performed by three independent evaluators. Color assessment was determined at three time points: baseline (T0), after WSL formation (T1), and after resin infiltrant or control treatment (T2). CIELAB color coordinates were determined and the resultant color difference (ΔE*) was calculated between the time points. Two‐way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and One‐way ANOVA analyses were used to evaluate the color changes. Pearson chi‐square analysis was performed to evaluate the visual ratings between treatment and control groups. Level of significance was set p <0.05.ResultsAfter treatment of WSLs there was a significant color change (ΔE*) between treatment and control groups (p <0.05). Resin infiltration group showed a regression of all values toward the pretreatment levels. There was a significant difference in visual evaluation ratings between groups after treatment; treatment group had all surfaces receive a rating of being clinically acceptable, with 73% of these surfaces having no perceptible color difference to adjacent sound enamel. Meanwhile, control group received ratings of all surfaces having a visual color difference that was deemed as unacceptable (p < 0.05).ConclusionIn‐vitro resin infiltration for the treatment of enamel WSLs produced a significant improvement in color, reverting L*, a*, and b* values back toward baseline values.Clinical SignificanceResin infiltration of enamel white spot lesions on teeth is capable of managing the esthetic problem by reverting the L*, a*, and b* color coordinates back to their baseline values. (J Esthet Restor Dent 28:339–346, 2016)
Role of splenic reservoir monocytes in pulmonary vascular monocyte accumulation in experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome
Authors: Wu Wei , Zhang Junlan , Yang Wenli , Hu Bingqian , Fallon Michael B 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackground and AimPulmonary monocyte infiltration plays a significant role in the development of angiogenesis in experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) after common bile duct ligation (CBDL). Hepatic monocytes are also increased after CBDL, but the origins remain unclear. Splenic reservoir monocytes have been identified as a major source of monocytes that accumulate in injured tissues. Whether splenic monocytes contribute to monocyte alterations after CBDL is unknown. This study evaluates monocyte distributions and assesses effects of splenectomy on monocyte levels and pulmonary vascular and hepatic abnormalities in experimental HPS.MethodsSplenectomy was performed in CBDL animals. Monocyte levels in different tissues and circulation were assessed with CD68. Pulmonary alterations of HPS were evaluated with vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (VEGF‐A) levels, angiogenesis, and alveolar–arterial oxygen gradient (AaPO2). Liver abnormalities were evaluated with fibrosis (Sirius red), bile duct proliferation (CK‐19), and enzymatic changes.ResultsMonocyte levels increased in the lung and liver after CBDL and were accompanied by elevated circulating monocyte numbers. Splenectomy significantly decreased monocyte accumulation, VEGF‐A levels, and angiogenesis in CBDL animal lung and improved AaPO2 levels. In contrast, hepatic monocyte levels, fibrosis, and functional abnormalities were further exacerbated by spleen removal.ConclusionsSplenic reservoir monocytes are a major source for lung monocyte accumulation after CBDL, and spleen removal attenuates the development of experimental HPS. Liver monocytes may have different origins, and accumulation is exacerbated after depletion of splenic reservoir monocytes. Tissue specific monocyte alterations, influenced by the spleen reservoir, have a significant impact on pulmonary complications of liver disease.
Diagnostic criteria for inclusion body myositis
Authors: Hilton‐Jones D. , Brady S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractInclusion body myositis (IBM) was first identified as a specific disorder about 40 years ago and is now recognized to be the most frequently presenting primary myopathy in middle age and beyond. Initial characterization was based on the observation of specific pathological features distinguishing it from polymyositis. It was soon appreciated that there were also distinguishing clinical features. The earliest diagnostic criteria were heavily biased towards pathological features, but over time revised criteria have given increasing importance to certain clinical features. Until the specific cause of IBM is determined, and the basic pathogenetic mechanisms are better understood, there can be no diagnostic gold‐standard against which to compare the sensitivity and specificity of any proposed diagnostic criteria, but such criteria are essential to ensure that patients entering clinical, epidemiological, genetic, pathological or therapeutic studies represent a homogeneous population. It is likely that any currently accepted diagnostic criteria will, once a gold‐standard is eventually established, be shown to have ‘missed’ patients with atypical features, but that has to be accepted to make certain that current studies are not contaminated by patients who do not have IBM. In other words, in everyday clinical practice there will be the occasional patient who an experienced myologist strongly suspects has IBM, but does not meet current criteria – the criteria lack sensitivity. But if the criteria are so broad as to include all such atypical cases, they would be likely to include patients who do not in fact have IBM – they would lack specificity. The sensitivity and specificity of existing criteria have been reviewed recently, in so far as it is possible to do so, and found to have high specificity but variable sensitivity.
Expression of Apoptosis‐regulating Proteins Bcl‐2 and Bax in Lymph Node Aspirates from Dogs with Lymphoma
Authors: Meichner K. , Fogle J.E. , English L. , Suter S.E. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundDysregulated apoptosis is a hallmark of tumorigenesis, and is also involved in resistance to cytotoxic treatment, and might be relevant in lymphoma in dogs.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThat Bcl‐2/Bax expression patterns differ between lymphoma immunophenotypes, and that Bcl‐2/Bax ratio is correlated with prognosis.AnimalsFifty‐five client‐owned dogs with multicentric lymphoma and 5 healthy dogs.MethodsProspective, case–control study. We compared 3 methods (flow cytometry,qRT‐PCR, Western blot) for Bcl‐2 and Bax quantification in a subset of dogs. The effect of time on Bcl‐2/Bax ratios measured by flow cytometry was assessed in lymphoma cell lines. Immunophenotype and Bcl‐2/Bax expression by flow cytometry were determined inLNaspirates from all dogs with multicentric lymphoma compared to healthy dogs. Progression‐free survival (PFS) was retrospectively evaluated in a group of dogs all receiving similar treatment.ResultsBcl‐2/Bax ratios remain consistent for at least 5 days after sample collection. Bcl‐2/Bax ratio was higher in dogs with T‐cell lymphoma (TCL; median 0.97, range 0.37–1.36) compared to B‐cell lymphoma (BCL; median 0.36, range 0.07–1.45) (P< .0001) and normal dogs (median 0.36, range 0.21–0.48) (P= .0006), respectively. Dogs with Bcl‐2/Bax ratios higher than the median of the group experienced a medianPFSof 101 days and dogs with ratios equal and lower than the median hadPFSof 130 days (P= .19).Conclusions and clinical importanceHigher intrinsic resistance to apoptosis following cytotoxic treatment might contribute to the less favorable prognosis associated with multicentricTCLin dogs. Whether Bcl‐2/Bax will be helpful to identify canineBCLandTCLwith more aggressive and more indolent behavior, respectively, should be evaluated in larger prospective clinical studies.
International comparison of liver transplant programmes: differences in indications, donor and recipient selection and outcome between Italy andUK
Authors: Carbone Marco , Nardi Alessandra , Marianelli Tania , Martin Kate , Hudson Alex , Collett David , Romagnoli Renato , Pinna Antonio , Gimson Alexander , Neuberger James M. , Angelico Mario ,   The Liver Match Investigators for Italian Association for the Study of the Liver – National Transplant Centre and the National Health System Blood and Transplant
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackground & AimsComparing liver transplant (LT) programmes internationally can improve outcomes by stimulating cross‐national learning. Yet, comparison of crude outcomes, by using registry data, is limited by missing data, not allowing proper risk‐adjustment for donor‐ and recipient‐related factors. The objective of this study was to compare two EuropeanLTprogrammes based on high‐quality national longitudinal databases prospectively collected in Italy andUKrespectively.MethodsWe undertook a multicentre, international cohort study including all adults who underwent a first single organLTin Italy (N = 1480) and theUK(N = 1003) between June 2007 and May 2009.ResultsItalian donors were much older compared to theUKones. Hepatitis C virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma had higher prevalence in the Italian cohort compared to theUKone (47.5% vs. 23.1%, and 47.2% vs. 17.1% respectively). Centres' volume differed significantly, with five centres out of seven inUKvs. only two out of 20 in Italy performing >60 transplants per year. No national strategies to drive the donor–recipient matching were identified in both countries. After appropriate adjustment, a higher risk of early transplant loss was identified in the Italian cohort, whereas no differences were found in the 3‐year survival rates.ConclusionsInternational comparison ofLTprogrammes provides the opportunity for benchmarking between heterogeneous healthcare systems and should ideally become a vital part of national quality assurance programmes. This requires the implementation of a standardized methodology for data collection to appropriately weigh each country's patient case‐mix and donor and recipients risk factors.
Macrophage activation marker, soluble CD163, is an independent predictor of short‐term mortality in patients with cirrhosis and bacterial infection
Authors: Tornai Tamas , Vitalis Zsuzsanna , Sipeki Nora , Dinya Tamas , Tornai David , Antal‐Szalmas Peter , Karanyi Zsolt , Tornai Istvan , Papp Maria 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackground & AimsInnate immune system dysfunction is common in advanced cirrhosis, with a central role of the monocyte/macrophage system. Monocytes and macrophages express the scavenger receptor CD163, which is regulated by inflammatory mediators. Cleavage of the receptor leads to the formation of soluble (s)CD163 that represents an anti‐inflammatory response. We aimed to study the clinical importance of sCD163 in cirrhosis.MethodsSera of 378 patients were assayed for sCD163 by ELISA [193 outpatients and 185 patients with acute decompensation (AD)]. A 5‐year follow‐up observational study was conducted to assess the possible association between sCD163 level and poor disease outcomes.ResultssCD163 level was associated with disease severity, but not with the presence of varices or prior variceal bleeding. In outpatients, sCD163 level did not predict the development of disease‐specific complications or the long‐term mortality. In patients with AD episode, sCD163 level was significantly higher compared to outpatients but only in the presence of bacterial infection (INF) (AD‐INF:4586, AD‐NON‐INF:3792 and outpatients: 3538 ng/ml, P < 0.015 and P = 0.001, respectively). sCD163 level gradually increased according to severity of infection. During bacterial infections, high sCD163 level (>7000 ng/ml) was associated with increased mortality rate (42% vs. 17%, P < 0.001) and was identified as an independent predictor of 28‐day mortality (hazard ratio:2.96, 95% confidence intervals:1.27–6.95) in multivariate Cox‐regression model comprising aetiology, co‐morbidity, model for end‐stage liver disease score and leucocyte count as covariates.ConclusionsHigh sCD163 level is useful to identify patients with high‐risk of death during an AD episode complicated by bacterial infection. This finding serves as an additional hint towards the significance of anti‐inflammatory response during bacterial infection.
History repeats itself: genomic divergence in copepods
Authors: Renaut Sébastien , Dion‐Côté Anne‐Marie 
Published: March 2016

Press stop, erase everything from now till some arbitrary time in the past and start recording life as it evolves once again. Would you see the same tape of life playing itself over and over, or would a different story unfold every time? The late Steven Jay Gould called this experiment replaying the tape of life and argued that any replay of the tape would lead evolution down a pathway radically different from the road actually taken (Gould 1989). This thought experiment has puzzled evolutionary biologists for a long time: how repeatable are evolutionary events? And if history does indeed repeat itself, what are the factors that may help us predict the path taken? A powerful means to address these questions at a small evolutionary scale is to study closely related populations that have evolved independently, under similar environmental conditions. This is precisely what Pereira et al. () set out to do using marine copepods Tigriopus californicus, and present their results in this issue of Molecular Ecology. They show that evolution can be repeatable and even partly predictable, at least at the molecular level. As expected from theory, patterns of divergence were shaped by natural selection. At the same time, strong genetic drift due to small population sizes also constrained evolution down a similar evolutionary road, and probably contributed to repeatable patterns of genomic divergence.
Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate Maintains Normal Vascular Permeability by Preserving Endothelial Surface Glycocalyx in Intact Microvessels
Authors: Zhang Lin , Zeng Min , Fan Jie , Tarbell John M. , Curry Fitz‐Roy E. , Fu Bingmei M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectiveS1P was found to protect the ESG by inhibiting MMP activity‐dependent shedding of ESG in cultured endothelial cell studies. We aimed to further test that S1P contributes to the maintenance of normal vascular permeability by protecting the ESG in intact microvessels.MethodsWe quantified the ESG in post‐capillary venules of rat mesentery and measured the vascular permeability to albumin in the presence and absence of 1 μM S1P. We also measured permeability to albumin in the presence of MMP inhibitors and compared the measured permeability with those predicted by a transport model for the inter‐endothelial cleft.ResultsWe found that in the absence of S1P, the fluorescence intensity of the FITC‐anti–HS‐labeled ESG was ~10% of that in the presence of S1P, whereas the measured permeability to albumin was ~6.5‐fold of that in the presence of S1P. Similar results were observed with MMP inhibition. The predictions by the mathematical model further confirmed that S1P maintains microvascular permeability by preserving ESG.ConclusionsOur results show that S1P contributes to the maintenance of normal vascular permeability by protecting the ESG in intact microvessels, consistent with parallel observation in cultured endothelial monolayers.