bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cavitation‐Free Continuous‐Wave Laser Ablation from a Solid Target to Synthesize Low‐Size‐Dispersed Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Kucherik Alexey O. , Ryabchikov Yury V. , Kutrovskaya Stella V. , Al‐Kattan Ahmed , Arakelyan Sergei M. , Itina Tatiana E. , Kabashin Andrei V. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractContinuous wave (CW) radiation from a Yb‐fiber laser (central wavelength 1064 nm, power 1–200 W) was used to initiate ablation of a gold target in deionized water and to synthesize bare (unprotected) gold nanoparticles. We show that the formed nanoparticles present a single low‐size‐dispersed population with a mean size of the order of 10 nm, which contrasts with previously reported data on dual populations of nanoparticles formed during pulsed laser ablation in liquids. The lack of a second population of nanoparticles is explained by the absence of cavitation‐related mechanism of material ablation, which typically takes place under pulsed laser action on a solid target in liquid ambience, and this supposition is confirmed by plume visualization tests. We also observe a gradual growth of mean nanoparticle size from 8–10 nm to 20–25 nm under the increase of laser power for 532 nm pumping wavelength, whereas for 1064 nm pumping wavelength the mean size 8–10 nm is independent of radiation power. The growth of the nanoparticles observed for 532 nm wavelength is attributed to the enhanced target melting and splashing followed by additional heating due to an efficient excitation of plasmons over gold nanoparticles. Bare, low‐size‐dispersed gold nanoparticles are of importance for a variety of applications, including biomedicine, catalysis, and photovoltaics. The use of CW radiation for nanomaterial production promises to improve the cost efficiency of this technology.
Suppression of Phonon Transport in Molecular Christmas Trees
Authors: Famili Marjan , Grace Iain , Sadeghi Hatef , Lambert Colin J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMinimising the phonon thermal conductance of self‐assembled molecular films, whilst preserving their electrical properties, is highly desirable, both for thermal management at the nanoscale and for the design of high‐efficiency thermoelectric materials. Here we highlight a new strategy for minimising the phonon thermal conductance of Christmas‐tree‐like molecules composed of a long trunk, along which phonons can propagate, attached to pendant molecular branches. We demonstrate that phonon transport along the trunk is suppressed by Fano resonances associated with internal vibrational modes of the branches and that thermal conductance is suppressed most‐effectively in molecules with pendant branches of different lengths. As examples, we use density functional theory to demonstrate the reduction in phonon transport in tree‐like molecules formed from alkane or acene trunks with various pendant branches.
A Very Low Band Gap Diketopyrrolopyrrole–Porphyrin Conjugated Polymer
Authors: Bucher Léo , Tanguy Loïc , Fortin Daniel , Desbois Nicolas , Harvey Pierre D. , Sharma Ganesh D. , Gros Claude P. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA porphyrin–diketopyrrolopyrrole‐containing polymer (poly(porphyrin–diketopyrrolopyrrole) (PPDPP)) shows impressive molar absorption coefficients from λ=300 to 1000 nm. The photophysical and structural properties of PPDPP have been studied. With PPDPP as the electron donor and [6,6]‐phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) as the electron acceptor, the bulk heterojunction polymer solar cell showed overall power conversion efficiencies of 4.18 and 6.44 % for as‐cast and two‐step annealing processed PPDPP:PC71BM (1:2) active layers, respectively. These results are quite impressive for porphyrin‐containing polymers, especially when directly included in the π‐conjugated backbone, and offer interesting perspectives for the design of new materials based on this chromophore.
Linking above‐ and belowground traits to soil and climate variables: an integrated database on China's grassland species
Authors: Geng Yan , Ma Wenhong , Wang Liang , Baumann Frank , Kühn Peter , Scholten Thomas , He Jin‐Sheng 
Published: February 2017

AbstractKnowledge of plant functional traits and trait–environment interactions is important for characterizing species strategies and understanding ecological processes. However, comprehensive field data on both above‐ and belowground traits, together with their environmental variables are scarce. Biome‐scale studies are particularly lacking. Here we present two large‐scale data sets that include functional traits of leaves and fine roots and their corresponding soil and climatic variables in China's grasslands. Leaf, fine root, and soil samples were collected in three biogeographic regions: temperate grassland on the Inner Mongolia Plateau, alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau, and mountain grassland in the Xinjiang mountain areas. Field data were collected over two periods. The first data set collected between 2003 and 2004 includes 13 foliar traits (leaf mass per area, LMA; photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, PNUE; water use efficiency, WUE; stomatal conductance for water vapor, Gs; transpiration rate, TR; mass‐ and area‐based photosynthetic capacity, Amass and Aarea; mass‐ and area‐based carbon concentrations, Cmass and Carea; nitrogen concentrations, Nmass and Narea; and phosphorus concentrations, Pmass and Parea) for 170 species at 173 sites. The second data set collected between 2006 and 2007 includes six sets of analogous traits for both leaves and fine roots (C, N, and P concentrations; leaf thickness/root diameter; specific leaf area, SLA; specific root length, SRL; and tissue density) for 139 species at 82 sites, along with soil attributes (soil total and organic carbon, STC and SOC; total and available N, STN and SAN; total and available P, STP and SAP; pH, bulk density, and moisture). Moreover, associated information was also gathered, including geographical location (latitude, longitude, and altitude), climate (mean annual temperature, MAT; mean annual precipitation, MAP; growing season temperature, GST; growing season precipitation, GSP; potential evapotranspiration, PET; and actual evapotranspiration, AET) and site descriptions (vegetation and soil types). The data sets are unique because they integrate plant above‐ and belowground traits, climate, and soil factors over broad regional, elevational, and taxonomic ranges in understudied regions (e.g., the Tibetan Plateau). This is the only database on China's grassland species for unrestricted global access. These data sets will make a valuable contribution to future large‐scale trait‐based ecological studies.
Ordered Mesoporous Silica Monoliths as a Versatile Platform for the Study of Magnetic and Photomagnetic Prussian Blue Analogue Nanoparticles
Authors: Moulin Robinson , Delahaye Emilie , Bordage Amélie , Fonda Emiliano , Baltaze Jean‐Pierre , Beaunier Patricia , Rivière Eric , Fornasieri Giulia , Bleuzen Anne 
Published: February 2017

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Anne Bleuzen at Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Université Paris‐Saclay, France. The cover image shows the versatility of the chemistry that can be developed in the ordered pores of silica monoliths.
Electro Catalytic Properties of α, β, γ, ϵ ‐ MnO2 and γ ‐ MnOOH Nanoparticles: Role of Polymorphs on Enzyme Free H2O2 Sensing
Authors: Revathi C. , Kumar R.T. Rajendra 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPolymorphs of Manganese di oxide (MnO2) such as alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), epsilon (ϵ), and MnOOH type materials were prepared via hydrothermal approach under different conditions. The samples were characterized by XRD, FESEM, FT‐IR, Raman and BET analysis. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis confirm that α ‐ MnO2 shows better electro‐catalytic ability. Amperometry sensing of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was carried out by varying applied potential value with the polymorphs of MnO2. Compared with the other phases of MnO2, α ‐ MnO2 shows high linear range up to 20μM. The calculated sensitivity value for H2O2 sensing of different phases is in the order of α ‐ MnO2, β ‐ MnO2, ϵ ‐ MnO2, γ ‐ MnO2, MnOOH and found to be 0.094 mA μM−1 cm−2 > 0.072 mA μM−1 cm−2 > 0.07 mA μM−1 cm−2 > 0.03 mA μM−1 cm−2 > 0.01 mA μM−1 cm−2 respectively. All the characterization results reveal that crystalline phase plays a vital role in electrochemical behavior rather than crystalline size, morphology, surface charge, surface area.
Perceptions and Uses of GRE® Scores After the Launch of the GRE® revised General Test in August 2011
Authors: Klieger David M. , Belur Vinetha , Kotloff Lauren J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis survey study investigated how graduate school admissions committees perceive and use the GRE® General Test and GRE® Subject Tests after the launch of the GRE® revised General Test in August 2011. These perceptions and uses impact the validity of the tests. Prior research about the perceptions and uses of the General Test and Subject Tests was last conducted in 2002 and, prior to that, in 2000 (for writing) and 1984. Therefore, even without test revisions, perceptions and uses of the GRE tests may have changed. Overall, by graduate discipline area, by graduate degree level sought, and by future career track preparation (research vs. professional), we examined online survey responses from 163 individuals involved in graduate school admissions. We did not find major changes in the use or perceived utility of the revised General Test or Subject Tests for admissions or funding decisions. General Test scores are valued in relation to other admissions information. Sometimes, valuation of these scores leads to practices proscribed by published GRE Program guidelines, such as the use of cut scores. Scores on the Subject Tests continue to be valued less than other admissions information. Perceptions and uses of the GRE tests often vary when decision makers consider applications from international applicants and underrepresented racial or ethnic minorities. That admissions committees can receive and compare scores reported on the former General Test score scales to scores reported on the revised General Test score scales has resulted in various practices, including the common use of percentile ranks to compare scores in ways discouraged by GRE Program guidelines. To the extent that decision makers use concordance information recommended by Educational Testing Service (ETS) to compare scores, they do so with mixed success.
Genetic and environmental influences on mean diffusivity and volume in subcortical brain regions
Authors: Gillespie Nathan A. , Neale Michael C. , Hagler Donald J. , Eyler Lisa T. , Fennema‐Notestine Christine , Franz Carol E. , Lyons Michael J. , McEvoy Linda K. , Dale Anders M. , Panizzon Matthew S. , Kremen William S. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIncreased mean diffusivity (MD) is hypothesized to reflect tissue degeneration and may provide subtle indicators of neuropathology as well as age‐related brain changes in the absence of volumetric differences. Our aim was to determine the degree to which genetic and environmental variation in subcortical MD is distinct from variation in subcortical volume. Data were derived from a sample of 387 male twins (83 MZ twin pairs, 55 DZ twin pairs, and 111 incomplete twin pairs) who were MRI scanned as part of the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. Quantitative estimates of MD and volume for 7 subcortical regions were obtained: thalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, pallidum, hippocampus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens. After adjusting for covariates, bivariate twin models were fitted to estimate the size and significance of phenotypic, genotypic, and environmental correlations between MD and volume at each subcortical region. With the exception of the amygdala, familial aggregation in MD was entirely explained by additive genetic factors across all subcortical regions with estimates ranging from 46 to 84%. Based on bivariate twin modeling, variation in subcortical MD appears to be both genetically and environmentally unrelated to individual differences in subcortical volume. Therefore, subcortical MD may be an alternative biomarker of brain morphology for complex traits worthy of future investigation. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2589–2598, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of two potential toxicity metabolites derived from the disruption of the pksCT gene in Monascus aurantiacus Li As3.4384
Authors: Huang Zhibing , Su Baowei , Xu Yang , Li Laisheng , Li Yanping 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDWe previously demonstrated that disruption of the pksCT gene of Monascus led to a greater than 98% decrease in its citrinin production capacity in Monascus (PHDS26). Two potentially toxic compounds, monascopyridine A (MPA) and monascopyridine B (MPB), were found in the fermentation products of the pksCT gene‐disrupted Monascus. Moreover, a rapid and reliable high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the simultaneous determination of MPA and MPB. We studied the effects of various extraction parameters and designed an orthogonal experiment to investigate the importance of each factor.RESULTSThe optimal extraction conditions were: methanol concentration, 90%; extraction temperature, 40 °C; extraction time, 10 min; two extraction cycles; and a solid‐liquid ratio of 1:25. Under the optimal chromatographic conditions, good linearity was reached over the concentration ranges 0.5–200 µg mL−1 and 0.5–300 µg mL−1 for MPA and MPB, respectively, and the corresponding determination coefficients were 0.9999 and 0.9997. The percentage relative standard deviation values of within‐day and between‐day precision for MPA were 2.0% and 2.1%, respectively; the corresponding values for MPB were 4.8% and 4.6%. The average recovery for MPA and MPB was 99.9% and 94%, respectively.CONCLUSIONMaximum MPA and MPB yields (2073.7 and 1961.7 µg g−1, respectively) were observed after 16 days of cultivation. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Ventilating Tubes In Tympanoplasty
Authors: Blatnik Donald S. , Millen Steven J. , Toohill Robert J. 
Published: February 2017

The successful surgical treatment of chronic otitis media or its sequela is frequently related to a ventilated tympanic cavity. Tubes at tympanoplasty have been recommended to assure ventilation until eustachian tube and middle ear mucosal functions have been restored and to prevent the complications of graft loss, atelectasis, cholesteatoma and ossicular destruction.This presentation reviews the literature on the subject and documents our results in 40 patients treated by tympanomastoid surgery with ventilating tubes. The types of tubes used, the surgical technique involved, and the selection of cases suitable for this method are described.Cholesteatoma was the primary disease in 32 patients, 6 had chronic otitis media, 1 cholesterol granuloma, and 1 eosinophilic granuloma. Complete healing of grafts following extrusion or removal of the tubes occurred in 34 patients, 2 tubes remain in place, 3 patients had persistent tube site perforations, and 1 was lost to follow‐up. None of the patients had graft breakdown as a result of tube placement, and there has been no recurrence of cholesteatoma. In all cases, the follow‐up period is a minimum of 18 months and extends to 92 months.
The Problem Mastoid Cavity: Medical and Surgical Management
Authors: Kinney Sam E. 
Published: February 2017

The patient with persistent foul drainage from a previously operated‐on mastoid cavity has a serious problem that requires aggressive attention from the otologic surgeon. The ear must be carefully evaluated in the office. Careful cleaning of the cavity and effective application of medication will dry up many of these cavities.Revision surgery of the ear requires a systematic approach using all the techniques of modern otologic surgery. This means the use of a postauricular incision and wide bone removal combined with obliteration techniques and grafting of the middle ear.This approach was used in 29 ears in 27 patients. Rapid healing and a trouble‐free, dry ear was obtained in 26 patients or 90% of the operatedon cases.
Middle Ear Ventilation in Conjunction with Adenotonsillectomy
Authors: Leek Joseph H. 
Published: February 2017

If the tonsils and adenoids are causing eustachian tube dysfunction with middle ear effusion, the need for a ventilation tube at the time of the T&A and myringotomy is unresolved. Thirty‐one patients with bilateral symmetrical middle ear effusion had T&A and myringotomies. In one ear, a ventilation tube was inserted; the other ear acted as a control.In addition to the clinical impressions, preoperative and serial postoperative audiograms and tympanograms are compared through a 12month time frame. Discussion is presented regarding middle ventilation at the time of the primary operation.
Mandibular Replacement After Resection for Tumor
Authors: Behringer W. Hayman , Schweiger James W. 
Published: February 2017

The ideal natural or prosthetic mandibular replacement should be adjustable at the time of surgery, completely stable, free from tissue reaction or rejection, rapidly incorporated into surrounding tissue, and unlimited in lifespan. A brief review of clinically utilized mandibular replacements is discussed in relation to the ideals.At this time the replacement most adequately satisfying these principles is autogenous cancellous bone and marrow supported by a titanium mesh trough. This article describes the details of external mandibular fixation and the reconstructive procedure including preoperative preparation and common postoperative complications.Modifications of the prosthesis and surgical technique are suggested in order to decrease the chances of postoperative exposure, a complication in any type of mandibular reconstruction.
Guidelines For Prognosis In Head And Neck Cancer With Nodal Metastasis
Authors: Zoller Michae , Goodman Max L. , Cummings Charles W. 
Published: February 2017

Patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with cervical node metastasis were studied retrospectively to delineate the prognostic significance of certain clinical and histologic parameters. The patients were divided into radiated and non‐radiated groups for analysis purposes.A good prognosis was found in non‐radiated patients with an active nodal plasmacytic inflammatory response. No prognostic information was obtainable in observing the inflammatory response of nodes altered by radiation effects.Extranodal spread of the tumor indicated a poor prognosis for radiated and non‐radiated patients, being more significant in the non‐radiated ones.Patients receiving preoperative radiation must be separated from nonradiated patients in evaluating host response parameters for prognostic purposes.
Meloplasty As An Office Procedure
Authors: Rafaty F. Mark 
Published: February 2017

Meloplasty, the face‐lift operation, has become a very popular surgical procedure. The operation has been adapted as an office procedure and performed with increasing frequency demonstrating its acceptance.This paper relates the experience of the author with 89 consecutive cases of meloplasty performed in a private office operating room. The report analyzes the following: 1. Patient selection and preoperative evaluation; 2. Equipment, supplies and room setup; 3. Operative technique; 4. Postoperative care of the patient, and; 5. Results.Preoperative evaluation is particularly important in office operating room procedures for a successful outcome. Preoperative detailed history— with particular attention to cardiopulmonary and renal problems, allergies, medications and metabolic disorders—is obtained. A medical consultation in patients over 50 years of age is essential. A booklet explaining the purpose of the operation with a realistic description of its goals, limitations and possible complications is given to each patient. The booklet also includes information regarding the preoperative skin and hair preparation, postoperative care, convalescence, return to normal activities, etc.The equipment and instruments are few and simple. The need for complete and proper emergency equipment to manage the possible untoward effects of premedication or anesthetic agents is discussed. It is emphasized that only surgeons with thorough experience with the procedure should perform the operation in the office setup.
Selective Reinnervation of Paralyzed Musculature in the Head and Neck: Functioning Autotransplantation of the Canine Larynx
Authors: Tucker Harvey M. 
Published: February 2017

Previous work has demonstrated the possibility of reinnervation of paralyzed muscle groups in the head and neck by the nerve‐muscle pedicle technique. The ability to transplant a human larynx would be feasible if three problems could be overcome. The first of these is the reestablishment of blood supply, most of which problem has already been solved by the work of Ogura and others. The second is the need to restore function of the vocal cords sufficient to provide the necessary valve action of the larynx. It would then be able to maintain airway, prevent aspiration and restore some use of the voice. Previous work by the present author and others has demonstrated that the nerve‐muscle pedicle technique can theoretically be applied to reinnervate a transplanted larynx. The third problem, that of immunosuppression, remains to be solved.The experiment reported in this paper successfully combines the first two of these criteria in reimplantation of totally excised canine larynges. It follows logically that, if a means of immunosuppression satisfactory for use in human beings who have recently had a malignant process could be found successful human laryngeal transplantation would be a realistic possibility.
Reversal of Deafness After Renal Transplantation in Alport's Syndrome
Authors: McDonald Thomas J. , Zincke Horst , Anderson Carl F. , Ott Norbert T. 
Published: February 2017

Six patients (five men and one woman) with Alport's syndrome underwent successful renal transplantation (four received kidneys from cadaver donors and two received allografts from living, related donors) . One patient who had received a cadaver kidney had substantial hearing improvement and the others had stabilization of hearing.Hearing loss in Alport's syndrome is progressive. The reversal of deafness in one of our patients and stabilization in the others made us wonder whether an inherited enzymopathy had been reversed, which then mitigated the deafness.
Eighty Percent of Cancer is Related to the Environment
Authors: Schneiderman Marvin A. 
Published: February 2017

Five reasons lead us to believe that much of cancer is environmentally related: 1. Beginning with the work of Yamagiwa and Ichikawa in 1915, cancer has been produced in the laboratory under the control of man. 2. The trends of cancer incidence (and mortality) have been sharply up in some cases (lung), and sharply down in others (stomach, uterine cervix). 3. There are large differences in cancer among different parts of the world, and within the United States. 4. Migrants from one part of the world to another take on the rates of the part of the world to which they migrate. 5. Removal of known causes from the environment has been followed by reduced cancer incidence.Environmental causes of cancer lie in both personal environment: cigarette smoking, use of alcohol, sexual habits, perhaps diet; and in the impersonal environment: industrial and occupational pollutants, water and air contaminants, pesticides, flame retardants, diet additives, drugs. A joint effort by persons and by governments can reduce the incidence of cancer.