bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solitary extraosseous plasmacytoma
Authors: Merza Hussein , Sarkar Raj 
Published: July 2016

Key Clinical MessagePlasma cell neoplasms are characterized by a neoplastic plasma cell lineage which produces a monoclonal immunoglobulin. These neoplasms can present as a single lesion (solitary plasmacytoma) or as multiple lesions (multiple myeloma). Solitary plasmacytomas most frequently occur in bone (plasmacytomas of bone), but can also be found outside bone in soft tissues (extramedullary plasmacytomas).
Aldehyde and Ketone Synthesis by P450‐Catalyzed Oxidative Deamination of Alkyl Azides
Authors: Giovani Simone , Alwaseem Hanan , Fasan Rudi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHeme‐containing proteins have recently attracted increasing attention for their ability to promote synthetically valuable transformations not found in nature. Following the recent discovery that engineered variants of myoglobin can catalyze the direct conversion of organic azides into aldehydes, we investigated the azide oxidative deamination reactivity of a variety of hemoproteins featuring different heme coordination environments. Our studies show that although several heme‐containing enzymes possess basal activity in this reaction, an engineered variant of the bacterial cytochrome P450 CYP102A1 constitutes a particularly efficient biocatalyst for promoting this transformation, and it exhibits a broad substrate scope along with high catalytic activity (up to 11 300 turnovers), excellent chemoselectivity, and enhanced reactivity toward secondary alkyl azides to yield ketones. Mechanistic studies and Michaelis–Menten analyses provided insight into the mechanism of the reaction and the impact of active‐site mutations on the catalytic properties of the P450. Altogether, these studies demonstrate that engineered P450 variants represent promising biocatalysts for the synthesis of aryl aldehydes and ketones through the oxidative deamination of alkyl azides under mild reaction conditions.
Layered Li1.3Mn0.58Ni0.12Co0.11O2+δ Cathode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries with High Reversible Capacity
Authors: Deng Ya‐Ping , Fu Fang , Wu Zhen‐Guo , Zhang Tao , Yin Zu‐Wei , Zhang Shao‐Jian , Li Jun‐Tao , Huang Ling , Sun Shi‐Gang 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLayered Li1.3Mn0.58Ni0.12Co0.11O2+δ, a solid solution of 0.53 Li2MnO3⋅0.47 LiMn0.4Ni0.3Co0.3O2, has been successfully synthesized by using an improved solvothermal strategy and used as the cathode material of a Li‐ion battery. The pure phase of the layered structure is characterized by using X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical tests demonstrate that as‐synthesized layered Li1.3Mn0.58Ni0.12Co0.11O2+δ exhibits high discharge capacities of 349.4, 322.4, 304.6, and 291.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1 C rates, respectively. Such high reversible capacities could be ascribed to the enrichment of oxygen in the materials, which was evidenced clearly by a potential plateau below 3.0 V in the discharge process and originated form the electrochemical oxygen reduction.
Introducing a Hydrogen‐Bond Donor into a Weakly Nucleophilic Brønsted Base: Alkali Metal Hexamethyldisilazides (MHMDS, M=Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs) with Ammonia
Authors: Neufeld Roman , Michel Reent , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Schöne Ralf , Stalke Dietmar 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAlkali metal 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexamethyldisilazide (MHMDSs) are one of the most utilised weakly nucleophilic Brønsted bases in synthetic chemistry and especially in natural product synthesis. Like lithium organics, they aggregate depending on the employed donor solvents. Thus, they show different reactivity and selectivity as a function of their aggregation and solvation state. To date, monomeric LiHMDS with monodentate donor bases was only characterised in solution. Since the first preparation of LiHMDS in 1959 by Wannagat and Niederprüm, all efforts to crystallise monomeric LiHMDS in the absence of chelating ligands failed. Herein, we present ammonia adducts of LiHMDS, NaHMDS, KHMDS, RbHMDS and CsHMDS with unprecedented aggregation motifs: 1) The hitherto missing monomeric key compound in the LiHMDS aggregation architectures. Monomeric crystal structures of trisolvated LiHMDS (1) and NaHMDS (2), showing unique intermolecular hydrogen bonds, 2) the unprecedented tetrasolvated KHMDS (3) and RbHMDS (4) dimers and 3) the disolvated CsHMDS (5) dimer with very close intermolecular Si−CH3⋅⋅⋅Cs s‐block “agostic” interactions have been prepared and characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis.
Enantioselective Syntheses of Lignin Models: An Efficient Synthesis of β‐O‐4 Dimers and Trimers by Using the Evans Chiral Auxiliary
Authors: Njiojob Costyl N. , Bozell Joseph J. , Long Brian K. , Elder Thomas , Key Rebecca E. , Hartwig William T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe describe an efficient five‐step, enantioselective synthesis of (R,R)‐ and (S,S)‐lignin dimer models possessing a β‐O‐4 linkage, by using the Evans chiral aldol reaction as a key step. Mitsunobu inversion of the (R,R)‐ or (S,S)‐isomers generates the corresponding (R,S)‐ and (S,R)‐diastereomers. We further extend this approach to the enantioselective synthesis of a lignin trimer model. These lignin models are synthesized with excellent ee (>99 %) and high overall yields. The lignin dimer models can be scaled up to provide multigram quantities that are not attainable by using previous methodologies. These lignin models will be useful in degradation studies probing the selectivity of enzymatic, microbial, and chemical processes that deconstruct lignin.
Chemical Platform for the Preparation of Synthetic Orally Active Peptidomimetics with Hemoregulating Activity
Authors: Deigin Vladislav , Ksenofontova Olga , Khrushchev Alexey , Yatskin Oleg , Goryacheva Alexandra , Ivanov Vadim 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA novel chemical platform based on branched piperazine‐2,5‐dione derivatives (2,5‐diketopiperazines) for creating orally available biologically active peptidomimetics has been developed. The platform includes a diketopiperazine scaffold with “built‐in” functionally active peptide fragments covalently attached via linkers. The concept was applied to two hemostimulatory drugs, the dipeptide thymogen (GluTrp) and the tripeptide stemokin (IleGluTrp). Preparation of a series of respective derivatives is described. Of the five synthesized analogues, three demonstrated high hemostimulatory activity in vivo on intact mice and on ex vivo irradiated bone marrow cells. Prospects of further development of the concept are discussed.
Nanomaterial‐Based Soft Electronics for Healthcare Applications
Authors: Choi Changsoon , Choi Moon Kee , Hyeon Taeghwan , Kim Dae‐Hyeong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSoft electronic devices, particularly for healthcare applications, have been intensively studied over the past decade owing to their unique advantages over conventional rigid electronics. These advantages include conformal contacts on target tissues such as the skin, heart, and brain along with a high deformability that minimizes unwanted inflammatory responses. To achieve mechanically soft but multifunctional high performance electronics for wearable and implantable biomedical devices, several strategies have been employed including designed assembly of high quality nanomaterials, the combination of unconventional manufacturing processes with existing microprocessing technologies, new device designs with deformable structures, and disease‐specific system‐level integration of diverse soft electronics. In this Focus Review, we summarize recent advances in soft electronic devices for healthcare applications. More specifically, we describe assembly methods for various nanomaterials, new device designs and integration strategies, their applications to textile‐based and skin‐attached wearable electronics, and their incorporation in fully and/or minimally invasive medical devices. Finally, this review concludes with a brief description on the future direction of healthcare applications using nanomaterial‐based soft bioelectronics.
Manganese‐Substituted Polyoxometalate as an Effective Shuttle Redox Mediator in Z‐Scheme Water Splitting under Visible Light
Authors: Tsuji Kohei , Tomita Osamu , Higashi Masanobu , Abe Ryu 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn the present study, a polyoxometalate is for the first time applied as a shuttle redox in two‐step (Z‐Scheme) photocatalytic water splitting. Photocatalytic H2 evolution using a Mn‐substituted polyoxometalate [SiW11O39MnII(H2O)]6− as an electron donor proceeded over a Ru‐loaded SrTiO3:Rh photocatalyst under visible light with relatively high selectivity, accompanied by the stoichiometric production of its oxidized form [SiW11O39MnIII(H2O)]5−. Photocatalytic O2 evolution using the oxidized [SiW11O39MnIII(H2O)]5− as an electron acceptor proceeded over PtOx‐loaded WO3 photocatalyst under visible light with relatively high quantum efficiency and selectivity, whereas the loading of effective PtOx cocatalyst was necessary to facilitate the reduction of polyoxometalate. Finally, a two‐step water splitting into H2 and O2 was demonstrated under visible light using the couple of Mn‐substituted polyoxometalate as shuttle redox between Ru/SrTiO3:Rh and PtOx/WO3 photocatalysts, under mildly acidic conditions with pH≈4.5.
Hybrid channel gain prioritized access‐aware cell association with interference mitigation in LTE‐Advanced HetNets
Authors: Gadam M.A. , Ng Chee Kyun , Nordin Nor Kamariah , Sali Aduwati , Hashim Fazirulhisyam 
Published: July 2016

SummaryLTE‐Advanced heterogeneous networks deployment is meant to address the increasing demand for quality of service, high data rates and coverage extension. Load balancing is among the primary challenges, especially when the user equipments (UEs) associate with diverse transmission power network tiers using received signal strength. The low‐power network tier's spectrum will be underutilized, and UEs associated with them will be inflicted by interference from the high‐power network tier. The proposed hybrid channel gain prioritized access (HCGPA)‐aware cell association scheme stresses the importance of combined metrics with interference mitigation to simultaneously achieve load balancing and enhance performance among the network tiers. The high‐priority UEs associate with the tier that gives the maximum channel gain being higher than a given threshold. While the low‐priority UEs association is based on the maximum joint metrics (channel gain, channel access probabilities of low‐priority UEs and high‐priority UEs). The HCGPA scheme has 1.72 times the number of UEs connected to low‐power networks, 8% better load balancing fairness, compared with the conventional reference signal receive power and RSRP + 6 dB bias cell associations. Although the susceptibility of HCGPA to interference led to the poor signal to interference to noise ratio (SINR) performance of the cell‐edge UEs, the cell‐centre UEs exhibited the best spectral efficiency performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manganese enrichments near a large gas‐hydrate and cold‐seep field: a record of past redox and sedimentation events
Authors: Ingram Wesley C. , Meyers Stephen R. , Shen Zhizhang , Xu Huifang , Martens Christopher S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe spatial distribution, mineralogy, and origin of manganese enrichments surrounding a large gas hydrate and cold seep field (Mississippi Canyon 118, Gulf of Mexico) are investigated in this study, to better constrain their biogeochemical context in deep‐sea sediments and to assess how gas hydrates may alter such records. Manganese depth profiles from 10 sediment cores, documented using centimetre‐scale X‐ray fluorescence core scanning, display highly‐enriched 1 to 10 cm thick layers. These manganese‐rich layers are more numerous, but of lower concentration, in close proximity to the field, and show no consistent relationship with sedimentology (clay vs. carbonate content) or the established chronostratigraphic framework at the site. X‐ray diffraction and sequential dissolution procedures indicate that the manganese enrichments are authigenic carbonates, which formed along a palaeo redox boundary during periods of prolonged steady‐state conditions. The hypothesis that spatial heterogeneity of this manganese record is linked to the nearby gas hydrate and cold seep field, by influencing redox conditions and/or sedimentation processes, is investigated here. Results are consistent with more frequent interruption of steady‐state sedimentation in closer proximity to the salt‐tectonic induced bathymetric mound, which contains the active cold seeps and gas hydrate deposits. Thus, spatial mapping of manganese enrichment horizons provides a tool to reconstruct sedimentation surrounding these volatile sea bed features, yielding a measure of past activity of gas hydrates and cold seeps.
Diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: a review of early natural history, pathogenesis, and diagnosis
Authors: Papadopoulou‐Marketou Nektaria , Chrousos George P. , Kanaka‐Gantenbein Christina 
Published: July 2016

SummaryDiabetic nephropathy constitutes a devastating complication in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, and its diagnosis is traditionally based on microalbuminuria. The aim of this review is to update through the medical literature the suggested early natural course of diabetic nephropathy, the theories behind the pathways of its pathogenesis, and its diagnosis. Poor glycemic control, dyslipidemia, smoking, advanced glycation end products, and environmental and genetic clues play an important role in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Microalbuminuria has been traditionally considered as a primary early marker of microvascular complication unraveling the risk for progress to the advanced stages of chronic kidney disease, but because of our inability to make an early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy in young patients as well as nonalbuminuric diabetic nephropathy, recently, other additional markers of renal injury like serum and urinary neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin, chitinase‐3–like protein 1, cystatin C, and plasma growth differentiation factor 15 have been proposed to unmask early renal dysfunction, even before microalbuminuria supervenes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative importance of climate and mountain pine beetle outbreaks on the occurrence of large wildfires in the westernUSA
Authors: Mietkiewicz Nathan , Kulakowski Dominik 
Published: July 2016

AbstractExtensive outbreaks of bark beetles have killed trees across millions of hectares of forests and woodlands in western North America. These outbreaks have led to spirited scientific, public, and policy debates about consequential increases in fire risk, especially in the wildland–urban interface (WUI), where homes and communities are at particular risk from wildfires. At the same time, large wildfires have become more frequent across this region. Widespread expectations that outbreaks increase extent, severity, and/or frequency of wildfires are based partly on visible and dramatic changes in foliar moisture content and other fuel properties following outbreaks, as well as associated modeling projections. A competing explanation is that increasing wildfires are driven primarily by climatic extremes, which are becoming more common with climate change. However, the relative importance of bark beetle outbreaks vs. climate on fire occurrence has not been empirically examined across very large areas and remains poorly understood. The most extensive outbreaks of tree‐killing insects across the western United States have been of mountain pine beetle (MPB;Dendroctonus ponderosae), which have killed trees over >650,000 km2, mostly in forests dominated by lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). We show that outbreaks ofMPBin lodgepole pine forests of the western United States have been less important than climatic variability for the occurrence of large fires over the past 29 years. In lodgepole pine forests in general, as well as those in theWUI, occurrence of large fires was determined primarily by current and antecedent high temperatures and low precipitation but was unaffected by preceding outbreaks. Trends of increasing co‐occurrence of wildfires and outbreaks are due to a common climatic driver rather than interactions between these disturbances. Reducing wildfire risk hinges on addressing the underlying climatic drivers rather than treating beetle‐affected forests.
Limiting inbreeding in disjunct and isolated populations of a woody shrub
Authors: Sampson Jane F. , Byrne Margaret , Gibson Neil , Yates Colin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPollen movements and mating patterns are key features that influence population genetic structure. When gene flow is low, small populations are prone to increased genetic drift and inbreeding, but naturally disjunct species may have features that reduce inbreeding and contribute to their persistence despite genetic isolation. Using microsatellite loci, we investigated outcrossing levels, family mating parameters, pollen dispersal, and spatial genetic structure in three populations of Hakea oldfieldii, a fire‐sensitive shrub with naturally disjunct, isolated populations prone to reduction in size and extinction following fires. We mapped and genotyped a sample of 102 plants from a large population, and all plants from two smaller populations (28 and 20 individuals), and genotyped 158–210 progeny from each population. We found high outcrossing despite the possibility of geitonogamous pollination, small amounts of biparental inbreeding, a limited number of successful pollen parents within populations, and significant correlated paternity. The number of pollen parents for each seed parent was moderate. There was low but significant spatial genetic structure up to 10 m around plants, but the majority of successful pollen came from outside this area including substantial proportions from distant plants within populations. Seed production varied among seven populations investigated but was not correlated with census population size. We suggest there may be a mechanism to prevent self‐pollination in H. oldfieldii and that high outcrossing and pollen dispersal within populations would promote genetic diversity among the relatively small amount of seed stored in the canopy. These features of the mating system would contribute to the persistence of genetically isolated populations prone to fluctuations in size.
Factors influencing the survival of outmigrating juvenile salmonids through multiple dam passages: an individual‐based approach
Authors: Elder Timothy , Woodley Christa M. , Weiland Mark A. , Strecker Angela L. 
Published: July 2016

SummarySubstantial declines of Pacific salmon populations have occurred over the past several decades related to large‐scale anthropogenic and climatic changes in freshwater and marine environments. In the Columbia River Basin, migrating juvenile salmonids may pass as many as eight large‐scale hydropower projects before reaching the ocean; however, the cumulative effects of multiple dam passages are largely unknown. Using acoustic transmitters and an extensive system of hydrophone arrays in the Lower Columbia River, we calculated the survival of yearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss) passing one, two, or three dams. We applied a unique index of biological characteristics and environmental exposures, experienced by each fish individually as it migrated downstream, in order to examine which factors most influence salmonid survival. High outflow volumes led to involuntary spill in 2011 and created an environment of supersaturated dissolved gas concentrations. In this environment, migrating smolt survival was strongly influenced by barometric pressure, fish velocity, and water temperature. The effect of these variables on survival was compounded by multiple dam passages compared to fish passing a single dam. Despite spatial isolation between dams in the Lower Columbia River hydrosystem, migrating smolt appear to experience cumulative effects akin to a press disturbance. In general, Chinook salmon and steelhead respond similarly in terms of survival rates and responses to altered environmental conditions. Management actions that limit dissolved gas concentrations in years of high flow will benefit migrating salmonids at this life stage.
Life history evolution and cellular mechanisms associated with increased size in high‐altitude Drosophila
Authors: Lack Justin B. , Yassin Amir , Sprengelmeyer Quentin D. , Johanning Evan J. , David Jean R. , Pool John E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the physiological and genetic basis of growth and body size variation has wide‐ranging implications, from cancer and metabolic disease to the genetics of complex traits. We examined the evolution of body and wing size in high‐altitude Drosophila melanogaster from Ethiopia, flies with larger size than any previously known population. Specifically, we sought to identify life history characteristics and cellular mechanisms that may have facilitated size evolution. We found that the large‐bodied Ethiopian flies laid significantly fewer but larger eggs relative to lowland, smaller‐bodied Zambian flies. The highland flies were found to achieve larger size in a similar developmental period, potentially aided by a reproductive strategy favoring greater provisioning of fewer offspring. At the cellular level, cell proliferation was a strong contributor to wing size evolution, but both thorax and wing size increases involved important changes in cell size. Nuclear size measurements were consistent with elevated somatic ploidy as an important mechanism of body size evolution. We discuss the significance of these results for the genetic basis of evolutionary changes in body and wing size in Ethiopian D. melanogaster.
Ode to Ehrlich and Raven or how herbivorous insects might drive plant speciation
Authors: Marquis Robert J. , Salazar Diego , Baer Christina , Reinhardt Jason , Priest Galen , Barnett Kirk 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFifty years ago, Ehrlich and Raven proposed that insect herbivores have driven much of plant speciation, particularly at tropical latitudes. There have been no explicit tests of their hypotheses. Indeed there were no proposed mechanisms either at the time or since by which herbivores might generate new plant species. Here we outline two main classes of mechanisms, prezygotic and postzygotic, with a number of scenarios in each by which herbivore‐driven changes in host plant secondary chemistry might lead to new plant lineage production. The former apply mainly to a sympatric model of speciation while the latter apply to a parapatric or allopatric model. Our review suggests that the steps of each mechanism are known to occur individually in many different systems, but no scenario has been thoroughly investigated in any one system. Nevertheless, studies of Dalechampia and its herbivores and pollinators, and patterns of defense tradeoffs in trees on different soil types in the Peruvian Amazon provide evidence consistent with the original hypotheses of Ehrlich and Raven. For herbivores to drive sympatric speciation, our findings suggest that interactions with both their herbivores and their pollinators should be considered. In contrast, herbivores may drive speciation allopatrically without any influence by pollinators. Finally, there is evidence that these mechanisms are more likely to occur at low latitudes and thus more likely to produce new species in the tropics. The mechanisms we outline provide a predictive framework for further study of the general role that herbivores play in diversification of their host plants.