bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary constraints over microsatellite abundance in larger mammals as a potential mechanism against carcinogenic burden
Authors: Park Jung Youn , An Yong-Rock , An Chul-Min , Kang Jung-Ha , Kim Eun Mi , Kim Heebal , Cho Seoae , Kim Jaemin 
Published: April 2016

AbstractLarger organisms tend to live longer, have more potentially carcinogenic cells, and undergo more cell divisions. While one might intuitively expect cancer incidence to scale with body size, this assertion does not hold over the range of different mammals. Explaining this lack of correlation, so-called ‘Peto’s paradox’ can likely increase our understanding of how cancer defense mechanisms are shaped by natural selection. Here, we study the occurrence of microsatellite in mammal genomes and observe that animals with expanded body size restrain the number of microsatellite. To take into account of higher mutation rate in the microsatellite region compared to that of genome, limiting the abundance of somatic mutations might explain how larger organisms could overcome the burden of cancer. These observations may serve as the basis to better understand how evolution has modeled protective mechanisms against cancer development.
Quantitative blood flow velocity imaging using laser speckle flowmetry
Authors: Nadort Annemarie , Kalkman Koen , van Leeuwen Ton G. , Faber Dirk J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractLaser speckle flowmetry suffers from a debated quantification of the inverse relation between decorrelation time (τc) and blood flow velocity (V), i.e. 1/τc = αV. Using a modified microcirculation imager (integrated sidestream dark field - laser speckle contrast imaging [SDF-LSCI]), we experimentally investigate on the influence of the optical properties of scatterers on α in vitro and in vivo. We found a good agreement to theoretical predictions within certain limits for scatterer size and multiple scattering. We present a practical model-based scaling factor to correct for multiple scattering in microcirculatory vessels. Our results show that SDF-LSCI offers a quantitative measure of flow velocity in addition to vessel morphology, enabling the quantification of the clinically relevant blood flow, velocity and tissue perfusion.
Mapping the small-world properties of brain networks in deception with functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Jiang , Lin Xiaohong , Fu Genyue , Sai Liyang , Chen Huafu , Yang Jianbo , Wang Mingwen , Liu Qi , Yang Gang , Zhang Junran , Yuan Zhen 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDeception is not a rare occurrence among human behaviors; however, the present brain mapping techniques are insufficient to reveal the neural mechanism of deception under spontaneous or controlled conditions. Interestingly, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has emerged as a highly promising neuroimaging technique that enables continuous and noninvasive monitoring of changes in blood oxygenation and blood volume in the human brain. In this study, fNIRS was used in combination with complex network theory to extract the attribute features of the functional brain networks underling deception in subjects exhibiting spontaneous or controlled behaviors. Our findings revealed that the small-world networks of the subjects engaged in spontaneous behaviors exhibited greater clustering coefficients, shorter average path lengths, greater average node degrees, and stronger randomness compared with those of subjects engaged in control behaviors. Consequently, we suggest that small-world network topology is capable of distinguishing well between spontaneous and controlled deceptions.
Second Multiflow Summer School on Turbulence
Authors: Jiménez Javier 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Multiflow is a research program, funded by the European Research Council, whose
goal is to improve our understanding of the multiscale dynamics of turbulence in fluids.
Its second Summer School on Turbulence took place at the School of Aeronautics of the
Technical University of Madrid from May 25 to June 26, 2015, with the goal of providing
a meeting place for theoreticians, experimentalists and simulators, in which to develop
and test new ideas on turbulence physics and structure. Around forty, mostly young,
participants from twenty international groups met for five weeks of collaborative work,
primarily using the computational data archived in the receiving institution but, in many
cases, also contributing their own. Although the format included a few invited formal
seminars and periodic plenary meetings, most of the work took place in small groups
that, in many cases, changed their composition during the workshop. The papers in these
proceedings reflect the results of the work of these groups which, in many cases, later
continued in the form of new collaborations.
Making progress on bycatch avoidance in the ocean salmon fishery using a transdisciplinary approach
Authors: Otto Saskia A. , Simons Sarah , Stoll Joshua S. , Lawson Peter 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTransdisciplinary research that crosses disciplinary boundaries and includes stakeholder collaboration is increasingly being used to address pressing and complex socio-ecological challenges in the Anthropocene. In fisheries, we see transdisciplinary approaches being employed to address a range of challenges, including bycatch where fine-scale data are collected by fishers to help advance spatial approaches in which fishing effort is shifted away from bycatch hotspots. However, the spatio-temporal overlap of morphologically undistinguishable fish stocks, some of which are depleted, is a major concern for some fisheries, including the Pacific Northwest troll Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fishery. In this study, we develop and evaluate a transdisciplinary approach to avoid bycatch in the commercial Chinook salmon troll fishery off northern and central Oregon. Based on a unique genetic dataset collected by fishers, fine-scale patterns of stock distribution and spatial stock overlap were assessed. Two hotspots of weak Klamath stock in the study region were identified and related to bathymetry. Results were then fed into a simple bioeconomic model to evaluate costs and benefits of reallocating effort under two scenarios of allowable catch of a weak stock (Klamath). The scenarios demonstrate that effort reallocation could lead to a reduction in Klamath catch as well as to increases in net profit, but outcomes depend on the distance from the fleets' home port to the new fishing area. The output of the model at its current stage should be regarded strategically, providing a qualitative understanding of the types of best fleet strategies. Despite some challenges in transdisciplinarity discussed in this study and the present limitations to incorporate fine-scale changes of Chinook salmon stock distributions in management regulations, we contend that this approach to research has the potential to lead to improved management outcomes.
T-cell adoptive immunotherapy using tumor-infiltrating T cells and genetically engineered TCR-T cells
Authors: Ikeda Hiroaki 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Immunotherapy has received the expectation that it should contribute to the therapy of cancer patients for &gt;100 years. At long last, recent clinical trials of immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapy with genetically engineered T cells have reported their remarkable efficacies. Nowadays, it is expected that T-cell adoptive immunotherapy can not only control tumor progression but even cure cancer in some patients. Conversely, severe adverse events associated with efficacy have frequently been reported in clinical trials, suggesting that the assessment and control of safety will be indispensable in the future development of the therapy. New approaches in T-cell adoptive immunotherapy such as reduction of adverse events, targeting of new antigens or utilization of allogeneic cells will open a new gate for less harmful and more effective immunological treatment of cancer patients.
Implant restoration of the atrophic maxilla with concurrent mandibular rehabilitation
Authors: Gruber Elizabeth , James Graham 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
A case study is presented of a young patient with severe atrophy of the maxilla following aggressive periodontal disease and the subsequent management. This is illustrated with radiographic images. Methods of classification of bone quality and the remaining alveolar ridge form are presented. This is followed by a discussion of techniques for bone augmentation, the materials utilized and their various merits and preferred usages. Implant placement techniques, long-term prognosis and definitive restoration are considered.
High Reliability of a Scoring System for Implant Position in Undisplaced Femoral Neck Fractures
Authors: Viberg Bjarke , Bartholin Marie-Louise L. , Weber Kolja , Bech Rune D. , Palm Henrik , Schultz-Larsen Morten 
Published: April 2016

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the intrarater and interrater reliability of a scoring system for internal fixation (SIFA) in undisplaced femoral neck fractures (FNF).

Design:
A reproducibility study with a historical consecutive cohort.

Setting:
The patients were all treated at a level one trauma hospital.

Patients/Participants:
A cohort of patients with FNF, treated with 2 parallel implants, was retrieved using a local county register, and the cohort was assessed for undisplaced FNF until the desired sample size was reached. One hundred two patients had their x-ray images reviewed 2 times with a minimum 14 days interval, by 3 raters, all blinded for each other's results, and an independent person analyzed the data with unweighted kappa statistics.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Implant positions on the first postoperative anterior-posterior and axial radiographs were first visually assessed, then objectively measured according to SIFA, which consists of 5 individual measurements; screw tip distance, screw femoral shaft angle, inferior screw calcar distance, and screw position in the femoral head in the anterior-posterior and axial radiographs.

Results:
Visually assessed implant position gave intrarater kappa results for the individual components of SIFA at 0.40–0.75 (rater 1), 0.75–0.98 (rater 2), and 0.69–0.83 (rater 3), with interrater kappa results at 0.18–0.80 (combined range). Objectively measured implant position for the individual components of SIFA gave intrarater kappa results at 0.56–1.0 (rater 1), 0.74–0.89 (rater 2), and 0.81–0.94 (rater 3), with interrater kappa results at 0.56–0.85 (combined range). The overall SIFA score has similar higher intrarater and interrater results for the measured (0.51–0.78) compared with the visual assessment (0.13–0.78). The assessment in the axial view of the screw position in femoral head had the largest difference of acceptable positioning, when comparing visual assessment with the measured.

Conclusions:
The SIFA demonstrates substantial intrarater and interrater reliability (kappa 0.51–0.78), when raters make measurements of radiographs, but lower reliability (kappa 0.13–0.78) when raters visually assess the radiographs without measuring. The SIFA should be assessed on a large cohort, for correlation with clinical evaluation.
Endocrinological side-effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors
Authors: Torino Francesco , Corsello Salvatore M. , Salvatori Roberto 
Published: April 2016

Purpose of review
Three mAbs targeting immune checkpoint proteins are available for the treatment of patients with melanoma, lung, and kidney cancer, and their use will likely expand in the future to additional tumor types. We here update the literature on the incidence and pathophysiology of endocrine toxicities induced by these agents, and discuss management guidance.

Recent findings
Immune checkpoint inhibition may trigger autoimmune syndromes involving different organs, including several endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, and endocrine pancreas). Hypophysitis is more frequently associated with ipilimumab, whereas the incidence of thyroid dysfunction is higher with nivolumab/pembrolizumab. Primary adrenal insufficiency can rarely occur with either treatment. Autoimmune diabetes is very rare. As hypophysitis and adrenalitis may be life-threatening, endocrinological evaluation is essential particularly in patients developing fatigue and other symptoms consistent with adrenal insufficiency. Corticosteroids should be promptly used when hypophysitis-induced adrenal insufficiency or adrenalitis are diagnosed, but not in thyroiditis or diabetes. No impact of corticosteroids on the efficacy/activity of immune checkpoint-inhibiting drugs is reported. Hormonal deficiencies are often permanent.

Summary
In absence of predicting factors, accurate information to patients provided by the oncology care team is essential for early diagnosis and to limit the consequences of checkpoint inhibition-related endocrine toxicity.
Emerging trends and risk factors for perianal surgery in Crohn’s disease: a 20-year national population-based cohort study
Authors: Chhaya Vivek , Saxena Sonia , Cecil Elizabeth , Subramanian Venkataraman , Curcin Vasa , Majeed Azeem , Pollok Richard C. 
Published: April 2016

Background
Little is known about the rates of perianal surgery (PAS) in Crohn’s disease (CD). Our aim was to determine trends in PAS, the timing of surgery relative to the diagnosis of CD and to identify subgroups at risk of PAS.

Materials and methods
We identified 9391 incident cases of CD between 1989 and 2009. We defined three eras: era 1 (1989–1995), era 2 (1996–2002) and era 3 (2003–2009), and determined trends in procedure type and the time to first PAS relative to the date of diagnosis. We used Kaplan–Meier analysis to calculate the rate of first PAS and performed Cox regression to determine subgroups at risk of PAS.

Results
Among the 9391 incident cases of CD, 405 (4.3%) underwent PAS. The overall rate of PAS was 5.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 4.9–6.2%] 10 years after diagnosis. 34% (n=137) of all patients undergoing PAS had surgery in the 5 years before CD diagnosis. Abscess drainage increased from 34 to 58%, whereas proctectomy decreased from 16 to 6% between eras 1 and 3, respectively. Men [hazard rate (HR) 1.51, 95% CI: 1.24–1.84], those aged 17–40 years (HR 1.69, 95% CI: 1.09–2.02 vs. those aged >40 years) and those with a history of previous intestinal resection (HR 28.5, 95% CI: 22.2–36.5) were more likely to have PAS.

Conclusion
Around one-third of patients have a PAS in the 5 years preceding their diagnosis of CD. Surgical practice has changed over 20 years, with a decrease in proctectomy and a concurrent increase in abscess drainage that is likely to reflect improvements in therapeutic practice.
Role of the CARMA1/BCL10/MALT1 complex in lymphoid malignancies
Authors: Juilland Mélanie , Thome Margot 
Published: April 2016

Purpose of review
The CARMA1/BCL10/MALT1 (CBM) complex is a multimeric signaling complex controlling several important aspects of lymphocyte activation. Gain-of-function mutations in the genes encoding CBM proteins or their upstream regulators are associated with lymphoid malignancies, whereas loss-of-function mutations lead to immunodeficiency. This review reports on recent findings advancing our understanding of how CBM proteins contribute to malignant and nonmalignant hematological diseases in humans.

Recent findings
Somatic gain-of-function mutations of CARMA1 (also known as CARD11), originally described for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, have recently been identified in patients with acute T-cell leukemia/lymphoma or Sézary syndrome, and in patients with a B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder known as BENTA. Loss-of-function mutations of CARMA1 and MALT1, on the other hand, have been reported to underlie human immunodeficiency. Lately, it has become clear that CBM-dependent signaling promotes lymphomagenesis not only via NF-κB activation, but also via the AP-1 family of transcription factors. The identification of new substrates of the protease MALT1 and the characterization of mice expressing catalytically inactive MALT1 have deepened our understanding of how the CBM complex controls lymphocyte proliferation through promoting MALT1's protease activity.

Summary
The discovery of CARMA1 gain-of-function mutations in T-cell malignancies and BENTA patients, as well as the association of CARMA1 and MALT1 mutations with human immunodeficiency highlight the importance of CBM proteins in the regulation of lymphocyte functions, and suggest that the protease activity of MALT1 might be targeted to treat specific lymphoid malignancies.
Hematopoietic stem cell lineage specification
Authors: Pouzolles Marie , Oburoglu Leal , Taylor Naomi , Zimmermann Valérie S. 
Published: April 2016

Purpose of review
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) possess two fundamental characteristics, the capacity for self-renewal and the sustained production of all blood cell lineages. The fine balance between HSC expansion and lineage specification is dynamically regulated by the interplay between external and internal stimuli. This review introduces recent advances in the roles played by the stem cell niche, regulatory transcriptional networks, and metabolic pathways in governing HSC self-renewal, commitment, and lineage differentiation. We will further focus on discoveries made by studying hematopoiesis at single-cell resolution.

Recent findings
HSCs require the support of an interactive milieu with their physical position within the perivascular niche dynamically regulating HSC behavior. In these microenvironments, transcription factor networks and nutrient-mediated regulation of energy resources, signaling pathways, and epigenetic status govern HSC quiescence and differentiation. Once HSCs begin their lineage specification, single-cell analyses show that they do not become oligopotent but rather, differentiate directly into committed unipotent progenitors.

Summary
The diversity of transcriptional networks and metabolic pathways in HSCs and their downstream progeny allows a high level of plasticity in blood differentiation. The intricate interactions between these pathways, within the perivascular niche, broaden the specification of HSCs in pathological and stressed conditions.
A Specific Distress Cutoff Score Shortly After Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Ploos van Amstel Floortje K. , Tol Jolien , Sessink Kelly H. , van der Graaf Winette T. A. , Prins Judith B. , Ottevanger Petronella B. 
Published: April 2016

Background:
High levels of distress are expected shortly after the diagnosis breast cancer. The Distress Thermometer (DT) is commonly used to screen for distress, using a cutoff score of 4 or 5; however, this score might not be appropriate for detecting distress in women with recently diagnosed breast cancer.

Objectives:
The aims of this study were to establish the optimal DT cutoff score for detecting high distress shortly after breast cancer diagnosis and to correlate this score with the reported problems.

Methods:
We selected for this study Dutch women who completed the DT and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale within 1 month after breast cancer diagnosis. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of DT scores was performed, with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale being used as the criterion standard for the level of distress. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of each DT score were calculated.

Results:
In total, 181 women participated in the study. The optimal DT cutoff score for detecting distress was 7 with a sensitivity of 0.73, specificity of 0.84, positive predictive value of 69%, and negative predictive value of 87%. Emotional problems were the most frequently reported concerns.

Conclusion:
We consider a cutoff score of 7, shortly after breast cancer is diagnosed, optimal to identify those women with high distress and therefore at risk of chronic distress.

Implications for Practice:
The findings are clinically important because they can enable healthcare professionals to direct their time and resources to those most in need of their assistance.
Comparison of Single and Double Venous Anastomoses in Head and Neck Oncologic Reconstruction Using Free Flaps: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chaput Benoit , Vergez Sebastien , Somda Serge , Mojallal Ali , Riot Samuel , Vairel Benjamin , Meresse Thomas , Garrido Ignacio , Grolleau Jean Louis , de Bonnecaze Guillaume 
Published: April 2016

Background:
Venous insufficiency is the main cause of failure and surgical revision in free flap surgery. Achieving a double venous anastomosis is frequently proposed to improve flap drainage. However, this procedure remains controversial. The authors evaluated, through a meta-analysis, the benefit of double venous anastomoses in the venous thrombosis, surgical revision, and failure rates of free flaps in head and neck oncologic reconstruction.

Methods:
A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria in the MEDLINE, PubMed Central, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases. Statistical heterogeneity evaluation and then fixed effects and random effects models were used.

Results:
Sixteen articles were included involving 3684 flaps. The overall success rate was 96.15 percent. The authors reported a failure rate of 1.51 percent in the group with two anastomoses versus 5.03 percent in the group with single anastomoses (OR, 0.64; 95 percent CI, 0.277 to 1.522; p = 0.320). The authors found a venous thrombosis rate of 2.74 percent in the group with two anastomoses versus 4.54 percent in the group with single anastomoses (OR, 0.535; 95 percent CI, 0.334 to 0.858; p = 0.009). There were also more surgical revisions in the single venous anastomoses group, 11.87 percent versus 6.04 percent (OR, 0.474; 95 percent CI, 0.349 to 0.643; p < 0.001).

Conclusions:
This meta-analysis supports that performing a double venous anastomosis confers protective effects in venous thrombosis and surgical revision, thus reducing free flap failure. The authors recommend the achievement of double venous anastomosis whenever it is feasible in head and neck oncologic reconstruction.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
GRN and MAPT Mutations in 2 Frontotemporal Dementia Research Centers in Brazil
Authors: Takada Leonel T. , Bahia Valeria S. , Guimarães Henrique C. , Costa Thais V. M. M. , Vale Thiago C. , Rodriguez Roberta D. , Porto Fabio H. G. , Machado João C. B. , Beato Rogério G. , Cesar Karolina G. , Smid Jerusa , Nascimento Camila F. , Grinberg Lea T. , Brucki Sonia M. D. , Maximino Jessica R. , Camargos Sarah T. , Chadi Gerson , Caramelli Paulo , Nitrini Ricardo 
Published: April 2016

Background:
Mutations in GRN (progranulin) and MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau) are among the most frequent causes of monogenic frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but data on the frequency of these mutations in regions such as Latin America are still lacking.

Objective:
We aimed to investigate the frequencies of GRN and MAPT mutations in FTD cohorts from 2 Brazilian dementia research centers, the University of Sao Paulo and the Federal University of Minas Gerais medical schools.

Methods:
We included 76 probands diagnosed with behavioral-variant FTD (n=55), semantic-variant Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) (n=11), or nonfluent-variant PPA (n=10). Twenty-five percent of the cohort had at least 1 relative affected with FTD.

Results:
Mutations in GRN were identified in 7 probands, and in MAPT, in 2 probands. We identified 3 novel GRN mutations (p.Q130X, p.317Afs*12, and p.K259Afs*23) in patients diagnosed with nonfluent-variant PPA or behavioral-variant FTD. Plasma progranulin levels were measured and a cutoff value of 70 ng/mL was found, with 100% sensitivity and specificity to detect null GRN mutations.

Conclusions:
The frequency of GRN mutations was 9.6% and that of MAPT mutations was 7.1%. Among familial cases of FTD, the frequency of GRN mutations was 31.5% and that of MAPT mutations was 10.5%.