bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laminar free convection induced by a line heat
source, and heat transfer from wires at small Grashof numbers
Authors: LIÑÁN AMABLE , KURDYUMOV VADIM N. 
Published: July 2002

The buoyancy-induced laminar flow and temperature fields associated
with a line
source of heat in an unbounded environment are described by numerically
solving
the non-dimensional Boussinesq equations with the appropriate boundary
conditions.
The solution is given for values of the Prandtl number, the single parameter,
ranging
from zero to infinity. The far-field form of the solution is well known,
including a
self-similar thermal plume above the source. The analytical description
close to the
source involves constants that must be evaluated with the numerical solution.These constants are used when calculating the free convection heat transfer
from
wires (or cylinders of non-circular shape) at small Grashof numbers. We
find two
regions in the flow field: an inner region, scaled with the radius of the
wire, where
the effects of convection can be neglected in first approximation, and
an outer
region where, also in first approximation, the flow and temperature fields
are those
due to a line source of heat. The cases of large and small Prandtl numbers
are
considered separately. There is good agreement between the Nusselt numbers
given
by the asymptotic analysis and by the numerical analysis, which we carry
out for
a wide range of Grashof numbers, extending to very small values the range
of
existing numerical results; there is also agreement with the existing correlations
of the
experimental results. A correlation expression is proposed for the relation
between
the Nusselt and Grashof numbers, based on the asymptotic forms of the relation
for
small and large Grashof numbers.
Time, memory and the heritability of major depression
Authors: KENDLER KENNETH S. , AGGEN STEVE H. 
Published: July 2002

Objective. Although family, twin and adoption studies have suggested that lifetime major depression (MD) is a heritable condition, nearly all these studies have relied for the diagnosis on long-term human memory, which is fallible and potentially biased. Could the estimates of heritability of MD be biased by the well-demonstrated genetic influences on memory?Methods. Both members of 858 female–female twin pairs from a population-based registry were personally interviewed at least three times over 9 years. The interview assessed a history of depressive onsets and recoveries in the last year to the nearest month. We examine heritability of MD using four recall intervals: last year, last 6 months, last 3 months and current month.Results. Examining the occurrence of one or more depressive episodes across all three interviews, heritabilities of MD (95% CI) for the four time periods were: 0·41 (0·27–0·54), 0·41 (0·26–0·55), 0·35 (0·16–0·52) and 0·34 (0·11–0·55). These heritability estimates did not differ significantly from one another. A similar pattern was found if heritability was assessed for the number of interviews in which criteria for MD were met.Conclusion. Modelling results suggest that the heritability of MD was not influenced by the duration of the required recall. Genetic influences on human recall do not appear to contribute substantially to estimated heritability of MD.
Abnormal executive function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the effect of stimulant medication and age on spatial working memory
Authors: BARNETT R. , MARUFF P. , VANCE A. , LUK E. S. L. , COSTIN J. , WOOD C. , PANTELIS C. 
Published: July 2002

Objective. This study sought to examine the factors associated with spatial working memory and the use of strategies to impairments in spatial working memory in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The developmental trajectories for spatial working memory in medicated and medication naïve children with ADHD were investigated. In addition, the effect of psychostimulant medication on deficits in spatial working memory was examined.Method. A cross-sectional study compared performance between 21 psychostimulant medicated children with ADHD, 27 medication naïve children with ADHD and 26 matched control subjects on computerized tests of spatial memory and spatial working memory.Results. Compared with the controls, performance in medication naïve children with ADHD was significantly worse on the spatial working memory task. There was no difference in performance between the medicated children with ADHD and the control subjects on this same task, despite the ongoing symptoms of ADHD in the former group. The pattern of normal and abnormal performance in the ADHD groups was age-independent.Conclusions. Deficits in executive functions related to spatial working memory do occur in children with ADHD, although the magnitude of these deficits is not related to the child's age or the level of ADHD symptoms. These deficits were not present in the current sample of children who were receiving psychostimulant medication.
Quality of parenting and vulnerability to depression:

results from a family study
Authors: DUGGAN C. , SHAM P. , MINNE C. , LEE A. , MURRAY R. 
Published: July 2002

Background. We examined a group of subjects at familial risk

of depression and explored the

relationship between the perceptions of parents and a history of

depression. We also investigated:

(a) whether any difference in perceived parenting found

between those with and without a past

history of depression was an artefact of the depression; and (b)

whether the relationship between

parenting and depression was explained by neuroticism.Method. We took a sample of first-degree relatives selected

from a family study in depression and

subdivided them by their history of mental illness on the SADS-L, into

those: (a) without a history

of mental illness (N=43); and (b) those who had

fully recovered from an episode of RDC major

depression (N=34). We compared the perceptions of parenting,

as measured by the Parental

Bonding Instrument (PBI), in these two groups having adjusted for the

effect of neuroticism and

subsyndromal depressive symptoms. We also had informants report on

parenting of their siblings,

the latter being subdivided into those with and without a past history

of depression.Results. Relatives with a past history of depression showed

lower care scores for both mother and

father combined compared with the never ill relatives. The presence of

a history of depression was

associated with a non-significant reduction in the self-report care

scores compared to the siblings

report. Vulnerable personality (as measured by high neuroticism) and

low perceived care were both

found to exert independent effects in discriminating between the

scores of relatives with and without

a history of depression and there was no interaction between them.Conclusion. This study confirmed that low perceived

parental care was associated with a past history

of depression, that it was not entirely an artefact of having been

depressed, and suggested that this

association was partially independent of neuroticism.
Co-morbidity and familial aggregation of alcoholism and anxiety disorders
Authors: MERIKANGAS K. R. , STEVENS D. E. , FENTON B. , STOLAR M. , O'MALLEY S. , WOODS S. W. , RISCH N. 
Published: July 2002

Background. This study examined the patterns of
familial aggregation and co-morbidity of
alcoholism and anxiety disorders in the relatives of 165 probands
selected for alcoholism and/or
anxiety disorders compared to those of 61 unaffected controls.Methods. Probands were either selected from treatment
settings or at random from the community.
DSM-III-R diagnoses were obtained for all probands and their 1053
first-degree relatives, based on
direct interview or family history information.Results. The findings indicate that: (1) alcoholism
was associated with anxiety disorders in the
relatives, particularly among females; (2) both alcoholism and
anxiety disorders were highly
familial; (3) the familial aggregation of alcoholism was
attributable to alcohol dependence rather
than to alcohol abuse, particularly among male relatives; and (4)
the pattern of co-aggregation of
alcohol dependence and anxiety disorders in families differed
according to the subtype of anxiety
disorder; there was evidence of a partly shared diathesis underlying
panic and alcoholism, whereas
social phobia and alcoholism tended to aggregate independently.Conclusions. The finding that the onset of social phobia
tended to precede that of alcoholism, when
taken together with the independence of familial aggregation of
social phobia and alcoholism
support a self-medication hypothesis as the explanation for the
co-occurrence of social phobia and
alcoholism. In contrast, the lack of a systematic pattern in the
order of onset of panic and
alcoholism among subjects with both disorders as well as evidence
for shared underlying familial
risk factors suggests that co-morbidity between panic disorder and
alcoholism is not a consequence
of self-medication of panic symptoms. The results of this study
emphasize the importance of
examining co-morbid disorders and subtypes thereof in identifying
sources of heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of alcoholism.
Current and residual functional disability associated
with psychopathology: findings from the Netherlands
Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS)
Authors: BIJL R. V. , RAVELLI A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Few population studies have investigated the functional disabilities that accompany
specific psychiatric diagnoses. This study assesses the nature and strength of current and residual
impairments in various functional domains of life.Methods. Data were derived from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study
(NEMESIS), a prospective study in the Dutch general population aged 18 to 64 (N = 7147).
Psychiatric diagnoses were based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview; functional
disability was assessed on the basis of the Short-Form-36 and the number of disability days.Results. Psychopathology was associated with increased disability in social, emotional and physical
domains of life. Disability levels varied by psychiatric diagnosis, with mood disorders showing the
poorest levels of functioning, especially for vitality and social functioning; alcohol-related disorders
were associated with few disabilities. Co-morbidity strongly aggravated the disability. The effect of
contextual factors on disability was limited, although somatic ill health, unemployment and adverse
youth history increased the likelihood of functional disability. The findings indicate that
psychopathology can also have residual debilitating effects.Conclusions. Mental health care providers should be aware that the extent and the type of disability
may vary with the different types of disorders and among different groups within the population.
Since recovery from functional limitations may not be complete or may take more time than the
remission of the psychiatric symptomatology, non-psychiatric follow-up care is needed. The high
number of lost work days is relevant from an economic perspective. There is a need for illness-specific disability assessment instruments.
Recall of depressive episode 25 years previously
Authors: ANDREWS G. , ANSTEY K. , BRODATY H. , ISSAKIDIS C. , LUSCOMBE G. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Lifetime rates of depression reported in epidemiological surveys are generally only
twice the 12 month rates. Either people forget the symptoms of depression or many people who have
a depressive episode remain depressed for many years. Both may be true. There is a need to examine
the long-term clinical validity of interviews that are used to make lifetime diagnoses.Methods. Forty-five patients who were part of a long-term follow-up study of depression were
interviewed 25 years after the index episode. The diagnoses from the original, fully structured
interviews were compared with the responses people made for that period when interviewed using
the CIDI 25 years later.Results. Twenty-seven patients met CIDI DSM-III-R criteria for depression at index episode. At the
25 year follow-up, 19 of the 27 reported the essential symptoms of ‘depression or loss of interest’
being present at the index time, and in 14 of the 27 the depressive symptoms recalled met criteria
for DSM-III-R major depressive episode at that time.Conclusions. Seventy per cent of people who were hospitalized for a major depressive episode can
recall being depressed but only half can recall sufficient detail to satisfy the diagnostic criteria when
interviewed 25 years later. As depressive episodes, especially those severe enough to warrant
admission, are recalled better than many other diagnoses, one must be cautious about the lifetime
rates for mental disorders reported in retrospective epidemiological surveys.
Convergence of the Eckmann and Ruelle algorithm for the estimation of Liapunov exponents
Authors: MERA M. EUGENIA , MORÁN MANUEL 
Published: July 2002

We analyse the convergence conditions of the Eckmann and Ruelle algorithm (ERA) used to estimate the Liapunov exponents, for the tangent map, of an ergodic measure, invariant under a smooth dynamical system. We find sufficient conditions for this convergence that are related to those ensuring the convergence to the tangent map of the best linear $L^p$-fittings of the action of a mapping $f$ on small balls. Under such conditions, we show how to use ERA to obtain estimates of the Liapunov exponents, up to an arbitrary degree of accuracy. We propose an adaptation of ERA for the computation of Liapunov exponents in smooth manifolds, which allows us to avoid the problem of detecting the spurious exponents.We prove, for a Borel measurable dynamics $f$, the existence of Liapunov exponents for the function $S_r(x)$, mapping each point $x$ to the matrix of the best linear $L^p$-fitting of the action of $f$ on the closed ball of radius $r$ centred at $x$, and we show how to use ERA to get reliable estimates of the Liapunov exponents of $S_r$. We also propose a test for checking the differentiability of an empirically observed dynamics.
Incentives for avoiding the Tragedy of the Commons
Authors: UPHOFF NORMAN , LANGHOLZ JEFF 
Published: July 2002

Efforts to protect vulnerable environmental resources have focused largely on legal prohibitions and sanctions or on economic rewards or penalties. The role and importance of social and cultural factors have been much less considered. While theoretical arguments have addressed whether state institutions must be involved in resource protection, or whether private incentives can be manipulated to achieve desired outcomes, this preoccupation with either public sector or private sector solutions to the problems of environmental conservation has caused a neglect of social values and community consensus. The analysis offered here seeks to enlarge the debate from being two-sided to three-cornered.By bringing in a third set of considerations, the socio-cultural, the analysis underscores that individual decisions are embedded in community and local contexts. All three kinds of incentives are considered to be potentially of equal importance for resource-conserving behaviour (RCB) vis-à-vis resource-degrading behaviour (RDB). The analysis is concerned first with the strength of different incentives in favour of RCB compared to RDB, comparing legal and economic with socio-cultural considerations affecting RCB and RDB. Efforts to protect vulnerable resources can seek to alter in an RCB direction the attitudes and incentives of people along any or all of these three dimensions of motivation, or they can seek to make a particular domain of motivation more salient if it is supportive of environmental conservation.This analysis is proposed in part to get the socio-cultural domain taken more seriously alongside the legal and economic domains, as well as to prompt more systematic consideration of different kinds of policies, investments, actions or pronouncements that could shift the net balance of incentives in favour of RCB. While the analysis is admittedly simplified, there is utility in encouraging focused comparisons and evaluations of conservation alternatives. Examples of efforts to promote RCB in Madagascar and Costa Rica are given to illustrate this.
Kleisli, a functional query system
Authors: WONG LIMSOON 
Published: July 2002

Kleisli is a modern data integration system that has made a significant impact on
bioinformatics data integration. This paper contains a brief introduction to the Kleisli system
and an example to illustrate its uses in the bioinformatics arena. The primary query language
provided by Kleisli is called CPL, which is a functional query language whose surface syntax
is based on the comprehension syntax. Kleisli is itself implemented using the functional
language SML. So this paper also describes the influence of functional programming research
that benefits the Kleisli system, especially the less obvious ones at the implementation level.Availability. Kleisli has been commercialized under the name “KRIS”. It is available from
Kris Technology Inc., 713 Santa Cruz Ave, #2, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. Direct email to
info@kris-inc.com and web browser to http://www.kris-inc.com.
Reading between the LINEs: Human Genomic Variation Induced by LINE-1 Retrotransposition
Authors: Sheen Fang-miin , Sherry Stephen T. , Risch Gregory M. , Robichaux Myles , Nasidze Ivane , Stoneking Mark , Batzer Mark A. , Swergold Gary D. 
Published: July 2002

The insertion of mobile elements into the genome represents a new class of genetic markers for the study of human evolution. Long interspersed elements (LINEs) have amplified to a copy number of about 100,000 over the last 100 million years of mammalian evolution and comprise ∼15% of the human genome. The majority of LINE-1 (L1) elements within the human genome are 5′ truncated copies of a few active L1 elements that are capable of retrotransposition. Some of the young L1 elements have inserted into the human genome so recently that populations are polymorphic for the presence of an L1 element at a particular chromosomal location. L1 insertion polymorphisms offer several advantages over other types of polymorphisms for human evolution studies. First, they are typed by rapid, simple, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays. Second, they are stable polymorphisms that rarely undergo deletion. Third, the presence of an L1 element represents identity by descent, because the probability is negligible that two different young L1 repeats would integrate independently between the exact same two nucleotides. Fourth, the ancestral state of L1 insertion polymorphisms is known to be the absence of the L1 element, which can be used to root plots/trees of population relationships. Here we report the development of a PCR-based display for the direct identification of dimorphic L1 elements from the human genome. We have also developed PCR-based assays for the characterization of six polymorphic L1 elements within the human genome. PCR analysis of human/rodent hybrid cell line DNA samples showed that the polymorphic L1 elements were located on several different chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis of nonhuman primate DNA samples showed that all of the recently integrated “young” L1 elements were restricted to the human genome and absent from the genomes of nonhuman primates. Analysis of a diverse array of human populations showed that the allele frequencies and level of heterozygosity for each of the L1 elements was variable. Polymorphic L1 elements represent a new source of identical–by-descent variation for the study of human evolution.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession nos. AF242435–AF242451.]
pCREB in the Neonate Rat Olfactory Bulb Is Selectively and Transiently Increased by Odor Preference–Conditioned Training
Authors: McLean John H. , Harley Carolyn W. , Darby-King Andrea , Yuan Qi 
Published: July 2002

Early olfactory preference learning in rat pups occurs when novel odors are paired with tactile stimulation, for example stroking. cAMP-triggered phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB) has been implicated as a mediator of learning and memory changes in various animals (Frank and Greenberg 1994). In the present study we investigate whether CREB is phosphorylated in response to conditioned olfactory training as might be predicted given the proposed role of the phosphorylated protein in learning.On postnatal day 6, pups were trained for 10 min using a standard conditioned olfactory learning paradigm in which a conditioned stimulus, Odor, was either used alone or paired with an unconditioned stimulus, Stroking (using a fine brush to stroke the pup). In some instances stroking only was used. The pups were sacrificed at 0, 10, 30, or 60 min after the training. Using Western blot analysis, we observed that the majority of olfactory bulbs in conditioned pups (Odor + Stroking) had a greater increase in pCREB activation at 10 min after training than pups given nonlearning training (Odor only or Stroking only). The phosphorylated protein levels were low at 0 min and at 60 min after training. This is in keeping with the slightly delayed and short-lived activation period for this protein.The localization of pCREB increases within the olfactory bulb as seen by immunocytochemistry. Naive pups were not exposed to odor or training. There was a significantly higher level of label in mitral cell nuclei within the dorsolateral quadrant of the bulb of pups undergoing odor-stroke pairing. No significant differences were observed among nonlearning groups (Naive, Odor only, or Stroking only) or among any training groups in the granule or periglomerular cells of the dorsolateral region. The localized changes in the nuclear protein are consistent with studies showing localized changes in the bulb in response to a learned familiar odor. The present study demonstrates that selective increases in pCREB occur as an early step following pairing procedures that normally lead to the development of long-term olfactory memories in rat pups. These results support the hypothesized link between pCREB and memory formation.
Arabidopsis Contains Ancient Classes of Differentially Expressed Actin-Related Protein Genes
Authors: McKinney Elizabeth Cohen , Kandasamy Muthugapatti K. , Meagher Richard B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractActin-related proteins (ARPs) share less than 60% amino acid sequence homology with conventional actins and have roles in diverse cytoskeletal processes in the cytoplasm and nucleus. The genome of Arabidopsis was explored for possible ARP gene family members. Eight potential ARP gene sequences were found dispersed on three of the five Arabidopsis chromosomes. AtARP2 and AtARP3 are protein orthologs of their similarly named counterparts in other kingdoms. AtARP4, AtARP5, and AtARP6 are orthologs of two classes of nuclear ARPs previously characterized in animals and fungi, BAF53s and ARP6s. AtARP7 and AtARP8 appear to be novel proteins that are not closely related to any known animal or fungal ARPs, and may be plant specific. The complex Arabidopsis ARP gene structures each contain from five to 20 exons. Expressed transcripts were identified and characterized for AtARP2 through AtARP8, but not for AtARP9, and transcripts representing two splice variants were found for AtARP8. The seven expressed genes are predicted to encode proteins ranging from 146 to 471 amino acids in length. Relative to conventional actin and the other ARPs, AtARP2 and AtARP3 transcripts are expressed at very low levels in all organs. AtARP5,AtARP6, and AtARP8 each have distinct transcript expression patterns in seedlings, roots, leaves, flowers, and siliques. Using isovariant-specific monoclonal antibodies, AtARP4 and AtARP7 proteins were shown to be most highly expressed in flowers. The likely involvement of plant ARPs in actin nucleation, branching of actin filaments, chromatin restructuring, and transcription are briefly discussed.