bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Resolution LTCC Laser Processing in the Green and Fired State for Future Technologies
Authors: Gutzeit Nam , Welker Tilo , Drüe Karl-Heinz , Müller Jens 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In this publication the results of laser structuring processes of LTCC substrates, screen printed and laser structured gold thick film lines and the processing procedures are presented. To investigate the compatibility of the laser processes into the conventional LTCC process chain the laser structuring was done in green as well as in fired state. Typical easy electrical patterns like miniaturized interdigital structures and meanders serve as examples of the reached resolution and geometrical borders of the laser structuring techniques at the Center of Micro- and Nanotechnologies of the TU Ilmenau (IMN Macro Nano®). The lateral precision and the topological shape are determined by laser scanning microscopy. The aimed structures have lines and spaces of 30 μm. A statistical evaluation is done to show the possibilities and the limits of the new laser structuring processes with picosecond UV laser ablation systems.
Integrated Microchannel Cooling for Power Electronic Modules
Authors: Zhang Wenli , Yang Fengchang , Qiao Rui , Boroyevich Dushan 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The power electronic module plays a key role in the power system by providing the needed physical support, electrical contact and insulation, and thermal pathway for power devices. Using wide bandgap power semiconductors in the power modules enables high-frequency and low-loss switching at relatively high temperatures for efficient power conversion. These advantages could lead to an increase in power-density for the power module as well as a reduction of cost, weight, and volume at the system level. However, the highly integrated power module requires advanced thermal management solutions for effective heat removal from the active chips to achieve high reliability. The evaluation of thermal performance for the power module is critical for its packaging design, because most of the heat generated by the semiconductors is dissipated through the module package. It is even more critical for the gallium nitride (GaN)-based power modules due to the lower thermal conductivity of the GaN material compared with that of silicon and silicon carbide.
This paper provides a brief introduction of power modules in conventional packaging design and a review of several new packaging structures with advanced thermal management solutions. The direct-bonded-copper (DBC) substrate with integrated microchannel cooling designed for a new packaging structure is proposed for highly integrated power modules. In this design, the cooling microchannels are embedded inside the aluminum nitride (AlN) layer of the DBC substrate. In finite element analysis (FEA) simulation model of the new package, six high-voltage GaN transistors are arranged on the top surface of the DBC substrate to realize a three-phase inverter circuit. Three straight embedded microchannels with a cross-sectional area of 0.3 mm × 5 mm are located underneath the GaN devices. The average maximum temperature of the GaN devices in the new package is around 72 °C (50 W power loss applied on each die), which is about 16 °C lower than that in the traditional power module package. A thermal transfer coefficient of 2000 W/m2 K, which is equivalent to the liquid cooling condition, is applied on the bottom surface of the baseplate in the traditional package. Enhanced heat dissipation capability is demonstrated using this integrated microchannel cooling method. Further study will focus on the fabrication of a prototype and experimental testing.
LTCC Thick Film Process Characterization
Authors: Girardi M. A. , Peterson K. A. , Vianco P. T. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) technology has proven itself in military/space electronics, wireless communication, microsystems, medical and automotive electronics, and sensors. The use of LTCC for high frequency applications is appealing due to its low losses, design flexibility and packaging and integration capability. The LTCC thick film process is summarized including some unconventional process steps such as feature machining in the unfired state and thin film definition of outer layer conductors. The LTCC thick film process was characterized to optimize process yields by focusing on these factors: 1) Print location, 2) Print thickness, 3) Drying of tapes and panels, 4) Shrinkage upon firing, and 5) Via topography. Statistical methods were used to analyze critical process and product characteristics in the determination towards that optimization goal.
A Unified ASIC and LTCC Module Design Kit for High-Temperature High-Density Circuits
Authors: Holmes Jim , Francis A. Matthew , Getreu Ian , Glover Michael 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
State of the art high temperature ASIC design requires the complement of high temperature modules and circuit boards. Certain LTCC tape systems have coefficients of thermal expansion that are well matched to advanced high temperature semiconductors such as SiC, making them an attractive option for low to mid-volume high temperature products.
A computer aided process design kit that supports unified design of high temperature SiC ASICs and the corresponding LTCC module is presented herein. The CAD tools used in the design kit are open source and include basic features such as schematic capture layout drafting, design rule checking, and schematic to layout equivalency checking. In addition, advanced features are included such as automatic routing, automatic pad frame generation, and parasitic extraction for high-fidelity simulation. The kit also allows for the generation of a 3D mock-up rendering of the ASIC and LTCC co-design. Most importantly, pattern file generation for ASIC and LTCC manufacturing data formats is supported. Revision control is also easily accomplished, making collaboration within large design teams tractable. A 12-Volt high-temperature amplifier design using a SiC ASIC process and a compatible LTCC process is presented as a case study.
Co-selection of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in freshwater bacteria
Authors: Di Cesare Andrea , Eckert Ester , Corno Gianluca 
Published: May 2016

<p class="p1">Antibiotic resistant bacteria are found in most environments, especially in highly anthropized waters. A direct correlation between human activities (<em><span class="s1">e.g., </span></em>pollution) and spread and persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and resistance genes (ARGs) within the resident bacterial communities appears more and more obvious. Furthermore, the threat posed for human health by the presence of ARB and ARGs in these environments is enhanced by the risk of horizontal gene transfer of resistance genes to human pathogens. Although the knowledge on the spread of antibiotic resistances in waters is increasing, the understanding of the driving factors determining the selection for antibiotic resistance in the environment is still scarce. Antibiotic pollution is generally coupled with contamination by heavy metals (HMs) and other chemicals, which can also promote the development of resistance mechanisms, often through co-selecting for multiple resistances. The co-selection of heavy metal resistance genes and ARGs in waters, sediments, and soils, increases the complexity of the ecological role of ARGs, and reduces the effectiveness of control actions. In this mini-review we present the state-of-the-art of the research on antibiotic- and HM-resistance and their connection in the environment, with a focus on HM pollution and aquatic environments. We review the spread and the persistence of HMs and/or ARB, and how it influences their respective gene co-selection. In the last chapter, we propose Lake Orta, a system characterized by an intensive HM pollution followed by a successful restoration of the chemistry of the water column, as a study-site to evaluate the spread and selection of HMs and antibiotic resistances in heavily disturbed environments.</p>
The impact of dredging of a small lowland river on water beetle fauna (Coleoptera)
Authors: Dabkowski Piotr , Buczynski Paweł , Zawal Andrzej , Stepien Edyta , Buczynska Edyta , Stryjecki Robert , Czachorowski Stanislaw , Smietana Przemyslaw , Szenejko Magdalena 
Published: May 2016

<p>Using the example of a regulated stretch of the Krąpiel River (NW Poland), an analysis of the impact of dredging on the aquatic beetle (Coleoptera) fauna was made. After dredging the beetle fauna became markedly poorer quantitatively and had lower species diversity. Moreover, the qualitative composition and dominance structure were highly transformed. However, species number and diversity increased rapidly and were restored within just half a year. The structure of the restored fauna was most strongly influenced by vegetation, flow velocity and bottom sediment composition. The first to colonize the river were eurytopic beetles and species typical of small water bodies, which had significant refuges in the form of fish ponds bordering on the river; these species dominated the assemblage throughout the study period. Rheophiles with less dispersal power appeared later, and finally rheobionts, in low numbers but occupying an increasing number of sampling sites. </p>
Phytoplankton assemblages in Lake Orta: has functional structure recovered in one of the largest acidic lakes in the world?
Authors: Morabito Giuseppe 
Published: May 2016

Lake Orta (Northern Italy) became one of the world’s largest acidic lakes, following industrial pollution, beginning in the late 1920s. Prior to pollution, Lake Orta supported a rich and diversified phytoplankton community dominated by diatoms, cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates. Their taxonomic composition was comparable to that of the nearby Lake Maggiore, which provides a useful reference comparison. After pollution, Lake Orta was so acidic and contaminated with trace metals that only a few tolerant phytoplankton species persisted, supplemented by sudden and short living outbursts of occasional colonists. The lake was limed in 1989-1990. This has permitted the gradual recovery of its chemistry and biology, and many phytoplankton species that inhabit Lake Maggiore are now re-appearing in Lake Orta. I tested the two hypotheses that Lakes Orta and Maggiore would now have a similar phytoplankton taxonomic assemblages, and similar diversity of functional groups given their similar morphometry, physical features and trophic states. The two hypotheses were tested by comparing the phytoplankton assemblages of lakes Maggiore and Orta for the first 10 years after liming, i.e. 1990 to 2001. Phytoplankton was classified according the Reynolds' Morpho Functional Groups and five diversity indices were calculated (<em>S</em>, number of units; <em>H</em>, Shannon-Wiener; <em>E</em>, evenness; <em>D</em>, dominance; <em>J</em>, equitability). SHE analysis (an analysis of diversity changes based on the relationship among species richness (S), H Index (H) and evenness (E)) was also carried out, in order to compare the long term trend of both functional groups and taxa biodiversity. Both taxonomic and the functional composition differed in the two lakes, likely because chemical quality have played a role in <em>taxa</em>selection. Moreover, it was quite clear that, during the first post-liming decade, Lake Orta’s phytoplankton was characterized by low diversity and evenness and by marked year-to-year fluctuations. However, SHE analysis showed that the colonization rate was higher in Lake Orta than in Lake Maggiore, and that the environmental modifications caused by the liming were opening new ecological niches, allowing some colonists to thrive in the changing, albeit still unusual chemical environment of the lake.<p> </p>
Metronomic palliative chemotherapy in maxillary sinus tumor
Authors: Patil Vijay M. , Noronh Vanita , Joshi Amit , Karpe Ashay , Talreja Vikas , Chandrasekharan Arun , Dhumal Sachin , Prabhash Kumar 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Background: Metronomic chemotherapy consisting of methotrexate and celecoxib recently has shown promising results in multiple studies in head and neck cancers. However, these studies have not included patients with maxillary sinus primaries. Hence, the role of palliative metronomic chemotherapy in patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma that is not amenable to radical therapy is unknown. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of carcinoma maxillary sinus patients who received palliative metronomic chemotherapy between August 2011 and August 2014. The demographic details, symptomatology, previous treatment details, indication for palliative chemotherapy, response to therapy, and overall survival (OS) details were extracted. SPSS version 16 was used for analysis. Descriptive statistics have been performed. Survival analysis was done by Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Five patients had received metronomic chemotherapy. The median age was 60 years (range 37-64 years). The proportion of patients surviving at 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months were 40%, 40%, and 20%, respectively. The estimated median OS was 126 days (95% confidence interval 0-299.9 days). The estimated median survival in patients with an event-free period after the last therapy of <6 months was 45 days, whereas it was 409 days in patients with an event-free period postlast therapy above 6 months (P = 0.063). Conclusion: Metronomic chemotherapy in carcinoma maxillary sinus holds promise. It has activity similar to that seen in head and neck cancers and needs to be evaluated further in a larger cohort of patients.
The Use of COMLEX-USA and USMLE for Residency Applicant Selection
Authors: Sandella Jeanne M. , Gimpel John R. , Smith Larissa L. , Boulet John R. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

The Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination (COMLEX-USA) and the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) are recognized by all state medical licensing boards in the United States, and the Federation of State Medical Boards has supported the validity of both examinations for medical licensure. Many osteopathic medical students take both examinations.Background

The purpose of this study was to investigate performance on COMLEX-USA Level 1 and USMLE Step 1 of students from colleges of osteopathic medicine where the majority of students took both examinations.Objective

Data were collected on the entering classes of 2010 and 2011. Relationships between the COMLEX-USA Level 1 and the USMLE Step 1 were quantified using Pearson correlations. The correlation between outcomes on the 2 examinations was evaluated using the phi coefficient. A contingency table was constructed to look at first-attempt outcomes (pass/fail).Methods

Data for 2010 and 2011 were collected from 3 osteopathic medical schools, with 795 of 914 students (87%) taking both examinations. The correlation between first-attempt COMLEX-USA Level 1 and USMLE Step 1 scores was statistically significant across and within all 3 schools. The overall correlation was r(795) = 0.84 (P &lt; .001). Pass/fail status on the 2 examinations was moderately correlated (ϕ = 0.39, P &lt; .01).Results

Our study found a strong association between COMLEX Level 1 and USMLE Step 1 performance. Additional studies to accurately compare scores on these examinations are warranted.Conclusions
CREOG In-Training Examination Results: Contemporary Use to Predict ABOG Written Examination Outcomes
Authors: Lingenfelter Brandon M. , Jiang Xuezhi , Schnatz Peter F. , O'Sullivan David M. , Minassian Shahab S. , Forstein David A. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

The in-training examination (ITE) offers formative assessments of residents' developing medical knowledge. Identification of an ITE performance level associated with success on the specialty board examination allows identification of “at risk” residents.Background

This study sought to identify a threshold score for obstetrics and gynecology residents' performance on the Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology (CREOG) ITE that predicts successful performance on the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ABOG) written examination.Objective

We analyzed ITE and ABOG results of 80 residents who completed 4 years of CREOG ITEs at 2 institutions between 2002 and 2012. We assessed the level of performance associated with successful performance on the ABOG written examination.Methods

Data analyzed included scores for 71 of 80 residents (89%), with an overall pass rate of 82%. A postgraduate year (PGY) 4 score of 200 on the CREOG ITE or twice in any of the PGY training years was associated with a 100% ABOG pass rate. Scoring ≥ 205 in any PGY also was associated with a 100% pass rate. Residents who did not attain a score of 200 had a 35% to 45% chance of failing the ABOG written examination, depending on the PGY of the ITE performance.Results

Our findings suggest that a CREOG ITE score of at least 200 twice, or as a PGY-4, offers assurance of successful performance on the ABOG examination. Scores lower than this threshold may be used to identify “at risk” residents for added learning and provide program elements in need of improvement.Conclusions
Examining Residents' Strategic Mindfulness During Self-Regulated Learning of a Simulated Procedural Skill
Authors: Brydges Ryan , Hatala Rose , Mylopoulos Maria 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT Simulation-based training is currently embedded in most health professions education curricula. Without evidence for how trainees think about their simulation-based learning, some training techniques may not support trainees' learning strategies.Background This study explored how residents think about and self-regulate learning during a lumbar puncture (LP) training session using a simulator.Objective In 2010, 20 of 45 postgraduate year 1 internal medicine residents attended a mandatory procedural skills training boot camp. Independently, residents practiced the entire LP skill on a part-task trainer using a clinical LP tray and proper sterile technique. We interviewed participants regarding how they thought about and monitored their learning processes, and then we conducted a thematic analysis of the interview data.Methods The analysis suggested that participants considered what they could and could not learn from the simulator; they developed their self-confidence by familiarizing themselves with the LP equipment and repeating the LP algorithmic steps. Participants articulated an idiosyncratic model of learning they used to interpret the challenges and successes they experienced. Participants reported focusing on obtaining cerebrospinal fluid and memorizing the “routine” version of the LP procedure. They did not report much thinking about their learning strategies (eg, self-questioning).Results During simulation-based training, residents described assigning greater weight to achieving procedural outcomes and tended to think that the simulated task provided them with routine, generalizable skills. Over this typical 1-hour session, trainees did not appear to consider their strategic mindfulness (ie, awareness and use of learning strategies).Conclusions
La prostitución infantil en Brasil. Aspectos jurídicos, conceptuales, modalidades, alcance y causas.
Authors: Ramón Fernández Francisca , Ferreira de Carvalho Edson 
Published: May 2016

<p>En el presente trabajo se exponen los principales aspectos jurídicos, conceptuales, modalidades, alcance y causas relativas a la prostitución infantil en Brasil. El estudio de la legislación muestra la existencia de herramientas para combatir la situación de riesgo de los menores, pero diferentes factores ambientales, sociales y económicos hacen que resulte insuficientes para solucionar el problema. La situación del menor alcanza cotas altamente preocupantes en relación con la explotación sexual y la situación de exclusión social en la que se produce, influyendo de forma muy negativa en el futuro de los mismos. Se precisa una mayor conciencia social para evitar dicha situación y una aplicación rigurosa de la legislación, así como programas sociales de reinserción de los menores que han sufrido dicha situación. </p>
Detecting long-term changes in point-source fossil CO2 emissions with tree ring archives
Authors: Keller Elizabeth D. , Turnbull Jocelyn C. , Norris Margaret W. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. We examine the utility of tree ring 14C archives for detecting long-term changes in fossil CO2 emissions from a point source. Trees assimilate carbon from the atmosphere during photosynthesis, in the process faithfully recording the average atmospheric 14C content in each new annual tree ring. Using 14C as a proxy for fossil CO2, we examine interannual variability over six years of fossil CO2 observations between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012 from two trees growing near the Kapuni Gas Treatment Plant in rural Taranaki, New Zealand. We quantify the amount of variability that can be attributed to transport and meteorology by simulating constant point-source fossil CO2 emissions over the observation period with the atmospheric transport model WindTrax. We compare model simulation results to observations and calculate the amount of change in emissions that we can detect with new observations over annual or multi-year time periods, given both the measurement uncertainty of 1ppm and the modelled variation in transport. In particular, we ask, what is the minimum amount of change in emissions that we can detect using this method, given a reference period of six years? We find that changes of 42 % or more could be detected in a new sample from one year at the same observation location or 22 % in the case of four years of new samples. This threshold is reduced and the method becomes more practical the more the size of the signal increases. For point sources 10 times larger than the Kapuni plant (a more typical size for power plants worldwide), it would be possible to detect sustained emissions changes on the order of 10 %, given suitable meteorology and observations.