bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Update and retrieval in a relational database through a universal schema interface
Authors: Brosda Volkert , Vossen Gottfried 
Published: July 2002

A database system that is based on the universal relation (UR) model aims at freeing its users from specifying access paths on both the physical and on the logical levels. All information about the logical structure of the database (i.e., its conceptual scheme) is hidden from users; they need only to know the attribute names, which now carry all the semantics of the database.
Previous work on UR interfaces has concentrated on the design and implementation of query languages that serve to facilitate retrieval of data from a relational database. On the other hand, updates are always handled as before, which means that users still have to know the logical structure of the database in case they want to insert, delete, or modify tuples.
In this paper the concepts underlying a UR interface, which is really “universal,” are presented; it is based on the UR model, and it permits not only queries but also updates: Combinations of attributes that may participate in an update-operation ("objects") have to be specified during the design phase of the database, and are then embodied into the database scheme by an extended synthesis algorithm. They form the basis for any insertion or deletion operation. A precise definition of “insertable” tuples, and of the insert- and delete-operation in this new context, is given. It is then shown that these operations modify a database state in such a way that a representative instance always exists. This is accomplished by providing a more detailed version of Sagiv's uniqueness condition and by exploring the structure of nonunique objects. Since the underlying database always has a representative instance, this instance can be used to define the window function for retrieval. It is shown that it is still possible to compute windows by a union of minimal extension joins.
Can computers cope with human races?
Authors: Earnest L. 
Published: July 2002

In trying to apply a computer to a task that humans do, we often discover that it doesn't work. One common problem is that humans are able to deal with fuzzy concepts, but computers are not—they need precise representations and it is hard to represent a fuzzy concept in a precise way. However, if we look closer at such tasks, we often discover that the weakness actually lies not in the computer but in ourselves—that we didn't understand what we were doing in the first place.
When faced with a problem of this sort, some people refuse to recognize the conceptual failure. Instead of seeking a better representation for the task, they thrash away at making the fuzzy scheme work, insisting that there is nothing wrong with the conceptual base.
I will illustrate one such problem with a true story. The central theme is the fuzzy concept of racial and ethnic classification, as used by the U.S. government and a horde of other bureaucracies. These organizations have been carrying out elaborate statistical computations and making major policy decisions based on this concept for many years with problematical results.
I begin with my first encounter with this scheme, some 25 years ago.
Wheels Within Wheels: Rethinking the Asian Crisis and the Asian Model
Authors: Wade Robert 
Published: July 2002

The East Asian economic crisis of 1997–1999 had its causes not mainly in the “East Asian model” nor even in departures from the model, but in international capital markets and the governments of the core economies, especially the United States and Japan. The post–Bretton Woods system, without any link between the dollar and gold, allowed the United States to finance persistent external deficits by creating US government bonds. These bonds raised the foreign reserves of the surplus countries, notably Japan and East Asia. The rise in reserves triggered credit booms that generated asset inflation and industrial overcapacity. The booms gave way to crisis. The East Asian variant differed from the earlier Japanese one by being fueled by very large capital inflows in the early to mid 1990s from recession-hit Japan and Europe, as well as from the United States. This perspective, which highlights causes outside of East Asia, suggests that emerging market economies will remain vulnerable to such crises in the absence of capital controls, a different system of international payments, and a more equal world income distribution. It also suggests unexpected directions for political science research. To its credit [Korea] has acknowledged its faults with remarkable candour. It has not tried to blame foreigners for its troubles, nor has it hid behind tariff barriers or currency controls. Instead, it has pledged to abandon the economic system that took it from poverty to prosperity in a generation. ( Economist 1999 ) The Korean economy is another kind of leftover Cold War artifact, good for an era of security threats and close bilateral relations with Washington but of questionable use in the global “world without borders” of the 1990s…. It is a highly leveraged, highly political, manifestly corrupt nexus between the state and big business…. [It] has always been intrinsically unstable and therefore vulnerable to exactly the sort of financial calamity that has now befallen it. ( Woo-Cumings 1997 )
The Rhetorical Parsing of Unrestricted Texts: A Surface-based Approach
Authors: Marcu Daniel 
Published: July 2002

Coherent texts are not just simple sequences of clauses and sentences, but rather complex artifacts that have highly elaborate rhetorical structure. This paper explores the extent to which well-formed rhetorical structures can be automatically derived by means of surface-form-based algorithms. These algorithms identify discourse usages of cue phrases and break sentences into clauses, hypothesize rhetorical relations that hold among textual units, and produce valid rhetorical structure trees for unrestricted natural language texts. The algorithms are empirically grounded in a corpus analysis of cue phrases and rely on a first-order formalization of rhetorical structure trees. The algorithms are evaluated both intrinsically and extrinsically. The intrinsic evaluation assesses the resemblance between automatically and manually constructed rhetorical structure trees. The extrinsic evaluation shows that automatically derived rhetorical structures can be successfully exploited in the context of text summarization.
Books
Authors: Hardi Peter 
Published: July 2002

Industrial Environmental Performance Metrics. Challenges and Opportunities by the Committee on Industrial Environmental Performance Metrics, National Academy of Engineering Washington, DCMeasures of Environmental Performance and Ecosystem Condition, edited by Peter C. Schulze Washington, DCSustainable Measures: Evaluation and Reporting of Environmental and Social Performance, edited by Martin Bennett and Peter James with Leon Klinkers Sheffield (UK)Sustainable Development in the United States: An Experimental Set of Indicators. A Progress Report prepared by the U.S. Interagency Working Group on Sustainable Development Indicators Washington, DC
Ottoman Tapu Title Deeds In The Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries: Origin, Typology And Diplomatics
Authors: Minkov Anton 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAlthough the existence of tapus is well known, their typology, form, and structure have not been the object of a detailed analysis. Based on research undertaken in the Ottoman archive of the National Library of Bulgaria, I analyze eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Ottoman tapu title deeds. I argue that their 'classical' eighteenth-and nineteenth-century form is the outcome of the amalgamation of (1) receipts for payment of the tapu fee (resm-i tapu) and (2) records of land transfer. I also argue that the process of amalgamation probably started in the middle of the sixteenth century and continued until the second half of the seventeenth century.
LOOKING ON ONE'S ENEMIES
Authors:   Emerton
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn contexts in which ra'â (hāâ or hibbî) b are used with reference to enemies, two types of translation are found: (1) the subject of the verb looks on the enemies in triumph, joy or gloating; (2) the subject looks on their downfall or disaster. The downfall or disaster is always presupposed, but is not always stated explicitly. In Prov. xxix 16 and Obad. 13, however, and possibly in Ps. xxxvii 34, it is stated explicitly; cp. Ps. xci 8. The second type of translation is to be preferred and, as in the Targum, a word denoting downfall or disaster should be added by the translator.
SOCIAL STIMULATION MODULATES THE USE OF THE 'A' PHRASE IN MALE CANARY SONGS
Authors: Kreutzer Michel , Beme Irina , Vallet Eric , Kiosseva Lazoura 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The songs of male canaries are composed of different phrases; a phrase is defined as a segment of song composed by the repetition of the same syllable. When singing alone or in the presence of a male or female conspecific, the number and duration of the songs of male domestic canaries are similar. Despite these similarities, there are differences in the production of phrases between confrontations with conspecifics and singing alone. The presence of another canary, either male or female, induced songs which were characterized by longer strings of A phrases. We have previously demonstrated that this particular phrase elicited many more copulation sollicitation displays in female canaries than other kinds of phrases in the canary repertoire. Thus, the phrase A may be used by the singing males so as to affirm their readiness to interact. By singing A phrases male canaries may communicate both intrasexually (e.g. challenge to male competitors) and intersexually (e.g. courtship of the female). Thus two functions can be linked together in the same signal, the male or female receiver either having different perceptions or giving different senses to the same vocalization.
MALE GRUNTS AS MEDIATORS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION WITH FEMALES IN WILD CHACMA BABOONS (PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS URSINUS)
Authors: Palombit  , Cheney  , Seyfarth  
Published: July 2002

AbstractPrevious research has suggested that the quiet, tonal grunts given by female savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) function to mollify lower-ranking females and thereby facilitate friendly social interaction with them (Cheney et al., 1995). In a two-year study of wild chacma baboons, we assessed whether or not grunts given by adult males function similarly to facilitate heterosexual interaction. Two patterns of male vocal behavior initially suggested this function. First, males grunted more often when approaching females with which social interaction was potentially highly beneficial and/or unlikely (due to female evasion), i.e. estrus females and lactating females (particularly friend females); males rarely grunted when approaching pregnant females. Second, higher-ranking males grunted significantly more often than subordinates when approaching females in most reproductive states. In spite of these two patterns, however, male grunts had contrasting effects on the probability of supplanting a female and interacting affinitively with her. Supplanting of females was just as common when the approaching male grunted as when he did not. Instead, variance in supplanting was better explained by female avoidance of high-ranking and non-friend males than by the male's vocal behavior. Results suggest that male grunts themselves do not generally determine whether a supplant of the female occurs. Rather, the female's reproductive state and social relationship with the male (i.e. his 'friendship' status and/or rank) affect both the male's tendency to call to her and the female's tendency to move away from him. In contrast to supplanting, affinitive interaction occurred significantly more often when males grunted than when they silently approached females. Taken together, results suggest that a female chacma baboon's 'spatial' response to a male's approach ('stay or leave') depends upon her assessment of non-vocal factors, but her 'social' response ('interact or not') is influenced by the grunts given by the male.
Incidence de quelques facteurs agronomiques sur les populations de Meloidogyne spp. et leurs principaux organismes parasites en culture maraîchère sahélienne
Authors: Mateille Thierry , Thio Bouma , Konate Yanougo , Sawadogo Abdoussalam , Diop Mamadou 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDes prospections nématologiques ont été réalisées dans les régions de production maraîchère de deux pays sahéliens, le Burkina Faso et le Sénégal. Des analyses de correspondances entre quelques facteurs agronomiques et les populations de Meloidogyne spp. ont montré que les niveaux des populations telluriques et racinaires n'étaient pas exclusivement liées à la sensibilité des cultures maraîchères en place, mais dépendaient aussi des précédents culturaux ou des agrosystèmes (terres inondées ou exondées) qui prévalent dans ces régions. En outre, la présence de micro-organismes parasites des nématodes (champignons nématophages et Pasteuria penetrans) dans les agrosystèmes de terres exondées, permet d'envisager l'intégration de méthodes de contrôle biologique à l'aide d'hyperparasites indigènes aux méthodes de lutte culturale. Impact of agronomic factors on Meloidogyne spp. populations and their most common parasites in Sahelian vegetable cropping systems - Nematode surveys were carried out in vegetable producing areas in two Sahelian countries, Burkina Faso and Senegal. Correspondence analysis between agronomical factors and populations of Meloidogyne spp. revealed that vegetable susceptibility to nematodes was not the only factor responsible for soil and root infestations. Population densities would more readily depend on cropping systems (previous crops, often flooded lowlands vs well drained uplands). Natural occurrence of nematode-parasitic microorganisms (nematophagous fungi and Pasteuria penetrans) in upland agrosystems was observed and could be used together with cultural practices in an IPM approach.
Physicochemical relationships during a KCl-bentonite hydrothermal reaction
Authors: Linares J. , Huertas F. , Caballero E. , Jimenez de Cisneros C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA dioctahedral bentonite was treated hydrothermally with KCI solutions (0.025-1 M) at different temperatures (60-200°C) and times (1-360 days) to evaluate its use as a barrier for radioactive waste disposal. Equations relating adsorbed K on smectite with initial and equilibrium K concentrations in solution, temperature and time have been obtained. These equations are useful for modelling the influence and behaviour of these variables and contribute to the performance assessment calculations for radioactive waste repositories. Likewise, the thermodynamic parameters of the K adsorption process have been calculated. Other relationships, including silica in solution and pH, are also shown.
Floppy modes and the Boson peak in crystalline and amorphous silicates: an inelastic neutron scattering study
Authors: Harris M. J. , Dove M. T. , Parker J. M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe present the results of an inelastic neutron scattering study of a crystalline polymorph of SiO2 (α-quartz), and a number of silicate glasses (pure silica, SiO2, and three glasses in the alkali series (K,Li)2Si2O5). We demonstrate the presence of the Boson peak in the inelastic spectra of the crystalline and amorphous materials and argue that it arises simply from the dispersion characteristics of transverse acoustic modes. Furthermore, we investigate the role of the lower-energy floppy modes in the inelastic spectra, and show that they are controlled by chemical effects.
High-resolution cathodoluminescence combined with SHRIMP ion probe measurements of detrital zircons
Authors: Götze J. , Kempe U. , Habermann D. , Nasdala L. , Neuser R. D. , Richter D. K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy and spectroscopy combined with SHRIMP ion probe measurements were carried out on detrital zircons from the Cretaceous Weferlingen quartz sand (Germany) to distinguish and characterize different zircon populations.Investigations by CL microscopy, SEM-CL and BSE imaging show that there are three main types of zircons (general grain sizes of 100–200 µm): (1) apparently weakly zoned, rounded grains with relict cores, (2) well rounded fragments of optically more or less homogeneous zircon grains showing CL zoning predominantly parallel to the z-axis, and (3) idiomorphic to slightly rounded zircon grains typically showing oscillatory euhedral CL zoning. A fourth type of low abundance is characterized by well-rounded grain fragments with an irregular internal structure showing bright yellow CL.High-resolution CL spectroscopic analyses reveal that blue CL is mainly caused by an intrinsic emission band centered near 430 nm. Dy3+ is the dominant activator element in all zircons, whereas Sm3+, Tb3+, Nd3+ have minor importance. Yellow CL (emission band between 500 and 700 nm) is probably caused by electron defects localized on the [SiO4] groups (e.g. related to oxygen vacancies) or activation by Yb2+ generated by radiation. Variations of the integral SEM-CL intensity are mainly controlled by the intensity of the broad bands and the Dy3+ peaks.SHRIMP analysis provides in situ high-resolution U-Pb dating of single zircon grains and confirms different ages for the evaluated different zircon types. The measurements show that the U-Pb ages of the zircons from Weferlingen scatter over a wide range (340 to 1750 Ma), backing up earlier conclusions that the quartz sand from Weferlingen is quite heterogeneous in terms of provenance.
Augmentation of antitumor effects by NK cell inhibitory receptor blockade in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Koh Crystal Y. , Blazar Bruce R. , George Thaddeus , Welniak Lisbeth A. , Capitini Christian M. , Raziuddin Arati , Murphy William J. , Bennett Michael 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSubsets of natural killer (NK) cells are characterized by the expression of inhibitory and/or stimulatory receptors specific for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I determinants. In mice, these include the Ly49 family of molecules. One mechanism by which tumor cells may evade NK cell killing is by expressing the appropriate MHC class I and binding inhibitory Ly49 receptors. Therefore, the question of whether blocking the interaction between the Ly49 inhibitory receptors on NK and MHC class I cells on tumor cells augments antitumor activity was investigated. Blockade of Ly49C and I inhibitory receptors using F(ab′)2 fragments of the 5E6 monoclonal antibody (mAb) resulted in increased cytotoxicity against syngeneic tumors and decreased tumor cell growth in vitro. The effect of 5E6 F(ab′)2 was specific for the MHC of the tumor, as the use of F(ab′)2 of the mAb against Ly49G2 failed to increase NK activity. Treatment of leukemia-bearing mice with 5E6 F(ab′)2 fragments or adoptive transfer of NK cells treated ex vivo with the F(ab′)2 resulted in significant increases in survival. These results demonstrate that blockade of NK inhibitory receptors enhances antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that NK inhibitory receptors can be responsible for diminishing antitumor responses. Therefore, strategies to block inhibitory receptors may be of potential use in increasing the efficacy of immunotherapy.
Overlapping roles for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3 in eosinophil homeostasis and contact hypersensitivity
Authors: Gillessen Silke , Mach Nicolas , Small Clayton , Mihm Martin , Dranoff Glenn 
Published: July 2002

AbstractStudies of mice rendered deficient in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or interleukin-3 (IL-3) have established unique roles for these cytokines in pulmonary homeostasis, resistance to infection, and antigen-specific T- and B-cell responses. In addition to these distinctive properties, however, GM-CSF and IL-3 also stimulate the development and activation of hematopoietic cells in many similar ways, raising the possibility that each factor might partially compensate for the other's absence in singly deficient mice. To test whether endogenous GM-CSF and IL-3 mediate redundant functions in vivo, we generated mice lacking both cytokines through sequential gene targeting experiments in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Surprisingly, doubly deficient animals, but not single knockouts, showed increased numbers of circulating eosinophils. Doubly deficient mice, moreover, developed weaker contact hypersensitivity reactions to haptens applied epicutaneously than mice deficient in either factor alone. Together, these findings delineate overlapping roles for GM-CSF and IL-3 in hematopoiesis and immunity.
Identification of polymorphisms in the promoter and the 3′ region of the TAFI gene: evidence that plasma TAFI antigen levels are strongly genetically controlled
Authors: Henry Mireille , Aubert Hélène , Morange Pierre E. , Nanni Isabelle , Alessi Marie-Christine , Tiret Laurence , Juhan-Vague Irène 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is a recently described carboxypeptidase that is potentially involved in the regulation of fibrinolysis by decreasing plasminogen binding to the fibrin surface. This role makes the TAFI gene a good candidate in atherothrombotic diseases. The great interindividual variability of plasma TAFI antigen levels is poorly explained by lifestyle characteristics, thus suggesting its genetic determination. To test this hypothesis, the promoter and the 3′-untranslated region of the TAFI gene were screened for polymorphisms, and their contribution to the variability of plasma TAFI antigen levels was evaluated. Seven new polymorphisms are described, 5 in the promoter (C-2599G, −2345 2G/1G, A-1690G, G-1102T, and G-438A) and 2 in the 3′UTR (C+1542G and T+1583A). All these polymorphisms were in strong linkage disequilibrium with each other and with the previously described Ala147Thr polymorphism. They generated 4 main haplotypes, accounting for 80% of all observed haplotypes. In univariate analyses, all polymorphisms were associated with plasma TAFI Ag levels and, individually, contributed to a large fraction of plasma TAFI Ag levels, ranging from 20% to 52%. In a stepwise regression analysis including all polymorphisms, several combinations remained significantly and independently associated with plasma TAFI Ag levels: C+1542G associated with Ala147Thr, T+1583A, or −2345 2G/1G explaining 61.6%, 60.2%, and 58.1% of the variance, respectively. These findings clearly demonstrate that circulating levels of TAFI are strongly determined by polymorphic variations in the promoter and the 3′UTR of theTAFI gene.