bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecocity Elements in the Traditional Settlement of Kirtipur in Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Singh Sangeeta 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe increasing trend of urbanization has resulted in a growing imbalance in ecological systems that is affecting the lives of people globally. Planners often neglect the fact that human beings are part of the natural ecosystem and their ecological needs are ignored. Urban planning needs to focus on incorporating human–nature relationships as a key element. This paper explores ecocity elements in traditional towns of Kathmandu Valley with reference to Kirtipur, and seeks to argue that these consist of sustainable elements and practices that facilitate ecocity planning and development.An ecocity is quite a recent phenomenon. However, ecocity elements existed earlier and it seems relevant to include them in recent concepts. Similarities and differences of modern concepts and the lessons learnt from the traditional towns are worth exploring. Ecocity elements are analyzed in this paper by applying methods of document analysis, observations and interviews. Criteria for the analysis are ecologically oriented, sociocultural value oriented perspectives. The analysis will indicate if and how these elements/practices can be (a) maintained or (b) retrofitted or have to be (c) abandoned because they are not feasible anymore due to ecological, economic or sociocultural changes.Most of the traditional towns in the Kathmandu Valley were planned with the goal to maintain the natural ecosystem, and this has been reflected in the settlement pattern and land use, in the provision of basic infrastructure etc. The results of this paper indicate that there is a set of traditional sustainable elements and practices that are worth maintaining since they are part of the sociocultural and ecological tradition and that might contribute to ecocity transformation. Planning a city so as to disturb the natural ecosystem to the least possible extent is important for sustainability, and this research contributes to the theme of building sustainable and healthy cities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Sustainability Standards and Sustainable Development – Synergies and Trade‐Offs of Transnational Governance
Authors: Brandi Clara A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis article investigates potential trade‐offs between the socioeconomic and environmental dimensions of development within the context of transnational business governance and sustainability standards, exemplified by smallholder certification in the palm oil sector as a means to improve both sustainability and the inclusion of small farmers in global value chains. This article finds that there are important trade‐offs between environmental sustainability and inclusive development. First, there is a worry that the diffusion of standards that aim at enhancing environmental sustainability may undermine the socioeconomic situation of smallholders by excluding them from global value chains and from international markets that demand certified commodities. Second, while smallholder certification can generate socioeconomic benefits for farmers included in certification schemes, these potential benefits may have contradictory and undesired implications for environmental sustainability. The article analyses these trade‐offs and discusses implications with a view to fostering the synergies between economic, environmental and social sustainability. Copyright © 2016 The Authors Sustainable Development published by ERP Environment and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Covert channel‐internal control protocols: attacks and defense
Authors: Kaur Jaspreet , Wendzel Steffen , Eissa Omar , Tonejc Jernej , Meier Michael 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNetwork covert channels have become a sophisticated means for transferring hidden information over the network. Covert channel‐internal control protocols, also called micro protocols, have been introduced in the recent years to enhance capabilities of the network covert channels. Micro protocols are usually placed within the hidden bits of a covert channel's payload and enable features such as reliable data transfer, session management, and dynamic routing for network covert channels. These features provide adaptive and stealthy covert communication channels. Some of the micro protocol based tools exhibit vulnerabilities and are susceptible to attacks. In this paper, we demonstrate some possible attacks on micro protocols, which are capable of breaking the sophisticated covert channel communication or jeopardizing the identity of peers in such a network. These attacks are based on the attacker's interaction with the micro protocol. We also present the defense techniques to safeguard micro protocols against such attacks. By using these techniques, micro protocol‐based tools can become immune to certain attacks and lead to robust covert communication. We present our results for two micro protocol‐based tools: Ping Tunnel and smart covert channel tool. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Positive Is Their Future? Assessing the Role of Optimism and Social Support in Understanding Mental Health Symptomatology among Homeless Adults
Authors: Fitzpatrick Kevin M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractOptimism has been noted as a primary protective factor in understanding mental health symptomatology in clinical and non‐clinical settings. Any exploration of optimism has been absent in understanding mental health outcomes among homeless people. This study, using intensive interviews with 168 homeless adults in Northwest Arkansas, examines the role that social support and optimism play in lessening the negative impact of homeless circumstances/experiences on mental health symptomatology. Using OLS, findings support a mediating/protective role that social support and optimism play in lowering the negative effects of childhood life experiences on depressive symptoms among homeless persons. Despite the overwhelming conditions of homelessness, persons with higher levels of optimism and social support report lower depression and anxiety symptoms. The findings are discussed paying particular attention to the importance of developing and maintaining the perception of support and resiliency in preserving a positive outlook for the future among homeless persons facing often‐debilitating circumstances. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and benefits of MDevSPICE®, the medical device software process assessment framework
Authors: Lepmets Marion , McCaffery Fergal , Clarke Paul 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSoftware development companies moving into the medical device domain often find themselves overwhelmed by the number of regulatory requirements they need to satisfy before they can market their device. Several international standards and guidance documents have been developed to help companies on their road to regulatory compliance, but working their way through the various standards is a challenge in itself. In order to help software companies in the medical device domain, we have developed an integrated framework of medical device software development best practices called MDevSPICE®. This framework integrates generic software development best practices with medical device standards' requirements enabling consistent assessment of medical device processes. MDevSPICE® can be used by software companies evaluating their readiness for regulatory audits as well as by large medical device manufacturers for selecting suitable software suppliers.In this paper, we describe the development of the MDevSPICE® framework—its process reference model, process assessment model, assessment method and assessor training and certification scheme. We also illustrate the benefits and significance of the framework for the medical device‐manufacturing community as learned from the various MDevSPICE® assessments that we conducted to date. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using adaptive resource allocation to implement an elastic MapReduce framework
Authors: Zhao Jiaqi , Xue Changlong , Tao Xinlin , Zhang Shugong , Tao Jie 
Published: April 2016

SummaryToday, we are observing a transition of science paradigms from the computational science to data‐intensive science. With the exponential increase of input and intermediate data, more applications are developed using the MapReduce programming model, which is regarded as an appropriate programming model for analysing large data sets. A MapReduce framework runs its applications on a cluster, where the computing capacity allocated to the applications is limited and may not fill their runtime resource demand. In this case, the Map/Reduce tasks have to wait in a queues, and the applications suffer from a poor performance. This work develops an autonomic resource manager within the Hadoop MapReduce framework. The manager is capable of getting aware of the overloading or under‐loading situations with the resources allocated to its user community. For the former, it takes an action of requesting more resources from, for example, the batch system of a High Performance Computing (HPC) cluster or Computing Clouds and integrates the additional resources, in case of acquisition, into the Hadoop MapReduce runtime. For the latter, the manager gives the free resources back to its source. We extended the existing Hadoop MapReduce resource manager to implement the proposed strategy and validated the concept on an HPC cluster with standard benchmark applications. Experimental results show a significant performance gain, for example, an up to 45% improvement in execution time for running multiple applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different Concentrations of FGF Ligands, FGF2 or FGF8 Determine Distinct States of WNT-Induced Presomitic Mesoderm
Authors: Sudheer Smita , Liu Jinhua , Marks Matthias , Koch Frederic , Anurin Anna , Scholze Manuela , Senft Anna Dorothea , Wittler Lars , Macura Karol , Grote Phillip , Herrmann Bernhard G. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Presomitic mesoderm (PSM) cells are the precursors of the somites, which flank both sides of the neural tube and give rise to the musculo-skeletal system shaping the vertebrate body. WNT and FGF signaling control the formation of both the PSM and the somites and show a graded distribution with highest levels in the posterior PSM. We have used reporters for the mesoderm/PSM control genes T, Tbx6, and Msgn1 to investigate the differentiation of mouse ESCs from the naïve state via EpiSCs to PSM cells. Here we show that the activation of WNT signaling by CHIR99021 (CH) in combination with FGF ligand induces embryo-like PSM at high efficiency. By varying the FGF ligand concentration, the state of PSM cells formed can be altered. High FGF concentration supports posterior PSM formation, whereas low FGF generates anterior/differentiating PSM, in line with in vivo data. Furthermore, the level of Msgn1 expression depends on the FGF ligand concentration. We also show that Activin/Nodal signaling inhibits CH-mediated PSM induction in EpiSCs, without affecting T-expression. Inversely, Activin/Nodal inhibition enhances PSM induction by WNT/high FGF signaling. The ability to generate PSM cells of either posterior or anterior PSM identity with high efficiency in vitro will promote the investigation of the gene regulatory networks controlling the formation of nascent PSM cells and their switch to differentiating/somitic paraxial mesoderm.
The Galápagos archipelago: a natural laboratory to examine sharp hydroclimatic, geologic and anthropogenic gradients
Authors: Percy Madelyn S. , Schmitt Sarah R. , Riveros‐Iregui Diego A. , Mirus Benjamin B. 
Published: April 2016

Poor understanding of the water cycle in tropical ecosystems has the potential to exacerbate water shortages and water crises in the region. We suggest that the Galápagos Islands provide an excellent proxy to regions across the tropics as a result of sharp hydroclimatic, anthropogenic, and pedohydrologic gradients across the archipelago. Hydroclimatic and pedohydrologic gradients are found across different elevations on single islands, as well as across the archipelago, whereas anthropogenic gradients reflect land use and land cover change across islands as population and growth in tourism have affected individual islands differently. This article highlights specific opportunities to further examine our understanding of the interactions between water and critical zone processes in tropical ecosystems, making connections between the Galápagos archipelago and much of the understudied tropics. The Galápagos archipelago offers a natural laboratory through which we can examine current threats to freshwater security as well as the dynamics of coupled natural and human systems. WIREs Water 2016, 3:587–600. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1145This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems
Science of Water > Hydrological Processes
Mixing of intermolecular and intramolecular vibrations in optical phonon modes: terahertz spectroscopy and solid‐state density functional theory
Authors: Zhang Feng , Wang Houng‐Wei , Tominaga Keisuke , Hayashi Michitoshi 
Published: April 2016

Advances in terahertz (THz) spectroscopy and solid‐state density functional theory (DFT) have enabled a better understanding of low‐frequency molecular phonon modes in the region that includes intermolecular interactions. Normal modes in this region, in particular, may have contributions under the harmonic approximation from both intermolecular and intramolecular nuclear motions. A newly developed mode analysis allows us to characterize molecular optical phonon modes in terms of intermolecular and intramolecular vibrational mixing for the C60
, anthracene, adenine, α‐glycine, and l‐alanine crystals. Through systematic investigation, two forms of the vibrational mixing have been identified. One is strong mixing within similar characteristic frequency regions, while the other is weak mixing of distinct characteristic frequency regions separated by a large gap. The former is predictable from classical mechanics and appears in molecular systems having structural flexibility. The latter is nonclassical and has been illustrated in amino acids. This finding provides new insights into the nature of molecular optical phonon modes and related physical and/or chemical processes such as energy transfer between internal and external modes with large energy separation. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2016, 6:386–409. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1256This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures
Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory
Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Spectroscopy
Future development of the air‐conditioning market in Europe: an outlook until 2020
Authors: Pezzutto Simon , Fazeli Reza , De Felice Matteo , Sparber Wolfram 
Published: April 2016

While the European space‐heating market has been well researched for more than 20 years, there is still limited information concerning the air‐conditioning (AC) branch. Owing to the rising sensitivity of primary energy utilization, the development of the space cooling (SC) sector is of fundamental importance. We apply Porter's five forces analysis, leading to the conclusion that a fairly steady rise for approximately two decades (since 1990) characterizes the AC market, and it will continue to grow moderately. Research and development (R&D) is the dominant driving force. Similar conclusions come from a multiple‐criteria decision analysis, which shows that the SC market will especially depend on (1) R&D activities, (2) economic crisis, and (3) higher comfort standards requested by the European population. Taking into consideration the outcomes of performed inquiries, including an extensive survey based on expert interviews from all over Europe, the AC market appears to be marked by a slightly positive future development until 2020. The main factors influencing this tendency are the fact that SC is necessary only for specific applications and climates, the customers’ purchasing power reduction, and the electricity price growth. WIREs Energy Environ 2016, 5:649–669. doi: 10.1002/wene.210This article is categorized under:

Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy
A sharp interface evolutionary model for shape memory alloys
Authors: Knüpfer Hans , Kružík Martin 
Published: April 2016

We show the existence of an energetic solution to a quasistatic evolutionary model of shape memory alloys. Elastic behavior of each material phase/variant is described by polyconvex energy density. Additionally, to every phase boundary, there is an interface‐polyconvex energy assigned, introduced by M. Šilhavý in . The model considers internal variables describing the evolving spatial arrangement of the material phases and a deformation mapping with its first‐order gradients. It allows for injectivity and orientation‐preservation of deformations. Moreover, the resulting material microstructures have finite length scales.
The efficacy of an extended scope physiotherapy clinic in paediatric orthopaedics
Authors: Mir Marie O , Cooney Ciara , O'Sullivan Cliona , Blake Catherine , Kelly Paula , Kiely Pat , Noel Jacques , Moore David 
Published: April 2016

Background The demand for paediatric orthopaedic care is growing, and providing the service required is an increasingly challenging task. Physiotherapist-led triage clinics are utilised in adult orthopaedics to enable the provision of care to patients who may not require a surgical consult. The Physiotherapy Orthopaedic Triage Clinic (POTC) was established in Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin in response to increasing demands on the paediatric orthopaedic service. The clinic is run by physiotherapists working in an advanced practice role (APP), and is the first paediatric clinic of its type and scale in the Republic of Ireland. Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of the service over the 3-year period from January 2011 to December 2013. Methods A review of the prospectively gathered database was performed in order to establish the demographic profile of patients, investigate clinic outcomes, and evaluate the reduction in patient waiting times. Results 2650 patients were managed by the clinic over the 3-year period. A total of 77 % of patients were managed without consultant intervention. Fifty-three percent of patients were diagnosed as having a normal presentation. The mean waiting time reduced from 101.9 weeks pre-2010 to 15.4 weeks in 2013 for those patients managed by the POTC. Conclusion Since its inception, the clinic has significantly reduced waiting times for routine elective paediatric orthopaedic patients while managing the majority of patients independent of surgical opinion. This study shows that the APP can deliver high-quality care in the paediatric orthopaedic setting, benefitting both patients and service.
A comparison of the Dobbs method for correction of idiopathic and teratological congenital vertical talus
Authors: Chan Yuen , Selvaratnam Veenesh , Garg Neeraj 
Published: April 2016

Introduction Congenital vertical talus (CVT) is a rare deformity. Traditionally, CVT correction involved extensive soft tissue releases, and this was associated with high complication rates. The Dobbs method is less invasive and comprises serial manipulation and casting, followed by minimally invasive reduction and K-wire fixation of the talonavicular joint and percutaneous Achilles tenotomy. Aim The purpose of our study was to compare the outcomes of using the Dobbs method for CVT correction in idiopathic and teratological patients. Methods A retrospective analysis of all patients treated with the Dobbs method for CVT between the years 2007 and 2012 was carried out. Notes, electronic records and radiographs were reviewed for every patient. The Oxford ankle foot score was obtained at follow-up. Results There was a total of ten children with 18 affected feet. Five children (ten feet) had teratological CVT. Recurrence was noted in six feet (two from the idiopathic group and four from the teratological group). The median age was 5 months (range 2–8 months). The mean follow-up was 53 months (range 24–80 months). There was a significant difference between pre-operative to initial post-operative and pre-operative to latest follow-up measurements for all angles in the successfully treated CVT group ( p < 0.000001). The mean Oxford ankle foot scores for each domain in all patients are 59.9 (physical), 88.8 (school and play) and 99.1 (emotional). Conclusion The Dobbs method is a less invasive technique of CVT correction. It is an effective initial method of treatment in both teratological and idiopathic patients. A higher recurrence rate was observed in the teratological group, although this was not statistically significant.
How fair is my world? Development of just world beliefs among Kenyan students
Authors: Thomas Kendra J. , Mucherah Winnie M. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThis study is a cross‐sectional analysis of Kenyan adolescents' beliefs in a just world (BJW). Prior research suggests that BJW declines across adolescence and differentiate between Personal and General BJW. However, little research has been conducted in African samples or developing economies. Adolescents from three schools in Western Kenya (n = 1960) completed the questionnaires to understand how their Personal and General BJW differed across grades, and between schools, tribes, and sexes. Contrary to prior research, there was not a downward trend of BJW across adolescence. Instead, the trajectory was dependent upon the school and demographics. There were significant differences between males and females, which may reflect gender inequalities of the traditional Kenyan society. There were also significant differences between tribal groups, with those in dominant or majority tribes having higher perceptions of justice. This study discusses the role that inequality plays in adolescents' BJW and the implications for future cross‐cultural research.
“Marrying Out” for Love: Women’s Narratives of Polygyny and Alternative Marriage Choices in Contemporary Senegal
Authors: Kringelbach Hélène Neveu 
Published: April 2016

Abstract:This article examines the ways in which childhood and youth experiences of living in polygynous households shape the aspirations of middle-class Muslim Senegalese women to companionate marriage. Increasingly, such aspirations are fulfilled through marriage with European men. In contrast to an enduring popular discourse according to which women live happily with polygyny throughout the Senegambian region, this article shows how some middle-class women’s choice to “marry out” is explicitly linked to family narratives and personal experiences of suffering. In a context in which many of these women face strong familial opposition to marriage with non-Muslim European men, this article suggests that the women’s narratives provide moral legitimacy to their “alternative” choices.
The European Council and the Multiannual Financial Framework
Authors: CROWE Richard 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe European Council emerged as the dominant institution in the special legislative procedure that led to the adoption of the European Union’s Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) Regulation for 2014–20, even though it is not mentioned in Article 312(2) TFEU as an actor in the procedure and Article 15(1) TEU states that it ‘shall not exercise legislative functions’. This article assesses the role played by the European Council in the MFF process for 2014–20 in light of the post-Lisbon Treaties and draws attention to the legal ambiguities that persist, as well as the practical challenges that will face the other Union institutions, notably the European Parliament, in seeking to counter that dominance in future MFF procedures.