bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scale Analysis and Experimental Results of a Solid/Liquid Phase-Change Thermal Energy Storage System
Authors: Siahpush Ali , O’Brien James , Crepeau John , Sabharwall Piyush 
Published: August 2016

A detailed experimental study has been carried out to evaluate the heat transfer performance of a solid/liquid phase-change thermal energy storage system. The phase-change material (PCM) and metal foam are contained in a vertically oriented test cylinder that is cooled or heated at its outside boundary, resulting in radially inward melting, respectively. Detailed quantitative time-dependent volumetric temperature distributions and melt-front motion and shape data were obtained. As the PCM melts, the interface moves away from the surface of the heat source/sink, and a thermal resistance layer is built up, resulting in a reduced heat transfer rate and/or increased temperature difference between the system to be cooled (or heated) and the PCM. The phase-change medium was 99% pure eicosane, with a melting temperature of 36.5°C. Results have been generalized to apply to any low-Stefan number PCM.
A heat transfer scale analysis was used in order to help in interpretation of the data and development of heat transfer correlations. In the scale analysis, conduction heat transfer in the solid and natural convection heat transfer in liquid were considered. Comparison of experimental data with scale-analysis predictions of the solid-liquid interface position and temperature distribution was performed.
Higher Order Finite Elements for the Accurate Prediction of Temperature Gradients in Heat Conduction Problems
Authors: Aguirre-Rivas Donovan A. , Muci-Küchler Karim H. 
Published: August 2016

When the Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to solve heat conduction problems in solids, the domain is typically discretized using elements that only include the nodal values of the temperature as Degrees of Freedom (DOFs). If the values of the spatial temperature gradients are needed, they are typically computed by differentiating the functional representation for the temperature inside the elements. Unfortunately, this differentiation process usually leads to less accurate results for the temperature gradients as compared to the temperature values.
For elliptic problems, like steady state heat conduction, with Neumann Boundary Conditions (BCs), recent research related to Adini’s element suggests that higher order elements that include spatial derivatives of the primary field variable as nodal DOFs are promising for obtaining accurate values for those quantities as well as providing a higher order of convergence than conventional elements.
In this paper, steady state and transient heat conduction problems which involve Dirichlet BCs or both Dirichlet and Neumann BCs are studied and a new auxiliary BC is proposed to increase the accuracy of the FE solution when Dirichlet BCs are present. Examples are used to illustrate that Adini’s elements converge faster and are more computationally economical than the conventional Lagrange linear elements and Serendipity quadratic elements when auxiliary BCs are used.
Thermal Characterization of IM7/8552-1 Carbon-Epoxy Composites
Authors: Saad Messiha T. , Miller Sandi G. , Marunda Torrence 
Published: August 2016

Thermal properties of composite materials such as, thermal conductivity, diffusivity, and specific heat are very important in engineering design process and analysis of aerospace vehicles as well as space systems. These properties are also important in power generation, transportation, and energy storage devices including fuel cells. Thermal conductivity is the property that determines the working temperature levels of the material; it plays a critical role in the performance of materials in high temperature applications, and it is an important parameter in problems involving heat transfer and thermal structures.
The objective of this paper is to develop a thermal properties data base for the carbon fiber-epoxy (IM7/8552-1) composite. The IM7 carbon fiber is a continuous, high performance, intermediate modulus, PAN based fiber. This fiber has been surface treated and can be sized to improve its interlaminar shear properties, handling characteristics, and structural properties. The 8552 is a high performance tough epoxy matrix for use in primary aerospace structures. It exhibits good impact resistance and damage tolerance for a wide range of applications. The IM7/8552-1 is an amine cured unidirectional prepreg. The manufacturer recommended cure cycle for this material was followed, which includes consolidation under vacuum and autoclave pressure. The composite has a service temperature up to 121°C (250°F).
The thermal properties of IM7/8552-1 carbon-epoxy have been investigated using experimental methods. The flash method was used to measure the thermal diffusivity of the composite. This method is based on the American Society for Testing and Materials standard, ASTM E1461. In addition, the Differential Scanning Calorimeter was used in accordance with the ASTM E1269 standard to measure the specific heat. The measured thermal diffusivity, specific heat, and density data were used to compute the thermal conductivity of the IM7/8552-1 carbon-epoxy composite.
N
-Desmethylclozapine, Fluoxetine, and Salmeterol Inhibit Postentry Stages of the Dengue Virus Life Cycle
Authors: Medigeshi Guruprasad R. , Kumar Rinki , Dhamija Ekta , Agrawal Tanvi , Kar Meenakshi 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Around 10,000 people die each year due to severe dengue disease, and two-thirds of the world population lives in a region where dengue disease is endemic. There has been remarkable progress in dengue virus vaccine development; however, there are no licensed antivirals for dengue disease, and none appear to be in clinical trials. We took the approach of repositioning approved drugs for anti-dengue virus activity by screening a library of pharmacologically active compounds. We identified
N
-desmethylclozapine, fluoxetine hydrochloride, and salmeterol xinafoate as dengue virus inhibitors based on reductions in the numbers of infected cells and viral titers. Dengue virus RNA levels were diminished in inhibitor-treated cells, and this effect was specific to dengue virus, as other flaviviruses, such as Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus, or other RNA viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus and rotavirus, were not affected by these inhibitors. All three inhibitors specifically inhibited dengue virus replication with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC
50
s) in the high-nanomolar range. Estimation of negative-strand RNA intermediates and time-of-addition experiments indicated that inhibition was occurring at a postentry stage, most probably at the initiation of viral RNA replication. Finally, we show that inhibition is most likely due to the modulation of the endolysosomal pathway and induction of autophagy.
Association between Type A
blaZ
Gene Polymorphism and Cefazolin Inoculum Effect in Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Lee Sun Hee , Park Wan Beom , Lee Shinwon , Park Sohee , Kim Shin Woo , Lee Jong-Myung , Chang Hyun Ha , Kwon Ki Tae , Choe Pyoeng Gyun , Kim Nam Joong , Kim Hong Bin , Oh Myoung-Don 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Some proportion of type A
blaZ
gene-positive methicillin-susceptible
Staphylococcus aureus
strains exhibit the cefazolin inoculum effect (CIE). The type A
blaZ
gene was divided into two groups by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at Ser226Pro and Cys229Tyr. The median cefazolin MICs at a high inoculum concentration were 5.69 μg/ml for the Ser-Cys group and 40.32 μg/ml for the Pro-Tyr group (
P
= 0.01). The SNPs at codons 226 and 229 in the amino acid sequence encoded by the
blaZ
gene were closely associated with the CIE.
The Life Cycle Stages of Pneumocystis murina Have Opposing Effects on the Immune Response to This Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen
Authors: Evans Heather M. , Bryant Grady L. , Garvy Beth A. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe cell wall β-glucans ofPneumocystiscysts have been shown to stimulate immune responses in lung epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and alveolar macrophages. Little is known about how the trophic life forms, which do not have a fungal cell wall, interact with these innate immune cells. Here we report differences in the responses of both neonatal and adult mice to the trophic and cystic life cycle stages ofPneumocystis murina. The adult and neonatal immune responses to infection withPneumocystis murinatrophic forms were less robust than the responses to infection with a physiologically normal mixture of cysts and trophic forms. Cysts promoted the recruitment of nonresident innate immune cells and T and B cells into the lungs. Cysts, but not trophic forms, stimulated increased concentrations of the cytokine gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in the alveolar spaces and an increase in the percentage of CD4+T cells that produce IFN-γ.In vitro, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) stimulated with cysts produced the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-6. In contrast, trophic forms suppressed antigen presentation to CD4+T cells, as well as the β-glucan-, lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by BMDCs. The negative effects of trophic forms were not due to ligation of mannose receptor. Our results indicate that optimal innate and adaptive immune responses toPneumocystisspecies are dependent on stimulation with the cyst life cycle stage. Conversely, trophic forms suppress β-glucan-induced proinflammatory responsesin vitro, suggesting that the trophic forms dampen cyst-induced inflammationin vivo.
Suppression of
fabB
Mutation by
fabF1
Is Mediated by Transcription Read-through in Shewanella oneidensis
Authors: Li Meng , Meng Qiu , Fu Huihui , Luo Qixia , Gao Haichun 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

As type II fatty acid synthesis is essential for the growth of
Escherichia coli
, its many components are regarded as potential targets for novel antibacterial drugs. Among them, β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthase (KAS) FabB is the exclusive factor for elongation of the
cis
-3-decenoyl-ACP (
cis
-3-C
10
-ACP). In our previous study, we presented evidence to suggest that this may not be the case in
Shewanella oneidensis
, an emerging model gammaproteobacterium renowned for its respiratory versatility. Here, we identified FabF1, another KAS, as a functional replacement for FabB in
S. oneidensis
. In
fabB
+
or
desA
+
(encoding a desaturase) cells, which are capable of making unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), FabF1 is barely produced. However, UFA auxotroph mutants devoid of both
fabB
and
desA
genes can be spontaneously converted to suppressor strains, which no longer require exogenous UFAs for growth. Suppression is caused by a TGTTTT deletion in the region upstream of the
fabF1
gene, resulting in enhanced FabF1 production. We further demonstrated that the deletion leads to transcription read-through of the terminator for
acpP
, an acyl carrier protein gene immediately upstream of
fabF1
. There are multiple tandem repeats in the region covering the terminator, and the TGTTTT deletion, as well as others, compromises the terminator efficacy. In addition, FabF2 also shows an ability to complement the FabB loss, albeit substantially less effectively than FabF1.

IMPORTANCE
It has been firmly established that FabB for UFA synthesis via type II fatty acid synthesis in FabA-containing bacteria such as
E. coli
is essential. However,
S. oneidensis
appears to be an exception. In this bacterium, FabF1, when sufficiently expressed, is able to fully complement the FabB loss. Importantly, such a capability can be obtained by spontaneous mutations, which lead to transcription read-through. Therefore, our data, by identifying the functional overlap between FabB and FabFs, provide new insights into the current understanding of KAS and help reveal novel ways to block UFA synthesis for therapeutic purposes.
Cho Endonuclease Functions during DNA Interstrand Cross-Link Repair in Escherichia coli
Authors: Perera Anthonige Vidya , Mendenhall James Brian , Courcelle Charmain Tan , Courcelle Justin 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

DNA interstrand cross-links are complex lesions that covalently link both strands of the duplex DNA. Lesion removal is proposed to be initiated via the UvrABC nucleotide excision repair complex; however, less is known about the subsequent steps of this complex repair pathway. In this study, we characterized the contribution of nucleotide excision repair mutants to survival in the presence of psoralen-induced damage. Unexpectedly, we observed that the nucleotide excision repair mutants exhibit differential sensitivity to psoralen-induced damage, with
uvrC
mutants being less sensitive than either
uvrA
or
uvrB
. We show that Cho, an alternative endonuclease, acts with UvrAB and is responsible for the reduced hypersensitivity of
uvrC
mutants. We find that Cho's contribution to survival correlates with the presence of DNA interstrand cross-links, rather than monoadducts, and operates at a step after, or independently from, the initial incision during the global repair of psoralen DNA adducts from the genome.

IMPORTANCE
DNA interstrand cross-links are complex lesions that covalently bind to both strands of the duplex DNA and whose mechanism of repair remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that Cho, an alternative endonuclease, acts with UvrAB and participates in the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links formed in the presence of photoactivated psoralens. Cho's contribution to survival correlates with the presence of DNA interstrand cross-links and operates at a step after, or independently from, the initial incision during the repair process.
Deaths in triathletes: immersion pulmonary oedema as a possible cause
Authors: Moon Richard E , Martina Stefanie D , Peacher Dionne F , Kraus William E 
Published: August 2016

Background/aimTo address the question as to whether immersion pulmonary oedema (IPO) may be a common cause of death in triathlons, markers of swimming-induced pulmonary oedema (SIPO) susceptibility were sought in triathletes' postmortem examinations.MethodsDeaths while training for or during triathlon events in the USA and Canada from October 2008 to November 2015 were identified, and postmortem reports requested. We assessed obvious causes of death; the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH); comparison with healthy triathletes.ResultsWe identified 58 deaths during the time period of the review, 42 (72.4%) of which occurred during a swim. Of these, 23 postmortem reports were obtained. Five individuals had significant (≥70%) coronary artery narrowing; one each had coronary stents; retroperitoneal haemorrhage; or aortic dissection. 9 of 20 (45%) with reported heart mass exceeded 95th centile values. LV free wall and septal thickness were reported in 14 and 9 cases, respectively; of these, 6 (42.9%) and 4 (44.4%) cases exceeded normal values. 6 of 15 individuals (40%) without an obvious cause of death had excessive heart mass. The proportion of individuals with LVH exceeded the prevalence in the general triathlete population.ConclusionsLVH—a marker of SIPO susceptibility—was present in a greater than the expected proportion of triathletes who died during the swim portion. We propose that IPO may be a significant aetiology of death during the swimming phase in triathletes. The importance of testing for LVH in triathletes as a predictor of adverse outcomes should be explored further.
AZD5153: A Novel Bivalent BET Bromodomain Inhibitor Highly Active against Hematologic Malignancies
Authors: Rhyasen Garrett W. , Hattersley Maureen M. , Yao Yi , Dulak Austin , Wang Wenxian , Petteruti Philip , Dale Ian L. , Boiko Scott , Cheung Tony , Zhang Jingwen , Wen Shenghua , Castriotta Lillian , Lawson Deborah , Collins Michael , Bao Larry , Ahdesmaki Miika J. , Walker Graeme , O'Connor Greg , Yeh Tammie C. , Rabow Alfred A. , Dry Jonathan R. , Reimer Corinne , Lyne Paul , Mills Gordon B. , Fawell Stephen E. , Waring Michael J. , Zinda Michael , Clark Edwin , Chen Huawei 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) protein BRD4 regulates gene expression via recruitment of transcriptional regulatory complexes to acetylated chromatin. Pharmacological targeting of BRD4 bromodomains by small molecule inhibitors has proven to be an effective means to disrupt aberrant transcriptional programs critical for tumor growth and/or survival. Herein, we report AZD5153, a potent, selective, and orally available BET/BRD4 bromodomain inhibitor possessing a bivalent binding mode. Unlike previously described monovalent inhibitors, AZD5153 ligates two bromodomains in BRD4 simultaneously. The enhanced avidity afforded through bivalent binding translates into increased cellular and antitumor activity in preclinical hematologic tumor models. In vivo administration of AZD5153 led to tumor stasis or regression in multiple xenograft models of acute myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The relationship between AZD5153 exposure and efficacy suggests that prolonged BRD4 target coverage is a primary efficacy driver. AZD5153 treatment markedly affects transcriptional programs of MYC, E2F, and mTOR. Of note, mTOR pathway modulation is associated with cell line sensitivity to AZD5153. Transcriptional modulation of MYC and HEXIM1 was confirmed in AZD5153-treated human whole blood, thus supporting their use as clinical pharmacodynamic biomarkers. This study establishes AZD5153 as a highly potent, orally available BET/BRD4 inhibitor and provides a rationale for clinical development in hematologic malignancies. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2563–74. ©2016 AACR.
Aging is Associated With an Earlier Arrival of Reflected Waves Without a Distal Shift in Reflection Sites
Authors: Phan Timothy S. , Li John K.‐J. , Segers Patrick , Reddy‐Koppula Maheswara , Akers Scott R. , Kuna Samuel T. , Gislason Thorarinn , Pack Allan I. , Chirinos Julio A. 
Published: August 2016

Background

Despite pronounced increases in central pulse wave velocity (
PWV
) with aging, reflected wave transit time (
RWTT
), traditionally defined as the timing of the inflection point (

T
INF

) in the central pressure waveform, does not appreciably decrease, leading to the controversial proposition of a “distal‐shift” of reflection sites.

T
INF

, however, is exceptionally prone to measurement error and is also affected by ejection pattern and not only by wave reflection. We assessed whether
RWTT
, assessed by advanced pressure‐flow analysis, demonstrates the expected decline with aging.

Methods and Results

We studied a sample of unselected adults without cardiovascular disease (n=48; median age 48 years) and a clinical population of older adults with suspected/established cardiovascular disease (n=164; 61 years). We measured central pressure and flow with carotid tonometry and phase‐contrast
MRI
, respectively. We assessed
RWTT
using wave‐separation analysis (

RWTT
WSA

) and partially distributed tube‐load (TL) modeling (

RWTT
TL

). Consistent with previous reports,

T
INF

did not appreciably decrease with age despite pronounced increases in
PWV
in both populations. However, aging was associated with pronounced decreases in

RWTT
WSA

(general population −15.0 ms/decade,
P
<0.001; clinical population −9.07 ms/decade,
P
=0.003) and

RWTT
TL

(general −15.8 ms/decade,
P
<0.001; clinical −11.8 ms/decade,
P
<0.001). There was no evidence of an increased effective reflecting distance by either method.

T
INF

was shown to reliably represent
RWTT
only under highly unrealistic assumptions about input impedance.

Conclusions

RWTT
declines with age in parallel with increased
PWV
, with earlier effects of wave reflections and without a distal shift in reflecting sites. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the role of wave reflections with aging.
Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Measures of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Multiple Vascular Beds in Japanese Men
Authors: Hisamatsu Takashi , Miura Katsuyuki , Arima Hisatomi , Kadota Aya , Kadowaki Sayaka , Torii Sayuki , Suzuki Sentaro , Miyagawa Naoko , Sato Atsushi , Yamazoe Masahiro , Fujiyoshi Akira , Ohkubo Takayoshi , Yamamoto Takashi , Murata Kiyoshi , Abbott Robert D. , Sekikawa Akira , Horie Minoru , Ueshima Hirotsugu , Nakano Yasutaka , Ogawa Emiko , Maegawa Hiroshi , Miyazawa Itsuko , Mitsunami Kenichi , Nozaki Kazuhiko , Shiino Akihiko , Araki Isao , Tsuru Teruhiko , Toyama Ikuo , Ogita Hisakazu , Kurita Souichi , Maeda Toshinaga , Miyamatsu Naomi , Kita Toru , Kimura Takeshi , Nishio Yoshihiko , Nakamura Yasuyuki , Okamura Tomonori , Barinas‐Mitchell Emma J.M. , Edmundowicz Daniel , Ohkubo Takayoshi , Hozawa Atsushi , Okuda Nagako , Higashiyama Aya , Nagasawa Shinya , Kita Yoshikuni , Murakami Yoshitaka , Takashima Naoyuki , Kadowaki Takashi , Ohno Seiko , Kondo Keiko , Saito Yoshino , Zaid Maryam , Ito Takahiro , Shibukawa Takeshi , Sumi Masaki 
Published: August 2016

Background

Smoking is an overwhelming, but preventable, risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (
CVD
), although smoking prevalence remains high in developed and developing countries in East Asia.

Methods and Results

In a population‐based sample of 1019 Japanese men aged 40 to 79 years, without
CVD
, we examined cross‐sectional associations of smoking status, cumulative pack‐years, daily consumption, and time since cessation, with subclinical atherosclerosis at 4 anatomically distinct vascular beds, including coronary artery calcification, carotid intima‐media thickness (
CIMT
) and plaque, aortic artery calcification (Ao
AC
), and ankle‐brachial index. Current, former, and never smoking were present in 32.3%, 50.0%, and 17.7%, respectively. Compared to never smokers, current smokers had significantly higher risks of subclinical atherosclerosis in all 4 circulations (eg, odds ratios for coronary artery calcification >0, 1.79 [95% CIs, 1.16–2.79];
CIMT
>1.0 mm, 1.88 [1.02–3.47]; Ao
AC
>0, 4.29 [2.30–7.97]; and ankle‐brachial index <1.1, 1.78 [1.16–2.74]) and former smokers did in carotid and aortic circulations (
CIMT
>1.0 mm, 1.94 [1.13–3.34]; and Ao
AC
>0, 2.55 [1.45–4.49]). Dose–response relationships of pack‐years and daily consumption, particularly with
CIMT
, carotid plaque, Ao
AC
, and ankle‐brachial index, were observed among both current and former smokers, and even a small amount of pack‐years or daily consumption among current smokers was associated with coronary artery calcification and Ao
AC
, whereas time since cessation among former smokers was linearly associated with lower burdens of all atherosclerotic indices.

Conclusions
Cigarette smoking was strongly associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in multiple vascular beds in Japanese men, and these associations attenuated with time since cessation.