bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
German Exceptionalism? An Empirical Analysis of 20 Years of Law and Order Legislation
Authors: Wenzelburger Georg , Staff Helge 
Published: April 2016

German law and order policies have been described as exceptional compared to other Western industrialized countries in that they seem to have been immune to a general trend toward increased toughness. However, recent studies have cast some doubt on this finding. The present article addresses this divergence and contributes to the literature in two respects. First, drawing on a new dataset on German federal legislation on law and order (1994‐2013), we show that a slight trend toward tougher legislation is visible although talking about a “punitive turn” would be largely exaggerated. Second, we find that the explanation of this pattern is to be found in the peculiarities of the German political system which seems to have constrained any attempts to implement tougher policies: strong institutional veto points have hindered far‐reaching proposals from being adopted and have pushed German law and order policies toward a middle way.Related ArticlesButz,Adam,Michael P.Fix, andJoshua L.Mitchell.2015. “.”Politics & Policy43():347‐377.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12116/abstractDavid,Charles‐Philippe.2015. “.”Politics & Policy43():163‐195.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12106/abstractJenkins‐Smith,Hank C., andKerry G.Herron2009. “.”Politics & Policy37(): 1095‐1129.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2009.00215.x/abstractRelated MediaFilm clip on preventive detention in Germany by the “Deutsche Welle.”http://www.dw.com/popups/mediaplayer/contentId_15046630_mediaId_6519215Video report on preventive detention in Germany on dailymotion.http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2vbli7Editorial on the crime drop in the Western world.http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21582004-crime-plunging-rich-world-keep-it-down-governments-should-focus-prevention-notReport on the crime drop in the rich world.http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21582041-rich-world-seeing-less-and-less-crime-even-face-high-unemployment-and-economic
Influence of site and stand factors on Hymenoscyphus fraxineus‐induced basal lesions
Authors: Marçais B. , Husson C. , Godart L. , Caël O. 
Published: April 2016

Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is an invasive fungus in Europe and causes a severe decline affecting ash, which began in the late 1990s. One of the symptoms associated with the disease is lesions in the outer bark of the collar area. However, the aetiology of these basal lesions, and in particular the relative roles of H. fraxineus and Armillaria species, is still controversial; moreover, little is known about the influence of environmental factors on the disease epidemiology. This study therefore surveyed 42 plots located in northeastern France, in an area affected by ash decline since 2008, in order to determine which environmental factors condition the severity of lesions associated with H. fraxineus on ash collar. The spatial pattern that is a consequence of the invasive spread of the disease was taken into account in the analysis, using a spatial hierarchical Bayesian model fitted by integrated nested laplace approximation (INLA). Results show that while basal lesions are tightly associated with H. fraxineus, their severity is influenced by the Armillaria species present in the plot. Sites with vegetation indicating moist conditions, or more humid topographical positions, were associated with more developed basal lesions.
STUDY OF GROWTH AND N, P CONTENT OF MICROALGAE Chlorella vulgaris CULTIVATED IN DIFFERENT CULTURE MEDIA AND LIGHT INTENSITY
Authors: Edwin Satriaji Dedi , Zainuri Muhammad , Widowati Ita 
Published: April 2016

Different light intensity and different media types were used to test their effects on algal growth and biochemical composition of cell content to optimize the growth of algal biomass production. Analysis of the results includes growth calculation of Chlorella vulgaris obtained from 6 d observations for 12 h a day (06:00 am to 06:00 pm) with 3 h breaks in between observation. Laboratory analysis was done at the end of day 5th to determine the content of N, and P. Density of C. vulgaris were influenced by both light intensity and media. Differences media type and light intensity as separated parameters and their interactions significantly (p < 0.05) affected on the growth and nitrogen and phosphor content of C. vulgaris. The highest density of 2 310 × 104 cells · mL–1 was on day 4 with walne media resulting in specific growth rate (µ) of 0.43 per day with a light intensity of 5 000 lux, and the lowest density of 725 × 104 cells · mL–1 was in day 4 with the NPK media and specific growth rate (µ) 0.25 per day with a light intensity of 4 000 lux. The highest nitrogen and phosphorus content (16.12 mg and 28.19 mg) was obtained from walne medium with a light intensity of 5000 lux, and the lowest (3.43 mg and 2.17 mg) was obtained from NPK with a light intensity of 4 000 lux.
ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH EASTERN LITTLE TUNA [Eutynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849)] CATCHES: A CASE FOR THE NORTH INDRAMAYU WATERS, JAVA SEA
Authors: Syamsuddin Mega , Sunarto Sunarto , Yuliadi Lintang 
Published: April 2016

Environmental variability during El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) derived from satellite imagery of Sea Surface Temperature and Chlorophyll a were investigated during 2010 to 2014. This study investigates how ocean climate variability of ENSO affects environmental conditions and further addresses their relations with Eastern Little Tuna catches. Changes in environmental conditions during ENSO events resulted in perceivable variations in catches, with an average catches of 839.6 t during El Niño. The La Niña event, with an average catches of 602.6 t was less favorable for catches. Major fishing location located around 3.22-6.59ºS and 108.20-109.67ºE could have been suggested as the most favorable environmental condition to Eastern Little Tuna catch in the North Indramayu waters, Java Sea.
ECTOPARASITES AND VIBRIOS ASSOCIATED WITH FATTENING CULTURED MUD CRABS [Scylla serrata (Forsskal, 1775)] FROM PEMALANG COAST, INDONESIA
Authors: Sarjito Sarjito , Herjuno Condro Haditomo Alfabetian , Desrina Desrina , Bagus Ferinandika Ferdian , Setyaningsih Lilik , Budi Prayitno Slamet 
Published: April 2016

Infectious of ectoparasites and vibrios were found as a problem in fattening mud crab. The aims of this study were to determine the clinical sign of infected mud crabs and to identify the ectoparasites and generic vibrio in the fattening mud crabs from Pemalang Coast, Indonesia. Ectoparasites were collected by smear method. Whereas, 20 isolates were collected from hepatopancreas, gills, hemolymph and injured carapace of the mud crabs. Thiosulphate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose (TCBS) medium was used to isolate suspected vibrios. The clinical signs of mud crabs infected by ectoparasites were shown through the damaged gills and the attachment of other organisms on the gills, whereas the clinical signs of mud crabs infected by vibriosis were shown through red spot on carapace and wound in carapace, claw and abdomen, followed by weak condition. It also indicated that seven ectoparasites were Ichthyobodo sp., Epistylis sp., Carchesium sp., Vorticela sp., Octolasmis sp., Lepeophtherius sp, and Copepodit sp., whilst five Vibrios were V. harveyi, V. Cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus and V. fischeri.
Finite Element Analysis of Polyurethane Based Composite Shafts Under Different Boundary Conditions
Authors: Rahman Mosfequr , Aktaruzzaman F. N. U. , Absar Saheem , Mitra Aniruddha , Hossain Awlad 
Published: April 2016

Depending on the type of matrix materials, composites can be broadly divided into three different major classifications: Organic-matrix composites (OMC), metal-matrix composites (MMC), and ceramic-matrix composites (CMC). OMC can be further sub-classified into polymer-matrix composites (PMC) and carbon-matrix composites or carbon-carbon composites. In this paper the main objective is to focus on polyurethane based PMC composites. Polyurethane is one of the widely used polymer matrix materials. It has diversified applications, easily available and cheap. In this computational study a composite shaft with a core made of matrix material completely wrapped around by a woven fiber cloth with a very strong bonding between core and fibers is considered. Three different types of woven fibers: fiber glass, Kevlar 49, and carbon fibers, are considered. A woven fabric is the interlocking or weaving of two unidirectional fibers. This configuration is often used to produce curve surfaces because of the ease with which it could be placed on and conform to curved surfaces. Authors had fabricated these three composites in their in-house laboratory. They had also experimentally measured the mechanical properties of these composites using 3-point bending test which already been published.
In this current study finite element analyses has been performed for the modeling of the static response of these three different polyurethane based composite shafts as fiber glass reinforced polyurethane epoxy, carbon fiber reinforced polyurethane epoxy, and Kevlar fibers reinforced polyurethane epoxy for three different boundary conditions. These three boundary conditions are simply supported, cantilever, both end fixed types with bending loads applied at the middle for simply supported case and distributed load along the length of the shaft for the last two types of boundary conditions. A three dimensional model of the composite beam has been implemented in this study using SolidWorks. A finite element commercial software ANSYS is used to investigate the stress response and deformation behavior of the model geometry for these three polyurethane based composite shafts for these three boundary conditions. A twenty node three dimensional element has been implemented for the finite element formulation of the modeled geometry such that it is applicable for the analysis of a layered composite structure, while providing support for linear, large rotation, and large strain nonlinear loading conditions. Convergence has also been ensured for various mash configurations in this work.
A Microboiler: Waste Heat to Power Scavenging System
Authors: Thapa S. , Borquist E. , Baniya A. , Fang J. , Wood D. , Weiss L. 
Published: April 2016

This paper presents the detailed fabrication and baseline operational characterization of a miniature device capable of recovering waste heat for power. Waste heat to power is the process of scavenging heat from a large process as a result of mechanical inefficiencies and using that heat to generate useful power. To address this waste heat to power recovery approach, a MEMS based microboiler has been investigated in this work which is capable of capturing waste heat. The microboiler consists of a micro fabricated boilerplate and a steamdome. The boilerplate has been designed with capillary channels capable of driving fluid flow from the surrounding reservoirs to the heated surface, thus eliminating the need of an electrically powered flow pump. The working fluid undergoes phase change inside the enclosed central steamdome attached atop the boilerplate. This pressurized vapor can be made available to another MEMS device such as PZT membrane capable of generating mechanical or electrical power. In this way, the discarded heat from the larger process can be utilized to generate power output.
In contrast to the previous work, a thick acrylic steamdome has been replaced with a thin glass steamdome to minimize premature condensation of vapor due to heat loss via large mass. The tests were performed on the microboiler with the input powers of 1.8 W and 2.7 W and the comparisons of the results were carried out using a simulation model. The average temperatures at the top of the boilerplate were 106° C and 144° C for the power inputs of 1.8 W and 2.7 W, respectively. The available powers at the top of the boilerplate via heat conduction were 1.14 W and 1.72 W for the power inputs of 1.8 W and 2.7 W for the supplied powers of 1.8 W and 2.7 W, respectively. With these known available power throughputs and the heat of vaporization of the future working fluid, the calculated maximum mass flow rates were 13.6 mg/s and 9.12 mg/s, respectively.
Applying Incompatible Meshes for Modeling Structural-Acoustic Domains in Energy Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Medyanik S. N. , Vlahopoulos N. 
Published: April 2016

The Energy Finite Element Analysis (EFEA) has been developed for modeling coupled structural-acoustic systems at mid-to-high frequencies when conventional finite element methods are no longer computationally efficient because they require very fine meshes. In standard Finite Element Analysis (FEA) approach, governing differential equations are formulated in terms of displacements which vary harmonically with space. This requires larger numbers of elements at higher frequencies when wavelengths become smaller. In the EFEA, governing differential equations are formulated in terms of energy density that is spatially averaged over a wavelength and time averaged over a period. The resulting solutions vary exponentially with space which makes them smooth and allows for using much coarser meshes. However, current EFEA formulations require exact matching between the meshes at the boundaries between structural and acoustic domains. This creates practical inconveniences in applying the method as well as limits its use to only fully compatible meshes.
In this paper, a new formulation is presented that allows for using incompatible meshes in EFEA modeling, when shapes and/or sizes of elements at structural-acoustic interfaces do not match. In the main EFEA procedure, joints formulations between structural and acoustic domains have been changed in order to deal with non-matching elements. In addition, the new Pre-EFEA procedure which allows for automatic searching and formation of the new types of joints is developed for models with incompatible meshes. The new method is tested using a spherical shaped structural-acoustic interface. Results for incompatible meshes are validated by comparing to solutions obtained using regular compatible meshes. The effects of mesh incompatibility on the accuracy of results are discussed.
Aeroacoustics of a Low-Speed Free Tip Fan With a Complex Clearance Geometry
Authors: Lallier-Daniels Dominic , Moreau Stephane , Sanjose Marlene 
Published: April 2016

The influence of tip leakage flow on the performance of turbomachinery, both from an aerodynamic and acoustic point of view, has been demonstrated by several authors. However, most studies present in the literature are focused on the effects of tip leakage from an aerodynamic point of view and often forgo the mechanisms associated with the acoustics effect. The effect of different tip geometries is also still ill understood.
The current advancement of a numerical study delving into tip leakage flow noise in low-speed turbomachinery applications is presented in this paper. The study as a whole aims to investigate the mechanisms associated with tip leakage flow noise on different axial fans with varying tip configurations. The study is carried out using lattice-Boltzmann simulations that allow to obtain the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic field simultaneously.
As a first step in this investigation of tip flow noise, this paper focuses on a free-tip axial flow fan with a complex tip geometry. The global aerodynamic and acoustic performance of the fan is evaluated numerically and compared to available experimental results. An investigation of the simulated flowfield with regards to the observed acoustics is then carried out.
Optimal Power Flow using the Moth Flam Optimizer: A Case Study of the Algerian Power System
Authors: Bentouati Bachir , Chaib Lakhdar , Chettih Saliha 
Published: April 2016

<p>In this paper, a new technique of optimization known as Moth-Flam Optimizer (MFO) has been proposed to solve the problem of the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) in the interconnected power system, taking into account the set of equality and inequality constraints. The proposed algorithm has been presented to the Algerian power system network for a variety of objectives. The obtained results are compared with recently published algorithms such as; as the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), and other meta-heuristics. Simulation results clearly reveal the effectiveness and the robustness of the proposed algorithm for solving the OPF problem. </p>
Trends in Enrollment, Clinical Characteristics, Treatment, and Outcomes According to Age in Non–ST-Segment–Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes Clinical Trials
Authors: Kragholm Kristian , Goldstein Sarah A. , Yang Qinghong , Lopes Renato D. , Schulte Phillip J. , Bernacki Gwen M. , White Harvey D. , Mahaffey Kenneth W. , Giugliano Robert P. , Armstrong Paul W. , Harrington Robert A. , Tricoci Pierluigi , Van de Werf Frans , Alexander John H. , Alexander Karen P. , Newby L. Kristin 
Published: April 2016

Background—
Representation by age ensures appropriate translation of clinical trial results to practice, but, historically, older patients have been underrepresented in clinical trial populations. As the general population has aged, it is unknown whether clinical trial enrollment has changed in parallel.

Methods and Results—
We studied time trends in enrollment, clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes by age among 76 141 patients with non–ST-segment–elevation acute coronary syndrome enrolled in 11 phase III clinical trials over 17 years (1994–2010). Overall, 19.7% of patients were ≥75 years; this proportion increased from 16% during 1994 to 1997 to 21% during 1998 to 2001 and 23.2% during 2002 to 2005, but declined to 20.2% in 2006 to 2010. The number of comorbidities increased with successive time periods irrespective of age. There were substantial increases in the use of evidence-based medication in-hospital and at discharge regardless of age. Although predicted 6-month mortality increased slightly over time, observed 6-month mortality declined significantly in all age strata (1994–1997 versus 2006–2010: <65 years: 3.0% versus 1.9%; 65–74 years: 7.5% versus 3.4%; 75–79 years: 13.0% versus 6.5%; 80–84 years: 17.6% versus 8.2%; and ≥85 years: 24.8% versus 12.6%).

Conclusions—
The distribution of enrollment by age in phase III non–ST-segment–elevation acute coronary syndrome trials was unchanged over time. Irrespective of age, post–myocardial infarction mortality decreased significantly over time, concurrent with increased evidence-based care and despite increasing comorbidities.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00089895.
The Impact of Two Coupled Cirrus Microphysics–Radiation Parameterizations on the Temperature and Specific Humidity Biases in the Tropical Tropopause Layer in a Climate Model
Authors: Baran Anthony J. , Hill Peter , Walters David , Hardiman Steven C. , Furtado Kalli , Field Paul R. , Manners James 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The impact of two different coupled cirrus microphysics–radiation parameterizations on the zonally averaged temperature and humidity biases in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) of a Met Office climate model configuration is assessed. One parameterization is based on a linear coupling between a model prognostic variable, the ice mass mixing ratio qi, and the integral optical properties. The second is based on the integral optical properties being parameterized as functions of qi and temperature, Tc, where the mass coefficients (i.e., scattering and extinction) are parameterized as nonlinear functions of the ratio between qi and Tc. The cirrus microphysics parameterization is based on a moment estimation parameterization of the particle size distribution (PSD), which relates the mass moment (i.e., second moment if mass is proportional to size raised to the power of 2) of the PSD to all other PSD moments through the magnitude of the second moment and Tc. This same microphysics PSD parameterization is applied to calculate the integral optical properties used in both radiation parameterizations and, thus, ensures PSD and mass consistency between the cirrus microphysics and radiation schemes. In this paper, the temperature-non-dependent and temperature-dependent parameterizations are shown to increase and decrease the zonally averaged temperature biases in the TTL by about 1 K, respectively. The temperature-dependent radiation parameterization is further demonstrated to have a positive impact on the specific humidity biases in the TTL, as well as decreasing the shortwave and longwave biases in the cloudy radiative effect. The temperature-dependent radiation parameterization is shown to be more consistent with TTL and global radiation observations.
The Use of Ship-Launched Fixed-Wing UAVs for Measuring the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Ocean Surface Processes
Authors: Reineman Benjamin D. , Lenain Luc , Melville W. Kendall 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe deployment and recovery of autonomous or remotely piloted platforms from research vessels have become a way of significantly extending the capabilities and reach of the research fleet. This paper describes the use of ship-launched and ship-recovered Boeing–Insitu ScanEagle unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The UAVs were instrumented to characterize the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) structure and dynamics, and to measure ocean surface processes during the October 2012 Equatorial Mixing (EquatorMix) experiment in the central Pacific and during the July 2013 Trident Warrior experiment off the Virginia coast. The UAV measurements, including atmospheric momentum and radiative, sensible, and latent heat fluxes, are complemented by measurements from ship-based instrumentation, including a foremast MABL eddy-covariance system, lidar altimeters, and a digitized X-band radar system. During EquatorMix, UAV measurements reveal longitudinal atmospheric roll structures not sampled by ship measurements, which contribute significantly to vertical fluxes of heat and momentum. With the nadir-looking UAV lidar, surface signatures of internal waves are observed, consistent and coherent with measurements from ship-based X-band radar, a Hydrographic Doppler Sonar System, and a theoretical model. In the Trident Warrior experiment, the instrumented UAVs were used to demonstrate real-time data assimilation of meteorological data from UAVs into regional coupled ocean–atmosphere models. The instrumented UAVs have provided unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution in atmospheric and oceanographic measurements in remote ocean locations, demonstrating the capabilities of these platforms to extend the range and capabilities of the research fleet for oceanographic and atmospheric studies.