bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Helicobacter pylori and Cognitive Dysfunction
Authors: Beydoun May A. , El-Hajj Ziad W. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is a curved Gram-negative bacterium found in almost half of human gastric mucosa and is one of the most common infectious agents worldwide. Often acquired during childhood, its mode of transmission is still under debate, but its seroprevalence increases with age, under poor socioeconomic conditions, crowding, poor hygiene, and among minority groups. Since first described in 1984 as a bacterium in the stomachs of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration, Hp infection was further found to account for other digestive conditions, including duodenal ulcers, gastric carcinoma, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tumor. Studies have recently linked chronic Hp infection with various extra-digestive manifestations, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and stroke, with a growing body of evidence suggesting that this infection may play a causal role in neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders including all-cause and Alzheimer’s disease dementia, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and depression, which are the focus of this chapter.
Effects of Neurocysticercosis on Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Function
Authors: Gale Shawn D. , Hedges Dawson W. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Infecting an estimated 50 million people worldwide and endemic in South America, Africa, parts of Asia, and central Europe, the cestode Taenia solium is the causal organism of neurocysticercosis, which results in cysts in the human brain. Although neurocysticercosis can be asymptomatic, it is a leading cause of acquired seizures and epilepsy in endemic regions. Associated not only with seizures and epilepsy, neurocysticercosis is also associated with hydrocephalus and elevated intracranial pressure, headache, movement disorders, focal neurological deficits, psychosis, depression, bipolar disorder, and an array of cognitive dysfunction including dementia. Up to two-thirds of patients with neurocysticercosis appear to have some type of cognitive dysfunction. Public health measures such as improved sanitation are critical in the prevention of neurocysticercosis. Both symptomatic and antiparasitic treatments can be used, although controversy continues as to the appropriate use of antiparasitic treatment in neurocysticercosis. In endemic regions, neurocysticercosis imposes a substantial neurological, neuropsychiatric, and neurocognitive burden.
The Leuthen Legacy in Military Thought before the First World War
Authors: Otte T. G. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
One of the remarkable features of Leuthen’s broader legacy was its slow maturation. Only gradually, and not until the middle of the nineteenth century, did it acquire its central status in historical memory. Its military legacy was also a matter of multiple and multilayered misunderstandings. Frederick’s ‘greatness’ had already been proclaimed by his contemporaries, but increasingly this complicated a proper appreciation of the king’s military achievements and his historical significance. This chapter examines Leuthen’s legacy in German military thought during the nineteenth century until the outbreak of the First World War, culminating in Schlieffen’s ‘Leuthen programme’, based on the concept of the large-scale envelopment of a numerically superior enemy with the aim of annihilating his forces. Much of the official reading catered for the perceived needs of the Prusso-German army in the second half of the long nineteenth century. As a contemporary counterpoint to the ‘spin’ placed on Frederick’s campaign, this chapter concludes with a discussion the revisionist interpretation advanced by Hans Delbrück, one of the pioneers of modern military history.
Myth and Memory
Authors: Otte T. G. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Leuthen’s broader political and cultural legacy, the emergence of a generic Leuthen myth. Not only did accounts of the battle congeal into popular anecdotes focused on ‘der alte Fritz’ and his soldiers, Leuthen also emerged as a shorthand for a specific Prusso-Protestant sense of national mission, a certain habit of mind, a general attitude that reflected and, in turn, influenced the cultural and political life of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Germany. It was not until the second half of the nineteenth century that the encounter of 5 December 1757 took on this particular meaning. Even the imagery associated with battle-weary and exhausted soldiers intoning the ‘Chorale of Leuthen’, so potent later on, did not take shape until then. Particular emphasis here is laid on visual aspects of the Leuthen myth, the historical paintings and later, in the 1920s and 1930s, cinema films that formed the core element of the historical-educational experience of successive generations of Germans from the 1870s until the end of the Third Reich. The trauma of the Third Reich had severed the ties of tradition. And yet a faint echo of the ‘Chorale of Leuthen’ could be heard again in reunited Germany. In August 1991, at the initiative of the Hohenzollerns, Frederick’s remains were transferred to Potsdam to be reinterred on the terraces of his beloved Sanssouci palace, as he had stipulated in his will on the eve of the battle of Leuthen.
European Blame Games
Authors: Heinkelmann-Wild Tim , Zangl Bernhard , Rittberger Berthold , Kriegmair Lisa 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Who is held responsible when EU policies fail? Which blame games resonate in the European public? This book challenges the conventional wisdom that the complexity of EU decision-making eschews clarity of responsibility, thereby rendering European blame games untargeted and diffuse. It is argued that the politicization of EU policies triggers a plausibility assessment of blame attributions in the public domain with the effect that European blame games gravitate towards true responsibilities, targeting those political actors involved in enacting a policy that is subsequently considered a policy failure. The book distinguishes three kinds of European blame games: in scapegoat games, supranational EU institutions are held responsible for a policy failure; renegade games occur when individual member state governments are considered the culprits for a failed policy; when responsibility for a policy failure is shared between EU institutions and member states, diffusion games prevail. The book explores three conditions to explain when each of the three European blame games prevails: the type of policy failure, the type of policy making, and the type of policy implementation. To empirically probe these conditions, the book studies the blame games in ten instances of EU policy failures, including EU foreign policy, environmental policy, fiscal stabilization and migration policy.
Beyond blaming Europe
Authors: Heinkelmann-Wild Tim , Rittberger Berthold , Zangl Bernhard , Kriegmair Lisa 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main arguments of the book. It first defines three European blame games: scapegoat games, which have supranational EU institutions as their main target; renegade games, which concentrate blame on individual member-state governments; diffusion games, which target ‘the EU’ as a collective entity. The chapter outlines three conditions that affect which blame game resonates in the European public: the type of policy failure, the type of policy making, and the type of policy implementation. Subsequently, the chapter sketches the book’s research strategy and summarizes its contribution to the literature on the politics of blame attribution. The final section provides a roadmap of the book.
The policy failure hypothesis
Authors: Heinkelmann-Wild Tim , Rittberger Berthold , Zangl Bernhard , Kriegmair Lisa 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the policy failure hypothesis, which stipulates that the type of policy failure affects the type of European blame game that resonates in the European public. It explains that failures to perform are associated with diffusion games, whereas failures to act and failures to comply give rise to renegade games. The chapter assesses the policy failure hypothesis with two pair-wise comparisons of policy failures. The chapter first compares the blame game that was triggered by the EU’s failure to act in the 2011 Libyan crisis with the blame game that followed the performance failure of EU sanctions against Russia after the 2014 Ukraine crisis. It then compares the blame game that was driven by the performance failure of the EU’s Emission Trading Scheme aimed at implementing the Kyoto Protocol with the blame game that was triggered by compliance failures with the EU’s policies to implement the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.
The policy implementation hypothesis
Authors: Heinkelmann-Wild Tim , Rittberger Berthold , Zangl Bernhard , Kriegmair Lisa 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the policy implementation hypothesis, which proposes that in cases of shared policy making, blame games will gravitate towards those political actors charged with policy implementation. Where responsibility for policy implementation rests with supranational and national actors, policy failures give rise to scapegoat and renegade games respectively. Diffusion games emerge in cases where supranational and national actors are jointly involved in policy implementation. The chapter assesses the policy implementation hypothesis in a controlled comparison of the failure of the EU’s asylum policy, an instance of national implementation, and two episodes of the EU’s heavily criticized border control policy: For the period 2010–2015, implementation of the EU’s external border control policy was shared between member state authorities and Frontex; from 2016 onwards and the upgrading of Frontex’s operational capacities, implementation has shifted towards supranational implementation.
The promise of European blame games
Authors: Heinkelmann-Wild Tim , Rittberger Berthold , Zangl Bernhard , Kriegmair Lisa 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The concluding chapter summarizes the book’s main contributions. The literature on blame attributions in the EU tends to suggest that diffusion games are prevalent in the EU: Owing to its institutional complexity, political actors typically face little constraint in attributing blame opportunistically to avoid political accountability. The chapter qualifies this conventional wisdom. First, it highlights the prevalence of different types of European blame games by summarizing the main findings of this book. Second, the chapter underlines the main theoretical claim that blame games gravitate towards political actors with true responsibilities. Finally, the chapter discusses the implications of these findings for political accountability and derives three institutional design principles that are geared to promote clarity of responsibility and thus political accountability in the EU.
Commentary
Authors: Gill Ann-Katrin , Smith Mark 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The commentary discusses each individual line of the text in turn, using the manuscript of the type witness, P. Louvre N. 3129, as a basis. It records the variant readings that occur in each of the other textual witnesses of the Glorification Recited on Each Due Occasion of the Embalming Place, as well as those found in earlier parallels. It also discusses salient points of interest, whether grammatical, lexicographical, historical, topographical, or theological. The difficulties presented by the text are analysed in detail, and frequent reference is made to other ancient Egyptian religious texts of all periods to elucidate these. Discussions in the modern secondary literature are cited where relevant, in order to provide the fullest possible spectrum of views on problematic aspects of the composition, and the views presented in these are subjected to critical scrutiny.
Trafficked Slave
Authors: Moreira Isabel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
When Balthild arrived on the shores of northern France sometime in the 640s, her situation was dire. She was part of a regular traffic of slaves across the English Channel, arriving in a shipment destined for sale. Chapter 2 discusses the conditions of female slaves traded in the seventh century and the relationship of Balthild and her owner, Erchinoald, mayor of the Neustrian palace. The chapter considers the context in which marriage of a slave to a Merovingian king was possible, and even possibly considered desirable, noting similar cases in Byzantium and the Islamic Caliphate. The chapter includes discussion of the intrusiveness with which contemporary sources described her body.
Marriage Makes a Queen
Authors: Moreira Isabel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 discusses what Balthild’s life would have been like joining the Neustrian court as a new queen. It considers the people who were around her as referenced in contemporary texts including Clovis II’s mother, Queen Nantechild, whose career in some ways presaged Balthild’s own. The chapter discusses royal marriage practices and examines accounts of Clovis II’s character. It examines how Balthild was enmeshed in networks of male power. It describes Paris in the seventh century, the built environment, and life at royal villas. It reconstructs the splendor of the Merovingian court and its domestic comforts and examines the people and office holders who made up the court, including visitors. The chapter considers how prepared Balthild may have been for her life at court and introduces Bishop Eligius of Noyon and his prophecy about the birth of Balthild and Clovis II’s first son.
Regent, Reformer, and Rescuer of Slaves
Authors: Moreira Isabel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Widowed young, Balthild became regent for her son and heir, Chlothar, and ruled together with the mayor of the palace, first Erchinoald, and then Ebroin. The chapter examines the political, religious, and social projects that she was connected to by her hagiographer. It examines contemporary sources that provide context on her prohibition of the slave trade in her kingdom. It discusses key church councils. It discusses Balthild’s relationship with Eligius of Noyon, a bishop who was deeply involved in rescuing slaves, and considers their respective interventions in the slave trade. It discusses Balthild’s policy of housing slaves in monastic communities (convents) and examines her other social reforms including the prohibition of infanticide and burial of the dead, and the religious reform of simony. It introduces Balthild as founder and supporter of monastic communities and her founding of the convent of Chelles and considers the question of whether we can discern Balthild’s independent action in these policies.
Introduction: Britten and Coventry
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets the scene for Britten’s War Requiem, describing its occasion—the rededication of Coventry Cathedral, bombed during World War II. It argues that Britten chose to use poems by Wilfred Owen (1893–1918), sharing Owen’s belief that works of art can be powerful means of informing the public about the horrors of war and the importance of peace—through what Owen calls the “tenderness of silent minds,” a reflective and receptive mode of attention that people rarely assume in daily life. This book will offer a reading of War Requiem and its use of Owen’s poetry, pondering both the work’s insights and one (as I see it) grave ethical error—namely Britten’s lifelong unwillingness to accept the idea that there could ever be a just war of national self-defense. The work’s central insights, the book shall argue, survive our critique of the error. First, law and policy need to retain at all times a vivid sense of the human body, its beauty and its vulnerability, as the seat of human striving and whatever is valuable in human striving. Second, nations, after a devastating war, should not remain stuck in a posture of division and blame, but should move forward together toward a new future of cooperation—based, in fact, upon the commonality of bodies, their needs, and their beauties.
Conclusion: The Way Forward
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This summing-up studies Britten’s combination of foreboding about future aggression with an emphasis on love and reconciliation. It addresses the likely charge that today a work of classical music will not affect very many listeners. On the contrary, given that the work is easily available online (including the original recording), it is more easily available than ever before, worldwide, and is no longer reserved for elite audiences who can purchase a ticket.
Introduction
Authors: Anderson James William 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter lays out the purpose of the book: to explain what makes for effective, accurate, compelling psychobiography. Psychobiography refers to the study, using psychological perspectives, of the lives of notable figures in history, politics, intellectual life, the arts, and other fields. The essence of psychobiography is gaining access to the inner life of the subjects: Why did they act as they did? What are their inner motivations, strivings, and preoccupations? The chapter provides an introduction to the book’s chief themes by discussing them in reference to a short analysis of Donald Trump and how, possessed by a life-long hatred of losing, he became obsessed with a false belief that the 2020 election had been stolen from him.
Into the North
Authors: Morales Daniel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
By 1930, there were between 60,000 and 100,000 Mexican migrants in the Midwest, more than 20,000 in Chicago alone. This chapter follows the spread of Mexican migration out from the borderlands and into this region, particularly to Chicago. Migrations that began as a response to recruitment in the railroad, sugar beet, and steel industries, especially during World War I, became self-perpetuating as Mexicans established new colonias and organizations that formed nodes in interconnected regional circuits. The wartime Bracero Program increased the hiring of Mexican migrant workers in places beyond the borderlands. The further they migrated north, the higher the pay they could earn. Tens of thousands signed up every year to work for the railroad and the sugar beet industries on contracts of a few months. However, as they moved north, they became aware of the lower pay and limited opportunities in these jobs compared to the steadier work in meat packing, steel, and automobiles.
Entre Familia y Patria
Authors: Morales Daniel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Throughout the decade of the 1920s, it is estimated that up to 100,000 people crossed the border each year, legally and otherwise. Looking closely at this traffic makes clear there was no separation in migrants’ minds between economic, political, and cultural factors. Insecurity, in the form of violence, local politics, and local culture, shapes people’s decisions. The violence of the Mexican Revolution and the subsequent Cristero War are inseparable from the other causes of migration from central Mexico. Migration was intertwined with the political circumstances that shaped all aspects of Mexican society. Once underway, mass migration began to change Mexican society. As people left and others came back, the resulting information and capital changed conditions on the ground and created pathways for others to follow. This new economy made it easier to move, but it also tied many families and towns into continuous patterns of migration in order to maintain economic stability. Migration evolved from something that a few men did to something in which many participated; even those left behind were active participants. Migration eased the pressure for political and land reform in migrant-sending areas, at least in the 1920s. A new culture of migration began to grow and augment these networks, even as many across society were suspicious of those who went north.
Caught in the Middle
Authors: Morales Daniel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In 1933, strikes that started in the vegetable and fruit fields spread to the cotton fields and beyond, rocking the state’s largest industry to its core. Workers took the lead in organizing a vast multiracial coalition that sought to better their conditions. They challenged the largest vested interests in the state. California’s political economy was built on the most unequal distribution of land in the entire United States, and the labor on which it depended was imported from the far reaches of the United States’ colonial empire. It was in California that the capitalist transformation of the West in the late nineteenth century reached its fullest expression, where capital had the most control over people’s lives. New industries arose based on migrant labor, and Los Angeles became the hub of the southern part of the state. Yet it was also here, during the Great Depression, that the most racially diverse workforce in the country turned to radical organizing. Their defeat does not change the fact that, in the wake of the repatriation drives, migrants in the fields challenged the balance of power.
The Rise of Unfair Use
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Starting in the mid-2000s, courts adopted a broad understanding of the fair use doctrine in copyright law through adoption of the “transformative use” principle. This expansive application of the fair use doctrine beyond its historical bounds reflected the influence of the scholarly community, advocacy entities, and platform-based firms that sought to facilitate projects that expand access to content but engage in mass reproduction and distribution of content without seeking consent from content owners. The relationship between the fair use doctrine and platform-based business models is illustrated by copyright litigations involving Google Books, Google Images, and the Google Android operating system. Each of these litigations resulted in decisions that limited the ability of content originators and owners to secure remuneration from platforms and platform users, resulting in a wealth transfer from entities that produce content to entities that consume it.
China and the Accidental Alliance
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The political economy of patent law anticipates that firms that are net technology users will favor weaker enforcement of patents to reduce the cost of acquiring technology inputs. The same logic can apply at the country level and explains China’s policies toward the enforcement and licensing of standard-essential patents in the wireless communications industry. In the wireless ecosystem, Chinese firms tend to specialize in device production, rather than the development of wireless technologies. Chinese courts and regulators have adopted patent holdup theory from U.S.-based scholars and have expanded doctrines from U.S. and EU competition law to reach outcomes that tend to favor alleged infringers (usually domestic firms) over patent owners (usually foreign firms) in infringement disputes. The result is a truncated property-rights regime that shifts bargaining leverage and economic value away from licensors that are the wireless industry’s principal source of technological innovation.