bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary Protein Level Affects the Growth Performance of Large Male Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, Reared in Fertilized Freshwater Cages
Authors: Liu Wei , Jiang Ming , Wu Jin‐Ping , Wu Fan , Tian Juan , Yang Chang‐Geng , Wen Hua 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAn 8‐wk experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary protein on the growth performance, body composition, and serum biochemical indices of large male genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT), Oreochromis niloticus, reared in fertilized freshwater cages. Six semi‐purified diets were formulated, containing 18.05, 22.39, 25.97, 31.62, 35.97, and 39.89% protein (designated as P18, P22, P26, P30, P34, and P38, respectively). Each diet was fed to randomly selected fish (initial mean weight 216.7 g) in four cages. At the end of the experiment, the final body weights varied significantly (P < 0.05), ranging from 520 to 580 g. Fish receiving the P30 diet had the highest final weight value (580.5 ± 5.4 g). Weight gains of fish fed the P26 and P30 diets were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those fed the P18 and P38 diets. The apparent feed efficiency of fish fed the P18 diet was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of fish in the other groups except the P22 group (P > 0.05). The apparent protein efficiency ratio decreased gradually with increasing dietary protein. Whole‐body moisture and ash showed no significant difference (P > 0.05), but protein and fat content were significantly affected by dietary protein level (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found for serum total protein, triglyceride, total cholesterol, glutamic‐oxaloacetic transaminase, and glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase levels among different diets (P > 0.05); only serum glucose level was affected by dietary protein levels (P < 0.05). Second‐order polynomial regression of weight gain suggested 29.3% dietary protein is adequate content for maximum growth of large male GIFT, O. niloticus.
GLI1, a master regulator of the hallmark of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Kasai Kenji 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHedgehog signaling is highly conserved across species and governs proper embryonic development. Germline gene mutations that reduce this signaling activity cause a variety of developmental abnormalities such as holoprosencephaly, while those that enhance Hedgehog signaling activity induce a tumor‐predisposition condition Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Furthermore, dysregulated activation of Hedgehog signaling has been recognized in various sporadic malignancies, including pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma develops through a multistep carcinogenesis starting with oncogenic mutation of the KRAS gene. During this process, precancerous or cancer cells secrete Hedgehog ligand proteins to promote characteristic desmoplastic stroma around the cells, which in turn activates the expression of the downstream transcription factor GLI1 inside the cells. The quantitative and spatiotemporal dysregulation of GLI1 subsequently leads to the expression of transcriptional target genes of GLI1 that govern the hallmark of malignant properties. Here, after a brief introductory outline, a perspective is offered of Hedgehog signaling with a special focus on the role of GLI1 in pancreatic carcinogenesis.
Developing Practice‐Oriented Theory on Collaboration: A Paradox Lens
Authors: Vangen Siv 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Collaboration is present throughout public administration as a means to address social issues that sit in the interorganizational domain. Yet research carried out over the last three decades has concluded that collaborations are complex, slow to produce outputs, and by no means guaranteed to deliver synergies and advantage. This article explores whether a “paradox lens” can aid the development of practice‐oriented theory to help those who govern, lead, and manage collaborations in practice. It draws on a long‐standing research program on collaboration and a synthesis of relevant literature on paradox and collaboration. The article develops five propositions on the application of a paradox lens that explicitly recognizes the context of collaboration as inherently paradoxical; acknowledges the limitations of mainstream theory in capturing adequately the complex nature of and tensions embedded in collaborative contexts; and uses the principles of paradox to develop practice‐oriented theory on governing, leading, and managing collaborations.
Different associations of cryoprotectants for testicular tissue of prepubertal cats submitted to vitrification
Authors: Lima DBC , Silva TFP , Morais GB , Aquino‐Cortez A , Evangelista JSAM , Xavier Júnior FAF , Viana DA , Silva LDM 
Published: November 2016

ContentsThe cryopreservation of testicular tissue is presented as the only alternative for the preservation of genetic material from prepubertal animals. However, this biotechnology is still being tested. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different associations of cryoprotectants and the potential of cell proliferation after vitrification of testicular tissue of prepubertal cats. Five testicular pairs from five prepubertal cats were used, and each pair was divided into four fragments. Of these, one fragment composed of the control group (CG) and the rest were distributed in experimental groups according to the associations of cryoprotectants to be tested (dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)/glycerol (GLY); ethylene glycol (EG)/GLY) or DMSO/EG) in a final cryoprotectant concentration of 5.6 m. The fragments were submitted to vitrification, and after one week, fragments were heated and processed for histomorphological evaluation and quantification of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs). DMSO/GLY did not differ from CG and was superior to the other vitrified groups, as to cell separation and degree of shrinkage of the basal membrane. Concerning cell differentiation, visibility of the nucleus and nuclear condensation, all the vitrified groups were inferior to CG; however, DMSO/EG was inferior to DMSO/GLY and EG/GLY, which did not differ among themselves. CG was superior to all groups in quantification of NORs. DMSO/EG was inferior to all others, and there was no difference between DMSO/GLY and EG/GLY. The association DMSO/GLY presented the best preservation of tissue integrity and potential of cell proliferation after vitrification of the testicular tissue of prepubertal cats.
The circumstances of post‐phenomenological life worlds
Authors: McCormack Derek P 
Published: November 2016

This paper contributes to the development of a post‐phenomenological account of worlds through a discussion of the concept of circumstance. This account is developed initially through a consideration of how the concept of world figures in two important strands of contemporary thinking, namely, speculative realism and theories of affective life. By making connections across these approaches, the paper argues for a circumstantial sense of worlds irreducible to the status of surrounds for human‐centred forms of life and experience. This account of worlds is post‐phenomenological insofar as it does not assume the already constituted subject as the condition for worlds to take shape: instead, it attends to the circumstantial worlding of forces excessive of the subject. At the same, via a scenographic orientation it remains attentive to the affective force of life worlds, to how they are felt as a kind of circumstantial palpability.
Flow Boiling in a Horizontal Tube at High Vapor Qualities
Authors: Deng Han , Fernandino Maria , Dorao Carlos A. 
Published: November 2016

The current study presents the experimental results for the boiling heat transfer coefficient of R134a flowing inside a 5 mm inner diameter, smooth horizontal tube. The study cases are set for pressures ranging from 5 to 10 bar, and mass fluxes from 300 to 400 kg/m2s. The heat transfer coefficients are measured at vapor qualities from 0.01 to 1.3, particularly in small quality increments over the high quality region.
The experimental heat transfer coefficients are compared with the predicted results by the method of Wojtan et al. [1,2]. The method gives a good prediction in the quality range 0.1–0.7. There exist large errors in the high quality region, and the maximum value can reach −90%. The method is modified using the correlation by Del Col et al. [2] for dryout inception and a new proposed approach for the dry angle. The modified method improves the predicted results with good estimation in the quality range 0.1–0.8, and the maximum error in the high quality region is reduced to −60%.
Observation of Contact Line Dynamics in Evaporating Droplets Under the Influence of Electric Fields
Authors: Greyson Marcette , Maki Kara L. , Schertzer Michael J. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Deposition of colloidal material in evaporating droplets is important in many applications including DNA sequencing and medical diagnostic testing. When colloidal droplets evaporate, the majority of material is often deposited at the periphery of the resultant deposition in a coffee-ring pattern. Formation of this pattern is the result of contact line pinning and the interplay between evaporative and surface tension effects in the droplet. When the contact line is pinned and the evaporative flux in the droplet is highest at the periphery, a radially outward flow is generated to conserve mass that deposits particles in the fluid at the contact line. Evaporation at the contact line can also create a temperature gradient across the droplet. This gradient gives rise to a surface tension driven flow that can resuspend particles in the droplet. When the evaporative flow dominates, particles are deposited at the contact line in a coffee-ring pattern. The presence of the coffee-ring pattern is undesirable in many printing and medical diagnostic processes. Suppression of the coffee-ring effect has been achieved by addition of surfactant, enhancement of surface tension flow, surface modification, alteration of particle shape, and application of an electric field.
Manipulation of the coffee-ring effect has been achieved through the application of both AC and DC electric fields. One result of the presence of this field is the electrowetting force at the contact line which acts to reduce the contact angle and increase contact area. Since this force acts at the contact line, it may disrupt typical contact line dynamics, including evaporative dynamics, which are responsible for the formation of the coffee-ring effect.
This work will experimentally examine contact line dynamics of evaporating droplets in the presence of DC electric fields. Droplets of water will be desiccated on a device with a photolithographically patterned electrode covered with a thin layer of SU8-3005. Experimental cases with applied DC fields will be compared with unactuated control cases to examine changes in transient interface shape and contact diameter.
Role of the ESCRT Complexes in Telomere Biology
Authors: Dieckmann Anna K. , Babin Vera , Harari Yaniv , Eils Roland , König Rainer , Luke Brian , Kupiec Martin 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Eukaryotic chromosomal ends are protected by telomeres from fusion, degradation, and unwanted double-strand break repair events. Therefore, telomeres preserve genome stability and integrity. Telomere length can be maintained by telomerase, which is expressed in most human primary tumors but is not expressed in the majority of somatic cells. Thus, telomerase may be a highly relevant anticancer drug target. Genome-wide studies in the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
identified a set of genes associated with telomere length maintenance (
TLM
genes). Among the
tlm
mutants with short telomeres, we found a strong enrichment for those affecting vacuolar and endosomal traffic (particularly the
e
ndosomal
s
orting
c
omplex
r
equired for
t
ransport [ESCRT] pathway). Here, we present our results from investigating the surprising link between telomere shortening and the ESCRT machinery. Our data show that the whole ESCRT system is required to safeguard proper telomere length maintenance. We propose a model of impaired end resection resulting in too little telomeric overhang, such that Cdc13 binding is prevented, precluding either telomerase recruitment or telomeric overhang protection.

IMPORTANCE
Telomeres are the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. They are necessary for the proper replication of the genome and protect the chromosomes from degradation. In a large-scale systematic screen for mutants that affect telomere length in yeast, we found that mutations in any of the genes encoding the ESCRT complexes, required for the formation of transport vesicles within the cell, cause telomere shortening. We carried out an analysis of the mechanisms disrupted in these mutants and found that they are defective for the ability to elongate short telomeres, probably due to faulty end processing. We discuss the significance of these findings and how they could be relevant to anticancer therapies.
One Gene and Two Proteins: a Leaderless mRNA Supports the Translation of a Shorter Form of the
Shigella
VirF Regulator
Authors: Di Martino Maria Letizia , Romilly Cédric , Wagner E. Gerhart H. , Colonna Bianca , Prosseda Gianni 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

VirF, an AraC-like activator, is required to trigger a regulatory cascade that initiates the invasive program of
Shigella
spp., the etiological agents of bacillary dysentery in humans. VirF expression is activated upon entry into the host and depends on many environmental signals. Here, we show that the
virF
mRNA is translated into two proteins, the major form, VirF
30
(30 kDa), and the shorter VirF
21
(21 kDa), lacking the N-terminal segment. By site-specific mutagenesis and toeprint analysis, we identified the translation start sites of VirF
30
and VirF
21
and showed that the two different forms of VirF arise from differential translation. Interestingly,
in vitro
and
in vivo
translation experiments showed that VirF
21
is also translated from a leaderless mRNA (llmRNA) whose 5′ end is at position +309/+310, only 1 or 2 nucleotides upstream of the ATG84 start codon of VirF
21
. The llmRNA is transcribed from a gene-internal promoter, which we identified here. Functional analysis revealed that while VirF
30
is responsible for activation of the virulence system, VirF
21
negatively autoregulates
virF
expression itself. Since VirF
21
modulates the intracellular VirF levels, this suggests that transcription of the llmRNA might occur when the onset of the virulence program is not required. We speculate that environmental cues, like stress conditions, may promote changes in
virF
mRNA transcription and preferential translation of llmRNA.

IMPORTANCE
Shigella
spp. are a major cause of dysentery in humans. In bacteria of this genus, the activation of the invasive program involves a multitude of signals that act on all layers of the gene regulatory hierarchy. By controlling the essential genes for host cell invasion, VirF is the key regulator of the switch from the noninvasive to the invasive phenotype. Here, we show that the
Shigella virF
gene encodes two proteins of different sizes, VirF
30
and VirF
21
, that are functionally distinct. The major form, VirF
30
, activates the genes necessary for virulence, whereas the minor VirF
21
, which shares the C-terminal two-thirds of VirF
30
, negatively autoregulates
virF
expression itself. VirF
21
is transcribed from a newly identified gene-internal promoter and, moreover, is translated from an unusual leaderless mRNA. The identification of a new player in regulation adds complexity to the regulation of the
Shigella
invasive process and may help development of new therapies for shigellosis.
Rigorous Science: a How-To Guide
Authors: Casadevall Arturo , Fang Ferric C. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
Proposals to improve the reproducibility of biomedical research have emphasized scientific rigor. Although the word “rigor” is widely used, there has been little specific discussion as to what it means and how it can be achieved. We suggest that scientific rigor combines elements of mathematics, logic, philosophy, and ethics. We propose a framework for rigor that includes redundant experimental design, sound statistical analysis, recognition of error, avoidance of logical fallacies, and intellectual honesty. These elements lead to five actionable recommendations for research education.
Expanding the Host Range of Hepatitis C Virus through Viral Adaptation
Authors: von Schaewen Markus , Dorner Marcus , Hueging Kathrin , Foquet Lander , Gerges Sherif , Hrebikova Gabriela , Heller Brigitte , Bitzegeio Julia , Doerrbecker Juliane , Horwitz Joshua A. , Gerold Gisa , Suerbaum Sebastian , Rice Charles M. , Meuleman Philip , Pietschmann Thomas , Ploss Alexander 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) species tropism is incompletely understood. We have previously shown that at the level of entry, human CD81 and occludin (OCLN) comprise the minimal set of human factors needed for viral uptake into murine cells. As an alternative approach to genetic humanization, species barriers can be overcome by adapting HCV to use the murine orthologues of these entry factors. We previously generated a murine tropic HCV (mtHCV or Jc1/mCD81) strain harboring three mutations within the viral envelope proteins that allowed productive entry into mouse cell lines. In this study, we aimed to characterize the ability of mtHCV to enter and infect mouse hepatocytes
in vivo
and
in vitro
. Using a highly sensitive, Cre-activatable reporter, we demonstrate that mtHCV can enter mouse hepatocytes
in vivo
in the absence of any human cofactors. Viral entry still relied on expression of mouse CD81 and SCARB1 and was more efficient when mouse CD81 and OCLN were overexpressed. HCV entry could be significantly reduced in the presence of anti-HCV E2 specific antibodies, suggesting that uptake of mtHCV is dependent on viral glycoproteins. Despite mtHCV’s ability to enter murine hepatocytes
in vivo
, we did not observe persistent infection, even in animals with severely blunted type I and III interferon signaling and impaired adaptive immune responses. Altogether, these results establish proof of concept that the barriers limiting HCV species tropism can be overcome by viral adaptation. However, additional viral adaptations will likely be needed to increase the robustness of a murine model system for hepatitis C.

IMPORTANCE
At least 150 million individuals are chronically infected with HCV and are at risk of developing serious liver disease. Despite the advent of effective antiviral therapy, the frequency of chronic carriers has only marginally decreased. A major roadblock in developing a vaccine that would prevent transmission is the scarcity of animal models that are susceptible to HCV infection. It is poorly understood why HCV infects only humans and chimpanzees. To develop an animal model for hepatitis C, previous efforts focused on modifying the host environment of mice, for example, to render them more susceptible to HCV infection. Here, we attempted a complementary approach in which a laboratory-derived HCV variant was tested for its ability to infect mice. We demonstrate that this engineered HCV strain can enter mouse liver cells but does not replicate efficiently. Thus, additional adaptations are likely needed to construct a robust animal model for HCV.
Reconstructing the end of the Appalachian orogeny
Authors: Hopper Emily , Fischer Karen M. , Wagner Lara S. , Hawman Robert B. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In contrast to crustal deformation observed in the actively forming Himalayas, where shallowly dipping crustal detachments extend over hundreds of kilometers, prior work on the Paleozoic southern Appalachian orogeny inferred that the final continental collision occurred on a steeply dipping crustal suture, permitting collision models that are dominated by strike-slip motion. Here, we use scattered seismic phases to instead reveal the Appalachian (Alleghanian) crustal suture as a low-angle (&lt;∼15°) southward-dipping interface that soles into a flat-lying mid-crustal detachment. The observed suture geometry implies more than 300 km of head-on shortening across a plate boundary structure similar to the Himalayan mid-crustal detachment, indicating that this mode of deformation has been fundamental in continental collisions over hundreds of millions of years.
Ultrapotassic rocks and xenoliths from South Tibet: Contrasting styles of interaction between lithospheric mantle and asthenosphere during continental collision
Authors: Xu Bo , Griffin William L. , Xiong Qing , Hou Zeng-Qian , O’Reilly Suzanne Y. , Guo Zhen , Pearson Norman J. , Gréau Yoann , Yang Zhi-Ming , Zheng Yuan-Chuan 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Widespread Miocene (24–8 Ma) ultrapotassic rocks and their entrained xenoliths provide information on the composition, structure, and thermal state of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle in southern Tibet during the India-Asia continental collision. The ultrapotassic rocks along the Lhasa block delineate two distinct lithospheric domains with different histories of depletion and enrichment. The eastern ultrapotassic rocks (89°E–92°E) reveal a depleted, young, and fertile lithospheric mantle (87Sr/86Srt = 0.704–0.707 [t is eruption time]; Hf depleted-mantle model age [TDM] = 377–653 Ma). The western ultrapotassic rocks (79°E–89°E) and their peridotite xenoliths (81°E) reflect a refractory harzburgitic mantle refertilized by ancient metasomatism (lavas: 87Sr/86Srt = 0.714–0.734; peridotites: 87Sr/86Srt = 0.709–0.716). These data integrated with seismic tomography suggest that upwelling asthenosphere was diverted away from the deep continental root beneath the western Lhasa block, but rose to shallower depths beneath a thinner lithosphere in the eastern part. Heating of the lithospheric mantle by the rising asthenosphere ultimately generated the ultrapotassic rocks with regionally distinct geochemical signatures reflecting the different nature of the lithospheric mantle.
Isotopic signatures of mercury contamination in latest Permian oceans
Authors: Grasby Stephen E. , Shen Wenjie , Yin Runsheng , Gleason James D. , Blum Joel D. , Lepak Ryan F. , Hurley James P. , Beauchamp Benoit 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Sedimentary records from the northwest margin of Pangea and the Tethys show anomalously high Hg levels at the latest Permian extinction boundary. Background δ202Hg values are consistent with normal marine conditions but exhibit negative shifts coincident with increased Hg concentrations. Hg isotope mass-independent fractionation (Δ199Hg) trends are consistent with volcanic input in deep-water marine environments. In contrast, nearshore environments have Δ199Hg signatures consistent with enhanced soil and/or biomass input. We hypothesize that the deep-water signature represents an overall global increase in volcanic Hg input and that this isotope signature is overwhelmed in nearshore locations due to Hg from terrestrial sources. High-productivity nearshore regions may have experienced stressed marine ecosystems due to enhanced Hg loading.