bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of High‐Cost Drugs for Individual Patient Use
Authors: Gallego Gisselle , Melocco Terry , Taylor Susan J , Brien Jo-anne E 
Published: March 2016

Aim: To document and describe the individual patient use (IPU) scheme at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney in terms of submissions and approvals and assess the financial impact of the scheme on the hospital drug expenditure.Method: All submissions for IPU approvals received between January 1997 and December 2001 were reviewed. Submissions were collected on a calendar year basis. Data collection and analysis included identification of approved medication and indication, off‐label or approved indication, prescriber, ward, outcome of therapy, person deciding the approval, approval date duration and expiry, amount of medication dispensed and the cost of therapy. The annual cost and proportion of overall drug expenditure for each approval was calculated.Results: The number of approvals had a trend to increase each year. 67.1% of the IPU approvals were for off‐label indications. Requested feedback on clinical outcomes was provided only in 18% of cases. The drug acquisition cost of the IPU scheme more than doubled in the period between 1999 and 2001. Similarly the proportion of the drug expenditure on IPU drugs increased significantly (p < 0.001) from 1.6% in 1999 to 3.6% in 2001.Conclusion: The results indicated that the number of approvals and submissions for IPU had a tendency to increase. The financial impact of the IPU scheme increased over the years reviewed.
Pharmacy Clinical and Distribution Service Delivery Models in Australian Public Hospitals
Authors: O'Leary Karen M , Allinson Yvonne M 
Published: March 2016

An electronic questionnaire was sent to 239 public hospital pharmacy services in Australia to update and expand on a survey undertaken in 2001. The key findings from the 109 respondents (46%) showed that:
1. the average proportion of time pharmacists spent on clinical activities was 47%;
2. the average proportion of time spent on distribution activities was 37% and management activities was 16%;
3. in Victoria, the State with considerable uptake of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, the proportion of time spent on distribution services by pharmacists had increased slightly in the last 2 years. There had also been a change in the use of pharmacy technicians: 24% of their time was devoted to supporting clinical services and management activities;
4. the role of pharmacy technicians is changing; more than 30 full‐time equivalent positions were involved in supporting clinical pharmacy activities;
5. the vast majority of hospital pharmacy services (94%) offered some form of clinical service to some or all of their overnight patients; however, only 75% offered clinical services to some or all of their same‐day patients;
6. the clinical service delivery model used ranged considerably across and within States and Hospital Peer Groups; 55% of hospital pharmacy services had a mixed clinical service model in their hospital;
7. 7 hospitals offered a 7‐day‐a‐week clinical pharmacy service;
8. 19 hospitals had clinical pharmacy services available in emergency departments and 10 in pre‐admission clinics;
9. 32 hospital pharmacy services offered non‐admitted or discharge patients access to medicines through the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme;
10. 32% of hospital pharmacy services offered a comprehensive distribution service to non‐admitted patients and 28% offered a comprehensive service to discharge patients;
11. access to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme was not the only factor driving the level of service delivered; 66% of hospitals with access to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme offered a comprehensive service to non‐admitted patients and 75% a comprehensive service to discharge patients; and
12. the distribution service delivery model used for inpatients ranged considerably across and within States and Hospital Peer Groups. Australian public hospitals generally use a hybrid distribution model for inpatients where a ward‐based system is supported by an individual patient‐based system.
Aspirin‐Induced Sneezing
Authors: Ramesh Madhan , Parthasarathi Gurumurthy , Singhal Rohit 
Published: March 2016

Aim: To present a case of aspirin‐induced sneezing.Clinical features: A 19‐year‐old male developed sneezing during the intermittent use of aspirin 325 mg for the treatment of headache, over a 2‐year period. When rechallenged, he developed sneezing 2 hours after taking the aspirin dose and the reaction persisted for 2 to 3 days. The frequency of sneezing was greatest during the first day. The patient was not treated and recovered spontaneously 2 to 3 days after ingesting the dose.Discussion: The causality assessment of the reaction as assessed by the World Health Organization assessment scale was ‘certain’. The limitation of this assessment may be the fact that rechallenge with individual excipients of the product was not undertaken. Although sneezing has been reported with other drugs, no reference to aspirin‐induced sneezing could be found.
Community Pharmacists and Men's Health in Rural Victoria
Authors: Wood Penelope J , Gibson L Michelle , Verrinder Adrian 
Published: March 2016

Background: Men are notorious for not attending to their health and seeking health advice, especially in rural areas.Aim: To ascertain the role community pharmacists can play in men's health in rural Victoria.Method: Self‐administered, closed‐response written questionnaires were sent to community pharmacists and men in the Loddon‐Mallee region of Victoria.Results: The men and pharmacists agreed that community pharmacies could be a useful men's health resource. Half the men thought that the only advice pharmacists gave concerned prescription medications. Men said that the gender of a pharmacist would not affect them seeking advice, yet among their criteria for making pharmacies more ‘men friendly’ was the provision of more male pharmacists and pharmacy assistants. Both men and pharmacists saw information leaflets as a valuable resource. The men and pharmacists agreed that the service to men could be improved with provision of more information, counselling, education sessions, referral and collaboration with other health professionals, men's health events and some risk factor screening. Pharmacists were confident and reported success in counselling men in some areas (e.g. smoking cessation) but not others (e.g. alcohol use). Some constraints to improving pharmacy services to men were identified including time constraints, lack of remuneration and training.Conclusion: Rural pharmacies could become a useful men's health resource. Time, lack of remuneration and training may be the main constraints.J Pharm Pract Res 2004; 34: 285–7.
Understanding the Medicines Management Pathway
Authors: Stowasser Danielle A , Allinson Yvonne M , O'Leary M 
Published: March 2016

The medicines management pathway describes the cognitive and physical steps involved in the use of medicines, with a focus on the consumer. There are 9 steps and 3 background processes. The steps and processes are interdependent and influence each other. Documentation of the pathway provides a framework to identify how the steps are related, the potential for any errors and safety system improvements. The pathway is applicable to all medicines, independent of the setting, health professionals involved and funding source. An understanding of the pathway and human factors associated with each step are necessary to ensure safe, effective and efficient use of medicines. The pathway can assist consumers and health professionals to understand their role and how their actions can improve medicine safety. Hospital pharmacists have an established role at all steps. With more professional services being offered via community and other pharmacy practice settings, the medicines management pathway concept will play an increasingly greater role across the continuum of care.J Pharm Pract Res 2004; 34: 293–6.
Furoxan‐Bearing Micelles for Nitric Oxide Delivery
Authors: Hasegawa Urara , Wang Tengjiao , Chen Jerry J. Y. , Uyama Hiroshi , van der Vlies André J. 
Published: March 2016

Furoxans, or 1,2,5‐oxadiazole‐N‐oxides, are a class of nitric oxide (NO)‐donating compounds that release NO in response to thiol‐containing molecules. In this study, polymeric micelles bearing furoxan moieties are prepared from an amphiphilic block copolymer consisting of a hydrophobic furoxan‐bearing block and a hydrophilic poly(N‐acryloylmorpholine) block. The block copolymer is prepared using a combination of the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and the copper‐catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition techniques. The block copolymers form spherical micelles with a diameter of 50 nm by self‐assembly in water. The micelles release NO in response to cysteine and show improved stability against hydrolytic decomposition. Furthermore, the micelles show a synergistic anti‐proliferative effect with ibuprofen in human colon cancer cells.
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Nursing documentation of pressure ulcers in nursing homes: comparison of record content and patient examinations
Authors: Hansen Ruth‐Linda , Fossum Mariann 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to describe the accuracy and quality of nursing documentation of the prevalence, risk factors and prevention of pressure ulcers, and compare retrospective audits of nursing documentation with patient examinations conducted in nursing homes.DesignThis study used a cross‐sectional descriptive design.MethodA retrospective audit of 155 patients' records and patient examinations using the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel form and the Braden scale, conducted in January and February 2013.ResultsThe prevalence of pressure ulcers was 38 (26%) in the audit of the patient records and 33 (22%) in patient examinations. A total of 17 (45%) of the documented pressure ulcers were not graded. When comparing the patient examinations with the patient record contents, the patient records lacked information about pressure ulcers and preventive interventions.
Comparative Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Vancomycin with Concomitant Piperacillin‐Tazobactam or Cefepime: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Hammond Drayton A. , Smith Melanie N. , Painter Jacob T. , Meena Nikhil K. , Lusardi Katherine 
Published: March 2016

Study ObjectiveThe combination of vancomycin and piperacillin‐tazobactam has been associated with an increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) in non–critically ill patient populations, but it is still unknown if this association exists in critically ill patients. The objective of this study was to compare the incidence ofAKIdevelopment during therapy or within 72 hours after completion of therapy in adult critically ill patients who received vancomycin with concomitant piperacillin‐tazobactam or cefepime.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingMedical, surgical, and neuroscience intensive care units (ICUs) within a single tertiary care hospital.PatientsA total of 122 critically ill patients who received at least 48 hours of combination therapy with vancomycin and piperacillin‐tazobactam (49 patients) or vancomycin and cefepime (73 patients) during anICUadmission between September 2012 and December 2014.Measurements and Main ResultsThe primary outcome wasAKIdevelopment, as determined by the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria, during combination therapy or within 72 hours of completion of combination therapy. The inverse probability of the treatment‐weighting (IPTW) approach was used to account for potential treatment selection bias.AKIincidence was assessed in the unadjusted and propensity score–weighted cohorts. Of the 122 patients, 37 patients (30.3%) developedAKI. In the unadjusted analysis, the incidence ofAKIwas similar in the piperacillin‐tazobactam group compared with the cefepime group (32.7% vs 28.8%, p=0.647). The average treatment effect between the groups was not significant, showing no association between β‐lactam choice andAKI(β = −0.004, p=0.958). Secondary outcomes wereICUlength of stay, hospital length of stay,AKIduration, and need for renal replacement therapy. The choice of β‐lactam was not a significant predictor of any of these outcomes:ICUlength of stay (β = 0.436, p=0.780), hospital length of stay (β = 3.819, p=0.125),AKIduration (β = −4.027, p=0.283), and need for renal replacement therapy (β = 2.828, p=0.161).ConclusionAfter adjusting for propensity to receive each of the treatment choices, no significant difference was found in the incidence ofAKIdevelopment or other outcomes between the groups. The previously described finding that concomitant vancomycin and piperacillin‐tazobactam increasesAKIin non–critically ill patients may not be generalizable to the critically ill population. Prospective evaluation of this hypothesis is warranted.
Justifying the small‐world phenomenon via random recursive trees
Authors: Mehrabian Abbas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe present a new technique for proving logarithmic upper bounds for diameters of evolving random graph models, which is based on defining a coupling between random graphs and variants of random recursive trees. The advantage of the technique is three‐fold: it is quite simple and provides short proofs, it is applicable to a broad variety of models including those incorporating preferential attachment, and it provides bounds with small constants. We illustrate this by proving, for the first time, logarithmic upper bounds for the diameters of the following well known models: the forest fire model, the copying model, the PageRank‐based selection model, the Aiello‐Chung‐Lu models, the generalized linear preference model, directed scale‐free graphs, the Cooper‐Frieze model, and random unordered increasing k‐trees. Our results shed light on why the small‐world phenomenon is observed in so many real‐world graphs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 50, 201–224, 2017
Anodic Oxidation of Caffeine and Theophylline in Glacial Acetic Acid
Authors: Quintanilla Gloria , Usarralde Ángela , Pérez Iván , Gargiulo Maria L. , Yakupoglu Gökce , Martín Avelino , Barba Fructuoso 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe anodic oxidation of caffeine and theophylline has been carried out at a controlled potential in a one compartment cell using glassy‐carbon as the anode, platinum as the cathode and glacial acetic acid/sodium acetate as solvent‐supporting‐electrolyte (SSE). The oxidation of caffeine yields 1,3,8‐trimethyl‐1,3,6,8‐tetrazaspiro[4.4]nonane‐2,4,7,9‐tetrone and (4‐acetoxy‐1,3,7‐trimethyl‐2,6,8‐trioxo‐9H‐purin‐5‐yl) acetate. Despite of the different structure, the oxidation of theophylline leads only to the same spiro compound 1,3,8‐trimethyl‐1,3,6,8‐tetrazaspiro[4.4]nonane‐2,4,7,9‐tetrone as in the case of caffeine. The structure of both compounds is described and the reaction mechanism is discussed.
Ultrasound in the assessment of hepatomegaly: A simple technique to determine an enlarged liver using reliable and valid measurements
Authors: Childs Jessie T , Esterman Adrian J , Thoirs Kerry A , Turner Richard C 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIntroductionKnowledge of the size of the liver is an important factor in diagnosing liver disease. Hepatomegaly is a term used to describe a liver that is enlarged beyond its normal dimensions, and ultrasound is often a front line investigation in the suspicion of hepatomegaly. This study sought to develop a reference range for the size of the normal liver using a simple, reliable and valid measurement technique.MethodsTwo ultrasound images of the liver and a blood test were taken from 126 participants. Three simple linear measurements were taken from these two images and converted to a liver volume using a published equation.ResultsThe reference range for liver volume in adults without liver pathology was found to be 1060–2223 cm3.ConclusionThis new measurement technique and reference range is simple and easy to perform in the clinical environment. It has the potential to discriminate a liver normal in size to one with hepatomegaly.
The molecular basis of craniofacial placode development
Authors: Singh Sunita , Groves Andrew K. 
Published: March 2016

The sensory organs of the vertebrate head originate from simple ectodermal structures known as cranial placodes. All cranial placodes derive from a common domain adjacent to the neural plate, the preplacodal region, which is induced at the border of neural and non‐neural ectoderm during gastrulation. Induction and specification of the preplacodal region is regulated by the fibroblast growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein,WNT, and retinoic acid signaling pathways, and characterized by expression of theEYAandSIXfamily of transcriptional regulators. Once the preplacodal region is specified, different combinations of local signaling molecules and placode‐specific transcription factors, including competence factors, promote the induction of individual cranial placodes along the neural axis of the head region. In this review, we summarize the steps of cranial placode development and discuss the roles of the main signaling molecules and transcription factors that regulate these steps during placode induction, specification, and development.WIREs Dev Biol2016, 5:363–376. doi: 10.1002/wdev.226This article is categorized under:Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Cellular DifferentiationEarly Embryonic Development > Gastrulation and NeurulationEarly Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan
Mixed Alkali Neodymium Orthoborates: K9Li3Nd3(BO3)7 and A2LiNd(BO3)2 (A = Rb, Cs)
Authors: Chen Pengyun , Xia Mingjun , Li Rukang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCrystals of mixed alkali neodymium orthoborates, K9Li3Nd3(BO3)7 and A2LiNd(BO3)2 (A = Rb, Cs) were obtained by spontaneous crystallization. K9Li3Nd3(BO3)7 crystallizes in space group P2/c with cell parameters of a = 11.4524(7) Å, b = 10.1266(6) Å, c = 12.3116 (10) Å, β = 122.0090(10)°. In the structure, NdO8 polyhedra share corners and connect with planer BO3 groups to form infinite [Nd3B3O21]n chains. These chains are linked by additional BO3 groups to produce a double layer of [Nd6B6O38]n blocks in the ac plane with K and Li ions filled into the cavities. A2LiNd(BO3)2 (A = Rb, Cs) crystallizes in space group Pbcm, with cell parameters of a = 7.113(2) Å, b = 9.691(3) Å and c = 10.135(3) Å for Rb2LiNd(BO3)2, and a = 7.2113(3) Å, b = 9.9621(4) Å, and c = 10.3347(4) Å for Cs2LiNd(BO3)2. In the structure, NdO8 polyhedra are corner‐sharing with each other and further interlinked by BO3 groups to comprise the infinite [Nd4B4O24] sheets in the bc plane, with Rb/Cs and Li ions occupying the interlayered space. The compounds show effective near‐IR emission and their associated lifetimes are obtained by fluorescence spectra.
Predicting progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease using longitudinal callosal atrophy
Authors: Lee Sang Han , Bachman Alvin H. , Yu Donghyeon , Lim Johan , Ardekani Babak A. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: March 2016

AbstractIntroductionWe investigate whether longitudinal callosal atrophy could predict conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsLongitudinal (baseline + 1‐year follow‐up) MRI scans of 132 MCI subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative were used. A total of 54 subjects did not convert to AD over an average (±SD) follow‐up of 5.46 (±1.63) years, whereas 78 converted to AD with an average conversion time of 2.56 (±1.65) years. Annual change in the corpus callosum thickness profile was calculated from the baseline and 1‐year follow‐up MRI. A logistic regression model with fused lasso regularization for prediction was applied to the annual changes.ResultsWe found a sex difference. The accuracy of prediction was 84% in females and 61% in males. The discriminating regions of corpus callosum differed between sexes. In females, the genu, rostrum, and posterior body had predictive power, whereas the genu and splenium were relevant in males.DiscussionAnnual callosal atrophy predicts MCI‐to‐AD conversion in females more accurately than in males.
A symbolic characterization of the horseshoe locus in the Hénon family
Authors: BEDFORD ERIC , SMILLIE JOHN 
Published: March 2016

We consider the family of quadratic Hénon diffeomorphisms of the plane $\mathbb{R}^{2}$. A map will be said to be a ‘horseshoe’ if its restriction to the non-wandering set is hyperbolic and conjugate to the full 2-shift. We give a criterion for being a horseshoe based on an auxiliary coding which describes positions of points relative to the stable manifold of one of the fixed points. In addition we describe the topological conjugacy type of maps on the boundary of the horseshoe locus. We use complex techniques and we work with maps in a parameter region which is a two-dimensional analog of the familiar ‘$1/2$-wake’ for the quadratic family $p_{c}(z)=z^{2}$.
Lifetime prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury in patients with eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cucchi A. , Ryan D. , Konstantakopoulos G. , Stroumpa S. , Kaçar A. Ş. , Renshaw S. , Landau S. , Kravariti E. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundAgainst a backdrop of increasing research, clinical and taxonomic attention in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), evidence suggests a link between NSSI and eating disorders (ED). The frequency estimates of NSSI in ED vary widely. Little is known about the sources of this variation, and no meta-analysis has quantified the association between ED and NSSI.MethodUsing random-effects meta-analyses, meta-regression analyses, and 1816–6466 unique participants with various ED, we estimated the weighted average percentage of individuals with ED, those with anorexia nervosa (AN) and those with bulimia nervosa (BN) who are reported to have a lifetime history of NSSI across studies. We further examined predictors of NSSI in ED.ResultsThe weighted average percentage of patients with a lifetime history of NSSI was 27.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 23.8–31.0%] for ED, 21.8% (95% CI 18.5–25.6%) for AN, and 32.7% (95% CI 26.9–39.1%) for BN. The difference between BN and AN was statistically significant [odds ratio (OR) 1.77, 95% CI 1.14–2.77, p = 0.013]. The odds of NSSI increased by 24% for every 10% increase in the percentage of participants with histories of suicide attempts (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.04–1.48, p = 0.020) and decreased by 26% for every 10% increase in the percentage of participants with histories of substance abuse (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58–0.95, p = 0.023).ConclusionsIn the specific context of ED, NSSI is highly prevalent and correlates positively with attempted suicide, urging for NSSI-focused treatments. A novel finding is that NSSI is potentially antagonized by substance abuse.