bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ocean productivity from space: Commentary
Authors: Kahru Mati 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOcean color measurements from satellites have been used to estimate global oceanic productivity for about 30 years, but the approach still has many problems. A combination of more sophisticated satellite products with improved models has the potential of higher accuracy, but in reality the improvement in accuracy during the last two decades has been minimal. Persistent cloud cover over the oceans and low Sun elevation over polar areas severely limit the potential of operational satellite ocean color measurements. A combination of remote measurements from both satellites and suborbital platforms as well as from a large number of autonomous devices in the ocean can overcome these limitations in the future.
Using GRACE to constrain precipitation amount over cold mountainous basins
Authors: Behrangi Ali , Gardner Alex S. , Reager John T. , Fisher Joshua B. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDespite the importance for hydrology and climate‐change studies, current quantitative knowledge on the amount and distribution of precipitation in mountainous and high‐elevation regions is limited due to instrumental and retrieval shortcomings. Here by focusing on two large endorheic basins in High Mountain Asia, we show that satellite gravimetry (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)) can be used to provide an independent estimate of monthly accumulated precipitation using mass balance equation. Results showed that the GRACE‐based precipitation estimate has the highest agreement with most of the commonly used precipitation products in summer, but it deviates from them in cold months, when the other products are expected to have larger errors. It was found that most of the products capture about or less than 50% of the total precipitation estimated using GRACE in winter. Overall, Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) showed better agreement with GRACE estimate than other products. Yet on average GRACE showed ~30% more annual precipitation than GPCP in the study basins. In basins of appropriate size with an absence of dense ground measurements, as is a typical case in cold mountainous regions, we find GRACE can be a viable alternative to constrain monthly and seasonal precipitation estimates from other remotely sensed precipitation products that show large bias.
Objective tropical cyclone extratropical transition detection in high‐resolution reanalysis and climate model data
Authors: Zarzycki Colin M. , Thatcher Diana R. , Jablonowski Christiane 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis paper describes an objective technique for detecting the extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclones (TCs) in high‐resolution gridded climate data. The algorithm is based on previous observational studies using phase spaces to define the symmetry and vertical thermal structure of cyclones. Storm tracking is automated, allowing for direct analysis of climate data. Tracker performance in the North Atlantic is assessed using 23 years of data from the variable‐resolution Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) at two different resolutions (
km and 28 km), the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR,
km), and the ERA‐Interim Reanalysis (ERA‐I,
km). The mean spatiotemporal climatologies and seasonal cycles of objectively detected ET in the observationally constrained CFSR and ERA‐I are well matched to previous observational studies, demonstrating the capability of the scheme to adequately find events. High‐resolution CAM reproduces TC and ET statistics that are in general agreement with reanalyses. One notable model bias, however, is significantly longer time between ET onset and ET completion in CAM, particularly for TCs that lose symmetry prior to developing a cold‐core structure and becoming extratropical cyclones, demonstrating the capability of this method to expose model biases in simulated cyclones beyond the tropical phase.
Variations in tropical cyclone frequency response to solar and CO2 forcing in aquaplanet simulations
Authors: Viale Flora , Merlis Timothy M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe response of global tropical cyclone (TC) frequency to solar and carbon dioxide radiative forcing is examined in TC‐permitting aquaplanet general circulation model simulations. With an energetically consistent slab ocean lower boundary condition, the simulations show a larger response to positive radiative forcing from increased carbon dioxide than a solar constant increase with a comparable global‐mean radiative forcing. Prescribed sea surface temperature (SST) simulations reveal that both the direct response to radiative forcing (radiative forcing with unchanged SST) and the patterned‐SST response vary between forcing agents. The forcing‐agent dependence of the patterned‐SST response of TC frequency can be accounted for by the variation in simulated intertropical convergence zone shifts. The forcing‐agent dependence of the direct response of TC frequency to radiative forcing can be accounted for by the variation in direct circulation changes and in normalized moist static energy deficit changes. That the direct TC response differs across forcing agents suggests that solar radiation manipulation geoengineering schemes will not return TC frequency to that of an unperturbed climate.
Improved MJO‐simulation in ECHAM6.3 by coupling a Stochastic Multicloud Model to the convection scheme
Authors: Peters Karsten , Crueger Traute , Jakob Christian , Möbis Benjamin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe implement a Stochastic Multicloud Model (SMCM) in an observation‐informed configuration into the convection scheme of the state‐of‐the‐art GCM ECHAM6.3. The SMCM configuration we use here has been tuned to represent observed tropical convection by associating the occurrence and strength of deep convection to midtropospheric vertical velocity and relative humidity. We show that compared to the ECHAM6.3 standard model, the SMCM‐modified version shows improved capacity to simulate features of tropical intraseasonal variability, including MJO‐like disturbances, without significantly distorting the mean model climate. This improvement goes in hand with ameliorated coupling of atmospheric convection to tropospheric moisture and spatiotemporal coherence of tropical convection compared to reanalysis and observations. We attribute these effects to (i) improved coupling of triggering and suppression of deep convective events to the model's large‐scale environment and (ii) the observations‐informed closure formulation which leads to an overall reduction of deep convective mass fluxes. Sensitivity tests show that while (ii) improves the convection‐moisture relationship, it is (i) which improves the spatiotemporal coherence of tropical rainfall and is important for MJO simulation. Further, the simulated spatiotemporal coherence of tropical rainfall is an intrinsic property of the convection schemes themselves and not of their parameters. We stress that this study serves as a proof‐of‐concept and motivates further efforts towards building a novel convection parameterization with the SMCM as a central element.
Primary weathering rates, water transit times, and concentration‐discharge relations: A theoretical analysis for the critical zone
Authors: Ameli Ali A. , Beven Keith , Erlandsson Martin , Creed Irena F. , McDonnell Jeffrey J. , Bishop Kevin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe permeability architecture of the critical zone exerts a major influence on the hydrogeochemistry of the critical zone. Water flow path dynamics drive the spatiotemporal pattern of geochemical evolution and resulting streamflow concentration‐discharge (C‐Q) relation, but these flow paths are complex and difficult to map quantitatively. Here we couple a new integrated flow and particle tracking transport model with a general reversible Transition State Theory style dissolution rate law to explore theoretically how C‐Q relations and concentration in the critical zone respond to decline in saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) with soil depth. We do this for a range of flow rates and mineral reaction kinetics. Our results show that for minerals with a high ratio of equilibrium concentration (
) to intrinsic weathering rate (
), vertical heterogeneity in Ks enhances the gradient of weathering‐derived solute concentration in the critical zone and strengthens the inverse stream C‐Q relation. As
decreases, the spatial distribution of concentration in the critical zone becomes more uniform for a wide range of flow rates, and stream C‐Q relation approaches chemostatic behavior, regardless of the degree of vertical heterogeneity in Ks. These findings suggest that the transport‐controlled mechanisms in the hillslope can lead to chemostatic C‐Q relations in the stream while the hillslope surface reaction‐controlled mechanisms are associated with an inverse stream C‐Q relation. In addition, as
decreases, the concentration in the critical zone and stream become less dependent on groundwater age (or transit time).
Children's Reasoning About Which Episode of a Repeated Event is Best Remembered
Authors: Danby Meaghan C. , Brubacher Sonja P. , Sharman Stefanie J. , Powell Martine B. , Roberts Kim P. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryDespite much research into children's ability to report information from an individual episode of a repeated event, their capacity to identify well‐remembered episodes is unknown. Children (n = 177) from Grades 1 to 3 participated in four episodes of a repeated event and were later asked to recall the time that they remembered ‘best’ and then ‘another time.’ Post‐recall, children were asked what they believed ‘the time you remember best’ meant, and how they decided which episode to recall. Older children were better able than younger to understand the prompt and nominate an episode, but children of all ages showed improved ability to produce an episode for discussion when subsequently asked about ‘another time.’ All children struggled to describe their decision‐making processes, suggesting that they had yet to develop sufficient metamemory knowledge for the task. Results suggest that children have difficulty explicitly identifying well‐remembered episodes of repeated events.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical Activity Minimum Threshold Predicting Improved Function in Adults With Lower‐Extremity Symptoms
Authors: Dunlop Dorothy D. , Song Jing , Lee Jungwha , Gilbert Abigail L. , Semanik Pamela A. , Ehrlich‐Jones Linda , Pellegrini Christine A. , Pinto Daniel , Ainsworth Barbara , Chang Rowland W. 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveTo identify an evidence‐based minimum physical activity threshold to predict improved or sustained high function for adults with lower‐extremity joint symptoms.MethodsProspective multisite data from 1,629 adults, age ≥49 years with symptomatic lower‐extremity joint pain/aching/stiffness, participating in the Osteoarthritis Initiative accelerometer monitoring substudy were clinically assessed 2 years apart. Improved/high function in 2‐year gait speed and patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) were based on improving or remaining in the best (i.e., maintaining high) function quintile compared to baseline status. Optimal thresholds predicting improved/high function were investigated using classification trees for the legacy federal guideline metric requiring 150 minutes/week of moderate‐vigorous (MV) activity in bouts lasting 10 minutes or more (MV‐bout) and other metrics (total MV, sedentary, light intensity activity, nonsedentary minutes/week).ResultsOptimal thresholds based on total MV minutes/week predicted improved/high function outcomes more strongly than the legacy or other investigated metrics. Meeting the 45 total MV minutes/week threshold had increased relative risk (RR) for improved/high function (gait speed RR 1.8, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.6, 2.1 and PRO physical function RR 1.4, 95% CI 1.3, 1.6) compared to less active adults. Thresholds were consistent across sex, body mass index, knee osteoarthritis status, and age.ConclusionThese results supported a physical activity minimum threshold of 45 total MV minutes/week to promote improved or sustained high function for adults with lower‐extremity joint symptoms. This evidence‐based threshold is less rigorous than federal guidelines (≥150 MV‐bout minutes/week) and provides an intermediate goal towards the federal guideline for adults with lower‐extremity symptoms.
“Official View” on Glucocorticoids in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review of International Guidelines and Consensus Statements
Authors: Palmowski Yannick , Buttgereit Thomas , Dejaco Christian , Bijlsma Johannes W. , Matteson Eric L. , Voshaar Marieke , Boers Maarten , Buttgereit Frank 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveTo describe the perception of the current role of systemic glucocorticoids in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by examining their importance and the current level of evidence in recent guidelines, and to identify open questions to be addressed in future guidelines and research projects.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature review using the databases Ovid Embase, PubMed Medline, and Cochrane Library for guidelines on the pharmacologic treatment of RA. Retrieved articles were evaluated regarding their quality using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II tool and scrutinized for all relevant information concerning the use of glucocorticoids.ResultsAll guidelines agree that glucocorticoids, especially if given at low doses and for a short duration, are an appropriate option in the treatment of RA. However, many recommendations remain vague, as reliable and detailed evidence is scarce. Important aspects of glucocorticoid therapy are partially or completely neglected, and the existing nomenclature is not used uniformly. Quality evaluation revealed flaws in many articles, concerning not only glucocorticoid‐specific recommendations but also guideline quality in general.ConclusionCurrent recommendations for use of glucocorticoids in the management of RA are suboptimal. More rigorous evaluation of doses, timing, and duration of their use is needed. Existing nomenclature on glucocorticoid therapy should be used uniformly.
Three‐Dimensional Ordered Antibody Arrays Through Self‐Assembly of Antibody–Polymer Conjugates
Authors: Dong Xue‐Hui , Obermeyer Allie C. , Olsen Bradley D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThree‐dimensional (3D) ordered arrays of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) were fabricated using well‐defined full‐length antibody–polymer conjugates (APCs). The conjugates were prepared through a two‐step sequential click approach with a combination of oxime ligation and strain promoted alkyne–azide cycloaddition. They were able to self‐assemble into lamellar nanostructures with alternating IgG and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) nanodomains. As a proof‐of‐concept, these materials were fabricated into thin films and their specific binding ability was tested. The nanostructure not only improves the packing density and the proper orientation of the IgG, but also provides nanochannels to facilitate substrate transport.
Regioselective One‐Pot Synthesis of Triptycenes via Triple‐Cycloadditions of Arynes to Ynolates
Authors: Umezu Satoshi , dos Passos Gomes Gabriel , Yoshinaga Tatsuro , Sakae Mikei , Matsumoto Kenji , Iwata Takayuki , Alabugin Igor , Shindo Mitsuru 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe developed the novel one‐pot synthetic method of substituted triptycenes by the reaction of ynolates and arynes. This four‐step process involves three cycloadditions and electrocyclic ring opening of the strained Dewar anthracene. Each of the three related but structurally distinct classes of nucleophiles (ynolate, enolate, and anthracenolate) reacts with o‐benzyne in the same predictable manner controlled by chelation and negative hyperconjugation. The resulting functionalized C3‐symmetrical triptycenes hold promise in the design of functional materials.
Not Only Columns: High Hole Mobility in a Discotic Nematic Mesophase Formed by Metal‐Containing Porphyrin‐Core Dendrimers
Authors: Concellón Alberto , Marcos Mercedes , Romero Pilar , Serrano José Luis , Termine Roberto , Golemme Attilio 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe report a new family of multifunctional liquid‐crystalline porphyrin‐core dendrimers that have coumarin functional groups around the porphyrin core. Porphyrin metalation strongly affects the photophysical properties, and therefore ZnII and CuII derivatives have also been prepared. All the synthesized dendrimers form a nematic discotic mesophase. Their high tendency for homeotropic alignment makes these dendrimers excellent candidates for device applications, owing to their easy processability, spontaneous alignment between electrodes, and self‐healing of defects because of their dynamic nature. The charge mobility values of these materials are the highest ever reported for a nematic discotic phase. Moreover, these values are similar to the highest values reported for ordered columnar mesophases, and this shows that a supramolecular organization in columns is not necessary to achieve high charge mobility.
Effects of reversed arrangement of electrodes on electrospun nanofibers
Authors: Li Zhuang , Liu Ruigang , Huang Yong , Zhou Ji 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe process of electrospinning can be affected by various parameters, leading to as‐prepared nanofibers with different morphology and properties. In order to explore the impact of DC(+) high‐voltage position on the resultant nanofibers, two setups with DC(+) high‐voltage individually tethered to the needle (S‐1) and the collecting plate (S‐2) were fabricated. Nanofibers produced by both setups under the same conditions were examined to distinguish their differences in morphology and electrostatic properties. It was found that the nanofibers with positive surface potential produced by the S‐1 setup have a larger surface coverage and porosity, smaller average diameter, and wider distribution of diameters. Furthermore, the differences between both setups in the trajectory of flying jets and the distribution of electric field intensity were studied. The results showed that the volume charge density (VCD) of the flying jets plays a crucial role in determining the morphology and electrostatic properties of the resultant nanofibers. The relationship between the position of DC(+) high‐voltage and the VCD of flying jets was then discussed, which could develop a better understanding of the process of electrospinning and deliver more accurate control over the production of various functional nanofibers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44687.
Identification of Functional and Expression Polymorphisms Associated With Risk for Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibody–Associated Vasculitis
Authors: Merkel Peter A. , Xie Gang , Monach Paul A. , Ji Xuemei , Ciavatta Dominic J. , Byun Jinyoung , Pinder Benjamin D. , Zhao Ai , Zhang Jinyi , Tadesse Yohannes , Qian David , Weirauch Matthew , Nair Rajan , Tsoi Alex , Pagnoux Christian , Carette Simon , Chung Sharon , Cuthbertson David , Davis John C. , Dellaripa Paul F. , Forbess Lindsy , Gewurz‐Singer Ora , Hoffman Gary S. , Khalidi Nader , Koening Curry , Langford Carol A. , Mahr Alfred D. , McAlear Carol , Moreland Larry , Seo E. Philip , Specks Ulrich , Spiera Robert F. , Sreih Antoine , St.Clair E. William , Stone John H. , Ytterberg Steven R. , Elder James T. , Qu Jia , Ochi Toshiki , Hirano Naoto , Edberg Jeffrey C. , Falk Ronald J. , Amos Christopher I. , Siminovitch Katherine A. ,   for the Vasculitis Clinical Research Consortium
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveTo identify risk alleles relevant to the causal and biologic mechanisms of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)–associated vasculitis (AAV).MethodsA genome‐wide association study and subsequent replication study were conducted in a total cohort of 1,986 cases of AAV (patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis [Wegener's] [GPA] or microscopic polyangiitis [MPA]) and 4,723 healthy controls. Meta‐analysis of these data sets and functional annotation of identified risk loci were performed, and candidate disease variants with unknown functional effects were investigated for their impact on gene expression and/or protein function.ResultsAmong the genome‐wide significant associations identified, the largest effect on risk of AAV came from the single‐nucleotide polymorphism variants rs141530233 and rs1042169 at the HLA–DPB1 locus (odds ratio [OR] 2.99 and OR 2.82, respectively) which, together with a third variant, rs386699872, constitute a triallelic risk haplotype associated with reduced expression of the HLA–DPB1 gene and HLA–DP protein in B cells and monocytes and with increased frequency of complementary proteinase 3 (PR3)–reactive T cells relative to that in carriers of the protective haplotype. Significant associations were also observed at the SERPINA1 and PTPN22 loci, the peak signals arising from functionally relevant missense variants, and at PRTN3, in which the top‐scoring variant correlated with increased PRTN3 expression in neutrophils. Effects of individual loci on AAV risk differed between patients with GPA and those with MPA or between patients with PR3‐ANCAs and those with myeloperoxidase‐ANCAs, but the collective population attributable fraction for these variants was substantive, at 77%.ConclusionThis study reveals the association of susceptibility to GPA and MPA with functional gene variants that explain much of the genetic etiology of AAV, could influence and possibly be predictors of the clinical presentation, and appear to alter immune cell proteins and responses likely to be key factors in the pathogenesis of AAV.
Stable Non‐fused [22]Pentaphyrins and A Fused [24]Pentaphyrin Displaying Crystal Polymorphism between Hückel and Möbius Structures
Authors: Yoneda Tomoki , Hoshino Tyuji , Neya Saburo 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPartially β‐substituted and meso‐tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)‐substituted [22]pentaphyrins 11 and 12 were synthesized by acid‐catalyzed condensation of a meso‐C6F5‐substituted tripyrrane dicarbinol with β‐alkylated dipyrromethanes. These [22]pentaphyrins are stable, allowing their characterization by NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopies, and X‐ray crystallography, and display strong aromaticity due to 22π‐electronic circuits. In methanol, β,β‐diethoxycarbonylated pentaphyrin 12 underwent an N‐fusion reaction to give N‐fused pentaphyrin 13, which exhibits crystal polymorphism between Hückel and Möbius structures, depending upon the recrystallization solvent.