bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le rôle et l’attitude de George V durant la première guerre mondiale : une popularité renouvelée au service de la monarchie
Authors: Piettre Pauline 
Published: November 2016

En novembre 1918, une foule se presse devant Buckingham Palace pour acclamer la famille royale. Alors que tant de dynasties ont été balayées par la guerre, la monarchie britannique en sort renforcée. Bien que le souverain ait peu de pouvoirs, en tant que monarque constitutionnel, George V a néanmoins su trouver une juste place pour être à la fois au plus près de son peuple durant ces longues années d’un conflit meurtrier mais aussi auprès de ses ministres et des militaires pour appuyer leurs actions ou les conseiller.	En prenant conscience du rôle unificateur qu’il pouvait représenter, il fit tout pour contribuer à l’unité nationale. En prenant aussi en compte la dimension patriotique et idéologique du conflit, il accepta de changer le nom de sa dynastie en 1917. Mais surtout, par son investissement et son implication dans la guerre, sans jamais chercher à renforcer ses pouvoirs, il fit de la monarchie britannique, une monarchie moderne et populaire.
Le travailleur non titulaire dans la fonction publique : une figure emblématique des marges de l’emploi
Authors: Bresson Maryse 
Published: November 2016

Cet article analyse les marges de l’emploi à travers la figure emblématique du travailleur « non titulaire » dans la fonction publique en France. Il lui applique la double idée, d’une part, d’un « en deçà de l’emploi », qui reviendrait à la situation du xix e siècle ; d’autre part, d’un « au-delà de l’emploi » préfigurant une nouvelle norme. Montrant que l’acceptabilité est dans les deux cas, impossible, l’auteure en déduit que le devenir de la fonction publique comme du modèle d’emploi est aujourd’hui à la fois incertain et ouvert.
Politique de la concurrence et gouvernance globale : ça se discute
Authors: Mavroidis Petros C. , Neven Damien J. 
Published: November 2016

Cet article présente un aperçu de certains conflits soulevés par la mise en application de la politique de la concurrence au niveau global. Nous présentons une taxonomie de leurs origines et des différents mécanismes de gouvernance susceptibles de les résoudre. Nous observons que bon nombre de conflits récents sont associés à l’utilisation de la politique de la concurrence de manière stratégique en faveur d’entreprises domestiques et à une distribution très asymétrique des conséquences des décisions entre juridictions. Dans les deux cas, un mécanisme de capture des autorités nationales semble exacerber les conflits. Dans ce contexte, il semble souhaitable d’introduire une discipline à travers un mécanisme de mise en cause des décisions prises par d’autres juridictions au moins par rapport au respect des normes nationales en matière de concurrence. Nous concluons que les accords de libre-échange bilatéraux constituent probablement le meilleur instrument pour introduire une telle discipline. De ce point de vue, on doit espérer que le projet d’accord sur la libéralisation des échanges transatlantiques soit développé dans le sens d’une meilleure gouvernance de la politique de la concurrence. Classification JEL : K40
Les conseillers techniques du ministère des Sports. Création et contrôle d’un corps d’agents de l’État (1960-1987)
Authors: Julhe Samuel , Honta Marina 
Published: November 2016

Au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la politique sportive de la France a donné lieu au renforcement d’un partenariat entre l’État et un ensemble de fédérations sportives délégataires. L’aide des pouvoirs publics prend notamment la forme d’un soutien en personnels qui depuis 1985 sont regroupés au sein d’un corps de catégorie A de la fonction publique de l’État : les conseillers techniques sportifs. Ces agents occupent aujourd’hui une position singulière et dérogatoire parmi les fonctionnaires dans la mesure où ils sont « placés auprès » des fédérations alors que le régime général connaît uniquement la position du « détachement » ou de la « mise à disposition ». Au croisement d’une sociologie de l’action publique et d’une sociologie des professions, cet article entend retracer l’origine de ce corps et les enjeux qui la sous-tendent. Les matériaux mobilisés, provenant à la fois d’archives et d’entretiens, amènent plus particulièrement à décrire les mécanismes des régimes de contrôle de leur travail ainsi que les luttes qui se font jour entre les représentants de ces professionnels, leur ministère de tutelle et les institutions auprès de qui ils sont placés.
Culture visuelle et mémoire de l’esclavage : regards français sur les populations d’origine africaine dans le Brésil du XIXe siècle
Authors: Araujo Ana Lucia 
Published: November 2016

Cet article analyse les contributions des peintres Jean-Baptiste Debret (1768–1848) et François-Auguste Biard (1799–1882) à la construction de l’image publique du Brésil. Comment ont-ils représenté les populations d’origine africaine et l’esclavage au Brésil ? Quelles sont les similarités et les différences entre leurs travaux ? L’analyse des contextes distincts de leurs séjours au Brésil et l’examen de celles de leurs gravures qui ont pour thème l’esclavage, permettent de préciser leur rôle dans la construction de la mémoire collective et de la mémoire publique de l’esclavage au Brésil.
Jean-Baptiste Debret : le livre comme « mission ». Autour du Voyage pittoresque et historique au Brésil
Authors: Leenhardt Jacques 
Published: November 2016

Membre de la « Mission française » de 1816, Jean-Baptiste Debret ne s’en tient pas à son rôle de peintre officiel de la cour établie à Rio de Janeiro. Le regard qu’il porte sur le Brésil naissant s’exprime principalement dans l’ouvrage qu’il publie après son retour à Paris en 1831 : Voyage pittoresque et historique au Brésil (1834-1839). Ma contribution vise à mettre en évidence l’originalité de cet ouvrage, consacré à la vie quotidienne de la capitale. Elle montre l’importance qu’y prend la description des différentes strates sociales : la caste indienne, les esclaves, notamment les escravos de ganho, les Portugais et les nouveaux Brésiliens. À travers cet examen détaillé, par le texte et par l’image soigneusement commentée, Debret montre comment émergent les conditions politiques de la formation d’une nation métissée, organisée sous les lois d’une monarchie libérale. Le peintre s’est senti investi d’une véritable « mission », celle de faire voir, contre les tenants du statu quo, la dynamique collaborative des populations urbaines, ouvrant la voie à un Brésil postcolonial original.
Les Muses de Tijuca : Portugais et Français à Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Migliaccio Luciano 
Published: November 2016

L’historiographie de l’art au Brésil considère l’arrivée des artistes de la « Mission française » comme un événement fondateur qui aurait interrompu la tradition artistique coloniale et introduit des éléments caractéristiques de la modernité : institutions d’enseignement, expositions publiques, critique d’art. Cependant, si l’on considère la situation d’un point de vue interne à la culture figurative, dans le contexte de l’Empire colonial portugais, cette perspective peut se révéler erronée. Elle occulte la formation d’une civilisation artistique luso-brésilienne qui unissait aux traits persistants hérités du système social et religieux colonial, l’effort d’un renouvellement sur la base des ferments venus du réformisme illuministe. Cet article contribue à l’effort de compréhension des tensions entre artistes français et milieu culturel lusitanien au Brésil, à la lumière de la politique de promotion des arts mise en place par la couronne après son installation à Rio de Janeiro, politique qui conditionna jusqu’à l’implantation des modèles institutionnels inspirés par la France.
Human Regulatory T Cells Mediate Transcriptional Modulation of Dendritic Cell Function
Authors: Mavin Emily , Nicholson Lindsay , Rafez Ahmed Syed , Gao Fei , Dickinson Anne , Wang Xiao-nong 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) attenuate dendritic cell (DC) maturation and stimulatory function. Current knowledge on the functional impact of semimature DC is limited to CD4+ T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Little is known about the molecular basis underpinning the functional effects of Treg-treated DC (Treg-DC). We present novel evidence that Treg-DC skewed CD4+ naive T cell polarization toward a regulatory phenotype and impaired CD8+ T cell allo-reactive responses, including their ability to induce target tissue damage in a unique in vitro human graft-versus-host disease skin explant model. Microarray analysis clustered Treg-DC as a discrete population from mature-DC and immature-DC, with 51 and 93 genes that were significantly over- or underexpressed, respectively, compared with mature-DC. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed an intermediate expression level of CD38, CD83, CD80 and CD86 mRNA in Treg-DC, lower than mature-DC, higher than immature-DC. We also observed an attenuation of NF-κB pathway, an upstream regulator of the aforementioned genes, concomitant with reduced expression of two NF-κB-signaling related genes RELB and NFκBIZ, in the Treg-DC, together with an increased expression of Wnt5a, a negative regulator of DC differentiation. We further confirmed that the Treg-DC–mediated skewed CD4+ naive T cell polarization resulted from decreased IL-12 secretion by Treg-DC, which may be post-transcriptionally modulated by decreased expression of microRNA-155 in Treg-DC. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating a transcriptional modulation of DC function by human Treg, partially via attenuation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and upregulation of Wnt5a, suggesting Treg may interfere with DC reprogramming during maturation, thereby modulating DC function.
CX3CR1+ Cell–Mediated Salmonella Exclusion Protects the Intestinal Mucosa during the Initial Stage of Infection
Authors: Man Angela L. , Gicheva Nadezhda , Regoli Mari , Rowley Gary , De Cunto Giovanna , Wellner Nikolaus , Bassity Elizabeth , Gulisano Massimo , Bertelli Eugenio , Nicoletti Claudio 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
During Salmonella Typhimurium infection, intestinal CX3CR1+ cells can either extend transepithelial cellular processes to sample luminal bacteria or, very early after infection, migrate into the intestinal lumen to capture bacteria. However, until now, the biological relevance of the intraluminal migration of CX3CR1+ cells remained to be determined. We addressed this by using a combination of mouse strains differing in their ability to carry out CX3CR1-mediated sampling and intraluminal migration. We observed that the number of S. Typhimurium traversing the epithelium did not differ between sampling-competent/migration-competent C57BL/6 and sampling-deficient/migration-competent BALB/c mice. In contrast, in sampling-deficient/migration-deficient CX3CR1−/− mice the numbers of S. Typhimurium penetrating the epithelium were significantly higher. However, in these mice the number of invading S. Typhimurium was significantly reduced after the adoptive transfer of CX3CR1+ cells directly into the intestinal lumen, consistent with intraluminal CX3CR1+ cells preventing S. Typhimurium from infecting the host. This interpretation was also supported by a higher bacterial fecal load in CX3CR1+/gfp compared with CX3CR1gfp/gfp mice following oral infection. Furthermore, by using real-time in vivo imaging we observed that CX3CR1+ cells migrated into the lumen moving through paracellular channels within the epithelium. Also, we reported that the absence of CX3CR1-mediated sampling did not affect Ab responses to a noninvasive S. Typhimurium strain that specifically targeted the CX3CR1-mediated entry route. These data showed that the rapidly deployed CX3CR1+ cell–based mechanism of immune exclusion is a defense mechanism against pathogens that complements the mucous and secretory IgA Ab–mediated system in the protection of intestinal mucosal surface.
PGI2 Controls Pulmonary NK Cells That Prevent Airway Sensitization to House Dust Mite Allergen
Authors: Simons Bryan , Ferrini Maria E. , Carvalho Sophia , Bassett David J. P. , Jaffar Zeina , Roberts Kevan 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In allergic asthma, inhalation of airborne allergens such as the house dust mite (HDM) effectively activates both innate and adaptive immunity in the lung mucosa. To determine the role of the eicosanoid PGI2 and its receptor IP during allergic airway sensitization, HDM responses in mice lacking a functional IP receptor (i.e., PGI2 IP receptor–deficient [IP−/−]) were compared with wild type (WT) mice. Surprisingly, IP−/− mice had increased numbers of pulmonary CD3−NK1.1+Ly49b+ NK cells producing IFN-γ that was inversely associated with the number of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) expressing IL-33Rα and IL-13 compared with WT animals. This phenomenon was associated with elevated CX3CL1 levels in the airways of IP−/− mice and treatment with a neutralizing Ab to CX3CL1 reduced IFN-γ production by the lung NK cells. Remarkably, IP−/− mice were less responsive to HDM challenge than WT counterparts because intranasal instillation of the allergen induced markedly reduced levels of airway eosinophils, CD4+ lymphocyte infiltration, and mucus production, as well as depressed levels of CCL2 chemokine and Th2 cytokines. NK cells were responsible for such attenuated responses because depletion of NK1.1+ cells in IP−/− mice restored both the HDM-induced lung inflammation and ILC2 numbers, whereas transfer of CD3−NK1.1+ NK cells into the airways of WT hosts suppressed the inflammatory response. Collectively, these data demonstrate a hitherto unknown role for PGI2 in regulating the number and properties of NK cells resident in lung tissue and reveal a role for NK cells in limiting lung tissue ILC2s and preventing allergic inflammatory responses to inhaled HDM allergen.
Pulmonary Dendritic Cell Subsets Shape the Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Specific CD8+ T Cell Immunodominance Hierarchy in Neonates
Authors: Malloy Allison M. W. , Ruckwardt Tracy J. , Morabito Kaitlyn M. , Lau-Kilby Annie W. , Graham Barney S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractYoung infants are generally more susceptible to viral infections and experience more severe disease than do adults. CD8+ T cells are important for viral clearance, and although often ineffective in neonates they can be protective when adequately stimulated. Using a murine CB6F1/J hybrid model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, we previously demonstrated that the CD8+ T cell immunodominance hierarchy to two RSV-derived epitopes, KdM282–90 and DbM187–195, was determined by the age at infection. To determine whether age-dependent RSV-specific CD8+ T cell responses could be modified through enhanced innate signaling, we used TLR4 or TLR9 agonist treatment at the time of infection, which remarkably changed the neonatal codominant response to an adult-like KdM282–90 CD8+ T cell immunodominant response. This shift was associated with an increase in the number of conventional dendritic cells, CD11b+ and CD103+ dendritic cells, in the lung-draining lymph node, as well as increased expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86. The magnitude of the KdM282–90 CD8+ T cell response in TLR agonist–treated neonates could be blocked with Abs against CD80 and CD86. These studies demonstrate the age-dependent function of conventional dendritic cells, their role in determining immunodominance hierarchy, and epitope-specific CD8+ T cell requirements for costimulation, all of which influence the immune response magnitude. The unique impact of TLR agonists on neonatal T cell responses is important to consider for RSV vaccines designed for young infants.
Regulatory T Cells Promote Myositis and Muscle Damage in Toxoplasma gondii Infection
Authors: Jin Richard M. , Blair Sarah J. , Warunek Jordan , Heffner Reid R. , Blader Ira J. , Wohlfert Elizabeth A. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The coordination of macrophage polarization is essential for the robust regenerative potential of skeletal muscle. Repair begins with a phase mediated by inflammatory monocytes (IM) and proinflammatory macrophages (M1), followed by polarization to a proregenerative macrophage (M2) phenotype. Recently, regulatory T cells (Tregs) were described as necessary for this M1 to M2 transition. We report that chronic infection with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes a nonresolving Th1 myositis with prolonged tissue damage associated with persistent M1 accumulation. Surprisingly, Treg ablation during chronic infection rescues macrophage homeostasis and skeletal muscle fiber regeneration, showing that Tregs can directly contribute to muscle damage. This study provides evidence that the tissue environment established by the parasite could lead to a paradoxical pathogenic role for Tregs. As such, these findings should be considered when tailoring therapies directed at Tregs in inflammatory settings.
Platelets Mediate Host Defense against Staphylococcus aureus through Direct Bactericidal Activity and by Enhancing Macrophage Activities
Authors: Ali Ramadan A. , Wuescher Leah M. , Dona Keith R. , Worth Randall G. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Platelets are the chief effector cells in hemostasis. However, recent evidence suggests they have multiple roles in host defense against infection. Reports by us and others showed that platelets functionally contribute to protection against Staphylococcus aureus infection. In the current study, the capacity of mouse platelets to participate in host defense against S. aureus infection was determined by assessing two possibilities. First, we determined the ability of platelets to kill S. aureus directly; and, second, we tested the possibility that platelets enhance macrophage phagocytosis and intracellular killing of S. aureus. In this study we report evidence in support of both mechanisms. Platelets effectively killed two different strains of S. aureus. A clinical isolate of methicillin-resistant S. aureus was killed by platelets (&gt;40% killing in 2 h) in a thrombin-dependent manner whereas a methicillin-sensitive strain was killed to equal extent but did not require thrombin. Interestingly, thrombin-stimulated platelets also significantly enhanced peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis of both methicillin-resistant S. aureus and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus by &gt;70%, and restricted intracellular growth by &gt;40%. Enhancement of macrophage anti-S. aureus activities is independent of contact with platelets but is mediated through releasable products, namely IL-1β. These data confirm our hypothesis that platelets participate in host defense against S. aureus both through direct killing of S. aureus and enhancing the antimicrobial function of macrophages in protection against S. aureus infection.
Critical Role of LTB4/BLT1 in IL-23–Induced Synovial Inflammation and Osteoclastogenesis via NF-κB
Authors: Bouchareychas Laura , Grössinger Eva M. , Kang Mincheol , Qiu Hong , Adamopoulos Iannis E. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
IL-23 activates the synthesis and production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in myeloid cells, which modulate inflammatory arthritis. In this study we investigated the role of LTB4 and its receptor LTB4R1 (BLT1) in synovial inflammation and osteoclast differentiation. Specifically, we used IL-23 in vivo gene transfer to induce arthritis in mice and showed that elevated serum LTB4 and synovial expression of 5-lipoxygenase correlated with increased disease severity by histological evaluation and paw swelling compared with GFP gene transfer controls. To further investigate the effect of the LTB4 pathway in bone loss, we performed osteoclast differentiation assays by stimulating with M-CSF and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand bone marrow cells derived from BLT1+/+ and/or BLT1−/− mice and used quantitative PCR for gene expression analysis in terminally differentiated osteoclasts. Deficiency in BLT1 resulted in the upregulation of osteoclast-related genes and an increase in the formation of giant, multinucleated TRAP+ cells capable of F-actin ring formation. Additionally, BLT1 deficiency showed an increase of phosphorylated NF-κB and phosphorylated IκB levels in osteoclasts. We also performed real-time calcium imaging to study the effect of BLT1 deficiency in receptor activator of NF-κ-B ligand–induced activation of intracellular calcium flux in vitro. Our data show that LTB4 and its receptor BLT1 exacerbate synovial inflammation in vivo and bone resorption in vitro, suggesting that LTB4 and BLT1 could be effectively targeted for the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases.
OX40 Cooperates with ICOS To Amplify Follicular Th Cell Development and Germinal Center Reactions during Infection
Authors: Tahiliani Vikas , Hutchinson Tarun E. , Abboud Georges , Croft Michael , Salek-Ardakani Shahram 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Cognate interactions between T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and B cells are essential for promoting protective Ab responses. Whereas costimulatory receptors such as ICOS are accepted as being important for the induction of Tfh cell fate decision, other molecules may play key roles in amplifying or maintaining the Tfh phenotype. In this study, with vaccinia virus infection in mice, we show that OX40 was expressed on Tfh cells that accumulated at the T/B borders in the white pulp of the spleen and that OX40-dependent signals directly shaped the magnitude and quality of the their response to viral Ags. OX40 deficiency in Tfh cells profoundly impaired the acquisition of germinal center (GC) B cell phenotype, plasma cell generation, and virus-specific Ab responses. Most significantly, we found that sustained interactions between OX40 and its ligand, OX40L, beyond the time of initial encounter with dendritic cells were required for the persistence of high numbers of Tfh and GC B cells. Interestingly, OX40 was coexpressed with ICOS on Tfh cells in and around the GC, and ICOS–ICOSL interactions were similarly crucial at late times for maintenance of the Tfh and GC B cells. Thus, OX40 and ICOS act in a cooperative, nonredundant manner to maximize and prolong the Tfh response that is generated after acute virus infection.
Complement Protein C1q Enhances Macrophage Foam Cell Survival and Efferocytosis
Authors: Pulanco Marc C. , Cosman Jason , Ho Minh-Minh , Huynh Jessica , Fing Karina , Turcu Jacqueline , Fraser Deborah A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn the atherosclerotic lesion, macrophages ingest high levels of damaged modified low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), generating macrophage foam cells. Foam cells undergo apoptosis and, if not efficiently cleared by efferocytosis, can undergo secondary necrosis, leading to plaque instability and rupture. As a component of the innate immune complement cascade, C1q recognizes and opsonizes modified forms of LDL, such as oxidized or acetylated LDL, and promotes ingestion by macrophages in vitro. C1q was shown to be protective in an atherosclerosis model in vivo. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether ingestion of modified LDL in the presence of C1q alters macrophage foam cell survival or function. In an unbiased transcriptome analysis, C1q was shown to modulate expression of clusters of genes involved in cell death and apoptosis pathways in human monocyte–derived macrophages ingesting modified LDL; this was validated by quantitative PCR in human and murine macrophages. C1q downregulated levels and activity of active caspase-3 and PARP-1 in human and mouse macrophages during ingestion of modified LDL. This led to a measurable increase in survival and decrease in cell death, as measured by alamarBlue and propidium iodide assays, respectively. C1q opsonization also increased phagocytosis and efferocytosis in macrophage foam cells. These data suggest that C1q promotes macrophage survival during ingestion of excess cholesterol, as well as improves foam cell efferocytic function. This may be important in slowing disease progression and provides insight into the protective role of C1q in early atherosclerosis.