bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyzing the Determinants of Non-farm Income Diversification of Farm Households in Peshawar District of Pakistan
Authors: Kanwal Nazish , Khan Muhammad Ammad , Zheng Zhihao 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The agricultural sector in Pakistan is not well-established to provide full employment opportunities and sufficient income for needed living standard to the rural population. Stagnant agricultural productivity and low returns in farming have led rural residents to look for alternative livelihoods, especially non-farm employment. With this background, the present study is an endeavor to empirically determine the factors of non-farm income diversification of rural farm households in Peshawar district of Pakistan. The study was undertaken in four villages and data was amassed from 196 small farming households by using the multi-stage sampling technique. The data were analyzed using the descriptive statistical measures, the mean of income shares approach and the ordinary least squares regression analysis. The results indicate that in all the selected villages, the pattern of non-farm employment was more or less the same; however, the income from non-farm employment activities had an important contribution towards incrementing the absolute income of farm households. Non-farm income diversification is hence crucial for sustaining livelihoods and an integral dimension for invigorating rural economies. Therefore, the study recommends the promotion of non-farm employment as a good strategy for supplementing the income of small farmers without shifting attention from agriculture.
A Bayesian Account of Visual–Vestibular Interactions in the Rod-and-Frame Task
Authors: Alberts Bart B.G.T. , de Brouwer Anouk J. , Selen Luc P.J. , Medendorp W. Pieter 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPanoramic visual cues, as generated by the objects in the environment, provide the brain with important information about gravity direction. To derive an optimal, i.e., Bayesian, estimate of gravity direction, the brain must combine panoramic information with gravity information detected by the vestibular system. Here, we examined the individual sensory contributions to this estimate psychometrically. We asked human subjects to judge the orientation (clockwise or counterclockwise relative to gravity) of a briefly flashed luminous rod, presented within an oriented square frame (rod-in-frame). Vestibular contributions were manipulated by tilting the subject’s head, whereas visual contributions were manipulated by changing the viewing distance of the rod and frame. Results show a cyclical modulation of the frame-induced bias in perceived verticality across a 90° range of frame orientations. The magnitude of this bias decreased significantly with larger viewing distance, as if visual reliability was reduced. Biases increased significantly when the head was tilted, as if vestibular reliability was reduced. A Bayesian optimal integration model, with distinct vertical and horizontal panoramic weights, a gain factor to allow for visual reliability changes, and ocular counterroll in response to head tilt, provided a good fit to the data. We conclude that subjects flexibly weigh visual panoramic and vestibular information based on their orientation-dependent reliability, resulting in the observed verticality biases and the associated response variabilities.
Adrenal crisis secondary to bilateral adrenal haemorrhage after hemicolectomy
Authors: Logaraj Anthony , Tsang Venessa H M , Kabir Shahrir , Ip Julian C Y 
Published: October 2016

Summary
Adrenal haemorrhage is a rare cause of adrenal crisis, which requires rapid diagnosis, prompt initiation of parenteral hydrocortisone and haemodynamic monitoring to avoid hypotensive crises. We herein describe a case of bilateral adrenal haemorrhage after hemicolectomy in a 93-year-old female with high-grade colonic adenocarcinoma. This patient’s post-operative recovery was complicated by an acute hypotensive episode, hypoglycaemia and syncope, and subsequent computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen revealed bilateral adrenal haemorrhage. Given her labile blood pressure, intravenous hydrocortisone was commenced with rapid improvement of blood pressure, which had incompletely responded with fluids. A provisional diagnosis of hypocortisolism was made. Initial heparin-induced thrombocytopenic screen (HITTS) was positive, but platelet count and coagulation profile were both normal. The patient suffered a concurrent transient ischaemic attack with no neurological deficits. She was discharged on a reducing dose of oral steroids with normal serum cortisol levels at the time of discharge. She and her family were educated about lifelong steroids and the use of parenteral steroids should a hypoadrenal crisis eventuate.

Learning points:

Adrenal haemorrhage is a rare cause of hypoadrenalism, and thus requires prompt diagnosis and management to prevent death from primary adrenocortical insufficiency.
Mechanisms of adrenal haemorrhage include reduced adrenal vascular bed capillary resistance, adrenal vein thrombosis, catecholamine-related increased adrenal blood flow and adrenal vein spasm.
Standard diagnostic assessment is a non-contrast CT abdomen.
Intravenous hydrocortisone and intravenous substitution of fluids are the initial management.
A formal diagnosis of primary adrenal insufficiency should never delay treatment, but should be made afterwards.
Justicia penal, derechos fundamentales e independencia judicial
Authors: MARTÍNEZ MAURICIO 
Published: October 2016

<p><strong>1. LA ENSEÑANZA DE LOS DERECHOS FUNDAMENTALES EN MATERIA PENAL</strong><strong></strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>A partir de la Constitución Política de 1991, todos los ámbitos de intervención del Estado han sido influenciados por la temática de los derechos fundamentales. En el área de la justicia penal, la necesi- dad es mucho más apremiante, debido a las acusaciones que frente a este sistema de justicia se hacen por intervenir violando, paradójicamente, aquellos bienes y derechos programados para su protección. Además, Colombia es parte del desconocimiento sistemático de ellos practicado en la región, tal como se evidenciara en la investigación realizada por el Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos desde 1986. En esta investigación y en otras en las que personalmente he participado, se formulan objeciones serias al sistema penal y a su política criminal, tanto por defecto como por exceso.</p>
LA RESPONSABILIDAD FISCAL EN COLOMBIA Y LA IMPOSIBILIDAD DEL RESARCIMIENTO PATRIMONIAL
Authors: ORDÓÑEZ  VÁSQUEZ TATIANA 
Published: October 2016

<p>El control fiscal es, en Colombia, una función pública que consiste en verificar la manera en que se manejan o administran los dineros públicos.</p><p> </p><p>Los funcionarios públicos y particulares en ejercicio de funciones públicas, o contratistas que manejen o administren recursos públicos, al hacerlo deben consultar los intereses públicos de manera transparen- te, de conformidad con los principios y la normatividad aplicables, protegiendo el patrimonio público, asegurándose que todas las actividades tecnológicas, legales y económicas, la adquisición, la planifica- ción, la conservación, la administración, la custodia, la explotación, la enajenación, el consumo, el gasto, la inversión se efectúen según los fines esenciales del Estado y conforme a los principios consti- tucionales y legales, tales como la legalidad, la eficiencia, la economía, la eficacia, la equidad, la impar- cialidad, la moralidad, la transparencia, la publicidad y la evaluación de los costos ambientales.</p><p> </p><p>En Colombia las autoridades que ejercen el control fiscal son la Contraloría General de la República, las contralorías territoriales y la Auditoría General de la República. Su función fiscalizadora permite poner en evidencia presuntos responsables fiscales que con su omisión o acción, dentro del concepto de ges- tión fiscal, han causado detrimento patrimonial, que una vez judicializados sean castigados y resarcido el daño causado al erario.</p><p> </p><p>No obstante existir en Colombia la figura sólida de la responsabilidad fiscal como acción legal orientada a recuperar el patrimonio público dañado, la Corte Constitucional como máxima autori- dad en temas constitucionales la ha convertido en una herramienta rota que impide la recupera- ción del patrimonio público dañado.</p><p> </p><p>Con la sentencia C-619 de 8 de agosto de 2002, la Corte Constitucional impuso al funcionario instructor del proceso de responsabilidad fiscal la necesidad de probar culpa grave para responsabilidad fiscalmente, en lugar de culpa leve que se equipara a la negligencia tal como estaba previsto originariamente por el legislador al expedir la Ley 610 de 2000. Esta decisión de la Corte trajo como resultado un obstáculo que impide la recuperación del patrimonio público dañado con culpa leve y en lugar de atacar la corrupción, es un anuncio de tolerancia frente a la impunidad.</p><p> </p>
Fuentes tomistas contemporáneas de la filosofía política: atisbos del paradigma tomasiano
Authors: CÁRDENAS SIERRA CARLOS ALBERTO , GUARÍN RAMÍREZ EDGAR ANTONIO 
Published: October 2016

<p>Con la ayuda de cuatro filósofos políticos tomistas contemporáneos (Copleston, Lachance, Maritain y Chal- meta), trazamos esbozos del paradigma de la filosofía política de Tomás de Aquino1, que servirá de base para el diálogo con los filósofos políticos contemporáneos. El presente artículo integra, en este estado inicial de la investigación, dos ensayos: el primero presenta nuestra posición frente a la distinción entre filosofía política y ciencia política, clave epistemológica del arranque de la investigación; y, el segundo, trata de articular tres épocas del tomismo político contemporáneo (los primeros tres cuartos del siglo XX, último cuarto y contemporaneidad) en torno a las relaciones entre los conceptos de “bien común”, lo “uno” y lo “múltiple”.</p><p> </p><p>Los mencionados ensayos pertenecen al “contexto de descubrimiento”, según lo planteara Reichenbach en su <em>Experience and Prediction </em>(1938). En el aludido “contexto” de la ciencia encontramos la investigación en el siguiente estado: búsqueda, recolección de información y organización de datos.</p>
Sociedad de riesgo y necesidad de una fundamentación del Derecho en la persona humana considerada metafísicamente
Authors: GUARÍN RAMÍREZ ÉDGAR ANTONIO 
Published: October 2016

<p>En el pensamiento de algunos de los grandes filósofos del Derecho de las últimas décadas, como R. Dworkin y A. Kaufmann, se encuentra una constante insistencia en la necesidad de tomarse los derechos de las personas en serio –palabras de Dworkin–, y de establecer un Derecho de contenido material que sea análogo a la persona humana –en palabras de Kaufmann. Esta necesidad se hace aún más imperiosa en la actualidad, si se tiene en cuenta que se vive en una sociedad de riesgo mundial que, a través de la investigación científica efectuada sobre el ser humano, ha puesto al ser humano frente a un sinnúmero de cuestiones, que exigen no perder de vista algunos criterios claros de orden antropológico que, a su vez, se constituyan en máximas de verdad “no negociables”, so pena de poner en riesgo la permanencia del hombre sobre la tierra.</p><p> </p><p>Esos criterios deben ser la base del derecho y constituir su razón de ser. Esta afirmación lleva a plantear, desde la perspectiva del realismo filosófico aristotélico-tomista –el cual irriga cada vez con más amplitud el pensamiento actual como se demuestra a lo largo de este artículo–, la necesidad de fundamentar el derecho en la persona, pero respetando la radicalidad de su ser, lo que implica que deba ser concebida metafísicamente. Dicha concepción metafísica, indica lo que es la realidad del “de suyo” humano –para ponerlo en términos del gran filósofo español X. Zubiri–; realidad que se impone como el límite que no puede ser rebasado por la ciencia, so pena, de poner en riesgo la propia preservación de la especie hu- mana en el mundo.</p>
Acceso a la justicia internacional: una lectura transversal del CIADI y el OSD de la OMC
Authors: BURGOS GERMÁN 
Published: October 2016

<p>Este artículo identifica un conjunto de tendencias transversales que caracterizan el acceso a la justicia de los Estados del tercer mundo en el CIADI del Banco Mundial y el OSD de la OMC. En tal sentido, plantea un conjunto de hipótesis sobre lo que serían las principales oportunidades y obstáculos para dicho acceso a partir de un marco analítico que ubica las particularidades que tiene la justicia internacional en compa- ración con la administración de justicia de tipo nacional.</p><p> </p>
A Linkage Map and QTL Analysis for Pyrethroid Resistance in the Bed BugCimex lectularius
Authors: Fountain Toby , Ravinet Mark , Naylor Richard , Reinhardt Klaus , Butlin Roger K 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe rapid evolution of insecticide resistance remains one of the biggest challenges in the control of medically and economically important pests. Insects have evolved a diverse range of mechanisms to reduce the efficacy of the commonly used classes of insecticides, and finding the genetic basis of resistance is a major aid to management. In a previously unstudied population, we performed an F2 resistance mapping cross for the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, for which insecticide resistance is increasingly widespread. Using 334 SNP markers obtained through RAD-sequencing, we constructed the first linkage map for the species, consisting of 14 putative linkage groups (LG), with a length of 407 cM and an average marker spacing of 1.3 cM. The linkage map was used to reassemble the recently published reference genome, facilitating refinement and validation of the current genome assembly. We detected a major QTL on LG12 associated with insecticide resistance, occurring in close proximity (1.2 Mb) to a carboxylesterase encoding candidate gene for pyrethroid resistance. This provides another example of this candidate gene playing a major role in determining survival in a bed bug population following pesticide resistance evolution. The recent availability of the bed bug genome, complete with a full list of potential candidate genes related to insecticide resistance, in addition to the linkage map generated here, provides an excellent resource for future research on the development and spread of insecticide resistance in this resurging pest species.
Tissue Culture as a Source of Replicates in Nonmodel Plants: Variation in Cold Response inArabidopsis lyratassp.petraea
Authors: Kenta Tanaka , Edwards Jessica E M , Butlin Roger K , Burke Terry , Quick W Paul , Urwin Peter , Davey Matthew P 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWhile genotype–environment interaction is increasingly receiving attention by ecologists and evolutionary biologists, such studies need genetically homogeneous replicates—a challenging hurdle in outcrossing plants. This could be potentially overcome by using tissue culture techniques. However, plants regenerated from tissue culture may show aberrant phenotypes and “somaclonal” variation. Here, we examined somaclonal variation due to tissue culturing using the response to cold treatment of photosynthetic efficiency (chlorophyll fluorescence measurements for Fv/Fm, Fv′/Fm′, and ΦPSII, representing maximum efficiency of photosynthesis for dark- and light-adapted leaves, and the actual electron transport operating efficiency, respectively, which are reliable indicators of photoinhibition and damage to the photosynthetic electron transport system). We compared this to variation among half-sibling seedlings from three different families of Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. petraea. Somaclonal variation was limited, and we could detect within-family variation in change in chlorophyll fluorescence due to cold shock successfully with the help of tissue-culture derived replicates. Icelandic and Norwegian families exhibited higher chlorophyll fluorescence, suggesting higher performance after cold shock, than a Swedish family. Although the main effect of tissue culture on Fv/Fm, Fv′/Fm′, and ΦPSII was small, there were significant interactions between tissue culture and family, suggesting that the effect of tissue culture is genotype-specific. Tissue-cultured plantlets were less affected by cold treatment than seedlings, but to a different extent in each family. These interactive effects, however, were comparable to, or much smaller than the single effect of family. These results suggest that tissue culture is a useful method for obtaining genetically homogenous replicates for studying genotype–environment interaction related to adaptively-relevant phenotypes, such as cold response, in nonmodel outcrossing plants.
Microenvironmental Gene Expression Plasticity Among IndividualDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Lin Yanzhu , Chen Zhen-Xia , Oliver Brian , Harbison Susan T 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDifferences in phenotype among genetically identical individuals exposed to the same environmental condition are often noted in genetic studies. Despite this commonplace observation, little is known about the causes of this variability, which has been termed microenvironmental plasticity. One possibility is that stochastic or technical sources of variance produce these differences. A second possibility is that this variation has a genetic component. We have explored gene expression robustness in the transcriptomes of 730 individual Drosophila melanogaster of 16 fixed genotypes, nine of which are infected with Wolbachia. Three replicates of flies were grown, controlling for food, day/night cycles, humidity, temperature, sex, mating status, social exposure, and circadian timing of RNA extraction. Despite the use of inbred genotypes, and carefully controlled experimental conditions, thousands of genes were differentially expressed, revealing a unique and dynamic transcriptional signature for each individual fly. We found that 23% of the transcriptome was differentially expressed among individuals, and that the variability in gene expression among individuals is influenced by genotype. This transcriptional variation originated from specific gene pathways, suggesting a plastic response to the microenvironment; but there was also evidence of gene expression differences due to stochastic fluctuations. These observations reveal previously unappreciated genetic sources of variability in gene expression among individuals, which has implications for complex trait genetics and precision medicine.
Evolutionary Insights into Taste Perception of the Invasive PestDrosophila suzukii
Authors: Crava Cristina M , Ramasamy Sukanya , Ometto Lino , Anfora Gianfranco , Rota-Stabelli Omar 
Published: October 2016

AbstractChemosensory perception allows insects to interact with the environment by perceiving odorant or tastant molecules; genes encoding chemoreceptors are the molecular interface between the environment and the insect, and play a central role in mediating its chemosensory behavior. Here, we explore how the evolution of these genes in the emerging pest Drosophila suzukii correlates with the peculiar ecology of this species. We annotated approximately 130 genes coding for gustatory receptors (GRs) and divergent ionotropic receptors (dIRs) in D. suzukii and in its close relative D. biarmipes. We then analyzed the evolution, in terms of size, of each gene family as well of the molecular evolution of the genes in a 14 Drosophila species phylogenetic framework. We show that the overall evolution of GRs parallels that of dIRs not only in D. suzukii, but also in all other analyzed Drosophila. Our results reveal an unprecedented burst of gene family size in the lineage leading to the suzukii subgroup, as well as genomic changes that characterize D. suzukii, particularly duplications and strong signs of positive selection in the putative bitter-taste receptor GR59d. Expression studies of duplicate genes in D. suzukii support a spatio-temporal subfunctionalization of the duplicate isoforms. Our results suggest that D. suzukii is not characterized by gene loss, as observed in other specialist Drosophila species, but rather by a dramatic acceleration of gene gains, compatible with a highly generalist feeding behavior. Overall, our analyses provide candidate taste receptors specific for D. suzukii that may correlate with its specific behavior, and which may be tested in functional studies to ultimately enhance its control in the field.
New Insights into the Roles of Host Gene-Necrotrophic Effector Interactions in Governing Susceptibility of Durum Wheat to Tan Spot and Septoria nodorum Blotch
Authors: Virdi Simerjot K , Liu Zhaohui , Overlander Megan E , Zhang Zengcui , Xu Steven S , Friesen Timothy L , Faris Justin D 
Published: October 2016

AbstractTan spot and Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) are important diseases of wheat caused by the necrotrophic fungi Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Parastagonospora nodorum, respectively. The P. tritici-repentis necrotrophic effector (NE) Ptr ToxB causes tan spot when recognized by the Tsc2 gene. The NE ToxA is produced by both pathogens and has been associated with the development of both tan spot and SNB when recognized by the wheat Tsn1 gene. Most work to study these interactions has been conducted in common wheat, but little has been done in durum wheat. Here, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of a segregating biparental population indicated that the Tsc2-Ptr ToxB interaction plays a prominent role in the development of tan spot in durum. However, analysis of two biparental populations indicated that the Tsn1-ToxA interaction was not associated with the development of tan spot, but was strongly associated with the development of SNB. Pa. nodorum expressed ToxA at high levels in infected Tsn1 plants, whereas ToxA expression in P. tritici-repentis was barely detectable, suggesting that the differences in disease levels associated with the Tsn1-ToxA interaction were due to differences in pathogen expression of ToxA. These and previous results together indicate that: (1) the effects of Tsn1-ToxA on tan spot in common wheat can range from nonsignificant to highly significant depending on the host genetic background; (2) Tsn1-ToxA is not a significant factor for tan spot development in durum wheat; and (3) Tsn1-ToxA plays a major role in SNB development in both common and durum wheat. Durum and common wheat breeders alike should strive to remove both Tsc2 and Tsn1 from their materials to achieve disease resistance.