bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduced Physics Models in SOLPS for Reactor Scoping Studies
Authors: Coster D. P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHeat exhaust is a challenge for ITER and becomes even more of an issue for devices beyond ITER. The main reason for this is that the power produced in the core scales as R3 while relying on standard exhaust physics results in the heat exhaust scaling as R1 (R is the major radius). ITER has used SOLPS (B2‐EIRENE) to design the ITER divertor, as well as to provide a database that supports the calculations of the ITER operational parameter space. The typical run time for such SOLPS runs is of the order 3 months (for D+C+He using EIRENE to treat the neutrals kinetically with an extensive choice of atomic and molecular physics). Future devices will be expected to radiate much of the power before it crosses the separatrix, and this requires treating extrinsic impurities such as Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe — the large number of charge states puts additional pressure on SOLPS, further slowing down the code.For design work of future machines, fast models have been implemented in system codes but these are usually unavoidably restricted in the included physics. As a bridge between system studies and detailed SOLPS runs, SOLPS offers a number of possibilities to speed up the code considerably at the cost of reducing the fidelity of the physics. By employing a fluid neutral model, aggressive bundling of the charge state of impurities, and reducing the size of the grids used, the run time for one second of physics time (which is often enough for the divertor to come to a steady state) can be reduced to approximately one day. This work looks at the impact of these trade‐offs in the physics by comparing key parameters for different simulation assumptions. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
EMC3‐EIRENE Simulation of Impurity Transport in Comparison with EUV Emission Measurements in the Stochastic Layer of LHD: Effects of Force Balance and Transport Coefficients
Authors: Dai S. , Kobayashi M. , Kawamura G. , Morita S. , Oishi T. , Zhang H. M. , Huang X.L. , Feng Y. , Wang D. Z. , Suzuki Y. , the LHD experiment group  
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe transport properties and line emissions of the intrinsic carbon in the stochastic layer of the Large Helical Device have been investigated with the three‐dimensional edge transport code EMC3‐EIRENE. The simulations of impurity transport and emissivity have been performed to study the dedicated experiment in which the carbon emission distributions are measured by a space‐resolved EUV spectrometer system. A discrepancy of the CIV impurity emission between the measurement and simulation is obtained, which is studied with the variation of the ion thermal force, friction force and the perpendicular diffusivity in the impurity transport model. An enhanced ion thermal force or a reduced friction force in the modelling can increase the CIV impurity emission at the inboard X‐point region. Furthermore, the impact of the perpendicular diffusivity Dimp is studied which shows that the CIV impurity emission pattern is very sensitive to Dimp. It is found that the simulation results with the increased Dimp tend to be closer to the experimental observation. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Turbulence Dynamics with the Coupling of Density Gradient and Parallel Velocity Gradient in the Edge Plasmas
Authors: Kosuga Y. , Itoh S.‐I. , Itoh K. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTheory of parallel shear flow driven instability (PSFI) and its impact on turbulence dynamics and transport are presented. The mode is linearly unstable when the parallel flow shear exceeds a critical value. The quasilinear particle flux contains both outward and inward components. Nonlinear dynamics is formulated in terms of hydrodynamic helicity balance. The result implies that once excited, PSFI with helicity may spread from the excited region to stable regions. Implication for turbulence in scrape off layer plasmas is discussed. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modeling of Small‐sized ELMs in Detached Divertor Plasmas
Authors: Pigarov A. Yu. , Krasheninnikov S.I. , Hollmann E. M. , Rognlien T. D. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSelf‐consistent modeling of edge plasma transport and deuterium wall inventory including multiple transient events was performed with the multi‐physics 2‐D transport code UEDGE‐MB‐W. In agreement with experimental data trends on DIII‐D, the modeling results show that relatively small‐sized and frequent type‐I Edge Localized Mode (ELM) events, which are typical for high‐power H‐mode discharges with strong deuterium gas‐puff fueling on this tokamak, are not “burning through” the formed detached plasma in the inner and, with further increase in fueling, in the outer divertor. In the latter case, the divertors are filled by sub‐eV, high‐density, strongly‐recombining and highly impurity contaminated plasma. Time‐dependent experimental data supporting the view that volumetric plasma recombination is enhanced during small‐sized ELMs penetrating into the detached plasma are discussed and the confirmatory results from UEDGE‐MB‐W modeling are presented. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Postarrest stalling rather than crawling favors CD8+ over CD4+ T‐cell migration across the blood–brain barrier under flow in vitro
Authors: Rudolph Henriette , Klopstein Armelle , Gruber Isabelle , Blatti Claudia , Lyck Ruth , Engelhardt Britta 
Published: June 2016

Although CD8+ T cells have been implied in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), the molecular mechanisms mediating CD8+ T‐cell migration across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) into the central nervous system (CNS) are ill defined. Using in vitro live cell imaging, we directly compared the multistep extravasation of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells across primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (pMBMECs) as a model for the BBB under physiological flow. Significantly higher numbers of CD8+ than CD4+ T cells arrested on pMBMECs under noninflammatory and inflammatory conditions. While CD4+ T cells polarized and crawled prior to their diapedesis, the majority of CD8+ T cells stalled and readily crossed the pMBMEC monolayer preferentially via a transcellular route. T‐cell arrest and crawling were independent of G‐protein‐coupled receptor signaling. Rather, absence of endothelial ICAM‐1 and ICAM‐2 abolished increased arrest of CD8+ over CD4+ T cells and abrogated T‐cell crawling, leading to the efficient reduction of CD4+, but to a lesser degree of CD8+, T‐cell diapedesis across ICAM‐1null/ICAM‐2−/− pMBMECs. Thus, cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating the multistep extravasation of activated CD8+ T cells across the BBB are distinguishable from those involved for CD4+ T cells.
A semi‐Lagrangian multi‐moment finite volume method with fourth‐order WENO projection
Authors: Sun Ziyao , Xiao Feng 
Published: June 2016

SummaryNumerical oscillation has been an open problem for high‐order numerical methods with increased local degrees of freedom (DOFs). Current strategies mainly follow the limiting projections derived originally for conventional finite volume methods and thus are not able to make full use of the sub‐cell information available in the local high‐order reconstructions. This paper presents a novel algorithm that introduces a nodal value‐based weighted essentially non‐oscillatory limiter for constrained interpolation profile/multi‐moment finite volume method (CIP/MM FVM) (Ii and Xiao, J. Comput. Phys., 222 (2007), 849–871) as an effort to pursue a better suited formulation to implement the limiting projection in schemes with local DOFs. The new scheme, CIP‐CSL‐WENO4 scheme, extends the CIP/MM FVM method by limiting the slope constraint in the interpolation function using the weighted essentially non‐oscillatory (WENO) reconstruction that makes use of the sub‐cell information available from the local DOFs and is built from the point values at the solution points within three neighboring cells, thus resulting a more compact WENO stencil. The proposed WENO limiter matches well the original CIP/MM FVM, which leads to a new scheme of high accuracy, algorithmic simplicity, and computational efficiency. We present the numerical results of benchmark tests for both scalar and Euler conservation laws to manifest the fourth‐order accuracy and oscillation‐suppressing property of the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncertainty quantification in LES of channel flow
Authors: Safta Cosmin , Blaylock Myra , Templeton Jeremy , Domino Stefan , Sargsyan Khachik , Najm Habib 
Published: June 2016

SummaryIn this paper, we present a Bayesian framework for estimating joint densities for large eddy simulation (LES) sub‐grid scale model parameters based on canonical forced isotropic turbulence direct numerical simulation (DNS) data. The framework accounts for noise in the independent variables, and we present alternative formulations for accounting for discrepancies between model and data. To generate probability densities for flow characteristics, posterior densities for sub‐grid scale model parameters are propagated forward through LES of channel flow and compared with DNS data. Synthesis of the calibration and prediction results demonstrates that model parameters have an explicit filter width dependence and are highly correlated. Discrepancies between DNS and calibrated LES results point to additional model form inadequacies that need to be accounted for. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PREDICTORS OF EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS IN 1‐YEAR‐OLD CHILDREN: A LONGITUDINAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Sirvinskiene Giedre , Zemaitiene Nida , Jusiene Roma , Markuniene Egle 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTEmotional and behavioral problems at an early age can reasonably be considered a high‐risk factor for later mental health disorders. The aim of the article is to reveal predictive factors of 1½‐year‐old children's emotional and behavioral problems. The study was a part of a prospective birth‐cohort study. The study sample consisted of 172 full‐term infants (born during Gestational Weeks 37–42) and their mothers. Emotional and behavioral problems at the age of 1½ years were measured using the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1½‐5 (T. Achenbach & L. Rescorla, 2000), which was completed by mothers. Emotional and behavioral problems at age of 1½ years were more prevalent in infants born via cesarean section, as compared to infants born vaginally without administration of medication. Newborns’ suboptimal functioning after birth, complicated emotional acceptance of pregnancy, a couple's nonsatisfactory relationship during pregnancy, maternal distress during pregnancy and in the first months after childbirth, and inflexible and parent‐oriented attitudes toward infant‐rearing also predicted children's emotional and behavioral problems independent of sociodemographic factors. Results suggest that biomedical and psychosocial factors which manifest themselves in the prenatal and perinatal periods can have associations with later infant and child mental health.
Identification of Senescent Cells in the Bone Microenvironment
Authors: Farr Joshua N , Fraser Daniel G , Wang Haitao , Jaehn Katharina , Ogrodnik Mikolaj B , Weivoda Megan M , Drake Matthew T , Tchkonia Tamara , LeBrasseur Nathan K , Kirkland James L , Bonewald Lynda F , Pignolo Robert J , Monroe David G , Khosla Sundeep 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Cellular senescence is a fundamental mechanism by which cells remain metabolically active yet cease dividing and undergo distinct phenotypic alterations, including upregulation of p16Ink4a, profound secretome changes, telomere shortening, and decondensation of pericentromeric satellite DNA. Because senescent cells accumulate in multiple tissues with aging, these cells and the dysfunctional factors they secrete, termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), are increasingly recognized as promising therapeutic targets to prevent age-related degenerative pathologies, including osteoporosis. However, the cell type(s) within the bone microenvironment that undergoes senescence with aging in vivo has remained poorly understood, largely because previous studies have focused on senescence in cultured cells. Thus in young (age 6 months) and old (age 24 months) mice, we measured senescence and SASP markers in vivo in highly enriched cell populations, all rapidly isolated from bone/marrow without in vitro culture. In both females and males, p16Ink4a expression by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (rt-qPCR) was significantly higher with aging in B cells, T cells, myeloid cells, osteoblast progenitors, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. Further, in vivo quantification of senescence-associated distension of satellites (SADS), ie, large-scale unraveling of pericentromeric satellite DNA, revealed significantly more senescent osteocytes in old compared with young bone cortices (11% versus 2%, p &lt; 0.001). In addition, primary osteocytes from old mice had sixfold more (p &lt; 0.001) telomere dysfunction-induced foci (TIFs) than osteocytes from young mice. Corresponding with the age-associated accumulation of senescent osteocytes was significantly higher expression of multiple SASP markers in osteocytes from old versus young mice, several of which also showed dramatic age-associated upregulation in myeloid cells. These data show that with aging, a subset of cells of various lineages within the bone microenvironment become senescent, although senescent myeloid cells and senescent osteocytes predominantly develop the SASP. Given the critical roles of osteocytes in orchestrating bone remodeling, our findings suggest that senescent osteocytes and their SASP may contribute to age-related bone loss. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Prognostic Factors From an Epidemiologic Evaluation of Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone in a Modern Cohort: The FRANCEDYS Study
Authors: Benhamou Johanna , Gensburger Deborah , Messiaen Claude , Chapurlat Roland 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Fibrous dysplasia of bone (FD) is a rare genetic but sporadic bone disease that can be responsible for bone pain, fracture, and bone deformity. The prognosis may be difficult to establish because of the wide spectrum of disease severity. We have analyzed the data from the French National Reference center for FD. We have established a database from standardized medical records. We have made descriptive statistics of the various forms of FD and examined the prognostic factors by multivariable logistic regression analysis, with a parsimonious stepwise method. The primary outcome was a clinically relevant composite index combining bone pain (visual analogic scale &gt;3) and/or incident fracture. In our modern cohort of 372 patients, the median age at diagnosis was 23 years. The revealing symptom (at a median age of 18 years) was bone pain in 44% of patients and a fracture in 9%, but the diagnosis was fortuitous in 25% of cases. Monostotic forms represented 58% of patients and polyostotic forms 42%. The femur was the most commonly affected bone (44% of patients), followed by the skull (38%). Twelve percent of patients had McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS). With a median duration of follow-up of 7 years among 211 patients, we observed an incidence of fracture of 17% and 51% of patients had no bone pain at the end of follow-up (with or without bisphosphonate therapy). In univariate analysis, younger age at diagnosis, renal phosphate wasting, a polyostotic form, prevalent fracture, and bisphosphonate use were significant predictors. In the multivariate model, the polyostotic form and bisphosphonate use remained significant predictors. In conclusion, in a national referral center for FD, one patient on follow-up out of six had incident fracture. A polyostotic form was the main risk factor of a poorer outcome. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A new method to classify ENSO events into eastern and central Pacific types
Authors: Jeong Hye‐In , Ahn Joong‐Bae 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTIn order to clearly classify El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events into eastern Pacific (EP) and central Pacific (CP) types, we develop two new indices defined as pattern correlation coefficients (PCCs) between monthly sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies (SSTAs) and first two leading empirical orthogonal function modes of tropical Pacific (20°S–20°N, 110°E–70°W) SSTAs. These new indices not only show close relationships with ENSO indices derived from several previous methods, but also demonstrate reasonable abilities to distinguish between two types of ENSO event. The major characteristic features of the EP‐type and CP‐type ENSO forcings are well captured from SST responses regressed onto each new index. Furthermore, the monthly frequencies of occurrences derived from two indices are quite similar to variation patterns of phase‐locking behaviours of two types of ENSO event.
Extracting a primary Holocene crytoptephra record from Pupuke maar sediments, Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: Zawalna‐Geer Aleksandra , Lindsay Jan M. , Davies Siwan , Augustinus Paul , Davies Sarah 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTPost‐depositional reworking of volcanic glass shards is a common problem in tephrochronological studies. Distinguishing between primary and reworked tephra is challenging, particularly in cryptotephra investigations that depend on identifying peaks of glass shard concentrations in sediment sequences rather than discrete macroscopic tephra layers. Here, we investigated macro‐ and cryptotephra in sediments of Lake Pupuke, New Zealand, to identify primary from reworked tephra and thus refine the record of tephra‐fall events in the region over the last ca. 9 cal ka. Geochemical fingerprinting, stratigraphic correlation, 14C ages and X‐ray fluorescence and magnetic susceptibility core scanning were employed to filter out reworked tephra and thus establish a new Holocene tephrochronological framework for the region. Five primary macrotephra layers and 18 primary cryptotephra were identified. Confidence levels are attached to the newly identified cryptotephra, and geochemical characterization of well‐dated rhyolite tephra was used to establish an associated age model. Our results suggest that Holocene tephra fall from both local and distal volcanoes affected Auckland more frequently than previously documented, with a possible average frequency of at least once every 424 years. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the importance of identifying the extent of post‐depositional reworking to establish the veracity of the cryptotephra record.
Characterizing Electric Field Exposed P3HT Thin Films Using Polarized‐Light Spectroscopies
Authors: Bhattacharjee Ujjal , Elshobaki Moneim , Santra Kalyan , Bobbitt Jonathan M. , Chaudhary Sumit , Smith Emily A. , Petrich Jacob W. 
Published: June 2016

P3HT (poly (3‐hexylthiophene)) has been widely used as a donor in the active layer in organic photovoltaic devices. Although moderately high‐power conversion efficiencies have been achieved with P3HT‐based devices, structural details, such as the orientation of polymer units and the extent of H‐ and J‐aggregation are not yet fully understood; and different measures have been taken to control the ordering in the material. One such measure, which has been exploited, is to apply an electric field from a Van de Graaff generator. Fluorescence (to measure anisotropy instead of polarization, which is more commonly measured) and Raman spectroscopy are used to characterize the order of P3HT molecules in thin films resulting from the field. Preferential orientations of the units in a thin film are determined, consistent with observed hole mobility in thin‐film transistors, and it is observed that the apparent H‐coupling strength changes when the films are exposed to oriented electrical fields during drying.
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Acute effects of dietary fatty acids on osteclastogenesis via RANKL/RANK/OPG system
Authors: Naranjo M. Carmen , Garcia Indara , Bermudez Beatriz , Lopez Sergio , Cardelo Magdalena P. , Abia Rocio , Muriana Francisco J. G. , Montserrat‐de la Paz Sergio 
Published: June 2016

ScopePostprandial state is directly linked with chronic diseases. We hypothesized that dietary fats may have acute effects on health status by modulating osteoclast differentiation and activation in a fatty acid‐dependent manner.Methods and resultsIn healthy subjects, a fat‐enriched meal increased plasma levels of the RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand)/OPG (osteoprotegerin) ratio (SFAs > MUFAs = PUFAs) in the postprandial state. Postprandial TRL‐SFAs enhanced tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and the expression of osteoclast marker genes (TRAP, OSCAR, RANK, and CATHK) while downregulated the expression of OPG gene in human monocyte‐derived osteoclasts. These effects were not observed with monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)‐enriched postprandial triglyceride‐rich lipoproteins (TRLs). Moreover, postprandial TRL‐SFAs increased the release of osteoclastogenic cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6) meanwhile TRL‐MUFAs and TRL‐PUFAs increased the release of anti‐osteoclastogenic cytokines (IL‐4 and IL‐10) in the medium of human monocyte‐derived osteoclasts.ConclusionFor the first time, we show that postprandial TRLs are metabolic entities with osteoclastogenic activity and that this property is related to the type of dietary fatty acid in the meal. The osteoclastogenic potency was as follows: SFAs >>> MUFAs = PUFAs. These exciting findings open opportunities for developing nutritional strategies with olive oil as the principal dietary source of MUFAs, notably oleic acid, to prevent development and progression of osteoclast‐related diseases.
Wnt Signaling Regulates Airway Epithelial Stem Cells in Adult Murine Submucosal Glands
Authors: Lynch Thomas J. , Anderson Preston J. , Xie Weiliang , Crooke Adrianne K. , Liu Xiaoming , Tyler Scott R. , Luo Meihui , Kusner David M. , Zhang Yulong , Neff Traci , Burnette Daniel C. , Walters Katherine S. , Goodheart Michael J. , Parekh Kalpaj R. , Engelhardt John F. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWnt signaling is required for lineage commitment of glandular stem cells (SCs) during tracheal submucosal gland (SMG) morphogenesis from the surface airway epithelium (SAE). Whether similar Wnt-dependent processes coordinate SC expansion in adult SMGs following airway injury remains unknown. We found that two Wnt-reporters in mice (BAT-gal and TCF/Lef:H2B-GFP) are coexpressed in actively cycling SCs of primordial glandular placodes and in a small subset of adult SMG progenitor cells that enter the cell cycle 24 hours following airway injury. At homeostasis, these Wnt reporters showed nonoverlapping cellular patterns of expression in the SAE and SMGs. Following tracheal injury, proliferation was accompanied by dynamic changes in Wnt-reporter activity and the analysis of 56 Wnt-related signaling genes revealed unique temporal changes in expression within proximal (gland-containing) and distal (gland-free) portions of the trachea. Wnt stimulation in vivo and in vitro promoted epithelial proliferation in both SMGs and the SAE. Interestingly, slowly cycling nucleotide label-retaining cells (LRCs) of SMGs were spatially positioned near clusters of BAT-gal positive serous tubules. Isolation and culture of tet-inducible H2B-GFP LRCs demonstrated that SMG LRCs were more proliferative than SAE LRCs and culture expanded SMG-derived progenitor cells outcompeted SAE-derived progenitors in regeneration of tracheal xenograft epithelium using a clonal analysis competition assay. SMG-derived progenitors were also multipotent for cell types in the SAE and formed gland-like structures in xenografts. These studies demonstrate the importance of Wnt signals in modulating SC phenotypes within tracheal niches and provide new insight into phenotypic differences of SMG and SAE SCs.