bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional fate mapping of larval tissues through metamorphosis in the glass sponge Oopsacas minuta
Authors: Leys Sally P. , Kamarul Zaman Afyqah , Boury‐Esnault Nicole 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe tissue of glass sponges (Class Hexactinellida) is unique among metazoans in being largely syncytial, a state that arises during early embryogenesis when blastomeres fuse. In addition, hexactinellids are one of only two poriferan groups that already have clearly formed flagellated chambers as larvae. The fate of the larval chambers and of other tissues during metamorphosis is unknown. One species of hexactinellid, Oopsacas minuta, is found in submarine caves in the Mediterranean and is reproductive year round, which facilitates developmental studies; however, describing metamorphosis has been a challenge because the syncytial nature of the tissue makes it difficult to trace the fates using conventional cell tracking markers. We used three‐dimensional models to map the fate of larval tissues of O. minuta through metamorphosis and provide the first detailed account of larval tissue reorganization at metamorphosis of a glass sponge larva. Larvae settle on their anterior swimming pole or on one side. The multiciliated cells that formed a belt around the larva are discarded during the first stage of metamorphosis. We found that larval flagellated chambers are retained throughout metamorphosis and become the kernels of the first pumping chambers of the juvenile sponge. As larvae of O. minuta settle, larval chambers are enlarged by syncytial tissues containing yolk inclusions. Lipid inclusions at the basal attachment site gradually became smaller during the six weeks of our study. In O. minuta, the flagellated chambers that differentiate in the larva become the post‐metamorphic flagellated chambers, which corroborate the view that internalization of these chambers during embryogenesis is a process that resembles gastrulation processes in other animals.
Atopic and vernal keratoconjunctivitis: differences and similarities
Authors: Bremond‐Gignac D. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryVernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) and atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) represents two severe forms of ocular allergies. In children both are rare diseases and may lead to visual impairment. VKC is a disease that affects primarily boys and children from 3 to 16 years old. Usually VKC disappears at adolescence. Photophobia and tearing are highly specific symptoms other than those usually observed in common ocular allergy as itching and grittiness. Two forms of the disease occur tarsal and limbal vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Tarsal form is marked by cobblestone papillae on the superior tarsal conjunctiva. Limbal form is marked by a broad thickened, circumferential gelatinous opacification of the limbus. Horner‐Trantas dots are characteristic of this form. AKC in children can be misdiagnosed as the presentation appears similar however atopic dermatitis is accompanying the ocular allergy with skin dryness signs. The specific signs of each disease will be detailed. The diagnosis has to be performed as early as possible in order to specify the prognosis, regression in VKC, progression in AKC.
Controversies between how to handle uveitis and glaucoma. The point of view of the glaucoma specialist
Authors: Bron A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryRaised intraocular pressure and glaucoma are frequently seen in uveitis, and may represent a serious complication. Inflammatory substances released during uveitis and the treatments used, mainly corticosteroids, probably alter the normal anatomic structure of the anterior chamber and angle, influencing aqueous dynamics.The clinical presentations may vary according to the irido‐corneal angle. In angle closure, iris bombé is well recognised due to the acute elevation of IOP. However when the angle remains open, a careful monitoring of IOP and optic nerve head are needed, because the evolution is more insidious. Therefore gonioscopy is the key examination in the diagnosis and management of secondary IOP elevations and glaucomas and allows an appropriate treatment.
High‐intensity focused ultrasound treatment for open angle glaucoma
Authors: Aptel F. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryMany physical methods have been proposed to destroy the ciliary body, resulting in coagulation necrosis following heating (laser) or freezing (cryotherapy). These methods have two major drawbacks: they are nonselective for the target tissue and have an unpredictable dose–effect relationship. To overcome these drawbacks and take advantage of recent breakthroughs in the field of high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) technology, a new device was developed to achieve a selective coagulation of the ciliary body while sparing the adjacent structures. This device is a ring‐shaped probe with six miniaturized HIFU transducers. Experimental studies have shown a selective coagulation of the treated ciliary processes. Four clinical studies have been conducted. The first one was a pilot study designed to evaluate the safety in a small number of eyes with refractory and advanced glaucoma. The two other studies were multicenter studies designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety in eyes with open‐angle glaucoma and less advanced disease, but still refractory to filtering surgery. Since these studies have demonstrated a nice tolerability, a fourth study was conducted in patients with early glaucoma naïve of any previous filtering surgery.
Retinal vasculitis
Authors: Abu El Asrar A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryRetinal vaculitis is a sight‐threatening inflammatory eye condition that involves the retinal vessels. Detection of retinal vasculitis is made clinically, and is confirmed with the help of fundus fluorescein angiography. Active vascular disease is characterized by exudates around retinal vessels resulting in white sheathing or cuffing of the affected vessels. In this review, a practical approach to the diagnosis of retinal vasculitis is discussed based on ophthalmoscopic and fundus fluorescein angiographic findings.
The indications
Authors: Smith R. 
Published: September 2016

Summary(i) What signs and symptoms prompt test request? (ii) Which test do I request? (iii) What information should I give on the referral letter?Visual electrophysiology tests are often requested as part of a clinical work‐up of patients with suspected retinal or optic nerve disease, or unexplained visual symptoms. Occasionally, tests will provide an immediate and unequivocal diagnosis, but more often, the results of tests must be interpreted in the context of the patient's clinical history, examination findings and the results of other investigations. This talk will show how requesting clinicians and the electrophysiology lab can work together to obtain the maximum clinical value from visual electrophysiology tests.
Retinal tests
Authors: Robson A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryVisual symptoms are often non‐specific and fundus signs such as disc pallor can result from retinopathy or optic neuropathy. Retinal and macular pathologies may not be evident on clinical examination and visual electrophysiology provides an objective method of localising dysfunction along the visual pathway. This presentation will focus on the assessment of macular function using pattern and multifocal electroretinography (PERG; MfERG) and on the characterisation of retinal function using full‐field electroretinography (ERG). The comparison of PERG or MfERG with ERG allows differentiation between macular and generalised retinal dysfunction. Pattern ERG may also be used to assess retinal ganglion cell function and complements cortical visual evoked potential (VEP) assessment of optic nerve and post‐retinal function. Objective assessment of macular function (PERG/MfERG) is usually essential to exclude a macular cause of VEP abnormality and normal retinal electrophysiology may prompt the need for additional VEP testing or neuroradiology. The use of these techniques will be highlighted using illustrative cases.
Controversies in the use of steroids
Authors: Kugelberg M. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryCataract surgery is globally one of the most common surgical procedures carried out today. Postoperatively, inflammation in the anterior chamber is nearly inevitable. In order to reduce the inflammatory reaction, patients are commonly prescribed corticosteroid or/and NSAID eye drops 3–4 weeks following surgery. However, compliance is often poor among these elderly patients. Different ways to tackle the problem has been explored. One way is to coat the intraocular lens with steroids. Another way is to inject a substance perioperatively, either as an intracameral injection, subconjunctival injection, or to inject a little dissolvable implant containing steroids. With steroids, there is always the problem with intraocular pressure rise in some patients, making the task more difficult. An overview of the field will be presented, as well as research results.It is an important topic since cataract surgery is one of the most common surgical interventions in the world. If we can find a substance and formula that can easily be injected at the end of surgery, and replace the treatment with eye drops, it would be of importance. Postoperative complications such as corneal edema, macular edema and posterior adhesions would also be reduced.
Overview of the epidemiology and pathology of conjunctival tumours
Authors: Loeffler K.U. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryConjunctival lesions comprise a variety of benign, pre‐malignant, and malignant tumours. While epidemiologic statistics are difficult and vary between populations, a correct diagnosis is pivotal for appropriate management. This presentation aims to demonstrate the most important conjunctival tumours and their histopathology thereby allowing for a better understanding of clinical features and the respective therapeutic intervention.
Retinal glial cells
Authors: Osborne N. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe retina is populated by, in addition to neurons, three types of glial cell: Müller cells, astrocytes, and microglia. All cell‐types within the retina communicate with each other as well as being closely associated with the retinal vasculature. Müller cells are uniquely present in vertebrate retinas principally supporting neuronal functions (by increasing the signal‐to‐noise ratio of information processing) and survival (by maintaining a metabolic ‘symbiosis’ with the neurons) in different ways. They also have the ability to uniquely guide light towards the photoreceptors and are capable of ‘sensing’ neuronal activity as well as responding to physiological light stimulation by adjacent photoreceptors with two distinct types of intracellular calcium rises. It is now clear that retinal glia contribute significantly to the structural and functional integrity of the retina but also play important roles in various retinopathies that include age‐related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, retinal degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy. It is anticipated that as we gather an even deeper understanding of retinal glia function and dysfunction unique therapies will evolve to treat specific retinal pathologies.
Identifying VEGF‐independent factors for targeted antiangiogenic therapy in the cornea
Authors: Lagali N. , Mukwaya A. , Mirabelli P. , Jensen L. , Xeroudaki M. , Ali Z. , Peebo B. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPurposeTo identify prospective inhibitors of inflammatory angiogenesis that operate largely independent of the VEGF pathway.MethodsInflammatory angiogenesis was induced in the murine cornea using surgical sutures. Thereafter separate experiments were conducted to (i) prevent neovascularization in an early phase by steroid (dexamethasone) or anti‐VEGFA therapy, and (ii) regress existing neovessels by removal of the initial stimulus. Phenotypic changes were examined by in vivo corneal imaging, whole‐transcriptome expression analysis was performed by comparative bioinformatics analysis of gene microarray data, and expression of target genes of interest was confirmed by RT‐PCR.ResultsSteroid treatment halted initial angiogenic sprouting while anti‐VEGF therapy was less effective. Steroids targeted key inflammatory and angiogenic pathways largely unaffected by anti‐VEGF treatment. Interestingly, several key inflammatory and angiogenic pathways unrelated to VEGF were suppressed during natural angiogenic regression while endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis were activated.ConclusionThe identified factors may represent novel therapeutic targets for possible mono‐ or combination therapy with anti‐VEGF agents to improve efficacy.
B27‐associated uveitis, Fuchs uveitis
Authors: Willermain F. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryB27‐associated uveitis is a very frequent form of non infectious intraocular inflammation which account for approximately 50% of acute anterior uveitis. Its main clinical features, natural history and association with seronegative arthritis are well known. Fuchs uveitis is another frequent cause of anterior and intermediate uveitis. Its natural history is well characterised as well as its association with intraocular production of anti‐rubella antibodies. Both diseases are thus often considered as easy diagnosis. However, several aspects of those diseases remain challenging and debated. In this interactive course, based on clinical cases, we will insist on those difficult aspects as well as on the more recent issues discussed in the literature.
Is the increasing exposure of the eye to near‐infrared radiation from remote controls and sensing a threat to the lens?
Authors: Yu Z. , Schulmeister K. , Talebizadeh N. , Kronschläger M. , Söderberg P. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe current safety guideline for near infrared radiation (IRR) exposure in the crystalline lens is based on thermal damage. However, two previous findings implied that there may be a cumulative photochemical effect. The present study aims to investigate if near IRR induces cumulative lens damage considering irradiance exposure time reciprocity. Before exposure, 6‐weeks‐old albino rats were anesthetized and the pupils of both eyes were dilated. Five minutes after pupil dilation, the animals were unilaterally exposed to 1,090 nm IRR within the pupil area. Temperature was recorded with thermocouples placed in the selected positions of the eye. At the planned post‐exposure time, the animal was sacrificed and the lenses were extracted for measurements of forward light scattering and macroscopic imaging. The findings that an in vivo 8 sec exposure to near IRR at 1090 nm within the pupil resulting in a temperature rise of 10°C at the anterior segment of the rat eye induced cataract with a time delay and no cumulative lens damage occurred after long term exposure to 1,090 nm IRR, indicates that IRR at 1,090 nm produces thermal cataract, probably by indirect heat conduction from absorption in tissues surrounding the lens.
The art of orbital imaging
Authors: Tunc M. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe Art of Orbital Imaging in Management of Orbital Tumors:Orbital imaging is the most important aspect of clinical evaluation in management of challanging cases of orbital tumors. We aim to discuss the key points of imaging studies in clinical evaluation and staging of patients with orbital tumors.Orbital space is a complex anatomical structure that has close proximity to brain and paranasal sinuses. Various tumours and tumour‐like conditions may arise in orbit, both in adults and children. Orbital imaging is critical for detection, characterization, location, differentiation and treatment planning of these orbital lesions. Interpretation of imaging studies are also prominent for correct clinical staging of certain orbital tumors, such as adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland.In this section of the course, we will discuss, which imaging techniqe (CT, MRI, MRA, Diifusion weighted imaging etc) should be preferred in differential diagnosis, treatment planning and follow up of orbital tumors to achieve the most useful information. Furthermore, the imaging characteristics of common orbital tumors will be emphasized and discussed in depth in the context of this course.
OPA1 gene and mitochondrial optic neuropathy: disease mechanisms and potential therapies
Authors: Votruba M. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPrimary inherited optic neuropathies are a group of blinding genetic disorders in which optic atrophy secondary to loss of retinal ganglion cells is a key clinical feature. The commonest causes world‐wide are mutation in mitochondrial DNA (causing Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy) and mutation in the nuclear gene, OPA1 (causing Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy: ADOA). 60–75% of patients with autosomal dominant optic atrophy have mutations in the OPA1 gene. The OPA1 protein is targeted to the mitochondria and is involved in regulation of mitochondrial fusion. A better understanding of mitochondrial function, including dynamics, is revealing that functional and structural changes in mitochondrial morphology are important factors in diseases of ageing in the eye and visual system. Key proteins have been discovered which control the balance of mitochondrial fusion and fission and have a range of other functions, such as controlling maintenance of mitochondrial DNA, cell death, autophagy, mitochondrial metabolism and redox signalling. A decline in mitochondrial function plays a role in the ageing process and increases the incidence of age‐related disorders. Mitochondrial optic neuropathies are ‘orphan’ diseases but with the advent of recent trials of novel therapies in patients with the mitochondrial optic neuropathy, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, there is the first glimmer of hope for the treatment of this group of patients.
Perturbed mitochondrial homeostasis in LHON: a new target for rescue strategy
Authors: Carelli V. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryLeber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is the most frequent mitochondrial disease due to mitochondrial DNA mutations affecting complex I. The pathogenic mechanism includes complex I deficiency leading to reduced ATP synthesis, increased reactive oxygen species production and lowered threshold for apoptosis. Cell compensatory mechanisms include activation of mitochondrial biogenesis, but also increased removal of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy. The balance between ‘mito‐bioegenesis’ and ‘mito‐phagy’ is key to mitochondrial homeostasis and efficient compensation, driving incomplete disease penetrance. These mechanisms reflect on the function of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the disease cell target, where increased mitochondrial organelles need to be transported along the axons. Ultimately, axonal traffic jam of mitochondria may result in a catastrophic series of events leading to RGCs degeneration. The master regulation impinging on mito‐biogenesis and mito‐phagy is a crucial crossroad for sensing mitochondrial dysfunction and is the target for therapeutic approaches aimed at modulating mito‐biogenesis and mito‐phagy, inhibiting apoptosis, and correcting or bypassing complex I dysfunction.
The initial consultation
Authors: Spileers W. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPurposePatients with complaints of seeing badly in the dark need a full ophthalmological workup.MethodsAcquired versus congenital nightblindness has to be questioned in a full anamnesis. Visual acuity, biomicroscopy and fundus examination are essential followed by visual field testing and possibly visual electrophysiology (flash ERG).ResultsSeveral causes of congenital and acquired nightblindness can be found. Not all patients complaining of seeing badly in the dark are ‘nightblind’.ConclusionA full clinical ophthalmological work up can identify adequately several causes of night blindness.
How to tackle these difficult cases
Authors: Abegao Pinto L. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryRecent technological advances have led to an increase in the number of options when choosing a glaucoma surgery. However, the boundaries of each technique have not yet been defined. Furthermore, profiling patients at risk for complications with these new techniques is still a difficult task as well as identifying the best options on how to solve them. Accordingly, a number of challenging cases will be presented to a panel of glaucoma specialists in order to create an open discussion on which would be the best surgical option and which would be the best strategy to achieve success.
Is neurodegenerative retinal diseases the result of disturbed energy metabolism in Müller cells?
Authors: Kolko M. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryExtensive evidence reveals decreased energy turnover in neurodegenerative brain diseases. A similar critical role of hypometabolism as a contributor to the pathogenesis of blinding neuro‐retinal diseases has been suggested. Although, neurons are the major consumers of glucose due to the high cost of signaling, the surrounding glial cells have multiple functions that are essential for neuronal metabolism. As such, the most abundant retinal glial cells, Müller cells, have been shown to possess unique features essential for maintenance of neuronal energetics and metabolism. The presentation will provide a brief overview on the current knowledge of metabolic cooperation between retinal neurons and Müller cells. Furthermore, perspectives of future strategies to improve retinal energy metabolism, and thereby prevent retinal neurodegeneration, will be discussed.
The tests
Authors: Thompson D. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryVisual electrophysiology tests provide objective information about visual pathway function. They characterise ‘bio‐electrical’ changes in the retina and visual pathway to the striate cortex. The International Society for Clinical Visual Electrophysiology of Vision, [ISCEV], publishes standards and guidance for performing each test; download from www.ISCEV.com. There are five. The electro‐oculogram, EOG, indicates RPE physiology. A full field flash electroretinogram, ffERG, summates activity from the whole retina and distinguishes photoreceptor and inner retinal function. The pattern ERG, PERG, is a localised retina response produced by an alternating black and white checkerboard. The PERG has two components which may be used to measure macular function and retinal ganglion cell function. Multifocal patterns stimulate even smaller localised regions of retina and the resulting mfERG may depict the geographic extent of macular or cone dysfunction. The visual evoked potential, VEP, reflects changes in the striate cortex produced by flashes or patterns and distinguishes optic nerve, chiasmal and post chiasmal pathway function. This talk will describe the patient's perspective, what the results look like and how they are analysed.
Signs and symptoms of uveitis
Authors: Neri P. , Bisceglia P. , Cesari C. , Carrozzi G. , Pirani V. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryUveitis can be a sight‐threatening disease. Inflammation of uveal tract can be divided into: anterior, intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis. Blurred vision, ocular pain, photophobia and floaters are some of the symptoms complained by those who are affected by uveitis. The onset of uveitis can be either acute or insidious, bilateral rather than unilateral. Posterior uveitis is usually associated with vitritis. Anterior chamber cells and flare should be graded according to standardized uveitis nomenclature (SUN) working group. Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy (BIO) score is used to evaluate the severity of vitritis. Vitreous changes may comprehend: vitreous hemorrhage, vitreous strands, and vitreous traction. A further classification of posterior uveitis depends on the primary site of inflammation, which can identify: retinitis, choroiditis, retinochoroiditis, and chorioretinitis. Posterior pole uveal involvement can be: focal, multifocal, and placoid. Retinal vasculitis can be present. Uveitis might be complicated by anterior and posterior synechiae, which can lead to uveitic glaucoma, cystoid macular oedema, retinal and choroidal neovascularizations, and retinal ischemia.