bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental and spatial drivers of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic characteristics of bat communities in human-modified landscapes
Authors: Cisneros Laura M. , Fagan Matthew E. , Willig Michael R. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundAssembly of species into communities following human disturbance (e.g., deforestation, fragmentation) may be governed by spatial (e.g., dispersal) or environmental (e.g., niche partitioning) mechanisms. Variation partitioning has been used to broadly disentangle spatial and environmental mechanisms, and approaches utilizing functional and phylogenetic characteristics of communities have been implemented to determine the relative importance of particular environmental (or niche-based) mechanisms. Nonetheless, few studies have integrated these quantitative approaches to comprehensively assess the relative importance of particular structuring processes.MethodsWe employed a novel variation partitioning approach to evaluate the relative importance of particular spatial and environmental drivers of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic aspects of bat communities in a human-modified landscape in Costa Rica. Specifically, we estimated the amount of variation in species composition (taxonomic structure) and in two aspects of functional and phylogenetic structure (i.e., composition and dispersion) along a forest loss and fragmentation gradient that are uniquely explained by landscape characteristics (i.e., environment) or space to assess the importance of competing mechanisms.ResultsThe unique effects of space on taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic structure were consistently small. In contrast, landscape characteristics (i.e., environment) played an appreciable role in structuring bat communities. Spatially-structured landscape characteristics explained 84% of the variation in functional or phylogenetic dispersion, and the unique effects of landscape characteristics significantly explained 14% of the variation in species composition. Furthermore, variation in bat community structure was primarily due to differences in dispersion of species within functional or phylogenetic space along the gradient, rather than due to differences in functional or phylogenetic composition.DiscussionVariation among bat communities was related to environmental mechanisms, especially niche-based (i.e., environmental) processes, rather than spatial mechanisms. High variation in functional or phylogenetic dispersion, as opposed to functional or phylogenetic composition, suggests that loss or gain of niche space is driving the progressive loss or gain of species with particular traits from communities along the human-modified gradient. Thus, environmental characteristics associated with landscape structure influence functional or phylogenetic aspects of bat communities by effectively altering the ways in which species partition niche space.
UTI pediátrica: o significado do cuidar na perspectiva da mãe Pediatric ICU: the meaning of taking care in the mother’s perspective
Authors: Soares Larissa Gramazio , Rosa Natalina Maria da , Molina Rosemere Cristina Moretto , Higarashi Ieda Harumi , Marcon Sonia Silva 
Published: October 2016

Objetivo: Compreender o significado da participação materna no cuidado ao filho internado em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP). Método: Estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados no mês de outubro de 2013, por meio de entrevista semi-estruturada, junto a oito mães. Os relatos foram submetidos à Análise de conteúdo modalidade temática. Resultados: Apresentados em quatro categorias: “Reconhecimento da função materna”; “Cuidado como recurso de enfrentamento”; “O aprender a cuidar se dá observando e cuidando” e “Papel da equipe de enfermagem”. Conclusão: Torna-se imprescindível que os profissionais se sensibilizem ante as necessidades das mães, decorrentes do processo de hospitalização dos filhos, reforcem os aspectos positivos de sua permanência no contexto assistencial, e ao mesmo tempo, intervenham nos aspectos negativos, proporcionando assim, um cuidado integral, humanizado e qualificado ao binômio no ambiente hospitalar. Descritores: Enfermagem familiar, Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica, Relação mãe-filho.
Conhecimento de estudantes adolescentes sobre transmissão, prevenção e comportamentos de risco em relação às DST/HIV/AIDS Adolescent students knowledge about transmition, prevention and risky behavior related to STD/HIV/AIDS
Authors: Nelson Ana Raquel Cortês , Silva Richardson Augusto Rosendo da , Duarte Fernando Hiago da Silva , Prado Nanete Caroline da Costa , Costa Danyella Augusto Rosendo da Silva , Holanda Jose Rebberty Rodrigo 
Published: October 2016

Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento dos adolescentes sobre sexualidade, métodos contraceptivos e doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, assim como analisar a vulnerabilidade e comportamentos de risco destes em relação as DST/aids. Métodos: Estudo descritivo-exploratório com abordagem quantitativa realizado de março a dezembro de 2013 com 222 estudantes da rede pública de ensino. Os dados foram coletados a partir de um questionário semiestruturado respondido em sala de aula. Resultados: O estudo apontou índices significativos de desconhecimento em relação a transmissão, prevenção e tratamento da aids, e elucidou alguns comportamentos de risco que tornam a população jovem vulnerável as DST/aids. Conclusão: Programas de orientação sexual nas escolas são necessários para incentivar aos adolescentes um comportamento sexual seguro, saudável e menos exposto a riscos. Descritores: Saúde do Adolescente, Saúde Escolar; Doenças Sexualmente Transmissívies.
Desafios para o cuidado da insuficiência cardíaca: pesquisa exploratória com enfermeiras em Ontario Challenges for the heart failure care: exploratory research with nurses in Ontario
Authors: Correia Dayse Mary da Silva , Mesquita Evandro Tinoco , Singh Mina , Puigbonet Maria Elena , Rosa Maria Luiza Garcia 
Published: October 2016

Objetivos: observar a implementação de protocolos canadenses aos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, assim como identificar junto às enfermeiras, aspectos de educação em saúde. Método: pesquisa exploratória no período de agosto a dezembro de 2013, onde a coleta de dados deu-se por observação durante a Shadow Experience, e por entrevista de enfermeiras canadenses. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se a estatística descritiva. Resultados: 28 pacientes foram observados na estratégia Shadow Experience em diferentes níveis de atendimento, e 13 enfermeiras entrevistadas. Em Educação em Saúde, o contato interpessoal foi a estratégia mais utilizada (69,23%), o tratamento foi a ação prioritária (76,92%), seguida da prevenção (30,77%). Há desafios com relação aos hábitos de vida prejudiciais, e para o autocuidado considerado pouco eficaz(38,46%). Conclusão: A interação interpessoal, a qual envolveu profissionais e indivíduos canadenses em diferentes níveis de atendimento, contribuiu para identificar em sua implementação, ações básicas e desafios para insuficiência cardíaca.Descritores: enfermagem; insuficiência cardíaca; atenção primária; intercâmbio educacional internacional.
Comment on the paper “Mars Express radio occultation data: A novel analysis approach” by Grandin et al. (2014)
Authors: Pätzold M. , Bird M. K. , Häusler B. , Peter K. , Tellmann S. , Tyler G. L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn their recent paper, Grandin et al. (2014) claim to have developed a novel approach, principally a ray tracing method, to analyze radio sounding data from occulted spacecraft signals by planetary atmospheres without the usual assumptions of the radio occultation inversion method of a stratified, layered, symmetric atmosphere. They apply their “new approach” to observations of the Mars Express Radio Science (MaRS) experiment and compare their resulting temperature, neutral number density, and electron density profiles with those from MaRS, claiming that there is good agreement with the observations. The fact is, however, that there are serious disagreements in the most important altitude ranges. Their temperature profile shows a 30 K shift or a 300σ (1σ standard deviation = 0.1 K for the MaRS profile near the surface) difference toward warmer temperatures at the surface when compared with MaRS, while the MaRS profile is in best agreement with the profile from the Mars Climate Data Base V5.0 (MCD V5.0). Their full temperature profile from the surface to 250 km altitude deviates significantly from the MCD V5.0 profile. Their ionospheric electron density profile is considerably different from that derived from the MaRs observations. Although Grandin et al. (2014) claim to derive the neutral number density and temperature profiles above 200 km, including the asymptotic exosphere temperature, it is simply not possible to derive this information from what is essentially noise.
A cold and fresh ocean surface in the Nordic Seas during MIS 11: Significance for the future ocean
Authors: Kandiano Evgenia S. , van der Meer Marcel T. J. , Bauch Henning A. , Helmke Jan , Damsté Jaap S. Sinninghe , Schouten Stefan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPaleoceanographical studies of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 have revealed higher‐than‐present sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the North Atlantic and in parts of the Arctic but lower‐than‐present SSTs in the Nordic Seas, the main throughflow area of warm water into the Arctic Ocean. We resolve this contradiction by complementing SST data based on planktic foraminiferal abundances with surface salinity changes using hydrogen isotopic compositions of alkenones in a core from the central Nordic Seas. The data indicate the prevalence of a relatively cold, low‐salinity, surface water layer in the Nordic Seas during most of MIS 11. In spite of the low‐density surface layer, which was kept buoyant by continuous melting of surrounding glaciers, warmer Atlantic water was still propagating northward at the subsurface thus maintaining meridional overturning circulation. This study can help to better constrain the impact of continuous melting of Greenland and Arctic ice on high‐latitude ocean circulation and climate.
Excavating Stickney crater at Phobos
Authors: Bruck Syal Megan , Rovny Jared , Owen J. Michael , Miller Paul L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractStickney crater, at 9 km across, dominates the morphology of ~22 km Phobos, the larger of the two moons of Mars. The Stickney impact event had global repercussions for Phobos, including extensive resurfacing and fracturing of the moon. Understanding the initial conditions and dynamical consequences of the collision is necessary to test competing hypotheses for the origin of peculiar grooved terrain that striates much of the surface. Previous modeling of the impact event was unable to replicate Stickney without globally fragmenting the satellite. Here we describe high‐resolution numerical simulations that successfully generate Stickney crater while maintaining the large‐scale structure of Phobos. Target porosity, which is estimated to be significant, aids in keeping the moon intact. Damage follows patterns centered on Stickney that are inconsistent with the observed alignment of grooved terrain on Phobos. Low‐velocity boulders are ejected at shallow angles in sufficient numbers to support a rolling‐boulder origin for grooved terrain.
Cloud liquid water path and radiative feedbacks over the Southern Ocean
Authors: Bodas‐Salcedo A. , Andrews T. , Karmalkar A. V. , Ringer M. A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractClimate models show a robust shortwave negative feedback in the midlatitude oceans in climate change simulations. This feedback is commonly attributed to an increase in cloud optical depth due to ice to liquid phase change as the climate warms. Here we use a cyclone compositing technique to show that the models' cloud liquid water path (LWP) response is strongly dependent on cloud regime. The radiative and LWP responses are not as tightly coupled as a zonal‐mean analysis would suggest, implying that the physical mechanisms that control the overall LWP response are not necessarily responsible for the radiative response. The area of the cyclone dominated by low‐level stratiform and shallow convective clouds plays a dominant role in the radiative response. Since these are mostly supercooled liquid clouds, the strength of a negative cloud phase feedback in the real world should be smaller than the one predicted by current models.
Identification of rocket‐induced acoustic waves in the ionosphere
Authors: Mabie Justin , Bullett Terence , Moore Prentiss , Vieira Gerald 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAcoustic waves can create plasma disturbances in the ionosphere, but the number of observations is limited. Large‐amplitude acoustic waves generated by energetic sources like large earthquakes and tsunamis are more readily observed than acoustic waves generated by weaker sources. New observations of plasma displacements caused by rocket‐generated acoustic waves were made using the Vertically Incident Pulsed Ionospheric Radar (VIPIR), an advanced high‐frequency radar. Rocket‐induced acoustic waves which are characterized by low amplitudes relative to those induced by more energetic sources can be detected in the ionosphere using the phase data from fixed frequency radar observations of a plasma layer. This work is important for increasing the number and quality of observations of acoustic waves in the ionosphere and could help improve the understanding of energy transport from the lower atmosphere to the thermosphere.
Release of radiogenic noble gases as a new signal of rock deformation
Authors: Bauer Stephen J. , Gardner W. Payton , Lee Hyunwoo 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn this study we investigate the release of radiogenic noble gas isotopes during mechanical deformation. We developed an analytical system for dynamic mass spectrometry of noble gas composition and helium release rate of gas produced during mechanical deformation of rocks. Our results indicate that rocks release accumulated radiogenic helium and argon from mineral grains as they undergo deformation. We found that the release of accumulated 4He and 40Ar from rocks follows a reproducible pattern and can provide insight into the deformation process. Increased gas release can be observed before dilation, and macroscopic failure is observed during high‐pressure triaxial rock deformation experiments. Accumulated radiogenic noble gases can be released due to fracturing of mineral grains during small‐scale strain in Earth materials. Helium and argon are highly mobile, conservative species and could be used to provide information on changes in the state of stress and strain in Earth materials, and as an early warning signal of macroscopic failure. These results pave the way for the use of noble gases to trace and monitor rock deformation for earthquake prediction and a variety of other subsurface engineering projects.
The scaling exponent of residual nonwetting phase cluster size distributions in porous media
Authors: Iglauer Stefan , Wülling Wolfgang 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDuring an imbibition process in two‐phase subsurface flow the imbibing phase can displace the nonwetting phase up to an endpoint at which a residual saturation is reached (which cannot be reduced further by additional wetting phase flow due to the complex pore network of the rock and associated strong capillary forces which trap the nonwetting phase). The residual nonwetting phase is split into many disconnected clusters of different sizes. This size distribution is of key importance, for instance, in the context of hydrocarbon recovery, contaminant transport, or CO2 geostorage; and it is well established that this size distribution follows a power law. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with the exact value of the distribution exponent τ, which mathematically describes the size distribution. To reduce this uncertainty and to better constrain τ, we analyzed a representative experimental data set with mathematically rigorous methods, and we demonstrate that τ is substantially smaller (≈1.1) than previously suggested. This raises increasing doubt that simple percolation models can accurately predict subsurface fluid flow behavior; and this has serious consequences for subsurface flow processes: hydrocarbon recovery is easier than predicted, but CO2 geostorage dissolution trapping capacities are significantly reduced and potential remobilization of residual CO2 is more likely than previously believed.
The 17 March 2013 storm: Synergy of observations related to electric field modes and their ionospheric and magnetospheric Effects
Authors: Lyons L. R. , Gallardo‐Lacourt B. , Zou S. , Weygand J. M. , Nishimura Y. , Li W. , Gkioulidou M. , Angelopoulos V. , Donovan E. F. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Anderson B. J. , Shepherd S. G. , Nishitani N. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe main phase of the 17 March 2013 storm had excellent coverage from ground‐based instruments and from low‐ and high‐altitude spacecraft, allowing for evaluation of the relations between major storm time phenomena that are often considered separately. The shock impact with its concurrent southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) immediately drove dramatic poleward expansion of the poleward boundary of the auroral oval (implying strong nightside reconnection), strong auroral activity, and strong penetrating midlatitude convection and ionospheric currents. This was followed by periods of southward IMF driving of electric fields that were at first relatively smooth as often employed in storm modeling but then became extremely bursty and structured associated with equatorward extending auroral streamers. The auroral oval did not expand much further poleward during these two latter periods, suggesting a lower overall nightside reconnection rate than that during the first period and approximate balance with dayside reconnection. Characteristics of these three modes of driving were reflected in horizontal and field‐aligned currents. Equatorward expansion of the auroral oval occurred predominantly during the structured convection mode, when electric fields became extremely bursty. The period of this third mode also approximately corresponded to the time of largest equatorward motion of the ionospheric trough, of apparent transport of high total electron content (TEC) features into the auroral oval from the polar cap, and of largest earthward injection of ions and electrons into the ring current. The enhanced responses of the aurora, currents, TEC, and the ring current indicate a common driving of all these storm time features during the bursty convection mode period.
Rupture directivity of fluid‐induced microseismic events: Observations from an enhanced geothermal system
Authors: Folesky Jonas , Kummerow Jörn , Shapiro Serge A. , Häring Markus , Asanuma Hiroshi 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe rupture process of fluid‐induced microseismic events is still poorly understood, mainly due to usually small magnitudes and sparse monitoring geometries. The high‐quality recordings of the earthquake sequence 2006–2007 at the enhanced geothermal system at Basel, Switzerland, constitute a rare exception, allowing a systematic directivity study of 195 events using the empirical Green's function method. We observe clear directivity signatures for about half the events which demonstrates that rupture directivity persists down to small magnitudes (ML∼1). The predominant rupture behavior is unilateral. We further find evidence that directivity is magnitude dependent and varies systematically with distance from the injection source. Whereas pore pressure seems to play the dominant role close to the injection source and no preferred rupture direction is observable, directivity aligns parallel to the event distribution with increasing distance (
m) and is preferably oriented away from the injection point. The largest analyzed events (ML∼2) show a distinct behavior: They rupture toward the injection source, suggesting that they nucleate in the vicinity of the pressure front and propagate backward into the perturbed volume. This finding is of particular relevance for seismic hazard assessment of georeservoirs, since it implies that maximum event size is related to dimension of the fluid‐perturbed volume. Our study also resolves rupture complexities for a small group of events. This shows that small fault heterogeneities exist down to a scale of a few tens of meters. The observation of directivity and complexity in induced microseismic events suggest that future source studies account for these phenomena.
Separating rapid relocking, afterslip, and viscoelastic relaxation: An application of the postseismic straightening method to the Maule 2010 cGPS
Authors: Bedford Jonathan , Moreno Marcos , Li Shaoyang , Oncken Onno , Baez Juan Carlos , Bevis Michael , Heidbach Oliver , Lange Dietrich 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe postseismic deformation captured with continuous Global Positioning System (cGPS) monitoring following many recent megathrust events has been shown to be a signal composed of two dominant processes: afterslip on the plate interface and viscoelastic relaxation of the continental and oceanic mantles in response to the coseismic stress perturbation. Following the south central Chile 2010 Maule Mw 8.8 earthquake, the time series from the regional cGPS network show a distinct curvature in the pathway of the horizontal motion that is not easily fit by a stationary decaying pattern of afterslip in combination with viscoelastic relaxation. Here we show that with realistic assumptions about the long‐term decay of the afterslip signal, the postseismic signal can be decomposed into three first‐order contributing processes: plate interface relocking, plate interface afterslip, and mantle viscoelastic relaxation. From our analyses we conclude that the plate interface recovers its interseismic locking state rapidly (model space ranges between an instant recovery and a period of 1 year), a finding that supports laboratory experimental evidence as well as some recent studies of aftershocks and postseismic surface deformation. Furthermore, relocking is the main cause of the curvature in the cGPS signal, and this study presents a plausible range of geodetic relocking rates following a megathrust earthquake.
Seasonal clockwise gyration and tilt of the Australian continent chasing the center of mass of the Earth's system from GPS and GRACE
Authors: Han Shin‐Chan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAs atmosphere, ocean, ice, and terrestrial water are redistributed, the center of mass (CM) of the Earth's system moves and the accompanying loading yields global surface deformation. In Australia, when GPS surface displacements were corrected for local mass change (hydrology, atmosphere, and ocean) with Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) data, the residual GPS data reveal a peculiar seasonal mode of continental deformation. During the southern summer, the entire continent coherently shifts northwest by ~1 mm and the southeastern part is uplifted, while the northwestern part is subsided by 2–3 mm and the opposite patterns of deformation are observed during the southern winter. Such characteristic deformation could be understood to be a result of the Earth's elastic response to globally averaged surface mass load, generally heavier in Europe during southern summer and in the South Pacific Ocean during southern winter. It was found that such deformation is even larger than local hydrology‐induced loading effects in horizontal motion over Australia. A simple method of determining locations of the CM was developed by combining GPS and GRACE data; the latter being insensitive to the CM motion but sufficiently accurate to remove the local hydrologic and atmospheric effects in GPS data. The CM signals are pronounced over systematic errors in GPS and GRACE data. The CM coordinates estimated by inversion of the Australian GPS data set and GRACE agree with the geocenter motions determined by satellite tracking analysis. This study suggests an independent way of monitoring the CM motion entirely based on two distinct geodetic measurements of GPS and GRACE.