bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dépersonnalisation—Données actuelles
Authors: Khazaal Yasser , Zimmermann Grégoire , Zullino Daniele Fabio 
Published: July 2017

Objectif: La dépersonnalisation est un phénomène clinique fascinant désignant un trouble de la conscience de soi avec un détachement émotionnel des sentiments propres, des pensées ou des actes propres. Cet article a pour but de résumer la documentation actuelle sur le sujet. Méthode: En parcourant la base de données électronique Medline, nous avons examiné la documentation abordant la clinique, l'étiologie, la nosologie, la physiopathologie et la thérapie de la dépersonnalisation. Conclusions: La déréalisation se rapporte à une altération de la perception du monde et de la réalité extérieure. Ces 2 phénomènes sont souvent associés. Ils ne sont spécifiques d'aucune entité psychiatrique et sont rapportés dans une large variété de syndromes psychiatriques, et de nombreux facteurs, entre autres différentes substances, ont participé à leur émergence. La physiopathologie est encore peu connue. Cependant, certains modèles théoriques supposent une combinaison de l'inhibition d'une partie de l'amygdale et une activation d'autres structures amygdaliennes. Une perturbation du fonctionnement sérotoninergique est évoquée par différentes études pharmacologiques. Différentes substances psychotropes, surtout les antidépresseurs sérotoninergiques, ont été proposées comme pharmacothérapie, il n'existe cependant pas d'études randomisées concluantes et la question de l'apport de la psychothérapie se pose encore dans le traitement de ces patients.
Comorbidity of Major Depression and Migraine — A Canadian Population-Based Study
Authors: Molgat Carmen V , Patten Scott B 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of major depressive episodes (MDEs) in patients with migraine and to compare the strength of association with that of other long-term medical conditions. Methods: This study used a large-scale probability sample (over 130 000 sample) from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), a cross-sectional survey conducted by Statistics Canada. The CCHS screened for a broad set of medical conditions. Major depression was evaluated with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form for Major Depression, and the diagnosis of migraine was self-reported. The annual prevalence of major depression was calculated in the general population, in subjects with migraine, and in those with chronic conditions other than migraine. Results: The prevalence of major depression in subjects reporting migraine was higher than that in the general population or in subjects with other chronic medical conditions (17.6%, compared with 7.4% and 7.8%, respectively). Conclusions: There is a strong association between major depression and migraine. The migraine–MDE association may account for a large fraction of the chronic condition–MDE association. The association between migraines and MDE differs from that of other chronic conditions, as the association persists into older age groups.
Family Background and Genius II: Nobel Laureates in Science
Authors: Rothenberg Albert 
Published: July 2017

Objective: In a previous study of literary creative achievement, we presented evidence refuting the still-influential statistical studies of Frances Galton on the inheritance of genius and also described a family background constellation of creativity. This study aims to assess empirically the hereditary transmission hypothesis with respect to creative achievement in the natural sciences. Methods: Family background data were collected on 435 of all 488 Nobel laureates in chemistry, physics, and medicine and physiology, from 1901 through 2003. These were compared with a matching group of 548 eminent nonscientists for incidence of occupational inheritance (that is, same parent–offspring occupations) and with 560 high-IQ nonprizewinners for predominant type of occupation. Results: The incidence of one or both parents having the same occupation was only 2% for science Nobel laureates but 20% for eminent nonscientists ( P < 0.001). The predominant family background constellation (63%) for science Nobel laureates consisted of the same-sex parent either having a performance-equivalent occupation involving applied science, technology, or a natural-world focus and skills ( P < 0.001, compared with the matching group) or having an unrelated occupation with unfulfilled scientific interests and wishes for creative expression. Conclusions: Nobel laureates in the natural sciences do not manifest direct inheritance of creativity from their parents; instead, congruent-sex parents are predominantly in applied or performance-equivalent occupations, with unfulfilled creative and scientific wishes. Early developmental influences on motivation involving identification and competition with the congruent-sex parent are suggested.
Trends in Psychostimulant and Antidepressant Use by Children in 2 Canadian Provinces
Authors: Mitchell Brendon , Carleton Bruce , Smith Anne , Prosser Robert , Brownell Marni , Kozyrskyj Anita 
Published: July 2017

Objective: We used population-based administrative prescription medication data to examine regional differences in psychostimulant and antidepressant (AD) use among children from 2 Canadian provinces: British Columbia (BC) and Manitoba (MB). Method: Using 1997 to 2003 prescription data, annual rates of psychostimulant and AD use were determined for children aged 19 years and under in both provinces. Further comparisons of rates were made according to sex, age group, and specific classes of dispensed medications. Results: During 1997 to 2003, psychostimulant use rose by 44.9% in MB and 13.3% in BC. Among male children, psychostimulant use increased by 40.2% in MB, compared with an increase of only 8.6% in BC. AD utilization was similar between provinces, with increases of 80% and 75% in MB and BC, respectively. In both provinces, AD use was highest among older children. Conclusions: Our observations of regional variation in psychotropic medication use potentially reflect provincial differences in drug benefit policies, disease prevalence, and (or) physician diagnosis and treatment.
Expenditures on Mental Health and Addictions for Canadian Provinces in 2003 and 2004
Authors: Jacobs Philip , Yim Rita , Ohinmaa Arto , Eng Ken , Dewa Carolyn S , Bland Roger , Block Ray , Slomp Mel 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To measure total public and private expenditures on mental health in each province. Method: Data for expenditures on mental health services were collected in the following categories: physician expenditures (general and psychiatrist fees for service and alternative funding), inpatient hospital (psychiatric and general), outpatient hospital, community mental health, pharmaceuticals, and substance abuse. Data for 2 years, 2003 and 2004, were collected from the Canadian Institute for Health Information (hospital inpatient and fees for service physicians), the individual provinces (pharmaceuticals, alternative physician payments, hospital outpatient, and community), and the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. Totals were expressed in terms of per capita and as a percentage of total provincial health spending. Results: Total spending on mental health was $6.6 billion, of which $5.5 billion was from public sources. Nationally, the largest portion of expenditures was for hospitals, followed by community mental health expenses and pharmaceuticals. This varied by province. Public mental health spending was 6% of total public spending on health, while total mental health spending was 5% of total health spending. Conclusions: Canadian public mental health spending is lower than most developed countries, and a little below the minimum acceptable amount (5%) stated by the European Mental Health Economics Network.
High School Mental Health Survey: Assessment of a Mental Health Screen
Authors: Roberts Nasreen , Stuart Heather , Lam Mui 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To estimate the size of the population in need of psychiatric diagnostic assessment, based on the 12-month period prevalence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders in one local high school, and to evaluate the validity of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Predictive Scales 8 (DPS-8) screen against the National Institute of Mental Health—Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV (NIMH-DISC-IV) for any diagnosis. Method: This 2-stage cross-sectional study included high school students aged 13 to 19 years. In the first stage, we administered the DPS-8 screen. In the second stage, we used the NIMH-DISC-IV. Prevalence and validity were estimated using the Bayesian formula owing to the unequal subsample fractions in the second stage. Results: A total of 222 students participated in the first stage screen. Of these, 153 completed the second stage NIMH-DISC-IV. In this sample, the prevalence for anxiety disorders was 17%, behaviour disorders was 11%, and depressive disorders was 1%. The overall prevalence of any one of these disorders was 29%. The sensitivity of the DPS-8 screen was 53.4%, specificity was 87.6%, the positive predictive value was 63.8%, and the negative predictive value was 82%. The overall accuracy of the screen was 77%. Conclusion: This study highlights some of the difficulties in conducting psychiatric research in a high school population. Despite the difficulties, the DPS-8 screen, if used judiciously by school counsellors, may be helpful in identifying students needing further comprehensive psychiatric assessment.
Contact of Mental and Nonmental Health Care Providers Prior to Suicide in Taiwan: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Lee Hsin-Chien , Lin Herng-Ching , Liu Tsai-Ching , Lin Shiyng-Yu 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Higher rates of health care service use prior to suicide were previously reported in Western countries; however, these studies have tended to suffer from small sample sizes. This nationwide, population-based study examines the distribution and patterns of health care service use among suicide victims in Taiwan. Method: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using linked population-based data to determine the proportion of health care service use among suicide victims aged 15 years and older within the 1-year and 1-month period prior to their deaths. After adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic and health care indices, the differences in health care service use patterns were assessed for age and sex. Results: Among the 19 426 suicide victims in the sample, 83.1% had used nonmental health care services within the 1-year period prior to their death, while only 22.2% had used mental health care services. Men, and suicide victims aged 55 years and older, were less likely to have had any contact with mental health care professionals prior to their deaths ( P < 0.001). Conclusions: In line with prior studies, similarly high rates and distinct patterns of health care service use were found in Taiwan prior to suicide. These findings will be of practical interest and should support designing appropriate methods of suicide intervention and effective preventive strategies.
Mathematical Learning Disorder in School-Age Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Capano Lucia , Minden Debbie , Chen Shirley X , Schachar Russell J , Ickowicz Abel 
Published: July 2017

Objectives: To explore the prevalence of mathematics disorder (MD) relative to reading disorders (RD) in school-age children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and examine the effects of age, sex, cooccurring conduct disorder (CD), and ADHD subtype on this comorbidity. Methods: Participants were school-age children ( n = 476) with confirmed DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD. The assessment included semistructured parent and teacher interviews and standardized measures of intelligence, academic attainment, and language abilities. Based on the presence or absence of concurrent learning disorders, we compared the emerging 4 groups: ADHD-only, ADHD + MD, ADHD + RD, and ADHD + MD + RD. Results: Overall prevalence of comorbid ADHD + MD was 18.1%. Age, sex, ADHD subtypes, or comorbid CD did not affect the frequency of MD. Children with concurrent ADHD and either MD or RD attained lower IQ, language, and academic scores than those with ADHD alone. Children with ADHD + MD + RD were more seriously impaired and demonstrated distinct deficits in receptive and expressive language. Conclusion: MDs are relatively common in school-age children with ADHD and are frequently associated with RDs. Children with ADHD + MD + RD are more severely impaired. These deficits simply cannot be explained as consequences of ADHD and might have unique biological underpinnings, with implications for diagnostic classification and therapeutic interventions.
Early Predictors of Suicidal Ideation in Young Adults
Authors: Dugas Erika , Low Nancy C P , Rodriguez Daniel , Burrows Stephanie , Contreras Gisèle , Chaiton Michael , O'Loughlin Jennifer 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To identify early predictors of suicidal ideation in young adults, and to determine when specific time-varying determinants become important in predicting later suicidal ideation. Methods: Data were available for 877 participants in the Nicotine Dependence in Teens study, an ongoing prospective cohort of students aged 12 to 13 years at cohort inception in 1999. Time-invariant covariates included age, sex, mother's education, language, and self-esteem. Time-varying covariates included depression symptoms, family stress, other stress, alcohol use, cigarette use, and team sports. Independent predictors of past-year suicidal ideation at age 20 years were identified in 5 multivariable logistic regression analyses, one for each of grades 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. Results: Eight per cent of participants (mean age 20.4 years [SD 0.7]; 46% male) reported suicidal ideation in the past year. In grade 7, none of the potential predictor variables were statistically significantly associated with suicidal ideation. In grade 8, participation in sports teams in and (or) outside of school protected against suicidal ideation (OR 0.6; 95% CI 0.4 to 0.8; P = 0.002). Depression symptoms in grades 9, 10, and 11 were independent predictors of suicidal ideation (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.5 to 3.2, OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.0 to 2.5, and OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.1 to 3.4, respectively). No other variables were statistically significant in the multivariate models. Conclusion: Depression symptoms as early as in grade 9 predict suicidal ideation in early adulthood. It is possible that early detection and treatment of depression symptoms are warranted as part of suicide prevention programs.
Beyond the Guidelines for Bipolar Disorder: Practical Issues in Long-Term Treatment with Lithium
Authors: Calkin Cynthia , Alda Martin 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Several treatment guidelines are available for clinicians working with patients with bipolar disorder (BD), but some of the more nuanced aspects of lithium therapy go beyond the scope of such guidelines. Therefore, in this perspective, our objective was to focus on specific practical issues of lithium treatment, including the selection and initiation of long-term treatment, and management and discontinuation (if indicated) of lithium prophylaxis. Method: We conducted a focused review of the relevant literature on the treatment of BD. Results: Consultation requests to a BD specialty service often relate to issues for which there is limited evidence, including when to initiate long-term treatment, whether choice of mood stabilizer is specific, how long to treat acute episodes, whether to switch or add on medication when treatment fails, how long to continue effective treatment, and what medication to use when a lithium-responsive patient must discontinue lithium. Conclusion: Optimal long-term treatment of BD will require more research as well as better alignment of clinical and training programs. Méthode: Nous avons mené une revue ciblée de la littérature pertinente sur le traitement du TB. Résultats: Les demandes de consultation à un service spécialisé en TB ont souvent trait aux questions pour lesquelles les données probantes sont limitées, notamment, le moment d'initier un traitement à long terme, si le choix d'un régulateur de l'humeur est spécifque, combien de temps traiter les épisodes aigus, s'il faut changer de médicament ou en ajouter lorsque le traitement échoue, combien de temps continuer un traitement efficace, et quel médicament utiliser quand un patient qui répond bien au lithium doit arrêter le lithium. Conclusion: Le traitement à long terme optimal du TB exigera plus de recherche ainsi qu'une meilleure harmonisation des programmes cliniques et de formation.
Depression Screening in Primary Care: Why the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care Did the Right Thing
Authors: Thombs Brett D , Ziegelstein Roy C 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To review the recent recommendation against routinely screening adults for depression in primary care settings by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (CTFPHC). Methods: We reviewed the CTFPHC recommendation and discussed it in the context of relevant evidence. Results: Depression screening, which involves using depression symptom questionnaires to attempt to identify patients who have unrecognized depression, was previously recommended by the CTFPHC in primary care settings with staff-assisted depression care programs in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and follow-up, but not in the absence of such programs. The CTFPHC recently updated this guideline and recommended against routinely screening adults for depression in primary care because there have not been any randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have shown depression screening to be beneficial and because of a concern about the potentially high number of false-positive screens that would occur. Without evidence from RCTs of better health outcomes from screening, there are numerous factors that suggest that depression screening, even with collaborative depression care, may not be beneficial for patients, including the high rate of patients already treated, uncertainty about the ability of depression screening tools to accurately identify previously unrecognized patients, and relatively small treatment effects among patients with less severe depression who would be most likely to be identified through screening. Routine screening would expose some patients to avoidable risks and would pose a significant cost burden. Conclusion: The CTFPHC recommendation to not screen for depression in primary care is consistent with available evidence. Clinicians in primary care settings should be alert to signs of depression and attend to symptoms through assessment and, as appropriate, referral or management, as recommended by the CTFPHC.
Long-Term Trend in Pediatric Antidepressant Use, 1983–2007: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Meng Xiangfei , D'Arcy Carl , Tempier Raymond 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Research is needed to clarify and improve our understanding of appropriateness and safety issues concerning antidepressant (AD) treatment. We explored the long-term trend in the dispensing of pediatric ADs using provincial, population-based data from Canada. Methods: Data covering 22 ADs were drawn from the Saskatchewan Ministry of Health administrative data files in outpatient settings. The data were for 9 triennial years from 1983 to 2007, a 24-year period, for those aged 0 to 19 in the general population. Descriptive analyses were used. Results: In 1983, 5.9 per 1000 population aged 0 to 19 were dispensed at least 1 AD; this decreased to 5.1 per 1000 population in 1989, and then increased to 15.4 per 1000 population in 2007, with a slower increase after 2004. Both sexes were dispensed more ADs from 1989 onwards, with females being the heavier users. The rate of AD use increased significantly with age, and this trend became more pronounced after 1998. Family physicians were the major prescribers and their prescriptions significantly increased from 1989 to 2004 and decreased in 2007. The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) was the major reason for the increase. The number of AD scripts per patient also increased. Conclusions: The growth in the prevalence of AD use among children and youth was largely caused by the use of SSRIs. The possibility of safety issues induced by AD use among children and adolescents, and different patterns of medication practice, suggest continuing education is warranted.
Electroencephalographic Abnormalities and 5-Year Outcome in First-Episode Psychosis
Authors: Manchanda Rahul , Norman Ross , Malla Ashok , Harricharan Rajendra , Northcott Sandra , Richard Julie 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To examine the relation of electroencephalographic abnormalities to 5-year outcomes in first-episode psychosis (FEP). Methods: Patients ( n = 103) had their baseline electroencephalogram (EEG) classified by modified Mayo Clinic criteria. Symptoms and psychosocial functioning were rated after 5 years of treatment. Results: Dysrhythmic EEG was associated with persistence in positive and negative symptoms of psychoses and poorer psychosocial functioning at 5-year follow-up, independently of other characteristics, such as duration of untreated illness or premorbid adjustment. A higher percentage of people with comorbid substance use disorder had normal EEG. Conclusions: Abnormal baseline EEG in FEP is associated with poorer 5-year symptomatic and functional outcome.
Nutrition Screening vs Nutrition Assessment: What’s the Difference?
Authors: Correia Maria Isabel Toulson Davisson 
Published: July 2017

AbstractScreening and assessment imply different processes, with the former indicating risk factors for a deprived nutrition condition and the latter providing the nutrition diagnosis. Both should be routinely performed at hospital admission according to recommended guidelines; however, this is not the reality worldwide, and undernutrition remains highly prevalent in the hospital setting. Therefore, the objective of the current review is to delve into the principles leading to nutrition status deficiencies and how they should be addressed by screening and assessment. A critical appraisal for the reasons associated with the misunderstanding between screening and assessing is proposed without further discussing the many available screening tools while approaching some of the assessment instruments.