bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IX.—The Error caused by “Lag” in a Recording Instrument: An Experimental Study
Authors: Milne J. R. , Levy H. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryAll instruments designed to give a record of some fluctuating quantity as a function of the time, both those employed to give “instantaneous” values of the quantity measured and also those which totalise or integrate it during a given time, are liable to sufler from error due to the inertia of their moving parts and consequent “lag”. In each class instances are given of instruments which are free from the error, but the Robinson cup anemometer—in which the authors are more particularly interested—is not one of those. As nothing was known definitely as to the effects of lag in this case, an investigation was undertaken, using a specially designed apparatus analogous to the cup anemometer, and, for greater accuracy of measurement, currents of water instead of air.A description of this apparatus is given; and the remainder of the paper is occupied with the mathematical theory and the results of experiment. The most striking of these is the fact that the instrumental error is always positive; that is to say, that when the current fluctuates the instrument registers too great a flow.The authors desire to record their thanks to Professor MacGregor for the facilities he has provided, and for the kind interest he has taken in their work.Part of the special apparatus described was obtained by a grant from the Tait Memorial Fund.
2. Note on the Origin of Thunderstorms
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

This Note does not refer so much to those great thunderstorms which extend over hundreds of miles in each direction, as to those small local storms which are often seen of from two to five or six miles only in diameter.It refers particularly to those which are seen, in summer and autumn, to pass down the Tay valley. They almost invariably come from the westward, and I am told each is almost always accompanied by a storm of similar dimensions passing eastwards down the valley of the Forth. So far as I can ascertain, they seem both to commence almost abruptly somewhere in the district about Ben Ledi and Ben Lomond.
1. On the Action of Sulphuretted Hydrogen on the Hydrate and on the Carbonate of Trimethyl-sulphine
Authors: Brown Crum 
Published: June 2016

The investigation, of which this paper contains the first part, was undertaken with the view of throwing light on the constitution of salts of trimethl-sulphine.These salts have been represented in two different ways—1st, as compound of tetratomic sulphur, and 2d, as molecular combinations of sulphide of methyl with methylic ethers, just as the ammonia salts have been represented as compounds of pentad nitrogen, or as molecular combinations of ammonia with hydric salts.
1. On a Problem of Arrangements
Authors: Cayley  
Published: June 2016

It is a well-known problem to find for n letters the number of the arrangements in which no letter occupies its original place; and the solution of it is given by the following general theorem :— viz., the number of the arrangements which satisfy any r conditions iswhere 1 denotes the whole number of arrangements; (1) the number of them which fail in regard to the first condition; (2) the number which fail in regard to the second condition; (12) the number which fail in regard to the first condition, and also in regard to the second condition; and so on: Σ(1) means (1) + (2) … + (r) : Σ(12) means (12) + (13) + (2r) … + (r − 1, r); and so on, up to (12…r), which denotes the number failing in regard to each of the r conditions.
3. On the Arrangement and Relations of the Great Nerve-Cords in the Marine Annelids
Authors: M'Intosh W. C. 
Published: June 2016

FAM. EUPHROSYNIDÆ.—In Euphrosyne foliosa, Aud. and Ed., the separate nerve-cords are comparatively large, and lie quite within the body-wall, the oblique muscles, which generally bound the longitudinal ventral muscles, decussating beneath them.AMPHINOMIDÆ.—The cords are somewhat small and flattened in Chloeia, and occupy an area bounded internally by a transverse band of fibres, and externally by the circular muscular layer and the hypodermic basement-tissue. The oblique muscles are attached at the outer border of each trunk.
2. Notice of Recent Earthquake Shocks in Argyleshire in 1877
Authors: Stevenson David 
Published: June 2016

Two earthquake shocks have lately occurred in Argyleshire of so decided a character that a description of their effects, as observed at four of the Lighthouse stations on the west coast of Scotland, will, it is thought, be interesting to the Society.The first shock occurred on the 11th March, and was observed at the Lighthouse station of Hynish in the island of Tyree, and at Sound of Mull, near Tobermory, the distance between the two places being about 34 statute miles.
1. Chapters on the Mineralogy of Scotland Chapter III. The Garnets
Authors: Heddle  
Published: June 2016

In this third chapter Dr Heddle submits the results of his analyses of garnets from thirteen localities.Notwithstanding the great frequency of the occurrence of the mineral, it is generally so largely contaminated with quartz that he was unable to procure, from many localities, specimens fit for examination.Three varieties of garnet new to Scotland—one of these being altogether new—have, however, been the reward of the present investigation.
5. Remarks on the Phonograph
Authors: Jenkin Fleeming , Ewing J. A. 
Published: June 2016

Professor Fleeming Jenkin and Mr J. A. Ewing exhibited a phonograph which they had constructed, and also some curves drawn on paper representing the indentions produced in the tinfoil of the instrument by vowel sounds.The phonograph exhibited had been constructed from a description of the instrument invented by Mr Edison, and consisted of a barrel about four inches diameter and four inches long, mounted on a spindle on which a square-threaded screw had been cut. One bearing of the spindle was cylindrical, and the other was a nut in which the screw worked. A fly-wheel handle turned the spindle and barrel, which advanced during each turn by a distance equal to the pitch of the screw. A helical groove, about in. in breadth, was cut on the surface of the barrel, having the same axial pitch as the screw on the spindle.
3. On the Action of the Chlorides of Iodine upon Acetylene and Ethylene
Authors: M'Gowan George 
Published: June 2016

Before giving the action of ethylene on the chlorides of iodine. I may shortly describe the method of preparing the latter, which I found to be the most advantageous:—A weighed quantity of perfectly dry iodine being introduced into bulb A of flask 1, perfectly dry chlorine gas is passed over it, A being at the same time heated over a water-bath to about 60° to 80° C. The ICl3, as it is formed, volatilises and condenses almost entirely in B, only a small portion escaping into flask 2. Chlorine is passed until no more iodine remains in bulb A. If the heating be omitted, only the outermost layers of iodine are converted into the trichloride, a kernel remaining unacted on. (Compare Christomanos, Berl. Ber. X. No. 5, p. 434.)
3. Notes on the Fungus Disease affecting Salmon
Authors: Stirling A. B. 
Published: June 2016

It is widely known that a destructive epidemic has this spring appeared among the salmon of the rivers Eden, Esk, and Nith. The mortality among the fish has been so great as to cause considerable alarm among proprietors, salmon commissioners, taxmen, anglers, and the general public.The newspapers inform us that within three days the watchers have taken out of the Esk as many as 350 dead salmon. All who have examined the fish carefully, agree in referring the disease to the presence of a fungoid growth.
1. On the Mechanism of the Knee Joint
Authors: Goodsir  
Published: June 2016

After alluding to the comparatively superficial manner in which physiologists, with the exception of the brothers Weber, have hither-to investigated the structure and movements of the joints, the author gave an abstract of the general results which he had formerly obtained in an examination of the knee-joint, made with reference to Meyer's valuable observations. He had found that, as stated by Meyer, the thigh and leg rotate on one another in opposite directions,—at the close of extension, and at the commencement of flexion; and that the co-ordinated movements in the patella, the ligaments, and muscles correspond generally with the account given by that observer; but in addition he had ascertained what had previously escaped notice,1. That the articular surfaces of the femur, tibia, and patella are not continuous but faceted surfaces.
3. On a peculiar Ligament connecting the opposite Ribs in certain Vertebrata
Authors: Cleland  
Published: June 2016

While examining the bones of a seal which had been for some time in maceration, the author observed that, in detaching one of the ribs from the vertebral column, a long ligament, connected to the head of the former, emerged from the intercostal foramen.It was then found that the right and left rib in all the pairs articulating with two vertebræ were connected across the mesial plane by a ligament which was attached at each end to a depression on the lower part of the continuous convex cartilaginous surface of the head of the rib, and was lodged in a tube on the floor of the spinal canal, formed by a groove on the upper surface of the corresponding intervertebral disc covered by the superior longitudinal ligament, and lined by a synovial membrane common to the tube, the ligament contained in it, and the entire heads of both the ribs.
5. On some properties of Ice near its Melting Point
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

“During the last month of March. I made some experiments on the properties of ice near its melting point, with particular reference to those of Mr Faraday, published in the Athenæum and Literary Gazette for June 1850, to which attention has been more lately called by Dr Tyndall and Mr Huxley in relation to the phenomena of glaciers.“Owing to indisposition, I have been obliged to leave my experiments for the present incomplete. But I am desirous, before the session of the Royal Society closes, to place on record some facts which I have observed, and also some conclusions which I deduce from these and other recent experiments and discussions.
3. On the Constitution of Flame
Authors: Swan  
Published: June 2016

In this communication the author discusses the theory of the constitution of flame advanced by Professor Draper of New York, in his paper “On the Production of Light by Chemical Action,” which appeared in the Philosophical Magazine for 1848.Professor Draper refers to experiments which prove that the higher the temperature of an incandescent body, the more refrangible are the rays of light emitted by it. He assumes that the temperature of the outer portions of a flame is greater than that of the interior regions; for outside there is a better supply of oxygen, and hence a more intense combustion is maintained.
3. Notice of an Unusual Fall of Rain in the Lake District, in January 1859
Authors: Davy John 
Published: June 2016

Whilst the average fall of rain during the preceding six years in January has been at Ambleside 4·22 inches; in this month, in the current year, the rain measured has amounted to 14·82 inches.The quantity of rain that has fallen in other localities of the district during the same month is stated in a table, in which also is included the rain-fall in some other parts of the United Kingdom. In the former, it has ranged from 14·375 to 6·514 inches, diminishing with distance from the central mountains; in the latter, the range has been from 6·48 inches to 0·36 inch, diminishing, it would seem, with distance from the western coasts.
2. Notice regarding the Branchial Sac of the Simple Ascidiæ
Authors: Murray Andrew 
Published: June 2016

In a paper which I read last year before this Society, “On the Structure and Functions of the Branchial Sac of the Simple Ascidise,” I stated that I had fed and injected ascidiæ with indigo and other coloured sea-water, and that in those so fed, the coloured material was never found on the exterior of the sac, but always deposited on the inner wall, and that injection by the mouth into the sac failed to push the coloured matter through its walls, except by rupturing them.These experiments were not isolated or few in number. I showed the results to various friends—among others, Professor Goodsir, Dr Wright, and Dr Cleland—and never, in any of the experiments which I made, did a single instance occur of the indigo passing through the stigmata of the sac; and, in that paper, I naturally reasoned from this fact.
2. The Bifilar Magnetometer: its Errors and Corrections
Authors: Broun John Allan 
Published: June 2016

The bifilar magnetometer has been employed in all the magnetical observations, with an exception or two; its theory has been stated generally, but no careful examination of the errors of the instrument, as deduced from experience, has been published. The author has attempted to supply this deficiency.In the theory of the instrument, the proper elasticity of the wires has been neglected, as of little importance. The author shows that the wires receive a twist in the adjustment, which puts the upper suspension-points into a different plane from the lower ones; that the force so produced enters into the equation of equilibrium in a marked manner. The theoretical conclusion is verified by experiments on the torsion force of the wires.
3. Note on the Bisulphide of Iodine
Authors: Guthrie Frederick 
Published: June 2016

An examination of the action of certain compound halogens towards some of the olefines (the results of which I hope shortly to lay before this Society), has led me to consider incidentally the preparation of some of the compound halogens in the pure state.Of compound halogens, while the constitution of none is more invariable and definite than that of the bisulphide of chlorine, the bisulphide of iodine can scarcely be said to have been prepared, despite the so strong analogy between chlorine and iodine.
1. On the Condition of the Salmon Fisheries of England and Wales in 1861; with a Notice of some of the Modes of Fishing, especially those practised in the Severn and Wye
Authors: Jardine William 
Published: June 2016

The author proposed in this paper to give more detailed observations on the salmon fisheries of England and Wales than could be done in the compass of an official report, and at the same time to add notes on the natural history of the migratory species of Salmonidæ met with in these fisheries. The first part related to the Severn and Wye.No subject has been more legislated upon than that of the regulation of the salmon fisheries of Great Britain and Ireland; and while this indicates the importance attached to them, it has been at the same time mainly caused by the want of a correct knowledge of the facts relating to them, an ignorance of the habits and natural economy of the species, and by parties looking at one or two insulated points only, instead of viewing the subject and the various interests connected with it as one.
1. On a Possible Explanation of the Adaptation of the Eye to Distinct Vision at Different Distances.
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

The idea suggested in this paper, occurred to the author three years ago, from reflecting that the destruction of spherical aberration in the eye might be effected by a modification of the curvature of the lens, as well as by the variable density which it is known to possess, and which has usually been accounted for as intended for that purpose.The author considering the probability to be almost infinite against the sphericity of the surfaces (a necessary evil in our instruments, but inexplicable in a natural organ), a conviction which he afterwards found to be reduced to certainty by experiments which have actually been made on the figure of the lens—he conceived that the variable density of this part of the eye must have some other cause.
2. On the recent Eruption of Hecla, and the Volcanic Shower in Orkney.
Authors: Traill  
Published: June 2016

Dr Traill read an account of dust falling from the atmosphere on the 2d and 3d of September last, in the islands of Orkney.This dust was observed by a gentleman in the island of Rousay, falling from the air in the morning of the 2d. It was collected by another at Skaill, on the western shores of Pomona, on the morning of the 3d; and by two other gentlemen in Kirkwall on the same day. It appears also to have fallen in several other parts of Orkney, probably over all the islands; and was observed also to reach the northern coasts of Caithness, within an area of which the radius cannot be less than 30 or 40 miles.
1. On the Decomposition and Dispersion of Light within Solid Bodies.
Authors: Brewster David 
Published: June 2016

After noticing various cases of solid and liquid bodies, which disperse light of a colour quite different from the transmitted tint, and Sir John Hersche's explanation of the phenomenon in the solution of acid sulphate of quinine, which, although itself colourless, disperses light of a bright blue, the author considers—1. The internal dispersion of fluor-spar. By employing a more intense light than Sir J. Herschel did—namely, a condensed beam of the sun's light—he conceives that he has proved that the dispersion is not, as Sir J. Herschel supposes, superficial or epipolic, but, on the contrary, belongs, in some specimens at least, to every part of the crystal. The phenomenon is only seen in the green fluor of Alston, and in some pink and bluish-yellów varieties from Derbyshire. Some specimens are formed of strata alternately dispersing and non-dispersing. The author has not found the same appearances in any other mineral; but he has observed similar phenomena of dispersion in several kinds of glass, and even in some colourless glasses, which disperse a fine green tint.
2. Notes on the Superficial Strata of the Neighbourhood of Edinburgh, concluded.
Authors: Fleming  
Published: June 2016

The author began by adverting to the position of Edinburgh as favourable to the study of geology, from the proximity of the transition rocks, the old red sandstone, and the coal measures; and then stated, that the deposits belonging to the modern epoch were equally accessible and interesting.In order to illustrate the character of the superficial strata, the author considered, in the first instance, the condition of thesurfaces of the rocks, on which these loose deposits rest.
1. On the Co-existence of Ovigerous Capsules and Spermatozoa in the same individuals of the Hydra Viridis.
Authors: Thomson Allen 
Published: June 2016

In this communication, the author described some observations made by him in the autumn of 1845, by which he had ascertained that in the Common Green Polype, as had previously been observed in theHydra fusca, generation takes place at the approach of winter by the development of impregnated ova.Professor Thomson ascertained, that, at this season, while a number of the polypes bore the spermatic capsules near the base of the arms, a few animals were to seen, on which, besides these capsules, an ovum was developed from the exterior of the middle of the body.
1. On Certain Products of Decomposition of the Fixed Oils in Contact with Sulphur.
Authors: Anderson T. 
Published: June 2016

The investigations contained in this paper were undertaken with the view of ascertaining the nature of the action of sulphur in the free state on organic substances. The author endeavoured, in the first instance, to examine the action of that agent upon some of the simpler organic compounds, but without obtaining any definite results; and finally confined his experiments entirely to the fixed oils.The distillation of oil of almonds with sulphur, which is attended by the violent evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen, afforded a peculiar nauseous oil, and a crystalline product deposited on cooling from the latter portions of the oil. In order to ascertain the source of these products, comparative experiments were made with pure stearic and oleic acids. It was thus found, that stearic acid, when distilled with sulphur, gave products identical with those obtained by its simple distillation, but that oleic acid gave an oily fluid and crystals similar to those produced from the crude oil.
1. Account of a Geological Examination of the Volcanoes of the Vivarais.
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

The author having, on former occasions, stated some results of his travels in Auvergne and the Cantal, gives a more detailed description of the volcanoes of the Vivarais, which have been less frequently and less accurately described.He first gives an account of the journey from Le Puy across the chain of the Cevennes which culminate at the volcanic summit of the Mezeuc, by the course of the Loire, to Montpezat in the department of the Ardêche.
3. Note respecting the Refractive and Dispersive Power of Chloroform.
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

From an experiment made in very cloudy weather, and therefore rather unfavourable light, I determined the following indices of refraction for pure chloroform, prepared by Dr George Wilson, of sp. gr.The measure of the refracting angle of the prism was 39° 41′. References were made to the principal lines of the spectrum, as below, the temperature of the fluid was probably 54°.
1. An Account of Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat, with Numerical Results deduced from Regnault's Experiments on Steam.
Authors: Thomson William 
Published: June 2016

The questions to be resolved by a complete theory of the motive power of heat, are the following:—I. What is the precise nature of the thermal agency by means of whichmechanical effectis to be produced, without effects of any other kind?II. How may the amount of this thermal agency necessary for performing a given quantity of work be estimated?
1. Abstract of a Paper on the Hypothesis of Molecular Vortices, and its Application to the Mechanical Theory of Heat.
Authors: Rankine William John Macquorn 
Published: June 2016

The object of this paper is to shew how the laws of the phenomena of Elasticity and Expansion, as connected with heat, may be reduced to mechanical principles by means of an hypothesis called that of Molecular Vortices.The author ascribes the first distinct statement of an hypothesis of this kind to Sir Humphrey Davy, and refers to Mr Joule as having supported it; but he states that its consequences, to the best of his knowledge, have not hitherto been developed by means of the principles of Analytical Mechanics.
4. On a Peruvian Musical Instrument, like the ancient Syrinx.
Authors: Traill  
Published: June 2016

The author prefaced his description of the instrument, by a few general remarks on the communication, in very remote epochs, between the inhabitants of the old and new worlds, as deducible from affinities in their traditions, their cosmogenies, their religious rites and structures, their astronomical cycles, and their determination of the length of the year.The Peruvian instrument was discovered, some years ago, in ahuaco, or vast tumulus, that was believed to cover the remains of an Inca of Peru. It is not of unequal reeds, like the Greek syrinx, but is cut out of a piece ofpotstone, of a trapezoidal form, in which are cut eight tubular holes of unequal depths.