bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine versus Ketofol for Sedation of Postoperative Mechanically Ventilated Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Elmoutaz Mahmoud Hatem , Rashwan Doaa Abou Elkassim 
Published: January 2018

Patients with sleep apnea are prone to postoperative respiratory complications, requiring restriction of sedatives during perioperative care. We performed a prospective randomized study on 24 patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) who underwent elective surgery under general anesthesia. The patients were equally divided into two groups: Group Dex: received dexmedetomidine loading dose 1 mcg/kg IV over 10 min followed by infusion of 0.2–0.7 mcg/kg/hr; Group KFL: received ketofol as an initial bolus dose 500 mcg/kg IV (ketamine/propofol 1 : 1) and maintenance dose of 5–10 mcg/kg/min. Sedation level (Ramsay sedation score), bispectral index (BIS), duration of mechanical ventilation, surgical intensive care unit (SICU) stay, and mean time to extubation were evaluated. Complications (hypotension, hypertension, bradycardia, postextubation apnea, respiratory depression, and desaturation) and number of patients requiring reintubation were recorded. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in BIS at the third hour only (Group DEX 63.00 ± 3.542 and Group KFL 66.42 ± 4.010, p value = 0.036). Duration of mechanical ventilation, SICU stay, and extubation time showed no statistically significant differences. No complications were recorded in both groups. Thus, dexmedetomidine was associated with lesser duration of mechanical ventilation and time to extubation than ketofol, but these differences were not statistically significant.
Spatial Heterogeneity and Evolutionary Dynamics Modulate Time to Recurrence in Continuous and Adaptive Cancer Therapies
Authors: Gallaher Jill A. , Enriquez-Navas Pedro M. , Luddy Kimberly A. , Gatenby Robert A. , Anderson Alexander R.A. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Treatment of advanced cancers has benefited from new agents that supplement or bypass conventional therapies. However, even effective therapies fail as cancer cells deploy a wide range of resistance strategies. We propose that evolutionary dynamics ultimately determine survival and proliferation of resistant cells. Therefore, evolutionary strategies should be used with conventional therapies to delay or prevent resistance. Using an agent-based framework to model spatial competition among sensitive and resistant populations, we applied antiproliferative drug treatments to varying ratios of sensitive and resistant cells. We compared a continuous maximum-tolerated dose schedule with an adaptive schedule aimed at tumor control via competition between sensitive and resistant cells. Continuous treatment cured mostly sensitive tumors, but with any resistant cells, recurrence was inevitable. We identified two adaptive strategies that control heterogeneous tumors: dose modulation controls most tumors with less drug, while a more vacation-oriented schedule can control more invasive tumors. These findings offer potential modifications to treatment regimens that may improve outcomes and reduce resistance and recurrence.
Significance: By using drug dose modulation or treatment vacations, adaptive therapy strategies control the emergence of tumor drug resistance by spatially suppressing less fit resistant populations in favor of treatment sensitive ones. Cancer Res; 78(8); 2127–39. ©2018 AACR.
Tracing the destiny of mesenchymal stem cells from embryo to adult bone marrow and white adipose tissue via Pdgfrα expression
Authors: Miwa Hiroyuki , Era Takumi 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are somatic stem cells that can be derived from adult bone marrow (BM) and white adipose tissue (WAT), and that display multipotency and self-renewal capacity. Although MSCs are essential for tissue formation and have already been used in clinical therapy, the origins and markers of these cells remain unknown. In this study, we first investigated the developmental process of MSCs in mouse embryos using the gene encoding platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (Pdgfra) as a marker. We then traced cells expressing Pdgfra and other genes (brachyury, Sox1 and Pmx1) in various mutant mouse embryos until the adult stage. This tracing of MSC origins and destinies indicates that embryonic MSCs emerge in waves and that almost all adult BM MSCs and WAT MSCs originate from mesoderm and embryonic Pdgfrα-positive cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that adult Pdgfrα-positive cells are involved in some pathological conditions.
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of S-Mannosylated Chlorins and Their Effect on Photocytotoxicity in HeLa Cells
Authors: Moriwaki Kazuhiro , Sawada Takuya , Akiyama Motofusa , Ikeda Atsushi , Kikuchi Jun-ichi , Matsumura Takeko , Yano Shigenobu , Kataoka Hiromi , Inoue Masahiro , Akashi Haruo 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-(α-d-mannopyranosylthio)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)-2,3-(methano(N-methyl)iminomethano)chlorin (H2TFPC-SMan) has been prepared and characterized by 1H and 19F NMR and UV-vis spectroscopies, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis.
H2TFPC-SMan generates singlet oxygen (1O2) upon light irradiation. The value of the relative magnitude of the 1O2-generating ability of H2TFPC-SMan is comparable to that of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-(β-d-glucopyranosylthio)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)-2,3-(methano(N-methyl)iminomethano)chlorin (H2TFPC-SGlc). The dark and photocytotoxicity of H2TFPC-SMan and H2TFPC-SGlc were tested in HeLa cells. These compounds showed no cytotoxicity in the dark. Upon photoirradiation, these compounds killed almost all of the cells in the region of a 1 to 2 µM concentration. The photocytotoxicity of the compounds completely disappeared in the concentration region of 0 to 0.1 µM. The photocytotoxicity of H2TFPC-SMan is significantly higher than that of H2TFPC-SGlc in the concentration range from 0.2 to less than 1 µM. The cellular uptake of H2TFPC-SMan in HeLa cells was estimated in terms of fluorescence intensity from each HeLa cell. The cellular uptake of H2TFPC-SMan is significantly higher than that of H2TFPC-SGlc at a concentration of 0.5 µM. These results are consistent with the experimental observation that the photocytotoxicity of H2TFPC-SMan is significantly higher than that of H2TFPC-SGlc in a concentration range from 0.2 to less than 1 µM.
A model educational scenario for the on line educational platform e-lios: Holocaust in e-lios Plattform Ένα πρότυπο εκπαιδευτικό σενάριο για την ηλεκτρονική εκπαιδευτική πλατφόρμα e-lios:Το Ολοκαύτωμα στην πλατφόρμα e-lios.
Authors: CHIOTELIS IOANNIS , Plota Despoina 
Published: January 2018

Η πλατφόρμα E-lios είναι μια νέα εκπαιδευτική πλατφόρμα που παρέχει στους εκπαιδευτικούς και τους διδάσκοντες τη δυνατότητα να δημιουργήσουν τα δικά τους εκπαιδευτικά σενάρια. Η καινοτομία του είναι ότι παρέχει ένα δομημένο πλαίσιο όπου ένας εκπαιδευτικός μπορεί να ακολουθήσει κατάλληλα βήματα ενός οδηγού πλοήγησης και να δημιουργήσει ένα εκπαιδευτικό σενάριο. Αυτά τα βήματα παρουσιάζονται ως πεδία που πρέπει να συμπληρωθούν από τον συγγραφέα ενώ στο τέλος εμφανίζονται ως ένα ολοκληρωμένο αποτέλεσμα σε μορφή έτοιμου προς διδασκαλία. Εκτός από αυτή τη δομημένη μορφή, η πλατφόρμα e-lios εισάγει δύο κύριες καινοτόμες πτυχές. Πρώτον, παρέχει το πεδίο: «ιστορίες ζωής φοιτητών» όπου οι μαθητές μπορούν να ανεβάσουν τις δικές τους ιστορίες και δεύτερον, μέσα στην ίδια φιλοσοφία, η πλατφόρμα e-lios εισάγει την καρτέλα «δεξιότητες ζωής» κυρίως για δασκάλους αλλά και ενήλικες που επιθυμούν να μοιραστούν τις εμπειρίες της ζωής τους. Αυτές οι δύο πτυχές της πλατφόρμας e-lios εισάγουν ευθέως προσωπικές εμπειρίες στη διαδικασία εκμάθησης, αναπτύσσοντας έτσι σενάρια βασισμένα στη μετασχηματιστική μάθηση. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό προτείνουμε ένα σενάριο με τίτλο: "Διδασκαλία του Ολοκαυτώματος. Μάθηση για το Άουσβιτς μέσω της τέχνης ". Αυτό το εκπαιδευτικό σενάριο πλησιάζει σε ένα μεγάλο ιστορικό γεγονός μέσω μεμονωμένων εμπειριών, που εκφράζονται από την τέχνη.
Η αξιολόγηση επιμορφωτικών προγραμμάτων ΤΠΕ για Εκπαιδευτικούς ως προς την Αποτελεσματικότητά τους σε Επίπεδο Γνώσεων. Η περίπτωση των φιλολόγων του Ν. Μεσσηνίας
Authors: Σταματοπούλου Μαρία Γεωργίου , Μπαλιάμης Παναγιώτης Ευαγγέλου , Παπαδοπούλου Βασιλική 
Published: January 2018

Αντικείμενο του άρθρου είναι η αξιολόγηση της αποτελεσματικότητας των επιμορφωτικών προγραμμάτων στις Τεχνολογίες Πληροφορίας και Επικοινωνίας(ΤΠΕ) για εκπαιδευτικούς.Η έρευνα πραγματοποιήθηκε κατά το ακαδημαϊκό έτος 2015-16, και σκοπός της ήταν να διερευνήσει τις απόψεις των φιλολόγων του Νομού Μεσσηνίας, που έχουν παρακολουθήσει επιμορφωτικά προγράμματα στις ΤΠΕ, όσον αφορά στην απόκτηση Τεχνολογικών Παιδαγωγικών Γνώσεων Περιεχομένου (ΤΠΓΠ) και στην εφαρμογή των γνώσεων αυτών στο σχολικό περιβάλλον και ιδίως στην διδακτική διαδικασία. Τα ερευνητικά ερωτήματα σχεδιάστηκαν για να ανιχνεύσουν κατά πόσο οι φιλόλογοι απέκτησαν γνώσεις ΤΠΓΠ, σε ποιο βαθμό τις χρησιμοποιούν στην καθημερινή εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία, και κατά πόσο παράγοντες όπως η ηλικία, το φύλο, το επίπεδο εκπαίδευσης και επιμόρφωσης επηρεάζουν την απόκτηση και χρήση των γνώσεων αυτών. Ακολουθήθηκε η ποσοτική προσέγγιση. Εργαλείο συλλογής δεδομένων αποτέλεσε ένα ερωτηματολόγιο με ερωτήσεις κλειστού τύπου. Στην έρευνα συμμετείχαν 91 φιλόλογοι, που υπηρετούν σε σχολεία της Διεύθυνσης της Δευτεροβάθμιας Εκπαίδευσης του Νομού Μεσσηνίας.Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας έδειξαν ότι σύμφωνα με τις απόψεις τους οι εκπαιδευτικοί αξιολογούν θετικά την απόκτηση γνώσεων ΤΠΓΠ από τη συμμετοχή τους σε επιμορφωτικά προγράμματα για εκπαιδευτικούς στις ΤΠΕ. Τη χρήση των ΤΠΕ επηρεάζουν παράγοντες όπως η εμπειρία τους και το επίπεδο επιμόρφωσής τους.
Παιδαγωγικός Σχεδιασμός και Υλοποίηση Εξ αποστάσεως προγράμματος επιμόρφωσης εκπαιδευτικών : Η Αξιοποίηση του web 2.0 στο Σύγχρονο Σχολείο» με έμφαση στη συνεργασία και την δημιουργικότητα
Authors: Αναστασιάδης Παναγιώτης Σπύρος , Κωτσίδης Κωνσταντίνος Μιχαήλ 
Published: January 2018

Η νέα κοινωνική πραγματικότητα οδηγεί στην ανάγκη καλλιέργειας υψηλού επιπέδου δεξιοτήτων, έτσι ώστε οι πολίτες να μπορούν να προσεγγίσουν τα πολυδιάστατα προβλήματα και να δώσουν λύσεις αξιοποιώντας τη δημιουργικότητα, την αφαιρετική σκέψη και την εναλλακτική θέαση των πραγμάτων. Το εργαστήριο Δια βίου και Εξ Αποστάσεως Εκπαίδευσης του Παιδαγωγικού Τμήματος του Πανεπιστημίου Κρήτης, ανταποκρινόμενο στις σύγχρονες επιμορφωτικές ανάγκες των εκπαιδευτικών, υλοποιεί από το 2013 εξ αποστάσεως προγράμματα επιμόρφωσης με θέμα «Η Αξιοποίηση του web 2.0 στο Σύγχρονο Σχολείο - Από τη Θεωρία στην Πράξη με έμφαση στη Συνεργασία, τη Δημιουργικότητα και την Κριτική Σκέψη», τα οποία απευθύνονται σε εκπαιδευτικούς Πρωτοβάθμιας Εκπαίδευσης και απόφοιτους Παιδαγωγικών Τμημάτων Δ.Ε. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η διερεύνηση του τρόπου αξιοποίησης των εφαρμογών Web 2.0 στην επιμόρφωση των εκπαιδευτικών, με έμφαση στην ανάπτυξη της δημιουργικότητας των επιμορφούμενων.
Afefobia em Foco: filme Repulsão a partir do prisma psicanalítico
Authors: Silva Débora Dos Santos , Gomes Cícera Maria Dos Santos , Marinho Ana Olívia De Oliveira 
Published: January 2018

O termo afefobia representa aqueles que sentem uma forte angústia com sintomas de taquicardia, sudorese, sensação de punhalada no peito, náusea e tremores quando tocados. Estes sintomas podem variar de pessoa para pessoa, sendo que algumas podem senti-los até em contatos/toques sociais: como um simples aperto de mão. A evitação fóbica tende a ficar evidente na idade adulta quando as pessoas geralmente elegem um objeto amoroso. Tende a surgir com intenso sofrimento psíquico a depender de cada história de vida e da estruturação clínica. Para abordar o tema, utilizou-se o recurso do estudo de caso, onde foi feito a descrição e análise da personagem principal do filme Repulsão, Carole Ledoux, no intuito de vislumbrar e melhor entender, a partir da ficção e norteada pela psicanálise, um assunto que causa bastante sofrimento em quem padece desta problemática afetiva. Conclui-se sinalizando a importância da associação livre, da fala em análise, para que se possa lidar com os afetos e possibilitar, por acréscimo, a cura de sintomas que causem adoecimento. Palavras-chave: Afefobia; Carole Ledoux; Amor; Loucura; Associação Livre.
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MEDIA BIG BOOK WRITING TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN MENULIS BAHASA INDONESIA SISWA KELAS 5 SD NEGERI 1 PILANGBANGO MADIUN
Authors: Permatasari Dian 
Published: January 2018

Writing Skills is one language skills that must be mastered by the student. Civilizing expressing ideas or students’ ideas in written form can be developed througheducation. However, unfortunately this habituation is not taken seriously in the education system, so that the culture of writing in the student still low and thereare still many students who find it difficult to carry out writing stories. The purpose of writing skills in school is that the students have the ability to speak Indonesian to develop an idea or ideas in writing through essay they create. One media that can enhance learning media wrote that the Big Book Writing. The Media Big Book Writing is one medium that can stimulate students to write. Great Big Book Writing a book is a book reading with the size, text, and graphics are great.
Keyword: Writing skills, Learning Media, Bigbook Writing
Second-order L
∞ variational problems and the ∞-polylaplacian
Authors: Katzourakis Nikos , Pryer Tristan 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In this paper we initiate the study of second-order variational problems in

L
∞

{L^{\infty}}

, seeking to minimise the

L
∞

{L^{\infty}}

norm of a function of the hessian. We also derive and study the respective PDE arising as the analogue of the Euler–Lagrange equation. Given

H
∈

C
1

⁢

(

ℝ
s

n
×
n

)

{\mathrm{H}\in C^{1}(\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}_{s})}

, for the functional

E
∞

⁢

(
u
,
𝒪
)

=

∥

H
⁢

(

D
2

⁢
u

)

∥

L
∞

⁢

(
𝒪
)

,

u
∈

W

2
,
∞

⁢

(
Ω
)

,

𝒪
⊆
Ω

,

\mathrm{E}_{\infty}(u,\mathcal{O})=\|\mathrm{H}(\mathrm{D}^{2}u)\|_{L^{\infty}%
(\mathcal{O})},\quad u\in W^{2,\infty}(\Omega),\mathcal{O}\subseteq\Omega,{}

the associated equation is the fully nonlinear third-order PDE

A
∞
2

⁢
u

:=

(

H
X

⁢

(

D
2

⁢
u

)

)

⊗
3

:

(

D
3

⁢
u

)

⊗
2

=
0

.

\mathrm{A}^{2}_{\infty}u:=(\mathrm{H}_{X}(\mathrm{D}^{2}u))^{\otimes 3}:(%
\mathrm{D}^{3}u)^{\otimes 2}=0.{}

Special cases arise when

H

{\mathrm{H}}

is the Euclidean length of either the full hessian or of the Laplacian, leading to the

∞

{\infty}

-polylaplacian and the

∞

{\infty}

-bilaplacian respectively. We establish several results for (1) and (2), including existence of minimisers, of absolute minimisers and of “critical point” generalised solutions, proving also variational characterisations and uniqueness. We also construct explicit generalised solutions and perform numerical experiments.
Strategic Effects between Price-takers and Non-price-takers
Authors: Hirth Hans , Walther Martin 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Price-taking behavior seems to contradict rationality if a price effect is to be expected. This paper identifies a strategic effect between price-takers and non-price-takers on financial markets. It results from the liquidity reduction non-price-taking induces. Thus, a trade-off between the benefits of calculating price impacts correctly and market liquidity exists. It is shown that price-takers may benefit more from trading than their fully rational counterparts do. Moreover, it is demonstrated that when the choice of behavior is unobservable and decision costs exist an investor would profit more as a non-price-taker when his trading potential is large, and more as a price-taker when it is small. However, when the choice of behavior is observable it is the other way around. If various rounds of trading take place, an investor’s terminal endowment converges to his risk tolerance share. Thus, an efficient allocation is obtained. Furthermore, a paradox concerning the endogenous choice of manners of calculation is identified.
Bioglass and bioceramic composites processed by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS): biological evaluation Versus SBF test
Authors: Bellucci Devis , Salvatori Roberta , Cannio Maria , Luginina Marina , Orrù Roberto , Montinaro Selena , Anesi Alexandre , Chiarini Luigi , Cao Giacomo , Cannillo Valeria 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite (HA), a lab-made bioglass (BGCaMIX) with high crystallization temperature and different HA/BGCaMIX composites, produced by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS), was tested with respect to murine osteocytes both by direct and indirect tests, in order to also investigate possible cytotoxic effects of the samples’ extracts. Previous investigations demonstrated that the samples’ bioactivity, evaluated in a simulated body fluid solution (SBF), increased with the increasing amount of BGCaMIX in the sample itself. Although none of the samples were cytotoxic, the findings of the biological evaluation did not confirm those arising from the SBF assay. In particular, the results of direct tests did not show an enhanced “biological performance” of materials with higher glass content. This finding may be due to the high release of ions and particulate from the glass phase. On the contrary, the performance of the BGCaMIX alone is better for the indirect tests, based on filtered samples’ extracts. This work further demonstrates that, when considering bioglasses and HA/bioglass composites, the results of the SBF assays should be interpreted with great care, making sure that the results arising from direct contact tests are integrated with those arising fromthe indirect ones.
Borderline positive antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-PR3/MPO detection in a large cohort tertiary center: lessons learnt from a real-life experience
Authors: Watad Abdulla , Bragazzi Nicola L. , Sharif Kassem , Gilburd Boris , Yavne Yarden , McGonagle Dennis , Amital Howard , Shoenfeld Yehuda 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Background:
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) are the best strategies for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) detection. In a minority of subjects, ELISA-based ANCA testing may result in a borderline positive titre. Therefore, we assessed the clinical significance of such a result.

Methods:
This is a retrospective study, which included all subjects screened for ANCA subtypes (myeloperoxidase (MPO) or proteinase-3 (PR3)) with subsequent identification of borderline positive results, as determined by ELISA and retested using IIF. The demographic, clinical and laboratory data of subjects with borderline positive ANCA test results were extracted from their medical records.

Results:
A total of 14,555 PR3/MPO-ANCA tests were performed with ELISA during the study period (2006–2016). Of the 14,555 PR3-ANCA antibody tests that were performed, 94 were borderline positive (titre 0.9–1.1), and of 14,555 MPO-ANCA antibody tests, 43 were borderline positive (titre 0.9–1.1). The male-to-female ratio was 1:1.08 and the mean age was 50.95±21.79 years. Four MPO-ANCA (9.30%) and 11 PR3-ANCA (11.70%) antibody borderline samples resulted positive on IIF testing. Subjects with borderline positive MPO-ANCA were found to have a poorer outcome in terms of renal failure and the requirement of dialysis.

Conclusions:
Subjects with borderline positive MPO-ANCA and positive p-ANCA (IIF) seem to have a less favorable outcome. Physicians should be aware of these findings and possibly perform a closer follow-up and routine screening for these subjects.
English and Chinese children’s motion event similarity judgments
Authors: Ji Yinglin , Hohenstein Jill 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This study explores the relationship between language and thought in similarity judgments by testing how monolingual children who speak languages with partial typological differences in motion description (English and Chinese) respond to visual motion event stimuli. Participants were either Chinese- or English-speaking, 3-year-olds, 8-year-olds and adults (32 in each group) who judged the similarity between caused motion scenes in a match-to-sample task. The results suggest, first of all, that the two younger groups of 3-year-olds are predominantly path-oriented, irrespective of language, as evidenced by their significantly longer fixation on path-match videos rather than manner-match videos in a preferential looking scheme. Using categorical measurement of overt choices, older children and adults also showed a shared tendency of being more path-oriented. However, the analysis using continuous measurement of reaction time revealed significant variations in spatial cognition that can be related to linguistic differences: English speakers tended to be more manner-oriented while Chinese speakers were equally manner- and path-oriented. On the whole, our findings indicate a likelihood that children’s non-linguistic thought is similar prior to internalising the lexicalisation pattern of motion events in their native languages, but shows divergences after such habitual use, thus suggesting that the pattern of non-linguistic thought may be linked, among other things, to linguistic structure.
Disaster Risk Analysis Part 1: The Importance of Including Rare Events
Authors: Etkin David A. , Mamuji Aaida A. , Clarke Lee 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Rare events or worst-case scenarios are often excluded from disaster risk analysis. Their inclusion can be very challenging, both from methodological and data availability perspectives. We argue that despite these challenges, not including worst-case scenarios in disaster risk analysis seriously underestimates total risk. It is well known that disaster data sets generally have fat tails. In this paper we analyze data for a number of disaster types in order to empirically examine the relative importance of the few most damaging events. The data show consistent fat-tail trends, which suggests that rare events are important to include in a disaster risk analysis given their percentage contributions to cumulative damage. An example of biased risk estimation is demonstrated by a case study of risk analysis of tanker spills off the western coast of Canada. Incorporating worst-case scenarios into disaster risk analysis both reduces the likelihood of developing fantasy planning documents, and has numerous benefits as evidenced by applications of foresight analysis in the public sector. A separate paper "Disaster Risk Analysis Part 2" explores how disaster risk analyses are operationalized in governmental emergency management organizations, and finds evidence of a systemic underestimation of risk.
On finding a cavity in a thermoelastic body using a single displacement measurement over a finite time interval on the surface of the body
Authors: Ikehata Masaru 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A mathematical formulation of an estimation problem of a cavity inside a three-dimensional thermoelastic body by
using time domain data is considered.
The governing equation of the problem is given by a system of equations in the linear theory of thermoelasticity
which is a coupled system of the elastic wave and heat equations.
A new version of the enclosure method in the time domain which is originally developed for the classical wave equation is established.
For a comparison, the results in the decoupled case are also given.