bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Black Hole Sign
Authors: Li Qi , Zhang Gang , Xiong Xin , Wang Xing-Chen , Yang Wen-Song , Li Ke-Wei , Wei Xiao , Xie Peng 
Published: May 2016

Background and Purpose—
Early hematoma growth is a devastating neurological complication after intracerebral hemorrhage. We aim to report and evaluate the usefulness of computed tomography (CT) black hole sign in predicting hematoma growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

Methods—
Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage were screened for the presence of CT black hole sign on admission head CT performed within 6 hours after onset of symptoms. The black hole sign was defined as hypoattenuatting area encapsulated within the hyperattenuating hematoma with a clearly defined border. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of CT black hole sign in predicting hematoma expansion were calculated. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the presence of the black hole sign and early hematoma growth.

Results—

A total of 206 patients were enrolled. Black hole sign was found in 30 (14.6%) of 206 patients on the baseline CT scan. The black hole sign was more common in patients with hematoma growth (31.9%) than those without hematoma growth (5.8%;
P
<0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of back hole sign in predicting early hematoma growth were 31.9%, 94.1%, 73.3%, and 73.2%, respectively. The time-to-admission CT scan, baseline hematoma volume, and the presence of black hole sign on admission CT independently predict hematoma growth in multivariate model.

Conclusions—
The CT black hole sign could be used as a simple and easy-to-use predictor for early hematoma growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.
The North American Monsoon GPS Transect Experiment 2013
Authors: Serra Yolande L. , Adams David K. , Minjarez-Sosa Carlos , Moker James M. , Arellano Avelino F. , Castro Christopher L. , Quintanar Arturo I. , Alatorre Luis , Granados Alfredo , Vazquez G. Esteban , Holub Kirk , DeMets C. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Northwestern Mexico experiences large variations in water vapor on seasonal time scales in association with the North American monsoon, as well as during the monsoon associated with upper-tropospheric troughs, mesoscale convective systems, tropical easterly waves, and tropical cyclones. Together these events provide more than half of the annual rainfall to the region. A sufficient density of meteorological observations is required to properly observe, understand, and forecast the important processes contributing to the development of organized convection over northwestern Mexico. The stability of observations over long time periods is also of interest to monitor seasonal and longer-time-scale variability in the water cycle. For more than a decade, the U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS) has been used to obtain tropospheric precipitable water vapor (PWV) for applications in the atmospheric sciences. There is particular interest in establishing these systems where conventional operational meteorological networks are not possible due to the lack of financial or human resources to support the network. Here, we provide an overview of the North American Monsoon GPS Transect Experiment 2013 in northwestern Mexico for the study of mesoscale processes and the impact of PWV observations on high-resolution model forecasts of organized convective events during the 2013 monsoon. Some highlights are presented, as well as a look forward at GPS networks with surface meteorology (GPS-Met) planned for the region that will be capable of capturing a wider range of water vapor variability in both space and time across Mexico and into the southwestern United States.
Tropical Cyclone Diurnal Cycle as Observed by TRMM
Authors: Leppert Kenneth D. , Cecil Daniel J. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Previous work has indicated a clear, consistent diurnal cycle in rainfall and cold cloudiness coverage around tropical cyclones. This cycle may have important implications for structure and intensity changes of these storms and the forecasting of such changes. The goal of this paper is to use passive and active microwave measurements from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and Precipitation Radar (PR), respectively, to better understand the tropical cyclone diurnal cycle throughout a deep layer of a tropical cyclone’s clouds.
The composite coverage by PR reflectivity ≥20 dBZ at various heights as a function of local standard time (LST) and radius suggests the presence of a diurnal signal for radii &lt;500 km through a deep layer (2–10-km height) of the troposphere using 1998–2011 Atlantic tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm strength. The area covered by reflectivity ≥20 dBZ at radii 100–500 km peaks in the morning (0130–1030 LST) and reaches a minimum 1030–1930 LST. Radii between 300 and 500 km tend to reach a minimum in coverage closer to 1200 LST before reaching another peak at 2100 LST. The inner core (0–100 km) appears to be associated with a single-peaked diurnal cycle only at upper levels (8–10 km) with a maximum at 2230–0430 LST. The TMI rainfall composites suggest a clear diurnal cycle at all radii between 200 and 1000 km with peak rainfall coverage and rain rate occurring in the morning (0130–0730 LST).
Q’eqchi’ Mayas and the Myth of “Postconflict” Guatemala
Authors: Knowlton Autumn 
Published: May 2016

While Guatemala has commonly been referred to as a “postconflict” setting since the end of the armed conflict of 1960–1996, Guatemalans today experience a new violence that has been described as a symptom of the changes brought about by neoliberal reforms. Q’eqchi’ Mayas’ reports of violent evictions, murders, rapes, and threats of violence point to fissures in the government’s “postconflict” discourse. The state’s counterinsurgency violence has been transformed into a kind of state-supported violence in which government institutions act at the behest of agribusinesses and mining companies to evict Q’eqchi’ from their traditional territories. The resolution of land ownership disputes between communities, the state, and corporations is central to Q’eqchi’ political imaginaries. Guatemala suele ser catalogada como una sociedad de posconflicto desde el cese del conflicto armado de 1960-1996, pero actualmente los guatemaltecos sufren un nuevo tipo de violencia que ha sido descrita como un síntoma de los cambios causados por las reformas neoliberales. Las denuncias de los Mayas Q’eqchi’ sobre desalojos violentos, asesinatos, violaciones y amenazas de violencia dejan al descubierto las grietas en el discurso de “posconflicto” del gobierno. La violencia de la contrainsurgencia del estado se ha transformado en un tipo de violencia sancionada por las autoridades por medio de la cual las instituciones estatales actúan a instancias de la agroindustria y las compañías mineras para desalojar a los Q’eqchi’ de sus territorios ancestrales. La resolución de las disputas por la propiedad de la tierra entre las comunidades indígenas, el estado y las corporaciones es esencial para el imaginario político Q’eqchi’.
Interprovincial Variation in Antipsychotic and Antidepressant Prescriptions Dispensed in the Canadian Pediatric Population
Authors: Arora Nikita , Knowles Sandra , Gomes Tara , Mamdani Muhammad M. , Juurlink David N. , Carlisle Corine , Tadrous Mina 
Published: May 2016

Objective: Although antidepressants and antipsychotics are valuable medications in the treatment of select psychiatric disorders, there is increasing focus on the balance of risks and benefits of these drugs as prescribed, particularly in the pediatric population. We examined recent national trends and interprovincial variation in dispensing of antipsychotic and antidepressant prescriptions to the Canadian pediatric population. Method: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study of antidepressant and antipsychotic prescriptions dispensed by Canadian pharmacies to the pediatric population (≤18 years) between 2010 and 2013. Prescription volumes were obtained from IMS Health. Analysis was stratified by drug, year, quarter, and province and population-standardized using age-adjusted population estimates. Results: From the first quarter of 2010 to the fourth quarter of 2013, dispensing of antipsychotics to the pediatric population increased 33% (from 34 to 45 prescriptions per 1000) and dispensing of antidepressants increased 63% (from 34 to 55 per 1000). We observed a 1.5-fold interprovincial difference in dispensing rates for antidepressants (range: 189 per 1000 to 275 per 1000) and a 3.0-fold difference for antipsychotics (range: 85 per 1000 to 253 per 1000) in 2013. Among antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were the most dispensed (76%), with fluoxetine being the leading agent. Among antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics were the most dispensed (97%), with risperidone being the leading agent. Conclusions: Antipsychotic and antidepressant dispensing to the Canadian pediatric population increased from 2010 to 2013, with considerable interprovincial variation. Future research is required to explore reasons for observed patterns to optimize care for the Canadian pediatric population.
Spice MyPlate
Authors: D’Adamo Christopher R. , McArdle Patrick F. , Balick Lyssa , Peisach Erin , Ferguson Tenaj , Diehl Alica , Bustad Kendall , Bowden Brandin , Pierce Beverly A. , Berman Brian M. 
Published: May 2016

Purpose: To determine whether an experiential nutrition education intervention focusing on spices and herbs (“Spice MyPlate”) is feasible and improves diet quality and healthy eating attitudes among an urban and predominantly African-American sample of adolescents more than standard nutrition education alone. Design: A nonrandomized controlled trial compared standard nutrition education in U.S. Department of Agriculture MyPlate guidelines (control group) with standard nutrition education plus adjuvant Spice MyPlate curriculum (intervention group). Data were collected at baseline and after 3, 6, and 10 weeks. Setting: Study setting was two public high schools in Baltimore, Maryland. Subjects: A total of 110 students in grades 9 to 12 participated. Intervention: The 6-week school-based intervention conducted during health class focused on cooking using spices and herbs to eat healthier diets according to MyPlate. Measures: Dietary intake reported on 3-day food records and healthy eating attitudes questionnaires was analyzed. Analysis: Differences in diet quality and healthy eating attitudes between study groups were estimated by t-tests, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests, and covariate-adjusted regression models. Results: Spice MyPlate was feasible and there were modest but significant improvements ( p ≤ .05) in the Spice MyPlate group compared with control in whole grains (31.2 g/wk) and protein foods (13.2 ounces per week) intake, and attitudes toward eating vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and low-fat dairy. Conclusions: Although randomized trials are needed, experiential nutrition education focusing on spices and herbs may help urban and predominantly African-American adolescent populations eat healthier diets.
Different Types of Sedentary Activities and Their Association With Perceived Health and Wellness Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Authors: O’Neill Carley , Dogra Shilpa 
Published: May 2016

Purpose: To assess the association between a variety of sedentary activities and self-reported wellness outcomes to provide a comprehensive perspective for future development of sedentary guidelines for middle-aged and older adults. Design: Cross-sectional population study. Setting: Canadian Community Health Survey (Healthy Aging Cycle, 2008–2009). Subjects: Middle-aged (45–60 years; n = 8161) and older adults (60 years and older; n = 9128) were used for analysis. Measures: Self-reported perceived health, sense of belonging to community, mood disorder, and satisfaction with life were used as outcomes. Sedentary activities were playing bingo, computer use, doing crosswords/puzzles, handicrafts, listening to radio/music, playing a musical instrument, reading, visiting others, and watching TV. Analysis: Chi-squares, t-tests and multivariable logistic regressions. Results: Among respondents not diagnosed with a mood disorder, positive associations were noted for crosswords/puzzles in older adults (odds ratio [OR]: 1.39, confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.91) and listening to radio/music or playing an instrument in middle-aged adults (OR: 1.43, CI: 1.16–1.75; OR: 2.14, CI: 1.17–3.81). Satisfaction with life was positively associated with computer use in middle-aged (OR: 1.53, CI: 1.07–2.20) and older adults (OR: 1.42, CI: 1.09–1.84). Sense of belonging was consistently positively associated with sedentary activities. Conclusion: Several sedentary activities were found to be positively associated with self-reported measures of psychosocial wellness in middle-aged and older adults. These findings identify potential opportunities for sedentary time interventions and dual-task physical activity promotion.
Randomized Clinical Trial of the Women’s Lifestyle Physical Activity Program for African-American Women
Authors: Wilbur JoEllen , Miller Arlene Michaels , Fogg Louis , McDevitt Judith , Castro Cynthia M. , Schoeny Michael E. , Buchholz Susan W. , Braun Lynne T. , Ingram Diana M. , Volgman Annabelle S. , Dancy Barbara L. 
Published: May 2016

Purpose: To compare the effects of a physical activity (PA) intervention of group meetings versus group meetings supplemented by personal calls or automated calls on the adoption and maintenance of PA and on weight stability among African-American women. Design: Randomized clinical trial with three conditions randomly assigned across six sites. Setting: Health settings in predominately African-American communities. Subjects: There were 288 women, aged 40 to 65, without major signs/symptoms of pulmonary/cardiovascular disease. Intervention: Six group meetings delivered over 48 weeks with either 11 personal motivational calls, 11 automated motivational messages, or no calls between meetings. Measures: Measures included PA (questionnaires, accelerometer, aerobic fitness), weight, and body composition at baseline, 24 weeks, and 48 weeks. Analysis: Analysis of variance and mixed models. Results: Retention was 90% at 48 weeks. Adherence to PA increased significantly ( p < .001) for questionnaire ( d = .56, 128 min/wk), accelerometer ( d = .37, 830 steps/d), and aerobic fitness ( d = .41, 7 steps/2 min) at 24 weeks and was maintained at 48 weeks ( p < .001), with no differences across conditions. Weight and body composition showed no significant changes over the course of the study. Conclusion: Group meetings are a powerful intervention for increasing PA and preventing weight gain and may not need to be supplemented with telephone calls, which add costs and complexity.
Inefficient constitutive inhibition of P2X3 receptors by brain natriuretic peptide system contributes to sensitization of trigeminal sensory neurons in a genetic mouse model of familial hemiplegic migraine
Authors: Marchenkova Anna , Vilotti Sandra , Ntamati Niels , van den Maagdenberg Arn MJM , Nistri Andrea 
Published: May 2016

Background On trigeminal ganglion neurons, pain-sensing P2X3 receptors are constitutively inhibited by brain natriuretic peptide via its natriuretic peptide receptor-A. This inhibition is associated with increased P2X3 serine phosphorylation and receptor redistribution to non-lipid raft membrane compartments. The natriuretic peptide receptor-A antagonist anantin reverses these effects. We studied whether P2X3 inhibition is dysfunctional in a genetic familial hemiplegic migraine type-1 model produced by introduction of the human pathogenic R192Q missense mutation into the mouse CACNA1A gene (knock-in phenotype). This model faithfully replicates several properties of familial hemiplegic migraine type-1, with gain-of-function of CaV2.1 Ca2+ channels, raised levels of the algogenic peptide calcitonin gene-related peptide, and enhanced activity of P2X3 receptors in trigeminal ganglia. Results In knock-in neurons, anantin did not affect P2X3 receptor activity, membrane distribution, or serine phosphorylation level, implying ineffective inhibition by the constitutive brain natriuretic peptide/natriuretic peptide receptor-A pathway. However, expression and functional properties of this pathway remained intact together with its ability to downregulate TRPV1 channels. Reversing the familial hemiplegic migraine type-1 phenotype with the CaV2.1-specific antagonist, ω-agatoxin IVA restored P2X3 activity to wild-type level and enabled the potentiating effects of anantin again. After blocking calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors, P2X3 receptors exhibited wild-type properties and were again potentiated by anantin. Conclusions P2X3 receptors on mouse trigeminal ganglion neurons are subjected to contrasting modulation by inhibitory brain natriuretic peptide and facilitatory calcitonin gene-related peptide that both operate via complex intracellular signaling. In the familial hemiplegic migraine type-1 migraine model, the action of calcitonin gene-related peptide appears to prevail over brain natriuretic peptide, thus suggesting that peripheral inhibition of P2X3 receptors becomes insufficient and contributes to trigeminal pain sensitization.
Interleukin-1β overproduction is a common cause for neuropathic pain, memory deficit, and depression following peripheral nerve injury in rodents
Authors: Gui Wen-Shan , Wei Xiao , Mai Chun-Lin , Murugan Madhuvika , Wu Long-Jun , Xin Wen-Jun , Zhou Li-Jun , Liu Xian-Guo 
Published: May 2016

Background Chronic pain is often accompanied by short-term memory deficit and depression. Currently, it is believed that short-term memory deficit and depression are consequences of chronic pain. Here, we test the hypothesis that the symptoms might be caused by overproduction of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) in the injured nerve independent of neuropathic pain following spared nerve injury in rats and mice. Results Mechanical allodynia, a behavioral sign of neuropathic pain, was not correlated with short-term memory deficit and depressive behavior in spared nerve injury rats. Spared nerve injury upregulated IL-1β in the injured sciatic nerve, plasma, and the regions in central nervous system closely associated with pain, memory and emotion, including spinal dorsal horn, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala. Importantly, the spared nerve injury-induced memory deficits, depressive, and pain behaviors were substantially prevented by peri-sciatic administration of IL-1β neutralizing antibody in rats or deletion of IL-1 receptor type 1 in mice. Furthermore, the behavioral abnormalities induced by spared nerve injury were mimicked in naïve rats by repetitive intravenous injection of re combinant rat IL-1β (rrIL-1β) at a pathological concentration as determined from spared nerve injury rats. In addition, microglia were activated by both spared nerve injury and intravenous injection of rrIL-1β and the effect of spared nerve injury was substantially reversed by peri-sciatic administration of anti-IL-1β. Conclusions Neuropathic pain was not necessary for the development of cognitive and emotional disorders, while the overproduction of IL-1β in the injured sciatic nerve following peripheral nerve injury may be a common mechanism underlying the generation of neuropathic pain, memory deficit, and depression.
Physical Therapy Protocol After Hip Arthroscopy
Authors: Domb Benjamin G. , Sgroi Terrance A. , VanDevender Jeremy C. 
Published: May 2016

Context: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) was first described by Ganz in 2003 and is a significant cause of decreased function and mobility. Femoroacetabular impingement must be treated in an individualized, goal-oriented, stepwise fashion. This protocol was developed with biomechanical considerations of soft tissue and bony structures surrounding the hip joint. Evidence Acquisition: The PubMed database was searched for scientific and review articles from the years 2000 to 2015 utilizing the search terms: hip rehabilitation, femoroacetabular impingement, and arthroscopy. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 5. Results: Five hundred ninety-five of 738 patients were available for follow-up showing improvement from preoperative to 2-year follow-up of 61.29 to 82.02 for modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), 62.79 to 83.04 for Hip Outcome Score–Activities of Daily Living (HOS-ADL), 40.96 to 70.07 for Hip Outcome Score–Sport-Specific Subscale (HOS-SSS), and 57.97 to 80.41 for Non-Arthritic Hip Score (NAHS); visual analog scale (VAS) scores decreased from 5.86 preoperatively to 2.94 postoperatively. Conclusion: Following a structured, criteria-based program, appropriate patients undergoing hip arthroscopy may achieve excellent outcomes and return to full independent activities of daily living as well as sport.
A qualitative analysis of patients’ reasons for choosing neobladder or ileal conduit after cystectomy for bladder cancer
Authors: Osborne Lisa A , Dixon Catherine , Edwards Darren J , Begum Rahima , Younis Ayman , Lucas Malcolm , Reed Phil 
Published: May 2016

Objective: Choice of reconstruction following bladder removal is often between neobladder or ileal conduit diversion. Identifying patient concerns about this little understood choice should provide better understanding of factors important in making surgical decisions. The current study used a qualitative technique to identify patient concerns and values influencing patient choice of bladder reconstruction following radical cystectomy. Subjects and Methods: Thirty-two patients (neobladder: 11 male, 6 female; ileal conduit: 9 male, 6 female) participated in semi-structured interviews conducted at a Hospital Clinical Research Unit, and their responses were analysed by content analysis. Results: Many procedure and lifestyle factors were secondary to survival considerations. Most patients adapted to reconstruction. Patients chose neobladder because of perceptions of normality and less-restricted activities (including sex life), or chose ileal conduit because of perceived simplicity of this operation, or the fear of urinary incontinence, and extra ‘work’ for the patient involved in having a neobladder. Male and female reasons were consistent with one another, except that body image was a greater issue for females in choosing neobladder. Conclusion: Pre-existing concerns influenced the choice that patients made between undergoing illeal conduit or neobladder reconstruction after removal of their bladder. These findings are a step towards developing a tool to aid joint decision making when planning exenterative and reconstructive surgery for bladder cancer.