bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling delay at signalized intersections with channelized right‐turn lanes considering the impact of blockage
Authors: Farivar Saeedeh , Tian Zong Z. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThis paper presents a probabilistic delay model for signalized intersections with right‐turn channelization lanes considering the possibility of blockage. Right‐turn channelization is used to improve the capacity and to reduce delay at busy intersections with a lot of right‐turns. However, under heavy traffic conditions the through vehicles will likely block the channelization entrance that accrues delay to right‐turn vehicles. If the right‐turn channelization gets blocked frequently, its advantage in reducing the intersection delay is neglected and as a result the channelization lane becomes inefficient and redundant. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) neglects the blockage effect, which may be a reason for low efficiency during peak hours. More importantly, using HCM or other standard traffic control methods without considering the blockage effects would lead to underestimation of the delay. To overcome this issue, the authors proposed delay models by taking into account both deterministic and random aspects of vehicles arrival patterns at signalized intersections. The proposed delay model was validated through VISSIM, a microscopic simulation model. The results showed that the proposed model is very precise and accurately estimates the delay. In addition, it was found that the length of short‐lane section and proportion of right‐turn and through traffic significantly influence the approach delay. For operational purposes, the authors provided a step‐by‐step delay calculation process and presented approach delay estimates for different sets of traffic volumes, signal settings, and short‐lane section lengths. The delay estimates would be useful in evaluating adequacy of the current lengths, identifying the options of extending the short‐lane section length, or changing signal timing to reduce the likelihood of blockage. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Der Zellkern – eine Stadt in der Zelle
Authors: Cremer Thomas , Cremer Marion , Cremer Christoph 
Published: October 2016

AbstractGespeicherte genetische Information allein nützt nichts, wenn sie nicht zur richtigen Zeit und am richtigen Ort abgerufen werden kann. Die Verpackung der DNA im Chromatin des Zellkerns und dessen dynamische, raum‐zeitliche Anordnung haben einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Genexpression und weitere Funktionen des Zellkerns. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit beschreiben die Verfasser die Entwicklung der experimentellen Zellkernarchitektur‐Forschung und die damit einhergehenden Veränderungen der Vorstellungen zur funktionellen Organisation des Zellkerns.
“Lochfraß” in Lebensmitteln durch Aluminiumfolie
Authors: Högermann Christiane 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn diesem Beitrag wird ein Phänomen in Theorie und Praxis vorgestellt, das eine Brücke zwischen Alltagsphänomen und biochemischen Reaktionen schlägt: galvanische Vorgänge, die einsetzen, wenn mit Aluminiumfolie abgedeckte, säure‐ und salzhaltige Lebensmittel auf Edelstahlplatten liegen.
Cyanobakterien: Symbiont mit globalem Einfluss
Authors: Tetsch Larissa 
Published: October 2016

AbstractOhne Cyanobakterien gäbe es weder Pflanzen noch Tiere, denn erst die Anreicherung der Atmosphäre mit Sauerstoff, dem Nebenprodukt ihrer oxygenen Photosynthese, ermöglichte die Entstehung aerober Lebensformen, und aus endosymbiontischen Cyanobakterien entwickelten sich die Chloroplasten. Seit über 1500 Jahren wird die Fähigkeit der Cyanobakterien zur Stickstofffixierung im Reisanbau genutzt, und heute loten Wissenschaftler ihr Potenzial als Produzent von alternativen Energieträgern aus.
HPTLC and magnetochromatography of new complexes of carboxylates with transition metals or rare earth elements and their ligands – study of lipophilicity
Authors: Malinowska Irena , Wronka Agnieszka , Ferenc Wiesława 
Published: October 2016

AbstractNineteen new complexes of carboxylates with transition and rare elements as central ions and their ligands were characterized by chromatographic analyses. The parameter of relative lipophilicity (RM0) of the tested compounds was determined experimentally by the reversed‐phase high‐performance thin layer chromatography method with mixtures of various organic modifiers (acetonitrile, acetone, dioxane) and water as a mobile phase. The extrapolated RM0 values were compared with the logP values calculated from the molecular structures of tested solutes. Similarities between the lipophilicity indices were analysed by principal component analysis and linear regression. Thin‐layer chromatography combined with a magnetic field has been proposed as a complementary method for determination of lipophilicity of the investigated compounds. The chromatograms in the field and outside it were developed simultaneously in two identical chromatographic chambers. One of them was placed in the external magnetic field of 0.4 T inductivity. We proved that chelation causes a drastic change in compound lipophilicity, but all complexes did not exhibit enhanced activity as compared with the parent ligand. Also in the magnetic field the retention of some complexes changed, which means that the presence of the field influences the physicochemical properties of the compounds and their interactions with the stationary phase.
Synthesis of Nω‐Phospho‐l‐arginine by Biocatalytic Phosphorylation of l‐Arginine
Authors: Schoenenberger Bernhard , Wszolek Agata , Milesi Thomas , Brundiek Henrike , Obkircher Markus , Wohlgemuth Roland 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe Nω‐phospho‐l‐arginine energy‐buffering system is mainly present in invertebrates for regulating energy requirements when it is highly needed, such as in the flight muscles of an insect or when energy supply fluctuates, as in the medically important protozoa Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania major. The lack of availability of this important metabolite was due to a tedious chemical procedure, by which Nω‐phospho‐l‐arginine was prepared in over 5 reaction steps in a low yield. Therefore, we aimed at improving the synthetic methodology for the preparation of this important metabolite. As site‐ and enantioselective kinases have been very useful catalysts for biocatalytic phosphorylations in straightforward syntheses of phosphorylated metabolites, a stable and selective arginine kinase has been selected for the selective phosphorylation of l‐arginine. The Arg gene has been cloned and expressed in E. coli and a highly active arginine kinase has been prepared. A simple synthesis of Nω‐phospho‐l‐arginine has been developed by arginine kinase catalyzed phosphorylation of l‐arginine combined with the recycling of the phosphorylating agent ATP by using the phosphoenolpyruvate/pyruvate kinase system. After standard work‐up, the desired product Nω‐phospho‐l‐arginine was obtained in gram quantities and in one step.
Recessed Nanoelectrodes for Nanogap Voltammetry
Authors: Bae Je Hyun , Yu Yun , Mirkin Michael V. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractExploration of electrochemical properties of nanoconfined species is an area of active interest. In this Communication, recessed Pt nanoelectrodes were prepared by controlled electrochemical etching and evaluated by combination of voltammetry and atomic force microscopy. The effects of ac frequency and ac voltage on the etching process are discussed. Voltammetry was carried out in the nanogap between the etched nanoelectrode and the planar substrate surface. Peak‐shaped steady‐state voltammograms were obtained with a low concentration of supporting electrolyte and fitted to the theory, pointing to the influence of the electrical double layer on transport of a charged redox species within the confined space.
Insight into the Thermal Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Phospha[1]ferrocenophanes
Authors: Khozeimeh Sarbisheh Elaheh , Esteban Flores Jose , Zhu Jianfeng , Müller Jens 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA mixture of cis/trans isomers of phospha[1]ferrocenophanes equipped with one iPr group at the α position to the bridging PhP moiety was prepared. Both isomers (cis‐4 and trans‐4) were obtained as racemates and could be separated so that their thermal properties were investigated individually. The molecular structure of cis‐4 was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis showing a tilt angle α=26.35(8)°. Interconversion between both isomers occurred in the melt at elevated temperatures and revealed that the trans isomer is thermodynamically more stable. Structural and thermodynamic data was complemented by DFT calculations (B3PW91/6‐311+G(d,p) and B3PW91‐D3(BJ)/6‐311+G(d,p)). Performance of thermal ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of trans‐4 at 230 °C gave polymers and cyclic oligomers. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of the sulfurized polymer resulted in a molecular weight of 62.5 kDa (Mw) and a polydispersity index of 1.39 (PDI). Mass spectrometric analysis of the oligomers showed the presence of cyclic species from dimers to heptamers. After sulfurization, preparative thin layer chromatography led to the separation of three isomeric dimers. Structural characterization of these dimers by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis led to the conclusion that the Fe−Cp bond breaks during the thermal ROP process. A mechanism similar to the known mechanism of the photolytic ROP of ferrocenophanes is proposed.
BOIMPY: Fluorescent Boron Complexes with Tunable and Environment‐Responsive Light‐Emitting Properties
Authors: Lee Boran , Park Byung Gyu , Cho Wansang , Lee Ho Yong , Olasz András , Chen Chun‐Hsing , Park Seung Bum , Lee Dongwhan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA series of air‐stable boron complexes 1–5 were prepared by using N‐aryl iminopyrrolide ligands. Designed as minimalist structural mimics of the privileged BODIPY motif, these new BOIMPY (BOron complexes of IMinoPYrrolide ligands) fluorophores feature low molecular symmetry that promotes emission from CT‐type excited states with large Stokes shifts and little self‐quenching. Through comparative studies on the homologous set of compounds 1–4, we have confirmed that a delicate interplay between conformational twisting and donor–acceptor interaction dictates the mechanism of de‐excitation, which responds sensitively to solvent polarity as well as protonation states. Over a wide visible spectral range, the structure‐dependent light‐emitting properties of BOIMPY molecules are well manifested, even in the solid‐state. In order to exploit the environment‐sensitive nature of CT‐type emission, the BOIMPY motif was elaborated further into a bioprobe molecule 5. Live‐cell fluorescence imaging studies have established that 5 is localized exclusively at lipid droplets to produce well‐resolved staining patterns without affecting cell viability. These findings promise future elaboration of BOIMPY‐based functional molecules for applications in biological imaging, chemical sensing, and molecular switching.
Piperazine Functionalization of C70 for Incorporation into Supramolecular Assemblies
Authors: Aghabali Amineh , Jun Sharon , Olmstead Marilyn M. , Balch Alan L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe photochemical reaction of piperazine with C70 produces a mono‐adduct (N(CH2CH2)2NC70) in high yield (67 %) along with three bis‐adducts. These piperazine adducts can combine with various Lewis acids to form crystalline supramolecular aggregates suitable for X‐ray diffraction. The structure of the mono‐adduct was determined from examination of the adduct I2N(CH2CH2)2NI2C70 that was formed by reaction of N(CH2CH2)2NC70 with I2. Crystals of polymeric {Rh2(O2CCF3)4N(CH2CH2)2NC70}n⋅nC6H6 that formed from reaction of the mono‐adduct with Rh2(O2CCF3)4 contain a sinusoidal strand of alternating molecules of N(CH2CH2)2NC70 and Rh2(O2CCF3)4 connected through Rh−N bonds. Silver nitrate reacts with N(CH2CH2)2NC70 to form black crystals of {(Ag(NO3))4(N(CH2CH2)2NC70)4}n⋅7nCH2Cl2 that contain parallel, nearly linear chains of alternating (N(CH2CH2)2NC70 molecules and silver ions. Four of these {Ag(NO3)N(CH2CH2)2NC70}n chains adopt a structure that resembles a columnar micelle with the ionic silver nitrate portion in the center and the nearly non‐polar C70 cages encircling that core. Of the three bis‐adducts, one was definitively identified through crystallization in the presence of I2 as 12{N(CH2CH2)2N}2C70 with addends on opposite poles of the C70 cage and a structure with C2v symmetry. In 12{I2N(CH2CH2)2N}2C70, individual 12{I2N(CH2CH2)2N}2C70 units are further connected by secondary I2⋅⋅⋅N2 interactions to form chains that occur in layers within the crystal. Halogen bond formation between a Lewis base such as a tertiary amine and I2 is suggested as a method to produce ordered crystals with complex supramolecular structures from substances that are otherwise difficult to crystallize.
A prospective study of patients with refractory angina: outcomes and the role of high‐sensitivity troponin T
Authors: Poppi Nilson T. , Gowdak Luís H.W. , Dourado Luciana O.C. , Adam Eduardo L. , Leite Thiago N.P. , Mioto Bruno M. , Krieger José E. , César Luiz A.M. , Pereira Alexandre C. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundThe predictors of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic refractory angina are limited. High‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs‐cTnT) assays are biomarkers that may be used to determine the prognosis of patients with stable coronary artery disease.HypothesisHs‐cTnT is a predictor of death and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with refractory angina.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 117 consecutive patients in this study. A heart team ruled out myocardial revascularization feasibility after assessing recent coronary angiograms; evidence of myocardial ischemia served as an inclusion criterion. Optimal medical therapy was encouraged via outpatient visits every 6 months; plasma hs‐cTnT levels were determined at baseline. The primary endpoint was the composite incidence of death and nonfatal MI.ResultsDuring a median follow‐up period of 28.0 months (interquartile range, 18.0–47.5 months), an estimated 28.0‐month cumulative event rate of 13.4% was determined via the Kaplan‐Meier method. Univariate predictors of the composite endpoint were hs‐cTnT levels and LV dysfunction. Following a multivariate analysis, only hs‐cTnT was independently associated with the events in question, either as a continuous variable (hazard ratio per unit increase in the natural logarithm: 2.83, 95% confidence interval: 1.62‐4.92, P < 0.001) or as a categorical variable (hazard ratio for concentrations above the 99th percentile: 5.14, 95% confidence interval: 2.05‐12.91, P < 0.001).ConclusionsIn patients with chronic refractory angina, plasma concentration of hs‐cTnT is the strongest predictor of death and nonfatal MI. Notably, none of the outcomes in question occurred in patients with baseline plasma levels <5.0 ng/L.
Boosted Supercapacitive Energy with High Rate Capability of aCarbon Framework with Hierarchical Pore Structure in an Ionic Liquid
Authors: Wang Xuehang , Zhou Haitao , Lou Fengliu , Li Yahao , Buan Marthe E. M. , Duan Xuezhi , Walmsley John C. , Sheridan Edel , Chen De 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe specific energy of a supercapacitor (SC) with an ionic liquid (IL)‐based electrolyte is larger than that using an aqueous electrolyte owing to the wide operating voltage window provided by the IL. However, the wide‐scale application of high‐energy SCs using ILs is limited owing to a serious reduction of the energy with increasing power. The introduction of macropores to the porous material can mitigate the reduction in the gravimetric capacitance at high rates, but this lowers the volumetric capacitance. Synthetic polymers can be used to obtain macroporous frameworks with high apparent densities, but the preservation of the frameworks during activation is challenging. To simultaneously achieve high gravimetric capacitance, volumetric capacitance, and rate capability, a systematic strategy was used to synthesize a densely knitted carbon framework with a hierarchical pore structure by using a polymer. The energy of the SC using the hierarchically porous carbon was 160 Wh kg−1 and 85 Wh L−1 on an active material base at a power of 100 W kg−1 in an IL electrolyte, and 60 % of the energy was still retained at a power larger than 5000 W kg−1. To illustrate, a full‐packaged SC with the material could store/release energy comparable to a Ni–metal hydride battery (gravimetrically) and one order of magnitude higher than a commercial carbon‐based SC (volumetrically), within one minute.
Cluster stability in the analysis of mass cytometry data
Authors: Melchiotti Rossella , Gracio Filipe , Kordasti Shahram , Todd Alan K. , de Rinaldis Emanuele 
Published: October 2016

AbstractManual gating has been traditionally applied to cytometry data sets to identify cells based on protein expression. The advent of mass cytometry allows for a higher number of proteins to be simultaneously measured on cells, therefore providing a means to define cell clusters in a high dimensional expression space. This enhancement, whilst opening unprecedented opportunities for single cell‐level analyses, makes the incremental replacement of manual gating with automated clustering a compelling need. To this aim many methods have been implemented and their successful applications demonstrated in different settings. However, the reproducibility of automatically generated clusters is proving challenging and an analytical framework to distinguish spurious clusters from more stable entities, and presumably more biologically relevant ones, is still missing. One way to estimate cell clusters' stability is the evaluation of their consistent re‐occurrence within‐ and between‐algorithms, a metric that is commonly used to evaluate results from gene expression. Herein we report the usage and importance of cluster stability evaluations, when applied to results generated from three popular clustering algorithms ‐ SPADE, FLOCK and PhenoGraph ‐ run on four different data sets. These algorithms were shown to generate clusters with various degrees of statistical stability, many of them being unstable. By comparing the results of automated clustering with manually gated populations, we illustrate how information on cluster stability can assist towards a more rigorous and informed interpretation of clustering results. We also explore the relationships between statistical stability and other properties such as clusters' compactness and isolation, demonstrating that whilst cluster stability is linked to other properties it cannot be reliably predicted by any of them. Our study proposes the introduction of cluster stability as a necessary checkpoint for cluster interpretation and contributes to the construction of a more systematic and standardized analytical framework for the assessment of cytometry clustering results. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Determining the masonry compressive strength / Bestimmung der Druckfestigkeit von Mauerwerk
Authors: Graubohm Markus , Brameshuber Wolfgang 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMasonry is a building material primarily suited for building structures under compressive load and therefore it is mainly used for vertical load transfer. The decisive characteristic to assess the load bearing capacity of such building members is their compressive strength. It can either be derived experimentally from compression tests on wall specimens or by calculation. In this paper, firstly the current procedure in the derivation of compressive strength values based on experimental compression tests is described. Furthermore, empirical approaches and theoretical models for determining the masonry compressive strength, which have been developed in the past, are presented.
A students' challenge for the estimation of the maximum compressive load of masonry prisms / Studentenwettbewerb zur Ermittlung der maximalen Druckfestigkeit von Mauerwerksprismen
Authors: Ramos Luís F. , Lourenço Paulo B. , Vermeltfoort Ad. T. , Moreira Susana 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe paper presents the “IMC Students' Challenge” competition held in 2014, during the 9th International Masonry Conference, in Guimarães. The objective of the competition was to predict the maximum compressive load of two masonry prisms built of solid bricks, and of hollow blocks, with mortar joints. To increase the complexity of the problem, all prisms were tested under eccentric load. The students, who enthusiastically participated in the final laboratory tests, presented different approaches to estimate the maximum eccentric compressive force on masonry prisms. The challenge was a great experience, not only for students and conference participants, but also for sponsors and organizers.
The two‐shearfield test – A suitable method for the empirical shear capacity design of masonry / Der Zweifeld‐Schubversuch – Eine praxistaugliche Methode zur versuchsgestützten Bemessung der Schubtragfähigkeit von Bestandsmauerwerk
Authors: Dunjic Viktor , Rudisch Andreas , Kolbitsch Andreas 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe investigations [1] demonstrate that the two‐shearfield test is a suitable method for the determination of the shear capacity of masonry. The testing equipment is mounted directly on the wall in order to retain realistic boundary conditions like stiffness, load and prior damage.The behaviour factor q and the capacity curves of certain masonry walls can be directly obtained from the experimental results and realistic material behaviour in earthquake design can be represented. In particular, existing masonry can be assessed realistically with methods like the response spectrum, the push‐over and the capacity spectrum by using the two‐shearfield test.
Evaluation of the quality of historic brickwork / Die Ermittlung der Mauerwerksgüte von Bestandsmauerwerk aus kleinformatigen Ziegeln
Authors: Henkel Jonny 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe quality of historic brickwork is a significant matter for structural engineers for modernisation, also due to its concentration in public areas. One substantial issue for structural inspection is the characteristic masonry strength or allowable masonry stress, which are defined by the compressive strength. There are several ways of assessing the compressive strength of brickwork or its components, but most of these test methods are not described in engineering standards or are only based on standards for new buildings. This article provides information about the various testing methods and gives recommendations for the selection of applicable test procedures and the experimental scope.