bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of Sensor‐Directed Spatial Simulated Annealing Soil Sampling Strategy
Authors: Scudiero Elia , Lesch Scott M. , Corwin Dennis L. 
Published: April 2016

Soil spatial variability has a profound influence on most agronomic and environmental processes at field and landscape scales, including site‐specific management, vadose zone hydrology and transport, and soil quality. Mobile sensors are a practical means of mapping spatial variability because their measurements serve as a proxy for many soil properties, provided a sensor–soil calibration is conducted. A viable means of calibrating sensor measurements over soil properties is through linear regression modeling of sensor and target property data. In the present study, two sensor‐directed, model‐based, sampling scheme delineation methods were compared to validate recent applications of soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa)‐directed spatial simulated annealing against the more established ECa–directed response surface sampling design (RSSD) approach. A 6.8‐ha study area near San Jacinto, CA, was surveyed for ECa, and 30 soil sampling locations per sampling strategy were selected. Spatial simulated annealing and RSSD were compared for sensor calibration to a target soil property (i.e., salinity) and for evenness of spatial coverage of the study area, which is beneficial for mapping nontarget soil properties (i.e., those not correlated with ECa). The results indicate that the linear modeling ECa–salinity calibrations obtained from the two sampling schemes provided salinity maps characterized by similar errors. The maps of nontarget soil properties show similar errors across sampling strategies. The Spatial Simulated Annealing methodology is, therefore, validated, and its use in agronomic and environmental soil science applications is justified.Core Ideas
Sensor‐directed sampling is valuable for mapping soil properties using few samples.
Apparent electrical conductivity is a good proxy for soil salinity.
Spatial simulated annealing and response surface design sampling are compared.
ECa‐directed SSA is a valuable sampling approach for soil science applications.
Evaluation of Integrative Hierarchical Stepwise Sampling for Digital Soil Mapping
Authors: Yang Lin , Qi Feng , Zhu A-Xing , Shi Jingjing , An Yiming 
Published: April 2016

Core Ideas
Evaluation of an integrative hierarchical stepwise (IHS) sampling method by comparing it with stratified random sampling (SRS) and conditioned Latin hypercube sampling (cLHS) through two case studies.
IHS obtained higher mapping accuracies than SRS and cLHS at nearly all sample sizes.
IHS provides valuable information on the representativeness of samples.
SRS and cLHS were found to generate unstable results on sample sets and soil maps.
This paper presents an integrative hierarchical stepwise sampling (IHS) method and two case studies to compare it with stratified random sampling (SRS) and conditioned Latin hypercube sampling (cLHS). The first comparison between IHS and SRS was conducted for mapping sand content of two soil layers in a study area in Anhui Province, China. Two sample sets of the same sample size were collected in the field based on IHS and SRS. The second case study is a simulation study, where we compared IHS and cLHS for mapping soil series in the Raffelson watershed in Wisconsin (USA). The study used an accurate and detailed soil series map produced previously as a proxy of the real soil distribution. Virtual samples with nine sample sizes designed by IHS and cLHS were collected on the soil map. For both case studies, an individual predictive soil mapping method was employed and independent validation samples were used to evaluate the mapping accuracies. Results indicate that IHS generally performs better than SRS for capturing distributions of the environmental variables. It obtained higher mapping accuracies than SRS at different sample sizes. On the other hand, cLHS appears to provide a better representation for distributions of the environmental variables than IHS, but the mapping accuracies with IHS are higher than those with cLHS at nearly all sample sizes. Finally, both case studies showed that IHS provides valuable information on representativeness of the samples.
Use of BEST Procedure to Assess Soil Physical Quality in the Baratz Lake Catchment (Sardinia, Italy)
Authors: Castellini Mirko , Iovino Massimo , Pirastru Mario , Niedda Marcello , Bagarello Vincenzo 
Published: April 2016

Core Ideas
Soil physical quality (SPQ) of four areas with Mediterranean vegetation was evaluated.
BEST procedure was tested to evaluate SPQ and detect signs of soil degradation.
Independently measured indicators of SPQ were compared with those derived by BEST.
BEST reproduced plausible SPQ evaluation.
BEST is a promising technique to simply detect land degradation in natural environments.
Conversion of Mediterranean maquis and/or natural forest into agro‐pastoral lands is a cause of soil degradation in many Mediterranean areas. Indicators of soil physical quality (SPQ) quantitatively linked to soil hydraulic properties are a valuable tool to assess the effect of land use changes. In this investigation, the Beerkan Estimation of Soil Transfer parameters (BEST) procedure for soil hydraulic characterization was used to estimate SPQ indicators. Four areas of the Baratz Lake watershed, Sardinia, Italy, characterized by both typical natural vegetation (holm oak [Quercus ilex L.] forest and high maquis) and degraded vegetation (grassland established after fire or clearing of the maquis) were considered. The SPQ was assessed by either independently measured soil physical attributes, like soil bulk density, organic C content, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and sorptivity, and “capacitive” and “dynamic” indicators calculated from the water retention curve estimated by the BEST procedure. Measured and estimated SPQ indicators unanimously showed that clearing of the maquis caused a severe deterioration of SPQ associated with soil compaction, organic matter loss, and decrease of macropore volume and soil aeration capacity as well as reduced water circulation. A different and unexpected result was obtained for the fire‐affected area, where the SPQ was comparable to that of the neighboring oak forest area. We deduced that vegetation restoration after fire passage contributed to maintain a high organic matter content and to mitigate rain compaction effects. We concluded that SPQ indicators derived by applying the BEST procedure are suitable to detect land degradation in the natural environments studied.
Material Control Weakness Corrections: The Enduring Effects of Trust in Management
Authors: Rose Anna M. , Rose Jacob M. , Norman Carolyn Strand 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We examine whether investors alter their assessments of investment risk in response to corrections of material control weaknesses and the nature of the original disclosure of the weaknesses. Rose et al. (2010) find that the effect of the pervasiveness of control weaknesses is moderated by the extent of disclosure such that more detailed disclosure mitigates (exacerbates) the negative effect of more (less) pervasive weaknesses. They also conclude that trust in management is an underlying cause of this effect because high levels of disclosure for non-pervasive weaknesses are viewed as attempts to disguise bad news, while high levels of disclosure for pervasive weaknesses are viewed as honest. Based upon the findings from an experiment, we find evidence to indicate that the form of control weakness disclosures creates enduring effects on investors, even after remediation of control weaknesses. Our results indicate that the effects of trust persist after control weaknesses are remediated.
An Examination of AICPA Disciplinary Actions: 1980–2014
Authors: Armitage Jack L. , Moriarity Shane R. 
Published: April 2016

SUMMARY
This study examines trends in the disciplinary sanctions imposed by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) over the 35-year period 1980–2014. It reveals that the sizable increase in the number of sanctions that followed the 1988 revision to the Institute's Code of Professional Conduct has mostly stabilized. However, there is still growth in the number of sanctions being imposed for substandard professional service. The sanctions imposed for substandard professional service have also become more stringent. In combination these actions confer assurance that continuing members of the Institute provide superior professional service. A 2003 bylaw change that imposes automatic sanctions for members disciplined by approved bodies has resulted in a substantial decrease in the number of investigations undertaken by the AICPA. However, there is a high incidence of noncooperation with the remaining investigations, the reasons for which are not established by the current study.
Casey's Collections: A Strategic Decision-Making Case Using the Systems Development Lifecycle—Planning and Analysis Phases
Authors: Church Kimberly S. , Schmidt Pamela J. , Smedley Georgia 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) model, developed in the 1980s, remains the foundational model for strategic decision making regarding the development or acquisition of new information systems (IS). The SDLC model proposes five system development phases—planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance—using a waterfall theory. These early phases of the SDLC require strategic decisions to be made regarding information systems. Strategic decision making is a model of multi-attribute utility theory, which helps promote decisions that maximize utility among multiple alternatives. This case provides students with experience in making reasoned strategic IT decisions by executing the planning and analysis phases in a new system acquisition life cycle. This educational case is structured to be the first of several cases covering the SDLC involving the same small fictitious public corporation, Casey's Collections. Upon completion of the case, students should have a deeper understanding and appreciation for the process of IS strategic decision making. In addition, students should better understand how to identify an information system's needs and prepare system proposals based on the generation and analysis of alternative solutions. This case is suitable for students in an introductory or graduate accounting systems course; it is also appropriate for use in a IS course on systems analysis and design.
Managers et espions
Authors: Laroche Hervé , Théron Christelle 
Published: April 2016

En 2011, le constructeur automobile Renault licencie brutalement trois cadres soupçonnés d’espionnage industriel. Ils se révèleront en fait être innocents. Si c’est l’extraordinaire erreur décisionnelle qui saute aux yeux, l’analyse approfondie de celle-ci révèle plusieurs processus déviants au sein des organisations : paranoïa organisationnelle, persistance dans l’action inadéquate nourrie par le secret et le mensonge, développement de micro-institutions aux pratiques déviantes. Ces processus nous invitent à réfléchir sur les écueils possibles guettant les acteurs organisationnels.
Preoperative diagnosis of vagal and sympathetic cervical schwannomas based on radiographic findings
Authors: Graffeo Christopher S. , Van Abel Kathryn M. , Morris Jonathan M. , Carlson Matthew L. , Van Gompel Jamie J. , Moore Eric J. , Price Daniel L. , Kasperbauer Jan L. , Janus Jeffrey R. , Olsen Kerry D. , Link Michael J. 
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE
Vagus nerve and sympathetic chain cervical schwannomas (VNCSs and SCCSs) are benign nerve sheath tumors that arise in the head and neck. Despite similar presentations that make accurate preoperative diagnosis more difficult, the potential for morbidity following resection is significantly higher for patients with VNCS. Therefore, the authors analyzed a retrospective case series and performed a comparative analysis of the literature to establish diagnostic criteria to facilitate more accurate preoperative diagnoses.

METHODS
The authors conducted a blinded review of imaging studies from retrospectively collected, operatively confirmed cases of VNCS and SCCS. They also performed a systematic review of published series that reported patient-specific preoperative imaging findings in VNCS or SCCS.

RESULTS
Nine patients with VNCS and 11 with SCCS were identified. In the study cohort, splaying of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and internal jugular vein (IJV) did not significantly predict the nerve of origin (p = 0.06); however, medial and lateral ICA displacement were significantly associated with VNCS and SCCS, respectively (p = 0.01 and p = 0.003, respectively). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that ICA and IJV splaying with medial ICA displacement carried an 86% probability of VNCS (p = 0.001), while the absence of splaying with lateral ICA displacement carried a 91% probability of SCCS (p = 0.006). The presence of vocal cord symptoms or peripheral enhancement significantly augmented the predictive probability of VNCS, as did Horner's syndrome or homogeneous enhancement for SCCS.
A review of the literature produced 25 publications that incorporated a total of 106 patients, including the present series. Splaying of the ICA and IJV was significantly, but not uniquely, associated with VNCS (p < 0.0001); multivariate analysis demonstrated that ICA and IJV splaying with medial ICA displacement carries a 75% probability of VNCS (p < 0.0001), while the absence of such splaying with lateral ICA displacement carries an 87% probability of SCCS (p = 0.0003).

CONCLUSIONS
ICA and IJV splaying frequently predicts VNCS; however, this finding is also commonly observed in SCCS and, among the 9 cases in the present study, was observed more often than previously reported. When congruent with splaying, medial or lateral ICA displacement significantly enhances the reliability of preoperative predictions, empowering more accurate prognostication.
Urokinase, a promising candidate for fibrinolytic therapy for intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Tan Qiang , Chen Qianwei , Niu Yin , Feng Zhou , Li Lin , Tao Yihao , Tang Jun , Yang Liming , Guo Jing , Feng Hua , Zhu Gang , Chen Zhi 
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with a high rate of mortality and severe disability, while fibrinolysis for ICH evacuation is a possible treatment. However, reported adverse effects can counteract the benefits of fibrinolysis and limit the use of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). Identifying appropriate fibrinolytics is still needed. Therefore, the authors here compared the use of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), an alternate thrombolytic, with that of tPA in a preclinical study.

METHODS
Intracerebral hemorrhage was induced in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by injecting autologous blood into the caudate, followed by intraclot fibrinolysis without drainage. Rats were randomized to receive uPA, tPA, or saline within the clot. Hematoma and perihematomal edema, brain water content, Evans blue fluorescence and neurological scores, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP mRNA, blood-brain barrier (BBB) tight junction proteins, and nuclear factor–κB (NF-κB) activation were measured to evaluate the effects of these 2 drugs in ICH.

RESULTS
In comparison with tPA, uPA better ameliorated brain edema and promoted an improved outcome after ICH. In addition, uPA therapy more effectively upregulated BBB tight junction protein expression, which was partly attributed to the different effects of uPA and tPA on the regulation of MMPs and its related mRNA expression following ICH.

CONCLUSIONS
This study provided evidence supporting the use of uPA for fibrinolytic therapy after ICH. Large animal experiments and clinical trials are required to further explore the efficacy and safety of uPA in ICH fibrinolysis.
Effect of low-frequency deep brain stimulation on sensory thresholds in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Belasen Abigail , Rizvi Khizer , Gee Lucy E. , Yeung Philip , Prusik Julia , Ramirez-Zamora Adolfo , Hanspal Era , Paiva Priscilla , Durphy Jennifer , Argoff Charles E. , Pilitsis Julie G. 
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE
Chronic pain is a major distressing symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) that is often undertreated. Subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) delivers high-frequency stimulation (HFS) to patients with PD and has been effective in pain relief in a subset of these patients. However, up to 74% of patients develop new pain concerns while receiving STN DBS. Here the authors explore whether altering the frequency of STN DBS changes pain perception as measured through quantitative sensory testing (QST).

METHODS
Using QST, the authors measured thermal and mechanical detection and pain thresholds in 19 patients undergoing DBS via HFS, low-frequency stimulation (LFS), and off conditions in a randomized order. Testing was performed in the region of the body with the most pain and in the lower back in patients without chronic pain.

RESULTS
In the patients with chronic pain, LFS significantly reduced heat detection thresholds as compared with thresholds following HFS (p = 0.029) and in the off state (p = 0.010). Moreover, LFS resulted in increased detection thresholds for mechanical pressure (p = 0.020) and vibration (p = 0.040) compared with these thresholds following HFS. Neither LFS nor HFS led to changes in other mechanical thresholds. In patients without chronic pain, LFS significantly increased mechanical pain thresholds in response to the 40-g pinprick compared with thresholds following HFS (p = 0.032).

CONCLUSIONS
Recent literature has suggested that STN LFS can be useful in treating nonmotor symptoms of PD. Here the authors demonstrated that LFS modulates thermal and mechanical detection to a greater extent than HFS. Low-frequency stimulation is an innovative means of modulating chronic pain in PD patients receiving STN DBS. The authors suggest that STN LFS may be a future option to consider when treating Parkinson's patients in whom pain remains the predominant complaint.
Hα AS A LUMINOSITY CLASS DIAGNOSTIC FOR K- AND M-TYPE STARS
Authors: Jennings Jeff , Levesque Emily M. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We have identified the Hα absorption feature as a new spectroscopic diagnostic of luminosity class in K- and M-type stars. From high-resolution spectra of 19 stars with well-determined physical properties (including effective temperatures and stellar radii), we measured equivalent widths for Hα and the Ca ii triplet and examined their dependence on both luminosity class and stellar radius. Hα shows a strong relation with both luminosity class and radius that extends down to late M spectral types. This behavior in Hα has been predicted as a result of the density-dependent overpopulation of the metastable 2s level in hydrogen, an effect that should become dominant for Balmer line formation in non-LTE conditions. We conclude that this new metallicity-insensitive diagnostic of luminosity class in cool stars could serve as an effective means of discerning between populations such as Milky Way giants and supergiant members of background galaxies.
A METHOD TO CONSTRAIN MASS AND SPIN OF GRB BLACK HOLES WITHIN THE NDAF MODEL
Authors: Liu Tong , Xue Li , Zhao Xiao-Hong , Zhang Fu-Wen , Zhang Bing 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Black holes (BHs) hide themselves behind various astronomical phenomena and their properties, i.e., mass and spin, are usually difficult to constrain. One leading candidate for the central engine model of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) invokes a stellar mass BH and a neutrino-dominated accretion flow (NDAF), with the relativistic jet launched due to neutrino-anti-neutrino annihilations. Such a model gives rise to a matter-dominated fireball, and is suitable to interpret GRBs with a dominant thermal component with a photospheric origin. We propose a method to constrain BH mass and spin within the framework of this model and apply the method to the thermally dominant GRB 101219B, whose initial jet launching radius, r
0, is constrained from the data. Using our numerical model of NDAF jets, we estimate the following constraints on the central BH: mass M
BH ∼ 5–9 M
⊙, spin parameter a
* ≳ 0.6, and disk mass 3 M
⊙ ≲ M
disk ≲ 4 M
⊙. Our results also suggest that the NDAF model is a competitive candidate for the central engine of GRBs with a strong thermal component.
THE VLT LEGA-C SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY: THE PHYSICS OF GALAXIES AT A LOOKBACK TIME OF 7 Gyr
Authors: van der Wel A. , Noeske K. , Bezanson R. , Pacifici C. , Gallazzi A. , Franx M. , Muñoz-Mateos J. C. , Bell E. F. , Brammer G. , Charlot S. , Chauké P. , Labbé I. , Maseda M. V. , Muzzin A. , Rix H.-W. , Sobral D. , Sande J. van de , Dokkum P. G. van , Wild V. , Wolf C. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
The Large Early Galaxy Census (LEGA-C) is a Public Spectroscopic Survey of ∼3200 K-band selected galaxies at redshifts z = 0.6 − 1.0 with stellar masses

M

*

>

10

10

M

⊙

, conducted with VIMOS on ESO’s Very Large Telescope. The survey is embedded in the COSMOS field (R.A. = 10h00;

decl
.

=

+
2

deg

). The 20 hr long integrations produce high-signal-to-noise ratio continuum spectra that reveal ages, metallicities and velocity dispersions of the stellar populations. LEGA-C’s unique combination of sample size and depth will enable us for the first time to map the stellar content at large lookback time, across galaxies of different types and star formation activity. Observations started in 2014 December and are planned to be completed by mid 2018, with early data releases of the spectra and value-added products. In this paper we present the science case, the observing strategy, an overview of the data reduction process and data products, and a first look at the relationship between galaxy structure and spectral properties, as it existed 7 Gyr ago.
FAST RADIO BURSTS FROM THE INSPIRAL OF DOUBLE NEUTRON STARS
Authors: Wang Jie-Shuang , Yang Yuan-Pei , Wu Xue-Feng , Dai Zi-Gao , Wang Fa-Yin 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
In this Letter, we propose that a fast radio burst (FRB) could originate from the magnetic interaction between double neutron stars (NSs) during their final inspiral within the framework of a unipolar inductor model. In this model, an electromotive force is induced on one NS to accelerate electrons to an ultra-relativistic speed instantaneously. We show that coherent curvature radiation from these electrons moving along magnetic field lines in the magnetosphere of the other NS is responsible for the observed FRB signal, that is, the characteristic emission frequency, luminosity, duration, and event rate of FRBs can be well understood. In addition, we discuss several implications of this model, including double-peaked FRBs and possible associations of FRBs with short-duration gamma-ray bursts and gravitational-wave events.