bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of PEGylated Immunoliposomes to Deliver Dopamine Across the Blood–Brain Barrier in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Kang Young‐Sook , Jung Hyun‐Joo , Oh Ji‐Suk , Song Dae‐Yong 
Published: June 2016

SummaryAimTo treat neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), drugs must be able to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Patients with PD are deficient in dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter that cannot pass through the BBB. Liposomes modified by adding polyethylene glycol (PEGylated liposomes (PLs)) can be conjugated with antibody to form DA–PEGylated immunoliposomes (DA‐PILs), and we tested their use as carriers of DA for treating PD.MethodsPEGylated liposomes (PLs) were prepared by evaporation method, and [3H]dopamine was encapsulated within the dried lipid film using a freeze/thaw cycle to form DA‐PL. Thiolated OX26 MAb, an antitransferrin receptor monoclonal antibody, was then conjugated to 46‐nm PEGylated liposomes. Particle size, zeta potential, and stability were assessed, and in vivo effects were determined after the intravenous injection of DA, DA‐PL, and DA‐PIL by examining brain tissue in normal rats and rats that underwent transection of the medial forebrain bundle to induce PD.ResultsThe uptake of DA‐PIL in the brains of this PD rat model increased about 8‐fold compared with that of DA alone and about 3‐fold compared with that of encapsulated DA–PEGylated liposomes (DA‐PL). The volume of distribution of DA‐PIL in the brain by the perfusion method was 4‐fold higher than that of DA‐PL, indicating that conjugation of OX26 MAb to the transferrin receptor of brain capillary endothelium mediated the effective delivery of DA to brain tissue.ConclusionsDopamine can be effectively delivered to the brain by means of a PIL‐based drug delivery system in PD rats.
Prevalence of delayed‐type and immediate‐type hypersensitivity in healthcare workers with hand eczema
Authors: Ibler Kristina S. , Jemec Gregor B. E. , Garvey Lene H. , Agner Tove 
Published: June 2016

SummaryBackgroundOccupational contact dermatitis is common in healthcare workers. Although irritant contact dermatitis resulting from wet work is the most frequently reported cause, healthcare workers also constitute high‐risk group for the development of allergic contact dermatitis and contact urticaria.ObjectivesTo evaluate the prevalence of delayed‐type and immediate‐type hypersensitivity in 120 healthcare workers with hand eczema.MethodsOne hundred and twenty healthcare workers from three major hospitals in Denmark with self‐reported hand eczema within the last year participated in the study. Patch tests included baseline series plus selected allergens, and prick tests included standard inhalational allergens plus natural rubber latex and chlorhexidine. Levels of IgE specific for latex, chlorhexidine and ethylene oxide were measured.ResultsOf the participants, 53% had positive patch test reactions. The most frequent positive patch test reactions were to nickel, thiomersal, fragrances, rubber chemicals, and colophonium. The prevalence of natural rubber latex allergy as diagnosed by prick testing was 2.5%, and chlorhexidine allergy (both contact allergy and IgE‐mediated allergy) was found in <1%. Ethylene oxide allergy was not identified in any of the participants.ConclusionsOur results confirm previous reports on contact allergy patterns in healthcare workers. Testing for natural rubber latex allergy is still important, but increased risks of chlorhexidine and ethylene oxide allergy could not be confirmed.
Correlates of psychological outcomes in people with diabetes: results from the second Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN2™) study
Authors: Nicolucci A. , Kovacs Burns K. , Holt R. I. G. , Lucisano G. , Skovlund S. E. , Kokoszka A. , Massi Benedetti M. , Peyrot M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimsTo assess country‐ and individual‐level correlates of psychological outcomes, and differences among countries in the associations of individual characteristics with psychological outcomes among adults with diabetes.MethodsThe second Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN2™) study assessed self‐reported characteristics of people with diabetes in 17 countries, including 1368 adults with Type 1 diabetes and 7228 with Type 2 diabetes. In each country, a sample of 500 adults, stratified by diabetes type and treatment, completed a questionnaire incorporating the validated WHO‐5 wellbeing index, the WHOQOL‐BREF, and the five‐item Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale, as well as the newly developed Diabetes Impact on Life Dimensions that assessed impact ranging from very positive to very negative, with no impact as the midpoint. Multilevel regression analyses identified significant (P < 0.05) independent correlates of psychological outcomes.ResultsThere were significant variations in all outcomes across countries before adjustment for individual‐level factors; adjustment reduced between‐country disparities. Worse psychological outcomes were associated with more complications, incidence of hypoglycaemia, hypoglycaemic medication, perceived burden of diabetes, family conflict and experience of discrimination. Better psychological outcomes were associated with higher self‐rated health, greater access to diabetes education and healthcare, and more psychosocial support from others. The associations of many factors with the outcomes were mediated by modifiable factors. The association of all factors with the outcomes varied across (interacted with) countries, highlighting the need for country‐specific analyses.ConclusionsImprovements in modifiable risk factors (reductions in burden and increases in support) may lead to better psychological outcomes in adults with diabetes.
Introductions do not compensate for functional and phylogenetic losses following extinctions in insular bird assemblages
Authors: Sobral Fernando L. , Lees Alexander C. , Cianciaruso Marcus V. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe ratio of species extinctions to introductions has been comparable for many insular assemblages, suggesting that introductions could have ‘compensated’ for extinctions. However, the capacity for introduced species to replace ecological roles and evolutionary history lost following extinction is unclear. We investigated changes in bird functional and phylogenetic diversity in the wake of extinctions and introductions across a sample of 32 islands worldwide. We found that extinct and introduced species have comparable functional and phylogenetic alpha diversity. However, this was distributed at different positions in functional space and in the phylogeny, indicating a ‘false compensation’. Introduced and extinct species did not have equivalent functional roles nor belong to similar lineages. This makes it unlikely that novel island biotas composed of introduced taxa will be able to maintain ecological roles and represent the evolutionary histories of pre‐disturbance assemblages and highlights the importance of evaluating changes in alpha and beta diversity concurrently.
Storage and Drainage Characteristics of a Highly Heterogeneous Karst Aquifer in Houzhai Basin
Authors: Zhang Rongrong , Shu Longcang , Zhu Jianting , Yu Zhongbo , Jiang Peng 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe characteristics of karst aquifers are difficult to be determined due to their heterogeneous physical properties and lack of hydrogeological information. In this case study, we applied two methods for a comparative analysis of storage and drainage characteristics in upstream, midstream, and downstream of Houzhai cave stream basin. In the first method, Minimum Smoothed Method (MSM) is used to determine the proportion of baseflow to the total flow (Baseflow Index, BFI). In the second method, a bicarbonate‐base two‐end member mixing model is used to quantify the slow flow component and fast flow component. For both methods, slow flow and quick flow are quantified at three sampling sites, which provide useful information for the analysis of storage and drainage characteristics. The results from flow separation method and hydrogeochemical analysis show a consistently increasing trend of the proportion of slow flow to total flow from the upstream to downstream which indicates that the voids of highly conductive conduits and well‐connected fissures decrease along the flow paths in the Houzhai cave stream basin in southwest China. The upstream areas have a low proportion of baseflow which indicates a high drainage capacity due to high permeable conduits and well‐connected fissures. The downstream areas, on the contrary, have a high proportion of baseflow which indicates a high storage capacity and slow infiltration due to the predominant presence of matrix and poorly‐connected fissures. These numerical methods provide alternative ways to investigate the storage and drainage characteristics of karst aquifers where direct measurement are not available.
Bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase and bone turnover in African American hemodialysis patients
Authors: Yessayan Lenar , Moore Carol , Lu Mei , Yee Jerry 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntroduction: Noninvasive measures of bone activity include intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP). Whether BSAP measurement alone or in combination with other biochemical data provides more reliable information about bone turnover than iPTH alone in African Americans on hemodialysis is unknown. Methods: This cross‐sectional study aimed to determine the optimal predictor and cutoff points for BSAP, iPTH, calcium and phosphorus in classifying bone biopsy findings. Forty‐three African American hemodialysis patients were available for analysis. Biochemical data on the day of biopsy across a spectrum of qualitative histologic bone features were compared. Classification and regression tree analysis was used to determine both the optimal predictor and cutoff points for BSAP, iPTH, calcium and phosphorus in identifying bone turnover status. Findings: Seven subjects had adynamic disease, 31 had mild/moderate hyperparathyroid bone features, and five had severe hyperparathyroid bone disease. BSAP was the optimal predictor of bone biopsy with a cutoff point of 22 ng/mL. Calcium and phosphorus had no predictive value. At BSAP ≤ 22 ng/mL, subjects had either adynamic bone disease or mild/moderate hyperparathyroid bone disease but iPTH was not useful in further classifying biopsy findings. When BSAP was >22 ng/mL, subjects had either mild/moderate or severe hyperparathyroid bone disease, and iPTH was useful in further classifying biopsy findings. With BSAP > 22 ng/mL and iPTH < 726 pg/mL, all subjects had mild/moderate bone turnover features. Discussion: Compared to iPTH, BSAP was shown to be the optimal predictor of biopsy findings with an optimal cutoff at 22 ng/mL.
Weight gain in pregnancy and child weight status from birth to adulthood in the United States
Authors: Leonard S. A. , Petito L. C. , Rehkopf D. H. , Ritchie L. D. , Abrams B. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryBackgroundHigh weight gain in pregnancy has been associated with child adiposity, but few studies have assessed the relationship across childhood or in racially/ethnically diverse populations.ObjectivesThe objectives of the study are to test if weight gain in pregnancy is associated with high birthweight and overweight/obesity in early, middle and late childhood and whether these associations differ by maternal race/ethnicity.MethodsMother‐child dyads (n = 7539) were included from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, a nationally representative cohort study in the USA (1979–2012). Log‐binomial regression models were used to analyse associations between weight gain and the outcomes: high birthweight (>4000 g) and overweight/obesity at ages 2–5, 6–11 and 12–19 years.ResultsExcessive weight gain was positively associated, and inadequate weight gain was negatively associated with high birthweight after confounder adjustment (P < 0.05). Only excessive weight gain was associated with overweight in early, middle and late childhood. These associations were not significant in Hispanics or Blacks although racial/ethnic interaction was only significant ages 12–19 years (P = 0.03).ConclusionsHelping pregnant women gain weight within national recommendations may aid in preventing overweight and obesity across childhood, particularly for non‐Hispanic White mothers.
Protein kinase A inhibition of macrophage maturation is accompanied by an increase in DNA methylation of the colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor gene
Authors: Zasłona Zbigniew , Scruggs Anne M. , Peters‐Golden Marc , Huang Steven K. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryMacrophage colony‐stimulating factor 1 (CSF‐1) plays a critical role in the differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes from bone marrow precursors, and maturing monocytes and macrophages exhibit increased expression of the CSF‐1 receptor, CSF1R. The expression of CSF1R is tightly regulated by transcription factors and epigenetic mechanisms. We previously showed that prostaglandin E2 and subsequent activation of protein kinase A (PKA) inhibited CSF1R expression and macrophage maturation. Here, we examine the DNA methylation changes that occur at the Csf1r locus during macrophage maturation in the presence or absence of activated PKA. Murine bone marrow cells were matured to macrophages by incubating cells with CSF‐1‐containing conditioned medium for up to 6 days in the presence or absence of the PKA agonist 6‐bnz‐cAMP. DNA methylation of Csf1r promoter and enhancer regions was assayed by bisulphite pyrosequencing. DNA methylation of Csf1r decreased during normal macrophage maturation in concert with an increase in Csf1r mRNA expression. Treatment with the PKA agonist inhibited Csf1r mRNA and protein expression, and increased DNA methylation at the Csf1r promoter. This was associated with decreased binding of the transcription factor PU.1 to the Csf1r promoter. Treatment with the PKA agonist inhibited the responsiveness of macrophages to CSF‐1. Levels of endogenous PKA activity decreased during normal macrophage maturation, suggesting that attenuation of this signalling pathway contributes to the increase in CSF1R expression during macrophage maturation. Together, these results demonstrate that macrophage maturation is accompanied by Csf1r hypomethylation, and illustrates for the first time the ability of PKA to increase Csf1r DNA methylation.
Efficacy of biorational insecticides against chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), infesting roses under nursery conditions
Authors: Aristizábal L. F. , Chen Y. , Cherry R. H. , Cave R. D. , Arthurs S. P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe evaluated biopesticides based on entomopathogenic fungi, azadirachtin and horticultural oils for the management of the chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, an economically significant invasive pest in the United States. Insecticides were applied four times at 7‐ to 10‐day intervals against established S. dorsalis infestations on shrub roses KnockOut®, Rosa x ‘Radrazz’ under simulated nursery conditions. When applied as stand‐alone treatments, Beauveria bassiana GHA (BotaniGard® ES), Metarhizium brunneum F52 (Met‐52 EC), a horticultural oil (SuffOil‐X®) and azadirachtin (Molt‐X®) at label rates provided significant control, reducing populations of S. dorsalis by 48–71% compared with control over 4–6 weeks. Similar results were observed when the biopesticides were applied in rotation with each other. A conventional standard, spinosad (Conserve® SC), was consistently the most effective treatment in these studies, reducing thrips populations by >95% overall. In another study, more effective control (87%–92%) was achieved in biopesticide rotation programmes that included spinosad, when compared with those that did not. Results also showed that these biopesticides can be tank‐mixed. However, there was no evidence that B. bassiana or M. brunneum combined with azadirachtin resulted in additive or synergistic control, as neither tank‐mix treatment improved control compared with azadirachtin alone. These findings highlight the potential use of biopesticides in rotation programmes with conventional insecticides to manage S. dorsalis on roses. Biopesticides evaluated in this study can be incorporated into an IPM programme for roses.
Maternal risk during pregnancy: a concept analysis
Authors: Van Otterloo Lucy R , Connelly Cynthia D 
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectivesTo report an analysis of the concept of maternal risk and explore implications for practice usingWalker andAvant's eight step method analysis.BackgroundAlthough mortality during pregnancy is a relatively rare occurrence, serious maternal morbidities are increasingly present in today's pregnant population. Risk factors have been identified that increase the potential for morbidities and subsequent care modalities have been implemented to decrease this risk. However, despite the wide use of the term ‘risk’ in the medical and nursing literature, determining a common definition is difficult. Differences in the understanding of risk during pregnancy can hinder the ability to provide consistent and appropriate care.DesignConcept analysis.MethodsA search of the English literature was completed using the databasesCINAHL, PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar for years 2000–2014 using the keywords ‘risk’, ‘maternal’ and ‘pregnancy’.ResultsThree defining attributes of risk were identified: chance of injury/loss, cognitive recognition and the decision‐making processes. The antecedent of risk is the ability to understand the situation and cognitive ability to think about the potential consequences and adverse outcomes. Consequences of risk include the actual action taken as a result of the decision‐making process.ConclusionThis paper contributes to the understanding of risk allowing for the development of an individualised plan of care for each pregnant woman and empowering the nurse to advocate for appropriate care. Findings in this analysis assist nurses in bridging the gap in communication between the provider's and pregnant woman's interpretation of risk.Relevance to clinical practiceThe analysis of risk resulted in the identification of differences in perceptions of risk that can potentially result in miscommunication between provider and pregnant woman and increase the risk of inadequate or incomplete care.
Predictors of early discharge after open gynecological surgery in the setting of an enhanced recovery after surgery protocol
Authors: Wan King Man , Carter Jonathan , Philp Shannon 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimEnhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols have been proven to decrease length of hospital stay without increasing readmission rates or complications. However, patient and operative characteristics that improve the chance of successful early hospital discharge are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of patients undergoing open gynecological surgery in an ERAS protocol who could be discharged home by postoperative day 3.MethodsA retrospective review was performed on patients undergoing laparotomy by a single surgeon and managed by an ERAS protocol between January 2008 and April 2013. Data collection on patient characteristics, hospitalization and post‐discharge details was performed prospectively. Patients successfully discharged home on or by day 3 (early discharge) were compared to patients who had a longer admission (late discharge).ResultsDuring the study period, 454 consecutive patients were identified and included in the study. No patients were excluded. A total of 335 patients (73.8%) were successfully discharged home within 3 days. After adjusting for age and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score, patients with early discharge were significantly less likely to have a malignancy (odds ratio [OR], 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.36–0.97; P = 0.038), intensive care unit admission (OR, 0.59; 95%CI, 0.36–0.97; P = 0.046), vertical midline incision (OR, 0.28; 95%CI, 0.07–0.82), complications (OR, 0.21; 95%CI, 0.09–0.49; P = 0.0003), or FIGO Stage III or IV disease (OR, 0.39; 95%CI, 0.23–0.67; P = 0.001). Prior abdominal surgery, body mass index > 25 and lymph node dissection did not significantly influence length of hospital stay.ConclusionMalignancy, advanced‐stage disease, intensive care unit admission, vertical midline incision and perioperative complications are significantly associated with longer hospital stay in patients managed by an ERAS protocol.
Emergence of Antagonism Against the Pathogenic Fungus Fusarium oxysporum by Interplay Among Non‐Antagonistic Bacteria in a Hydroponics Using Multiple Parallel Mineralization
Authors: Fujiwara Kazuki , Iida Yuichiro , Someya Nobutaka , Takano Masao , Ohnishi Jun , Terami Fumihiro , Shinohara Makoto 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe rhizosphere microbial community in a multiple parallel mineralization (MPM) system contributes to suppression of root‐borne diseases. We hypothesized this phenomenon can be attributed to the interplay of non‐antagonistic bacteria rather than to a single antagonistic microbe. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by investigating the potential roles of bacterial interplay in a subset of MPM microbiota in the suppression of the fungal phytopathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Bacterial strains isolated from the MPM system were subjected to in vitro and in planta tests on F. oxysporum. A community of seven bacterial strains (Kaistia sp. TBD58, Sphingopyxis sp. TBD84, Bosea sp. TBD101, Ancylobacter sp. TBD132, Cupriavidus sp. TBD162, Brevibacillus sp. TBD179 and Sphingopyxis sp. TBD181) suppressed F. oxysporum growth. None of the strains alone was antagonistic against F. oxysporum, whereas several pairs of those non‐antagonistic strains inhibited its growth. Morphological observations showed the formation of swollen F. oxysporum cells in the presence of these bacterial pairs. The same bacterial pairs also suppressed Fusarium wilt disease in Arabidopsis thaliana. These results indicate that a complex bacterial interplay among non‐antagonistic bacteria can significantly contribute to the development of antagonism against F. oxysporum in the context of the MPM system.