bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second Partner Review: An Analytical Model
Authors: Matsumura Ella Mae , Tucker Robert R. 
Published: July 2017

This paper develops an analytical model to examine the role that second partner review plays in promoting accurate, unbiased decisions by an engagement partner who possesses imperfect information and is subject to economic pressures to bias judgment. Optimal strategies are derived in a single-period model. The model includes an engagement partner and a second partner who both choose a sample size and a qualified or unqualified audit report. The analysis identifies conditions under which second partner review induces the engagement partner to report with greater independence. In addition to providing predictions immediately testable in an experimental context, the comprehensive example demonstrates that second partner review can cause the engagement partner not only to report with greater independence but also to sample more. Central to our analysis is a general audit reporting model that applies to both one-partner and two-partner situations. This model provides definitions and demonstrates the effect of auditor independence and competence and the sufficiency and competence of evidential matter, audit risk, client pressure, and societal penalties (e.g., legal and reputational costs) on an audit partner's reporting decision. Moreover, it demonstrates the importance of the engagement partner's competence and work effort, as well as the reduction of underlying audit risk, in countering client pressure and promoting independent reporting. Because of the rigorous definitions of auditing concepts and the number of variables included, the model provides a flexible structure for studying other auditor reporting situations.
Derivation of the Expanded Form of the BJH Equation and its Application to the Pore Structure Analysis of Mesoporous Adsorbents
Authors: Masthan S. Khaja , Rao K.S. Rama , Prasad P.S. Sai , Rao P. Kanta 
Published: July 2017

The BJH equation, [Formula: see text], used for pore structure analyses via its application to the N2 desorption isotherms at 78 K of porous materials, has been modified by substituting the value of ci and expanding the last term. The quantity vn is the volume of the pores involved in the nth desorption step and is given in terms of the volume of N2, (ΔV)n, exuded from the porous material, the constants Rn and ci which depend on the average pore size and average thickness of the physically adsorbed multilayer, Δtn being the decrease in thickness of the multilayer as a result of the nth desorption step and Ai the surface area of the set of pores involved in the ith desorption step. A derivation of the modified equation is presented. It has been applied to the N2 desorption data of bone char used by Barrett, Joyner and Halenda (BJH). The effect of the multilayer thickness (t) values given by Pierce and de Boer on the pore size distribution of bone char has been studied. The pore size distribution data are compared with those obtained by the original BJH and Pierce methods. The pore system conforms very well with the idealised open-ended cylindrical pore model. The expanded BJH equation has also been applied to the desorption isotherms of fresh and sintered silica-alumina cracking catalysts over the entire range of silica/alumina ratios. The multilayer thickness (t) values given by de Boer have been used in the calculations. The pore systems of the catalysts, vacuum-dried at 400°C, are observed to conform to the cylindrical pore model as revealed by the excellent agreement between the cumulative surface areas obtained in P.S.D. calculations and the BET surface areas. The pore systems of the catalysts, sintered at different temperatures in a dry oxygen stream, deviate considerably from the cylindrical pore model. Enlargement of the pores and their nonconformity with the ideal pore model are attributed to modifications of the pore structures brought about by the phenomenon known as ‘self-steaming’ with the water vapour released from the catalysts.
Controlled Gasification of Carbonaceous Materials in a Water Vapour Atmosphere. Part I. Description of the Process Kinetics
Authors: Grzegorczyk W. , Leboda R. 
Published: July 2017

A gravimetric method of studying the gasification reaction of carbonaceous materials during active carbon modification by means of water vapour as well as a description of the reaction kinetics are proposed. The basic postulate of chemical kinetics was applied as a first-order dependence of the reaction rate on the carbon mass: dm/dt = m · f(T) · g(c1) The kinetic equation was experimentally verified over the temperature range 891–1068 K using a gas stream consisting of 90 vol.% H2O + N2. Statistical analysis of the approximation of the experimental data to the kinetic equation proved the corrections of the assumptions and the applicability of the description proposed to control the extent of gasification during active carbon modification.
Carbon Dioxide Adsorption and Decolourizing Power of Activated Carbons Prepared from Pistacia Shells
Authors: Hourieh M.A. , Alaya M.N. , Youssef A.M. 
Published: July 2017

A series of activated carbons ‘Z’ was prepared from Aleppo Pistacia Vera shells using different percentages of zinc chloride at 873 K in the absence of air. Another series ‘ZN’ was prepared using the same conditions as for the ‘Z’ series but employing a nitrogen atmosphere to effect carbonization. The textural properties of the two series of samples were determined from the adsorption of carbon dioxide and methylene blue at 298 K. Activated carbons with a high adsorptive capacity for methylene blue were obtained. Activation with zinc chloride proceeded with increasing microporosity via the creation of new micropores. At high percentages of zinc chloride, slight partial pore widening may take place. Carbon dioxide was accessible to the entire pore system and was therefore suitable as a probe for the investigation of the textural properties of the activated carbons studied. A fraction of the porosity was inaccessible to methylene blue molecules and consequently lower surface areas were calculated from the adsorption of this dye molecule.
Adsorption of Mercury, Lead and Cadmium Ions on Modified Activated Carbons
Authors: Mostafa M.R. 
Published: July 2017

Steam-activated and zinc chloride-activated carbons were prepared from rice husks. These carbons were modified by treatment with different concentrations of sulphuric acid. The adsorption of Hg2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions from aqueous solution at 298 K on to these carbons has been investigated. The effect of pH on the adsorption capacity has also been studied. The adsorption isotherms obtained were of the Langmuir type, the application of the Langmuir equation allowing the determination of the adsorption capacities. The chemistry of the carbon surface is a prominent factor which determines the removal capacity for these metal ions. In contrast, the extent of the surface is not a controlling factor in this regard.
Effect of γ-Irradiation on Some Surface and Catalytic Properties of Cr2O3/Al2O3 Solids Precalcined at 700°C
Authors: El-Shobaky G.A. , Ghozza A.M. , Mohamed G.M. 
Published: July 2017

The effects of γ-irradiation (20–160 Mrad) on the surface characteristics (SBET, VP and r) and catalytic properties (in CO oxidation by O2) of chromia/ alumina solids have been investigated. The solids were prepared by mechanical mixing of CrO3 with finely powdered Al(OH)3, followed by drying at 120°C and calcination in air at 700°C. The amounts of chromia in the samples were 8.2 wt% and 27.1 wt%, respectively. The results obtained show that doses of 20–40 Mrad brought about a measurable increase in the surface characteristics (SBET, 46%; VP, 93%; r, 31%) of the sample containing 27.1 wt% Cr2O3 but doses above this limit had the opposite effect. However, the various surface parameters of the sample treated with 160 Mrad were still higher than those of the untreated sample. With the sample containing 8.2 wt% Cr2O3, varying the dosage of γ-irradiation in the range 20–160 Mrad led to smaller variations in the surface parameters. The catalytic activities of both types of sample were decreased by γ-irradiation, with the decrease being more pronounced for samples rich in chromia. Curves relating catalytic activity to dosage exhibited minima at 40 Mrad. The observed decrease in catalytic activity with γ-irradiation was attributed to a decrease in the concentration of catalytically active sites taking part in chemisorption and catalysis of the oxidation of CO by O2 without any change in their energetic nature.
Textural, Structural and Catalytic Properties of ZnCr2O4–A12O3 Ternary Solid Catalysts
Authors: El-Sharkawy E.A. 
Published: July 2017

Two series of ternary solid catalysts containing Al, Cr and Zn but with different ZN2+ or Cr3+ ion contents were prepared by impregnation methods. All systems were calcined by heating within the temperature range 773–1073 K. Structural characterization of the systems was effected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods and by differential thermal analysis (DTA). The textural properties of the precalcined products were measured from adsorption/desorption studies of nitrogen at 77 K. The surface acidities of the precalcined products were also studied using a poisoning method employing pyridine as the probe base. The adsorption and disproportionation of NO at 298 K was followed via in-situ FT-IR spectroscopic methods, while the catalytic activities of the prepared samples towards the dehydration (DHD)/dehydrogenation (DHG) of propan-2-ol were studied using a pulse microcatalytic technique. XRD and DTA analyses showed the presence of γ-A12O3 and ZnCr2O4 in the prepared samples but did not provide any evidence for other detectable species in the ternary solid materials. The disproportionation of NO, as well as the catalytic conversion of propan-2-ol, was apparently strongly influenced by the structural properties of these materials but to a lesser extent by their textural properties.
Polymethacrylic Acid Adsorption and the Aggregation Stability of Titanium Dioxide Suspensions
Authors: Soltys M.M. , Yaremko Z.M. , Nykypanchuk D.M. , Fedushynska L.B. , Havryliv V.D. 
Published: July 2017

The dependence of polymethacrylic acid adsorption on to two rutile samples of titanium dioxide on the adsorbent content in the system and the degree of neutralization of the macromolecules has been studied. A scheme for the adsorption and aggregation processes occurring under the experimental conditions employed has been proposed and a correlation between the extent of polyelectrolyte adsorption and the aggregation stability of the titanium dioxide suspensions established. The extent of adsorption decreased with increasing adsorbent content and this has been explained by the decrease in surface available for macromolecular adsorption. Such decreases can arise from coagulation processes as well as from incomplete redispersion of the titanium dioxide particles. It has been shown that the maximum stability of the titanium dioxide suspensions occurs at polyelectrolyte concentrations well below the concentration necessary for adsorption saturation. As the degree of neutralization of the macromolecules increased the extent of adsorption decreased, the aggregation stability of suspensions in the presence of low molecular weight polymethacrylic acid remaining unchanged while that in the presence of high molecular weight poly-acid molecules decreased. The results obtained have been discussed in conjunction with the properties of aqueous solutions of partially neutralized polymethacrylic acid and changes in the conformations of the macromolecules.
Stress Failure Criterion for Laminated Composites
Authors: Yeh Hsien-Yang , Feng A. 
Published: July 2017

The generalized Yeh-Stratton criteria is applied to calculate the fracture stress of multi-directional fibrous composite material with existing cracks or circular holes under uniaxial tensile load. The failure stresses were predicted and compared with the prediction of the theory of Nuismer and Whitney and the experimental data. Based on this study, it is recommended that for cracks and circular holes with larger crack size and radius (>0.6 inch), the Yeh-Stratton failure criterion could be used as a proper design guide.
Antimony leaching from cot mattresses and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Authors: Jenkins R O , Craig P J , Goessler W , Irgolic K J 
Published: July 2017

1 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cot mattress covers from SIDS cases were investigated as potential sources of soluble (potentially ingestable) antimony in the cot environment. 2 Body fluids (urine, saliva) and proprietary domestic detergents/sterilizing fluids markedly enhanced leaching of antimony from PVC. Release of antimony was also enhanced at both low and high pH and by elevated temperature. The extent of antimony leaching did not correlate well with PVC content of this element. 3 These data do not support the assumption that postmortem analysis of antimony content proves exposure to gaseous antimony trihydride from mattress PVC. 4 Ingestion of antimony released from PVC could account for the high variability associated with reported detectable levels of antimony in liver from both SIDS and other infants. It could also explain suspected additional postnatal exposure to this element, which gives rise to elevated levels of Sb in the hair of some healthy infants.
Lack of inhibition of human plasma cholinesterase and red cell acetylcholinesterase by antimony compounds including stibine
Authors: Hussain S Anjum , Jane David E , Taberner Peter V 
Published: July 2017

1 The toxic gas hypothesis proposes exposure to stibine (antimony trihydride) generated from microbial contamination of cot mattress materials as a possible cause of unexplained death in infancy (SIDS) as a consequence of cholinesterase inhibition. We have measured the direct effects of antimony compounds including stibine on the activity of plasma cholinesterase, red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and mouse neuronal AChE in vitro. 2 Colorimetric assays for the different esterases with potassium antimonyl tartrate or antimony trichloride at concentrations up to 1073 M inthepresenceof substrate concentrations sufficient to produce 80% of the maximum reaction rate produced no inhibition of enzyme activity. Exposure of enzyme preparations to stibine gas at concentrations sufficient to cause denaturation of red cell haemogloblin caused no measurable inhibition of esterase activity. 3 We conclude that stibine gas or soluble antimony compounds are not capable of inhibiting cholinesterase activity at toxicologically relevant concentrations.
Mechanism of action of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) venom on different types of muscles
Authors: Nabil Zohour I , Hussein Aida A , Zalat Samy M , Rakha Miran Kh 
Published: July 2017

1 The effect of crude honeybee (Apis mellifera)venom on the skeletal, smooth as well as cardiac muscles were studied in this investigation. 2 Perfusion of gastrocnemius-sciatic nerve preparation of frogs with 1 mg/ml venom solution has weakened the mechanical contraction of the muscle without recovery. Blocking of nicotinic receptors with 3 mg/ml flaxedil before bee venom application sustained normal contraction of gastrocnemius muscle. 3 The electrical activity of duodenum rabbits was recorded before and after the application of 1 mg/ml venom solution. The venom has depressed the amplitude of the muscle contraction after 15 min pretreatment with atropine nearly abolished the depressor effect of the venom on smooth muscle. 4 In concentrations from 0.5-2 mg/ml, bee venom caused decrease of heart rate of isolated perfused toad heart. This bradycardia was accompanied by elongation in the P-R interval. A gradual and progressive increase in the R-wave amplitude reflected a positive inotropism of the venom. Application of 5 mg/ml verapamil, a calcium channels blocking agent, abolished the noticed effect of the venom. 5 Marked electrocardiographic changes were produced within minutes of the venom application on the isolated perfused hearts, like marked injury current (elevation or depression of the S-T segment), atrioventricular conduction disturbances and sinus arrhythmias. Atropine and nicotine could decrease the toxic effect of the venom on the myocardium. 6 Results of the present work lead to the suggestion that bee venom is mediated through the peripheral cholinergic neurotransmitter system. General neurotoxicity of an inhibitory nature involving the autonomic as well as neuromuscular system are established as a result of the venom, meanwhile a direct effect on the myocardium membrane stabilization has been suggested.
Relationship of dose intensity to the induction of palmar-plantar erythrodysesthia by pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in dogs
Authors: Amantea M , Newman M S , Sullivan T M , Forrest A , Working P K 
Published: July 2017

1 The multiple dose pharmacokinetics of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PL-DOX), known as DOXIL® (US) and CAELYX® (EU), was characterized in dogs and a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model to identify a relationship between drug exposure and the probability of observing treatment-related palmarplantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE) was developed. 2 Twenty dogs were assigned to PL-DOX groups (2/sex/ group) that received intravenous PL-DOX doses of 0.5 mg/kg q1, 2, or 4 weeks; 1.0 mg/kg q2weeks; or 1.5 mg/kg q4weeks for 12 weeks. Blood was collected for HPLC analysis of doxorubicin concentration pre-dose and periodically up to 120 h after dosing three times during treatment. 3 Plasma drug concentration was modeled using iterative 2-stage analysis. Dermal lesions (PPE) were scored twice weekly for six regions of each dog using a 0-6 severity scale; maximum severity was 36. PPE score data were modeled using an approach in which the% probability of PPE was related to a hypothetical effect site by a series of Hill-type functions. 4 Pharmacokinetics were best modeled as a one-compartment open model. Vss (ml/kg), CLt (ml/hr/kg) and half-life (h) were 44.1, 1.39 and 23.1, respectively. Cmax increased linearly with dose. CLt decreased with repeated doses. 5 A two-compartment pharmacodynamic model, which correctly predicted 97% of the observed lesion severity, was developed to establish the relationship of lesion severity to dose intensity (a measure of drug exposure incorporating the effect of both dose level and dosing frequency, which can be expressed in units of mg/kg/week). The model demonstrated that maximal PPE was positively correlated with dose intensity, the major factor that affects the incidence and severity of dermal lesions. 6 The model can be used to predict acceptable dose intensities in humans utilizing body surface area conversion factors and comparative AUCs for dogs and humans. It predicts that a dose intensity of 10-12.5 mg/m2 of PL-DOX will be well tolerated in patients. The results of recent clinical studies are consistent with this prediction.
Morbidity among Self-Employed Farmers in Norway
Authors: Almås Reidar , Ødegård Jørn 
Published: July 2017

A health survey among 923 self-employed Norwegian farmers was carried out in 1982 to investigate the state of non-hospital morbidity in the agricultural community. 85% of the nation-wide representative sample of active farmers answered the questionnaire. A disease was recorded, according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD, 8th revision), when the farmer had (1) been confined to bed/had reduced activity, or (2) had consulted a medical practitioner, or (3) used medication, all during the last 14 days. (4) Congenital diseases were also recorded. The following findings were elicited: – 56% of all morbidity came under the three headings cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, injuries – the incidence of cardiovascular diseases is rising in spite of the reduced average age of the agricultural population – within agriculture the following groups have the highest work-related morbidity: full-time farmers, grain-growing farmers, those farmers who have the greatest daily work load, and farmers who are physically exhausted at the end of the day.
Drug-Induced Lupus Due to Phenytoin
Authors: Siragusa Robert J , Ramos-Caro Francisco A , Edwards N Lawrence , Flowers Franklin P 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To report a case of lupus erythematosus induced by long-term use of phenytoin and to discuss the clinical aspects of drug-induced lupus. Case Summary: A 67-year-old white man who had been taking phenytoin for approximately 15 years was hospitalized due to fever, pericarditis, severe abdominal pain, malaise, and weight loss. Laboratory studies revealed a positive antinuclear antibody assay in a titer of 1:80 in a homogeneous pattern, a strong positive antihistone antibody test, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (115 mm/h), and neutrophilia (20,800 cells/mm3). All symptoms and signs disappeared, and the laboratory abnormalities returned to normal within a few weeks after discontinuing phenytoin. The patient was not rechallenged. Discussion: Drug-induced lupus has been reported to typically occur within a few years after starting the medication responsible. Musculoskeletal complaints are the most common manifestations of drug-induced lupus. Pleural effusions, pericarditis, and pulmonary infiltrates have also been reported. Cutaneous findings are uncommon, and renal involvement is rare. Conclusions: Our case is unusual in that the patient had been taking phenytoin for approximately 15 years before developing lupus.
Influence of Storage at Low Temperatures on the Aerosol Output from Metered-Dose and Dry-Powder Inhalation Devices
Authors: Ramón Mercedes , Juan Gustavo , Torrejón José M , Martí-Bonmatí Ezequiel , Cortijo Julio , Morcillo Esteban J , Marín Julio 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To determine whether storage at low temperatures affects the drug delivery efficacy of a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-free aerosol and a dry-powder inhaler (DPI). Design: Aerosol output from a CFC-free hydrofluoroalkane (HFA-134a) metered-dose inhaler (albuterol) and a multidose DPI (terbutaline) were examined at different ambient temperatures and canister loads. Results: After the HFA-134a formulation was stored at low temperatures for 24 hours, a small decrease of aerosol output (2.1–2.7% at 0 °C, 5.0–8.0% at −10 °C; p < 0.05 from 22 °C) was observed. In addition, the aerosol output from devices with one-half or one-fifth the initial content was marginally decreased compared with output from inhalers with full content. Image analysis techniques applied to fully formed aerosol plume emitted from the HFA-134a formulation showed that the product could still be aerosolized at 10 °C, but there was a reduction of the distance reached by the aerosol. In contrast, condensed droplets markedly altered the aerosols formed from CFC inhalers at −10 °C. Aerosol output from the DPI apparently was not altered following 24-hour storage at −10 °C. Conclusions: Aerosols emitted by the HFA-134a and DPIs studied were less affected by exposure to cold temperatures compared with those from marketed CFC devices.