bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Materiality, Language and the Production of Knowledge: Art, Subjectivity and Indigenous Ontology
Authors: Barrett Estelle 
Published: November 2015

Since all theories of knowing deal with the being of subjects, objects, instruments and environments, they can be viewed as onto-epistemological. This chapter examines key ideas that emerge from the work of Julia Kristeva – 'the speaking subject', 'materiality of language' and 'heterogeneity' – to demonstrate how ontology and epistemology are inextricably entwined in knowledge production. Kristeva also affirms both the agency of matter and the dimension of human/subjective agency implicated in cultural production. This is contrasted with Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari’s account creative practice. The article also draws on the artistic work of researcher-practitioner Brian Martin, and his account of the relationship between Indigenous Australian art and culture to demonstrate that in an Indigenous world view, the real, the immaterial, the imaginary and the representational occur concurrently.
Solution-processed organic trilayer solar cells incorporating conjugated polyelectrolytes
Authors: Cha Myoung Joo , Seo Jung Hwa 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
We report solution-processed organic trilayer solar cells consisting of a bottom poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) layer, a conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) interlayer and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) top layer, wherein the CPE exists as an interlayer within the donor–acceptor junction. The influence of interlayer thickness on device properties was investigated, as well as the behavior of molecular dipoles in the trilayer solar cells when influenced by external electrical stimuli. We found that incorporation of an interlayer which is too thick results in decreased performance due to reduced short-circuit current (J
SC), open-circuit voltage (V
OC), and fill factor (FF). However the V
OC is found to increase significantly when a thin CPE layer is used in conjunction with an external electric field. These results provide an experimental approach to probe the influence of interfacial dipoles on the solar cell parameters and behavior of charge separating organic donor/acceptor junctions, yielding fundamental information about the influence of electrical dipoles on the donor/acceptor interface in organic solar cells.
Novel Use of Ultrasound Elastography to Quantify Muscle Tissue Changes After Dry Needling of Myofascial Trigger Points in Patients With Chronic Myofascial Pain
Authors: Turo Diego , Otto Paul , Hossain Murad , Gebreab Tadesse , Armstrong Katherine , Rosenberger William F. , Shao Hui , Shah Jay P. , Gerber Lynn H. , Sikdar Siddhartha 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesTo compare a mechanical heterogeneity index derived from ultrasound vibration elastography with physical findings before and after dry‐needling treatment of spontaneously painful active myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle.MethodsForty‐eight patients with chronic myofascial pain enrolled in a prospective interventional trial of 3 weekly dry‐needling treatments for active myofascial trigger points. Trigger points were evaluated at baseline and at treatment completion using palpation, the pressure‐pain threshold, and the mechanical heterogeneity index. Thirty patients were reevaluated at 8 weeks. Trigger points that “responded” changed to tissue that was no longer spontaneously painful, with or without the presence of a palpable nodule. Trigger points that “resolved” changed to tissue without a palpable nodule. The mechanical heterogeneity index was defined as the proportion of the upper trapezius muscle that appeared mechanically stiffer on elastography. Statistical significance for comparisons was determined at P < .05.ResultsFollowing 3 dry needle treatments, the mechanical heterogeneity index decreased significantly for the 38 myofascial trigger points (79% of 48) that responded to treatment. Among these, the baseline mechanical heterogeneity index was significantly lower for the 13 trigger points (27% of 38) that resolved, but the decrease after 3 dry needle treatments did not reach significance. The pressure‐pain threshold improved significantly for both groups. At 8 weeks, the mechanical heterogeneity index decreased significantly for the 22 trigger points (73% of 30) that responded and for the 10 (45% of 22) that resolved. The pressure‐pain threshold improvement was significant for trigger points that responded but did not reach significance for resolved trigger points.ConclusionsThe mechanical heterogeneity index identifies changes in muscle tissue properties that correlate with changes in the myofascial trigger point status after dry needling.
Using Acoustic Structure Quantification During B‐Mode Sonography for Evaluation of Hashimoto Thyroiditis
Authors: Rhee Sun Jung , Hong Hyun Sook , Kim Chul-Hee , Lee Eun Hye , Cha Jang Gyu , Jeong Sun Hye 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of Acoustic Structure Quantification (ASQ; Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Nasushiobara, Japan) values in the diagnosis of Hashimoto thyroiditis using B‐mode sonography and to identify a cutoff ASQ level that differentiates Hashimoto thyroiditis from normal thyroid tissue.MethodsA total of 186 thyroid lobes with Hashimoto thyroiditis and normal thyroid glands underwent sonography with ASQ imaging. The quantitative results were reported in an echo amplitude analysis (Cm2) histogram with average, mode, ratio, standard deviation, blue mode, and blue average values. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic ability of the ASQ values in differentiating Hashimoto thyroiditis from normal thyroid tissue. Intraclass correlation coefficients of the ASQ values were obtained between 2 observers.ResultsOf the 186 thyroid lobes, 103 (55%) had Hashimoto thyroiditis, and 83 (45%) were normal. There was a significant difference between the ASQ values of Hashimoto thyroiditis glands and those of normal glands (P < .001). The ASQ values in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis were significantly greater than those in patients with normal thyroid glands. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the ratio, blue average, average, blue mode, mode, and standard deviation were: 0.936, 0.902, 0.893, 0.855, 0.846, and 0.842, respectively. The ratio cutoff value of 0.27 offered the best diagnostic performance, with sensitivity of 87.38% and specificity of 95.18%. The intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.86 to 0.94, which indicated substantial agreement between the observers.ConclusionsAcoustic Structure Quantification is a useful and promising sonographic method for diagnosing Hashimoto thyroiditis. Not only could it be a helpful tool for quantifying thyroid echogenicity, but it also would be useful for diagnosis of Hashimoto thyroiditis.
Accuracy of Spleen Measurement by Medical Residents Using Hand‐Carried Ultrasound
Authors: Arishenkoff Shane , Eddy Christopher , Roberts J. Mark , Chen Luke , Chang Silvia , Nair Parvathy , Hatala Rose , Eva Kevin W. , Meneilly Graydon S. 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesEasily palpable splenomegaly can be identified on physical examination, but it is difficult to detect lesser degrees of splenomegaly. Rapid bedside assessment can be conducted with hand‐carried ultrasound. We performed this study to determine whether medical residents could reliably assess spleen size using hand‐carried ultrasound after a brief educational intervention.MethodsPostgraduate year 1 internal medicine residents were shown a brief (45‐minute) presentation on ultrasound basics, the use of hand‐carried ultrasound, and principles of splenic ultrasound imaging. They practiced on each other, using hand‐carried ultrasound to assess spleen size, for 1 hour in the presence of an instructor. Patients with varying degrees of splenomegaly and hospital staff were recruited at Vancouver General Hospital. A sonographer measured spleen size in each participant using conventional ultrasound. Subsequently, the trained residents scanned the participants using hand‐carried ultrasound, blinded to the sonographer's measurements and the participants' diagnoses. The instructor was not present during scanning.ResultsTwelve first‐year residents (8 male and 4 female; mean age ± SEM, 28 ± 1 years; all with limited prior ultrasound training) and 19 patients and staff members (10 male and 9 female; mean age, 60 ± 4 years; body mass index, 24 ± 2 kg/m2) were recruited. The greatest longitudinal measurements were 14.0 ± 0.7 cm with conventional ultrasound administered by the sonographer and 13.2 ± 0.9 cm with hand‐carried ultrasound administered by the residents (P > .05, not significant). The correlation between conventional and hand‐carried ultrasound was r = 0.81 (P < .001).ConclusionsInternal medicine residents can reliably assess spleen size at the point of care using hand‐carried ultrasound with minimal training. Our findings, if replicated in other centers and in different clinical scenarios, may change the way that clinicians examine the spleen.
Coupling changes in densities and porosity to fluid pressure variations in reactive porous fluid flow: Local thermodynamic equilibrium
Authors: Malvoisin Benjamin , Podladchikov Yury Yu. , Vrijmoed Johannes C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMineralogical reactions which generate or consume fluids play a key role during fluid flow in porous media. Such reactions are linked to changes in density, porosity, permeability, and fluid pressure which influence fluid flow and rock deformation. To understand such a coupled system, equations were derived from mass conservation and local thermodynamic equilibrium. The presented mass conservative modeling approach describes the relationships among evolving fluid pressure, porosity, fluid and solid density, and devolatilization reactions in multicomponent systems with solid solutions. This first step serves as a framework for future models including aqueous speciation and transport. The complexity of univariant and multivariant reactions is treated by calculating lookup tables from thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. Simplified cases were also investigated to understand previously studied formulations. For nondeforming systems or systems divided into phases of constant density, the equations can be reduced to porosity wave equations with addition of a reactive term taking the volume change of reaction into account. For closed systems, an expression for the volume change of reaction and the associated pressure increase can be obtained. The key equations were solved numerically for the case of devolatilization of three different rock types that may enter a subduction zone. Reactions with positive Clapeyron slope lead to an increase in porosity and permeability with decreasing fluid pressure resulting in sharp fluid pressure gradients around a negative pressure anomaly. The opposite trend is obtained for reactions having a negative Clapeyron slope during which sharp fluid pressure gradients were only generated around a positive pressure anomaly. Coupling of reaction with elastic deformation induces a more efficient fluid flow for reactions with negative Clapeyron slope than for reactions with positive Clapeyron slope.
Data‐driven numerical simulations of equatorial spread F in the Peruvian sector 3: Solstice
Authors: Hysell D. L. , Milla M. A. , Condori L. , Vierinen J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe present results from a continuing effort to simulate equatorial spread F (ESF) using observations from the Jicamarca Radio Observatory near Lima, Peru. Jicamarca measures vertical and zonal plasma drifts along with plasma number density profiles overhead. The number density profiles are used to initialize a three‐dimensional regional model of the ionosphere capable of simulating plasma density irregularities produced during ESF conditions. The vertical drifts measurements are used to drive the numerical simulation continuously. Neutral winds are derived from the new Horizontal Wind Model '14 (HWM‐14) model, and the zonal winds are scaled so as to make the zonal plasma flows at the start of the simulation agree with the ISR profile measurements. Coherent scatter radar imagery from Jicamarca is used to validate the simulation results. Campaign data were collected in April and December 2014, and a few events representative of low and high ESF activity were selected for analysis. The numerical simulations are able to reproduce the level of activity observed along with the gross features of the ESF irregularities and radar plumes. Data from a network of HF beacons are being incorporated into the forecast analysis in order to elucidate radar plumes which sometimes appear even when the simulation fails to predict them.
Interglacials of the last 800,000 years
Authors:   Past Interglacials Working Group of PAGES
Published: November 2015

AbstractInterglacials, including the present (Holocene) period, are warm, low land ice extent (high sea level), end‐members of glacial cycles. Based on a sea level definition, we identify eleven interglacials in the last 800,000 years, a result that is robust to alternative definitions. Data compilations suggest that despite spatial heterogeneity, Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 5e (last interglacial) and 11c (~400 ka ago) were globally strong (warm), while MIS 13a (~500 ka ago) was cool at many locations. A step change in strength of interglacials at 450 ka is apparent only in atmospheric CO2 and in Antarctic and deep ocean temperature. The onset of an interglacial (glacial termination) seems to require a reducing precession parameter (increasing Northern Hemisphere summer insolation), but this condition alone is insufficient. Terminations involve rapid, nonlinear, reactions of ice volume, CO2, and temperature to external astronomical forcing. The precise timing of events may be modulated by millennial‐scale climate change that can lead to a contrasting timing of maximum interglacial intensity in each hemisphere. A variety of temporal trends is observed, such that maxima in the main records are observed either early or late in different interglacials. The end of an interglacial (glacial inception) is a slower process involving a global sequence of changes. Interglacials have been typically 10–30 ka long. The combination of minimal reduction in northern summer insolation over the next few orbital cycles, owing to low eccentricity, and high atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations implies that the next glacial inception is many tens of millennia in the future.
Hierarchical segmentation of the Malawi Rift: The influence of inherited lithospheric heterogeneity and kinematics in the evolution of continental rifts
Authors: Laó‐Dávila Daniel A. , Al‐Salmi Haifa S. , Abdelsalam Mohamed G. , Atekwana Estella A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe used detailed analysis of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission‐digital elevation model and observations from aeromagnetic data to examine the influence of inherited lithospheric heterogeneity and kinematics in the segmentation of largely amagmatic continental rifts. We focused on the Cenozoic Malawi Rift, which represents the southern extension of the Western Branch of the East African Rift System. This north trending rift traverses Precambrian and Paleozoic‐Mesozoic structures of different orientations. We found that the rift can be hierarchically divided into first‐order and second‐order segments. In the first‐order segmentation, we divided the rift into Northern, Central, and Southern sections. In its Northern Section, the rift follows Paleoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic terrains with structural grain that favored the localization of extension within well‐developed border faults. The Central Section occurs within Mesoproterozoic‐Neoproterozoic terrain with regional structures oblique to the rift extent. We propose that the lack of inherited lithospheric heterogeneity favoring extension localization resulted in the development of the rift in this section as a shallow graben with undeveloped border faults. In the Southern Section, Mesoproterozoic‐Neoproterozoic rocks were reactivated and developed the border faults. In the second‐order segmentation, only observed in the Northern Section, we divided the section into five segments that approximate four half‐grabens/asymmetrical grabens with alternating polarities. The change of polarity coincides with flip‐over full‐grabens occurring within overlap zones associated with ~150 km long alternating border faults segments. The inherited lithospheric heterogeneity played the major role in facilitating the segmentation of the Malawi Rift during its opening resulting from extension.
Using the Reverse Order Technique with Non‐Native Speakers or Through an Interpreter
Authors: Ewens Sarah , Vrij Aldert , Mann Samantha , Leal Sharon 
Published: November 2015

SummaryWe examined whether the reverse order technique can be implemented when people speak through an interpreter. A total of 40 Chinese, 40 Korean and 30 Hispanic participants were interviewed in English or in their own native language through an interpreter. Interviewees were asked to tell the truth or lie about a secret meeting they viewed. They were asked to recall what they saw in chronological order and then in reverse order. The reverse order technique revealed two cues to deceit (detail and commissions) when an interpreter was present, whereas no cues to deceit emerged when interviewees spoke in English. This suggests that the reverse order technique can be used with an interpreter but possibly not with non‐native speakers. Perhaps the combined task of speaking in a non‐native language and reporting in reverse order is mentally taxing for liars and truth tellers, thus making differences between them unlikely to emerge. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Type II Anion Relay Chemistry: Exploiting Bifunctional Weinreb Amide Linchpins for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Differentiated 1,3‐Diketones, Pyrans, and Spiroketals
Authors: Farrell Mark , Melillo Bruno , Smith Amos B. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe design, synthesis, and validation of new highly effective bifunctional linchpins for type II anion relay chemistry (ARC) has been achieved. The mechanistically novel negative‐charge migration that comprises the Brook rearrangement is now initiated by a stabilized tetrahedral intermediate, which is generated by nucleophilic addition to a Weinreb amide, rather than by a simple oxyanion that is generated from an epoxide. As a result, the linchpin preserves the carbonyl functionality in the ARC adducts, thus permitting access to functionally complex systems in a single flask without the need for further chemical manipulations. This tactic was validated with the one‐pot preparation of monoprotected 1,3‐diketones as well as pyran and spiroketal scaffolds, depending on the choice of nucleophile, electrophile, and work‐up conditions.
Electrospun polyurethane membrane with Ag/ZnO microparticles as an antibacterial surface on polyurethane sheets
Authors: Pelíšková Michaela , Slobodian Petr , Sedlařík Vladimír , Zatloukal Martin , Kuřitka Ivo 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTA method of antibacterial modification of the polyurethane (PU) surface is presented in this article. An electrospun PU membrane with an incorporated antibacterial agent was applied as a coating of the PU sheets. As an antibacterial agent, a hybrid bimetallic filler was used; it combined the antibacterial effects of silver and zinc oxide. With an electrospun submicrometer‐fiber membrane, the filler was uniformly and thinly applied on the PU surface by compression molding. The antibacterial activities of three filler concentrations were tested, and they demonstrated an effective antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43020.
Efficient visible photoinitiator with high‐spectrum stability in an acid medium for free‐radical and free‐radical‐promoted cationic photopolymerization based on erythrosine B derivatives
Authors: Nan Xuying , Huang Yi , Fan Qinguo , Shao Jianzhong , Yao Yuhua 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThree dye‐linked photoinitiators with excellent spectral stability in an acid medium were synthesized by the covalent bonding of a coinitiator (tertiary amine) and a benzoyl group or two coinitiators to the phenolic and carboxyl group position of erythrosine B. The combination of the iodonium salt and free tertiary amino used to initiate the free‐radical/cationic visible photopolymerization was investigated to acquire the relationship between the structure and performance. The photoinitiating ability of the derivative with the phenolic position bearing a coinitiator was poorer than of the derivative with the carboxyl group bearing one because of the strong back electron transfer of the former. For the derivative with a linked coinitiator on the carboxyl position, the proximity effect between the sensitizer and the coinitiator moiety resulted in an excellent photoinitiating ability for radical/cationic polymerization; this suggested its potential for application. Although radical/cationic photopolymerization could be initiated by the derivative/coinitiator/iodonium salt, the different component ratios between them had different effects on these two polymerizations; this provided useful information for the design of effective photoinitiators for different polymerizations. On the basis of the fluorescence quenching and photopolymerization results, a corresponding synergistic mechanism was proposed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43035.
Understanding the mechanical and interfacial properties of core–shell structured bamboo–plastic composites
Authors: Xian Yu , Wang Cuicui , Wang Ge , Ren Wenhan , Cheng Haitao 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTCore–shell structured bamboo–plastic composites (BPCs) were directly prepared with a single‐screw/single‐screw coextruder system. The effects of different shell layers, such as high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), bamboo pulp fiber (BPF)/HDPE, and white mud (WM)/HDPE, were studied in the context of the mechanical properties and the characteristics of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) of BPC. The mechanical properties of the core–shell structured BPC were characterized by flexure, short‐beam shear, and impact tests. The surface morphologies of BPC were analyzed with field emission scanning electron microscopy. The ITZ properties were studied with dynamic mechanical analysis and nano‐indentation testing. The results show that the flexural properties, short‐beam strength, and impact strength decreased profoundly in the presence of BPF or WM. The dynamic mechanical analysis results suggest that the ITZ properties decreased, as indicated by the reductions in the storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss factor; the nano‐indentation results show that on the addition of BPF or WM, a gradient in the hardness and modulus of elasticity appeared across ITZ. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43053.