bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IN THE GREEN CLASSROOM—TAX POLICY OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAX RULES AND INCENTIVES: NEW DIRECTIONS IN TEACHING AND RESEARCH
Authors: Nellen Annette 
Published: December 2017

INTRODUCTION There is no shortage of tax rules that address energy and natural resources in some manner. There are taxes on most types of fuel, tax credits for energy saving devices, and various tax incentives to encourage specified activities such as use of LED lighting or energy efficient heaters. In addition, numerous proposals are offered annually by lawmakers at the federal, state and local levels that also address conservation, energy and innovation in conservation and energy-efficiencies. How do we know if existing rules and proposals are appropriate for a tax system? Principles of good tax policy can be applied to them to identify strengths, weaknesses and how to improve the rules and proposals. This article explains the principles of good tax policy, provides an example of their application and makes several suggestions of how this type of analysis can be incorporated into any classroom learning on green building topics. This exercise is not only for students with tax knowledge, but also engineers, scientists, architects, environmentalists, as well as everyone in our roles of citizen and voter.
First two bilateral hand transplantations in India (Part 1): From vision to reality
Authors: Iyer Subramania , Sharma Mohit , Kishore P. , Mathew Jimmy , Vijayaraghavan Sundeep , Ramu Janarthanan , Wakure Abhijeet , Reddy Raghuveer , Mali Chetan S. M. , Varma Visakh , Chaudhari Ashish , Dhake Swapnil , Omkumar Akshay , Prasad V. G. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Vascularized composite tissue allotransplantation is a relatively new concept, which was unavailable in the Indian subcontinent till a bilateral hand transplant was carried out successfully in January 2015. Materials and Methods: The setting up of the transplant programme involved obtaining legal clearances, creating public awareness, harnessing the institutional facilities, drawing up protocols, assembling the surgical team, managing immunological issues, rehabilitation and preparing the ancillary services. Results: Both, the first and second bilateral hand transplants were resounding successes with both the recipients getting back to their original daily routines. Conclusions: The organisation of the hand transplant programme was a large task, which necessitated intensive planning, and cooperation from various teams within and outside the institution. Exemplary team-work was the key to the phenomenal success of these path breaking endeavors in the subcontinent.
Fandom televisivo y construcción de identidad. Análisis de los comentarios de las fans españolas y los community managers
Authors: Lacalle Zalduendo Charo , Castro Mariño Deborah 
Published: December 2017

La era digital ofrece a los espectadores de ficción televisiva una variedad de espacios en los cuales revelar su propia identidad y las emociones generadas por los textos consumidos. Metodología. Se analizan 7.849 comentarios publicados por mujeres fans y community managers en 122 sites (foros y redes sociales) dedicados a la ficción televisiva española. Los 22.301 ítems resultantes exploran las emociones generadas por la ficción televisiva, tales como alegría, entusiasmo, tristeza, enfado, decepción y nostalgia. Conclusiones y discusión. La investigación confirma el potencial de la ficción televisiva para alentar la autorreflexión sobre la identidad propia de las fans. También identifica a los foros como las plataformas que fomentan debates más profundos sobre la ficción televisiva, pese a la popularidad de redes sociales como Facebook o Twitter. Los comentarios de los community managers se centran en la promoción de los programas, desatendiendo el fortalecimiento del sentimiento de comunidad colectiva.
Accelerated decline in javelin throwing performance in master athletes 70 years and older – does change in technique play a role?
Authors: Ganse Bergita , Degens Hans 
Published: December 2017

Background: Wile many older adults are immobile, frail and inactive, others still participate in competitive sports. As in sprinting and endurance running, the world records of javelin throwing decrease with increasing age. It is, however, not clear 1)whether this ageing-related decline is linear or, as in sprint performance, accelerates beyond the age of 69, and 2) to what extent frailty-related changes in throwing technique contribute to the decreasing performance in old javelin throwers.
Methods: We plotted the current world records against age and assessed the performance of 27 male javelin throwers 70 years and older during three master athletics championships. Three to six throws were filmed, and the best throw of each athlete selected. A step-wise linear regression was applied to assess the contribution of age, angle of release, angle of attitude , angle of attack, elbow angle just before the pull and the number of steps in the approach run, to performance.
Results: The ageing-related decline in javelin-throw performance accelerated after the age of 69 years. Age was the main predictor of performance (adjusted R 2 =0.68), with a small contribution of elbow angle (adjusted R 2 increased to 0.76) and angle of attack (R 2 =0.82; all P<0.001) in the older athletes. None of the technique-related parameters correlated with age.
Discussion: The ageing-related decline in javelin throwing performance was accelerated after the age of 69 years. Although the technique had some influence on javelin throwing performance, the accelerated decline in 70 + -year-old athletes was not associated with an ageing-related change in throwing technique.
A Physics‐Based Rock Friction Constitutive Law: Steady State Friction
Authors: Aharonov Einat , Scholz Christopher H. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractExperiments measuring friction over a wide range of sliding velocities find that the value of the friction coefficient varies widely: friction is high and behaves according to the rate and state constitutive law during slow sliding, yet markedly weakens as the sliding velocity approaches seismic slip speeds. We introduce a physics‐based theory to explain this behavior. Using conventional microphysics of creep, we calculate the velocity and temperature dependence of contact stresses during sliding, including the thermal effects of shear heating. Contacts are assumed to reach a coupled thermal and mechanical steady state, and friction is calculated for steady sliding. Results from theory provide good quantitative agreement with reported experimental results for quartz and granite friction over 11 orders of magnitude in velocity. The new model elucidates the physics of friction and predicts the connection between friction laws to independently determined material parameters. It predicts four frictional regimes as function of slip rate: at slow velocity friction is either velocity strengthening or weakening, depending on material parameters, and follows the rate and state friction law. Differences between surface and volume activation energies are the main control on velocity dependence. At intermediate velocity, for some material parameters, a distinct velocity strengthening regime emerges. At fast sliding, shear heating produces thermal softening of friction. At the fastest sliding, melting causes further weakening. This theory, with its four frictional regimes, fits well previously published experimental results under low temperature and normal stress.
The Quasi‐monochromatic ULF Wave Boundary in the Venusian Foreshock: Venus Express Observations
Authors: Shan Lican , Mazelle Christian , Meziane Karim , Romanelli Norberto , Ge Yasong S. , Du Aimin , Lu Quanming , Zhang Tielong 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe location of ultralow‐frequency (ULF) quasi‐monochromatic wave onset upstream of Venus bow shock is explored using Venus Express magnetic field data. We report the existence of a spatial foreshock boundary behind which ULF waves are present. We have found that the ULF wave boundary at Venus is sensitive to the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) direction like the terrestrial one and appears well defined for a cone angle larger than 30°. In the Venusian foreshock, the inclination angle of the wave boundary with respect to the Sun‐Venus direction increases with the IMF cone angle. We also found that for the IMF nominal direction (θBX = 36°) at Venus' orbit, the value of this inclination angle is 70°. Moreover, we have found that the inferred velocity of an ion traveling along the ULF boundary is in a qualitative agreement with a quasi‐adiabatic reflection of a portion of the solar wind at the bow shock. For an IMF nominal direction at Venus, the inferred bulk speed of ions traveling along this boundary is 1.07 VSW, sufficiently enough to overcome the solar wind convection. This strongly suggests that the backstreaming ions upstream of the Venusian bow shock provide the main energy source for the ULF waves.
Assessing the Variability in the Relationship Between the Particulate Backscattering Coefficient and the Chlorophyll a Concentration From a Global Biogeochemical‐Argo Database
Authors: Barbieux Marie , Uitz Julia , Bricaud Annick , Organelli Emanuele , Poteau Antoine , Schmechtig Catherine , Gentili Bernard , Obolensky Grigor , Leymarie Edouard , Penkerc'h Christophe , D'Ortenzio Fabrizio , Claustre Hervé 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCharacterizing phytoplankton distribution and dynamics in the world's open oceans requires in situ observations over a broad range of space and time scales. In addition to temperature/salinity measurements, Biogeochemical‐Argo (BGC‐Argo) profiling floats are capable of autonomously observing at high‐frequency bio‐optical properties such as the chlorophyll fluorescence, a proxy of the chlorophyll a concentration (Chla), the particulate backscattering coefficient (bbp), a proxy of the stock of particulate organic carbon, and the light available for photosynthesis. We analyzed an unprecedented BGC‐Argo database of more than 8,500 multivariable profiles collected in various oceanic conditions, from subpolar waters to subtropical gyres. Our objective is to refine previously established Chla versus bbp relationships and gain insights into the sources of vertical, seasonal, and regional variability in this relationship. Despite some regional, seasonal and vertical variations, a general covariation occurs at a global scale. We distinguish two main contrasted situations: (1) concomitant changes in Chla and bbp that correspond to actual variations in phytoplankton biomass, e.g., in subpolar regimes; (2) a decoupling between the two variables attributed to photoacclimation or changes in the relative abundance of nonalgal particles, e.g., in subtropical regimes. The variability in the bbp:Chla ratio in the surface layer appears to be essentially influenced by the type of particles and by photoacclimation processes. The large BGC‐Argo database helps identifying the spatial and temporal scales at which this ratio is predominantly driven by one or the other of these two factors.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Oscillatory Flow Over a Wavy, Rough, and Permeable Bottom
Authors: Mazzuoli Marco , Blondeaux Paolo , Simeonov Julian , Calantoni Joseph 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe results of a direct numerical simulation of oscillatory flow over a wavy bottom composed of different layers of spherical particles are described. The amplitude of wavy bottom is much smaller in scale than typical bed forms such as sand ripples. The spherical particles are packed in such a way to reproduce a bottom profile observed during an experiment conducted in a laboratory flow tunnel with well‐sorted coarse sand. The amplitude and period of the external forcing flow as well as the size of the particles are set equal to the experimental values and the computed velocity field is compared with the measured velocity profiles. The direct numerical simulation allows for the evaluation of quantities, which are difficult to measure in a laboratory experiment (e.g., vorticity, seepage flow velocity, and hydrodynamic force acting on sediment particles). In particular, attention is focused on the coherent vortex structures generated by the vorticity shed by both the spherical particles and the bottom waviness. Results show that the wavy bottom triggers transition to turbulence. Moreover, the forces acting on the spherical particles are computed to investigate the mechanisms through which they are possibly mobilized by the oscillatory flow. It was found that forces capable of mobilizing surface particles are strongly correlated with the particle position above the mean bed elevation and the passage of coherent vortices above them.
Malvinas Current Volume Transport at 41°S: A 24 Yearlong Time Series Consistent With Mooring Data From 3 Decades and Satellite Altimetry
Authors: Artana Camila , Ferrari Ramiro , Koenig Zoé , Sennéchael Nathalie , Saraceno Martin , Piola Alberto R. , Provost Christine 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe combined altimetric data and the in situ data sets from three 10 years apart mooring deployments to compute a coherent and accurate volume transport time series of the Malvinas Current (MC) at 41°S. We used a method developed in Koenig et al. (2014) and explored three types of geostrophic shear to estimate the uncertainty derived from the lack of velocity data in the upper 300 m. The mean MC transport over 24 years in the upper 1,500 m is 37.1 ± 2.6 Sv and the standard deviation 6.6 ± 1 Sv. Since 1993, annual mean transports have varied from 32 to 41 Sv and the three in situ records corresponded to low annual mean transports. The MC transport time series is not stationary, its spectral content evolves with time showing significant energy at the 30–110 days, semiannual and annual period. The distribution of the MC volume transport anomalies is asymmetric, negatively skewed with larger negative anomalies than positive anomalies. Several transport maxima appear to result from cyclonic eddies that propagate northwestward following the 4,000–5,000 m isobaths and locally reinforce the circulation on the slope when they reach 41°S. During transport maxima, the northernmost extension of the Subantarctic Front (SAF) remains at its mean location (39.5°S). During minima, the SAF migrates southward of 41°S as positive anomalies shed by the Brazil Current overshoot moves westward onto the slope. Apart from continental trapped waves, changes in the MC volume transport at 41°S show no correlation with upstream conditions on the continental slope.
Identification of Tropical‐Extratropical Interactions and Extreme Precipitation Events in the Middle East Based On Potential Vorticity and Moisture Transport
Authors: de Vries A. J. , Ouwersloot H. G. , Feldstein S. B. , Riemer M. , El Kenawy A. M. , McCabe M. F. , Lelieveld J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractExtreme precipitation events in the otherwise arid Middle East can cause flooding with dramatic socioeconomic impacts. Most of these events are associated with tropical‐extratropical interactions, whereby a stratospheric potential vorticity (PV) intrusion reaches deep into the subtropics and forces an incursion of high poleward vertically integrated water vapor transport (IVT) into the Middle East. This study presents an object‐based identification method for extreme precipitation events based on the combination of these two larger‐scale meteorological features. The general motivation for this approach is that precipitation is often poorly simulated in relatively coarse weather and climate models, whereas the synoptic‐scale circulation is much better represented. The algorithm is applied to ERA‐Interim reanalysis data (1979–2015) and detects 90% (83%) of the 99th (97.5th) percentile of extreme precipitation days in the region of interest. Our results show that stratospheric PV intrusions and IVT structures are intimately connected to extreme precipitation intensity and seasonality. The farther south a stratospheric PV intrusion reaches, the larger the IVT magnitude, and the longer the duration of their combined occurrence, the more extreme the precipitation. Our algorithm detects a large fraction of the climatological rainfall amounts (40–70%), heavy precipitation days (50–80%), and the top 10 extreme precipitation days (60–90%) at many sites in southern Israel and the northern and western parts of Saudi Arabia. This identification method provides a new tool for future work to disentangle teleconnections, assess medium‐range predictability, and improve understanding of climatic changes of extreme precipitation in the Middle East and elsewhere.
Role of the Nucleus as a Sensor of Cell Environment Topography
Authors: Anselme Karine , Wakhloo Nayana Tusamda , Rougerie Pablo , Pieuchot Laurent 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe proper integration of biophysical cues from the cell vicinity is crucial for cells to maintain homeostasis, cooperate with other cells within the tissues, and properly fulfill their biological function. It is therefore crucial to fully understand how cells integrate these extracellular signals for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Topography has emerged as a prominent component of the cellular microenvironment that has pleiotropic effects on cell behavior. This progress report focuses on the recent advances in the understanding of the topography sensing mechanism with a special emphasis on the role of the nucleus. Here, recent techniques developed for monitoring the nuclear mechanics are reviewed and the impact of various topographies and their consequences on nuclear organization, gene regulation, and stem cell fate is summarized. The role of the cell nucleus as a sensor of cell‐scale topography is further discussed.
Lasing Characteristics of CH3NH3PbCl3 Single‐Crystal Microcavities under Multiphoton Excitation
Authors: Yang Decheng , Xie Chao , Xu Xuhui , You Peng , Yan Feng , Yu Siu Fung 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPhotoluminescence of CH3NH3PbCl3 single crystals under multiphoton excitation is studied. The emission intensity and wavelength, which are related to the phase of the single crystals, are found to be dependent on the operating temperature and pressure. High optical gain (>110 cm−1 @ ≈395 nm) and high absorption coefficient (≈9 × 10−10 cm9 GW−5 @ 2400 nm) can also be obtained from the single crystals. With suitable design of the resonant optical amplification, lasing emission at ≈395 nm is demonstrated from the single‐crystal microcavities under 2400 nm excitation. Hence, it is verified that CH3NH3PbCl3 single crystals can offer new opportunities for novel nonlinear photonics applications.
Functionalized Flexible Soft Polymer Optical Fibers for Laser Photomedicine
Authors: Jiang Nan , Ahmed Rajib , Rifat Ahmmed A. , Guo Jingjing , Yin Yixia , Montelongo Yunuen , Butt Haider , Yetisen Ali K. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractOptical waveguides allow propagating light through biological tissue in optogenetics and photomedicine applications. However, achieving efficient light delivery to deep tissues for long‐term implantation has been limited with solid‐state optical fibers. Here, a method is created to rapidly fabricate flexible, functionalized soft polymer optical fibers (SPOFs) coupled with silica fibers. A step‐index core/cladded poly(acrylamide‐co‐poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate)/Ca alginate SPOF is fabricated through free‐radical polymerization in a mold. The SPOF is integrated with a solid‐state silica fiber coupler for efficient light delivery. The cladded SPOF shows ≈1.5‐fold increase in light propagation compared to the noncladded fiber. The optical loss of the SPOF is measured as 0.6 dB cm−1 at the bending angle of 70° and 0.28 dB cm−1 through a phantom tissue. The SPOF (inner Ø = 200 µm) integrated with a 21 gauge needle (inner Ø = 514 µm) is inserted within a porcine tissue. The intensity of light decreases ≈60%, as the SPOF is implanted as deep as 2 cm. Doped with fluorescent dye and gold nanoparticles, the SPOF fiber exhibits yellow‐red and red illumination. Living cells can also be incorporated within the SPOF with viability. The flexible SPOFs may have applications in photodynamic light therapy, optical biosensors, and photomedicine.
Construction of Vicinal Tetrasubstituted Stereogenic Centers via a Mannich‐Type Organocatalyzed Addition of Δ2‐Pyrrolin‐4‐ones to Isatin Imines
Authors: Ričko Sebastijan , Meden Anže , Ciber Luka , Štefane Bogdan , Požgan Franc , Svete Jurij , Grošelj Uroš 
Published: December 2017

AbstractRacemic Δ2‐pyrrolin‐4‐ones (i. e. 4‐pyrrolones), easily available in two steps from N‐protected α‐amino acids, undergo organocatalysed asymmetric Mannich‐type addition to isatin‐derived ketimines to furnish the non‐racemic oxindole‐Δ2‐pyrrolin‐4‐one adducts, stereoselectively (up to 96% ee, dr≥15:1). The oxindole–pyrrolone products feature vicinal tetrasubstituted carbon stereocenters. The developed protocol has a broad substrate scope and tolerates diverse substituents at position C‐5 in 4‐pyrrolones and at positions N‐1 and C‐5/7 in isatin imines.magnified image
Diastereoselective Electrophilic Trifluoromethylthiolation of Chiral Oxazolidinones: Access to Enantiopure α‐SCF3 Alcohols
Authors: Chachignon Hélène , Kondrashov Evgeniy V. , Cahard Dominique 
Published: December 2017

AbstractLithium imide enolates featuring Evans’ chiral oxazolidinone auxiliary were involved in diastereoselective α‐trifluoromethylthiolation with electrophilic SCF3 donors. Diastereopure products were isolated and converted to enantiopure α‐SCF3 alcohols without racemisation.magnified image
Effects of composition and temperature of initial mixture on the formation and properties of polyurethane foam
Authors: Özdemir İ. Bedii , Akar Fırat 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe purpose of the study is to optimize the initial conditions of the molding process of a multicomponent mixture into a refrigerator cabinet. Polyurethane foaming has been studied with different starting compositions and temperatures of the initial mixture. The kinetic mechanism has involved four reactions and species species. Using a standard recipe, the chemical kinetics and the numerical implementation have been first validated against the experimental values of the filling time and the density of the final foam. Thereafter, 11,763 different initial conditions are calculated. The results put in evidence that the filling time can be reduced without any significant change in the precursors of the rigidity of the foam. The final temperature of the foam has always remained lower than the limiting temperature so that thermal material deformations in the walls of the cabinet can be avoided. Increasing the physical blowing agent mass fraction beyond the standard recipe does not appear to be a useful option.