bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early cognitive basic symptoms are accompanied by neurocognitive impairment in patients with an ‘at‐risk mental state’ for psychosis
Authors: Eisenacher Sarah , Rausch Franziska , Ainser Fabian , Englisch Susanne , Becker Anna , Mier Daniela , Fenske Sabrina , Meyer‐Lindenberg Andreas , Kirsch Peter , Zink Mathias 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimPatients with an increased risk for psychosis (‘at‐risk mental state’ (ARMS)) present various neurocognitive deficits. Not least because of differences in identifying the ARMS, results of previous studies are inconsistent. In most studies ARMS‐patients are classified by the experience of attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS) and/or brief limited intermittent psychotic symptoms (BLIPS). Few studies additionally assessed cognitive basic symptoms (BS). A comprehensive assessment in the very early stage of the ARMS is missing.MethodsIn the present study we characterized ARMS‐patients for cognitive BS (ARMS‐BS), APS and BLIPS (ARMS‐A/B) according to the Early Recognition Inventory based on IRAOS (ERIraos). Furthermore, we assessed neurocognitive deficits using the MATRICS consensus cognitive battery for schizophrenia with a primary hypothesis regarding working memory performance. Groups of 38 ARMS‐patients and 38 healthy controls were matched for age, gender, education and premorbid verbal intelligence.ResultsBetween‐group comparisons revealed significant poorer working memory performance in addition to lower verbal learning and problem solving, slower processing speed and lower global neurocognitive functioning in ARMS‐patients as compared to controls. ARMS‐BS did not differ from ARMS‐A/B.ConclusionsThese results underscore the presence of cognitive limitations in patients only presenting with cognitive BS. Knowledge of these early cognitive deviations supports the inclusion of early ARMS‐stages into a comprehensive concept of the psychosis risk state. Therapeutic interventions already applied at this stage might prevent deterioration of constraints. Longitudinal and interventional studies investigating the interaction of cognitive BS and neurocognitive as well as metacognitive deficits are warranted.
Relationship of serum uric acid level with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and its inflammation progression in non‐obese adults
Authors: Liu Jing , Xu Chengfu , Ying Limei , Zang Shufei , Zhuang Zhenjie , Lv Haifeng , Yang Wenjun , Luo Yan , Ma Xaojie , Wang Lei , Xun Yunhao , Ye Dewei , Shi Junping 
Published: May 2016

AimThis study aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) level and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in non‐obese adults.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was carried out among 4098 adults, including 1936 non‐obese and 2162 obese individuals. An additional 93 non‐obese adults with biopsy‐proven NAFLD were also included.ResultsThe overall prevalence of NAFLD was 39.51% in the study group, and 14.88% in non‐obese adults. The NAFLD patients had significantly higher SUA levels than controls in both men and women. The non‐obese group had a higher NAFLD risk with increased SUA levels than the obese group, with odd ratios (95% confidence interval) of 2.559 (1.870–3.503) and 1.692 (1.371–2.087), respectively. In 93 non‐obese adults with biopsy‐proven NAFLD, SUA levels were significantly higher in those with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis. The prevalence of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis and lobule inflammation tended to increase to 57.58% and 66.67% as the SUA level increased to the fourth quartile. Subjects with hyperuricemia had significantly higher NAFLD activity scores and more serious lobule inflammation than the normal group.ConclusionNon‐obese adults have higher NAFLD risk with increased SUA levels than obese individuals, and the inflammation progression of NAFLD is associated with increased SUA level in non‐obese subjects.
Determination and confirmation of isopropyl p‐toluenesulfonate in cosmetics by HPLC‐diode array detector method and GC–MS
Authors: Tay B. Y. P. , Yung S. C. , Teoh T. Y. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveIsopropyl p‐toluenesulfonate (IPTS) is a potentially genotoxic by‐product formed during the esterification of palm oil‐based palmitic and palm kernel oil‐based myristic acid with isopropanol to produce isopropyl palmitate or isopropyl myristate. There are no methods described for the analysis of IPTS in cosmetic products. In this work, we have established a simple, precise and accurate method to determine the presence and level of IPTS in various finished cosmetic products which contain palm‐based esters in their formulations.MethodsAn Agilent 1200 series high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) unit using a diode‐array detector (DAD) has been employed and optimized to detect IPTS in cosmetic products. For the separation, a reverse‐phase Hypersil Gold C8 column (5 μm, 4.6 mm i.d. 250 mm) 5 mM tetrabutylammonium phosphate buffer 50 : 50, (v/v) solution in acetonitrile as mobile phase, in isocratic mode and a flow rate of 0.8 mL min−1 were used. A second method using a gas chromatography/mass selective detector GC–MSD was also developed to confirm the IPTS identity in the cosmetic products.ResultsRecoveries of IPTS from cosmetic matrices such as a lotion, cleansing milk and a cream ranged from 94.0% to 101.1% with <5% relative standard deviation (%RSD) showing good accuracy and repeatability of the method. The six‐point calibration curves (determined over the range 0.5–50 μg mL−1) have a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 (based on HPLC peak area) and 0.9998 (based on HPLC peak height). The intra‐ and interday precisions (measured by the %RSD) of the method were <2% and <5%, respectively, indicating that the developed method is reliable, precise and reproducible. The detection and quantification limit of the method were found to be 0.5 μg mL−1 and 1.6 μg mL−1, respectively. Analyses of 83 commercial cosmetics showed no presence of IPTS.ConclusionsThe validation data indicated that this method was suitable for the quantitative analysis of IPTS in commercial cosmetics. This method is applicable for analyses of trace levels of IPTS in cosmetics and has the advantage of using only simple sample preparation steps.
Physical injury and workplace assault in UK mental health trusts: An analysis of formal reports
Authors: Renwick Laoise , Lavelle Mary , Brennan Geoffrey , Stewart Duncan , James Karen , Richardson Michelle , Williams Hilary , Price Owen , Bowers Len 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWorkplace violence is a significant problem for health service personnel, with National Health Service (NHS) workers subject to 68 683 physical assaults between 2013 and 2014. Almost 70% of assaults occur in the mental health sector, and although serious, non‐fatal injury is rare, the individual and economic impact can be substantial. In the present study, we analysed mandatory incident reports from a national database to examine whether there were identifiable precursors to incidents leading to staff injury, and whether staff characteristics were associated with injury. In line with previous descriptions, we found injury occurred either as a direct result of patient assault or during physical interventions employed by staff to contain aggression. Importantly, we found little evidence from staff reports that patients' symptoms were driving aggression, and we found less evidence of patient perspectives among reports. We make several recommendations regarding the reporting of these events that could inform policy and interventions aimed at minimizing the likelihood of injury.
Research Review: Changes in the prevalence and symptom severity of child post‐traumatic stress disorder in the year following trauma – a meta‐analytic study
Authors: Hiller Rachel M. , Meiser‐Stedman Richard , Fearon Pasco , Lobo Sarah , McKinnon Anna , Fraser Abigail , Halligan Sarah L. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundUnderstanding the natural course of child and adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has significant implications for the identification of, and intervention for, at‐risk youth. We used a meta‐analytic approach to examine longitudinal changes in youth PTSD prevalence and symptoms over the first 12 months posttrauma.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review to identify longitudinal studies of PTSD in young people (5–18 years old), excluding treatment trials. The search yielded 27 peer‐reviewed studies and one unpublished dataset for analysis of pooled prevalence estimates, relative prevalence reduction and standardised mean symptom change. Key moderators were also explored, including age, proportion of boys in the sample, initial prevalence of PTSD and PTSD measurement type.ResultsAnalyses demonstrated moderate declines in PTSD prevalence and symptom severity over the first 3–6 months posttrauma. From 1 to 6 months posttrauma, the prevalence of PTSD reduced by approximately 50%. Symptoms also showed moderate decline, particularly across the first 3 months posttrauma. There was little evidence of further change in prevalence or symptom severity after 6 months, suggesting that it is unlikely a child would lose a PTSD diagnosis without intervention beyond this point.ConclusionsThe current findings provide key information about the likelihood of posttrauma recovery in the absence of intervention and have important implications for our understanding of child and adolescent PTSD. Results are discussed with reference to the timing of PTSD screening and the potential role of early interventions. Findings particularly highlight the importance of future research to develop our understanding of what factors prevent the action of normal recovery from the ‘acute’ posttrauma period.
Life table parameters of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on different tomato cultivars
Authors: Rostami E. , Madadi H. , Abbasipour H. , Allahyari H. , Cuthbertson A. G. S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a devastating pest of tomato plants originating from South America. In this study, the effect of three tomato cultivars on the life table parameters of T. absoluta was investigated. Data were analysed based on age‐stage, two‐sex life table theory. The net reproduction rate (R0) of T. absoluta on Falkato, Isabella and Grandella cultivars was determined as 15.73 ± 3.35, 17.66 ± 3.33 and 10.03 ± 4.10 eggs, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) value on those cultivars was 0.09 ± 0.007, 0.095 ± 0.006 and 0.074 ± 0.017 day−1, respectively. Finite population rates of increase (λ) were 1.095 ± 0.008, 1.099 ± 0.007 and 1.076 ± 0.018 day−1, and mean generation times (T) on the three cultivars were 30.09 ± 0.29, 30.22 ± 0.27 and 31.12 ± 0.65 days, respectively. The egg incubation period, pre‐adult duration and fecundity on these tomato cultivars was also calculated. The results showed no significant differences between r, R0, and T on the three tested tomato cultivars. These findings can be useful for developing an integrated pest management strategy against this noxious pest.
Jadeite–garnet glaucophane schists in the Bizan area, Sambagawa metamorphic belt, eastern Shikoku, Japan: significance and extent of eclogite facies metamorphism
Authors: Kabir M. F. , Takasu A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractEclogite facies metamorphic rocks have been discovered from the Bizan area of eastern Shikoku, Sambagawa metamorphic belt. The eclogitic jadeite–garnet glaucophane schists occur as lenticular or sheet‐like bodies in the pelitic schist matrix, with the peak mineral assemblage of garnet + glaucophane + jadeite + phengite + quartz. The jadeitic clinopyroxene (XJd 0.46–0.75) is found exclusively as inclusions in porphyroblastic garnet. The eclogite metamorphism is characterized by prograde development from epidote–blueschist to eclogite facies. Metamorphic P–T conditions estimated using pseudosection modelling are 580–600 °C and 18–20 kbar for eclogite facies. Compared with common mafic eclogites, the jadeite–garnet glaucophane schists have low CaO (4.4–4.5 wt%) and MgO (2.1–2.3 wt%) bulk‐rock compositions. The P–T– pseudosections show that low XCa bulk‐rock compositions favour the appearance of jadeite instead of omphacite under eclogite facies conditions. This is a unique example of low XCa bulk‐rock composition triggered to form jadeite at eclogite facies conditions. Two significant types of eclogitic metamorphism have been distinguished in the Sambagawa metamorphic belt, that is, a low‐T type and subsequent high‐T type eclogitic metamorphic events. The jadeite–garnet glaucophane schists experienced low‐T type eclogite facies metamorphism, and the P–T path is similar to lawsonite‐bearing eclogites recently reported from the Kotsu area in eastern Shikoku. During subduction of the oceanic plate (Izanagi plate), the hangingwall cooled gradually, and the geothermal gradient along the subduction zone progressively decreased and formed low‐T type eclogitic metamorphic rocks. A subsequent warm subduction event associated with an approaching spreading ridge caused the high‐T type eclogitic metamorphism within a single subduction zone.
Congenital urethrovaginal fistula with transverse vaginal septum
Authors: Amer Mohamed Ibrahim , Ahmed Mortada El‐Sayed , Ali Ali Hagag 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCongenital urethrovaginal fistula is an extremely rare genitourinary anomaly. Literature search identified only five reported cases, all of which were associated with urogenital abnormalities. Transverse vaginal septum is another rare condition, resulting from abnormalities in the vertical fusion between the vaginal components of the Mullerian ducts and the urogenital sinus; and associated fistulous connection of the vagina with the urethra is even rarer. Herein we describe the case of a 35‐year‐old woman who presented with dyspareunia, and a 1‐year history of infertility, who was found to have a urethrovaginal fistula with low transverse vaginal septum. The patient was successfully treated with excision of the septum and closure of the urethrovaginal fistula.
Effects of carvedilol on an ischemia/reperfusion model: Biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation
Authors: Özsoy Asker Zeki , Nursal Ayşe Feyda , Arıcı Akgül , Bütün İlknur , Uysal Murat , Irmak Sapmaz Hilal , Kunt İşgüder Çiğdem , Yılmaz Doğru Hatice , Taş Ufuk 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of carvedilol (CVD) on experimentally induced ovarian ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats.MethodsAn ovarian I/R model was applied to rats, classified into three groups: 1 (n = 7), sham operated (control); 2 (n = 7), 3 h ischemia + 3 h reperfusion (I/R); 3 (n = 7), 3 h ischemia + CVD + 3 h reperfusion (I/R + CVD). Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in ovarian tissues and serum were measured. Tissue damage was examined histopathologically; Bax and caspase‐3 expression was determined immunhistochemically. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed to show apoptotic cell death.ResultsMDA levels in ovarian tissues were significantly increased in the I/R group compared with the control. CVD administration significantly decreased tissue MDA levels in the I/R + CVD in comparison with the I/R group. GSH‐Px activities in serum were higher in the I/R + CVD than in the I/R group. SOD activities in tissue and serum were significantly decreased in the I/R compared with the control group. Histological examination showed a significant improvement in ovarian morphology in the I/R + CVD compared with the I/R group. Bax and caspase‐3 protein was more strongly expressed in the I/R group compared with the control and I/R + CVD groups. Apoptotic index detected by TUNEL assay was significantly increased in the I/R and decreased in the I/R + CVD group.ConclusionOur results suggest that CVD reduces the deleterious effects of oxidative damage on ovaries in a rat I/R model.
Transcranial Color‐Coded Duplex in Acute Encephalitis: Current Status and Future Prospects
Authors: Kargiotis Odysseas , Safouris Apostolos , Magoufis Georgios , Stamboulis Eleftherios , Tsivgoulis Georgios 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUP AND PURPOSEThere are limited data regarding the diagnostic yield of transcranial color‐coded Doppler (TCCD) in acute encephalitis. We present our preliminary observations of consecutive ultrasound evaluations in 2 patients with acute encephalitis and we review the possible diagnostic role of TCCD in such cases.METHODSWe describe two cases of acute encephalitis that presented with aphasia and confusion and underwent repeat TCCD evaluation at baseline and after 48 hours in both patients. We also critically review the current literature regarding potential TCCD applications in acute central nervous system infections.RESULTSSerial TCCD evaluations revealed the following triad of abnormal findings in both patients: (i) elevated pulsatility index (PI) in the left middle cerebral artery (M1 MCA) at baseline (>1.2), (ii) increased PI in left M1 MCA by >25% in comparison to right M1 MCA, and (iii) decrease in PI in left M1 MCA by >25% at the follow‐up evaluation at 48 hours. The decrease in PI in left M1 MCA coincided with symptom improvement in both patients.DISCUSSIONThe focal transient increase in left M1 MCA PI may be attributed to focally increased intracranial pressure or peripheral vasospasm of distal left MCA branches. Since there are limited reports in the literature concerning TCCD evaluation of patients with central nervous system infections, our preliminary findings require independent confirmation in a larger series of patients.
Working the Edges of the Nineteenth‐Century British Empire
Authors: Watson Tim 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this essay, I pay attention to some of the edges, margins, and middle spaces of the nineteenth‐century empire and suggest that the movements, people, and cultural practices of the edges of empire were crucially important for the construction of empire itself. I tell the stories of two imperial middlemen, people who worked from the edges of the nineteenth‐century British imperial world, in Jamaica, New Zealand/Aotearoa, and Britain, who worked with the constraints in which their economic, racial, and national situations placed them and tried to generate cultural capital to offset their marginal status. Hosting musical soirees in Kingston, Jamaica and performing ethnographic masquerades in the provincial lecture halls and theatres of Britain, Louis Celeste Lecesne and Barnet Burns, the subjects of this article, put a human face to the abstract logic of speculative finance and demonstrate the importance of cultural practice to the institutions of empire.
Introduction: Labor Travels, Art Forms
Authors: Doyle Laura 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis GCP special cluster “Labor Travels, Art Forms” highlights the ways that laborers and arts have traveled together through transnational political economies. The editor outlines the models and genealogies presented in the essays and proposes that there is more to consider about what might be called “labor's aesthetic diasporas.” Exploring some of these possibilities, the Introduction asks what different story of the arts emerges when we follow links between the history of aesthetics and the history of labor? What fuller history of labor comes into view? Might we enrich current analyses of globalization through interdisciplinary study of arts' labored travels as they have shaped states and economies? Finally, how might we differently conceive of the mediating work of the arts in this light?
The trigger matters – outcome of hepatorenal syndrome vs. specifically triggered acute kidney injury in cirrhotic patients with ascites
Authors: Bucsics Theresa , Schwabl Philipp , Mandorfer Mattias , Bota Simona , Sieghart Wolfgang , Ferlitsch Arnulf , Trauner Michael , Reiberger Thomas , Peck‐Radosavljevic Markus 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundHepatorenal syndrome (HRS) represents a severe form of renal injury in cirrhotic patients with ascites in the absence of certain triggers.MethodsPatients with cirrhosis and ascites were longitudinally screened for renal dysfunction. HRS was diagnosed by an increase in serum creatinine (SCr) by ≥100% to ≥1.5 mg/dl. If specific triggers (i.e. nephrotoxins, parenchymal kidney damage, hypovolaemia, infections) were found, these cases were defined as specifically triggered acute kidney injury (sAKI).ResultsFour hundred ninety‐seven cirrhotic patients were screened for AKI and we identified 71 patients with HRS and 84 with sAKI. The most common triggers of sAKI were parenchymal damage in 33%, nephrotoxins in 30% and hypovolaemia in 29%. sAKI patients showed significantly more often complete remission than HRS patients (51% vs. 13%, P < 0.001), whereas persisting impairment of renal function was more common in HRS than in sAKI (56% vs. 37%, P = 0.006). Short‐term (30 days) mortality was significantly higher in HRS than in sAKI (62% vs. 45%, P = 0.038). Remission rates and mortality varied between sAKI triggers. Transplant‐free survival (TFS) was not significantly, but numerically lower in HRS than in sAKI [14 (IQR: 2–99) vs. 36 (IQR: 5–371) days; P = 0.102].ConclusionPatients with HRS show worse outcome and higher 30‐day mortality than patients with severe triggered AKI. Different triggers of sAKI seem to influence prognosis. Prospective data are needed to implement effective screening and treatment algorithms for kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis and ascites.
Towards a multidimensional root trait framework: a tree root review
Authors: Weemstra Monique , Mommer Liesje , Visser Eric J. W. , van Ruijven Jasper , Kuyper Thomas W. , Mohren Godefridus M. J. , Sterck Frank J. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe search for a root economics spectrum (RES) has been sparked by recent interest in trait‐based plant ecology. By analogy with the one‐dimensional leaf economics spectrum (LES), fine‐root traits are hypothesised to match leaf traits which are coordinated along one axis from resource acquisitive to conservative traits. However, our literature review and meta‐level analysis reveal no consistent evidence of an RES mirroring an LES. Instead the RES appears to be multidimensional. We discuss three fundamental differences contributing to the discrepancy between these spectra. First, root traits are simultaneously constrained by various environmental drivers not necessarily related to resource uptake. Second, above‐ and belowground traits cannot be considered analogues, because they function differently and might not be related to resource uptake in a similar manner. Third, mycorrhizal interactions may offset selection for an RES. Understanding and explaining the belowground mechanisms and trade‐offs that drive variation in root traits, resource acquisition and plant performance across species, thus requires a fundamentally different approach than applied aboveground. We therefore call for studies that can functionally incorporate the root traits involved in resource uptake, the complex soil environment and the various soil resource uptake mechanisms – particularly the mycorrhizal pathway – in a multidimensional root trait framework.

Contents

Summary
1159

I.
Introduction
1159

II.
The root economics spectrum
1161

III.
Why the one‐dimensional resource economics spectrum does not work for tree roots
1164

IV.
Outlook
1166

Acknowledgements
1167

References
1167