bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Makes Children Work? The Participative Trajectory in Domestic and Pastoral Chores of Children in Southern Mongolia
Authors: Michelet Aude 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article presents an ethnographic study of how children in rural southern Mongolia became competent at pastoral and domestic chores in the years 2006 and 2008–2009. Previous research shows that children's spontaneous interest in learning to work in order to be helpful is cross‐culturally pervasive. Little attention has, however, been paid to the fluctuating nature of children's motivation. In this article, I argue that like learning, motivation needs to be “situated.” Following six children's trajectory of participation in work activities at different ages, we see that their involvement was paved by different injunctions from adults, who at times welcomed or required their participation, and at others challenged or rebuffed their involvement. I examine how these children responded to these different modalities of participation and how those shaped their learning practices and motivation to work. The study demonstrates the importance of disentangling children's motivation to learn and participate from children's motivation to work.
Care, Closeness, and Becoming “Better”: Transformation and Therapeutic Process in American Adolescent Psychiatric Custody
Authors: Hejtmanek Katie Rose 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn the United States, young people are remanded to psychiatric custody for the institutionalized treatment of mental illness, behavior disorders, and emotional disturbances, and forced to participate in this therapeutic system. Anthropological investigations of therapeutic process have focused on individuals actively seeking and engaging in treatment or a therapeutic process. Does transformation require a person fully accept the therapeutic system? Is a coerced therapeutic process still effective? This article engages with these questions by situating the therapeutic process in psychiatric custody for American adolescents. The youth in treatment accept that transformation and even healing take place but locate the etiology and form of this change differently than the official treatment paradigms. This case study illustrates that transformation and therapeutic process as multifaceted, especially in coercive contexts, and the efficacy of the therapeutic process as shaped by the life stage and political contexts of those engaged in the process.
Fatigue performance of butt welds between cast steel joint and steel tubular members
Authors: Han Q. , Guo Q. , Yin Y. , Xing Y. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCast steel joints have gained increasing popularity for use in engineering. The fatigue performance of butt welds between cast steel joint and steel tubular members, however, is not yet well characterized. A series of fatigue tests were conducted on a new type of welding detail, cast steel joint with sloped end and integrated backing ring (Type C), for butt welds between cast steel joint and steel tubular members. Fatigue failure mechanism and S–N curves obtained from the tests were compared with those of Type A connection with backing ring and Type B cast steel joint with integrated nose obtained in literature. Fatigue behaviours of all three welding details were successfully predicted by local strain approach, the results of which are consistent with test results, especially for Types A and B welding details. According to the results of tests and analysis, fatigue cracking of butt welds between cast steel joint and steel tubular members always initiates from the bottom of the weld root, and the fatigue performance of Type C welding detail is better than those of Types A and B because of its lower stress concentration level. A simplified fatigue design equation was then proposed based on the results of local strain approach, in which the fatigue notch factor was adopted in fatigue behaviour evaluation. The accuracy of this simplified fatigue design equation was verified for Type C welding details with various geometry configurations.
Adapt, move or die – how will tropical coral reef fishes cope with ocean warming?
Authors: Habary Adam , Johansen Jacob L. , Nay Tiffany J. , Steffensen John F. , Rummer Jodie L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPrevious studies hailed thermal tolerance and the capacity for organisms to acclimate and adapt as the primary pathways for species survival under climate change. Here we challenge this theory. Over the past decade, more than 365 tropical stenothermal fish species have been documented moving poleward, away from ocean warming hotspots where temperatures 2–3 °C above long‐term annual means can compromise critical physiological processes. We examined the capacity of a model species – a thermally sensitive coral reef fish, Chromis viridis (Pomacentridae) – to use preference behaviour to regulate its body temperature. Movement could potentially circumvent the physiological stress response associated with elevated temperatures and may be a strategy relied upon before genetic adaptation can be effectuated. Individuals were maintained at one of six temperatures (23, 25, 27, 29, 31 and 33 °C) for at least 6 weeks. We compared the relative importance of acclimation temperature to changes in upper critical thermal limits, aerobic metabolic scope and thermal preference. While acclimation temperature positively affected the upper critical thermal limit, neither aerobic metabolic scope nor thermal preference exhibited such plasticity. Importantly, when given the choice to stay in a habitat reflecting their acclimation temperatures or relocate, fish acclimated to end‐of‐century predicted temperatures (i.e. 31 or 33 °C) preferentially sought out cooler temperatures, those equivalent to long‐term summer averages in their natural habitats (~29 °C). This was also the temperature providing the greatest aerobic metabolic scope and body condition across all treatments. Consequently, acclimation can confer plasticity in some performance traits, but may be an unreliable indicator of the ultimate survival and distribution of mobile stenothermal species under global warming. Conversely, thermal preference can arise long before, and remain long after, the harmful effects of elevated ocean temperatures take hold and may be the primary driver of the escalating poleward migration of species.
Comparison of techniques for culture of dialysis water and fluid
Authors: Maltais Jo‐Ann B. , Meyer Klemens B. , Foster Meredith C. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIntroduction: Microbiological culture of dialysis water and fluid is a routine safety measure. In the United States (U.S.), laboratories perform these cultures on trypticase soy agar at 35–37°C for 48 h (TSA‐48h), not on the tryptone glucose extract agar or Reasoner's 2A agar at 17–23°C for 7 days (TGEA‐7d and R2A‐7d, respectively) recommended by international standards. We compared culture methods to identify samples exceeding the accepted action level of 50 CFU/mL.Methods: Dialysis water and fluid samples collected from 41 U.S. dialysis programs between 2011 and 2014 were cultured at two U.S. laboratories. Each sample was cultured using (1) either TGEA‐7d or R2A‐7d and (2) TSA‐48h. We compared proportions exceeding the action level by different methods and test characteristics of TSA‐48h to those of TGEA‐7d and R2A‐7d.Findings: The proportion of water samples yielding colony counts ≥50 CFU/mL by TGEA‐7d was significantly different from the proportion by TSA‐48h (P = 0.001; difference in proportion 4.3% [95%CI 1.3–7.3%]). The proportions of dialysis fluid samples ≥50 CFU/mL by TGEA‐7d and TSA‐48h were not significantly different; there were no significant differences for comparisons of R2A‐7d to TSA‐48h.Discussion: In dialysis fluid, TSA‐48h was comparable to TGEA‐7d and R2A‐7d in identifying samples as having bacterial counts ≥50 CFU/mL. In dialysis water, TSA‐48h was comparable to R2A‐7d in identifying samples ≥50 CFU/mL, but TGEA‐7d did yield significantly more results above 50 CFU/mL. Nonetheless, the negative predictive value of a TSA‐48h result of <50 CFU/mL in dialysis water exceeded 95%.
A Phase I, Open‐Label, Single‐Dose Safety, Pharmacokinetic, and Tolerability Study of the Sumatriptan Iontophoretic Transdermal System in Adolescent Migraine Patients
Authors: Gutman Dikla , Hellriegel Edward , Aycardi Ernesto , Bigal Marcelo E. , Kunta Jeevan , Chitra Rohini , Kansagra Sujay , Kidron Orna Srur , Knebel Helena , Linder Steven , Ma Yuju , Pierce Mark , Winner Paul K. , Spiegelstein Ofer 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of sumatriptan delivered by the iontophoretic transdermal system (TDS) in adolescent patients.BackgroundSince nausea can be a prominent and early symptom of migraine, nonoral treatment options are often required. Sumatriptan iontophoretic TDS is approved for the acute treatment of migraine in adults. The present study evaluates the pharmacokinetics of sumatriptan administered via the iontophoretic TDS in adolescents, contrasting the findings with historical data from adults.DesignPatients aged 12–17 years (inclusive) with acute migraine were treated with sumatriptan iontophoretic TDS for 4 hours. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic profiling of sumatriptan were obtained prior to dosing and at predetermined time points covering the 12 hours postonset of treatment. Key pharmacokinetic endpoints included Cmax (peak plasma drug concentration), tmax (time to Cmax), AUC0–∞ (area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to infinity), and t½ (terminal elimination half‐life). Safety was evaluated by monitoring of adverse events in addition to laboratory and clinical assessments.ResultsThe sample consisted of 37 patients, and 36 were included in the PK evaluable population. Cmax, tmax, AUC0–∞, and t½ values were all similar between male and female patients and between younger (12–14 years) and older (15–17 years) adolescents. When compared with historical adult data, adolescent patients demonstrated similar systemic exposures to those observed in adults (mean Cmax 20.20 (±6.43) ng/mL in adolescents vs 21.89 (±6.15) ng/mL in adults; mean AUC0–∞ 98.1 (±28.1) ng·h/mL in adolescents vs 109.7 (±26.1) ng·h/mL in adults). All adverse events were mild or moderate, with application‐site paresthesia being the most common (32%). No clinically relevant changes in laboratory values, vital signs, or electrocardiogram findings were observed.ConclusionsThe iontophoretic TDS produced mean systemic exposures to sumatriptan in younger and older adolescents, in line with what was seen in adult subjects. It was generally well tolerated.
In vitro culture and phenotypic and molecular characterization of gastric stem cells from human stomach
Authors: Garcia Magali , Chomel Jean‐Claude , Mustapha Pascale , Tran Cong Tri , Garnier Martine , Paris Isabelle , Quellard Nathalie , Godet Julie , Cremniter Julie , Bennaceur‐Griscelli Annelise , Lecron Jean‐Claude , Turhan Ali G. , Burucoa Christophe , Bodet Charles 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundHuman gastric mucosa shows continuous self‐renewal via differentiation from stem cells that remain poorly characterized.MethodsWe describe an original protocol for culture of gastric stem/progenitor cells from adult human stomach. The molecular characteristics of cells were studied using TaqMan low‐density array and qRT‐PCR analyses using the well‐characterized H1 and H9 embryonic stem cells as reference. Epithelial progenitor cells were challenged with H. pylori to characterize their inflammatory response.ResultsResident gastric stem cells expressed specific molecular markers of embryonic stem cells (SOX2, NANOG, and OCT4), as well as others specific to adult stem cells, particularly LGR5 and CD44. We show that gastric stem cells spontaneously differentiate into epithelial progenitor cells that can be challenged with H. pylori. The epithelial progenitor response to H. pylori showed a cag pathogenicity island‐dependent induction of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3, chemokine (CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL8, CCL20) and interleukine 33 expression.ConclusionThis study opens new outlooks for investigation of gastric stem cell biology and pathobiology as well as host–H. pylori interactions.
Late Holocene record of environmental changes, cyclones and tsunamis in a coastal lake, Mangaia, Cook Islands
Authors: Chagué‐Goff Catherine , Chan Jordan Chi Hang , Goff James , Gadd Patricia 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA 4.3 m‐long peat sequence from the shore of Lake Tiriara, Mangaia, Cook Islands, was analyzed using an ITRAX core scanner equipped with a magnetic susceptibility meter. Variations in the elemental profiles, providing insights into long‐ and short‐term environmental changes over the last 3500 years, are supported by grain size data and diatom assemblages. The scattering ratio (Mo Inc/Mo Coh) was evaluated and found to represent a good proxy for organic matter in peat. X‐Ray Fluorescence (XRF) data were processed by principal component analysis that confirmed the distinction of biogenic and detrital phases, organic matter and elements of marine origin. The record preserved in the peat sequence includes a peatland infilling stage followed by alternating drier and wetter periods. A notable steady increase in clay associated with high counts of detrital elements from 2000–1700 cal yr BP is attributed to increased erosion, which is most probably linked with human colonization and/or more intense chemical weathering linked with a wetter climate. Freshwater gastropods (Melanoides sp.), which were possibly introduced by humans, or are native, occupied the wetland during a period of lower water level about 1000–1100 cal yr BP. Short‐term changes in the elemental profiles are often linked with slight coarsening of the inorganic fraction that is, however, only revealed after grain size analysis. Peaks in marine indicators (Br, Cl, S, and/or Ca) associated with marine‐dominated diatom assemblages most probably represent marine incursions through the underground tunnel in the makatea, a fossilized, uplifted coral limestone rim. While none of the marine event units present characteristics typical of cyclone or tsunami deposits, the concurrent or absent peak of detrital elements (Fe, Si, Rb, Ti, K) attributed to increased erosion of the volcanic cone associated with a cyclone is used to distinguish both types of events, as also suggested by principal component analysis.
The impact of a unique knowledge translation programme implemented in a large multisite paediatric hospital
Authors: Christensen Catie , Wessells David , Byars Michelle , Marrie James , Coffman Shaun , Gates Erin , Selhorst Mitch 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackground and purposePhysical therapists (PTs) display positive attitudes toward evidence‐based practice (EBP), and implementing it can improve patient outcomes and reduce costs. However, barriers can lead to inconsistent use of EBP. The objectives of this manuscript are to (i) describe the initiation and revisions to a knowledge translation (KT) programme, (ii) assess staff participation in KT, and (iii) evaluate availability, internal use and external dissemination of evidence‐based recommendations and research.Target settingThe KT programme was implemented in a large paediatric hospital employing 66 PTs who provide services in the inpatient, outpatient developmental and sports and orthopaedics settings in 15 locations.Development of KT programmeThe KT programme was initiated 9 years ago but underwent improvements over the past 3 years. Five key revisions included the subdivision of the EBP and Research Coordinator positions by area of practice, increasing the structure of the KT programme, implementing strategies to encourage use of local recommendations, obtaining leadership support to emphasize KT and providing staff education.OutcomesWith the revisions, staff participation in local recommendation development increased from 16.3–68.2%. Research involvement increased from 4.1–50%. The number of local recommendations increased from 1 to 9, and an overall compliance rate of 79% was achieved for the recommendations presented in an algorithm format. External dissemination increased from 1 to 44 for presentations and 0 to 7 for publications.DiscussionRevisions to a KT programme improved PT engagement in KT activities, increased the availability of local recommendations, encouraged use of EBP and increased external dissemination of information.
Outbreak of enteric microsporidiosis of hatchery‐bred juvenile groupers, Epinephelus spp., associated with a new intranuclear microporidian in China
Authors: Xu L‐W , Liu X‐H , Zhang J‐Y , Liu G‐F , Feng J 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA new enteric microsporidian was found to be associated with the mass mortality of hatchery‐bred juvenile groupers, Epinephelus spp., in China. The outbreak usually occurred during the rainy season between May and November when water temperature ranged from 26 to 30 °C and salinity from 28 to 34 ppt, although this microsporidian can be detected year round. External clinical signs included severe emaciation, white faeces syndrome, anorexia, sinking to the bottom of culture ponds and mass mortality (up to 90%). Upon necropsy, severe intestinal oedema and thin and transparent intestinal wall could be observed. The mature spores are tiny, measuring 1.3–1.5 (1.35 ± 0.13) × 1.6–2.4 (2.16 ± 0.31) μm and can be found in the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm of most enteric epithelial cells of host. Epidemiological investigation showed that this species was distributed throughout most of the culture area of grouper fingerlings in Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi provinces in China, with maximum prevalence of 95%. Molecular analysis based on the partial small subunit rRNA sequence (1045 bp) placed this species within the Enterocytozoonidae, but sequence identities to other species were below 90%. The exact taxonomic position warrants study of the ultrastructural characteristics of the developmental stages.
PCR survey for Paramoeba perurans in fauna, environmental samples and fish associated with marine farming sites for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)
Authors: Hellebø A , Stene A , Aspehaug V 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAmoebic gill disease (AGD) caused by the amoeba Paramoeba perurans is an increasing problem in Atlantic salmon aquaculture. In the present PCR survey, the focus was to identify reservoir species or environmental samples where P. perurans could be present throughout the year, regardless of the infection status in farmed Atlantic salmon. A total of 1200 samples were collected at or in the proximity to farming sites with AGD, or with history of AGD, and analysed for the presence of P. perurans. No results supported biofouling organisms, salmon lice, biofilm or sediment to maintain P. perurans. However, during clinical AGD in Atlantic salmon, the amoeba were detected in several samples, including water, biofilm, plankton, several filter feeders and wild fish. It is likely that some of these samples were positive as a result of the continuous exposure through water. Positive wild fish may contribute to the spread of P. perurans. Cleaner fish tested positive for P. perurans when salmon tested negative, indicating that they may withhold the amoeba longer than salmon. The results demonstrate the high infection pressure produced from an AGD‐afflicted Atlantic salmon population and thus the importance of early intervention to reduce infection pressure and horizontal spread of P. perurans within farms.
Isolation and characterization of Flavobacterium columnare strains infecting fishes inhabiting the Laurentian Great Lakes basin
Authors: Faisal M , Diamanka A , Loch T P , LaFrentz B R , Winters A D , García J C , Toguebaye B S 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFlavobacterium columnare, the aetiological agent of columnaris disease, causes significant losses in fish worldwide. In this study, the prevalence of F. columnare infection was assessed in representative Great Lakes fish species. Over 2000 wild, feral and hatchery‐propagated salmonids, percids, centrarchids, esocids and cyprinids were examined for systemic F. columnare infections. Logistic regression analyses showed that the prevalence of F. columnare infection varied temporally and by the sex of the fish, whereby females had significantly higher prevalence of infection. A total of 305 isolates of F. columnare were recovered. Amplification of the near complete 16S rRNA gene from 34 representative isolates and subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses demonstrated that all belonged to F. columnare genomovar I. Phylogenetic analysis of near complete 16S rRNA gene sequences also placed the isolates in genomovar I, but revealed some intragenomovar heterogeneity. Together, these results suggest that F. columnare genomovar I is widespread in the Great Lakes Basin, where its presence may lead to mortality.
Edwardsiella ictaluriinfection in Pangasius catfish imported from West Bengal into the Southern Caribbean
Authors: Phillips A C N , Reichley S R , Ware C , Griffin M J 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn response to a mortality event, seven Pangasius catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) were submitted to the University of the West Indies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Trinidad and Tobago, for diagnostic evaluation. These fish were part of a consignment that arrived from Kolkata two weeks earlier. Fish presented with perianal haemorrhage and blister‐like swellings on the skin which ruptured to leave ulcers.Edwardsiella ictaluriwas consistently recovered from the brain and skin. Repetitive sequence‐mediatedPCRanalysis revealed genetic fingerprints consistent withE. ictaluriisolates from farm‐raised channel catfish in Mississippi,USA. Plasmid analysis of the case isolates identified two unique plasmids that differ slightly in conformation and content from thepEI1 andpEI2 plasmids described forE. ictalurifrom other fish hosts. The case isolates were alsoPCRnegative for severalE. ictalurivirulence factors. The biological implications of these genetic differences are unclear and warrant further study. This is the first report and documentation ofE. ictaluriinfection in Trinidad and Tobago, suggesting the pathogen may have been introduced concurrently with the importation of fish. This report emphasizes the importance of adequate health screenings of imported lots to minimize the threat of introducingE. ictalurito non‐endemic areas.