bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic colour table: A novel S‐box for cryptographic applications
Authors: V Panchami , Paul Varghese , Wahi Amitabh 
Published: May 2017

SummaryIn cryptography, S‐boxes play an important role in symmetric ciphers. S‐boxes are used for substitution process to enable diffusion in encryption and decryption of the messages. In most of the conventional and modern symmetric ciphers, the S‐boxes are of static in nature. It will never depend or vary with respect to the message or the key, but dynamic S‐boxes are more resistant to linear and differential attacks when compared with the static S‐boxes. In this paper, we propose the design of a new dynamic colour table (DCT) that can be used as S‐box in symmetric ciphers and it depends upon a master key K. The same key can be used for encryption and decryption in symmetric ciphers. Dynamic colour table is a 64×4 table, having 256 entries. Each column of DCT has 64 unique values. The input to generate the DCT is 160 bit master key K. We have also developed a sub‐key generation algorithm for generating the sub keys and 4 seeds from the master key of 160 bits. These 4 seeds are used to generate the random values in DCT. Dynamic colour table uses the alpha red green blue (ARGB) colour model concept for each entry. Our DCT is so lightweight in nature. Our new DCT have a wide range of applications such as it can be used as S‐boxes in symmetric ciphers or it can be used as pseudorandom number generators. Finally, we show an implementation and the simulated results of DCT. The simulated results are used to analyse the strength of our DCT. The different criterions to verify that DCT has the characteristic of good S‐box are nonlinearity, strong avalanche criterion, bit Independence criterion, differential approximation probability, and linear approximation probability. The performance is measured in terms of time complexity and security. The results show that our DCT is cryptographically stronger to use in various symmetric encryption algorithms.
Estimation and simulation of foraging trips in land‐based marine predators
Authors: Michelot Théo , Langrock Roland , Bestley Sophie , Jonsen Ian D. , Photopoulou Theoni , Patterson Toby A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe behavior of colony‐based marine predators is the focus of much research globally. Large telemetry and tracking data sets have been collected for this group of animals, and are accompanied by many empirical studies that seek to segment tracks in some useful way, as well as theoretical studies of optimal foraging strategies. However, relatively few studies have detailed statistical methods for inferring behaviors in central place foraging trips. In this paper we describe an approach based on hidden Markov models, which splits foraging trips into segments labeled as “outbound”, “search”, “forage”, and “inbound”. By structuring the hidden Markov model transition matrix appropriately, the model naturally handles the sequence of behaviors within a foraging trip. Additionally, by structuring the model in this way, we are able to develop realistic simulations from the fitted model. We demonstrate our approach on data from southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) tagged on Kerguelen Island in the Southern Ocean. We discuss the differences between our 4‐state model and the widely used 2‐state model, and the advantages and disadvantages of employing a more complex model.
An empirical model for confined concrete after exposure to high temperature
Authors: Zaidi Syed Kaleem A. , Sharma Umesh K. , Bhargava P. , Bhandari N. M. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryIn this study, constitutive relationships have been developed for confined concrete subjected to elevated temperature to specify the fire‐performance criteria for concrete structures after exposé to fire. This study extends over a total of 63 circular hoop confined concrete specimens that were casted and tested under concentric compression loading after exposure to high temperature. The test variables studied are the yield strength of transverse reinforcement, spacing of the hoop, and exposure to temperatures from ambient to 800°C. It is shown that all of these variables have significant influence on concrete behavior at different temperatures and further an improvement in the thermal resistance of concrete when confined using transverse steel reinforcement. On the basis of experimental results, a model for confined concrete after exposed to high temperature is proposed to predict the results of residual behavior after thermal cycles. The proposed empirical stress‐strain equations are suitable to predict the postfire behavior of confined normal strength concrete in compression. The predictions were found to be in good agreement and well fit with experimental results.
The impact of parameter and model uncertainty on market risk predictions from GARCH‐type models
Authors: Ardia David , Kolly Jeremy , Trottier Denis‐Alexandre 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe study the effect of parameter and model uncertainty on the left‐tail of predictive densities and in particular on VaR forecasts. To this end, we evaluate the predictive performance of several GARCH‐type models estimated via Bayesian and maximum likelihood techniques. In addition to individual models, several combination methods are considered, such as Bayesian model averaging and (censored) optimal pooling for linear, log or beta linear pools. Daily returns for a set of stock market indexes are predicted over about 13 years from the early 2000s. We find that Bayesian predictive densities improve the VaR backtest at the 1% risk level for single models and for linear and log pools. We also find that the robust VaR backtest exhibited by linear and log pools is better than the backtest of single models at the 5% risk level. Finally, the equally weighted linear pool of Bayesian predictives tends to be the best VaR forecaster in a set of 42 forecasting techniques.
Consumer‐orientated development of hybrid beef burger and sausage analogues
Authors: Neville Michelle , Tarrega Amparo , Hewson Louise , Foster Tim 
Published: May 2017

AbstractHybrid meat analogues, whereby a proportion of meat has been partially replaced by more sustainable protein sources, have been proposed to provide a means for more sustainable diets in the future. Consumer testing was conducted to determine consumer acceptability of different formulations of Hybrid beef burgers and pork sausages in comparison with both meat and meat‐free commercial products. Acceptability data were generated using the 9‐point hedonic scale. Check‐all‐that‐apply (CATA) questioning was used to determine the sensory attributes perceived in each product as well as information on the attributes of consumers’ ideal products. It was identified that Hybrid products were generally well liked among consumers and no significant differences in consumer acceptability (p > .05) were identified between Hybrid and full meat products, whereas meat‐free products were found to be less accepted. However, Hybrid sausages received higher acceptability scores (6.00–6.51) than Hybrid burgers (5.84–5.92) suggesting that format may have a large impact on consumer acceptability of Hybrid products. Correspondence Analysis (CA) indicated that Hybrid products were grouped with meat products in their sensory attributes. Penalty analysis found that a “meaty flavor” was the largest factor driving consumer acceptability in both burgers and sausages. Cluster analysis of consumer acceptability data identified key differences in overall acceptability between different consumer groups (consumers who only eat meat products and consumers who eat both meat and meat‐free products). The Hybrid concept was found to bridge the acceptability gap between meat and meat‐free products; however, further product reformulation is required to optimize consumer acceptability.
Language ability in preterm children is associated with arcuate fasciculi microstructure at term
Authors: Salvan Piergiorgio , Tournier J. Donald , Batalle Dafnis , Falconer Shona , Chew Andrew , Kennea Nigel , Aljabar Paul , Dehaene‐Lambertz Ghislaine , Arichi Tomoki , Edwards A. David , Counsell Serena J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn the mature human brain, the arcuate fasciculus mediates verbal working memory, word learning, and sublexical speech repetition. However, its contribution to early language acquisition remains unclear. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the role of the direct segments of the arcuate fasciculi in the early acquisition of linguistic function. We imaged a cohort of 43 preterm born infants (median age at birth of 30 gestational weeks; median age at scan of 42 postmenstrual weeks) using high b value high‐angular resolution diffusion‐weighted neuroimaging and assessed their linguistic performance at 2 years of age. Using constrained spherical deconvolution tractography, we virtually dissected the arcuate fasciculi and measured fractional anisotropy (FA) as a metric of white matter development. We found that term equivalent FA of the left and right arcuate fasciculi was significantly associated with individual differences in linguistic and cognitive abilities in early childhood, independent of the degree of prematurity. These findings suggest that differences in arcuate fasciculi microstructure at the time of normal birth have a significant impact on language development and modulate the first stages of language learning. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3836–3847, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial strain: A review of current approaches
Authors: Chitiboi Teodora , Axel Leon 
Published: May 2017

Contraction of the heart is central to its purpose of pumping blood around the body. While simple global function measures (such as the ejection fraction) are most commonly used in the clinical assessment of cardiac function, MRI also provides a range of approaches for quantitatively characterizing regional cardiac function, including the local deformation (or strain) within the heart wall. While they have been around for some years, these methods are still undergoing further technical development, and they have had relatively little clinical evaluation. However, they can provide potentially useful new ways to assess cardiac function, which may be able to contribute to better classification and treatment of heart disease. This article provides some basic background on the physical and physiological factors that determine the motion of the heart, in health and disease and then reviews some of the ways that MRI methods are being developed to image and quantify strain within the myocardium.Level of Evidence: 4Technical Efficacy: Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1263–1280.
Incidental findings in research: A focus group study about the perspective of the research participant
Authors: de Boer Anna W. , Drewes Yvonne M. , de Mutsert Renée , Numans Mattijs E. , den Heijer Martin , Dekkers Olaf M. , de Roos Albert , Lamb Hildo J. , Blom Jeanet W. , Reis Ria 
Published: May 2017

PurposeTo explore the experiences and preferences of population‐based research participants to whom an incidental finding was communicated.Materials and MethodsOf the 2580 participants of the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity (NEO) study who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning of the abdomen, heart, and/or brain, an incidental finding with presumed health importance was disclosed to 56 (2%) participants. These participants were invited to discuss their experiences regarding the communication of the finding by the NEO research team in a focus group discussion. Transcripts of the discussions were analyzed using thematic content analysis with an open coding system.ResultsTwenty‐three persons participated in four discussions: 57% male; mean age 58 years; 74% findings were suspect for a malignancy. Overall, the participants were grateful for the disclosure of the incidental finding. They had assumed that any finding would be disclosed, and this was an important reason to participate in research. None regretted their informed consent to be notified about incidental findings. Disclosure of the finding had great impact on the lives of most participants. Difficulties with the transition from research participant to patient were frequently mentioned.ConclusionThis study provides information to improve the communication of incidental findings by 1) giving clear information about which findings will be disclosed, and 2) demarcating the transition from research participant to patient, by making clear arrangements with medical specialists to guarantee careful follow‐up of the finding.Level of Evidence: 3Technical Efficacy: Stage 5J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:230–237.
Non‐gaussian diffusion evaluation of the human kidney by Padé exponent model
Authors: Ljimani Alexandra , Lanzman Rotem S. , Müller‐Lutz Anja , Antoch Gerald , Wittsack Hans‐Jörg 
Published: May 2017

PurposeTo evaluate the feasibility of renal diffusion quantification using the Padé exponent model (PEM) in healthy subjects.Materials and MethodsDiffusion measurements were completed in 10 healthy subjects (mean age, 32.4 ± 8.9 years) on a 3T MRI scanner (Magnetom Trio, Siemens AG, Germany). A respiratory‐triggered echo planar imaging sequence (15 slices with 6 mm thickness; 16 b‐values [0–750 s/mm2]; three diffusion directions; field of view: 400 × 375 mm; Matrix 192 × 192; repetition time/echo time: 3000/74 ms) was acquired in the coronal direction. Parameter maps were calculated for the monoexponential, biexponential, kurtosis models, and the PEM. A regression analysis using an R2‐test and corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc) was performed to identify the best mathematical fitting to the measured diffusion‐weighted imaging signal decay.ResultsThe mathematical accuracy of the PEM was significantly higher than for the other three‐parameter and the monoexponential model (P < 0.05), which enables more precise information about the deviation of the Gaussian behavior of the diffusion signal by the PEM. The biexponential model showed better fitting to the diffusion signal (medullar
0.989 ± 0.008, AICcbi 113.3 ± 6.6; cortical
0.992 ± 0.006, AICcbi 113.3 ± 5.2) than the three‐parameter models (medullar
0.965 ± 0.016, AICcPadé 122.6 ± 6.4,
0.954 ± 0.019, AICcK 128.5 ± 6.0; cortical
0.989 ± 0.005, AICcPadé 116.3 ± 4.4,
0.985 ± 0.007, AICcK 120.4 ± 4.8). The monoexponential model fits least to the diffusion signal in the kidney (medullar
0.898 ± 0.039, AICcmono 141.4 ± 5.6; cortical
0.961 ± 0.013, AICcmono 135.4 ± 4.8).ConclusionThe PEM is a novel promising approach to quantify diffusion properties in the human kidney and might further improve functional renal MR imaging.Level of Evidence: 1Technical Efficacy: Stage 1J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:160–167.
Method development for the analysis of resinous materials with MALDI‐FT‐ICR‐MS: novel internal standards and a new matrix material for negative ion mode
Authors: Teearu A. , Vahur S. , Rodima T. , Herodes K. , Bonrath W. , Netscher T. , Tshepelevitsh S. , Trummal A. , Lõkov M. , Leito I. 
Published: May 2017

Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is a mass spectrometry (MS) ionization technique suitable for a wide variety of sample types including highly complex ones such as natural resinous materials. Coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) mass analyser, which provides mass spectra with high resolution and accuracy, the method gives a wealth of information about the composition of the sample.One of the key aspects in MALDI‐MS is the right choice of matrix compound. We have previously demonstrated that 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid is suitable for the positive ion mode analysis of resinous samples. However, 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid was found to be unsuitable for the analysis of these samples in the negative ion mode. The second problem addressed was the limited choice of calibration standards offering a flexible selection of m/z values under m/z 1000.This study presents a modified MALDI‐FT‐ICR‐MS method for the analysis of resinous materials, which incorporates a novel matrix compound, 2‐aminoacridine for the negative ion mode analysis and extends the selection of internal standards with m/z <1000 for both positive (15 different phosphazenium cations) and negative (anions of four fluorine‐rich sulpho‐compounds) ion mode. The novel internal calibration compounds and matrix material were tested for the analysis of various natural resins and real‐life varnish samples taken from cultural heritage objects. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Murine articular cartilage morphology and compositional quantification with high resolution cationic contrast‐enhanced μCT
Authors: Mashiatulla Maleeha , Moran Meghan M. , Chan Deva , Li Jun , Freedman Jonathan D. , Snyder Brian D. , Grinstaff Mark W. , Plaas Anna , Sumner Dale R. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTArticular cartilage lines the load‐bearing surfaces of long bones and undergoes compositional and structural degeneration during osteoarthritis progression. Contrast enhanced microcomputed tomography (μCT) is being applied to a variety of preclinical models, including the mouse, to map structural and compositional properties in 3‐D. The thinness (∼30–50 μm) and high cellularity of mouse articular cartilage presents a significant imaging challenge. Our group previously showed that mouse articular cartilage and proteoglycan (PG) content can be assessed by μCT with the ioxagalate‐based contrast agent Hexabrix, but the voxel size used (6 μm) was deemed to be barely adequate. The objective of the present study is to assess the utility of a novel contrast agent, CA4+, to quantify mouse articular cartilage morphology and composition with high resolution μCT imaging (3 μm voxels) and to compare the sensitivity of CA4+ and Hexabrix to detect between‐group differences. While both contrast agents are iodine‐based, Hexabrix is anionic and CA4+ is cationic so they interact differently with negatively charged PGs. With CA4+, a strong correlation was found between non‐calcified articular cartilage thickness measurements made with histology and μCT (R2 = 0.72, p < 0.001). Cartilage degeneration—as assessed by loss in volume, thickness, and PG content—was observed in 34‐week‐old mice when compared to both 7‐ and 12‐week‐old mice. High measurement precision was observed with CA4+, with the coefficient of variation after repositioning and re‐imaging samples equaling 2.8%, 4.5%, 7.4% and 5.9% for attenuation, thickness, volume, and PG content, respectively. Use of CA4+ allowed increased sensitivity for assessing PG content compared to Hexabrix, but had no advantage for measurement of cartilage thickness or volume. This improvement in imaging should prove useful in preclinical studies of cartilage degeneration and regeneration. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2740–2748, 2017.
Differential expression of aquaporin‐3 and aquaporin‐5 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Direito Inês , Paulino Jorge , Vigia Emanuel , Brito Maria Alexandra , Soveral Graça 
Published: May 2017

Background and ObjectivesAquaporin‐5 (AQP5) and −3 (AQP3) are protein channels that showed to be up‐regulated in a variety of tumors. Our goal was to investigate the expression pattern of AQP5 and AQP3 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDA) and correlate with cell proliferation, tumor stage and progression, and clinical significance.Methods35 PDA samples in different stages of differentiation and locations were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for expression of AQP5, AQP3 and several markers of cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.ResultsIn PDA samples AQP5 was overexpressed in the apical membrane of intercalated and intralobular ductal cells while AQP3 was expressed at the plasma membrane of ductal cells. AQP5 was also found in infiltrative cancer cells in duodenum. Simultaneous overexpression of EGFR, Ki‐67, and CK7, with decreased E‐cad and increased Vim that characterize epithelial mesenchymal transition, tumor formation and invasion, strongly suggest AQP3 and AQP5 involvement in cell proliferation and transformation. AQP3 overexpression is reinforced in late and more aggressive PDA stages whereas AQP5 is related with tumor differentiation, suggesting it may represent a novel marker for PDA aggressiveness and intestinal infiltration.ConclusionsThese findings suggest AQP3 and AQP5 involvement in PDA development and the usefulness of AQP5 in early PDA diagnosis.
Covalent Incorporation of Ionic Liquid into Ion‐Conductive Networks via Thiol–Ene Photopolymerization
Authors: Tibbits Andrew C. , Yan Yushan S. , Kloxin Christopher J. 
Published: May 2017

Ene‐functionalized ionic liquids with a range of different cationic groups and counteranions react stoichiometrically within a tetrathiol‐divinyl ether formulation within 20 minutes to form thiol–ene polymers with measurable ionic conductivities via a photoinitiated polymerization and crosslinking reaction. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicates that these networks are more spatially heterogeneous and possess higher glass transition temperatures (Tg) compared with thiol–ene formulations without charge. While tuning the molar content of ionic liquid monomer is one method for adjusting the crosslink and charge densities of the thiol–ene polymeric ionic liquid networks, the presence of cation–anion interactions also plays a critical role in dictating the thermomechanical and conductive properties. Particularly, while cationic structure effects are not significant on the polymer properties, the use of a weakly coordinating hydrophobic anion (bistriflimide) instead of bromide‐based networks results in an apparent decrease in hydrated ion conductivity (7.4 to 1.5 mS cm−1) and Tg (−9.6 to −17.8 °C).
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Peripheral nerve atrophy together with higher cerebrospinal fluid progranulin indicate axonal damage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Schreiber Stefanie , Debska‐Vielhaber Grazyna , Abdulla Susanne , Machts Judith , Schreiber Frank , Kropf Siegfried , KÖrtvelyessy Peter , KÖrner Sonja , Kollewe Katja , Petri Susanne , Dengler Reinhard , Kunz Wolfram S. , Nestor Peter J. , Vielhaber Stefan 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTIntroductionWe aimed to investigate whether sonographic peripheral cross‐sectional nerve area (CSA) and progranulin (PGRN), a neuritic growth factor, are related to each other and whether they interact to predict clinical and paraclinical measures in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).MethodsWe included 55 ALS patients who had forearm median and ulnar nerve CSA, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) PGRN, and serum PGRN measures available. CSF PGRN was normalized against the CSF / serum albumin ratio (Qalb). Using age, sex, height, and weight adjusted general linear models, we examined CSA × CSF PGRN interaction effects on various measures.ResultsThere was a medium‐effect size inverse relationship between CSA and CSF PGRN, but not between CSA and serum PGRN. Lower CSA values together with higher CSF PGRN levels were linked to smaller motor amplitudes.DiscussionIn ALS, the constellation of peripheral nerve atrophy together with higher CSF PGRN levels indicates pronounced axonal damage. Muscle Nerve 57: 273–278, 2018