bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Moho‐lower crustal transition depth diking and rifting of the Sierra Nevada microplate
Authors: Smith Kenneth D. , Kent Graham M. , von Seggern David P. , Driscoll Neal W. , Eisses Amy 
Published: September 2016

AbstractLithospheric rifting most often initiates in continental extensional settings where “breaking of a plate” may or may not progress to sea floor spreading. Generally, the strength of the lithosphere is greater than the tectonic forces required for rupture (i.e., the “tectonic force paradox”), and it has been proposed that rifting requires basaltic magmatism (e.g., dike emplacement) to reduce the strength and cause failure, except for the case of a thin lithosphere (<30 km thick). Here we isolate two very similar and unprecedented observations of Moho‐lower crustal transition dike or fluid injection earthquake swarms under southern Sierra Valley (SV: 2011–2012) and North Lake Tahoe (LT: 2003–2004), California. These planar distributions of seismicity can be interpreted to define the end points, and cover ~25% of the length, of an implied ~56 km long structure, each striking N45°W and dipping ~50°NE. A single event at ~30 km depth that locates on the implied dipping feature between the two swarms is further evidence for a single Moho‐transition depth structure. We propose that basaltic or fluid emplacement at or near Moho depths weakens the upper mantle lid, facilitating lithospheric rupture of the Sierra Microplate. Similar to the LT sequence, the SV event is also associated with increased upper crustal seismicity. An 27 October 2011, Mw 4.7 earthquake occurred directly above the deep SV sequence at the base of the upper crustal seismogenic zone (~15 km depth).
Low stress drop earthquakes in the rupture zone of the 1992 Nicaragua tsunami earthquake
Authors: Bilek Susan L. , Rotman Holly M. M. , Phillips W. Scott 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTsunami earthquakes, events that generate larger than expected tsunami and are deficient in high‐frequency seismic radiation, are rare but hazardous to coastal populations. One model for these events is shallow rupture through low‐strength materials. We calculate seismic moment, corner frequency, and stress drop for 216 earthquakes (2.1 < Mw < 4.7, November 2005 to June 2006) within and external to the 1992 Nicaragua tsunami earthquake rupture zone to test the hypothesis that differences in fault zone properties defined the limits of the 1992 tsunami rupture zone and continue to produce spatial variations in earthquake source properties. Mean stress drop of events within the rupture area is 1.2 MPa, and 5.5 MPa for events just outside of the rupture zone, with similar magnitude earthquakes in each group. Our results demonstrate different source parameter characteristics for microseismicity in the region of a past tsunami earthquake.
Evolution of the upper‐level thermal structure in tropical cyclones
Authors: Rivoire Louis , Birner Thomas , Knaff John A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTropical cyclones (TCs) are associated with tropopause‐level cooling above tropospheric warming. We collect temperature retrievals from 2007 to 2014 near worldwide hurricane‐strength TCs using three remote sensing platforms: the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC), the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit‐A (AMSU‐A), and geostationary infrared (IR) imagery. These retrievals are composited about the lifetime maximum intensity (LMI) to examine the evolution of the fine‐scale temperature structure within TCs. The convective structure evolves highly asymmetrically about LMI, while intensity evolution shows a much weaker degree of asymmetry. Relative to the far‐field structure, tropopause‐level cooling occurs before a tropospheric warm core is established. We speculate that the associated convective destabilization exerts a positive feedback on TC development by increasing the depth of existing convection. Tropopause‐level cold anomalies move away from the storm after LMI, potentially increasing the near‐surface horizontal pressure gradient toward the storm center and increasing the maximum winds.
Persistence of orographic mixed‐phase clouds
Authors: Lohmann U. , Henneberger J. , Henneberg O. , Fugal J. P. , Bühl J. , Kanji Z. A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMixed‐phase clouds (MPCs) consist of ice crystals and supercooled water droplets at temperatures between 0 and approximately −38°C. They are thermodynamically unstable because the saturation vapor pressure over ice is lower than that over supercooled liquid water. Nevertheless, long‐lived MPCs are ubiquitous in the Arctic. Here we show that persistent MPCs are also frequently found in orographic terrain, especially in the Swiss Alps, when the updraft velocities are high enough to exceed saturation with respect to liquid water allowing simultaneous growth of supercooled liquid droplets and ice crystals. Their existence is characterized by holographic measurements of cloud particles obtained at the high‐altitude research station Jungfraujoch during spring 2012 and winter 2013 and simulations with the regional climate model COSMO (Consortium of Small‐Scale Modeling).
Europa's plasma interaction with an inhomogeneous atmosphere: Development of Alfvén winglets within the Alfvén wings
Authors: Blöcker Aljona , Saur Joachim , Roth Lorenz 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe apply a three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model to study the influence of inhomogeneities in Europa's atmosphere, as, for example, water vapor plumes, on Europa's plasma interaction with the Jovian magnetosphere. In our model we have included electromagnetic induction in a subsurface water ocean, collisions between ions and neutrals, plasma production and loss due to electron impact ionization, and dissociative recombination. We present a systematic study of the plasma interaction when a local inhomogeneity in the neutral density is present within a global sputtering generated atmosphere. We show that an inhomogeneity near the north or south pole affects the plasma interaction in a way that a pronounced north‐south asymmetry is generated. We find that an Alfvén winglet develops within Europa's main Alfvén wing on that side where the inhomogeneity is located. In addition to the MHD model we apply an analytic model based on the model of Saur et al. (2007) to understand the role of steep gradients and discontinuities in the interaction. We compare our model results with the measured magnetic field data from three flybys of the Galileo spacecraft at Europa which included Alfvén wing crossings. Our analysis suggests that the magnetic field might be influenced by atmospheric inhomogeneities during the E26 flyby. The findings of this work will aid in the search for plumes at Europa in future plasma and field observations.
Hiss or equatorial noise? Ambiguities in analyzing suprathermal ion plasma wave resonance
Authors: Sarno‐Smith Lois K. , Liemohn Michael W. , Skoug Ruth M. , Santolik Ondrej , Morley Steven K. , Breneman Aaron , Larsen Brian A. , Reeves Geoff , Wygant John R. , Hospodarsky George , Kletzing Craig , Moldwin Mark B. , Katus Roxanne M. , Zou Shasha 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that low‐energy ion heating occurs in the magnetosphere due to strong equatorial noise emission. Observations from the Van Allen Probes Helium Oxygen Proton Electron (HOPE) instrument recently determined that there was a depletion in the 1–10 eV ion population in the postmidnight sector of Earth during quiet times at L < 3. The diurnal variation of equatorially mirroring 1–10 eV H+ ions at 2 < L < 3 is connected with similar diurnal variation in the electric field component of plasma waves ranging between 150 and 600 Hz. Measurements from the Van Allen Probes Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) data set are used to analyze waves of this frequency in near‐Earth space. However, when we examine the polarization of the waves in the 150 to 600 Hz range in the equatorial plane, the majority are right‐hand polarized plasmaspheric hiss waves. The 1–10 eV H+ equatorially mirroring population does not interact with right‐hand waves, despite a strong statistical relationship suggesting that the two are linked. We present evidence supporting the relationship, both in our own work and the literature, but we ultimately conclude that the 1–10 eV H+ heating is not related to the strong enhancement of 150 to 600 Hz waves.
Turbulence dependence on winds and stability in a weak‐wind canopy sublayer over complex terrain
Authors: Russell Eric S. , Liu Heping , Gao Zhongming , Lamb Brian , Wagenbrenner Natalie 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe daytime and nighttime turbulence profiles within a weak‐wind forest canopy were investigated by using data collected within a temperate mixed conifer canopy in northern Idaho, USA. Turbulence measurements made at three heights on a single tower within a Douglas fir canopy were compared. Data were split between the daytime and nighttime to determine the relationships among the local temperature gradient, wind direction, wind speed, and turbulence levels. The total flow field distributions and vertical statistical profiles were determined for the overnight and daytime periods to observe how the overall flow changed with time of day. During the day, the wind probability distribution function was consistent between heights but depended on the canopy depth overnight. The skewness changed with the dominant wind direction. The kurtosis increased with depth into the canopy and from during the day to overnight. The range of wind speeds observed was higher under unstable conditions than stable conditions. Daytime turbulence had no dependence on wind direction. Overnight, the relationship between turbulence and wind speed changed with wind direction and canopy depth. The highest turbulence values were associated with downslope winds near the canopy top, but the wind direction for the highest turbulence was variable within the trunk space.
Dose‐dependent inhibition of demyelination and microglia activation by IVIG
Authors: Winter Meike , Baksmeier Christine , Steckel Julia , Barman Sumanta , Malviya Manish , Harrer‐Kuster Melanie , Hartung Hans‐Peter , Goebels Norbert 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectiveIntravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is an established treatment for numerous autoimmune conditions. Clinical trials of IVIG for multiple sclerosis, using diverse dose regimens, yielded controversial results. The aim of this study is to dissect IVIG effector mechanisms on demyelination in an ex vivo model of the central nervous system (CNS)‐immune interface.MethodsUsing organotypic cerebellar slice cultures (OSC) from transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in oligodendrocytes/myelin, we induced extensive immune‐mediated demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss with an antibody specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and complement. Protective IVIG effects were assessed by live imaging of GFP expression, confocal microscopy, immunohistochemistry, gene expression analysis and flow cytometry.ResultsIVIG protected OSC from demyelination in a dose‐dependent manner, which was at least partly attributed to interference with complement‐mediated oligodendroglia damage, while binding of the anti‐MOG antibody was not prevented. Staining with anti‐CD68 antibodies and flow cytometry confirmed that IVIG prevented microglia activation and oligodendrocyte death, respectively. Equimolar IVIG‐derived Fab fragments or monoclonal IgG did not protect OSC, while Fc fragments derived from a polyclonal mixture of human IgG were at least as potent as intact IVIG.InterpretationBoth intact IVIG and Fc fragments exert a dose‐dependent protective effect on antibody‐mediated CNS demyelination and microglia activation by interfering with the complement cascade and, presumably, interacting with local immune cells. Although this experimental model lacks blood–brain barrier and peripheral immune components, our findings warrant further studies on optimal dose finding and alternative modes of application to enhance local IVIG concentrations at the site of tissue damage.
Effect of Viscosity Ratio of Two Immiscible Polymers on Morphology in Bicomponent Melt Spinning Fibers
Authors: Ayad Esma , Cayla Aurélie , Rault François , Gonthier Anne , Campagne Christine , Devaux Eric 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBicomponent fibers were melt spun to investigate the effect of individual component viscosity on the cross section morphology. Two couples were tested, polypropylene MFI 18 (PP18) with polyamide 6 (PA6) and, polypropylene MFI 25 (PP25) with polyamide 6 (PA6). Viscosity versus shear rates was evaluated by both rotational and capillary rheometers to cover a large range of shear rates. Higher viscosity of PA6 compared to PP25 and PP18 at the theoretical shear rate resulted in the encapsulation of PA6 by PP25 and PP18 at the periphery of the bicomponent fiber cross section. Interfacial instability from the center to the periphery fiber was explained as a result of non‐uniformity of shear rates across the fiber cross section. Interface shape dependency on the viscosity ratio of the two polymers has been clearly demonstrated: lower viscosity component wrapping around the higher viscosity one whatever the initial configuration, that is, side‐by‐side or segmented pie structure.
Preparation of nonleaching antimicrobial polypropylene wax and its application in polypropylene
Authors: Wei Dafu , Ding Yifei , Wang Tingwen , Yang Jun , Guan Yong , Zheng Anna 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTAntimicrobial polypropylene (PP) has been widely used. Its highly effective antimicrobial activities and nonleaching characteristics remain concerns. In this study, polypropylene wax (PPW) grafted with maleic anhydride was first prepared; this was followed by a melting reaction with polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG) to obtain antimicrobial PPW [polypropylene wax grafted with polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PPW‐g‐PHMG)]. PPW‐g‐PHMG was then melt‐blended with PP to prepare antimicrobial PP. Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed that PHMG was covalently bonded on the PPW chains, and transmission electron microscopy images showed a uniform distribution of PHMG in the PPW matrix. The resulting antimicrobial PP exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. The ring‐diffusion test further disclosed its nonleaching characteristics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44190.
Sustainable biocomposites from biobased polyamide 6,10 and biocarbon from pyrolyzed miscanthus fibers
Authors: Ogunsona Emmanuel O. , Misra Manjusri , Mohanty Amar K. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThe reinforcing effects of biocarbon of varying particle size ranges (crushed, <500, 500–426, 250–213, and <63 µm) on biobased polyamide 6,10 (PA 6,10) at 20 wt % loading were investigated for the resulting biocomposites. The heat deflection temperature and impact strength were observed to increase with reduction in particle size. Also, a 200% increase in the impact strength was observed in the biocomposite with biocarbon particles sized at <63 µm when compared to that with <500 µm. A 50% and 83% increase in the tensile and flexural moduli of the biocomposite with biocarbon particle size of <500 µm was observed, respectively, while the tensile strength was observed to remain unchanged. The flexural strength of the biocomposites was improved by 61% when compared to neat nylon. These results were due to good wetting, dispersion and increased surface area of the biocarbon within the nylon matrix. These results show the potential of biocarbon as reinforcing filler in nylon for applications especially in the automotive industry. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44221.
Effect of fluorination on haze reduction in transparent polyimide films for flexible substrates
Authors: Yang Yooseong , Park Jong Hwan , Jung Youngsuk , Lee Seung Geol , Park Sang Kil , Kwon Soonchul 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTHigh transmittance is an important parameter for polyimide (PI) films used as flexible display substrates. However, thermal treatment during film fabrication can cause an undesired phenomenon affecting color change in the films, which is called haze. Until now, haze formation in PI films has remained mostly unexplored, suggesting that originates in the composition. In this work, the effect of fluorination on haze reduction was investigated. Both experiments and density functional theory calculations suggest that a high degree of fluorination of PI repeating units results in weaker intra/intermolecular conjugations between polymer chains and higher haze resistance in the following order: one fluorinated group (−1.43 eV) > two fluorinated groups (−0.76 eV) > three fluorinated groups (−0.52 eV) > four fluorinated groups (−0.43 eV). The differences in the haze resistance can influence on haziness in the PI films by thermal gradient inside a lab scale cavity in a furnace. The obtained results indicate that slow heat transfer facilitates the manufacturing process to obtain high transparency in PI films. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44375.
The isothermal crystallization of poly(ether ether ketone) by two‐dimensional differential scanning calorimetry correlation mapping
Authors: Al Lafi Abdul G. , Hay James N. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThis article reports the first application of the two‐dimensional differential scanning calorimetry correlation mapping, two‐dimensional‐DSC‐CM to analyze DSC rate–time data of PEEK. This provided evidence that the isothermal crystallization reduced rate–time curves exhibited fractional n values when analyzed by the Avrami equation. These fractional n values, which increased with temperature, were consistent with the presence of two processes, primary and secondary crystallization, with an increasing contribution of the secondary crystallization to the overall crystallinity. In contrast to the known literatures, secondary crystallization was observed to proceed at early stage of primary crystallization. The study of the effect of proton irradiation, up to a dose of 9.9 MGy, showed that the fractional n value was below 3.0, and does not appear to be temperature dependent. DSC analysis of the crystallization kinetics, combined with two‐dimensional correlation mapping proved a powerful tool for investigating irradiation damage of PEEK. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44378.
pH‐Sensitive pectin polymeric rafts for controlled‐release delivery of pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate
Authors: Abbas Ghulam , Hanif Muhammad 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present work was to develop pectin raft‐forming tablets for controlled‐release delivery of pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate (PSS). A Box–Behnken design was used to optimize 15 formulations with three independent and three dependent variables. The physical tests of all compressed formulations were within pharmacopoeial limits. The rafts were characterized by their strength, thickness, resilience, reflux resistance, acid‐neutralizing capacity, floating lag time, and total floating time. The raft strength, thickness, resilience, and reflux resistance through a 10‐mm orifice of optimized formulation PR9 were 7.43 ± 0.019 g, 5.8 ± 0.245 cm, greater than 480 min, and 2490 ± 0.004 g, respectively. The buffering and neutralizing capacity was 11.2 ± 1.01 meq and 6.5 ± 0.56 meq, respectively. Dissolution studies were performed by using simulated gastric fluid at pH 1.2, and the cumulative percentage release of PR9 was found to be 97%. First‐order release kinetics were followed, and non‐Fickian diffusion was observed as the value of n was greater than 0.45 in the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of the PSS, polymers, and optimized raft formulation PR9 showed peaks at 3223.09 cm−1, 1688.17 cm−1, 1586.67 cm−1, 1302.64 cm−1, and 1027.74 cm−1 that are due to OH stretching, ester carbonyl group (CO) stretching, the existence of water and carboxylic groups in the raft, CN stretching, and OH bending vibrations and showed no interaction between them. The developed raft was suitable for sustained‐release delivery of PSS. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44442.
Comparative effects of torasemide and furosemide on gap junction proteins and cardiac fibrosis in a rat model of dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Watanabe Kenichi , Sreedhar Remya , Thandavarayan Rajarajan A. , Karuppagounder Vengadeshprabhu , Giridharan Vijayasree V. , Antony Shanish , Harima Meilei , Nakamura Masahiko , Suzuki Kenji , Suzuki Hiroshi , Sone Hirohito , Arumugam Somasundaram 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCardiac fibrosis is the major hallmark of adverse cardiac remodeling in chronic heart failure (CHF) and its therapeutic targeting might help against cardiac dysfunction during chronic conditions. Diuretic agents are potentially useful in these cases, but their effects on the cardiac fibrosis pathogenesis are yet to be identified. This study was designed to identify and compare the effects of diuretic drugs torasemide and furosemide on cardiac fibrosis in a rat model of dilated cardiomyopathy induced by porcine cardiac myosin mediated experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Gap junction proteins, connexin‐43 and N‐cadherin, expressions were downregulated in the hearts of CHF rats, while torasemide treatment has upregulated their expression. Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis for various cardiac fibrosis related proteins as well as histopathological studies have shown that both drugs have potential anti‐fibrotic effects. Among them, torasemide has superior efficacy in offering protection against adverse cardiac remodeling in the selected rat model of dilated cardiomyopathy. In conclusion, torasemide treatment has potential anti‐fibrotic effect in the hearts of CHF rats, possibly via improving the gap junction proteins expression and thereby improving the cell–cell interaction in the heart. © 2016 BioFactors, 43(2):187–194, 2017
A sharp‐interface elliptic numerical model of laminar two‐phase gas‐liquid downward flow in a vertical parallel plate channel
Authors: Saleh Esam A. , Ormiston Scott J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA sharp‐interface two‐phase numerical analysis is performed for co‐current downward laminar flow of a liquid film and a gas. A complete two‐phase model based on the two‐dimensional elliptic governing equations is presented. The numerical model implements a dynamically moving non‐orthogonal computational mesh that tracks the phase interface precisely. The capability of this new model is demonstrated by comparisons with two previous free surface falling film studies and one experiment. New results are presented on the effect of independent variation of the Reynolds and Froude numbers on the axial variation of the film free surface. Finally, the effects of the velocity of the gas phase on the liquid film development are examined for flow in a parallel‐plate channel. An analytical solution for the fully‐developed velocity profiles for the two‐phase flow is also presented.