bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategic assessment of implementation of neonatal resuscitation training at a national level
Authors: Charafeddine Lama , Badran Maya , Nakad Pascale , Ammar Walid , Yunis Khalid 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundStructuring and implementation of an endorsed neonatal resuscitation program (NRP) results in decreased neonatal mortality. This study evaluated the implementation of formal training using the NRP in a private sector context of a middle income country.MethodsBetween 2008 and 2011, the National Collaborative Perinatal Neonatal Network (NCPNN) supported by the Ministry of Health piloted the implementation of NRP training in member hospitals throughout the country. Training of trainers (TOT) then providers (TOP) took place via workshops where a lecture was given followed by hands‐on training using low‐fidelity manikins. Pre‐ and post‐workshop knowledge assessment and hands‐on training evaluation were done. t‐test and one‐way ANOVA were used to compare mean differences in pre‐ and post‐workshop scores and percent improvement across specialties and locations.ResultsOf 20 TOT participants, nine (45%) conducted NRP in their hospitals. Ten TOP workshops included 256 professionals. The majority were doctors (128, 50%), followed by nurses (99, 39%) and midwives (20, 8%). Overall pre‐training scores (67.25 ± 16.00%) were significantly lower than post‐training scores (87.48 ± 11.89%; P = 0.000); percent improvement among all participants was 37.12 ± 41.15%; P = 0.82). Nurses and participants from the northern governorate had highest mean difference in before/after scores (21.56 ± 12.32 and 23.29 ± 6.62, respectively). Midwives had the highest percent improvement (40.44 ± 47.28). All but 25 participants (9.8%) passed the megacode at the first attempt.ConclusionsImplementing NRP training is essential to increase the knowledge and skills of health‐care professionals. It is sustainable with support from the Ministry and other sources. Continuing education should be mandated at the Ministry of Health level.
Compression‐only CPR training in elementary schools and student attitude toward CPR
Authors: Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Nishiyama Chika , Murakami Yukiko , Yonezawa Takahiro , Nakai Shohei , Hamanishi Masayoshi , Marukawa Seishiro , Sakamoto Tetsuya , Iwami Taku 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the effectiveness of systematic cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training for elementary school children.MethodsWe introduced systematic training of chest compression‐only CPR and automated external defibrillator (AED) use to elementary school students aged 10–12 years at 17 schools. The questionnaire compared student attitudes towards CPR and their knowledge about it before and after CPR training. We also evaluated parent and teacher views about CPR training in school education. The primary outcome was positive attitude, defined as “yes” and “maybe yes” on a 5 point Likert‐type scale of student attitudes towards CPR.1ResultsA total of 2047 elementary school students received CPR training. Of them, 1899 (92.8%) responded to the questionnaire regarding their attitude towards CPR before and after the training. Before training, 50.2% answered “yes” and 30.3% answered “maybe yes”, to the question: “If someone suddenly collapses in front of you, can you do something such as check response or call emergency?” After training, their answers changed to 75.6% and 18.3% for “yes” and “maybe yes”, respectively. Many of the students (72.3%, 271/370) who did not have a positive attitude before CPR training had a positive attitude after the training (P < 0.001). Most students understood how to perform CPR (97.7%) and use an AED (98.5%). Parents (96.2%, 1173/1220) and teachers (98.3%, 56/57) answered that it was “good” and “maybe good” for children to receive the training at elementary schools.ConclusionSystematic chest compression‐only CPR training helped elementary school students to improve their attitude towards CPR.
Strategies for managing diseases in non‐native shrimp populations
Authors: Cock James , Salazar Marcela , Rye Morten 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe shrimp industry is now largely based on Litopenaeus vannamei. Current strategies for disease management in Asia emphasizing exclusion and eradication with strict quarantine and importation protocols have not been effective in controlling disease epidemics. New diseases have been introduced on illegal importations; commercial shrimp populations are derived from imported SPF stocks susceptible to endemic diseases; and local breeding programmes are based on populations not resistant to a range of diseases. Broodstock are largely poorly adapted to local conditions and repeated disease epidemics occur. Strategies for disease management should concentrate on: (i) minimizing the risk of introducing new diseases to the region; (ii) development of populations more resistant to endemic diseases; and (iii) better management practices that minimize the likelihood of serious epidemics and delay infection, but do not depend on attempts to eradicate diseases already present. This can be implemented by building on the better management practices already established in the region and in addition: (i) applying strict quarantine procedures for diseases not reported in the region whilst making the processes sufficiently agile to reduce illegal introductions; (ii) eliminating standard rigid importation protocols and tailoring protocols in accordance with the disease situation of both the country of origin and destination; (iii) increasing genetic variation available within Asia by public sector support for programmes to enlarge the pool of genetic variation and encouraging collaboration with breeding programmes that encompass a broad genetic base; (iv) establishing selection programmes that permit reincorporation of animals exposed to disease into the breeding nucleus; and (v) establishing propagation systems that provide growers with high health status stocks without requiring overly strict SPF certification of facilities.
Readmissions following an initial hospitalization by COPD exacerbation in Spain from 2006 to 2012
Authors: de Miguel‐Díez Javier , Jiménez‐García Rodrigo , Hernández‐Barrera Valentín , Carrasco‐Garrido Pilar , Puente Maestu Luis , Ramírez García Laura , López de Andrés Ana 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackground and objectiveHospitalizations are not isolated events in COPD patients. A significant percentage of patients are readmitted during the first month after their discharge. The aim of this study was to elucidate changes in the incidence, comorbidity, length of hospital stay (LOHS), costs and in‐hospital mortality (IHM) of patients readmitted following an initial hospitalization by acute exacerbation of COPD (AE‐COPD).MethodsWe selected all patients ≥40 years, hospitalized for AE‐COPD between 2006 and 2012 in Spain using the National Hospital Discharge Database. Patient readmissions were defined as inpatient re‐hospitalization within 30 days of discharge for AE‐COPD.ResultsWe identified 301 794 discharges of patients having hospital admissions for AE‐COPD as their primary diagnosis (82.47% first admissions, 17.53% hospital readmissions). The risk of re‐hospitalization was higher in patients aged 65 to 84 years, males, with comorbidities, malnutrition, not obese, respiratory acidosis, treated with non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) or discharged to a health/social institutions. Factors associated with IHM among patients readmitted were: older age, increased Charlson Index, malnutrition, not being obese, respiratory acidosis and treatment with NIV. The IHM and hospital costs were significantly higher in readmissions compared with first admissions. We observed that the incidence and mortality of readmissions had significantly decreased from 2006 to 2012.ConclusionHospital readmissions within 30 days of discharge for AE‐COPD are common in Spain. They have a high impact for COPD patients and health system. However, we have found a downward trend in incidence and mortality of readmissions from 2006 to 2012.
Low doses of glyphosate change the responses of soyabean to subsequent glyphosate treatments
Authors: Silva F M L , Duke S O , Dayan F E , Velini E D 
Published: December 2015

SummaryMany herbicides promote plant growth at doses well below the recommended application rate (hormesis). The objectives of this study were to evaluate glyphosate‐induced hormesis in soyabean (Glycine max) and determine whether pre‐treating soyabean seedlings with low doses of glyphosate would affect their response to subsequent glyphosate treatments. Seven doses (1.8–720 g a.e. ha−1) of glyphosate were applied to 3‐week‐old seedlings, and the effects on the electron transport rate (ETR), metabolite (shikimate, benzoate, salicylate, AMPA, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan) levels and dry weight were determined. The lowest dose stimulated ETR and increased biomass the most. Benzoate levels increased 203% with 3.6 g a.e. ha−1 glyphosate. Salicylate content and tyrosine content were unaffected, whereas phenylalanine and tryptophan levels were increased by 60 and 80%, respectively, at 7.2 g a.e. ha−1. Dose–response curves for these three amino acids were typical for hormesis. In another experiment that was replicated twice, soyabean plants were pre‐treated with low doses of glyphosate (1.8, 3.6 or 7.2 g a.e. ha−1) and treated with a second application of glyphosate (1.8, 3.6, 7.2, 36, 180 or 720 g a.e. ha−1) 14 days later. For total seedling dry weight, a 3.6 and 7.2 g a.e. ha−1 glyphosate dose preconditioned the soyabean seedlings to have greater growth stimulation by a later glyphosate treatment than plants with no preconditioning glyphosate exposure. Optimal hormetic doses were generally higher with pre‐treated plants than plants that had not been exposed to glyphosate. Thus, pre‐exposure to low doses of glyphosate can change the hormetic response to later low‐dose exposures.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CLASSIFIERS ON ACTIVITY RECOGNITION FOR DISASTERS MITIGATION USING SMARTPHONE SENSING
Authors: Fatai Idowu Sadiq, , Selamat Ali , Ibrahim Roliana 
Published: December 2015

Activity recognition (ARs) is a classification problem that cuts across many domains. The introduction of ARs accuracy which may be significantly low with decision tree algorithm and the use of smartphone sensing in previous studies has proven its relevance for effective disaster mitigation in our society. Smartphone sensing is an approach found to be useful for activity recognition to monitor people in large gatherings due to the power of embedded sensors on the handheld devices. In this paper, a multitask activity recognition architecture is proposed for proper monitoring of people in large gatherings to control disaster occurrences in crowd, flood, road and fire accidents using related activity scenario in time of danger. We implement the proposed architecture to determine the outcome of activity recognized with K-nearest neighbour (KNN) for k= 3 and 4 to compare performance to that of weka using accelerometer and digital compass (dc) sensors on the same dataset. The results of ARs accuracy of 100% and 99% in weka, 85% and 89% with KNN shows an improved performance in both tools. The performance of Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naives baye (NB), Decision tree (DT), against KNN were investigated using precision, recall and f-measure in weka as well. The results show significant improvement with performance parameters on accelerometer and dc against the use of accelerometer sensor only with KNN and DT having low number of classified activity recognized on training and testing data.
TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY OF OPEN SPACE’S PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA: THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Agboola Oluwagbemiga Paul , Dyachia Zakka Solomon , Sule Zango Modi 
Published: December 2015

The challenges associated with integrating technology to achieve an efficient sustainability in environmental planning, and management has been the utmost concern of the researchers and professionals in built environment globally. This has equally been a major issue among the environmentalists and allied professionals in developing countries such as Nigeria. Consequently, this paper relied on extensive literature search through published books, journals, and periodicals. It critically explores the influencing role plays by science and technology in a sustainable environment integrated with appropriate open space planning and management. It identified and discussed the strategic imperatives for sustainable development, and recommends the need for the government of developing countries to initiate an effective policy formulation with follow-up in this regard. In view of this, desirous efforts will be geared towards matching up with open space planning and managements, as already been practised in the developed countries.
ANALYSIS ON DIRECTIONAL FILTER BANK FOR PRESERVING TEXTURE IMAGE
Authors: Naji Saleh Obad Yahya , Ngadiran Ruzelita , Ahmad Muhamad Imran , Saad Puteh 
Published: December 2015

Directional filterbank such as contourlet become popular due its ability to capture two dimensional curves efficiently. In this work, transform with directional filterbank is tested to preserve texture information in texture images. Our initial hypothesis is that, transform with directional filter bank will be able to preserve texture information efficiently when compare to wavelet. However this hypothesis is limited if the texture information contained in the images consist of directional information. Textures in this work are referring to repetition pattern in an image. The directional filterbank selected for testing are Non-uniform Directional filterbank (NuDFB) and Contourlet. The texture images are applied with both transforms and the non-linear approximation method is used to capture the significant coefficients of the transformed pixels. The implementations are then compared with wavelet transform as a benchmark. From the experimental result it can be seen that wavelet implementation still managed to outperform directional filter bank transform at higher bit rate. In low bit rate however some significant improvement can be seen from the Peak Signal to noise ratio (PSNR) especially to texture images that contains directional information. In term of Structural Similarity it supports the results of Peak Signal to noise ration with a rare different values. As a conclusion, the directional filterbank transform able to preserve texture information in texture images especially the directional information but limited to a very low bit rate data.
Extracellular matrix fibronectin initiates endothelium‐dependent arteriolar dilatation via the heparin‐binding, matricryptic RWRPK sequence of the first type III repeat of fibrillar fibronectin
Authors: Sarelius Ingrid H. , Titus Patricia A. , Maimon Nir , Okech William , Wilke‐Mounts Susan J. , Brennan James R. , Hocking Denise C. 
Published: December 2015

Key points
The local arteriolar dilatation produced by contraction of skeletal muscle is dependent upon multiple signalling mechanisms.
In addition to the many metabolic signals that mediate this vasodilatation, we show here that the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin also contributes to the response.
This vasodilatory signal requires the heparin‐binding matricryptic RWRPK sequence in the first type III repeat of fibrillar fibronectin.
The fibronectin‐dependent component of the integrated muscle contraction‐dependent arteriolar vasodilatation is coupled through an endothelial cell‐dependent signalling pathway.
AbstractRecent studies in contracting skeletal muscle have shown that functional vasodilatation in resistance arterioles has an endothelial cell (EC)‐dependent component, and, separately have shown that the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN) contributes to functional dilatation in these arterioles. Here we test the hypotheses that (i) the matricryptic heparin‐binding region of the first type III repeat of fibrillar FN (FNIII1H) mediates vasodilatation, and (ii) this response is EC dependent. Engineered FN fragments with differing (defined) heparin‐ and integrin‐binding capacities were applied directly to resistance arterioles in cremaster muscles of anaesthetized (pentobarbital sodium, 65 mg kg−1) mice. Both FNIII1H,8‐10 and FNIII1H induced dilatations (12.2 ± 1.7 μm, n = 12 and 17.2 ± 2.4 μm, n = 14, respectively) whereas mutation of the active sequence (R613WRPK) of the heparin binding region significantly diminished the dilatation (3.2 ± 1.8 μm, n = 10). Contraction of skeletal muscle fibres via electrical field stimulation produced a vasodilatation (19.4 ± 1.2 μm, n = 12) that was significantly decreased (to 7.0 ± 2.7 μm, n = 7, P < 0.05) in the presence of FNIII1Peptide 6, which blocks extracellular matrix (ECM) FN and FNIII1H signalling. Furthermore, FNIII1H,8‐10 and FNIII1H applied to EC‐denuded arterioles failed to produce any dilatation indicating that endothelium was required for the response. Finally, FNIII1H significantly increased EC Ca2+ (relative fluorescence 0.98 ± 0.02 in controls versus 1.12 ± 0.05, n = 17, P < 0.05). Thus, we conclude that ECM FN‐dependent vasodilatation is mediated by the heparin‐binding (RWRPK) sequence of FNIII1 in an EC‐dependent manner. Importantly, blocking this signalling sequence decreased the dilatation to skeletal muscle contraction, indicating that there is a physiological role for this FN‐dependent mechanism.
Biopolítica, máquina antropológica e identidad: América como un espacio libre para la violencia
Authors: Álvarez Villareal Lina 
Published: December 2015

<p class="p1">El presente artículo realiza un análisis arqueológico de algunos de los discursos y prácticas que jugaron un rol decisivo en la efectuación de la Conquista de América y el establecimiento de un orden político fundado en un prejuicio racial, regido por la dominación y, en consecuencia, excluyente y violento. Dicha investigación se basa en: (i) los conceptos de <em>biopolítica </em>y <em>máquina antropológica </em>de Giorgio Agamben y la relación entre estos y las comunidades identitarias; (ii) los estudios de ciertos autores poscoloniales; y (iii) los escritos de Carl Schmitt sobre el derecho internacional. El análisis de la concepción aristotélico-tomista de lo humano, de la división geográfica del mundo construida desde Europa y de los tratados jurídico-políticos celebrados entre soberanos europeos durante los siglos XV y XVI permitirán proponer a la Conquista de América como un paradigma de esta forma de poder que ha caracterizado la política de Occidente: la biopolítica. </p>
Sobre las ciencias de la experiencia. Los Hermanos Cristianos y la consolidación del orden clásico del saber
Authors: Benavides Gómez Paola Andrea 
Published: December 2015

<p class="p1">En el verano de 1995, Santiago Castro Gómez escribió un texto contundente titulado <em>Crítica de la Razón Latinoamericana</em>, en este texto el autor siguió los trabajos de Roberto Salazar Ramos, quien hizo parte del grupo de Bogotá encargado de institucionalizar el proyecto de filosofía latinoamericana en Colombia, con el propósito de mostrar el funcionamiento de una serie de discursos que hicieron posible la creación de “lo latinoamericano”. Con ello, más que un a priori, la categoría de “Latinoamérica” es definida por Castro-Gómez como el efecto de una serie de discursos al cual se le dotó de una identidad cultural específica. En consecuencia, el autor usa la tradición del historicismo para repensar la historia de la ideas de modo que, en lugar de estudiar la recepción de ideas europeas y medir el grado de acercamiento latinoamericano con respecto a tal andamiaje, su estudio partiera del estudio de las prácticas filosóficas y científicas mismas, como parte “del ejercicio crítico en Colombia”. Es, precisamente, en este horizonte abierto por los escritos de Castro Gómez en que se inserta este trabajo. </p>
Modernidades coloniales: la obra de Juan Martínez de Ripalda (1641-1707) como respuesta jesuita en la controversia universitaria neogranadina del siglo XVII
Authors: Sandoval Bravo Julián Eduardo 
Published: December 2015

<p class="p1">La obra del jesuita Juan Martínez de Ripalda <em>Sobre el uso y el abuso de la doctrina del Divino Tomás </em>(1704) surge como respuesta a las acusaciones doctrinales de la comunidad dominica en la controversia sostenida durante el siglo XVII con la Compañía de Jesús en torno a los privilegios académicos universitarios en el Nuevo Reino de Granada. La obra no solo es un testimonio histórico del pleito, sino que también permite conocer el contenido temático de las enseñanzas filosóficas de la escuela jesuita en la Colonia. El presente artículo ubica el contexto histórico general en que surge la obra para analizar el talante moderno de la doctrina del jesuita Juan Martínez de Ripalda sobre la naturaleza del conocimiento humano. </p>
Bioterrorism and the Role of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
Authors: Wagar Elizabeth 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARY

Regular review of the management of bioterrorism is essential for maintaining readiness for these sporadically occurring events. This review provides an overview of the history of biological disasters and bioterrorism. I also discuss the recent recategorization of tier 1 agents by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Laboratory Response Network (LRN), and specific training and readiness processes and programs, such as the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Laboratory Preparedness Exercise (LPX). LPX examined the management of cultivable bacterial vaccine and attenuated strains of tier 1 agents or close mimics. In the LPX program, participating laboratories showed improvement in the level of diagnosis required and referral of isolates to an appropriate reference laboratory. Agents which proved difficult to manage in sentinel laboratories included the more fastidious Gram-negative organisms, especially
Francisella tularensis
and
Burkholderia
spp. The recent Ebola hemorrhagic fever epidemic provided a check on LRN safety processes. Specific guidelines and recommendations for laboratory safety and risk assessment in the clinical microbiology are explored so that sentinel laboratories can better prepare for the next biological disaster.
Improving the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in the emergency department
Authors: Cooper Jenni 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) in the emergency department is challenging due to the wide range of non-specific symptoms, lack of clinical diagnostic criteria, and imperfect investigations. Various scoring systems exist in an attempt to limit unnecessary investigations in those with low risk of PE. Following a baseline audit and subsequent PDSA cycles we implemented a flowchart for use in patients suspected of pulmonary embolism encouraging the correct use of the Wells Score and Pulmonary Embolism Rule out Criteria (PERC).The standard used for comparison was based on the NICE guidelines for diagnosis of PE with the addition that PERC could also be used if appropriate. Data was collected over four week periods before and after the introduction of our flowchart in two emergency departments in Melbourne. We aimed to increase documentation of pre-test probability, reduce inappropriate investigations, and increase the use of interim parenteral anticoagulation where there was a delay to imaging.Results showed an increase in the documentation of pre-test probability and the proportion of investigations requested that were inappropriate was reduced. The percentage of inappropriate d-dimers was reduced from 36% to 24%; the percentage of inappropriate CTPAs was reduced from 34% to 10%; and the percentage of inappropriate V/Q scans was reduced from 42% to 14%.Implementation of a simple diagnostic algorithm led to an increase in documentation of pre-test probability and a reduction in inappropriate and unnecessary investigations. This intervention may be applicable to other emergency departments where similar issues in diagnosing pulmonary embolism exist.