bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Malatya-Elazığ region during the Middle Bronze Age: a re-evaluation of the archaeological evidence
Authors: Şerifoğlu Tevfik Emre 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Malatya-Elaziğ area is one of the most intensively studied regions in eastern Turkey, but archaeologically the general picture is still not very clear. Most of the archaeological excavations and surveys in the area were conducted as part of the Keban and Turkish lower Euphrates salvage projects within a very short period of time. Although the project results were published, still most of the original data is not available and few intensive field projects have since undertaken to fill the gaps between the previously studied areas. As the survey areas are now under water, there is no opportunity to re-survey the areas covered. Under these circumstances, it seems useful to re-analyse the available material in conjunction with evidence provided by other disciplines like geography, geology and even biology up to an extent, aided by certain computer applications; predominantly GIS software but also certain computer programs used by other disciplines for specific analyses. This re-evaluation of the current evidence has made it possible to identify a settlement system that was formed of small clusters of sites, and it can also be suggested that the area was divided into three cultural zones during most of the Middle Bronze Age.
Magic and Property: The Legal Context of Apuleius' Apologia
Authors: Taylor Tristan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper examines Apuleius' Apologia from the perspective of its legal context. The paper asks three questions: first, what was the legal situation in relation to the property issues central to the motivations of Apuleius' accusers? Second, what would the legal effects of a conviction have been on these property concerns? And, finally, what light do our answers to these questions shed on the Apologia itself? The applicable legal rules suggest both that some of the concerns of the prosecutors were ill-founded and that the prosecution would have achieved little in a legal sense in terms advancing their alleged ends. These observations suggest several potential conclusions: first, that Apuleius' accusers sincerely believed their accusation of magic and thought that it was only the magical skill of Apuleius that threatened their aspirations to Pudentilla's estate. Conversely, it may be that the accusers were simply ignorant about the law, vindictive towards Apuleius, or both. Third, that Apuleius has misrepresented his accusers' motivations. Finally, these conclusions on matters of law could even be taken to suggest that the speech does not represent a genuine case, but rather is a work of fiction concocted by Apuleius for literary purposes.
Dealing with Caesar: Finding Politics between 42 and 27 BC
Authors: Welch Kathryn 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe idea that ‘the republic died at Philippi’ was an essential element in the discourse of the principate because it denied legitimacy to the resistance that followed. Yet, until 36, the republicans' control of the seas under Sextus Pompeius' leadership allowed the continuation of military resistance which all too often was embarrassingly successful. Restoring Sextus Pompeius to his rightful place in the alliance against the triumvirate allows us to rethink the narrative of the war as well the ways his supporters contributed to the politics of thenovus statuseven after his defeat.
The Urban Unpopularity of Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
Authors: Beness J.L. 
Published: July 2016

‘As in the decade after C. Gracchus' murder, so in the decade after Saturninus’ murder popular fervor abated …’In the unexceptional judgement quoted above Saturninus is clearly identified with the ‘popular cause’ and from that equation all sorts of assumptions flow. The presumption that Marius turned to Saturninus (as to Glaucia) because he needed his strengths, amongst which, it is assumed, was his influence with the populace, is rarely challenged. That is understandable. The presumption of Saturninus' popularity would seem to be based onancientjudgement.
The Macedonian Navies of Philip and Alexander until 330 B.C.
Authors: Hammond N.G.L. 
Published: July 2016

In this article it is argued that Philip developed a considerable navy in the course of his reign, and that Alexander took that Macedonian navy as well as the Greek navy when he first entered Asia in 334 B.C. I shall discuss the literary testimonia in two sections, one for Philip and the other for Alexander.1. Aeschines 2.72. Setting out from Macedonia, Philip was contending with us no longer for Amphipolis but already for Lemnos, Imbros and Scyros, our possessions. And our citizens abandoned the Chersonese, which was by general agreement an Athenian property.
Homer, Ovid and Heroides 1.15–16
Authors: Kelly Michael 
Published: July 2016

quando ego non timui graviora pericula veris?res est solliciti plena timoris amor.in te fingebam violentos Troas ituros;nomine in Hectoreo pallida semper eram.15 sive quis Antilochum narrabat ab Hectore victum, Antilochus nostri causa timoris erat;sive Menoetiadenfalsis cecidisse sub armis flebam successu posse carere dolos.sanguine Tlepolemus Lyciam tepefecerat hastam, 20 Tlepolemi leto cura novata mea est.denique quisquis erat castris iugulatus Achivis, frigidius glacie pectus amantis erat.(Ovid, Her. 1.11–22)Lines 15-16 of Penelope’s letter have given rise to much debate over the years because numerous scholars have found that the couplet contains a mistake over the fate of Antilochus. Some attribute the mistake to scribal corruption in the transmission of the text, others to Ovid himself. Such a cloud of scholarly dust has the passage raised that no apology is necessary for yet another attempt to clarify so minor a point. The crux of the problem lies in the meaning of victum.
Was the Athenian Gnome Dikaiotate a Principle of Equity?
Authors: O'neil James L. 
Published: July 2016

Modern scholars have expressed divergent views on the role played in Athenian law courts by , ‘the most just opinion,’ which the dikasts swore to observe in the heliastic oath. The most common view is that this embodied a principle of equity under which the precise letter of the law could be overridden. Hirzel and Vinogradoff are the leading advocates of this view. A variant has been proposed by Jones and Plescia, whereby this was not the intention of the oath, but it was used by speech-writers and accepted by the jury-courts in this fashion.A minority view is advanced by Meyer-Laurin, Wolff and Meinecke, that ‘the most just opinion’ was only a subsidiary means of decision, applied only when the law gave no guidance on a particular point. Biscardi proposes a middle way, in that ‘most just opinion did not override the letter of the law but was used as a principle of equity in the interpretation and formulation of the laws.’
Testing the Legend: Horace, Silius Italicus and the Case of Marcus Atilius Regulus
Authors: Williams Gareth 
Published: July 2016

After Marcus Atilius Regulus made inroads into North Africa as consul in 256 B.C. during the first Punic War, the Carthaginians were apparently ready to negotiate a settlement, but Regulus offered terms so harsh that they were refused out of hand. At this point Xanthippus, the Spartan mercenary-general, arrived on the Carthaginian side and soon made an impact as a shrewd and uplifting leader, not least because, in a dramatic reversal of fortunes, he captured Regulus, by then proconsul, by ambush in 255. Regulus' subsequent fate, embellished in the later literary-historical tradition, was enshrined in die familiar version here represented by Valerius Maximus:Sed quae ad custodiam religionis attinent, nescio an omnes M. Atilius Regulus praecesserit, qui ex victore speciosissimo insidiis Hasdrubalis et Xanthippi Lacedaemonii ducis ad miserabilem captiui fortunam deductus ac missus ad senatum populumque Romanum legatus, ut se et uno et sene complures Poenorum iuuenes pensarentur, in contrarium dato consilio Carthaginem petiit, non quid <em> ignarus ad quam crudeles quamque merito sibi infestos † deos † reuerteretur, uerum quia iis iurauerat, si captiui eorum redditi non forent, ad eos sese rediturum. potuerunt profecto di immortales efferatam mitigare saeuitiam. ceterum, quo clarior esset Atili gloria, Carthaginienses moribus suis uti passi sunt, tertio Punico bello religiosissimi spiritus tarn crudeliter uexati urbis eorum interitu iusta exacturi piacula.
‘A fanatical yet rational devotion’ Augustus and the Legions
Authors: Ridley Ronald T. 
Published: July 2016

There is surely no one any more who requires convincing that the basis of the Augustan principate was the control of the legions. Augustus may have paraded his tribunician power and played down hispotestasas a magistrate, but theRes Gestaeis above all else the record of the generalissimo in control of the entire military resources of the empire. That control remained almost unchallenged for forty-four years.William Harris brilliantly demonstrated that under the Republic military glory was the preeminent virtue of Roman politicians. The state was now in the control of one man, but nothing had changed, except that the stakes were higher. Edward Gibbon, of course, detected the truth. He had, after all, both political and military experience – however inglorious.
Cornford Mythistoricus
Authors: Horsley G.H.R. 
Published: July 2016

For D.H. KellyUn homme d'esprit sent ce que les autres ne font que savoir(Montesquieu, Oeuvres complètes [Paris 1951] 1.57)Although F.M. Cornford’s name was already known to me from his commentary on Plato’sTheaitetos,my first acquaintance with hisThucydides Mythistoricuscame in my earliest years of teaching Ancient History in the mid-1970s under the tutelage of the one to whom this essay is dedicated. I have drawn on Cornford’s book regularly when teaching Greek History, and found it useful as a provocation to students reading Thucydides. With the centenary since its publication looming, two years ago I felt it was high time to learn more about the context in which the book arose. Already a generation ago, W.M. Calder III identified Cornford as ‘an outstanding scholar, a personality, and a man involved in the issues of his time’ who merits a biography.
Chione's Bikini: Affectation or Normal Bathing Attire?
Authors: Watson Patricia 
Published: July 2016

Narrat te, Chione, rumor numquam esse fututamatque nihil cunno purius esse tuo.Tecta tamen non hac, qua debes, parte lavaris:si pudor est, transfer subligar in faciem.Martial,Ep. 3.87Rumour has it, Chione, that you have never been fucked and that nothing is purer than your cunt. But when you take a bath you don't cover yourself in the place you should: if you have any modesty, transfer your loincloth to your face.The epigram is an amusing attack on ameretrix(‘prostitute’), with the ironic sobriquet Chione (‘Snow White’) who, though technically a virgin, in fact specialises infellatio. To make the point that it is Chione's mouth, rather than hercunnus(‘cunt’), which is impure, Martial suggests that when bathing she should modestly cover that part which in her case is put to sexual use, that is, her mouth, by transferring hersubligar(lit. ‘loin-cloth’) from her bottom half to her face. Although the meaning is clear and the piece looks uncomplicated enough, a discussion of the precise way in which the humour works, and second, of the underlying social customs, offers unexpected rewards.
Unusual Sound Combinations in the Greek Vocabulary
Authors: Shipp G.P. 
Published: July 2016

The primary purpose of this essay is to illustrate from Greek the tendency for rare phonetic features of a language to become still rarer or completely lost. In the main the period studied will be that from Homer to classical Attic and Ionic, and the features studied will be initial consonant groups. This will lead sometimes to the consideration of the circumstances in which words with such features that have become rare are used in classical literature.Some attempt is made also to account for the rarity of some phonetic features and for the presence in Greek of combinations rare in it and related languages, from some point of view abnormal to their patterning. The raw material and occasionally the interpretation of it is taken from standard works.
Once More the Indirect Reflexive
Authors: Meritt Benjamin D. , McGregor Malcolm F. 
Published: July 2016

This is the text of Meritt, McGregor and H.T. Wade-Gery published in ATL as D 22, except that has replaced their in line 20.In 1980 the restoration of line 22 was challenged by A.S. Henry: Vindex Humanitatis, Essays in Honour of John Huntly Bishop, edited by B.A. Marshall (University of New England Publishing Unit, Armidale), 17-33. He pointed out that is a reflexive pronoun, which must refer to the subject of the verb to which it is attached. The subject of on the other hand, is ; our restoration, he concluded, is therefore impossible.
Three Passages in Persae
Authors: Podlecki Anthony J. 
Published: July 2016

Pers. 165-9166-7 obscuri Page | Lacunam statuit post 168 MerkelThe Medicean Scholiast on 168 paraphrases The Scholiast has apparently misunderstood the image, since it does not seem to be a question of the ‘poor enjoying the pleasure [or the power] of light’. Broadhead’s explanation of 166-7 seems plausible: ‘wealth, deprived of men, will not win respect, and … ἀναρχία may follow the news of a great disaster’ (The Persae of Aeschylus [Cambridge, 1960], p. 74). But how can this be got out of the Greek? R. D. Dawe’s Repertory of Conjectures on Aeschylus (Leiden, 1965) lists numerous attempts to emend 166, but the real trouble seems to lie in 167. After discussing various interpretations of 167 as it stands, Broadhead expresses some doubts (‘if the text is sound’). He notes Lawson’s suggestion of φωσίν ὅ for φς ὅσον. Dawe records Blaydes’ ὅσοις. Broadhead also reports a suggested transposition of 166 and 167 (A. ‘Ludwig and others’), which does not really affect the issue of how 167 is to be interpreted. Πάρα at the end of 167 = πάρεστι according to LSJ, of which I fail to make any acceptable sense; Broadhead gives the words the only meaning they will bear: ‘For those lacking in wealth what strength they possess does not shine as a light’ (p. 74 n. 1), but his paraphrase, ‘does not bring salvation, or success’, is hardly justified by the Greek.
Policy-making in the Spartan Assembly
Authors: Kelly D.H. 
Published: July 2016

Emphasizing what he saw as the weakness and docility of the Spartan assembly M.I. Finley wrote:‘I will put the question very bluntly. Can we imagine that the obedient, disciplined Spartan soldier dropped his normal habits when he was assembled not as a soldier but as a citizen, while he listened to debates among those from whom he otherwise was taught to take orders without questioning or hesitation?‘
Changes in Selected Characteristics of U. S. Farms During the 1970s and Early 1980s: An Investigation Based on Current and Constant Dollar Sales Categories
Authors: Zulauf Carl R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractChanges since 1970 in the distribution of selected farm characteristics among constant and current dollar farm sales categories were examined. In general, the same trends emerged but changes were less dramatic after adjusting for inflation. The increasing concentration of net farm income among farms with sales exceeding $500,000 was attributed in part to their continuing high ratio of gross farm income to expenses (approximately 145 percent). Farms with sales between $10,000 and $500,000 became more dependent on nonfarm income. This dependency is postulated to result from a farm income treadmill and use of nonfarm income to cope with the treadmill.
Simple and Multiple Cross-Hedging of Rice Bran
Authors: Elam Emmett W. , Miller Stephen E. , Holder Shelby H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFeasibility of forward pricing sales of rice bran via cross-hedging was investigated. Corn, oats, wheat, and soybean meal futures were considered as simple and multiple cross-hedging media. Simulation results indicated that simple cross-hedging using corn futures would be most effective in reducing price risks.
Evaluating Privately Funded Public Research: An Example With Poultry And Eggs
Authors: Martinez Stephen , Norton George W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA procedure is described for evaluating poultry and egg research projects. A peer review questionnaire and benefit-cost analysis are utilized incorporating elasticities from an econometric model for poultry and eggs. Production, cost, and price changes are used to calculate changes in producer surplus and net economic surplus for a set of privately funded publicly conducted research projects.
Empirical Testing of a Farm Firm Growth Theory
Authors: Rafeld Frederick J. , Shaudys Edgar T. 
Published: July 2016

Researchers in agricultural economics have become increasingly concerned with the effects of structural and technical changes in agriculture upon the size of the farm firm. These researchers not only want to understand firm growth in order to make suggestions for necessary changes in social institutions but also to advise the managers of farm firms.Recent farm firm growth research studies were conducted using empirically based mathematical programming models to explore growth and to test hypotheses concerning the influence of various economic factors upon growth. For examples, see. Growth in these studies is a function of the assumptions of the particular programming model.
Intergovernmental Arrangements for Dealing with Pollution Problems
Authors: Hammond Leigh H. 
Published: July 2016

The past year launched us, not only into the decade of the 70's, but also into a period of intense concern about our environment. We have been bombarded by prophesies that range from those expressing no real concern to those saying the very survival of man is questionable.There is a general consensus that we do have problems, but that we can deal with these problems if the nation will just get serious and place a high priority on environmental programs. We can cite past records of success, once specific objectives have been accepted as national goals. World War II and the conquest of space are but two recent examples.
Specification of Supplies and Demands For Subsector and Submarket Studies
Authors: Harrington David H. 
Published: July 2016

Regional supply-adjustment studies are either underway or completed for milk, feed grain-livestock, wheat, rice, cotton, and beef. Other related studies take subsectors as units of analysis for studying markets for such inputs as labor and fertilizer, or for studying regional comparative advantage.This paper reviews the specification of supply and demand for both kinds of studies and develops the concept of effective subsectoral demands and supplies from the standard Walrasian adjustment behavioral assumptions. These concepts are applied to both the input markets and the product markets. Two commonly used specifications of subsectoral functions: (1) the method of equal elasticity as the aggregate, and (2) the method of equal slope as the aggregate, are found to be incorrect specifications of subsectoral functions in perfectly competitive adjustment studies, except in very restrictive circumstances. The theoretically consistent specifications are developed and shown to be operationally useable for future studies.
Agricultural Programs in the Seventies: The Political-Economic Environment
Authors: Paarlberg Don 
Published: July 2016

I shall treat my subject, not as a Government official, which I am, but as a university professor, which I also am, on leave from Purdue University. I begin, like a professor, by defining terms.For about forty years farm policy people have considered the term “agricultural programs” to mean programs for controlling production and price and increasing the income from our major crops. This ignores other agricultural programs like rural development, research and education, regulatory activities, environmental programs, and food distribution. In dollars spent and numbers of persons affected, these other programs bulk larger than the commodity programs. But I interpret my assignment as relating to the commodity programs.
Discussion: Rural Housing Needs and Barriers, The Case of Central Appalachia
Authors: Klindt Thomas H. 
Published: July 2016

Deaton and Hanrahan provided an excellent report on the situation of housing in Central Appalachia. Their arguments concerning the implications to be drawn from the situation are that Central Appalachia had a disproportionate share of substandard housing in 1960 and 1970, examination of some barriers to increase housing construction indicates that public policy has not been effective in reaching the very poor, and therefore, public housing policy should be altered.Three questions may be raised that need to be answered before implementing new public housing policy for Central Appalachia.
Alternative Forms of Taxation to Achieve Equitable Levels of Educational Expenditures
Authors: White Fred C. , Miller Bill R. 
Published: July 2016

Pressures are increasing for reforms in financing of local government services. At the local level, the property tax is a major source of concern. Two major charges leveled against the property tax are (1) that the property tax is regressive and (2) that financing local government services through the property tax leads to inequities in services received.The charge that the property tax is regressive stems from the fact that it is a tax on wealth and not on income. The amount of real property owned by a person is not necessarily proportional to his ability to pay taxes. Several studies have shown that property taxes are regressive; i.e., that low-income families pay a greater percentage of their income for public services than do middle- and upper-income families.
Model to Evaluate Alternative Irrigation Distribution Systems with an Exhaustible Water Supply
Authors: Lacewell Ronald D. , Pearce John C. 
Published: July 2016

In many regions, irrigation water is pumped from an underground aquifer that receives little or no recharge. With an exhaustible water supply, water available in year t + 1 depends on quantity of water available in year t − 1 and the quantity withdrawn in year t. As the water supply decreases, pumping costs increase and returns to water and management decline.The exhaustible nature of the water supply causes an especially difficult problem for the farm operator in that he must allocate water within and among years. In addition, the farm operator is faced with irrigation investment decisions; e.g., type of irrigation distribution system to use. He must consider simultaneously, labor intensive versus capital intensive systems and effect of each system on present value and economic life of his specific water supply. To manually evaluate the alternatives, making the necessary calculations would be prohibitive in terms of both cost and time.
Role of Marketing and Procurement Systems in the Control of Agriculture
Authors: Rhodes V. James 
Published: July 2016

Issues ancient and modern in the structural organization of agriculture are newly being legitimized. As one evidence, hundreds of extension meetings this winter will utilize a new set of leaflets entitled, “Who Will Control Agriculture?”. In popular articles, speeches, and research reports various aspects of the question are being examined. Even Secretary of Agriculture Earl Butz, himself an agricultural economist, has proclaimed the relevance of the subject, not to mention his chief economist, Don Paarlberg, who has addressed the same subject frequently.Among these several sources the focus varies: optimal size of farm or feedlot; tax issues; the comparative advantage of the corporate and other forms of organization; economies of vertical coordination; the nature of contractual integration; and bargaining power for farmers and farm workers.