bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obstructive apnea due to laryngospasm links ictal to postictal events in SUDEP cases and offers practical biomarkers for review of past cases and prevention of new ones
Authors: Stewart Mark , Kollmar Richard , Nakase Ko , Silverman Joshua , Sundaram Krishnamurthi , Orman Rena , Lazar Jason 
Published: May 2017

SummarySeizure spread into autonomic and respiratory brainstem regions is thought to play an important role in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). As the clinical dataset of cases of definite SUDEP available for study grows, evidence points to a sequence of events that includes postictal apnea, bradycardia, and asystole as critical events that can lead to death. One possible link between the precipitating seizure and the critical postictal sequence is seizure‐driven laryngospasm sufficient to completely obstruct the airway for an extended period, but ictal laryngospasm is difficult to fully assess. Herein, we demonstrate in a rat model how the electrical artifacts of attempts to inspire during airway obstruction and features of the cardiac rhythm establish this link between ictal and postictal activity and can be used as practical biomarkers of obstructive apnea due to laryngospasm or other causes of airway obstruction.
Juvenile Barn SwallowsHirundo rusticaL. from late broods start autumn migration younger, fuel less effectively and show lower return rates than juveniles from early broods
Authors: Raja‐aho Sari , Eeva Tapio , Suorsa Petri , Valkama Jari , Lehikoinen Esa 
Published: May 2017

Long‐distance migratory passerines may exhibit different post‐fledging rearing times between their early and late broods due to limited time and energy resources. This could affect the migratory fuelling behaviour, condition and fitness of juvenile birds. We analysed long‐term (13‐year) biometric data (body mass, fat score) on Barn Swallows ringed at the nest and later recaptured during their initial stages of autumn migration. The return rates of early‐ and late‐born juveniles after overwintering in Africa were further compared to estimate their fitness. We found that juveniles from late broods started migrating south on average 11 days younger compared with juveniles from early broods. Body masses of nestlings did not differ between early and late broods, but juveniles from late broods were in better condition after leaving the nest, possibly due to a longer period of parental care. Having started migration, juveniles from late broods were, however, less efficient in accumulating energy than juveniles from early broods. A younger departure age, together with less efficient fuelling of late brood juveniles, may partly explain the 39% lower return probability and hence lower fitness value of late‐brood juveniles. Our study is the first to show that juveniles from the early and late broods exhibit different fuelling behaviour and departure strategies (in terms of age and timing), which may be reflected in the fitness value of offspring.
No short‐ or long‐term effects of geolocator attachment detected in Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca
Authors: Bell Sophie C. , El Harouchi Myriam , Hewson Chris M. , Burgess Malcolm D. 
Published: May 2017

Tracking small passerines using miniaturized location tags is a rapidly expanding field of study. In a 1‐year study, we tested whether there were any short‐ or longer‐term effects of fitting geolocators weighing 3% of body mass on male Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca. In the deployment year, we compared adult provisioning rates to nestlings, nestling growth and nest success between nesting attempts in which adult males were fitted with a geolocator, with control nests where males had the same capture history but were not tagged. We found no difference between treatments in provisioning effort by males or their associated female 2 days after geolocator fitting, in terms of nestling growth, subsequent brood reduction or nest success. Return rate, arrival date on territories, nest timing and breeding parameters were compared between tagged and untagged males in the following breeding season. We found no difference in return rate or arrival date, and no difference in nest timing, fecundity or outcome. Our study suggests that fitting lightweight tags to small passerines need not affect behaviour, breeding or apparent between‐year survival. However, tagging new species should still require assessment and comparison with well‐matched control cohorts, and it should be recognized that tag effects could vary between years and populations, mediated by environmental conditions.
Transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor/aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator is involved in regulation of the xenobiotic tolerance‐related cytochrome P450 CYP6DA2 in Aphis gossypii Glover
Authors: Peng T. , Chen X. , Pan Y. , Zheng Z. , Wei X. , Xi J. , Zhang J. , Gao X. , Shang Q. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, is one of the most economically important agricultural pests worldwide as it is polyphagous and resistant to many classes of insecticides. Overexpression of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) CYP6DA2 has previously been found to be associated with gossypol and spirotetramat tolerance in the cotton aphid. In the present study, the elements located in the promoter region (‐357:‐343; ‐250:‐241; ‐113:‐104) of CYP6DA2 were shown to control promoter activity, and gossypol induction was observed. We hypothesized that the expression of CYP6DA2 is subject to transcriptional regulation. To investigate the underlying mechanism, we assessed two transcription factors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT), and found that the abundance of AhR was highly correlated with CYP6DA2 abundance. RNA interference of AhR or ARNT significantly decreased the levels of the target gene as well as those of its counterpart, and both dramatically repressed CYP6DA2 expression. Cotransfection of the ARNT, AhR, or AhR plus ARNT and CYP6DA2 promoter constructs elevated CYP6DA2 promoter activity, with the AhR plus ARNT cotransfection being the most effective. Thus, these elements located in the promoter were responsible for CYP6DA2 transcription, and CYP6DA2 expression was regulated by the transcription factors AhR and ARNT.
Decision to Emigrate amongst the Youth in Lebanon
Authors: Dibeh Ghassan , Fakih Ali , Marrouch Walid 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis article studies the determinants of youth emigration decisions, which is considered one of the main causes of ‘Brain Drain’ in Arab Mediterranean Countries (AMCs). We focus on the case of Lebanon using a unique dataset covering young people aged 15 to 29 from the year 2016. The aim of the article is to identify the profile of youth's propensity to emigrate from Lebanon. The empirical results indicate that youth from non‐wealthy backgrounds living in smaller dwellings have a higher propensity to emigrate. It is also found that being male and unemployed has a positive effect on migration. Moreover, university education promotes the willingness to emigrate; while residents of poor regions are more likely to express such willingness. Finally, the article provides some insights for policymakers.
Ferroptosis: bug or feature?
Authors: Dixon Scott J. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryFerroptosis is an iron‐dependent, oxidative form of non‐apoptotic cell death. This form of cell death does not share morphological, biochemical, or genetic similarities with classic necrosis, necroptosis, parthanatos, or other forms of non‐apoptotic cell death. Ferroptosis can be triggered by depleting the cell of the amino acid cysteine, or by inhibiting the phospholipid hydroperoxidase glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Why certain stimuli trigger ferroptosis instead of another form of cell death, and whether this process could be adaptive in vivo, are two major unanswered questions concerning this process. Emerging evidence and consideration of related non‐apoptotic pathways suggest that ferroptosis could be an adaptive process, albeit one regulated and executed in a manner very different from apoptosis and other forms of cell death.
RIPK3‐driven cell death during virus infections
Authors: Upton Jason W. , Shubina Maria , Balachandran Siddharth 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe programmed self‐destruction of infected cells is a powerful antimicrobial strategy in metazoans. For decades, apoptosis represented the dominant mechanism by which the virus‐infected cell was thought to undergo programmed cell death. More recently, however, new mechanisms of cell death have been described that are also key to host defense. One such mechanism in vertebrates is programmed necrosis, or “necroptosis”, driven by receptor‐interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3). Once activated by innate immune stimuli, including virus infections, RIPK3 phosphorylates the mixed lineage kinase domain‐like protein (MLKL), which then disrupts cellular membranes to effect necroptosis. Emerging evidence demonstrates that RIPK3 can also mediate apoptosis and regulate inflammasomes. Here, we review studies on the mechanisms by which viruses activate RIPK3 and the pathways engaged by RIPK3 that drive cell death.
Transactive memory systems and Web 2.0 in knowledge sharing: A conceptual model based on activity theory and critical realism
Authors: Simeonova Boyka 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to advance understanding of interactive knowledge sharing (KS) processes through exploring the role of transactive memory systems (TMSs) and Web 2.0. In the context of the information systems literature, there is little focus on their particular role in KS. To address this gap, this paper develops a conceptual model based on activity theory and critical realism outlining the role of TMS and Web 2.0 as mediating tools. This paper further reveals that their use as tools depends on deeper underlying structures/factors embedded within the community, namely, informal networks and trust among people. The new conceptual model and theoretical propositions are then illustrated by a qualitative study undertaken in Bulgarian organisations. This illustrative case provides support for the model, where TMS and Web 2.0 are found to facilitate KS. It further demonstrates that informal networks and trust among people support the use and the positive effects of these tools. The contribution of this paper is in the new analytical approach and conceptual model developed, which advances our understanding of interactive KS by explaining the linkages between the various factors involved.
Differences in genetic structure assessed using Y‐chromosome and mitochondrial DNA markers do not shape the contributions to diversity in African sires
Authors: Álvarez I. , Pérez‐Pardal L. , Traoré A. , Koudandé D.O. , Fernández I. , Soudré A. , Diarra S. , Sanou M. , Boussini H. , Goyache F. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryUp to 173 African sires belonging to 11 different subpopulations representative of four cattle groups were analysed for six Y‐specific microsatellite loci and a mitochondrial DNA fragment. Differences in Y‐chromosome and mtDNA haplotype structuring were assessed. In addition, the effect of such structuring on contributions to total genetic diversity was assessed. Thirty‐five Y‐chromosome and 71 mtDNA haplotypes were identified. Most Y‐chromosomes analysed (73.4%) were of zebu origin (11 haplotypes). Twenty‐two Y‐haplotypes (44 samples) belonged to the African taurine subfamily Y2a. All mtDNA haplotypes belonged to the “African” taurine T1 haplogroup with 16 samples and nine haplotypes belonging to a recently identified subhaplogroup (T1e). Median‐joining networks showed that Y‐chromosome phylogenies were highly reticulated with clear separation between zebu and taurine clusters. Mitochondrial haplotypes showed a clear star‐like shape with small number of mutations separating haplotypes. Mitochondrial‐based FST‐statistics computed between cattle groups tended to be statistically non‐significant (p > .05). Most FST values computed among groups and subpopulations using Y‐chromosome markers were statistically significant. AMOVA confirmed that divergence between cattle groups was only significant for Y‐chromosome markers (ΦCT = 0.209). At the mitochondrial level, African sires resembled an undifferentiated population with individuals explaining 94.3% of the total variance. Whatever the markers considered, the highest contributions to total Nei's gene diversity and allelic richness were found in West African cattle. Genetic structuring had no effect on patterns of contributions to diversity.
Development and validation of an item response theory‐based Social Responsiveness Scale short form
Authors: Sturm Alexandra , Kuhfeld Megan , Kasari Connie , McCracken James T. 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundResearch and practice in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) rely on quantitative measures, such as the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), for characterization and diagnosis. Like many ASD diagnostic measures, SRS scores are influenced by factors unrelated to ASD core features. This study further interrogates the psychometric properties of the SRS using item response theory (IRT), and demonstrates a strategy to create a psychometrically sound short form by applying IRT results.MethodsSocial Responsiveness Scale analyses were conducted on a large sample (N = 21,426) of youth from four ASD databases. Items were subjected to item factor analyses and evaluation of item bias by gender, age, expressive language level, behavior problems, and nonverbal IQ.ResultsItem selection based on item psychometric properties, DIF analyses, and substantive validity produced a reduced item SRS short form that was unidimensional in structure, highly reliable (α = .96), and free of gender, age, expressive language, behavior problems, and nonverbal IQ influence. The short form also showed strong relationships with established measures of autism symptom severity (ADOS, ADI‐R, Vineland). Degree of association between all measures varied as a function of expressive language.ConclusionsResults identified specific SRS items that are more vulnerable to non‐ASD‐related traits. The resultant 16‐item SRS short form may possess superior psychometric properties compared to the original scale and emerge as a more precise measure of ASD core symptom severity, facilitating research and practice. Future research using IRT is needed to further refine existing measures of autism symptomatology.
Decline in prevalence and risk of helicobacter pylori in kidney transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cheungpasitporn Wisit , Thongprayoon Charat , Wijarnpreecha Karn , Mitema Donald G. , Mao Michael A. , Nissaisorakarn Pitchaphon , Podboy Alexander , Kittanamongkolchai Wonngarm , Sakhuja Ankit , Erickson Stephen B. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe study's aims were (1) to investigate the prevalence and (2) to assess the risk of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in kidney transplant recipients.MethodsA comprehensive literature search was performed from inception until September 2016. Studies that reported prevalence, relative risks, odd ratios, or hazard ratios of H. pylori among kidney transplant recipients were included. Pooled risk ratios and 95% CI were calculated using a random‐effect model.ResultsEleven observational studies with 2545 kidney transplant recipients were enrolled. Between year 1990 and 2000, the estimated prevalence of H. pylori among people with kidney transplant was 50% (95% CI: 31% to 68%), with a prevalence of 46% (95% CI: 23% to 70%) in high‐income countries and 55% (95% CI: 22% to 86%) in middle‐income countries, respectively. From year 2000 to 2016, the estimated prevalence of H. pylori among people with kidney transplant was 35% (95% CI: 26% to 45%), with a prevalence of 28% (95% CI: 19% to 37%) in high‐income countries and 45% (95% CI: 38% to 51%) in middle‐income countries. Data regarding prevalence of H. pylori infection in low‐income countries were limited. The pooled RR of H. pylori in kidney transplant recipients was 0.57 (95% CI: 0.33 to 1.00) when compared to people with non‐transplant.ConclusionsThere has been a decline in prevalence of H. pylori in kidney transplant recipients with the overall estimated prevalence of H. pylori in kidney transplant recipients of 35%, particularly in both high‐income and middle‐income countries. Also, our meta‐analysis demonstrates a potential decreased risk of H. pylori infection in kidney transplant recipients compared with non‐transplant populations.
Specialty oilseed crops provide an abundant source of pollen for pollinators and beneficial insects
Authors: Thom M. D. , Eberle C. A. , Forcella F. , Gesch R. , Weyers S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe continuing pollinator crisis is due, in part, to the lack of year‐round floral resources. In intensive farming regions, such as the Upper Midwest (UMW) of the USA, natural and pastoral vegetation largely has been replaced by annual crops such as maize (Zea mays L.), soyabean (Glycine max L.) and wheat (Triticum spp.). Neither the energy (nectar) nor protein (pollen) needs of pollinating and other beneficial insects are being met sufficiently by the new, high‐intensity, agricultural landscape. Several potentially useful oilseed crops can be grown in the UMW, and many of these oilseeds are highly attractive to beneficial insects. Prior research showed that some of these oilseeds produced abundant nectar, but their corresponding values for pollen production are unknown. Accordingly, the aim of our research was to document pollen (and protein) production per unit area of twelve oilseed crops grown in Minnesota and associate these values with levels of beneficial insect visitation during anthesis. Our results show that oilseed crops such as camelina (Camelina sativa L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) produce relatively little pollen (≤40 kg/ha); borage (Borago officinalis L.), calendula (Calendula officinalis L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), crambe (Crambe abyssianica Hochst) and cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. × Cuphea lanceolata W. T. Aiton) produce bountiful pollen resources (50–150 kg/ha); and oilseed echium (Echium plantagineum L.) generates massive amounts of pollen (>400 kg/ha), about 50% of which is protein. Our study is unique in presenting a season‐long perspective of pollen production in alternative oilseed crops, a resource valuable to pollen‐feeding insects such as managed and wild bees. Diversification of UMW landscapes that includes alternative oilseed crops such as oilseed echium and cuphea can potentially provide a ready source of pollen and protein to help combat pollinator decline.
Leptomeningeal Enhancement at 7T in Multiple Sclerosis: Frequency, Morphology, and Relationship to Cortical Volume
Authors: Harrison Daniel M. , Wang Kevin Y. , Fiol Julie , Naunton Kerry , Royal Walter , Hua Jun , Izbudak Izlem 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEPerform an investigation of the frequency and distribution of leptomeningeal enhancement on postgadolinium magnetization‐prepared FLAIR (MPFLAIR) in multiple sclerosis (MS) on 7 Tesla (7T) MRI and to relate this finding to measures of brain structure and lesion volumes.METHODSTwenty‐nine participants with MS underwent 7T MRI of the brain. Three healthy volunteers (HVs) were scanned for comparison. Areas of postcontrast leptomeningeal enhancement were identified. Images were segmented for brain structure and lesion volumes. The relationship between leptomeningeal enhancement and clinical and volumetric data was explored.RESULTSTwo patterns of enhancement were found: “nodular” (discrete, spherical nodules at the pial surface or subarachnoid space) and “spread/fill” (appearance of contrast spread through the local subarachnoid space). Twenty‐six of 29 (90%) MS participants had at least one focus of leptomeningeal enhancement. Nodular foci were present in 15 of 29 (51%) MS participants. Spread/fill foci were present in 22 of 29 (76%) MS participants. Two HVs had examples of nodular foci, but none had spread/fill enhancement. MS participants with spread/fill foci were older (48.9 years [SD 8.3]) than those without (33.3 years [SD 11.5], P = .005). MS participants with spread/fill foci had reduced cortical gray matter volume compared to those without (P = .020).CONCLUSIONSLeptomeningeal enhancement on postcontrast 7T MPFLAIR is more prevalent than prior reports at 3T—occurring at frequencies closer to histopathologic data. Spread/fill foci are associated with reduced cortical gray matter volumes and may represent blood‐meningeal barrier breakdown near sites of meningeal inflammation, whereas nodular foci may be a normal variant.
Response of School Districts to the New York State Concussion Awareness and Management Act: Review of Policies and Procedures
Authors: Kajankova Maria , Oswald Jennifer M. , Terranova Lauren M. , Kaplen Michael V. , Ambrose Anne F. , Spielman Lisa A. , Gordon Wayne A. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDBy 2014, all states implemented concussion laws that schools must translate into daily practice; yet, limited knowledge exists regarding implementation of these laws. We examined the extent to which concussion management policies and procedure (P&P) documents of New York State school districts comply with the State's Concussion Awareness and Management Act (the Act). We also aimed to identify barriers to compliance.METHODSForty‐seven school districts provided P&P documents. We examined compliance with the Act and the relationship between compliance and each district's demographics.RESULTSCompliance varied across school districts, with higher overall compliance in large city school districts compared to county districts. However, there was low compliance for several critical items. We found no statistically significant relationship between compliance and demographics.CONCLUSIONSSchool districts need to increase compliance with concussion legislation to ensure the adequate implementation necessary for the law to impact health and educational outcomes. The results provide important information to individuals charged with the responsibility of implementation and ultimately reducing the negative outcomes associated with brain injuries in schools.
Effect of Forced Sexual Intercourse on Associations Between Early Sexual Debut and Other Health Risk Behaviors Among US High School Students
Authors: Lowry Richard , Robin Leah , Kann Laura 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDPrevious research on associations between early sexual debut and other health risk behaviors has not examined the effect of forced sexual intercourse on those associations.METHODSWe analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of 19,240 high school students in the United States, age ≥16 years, to describe the effect of forced sexual intercourse on associations between early sexual debut and other health risk behaviors using adjusted prevalence ratios (APR).RESULTSEarly sexual debut and forced sexual intercourse were simultaneously and independently associated with sexual risk‐taking, violence‐related behaviors, and substance use. For example, even after controlling for forced sexual intercourse and race/ethnicity, students who experienced their first sexual intercourse before age 13 years were more likely than students who initiated sexual intercourse at age ≥16 years to have had ≥4 sexual partners during their lifetime (girls, APR = 4.55; boys, APR = 5.82) and to have not used a condom at last sexual intercourse (girls, APR = 1.74; boys, APR = 1.47).CONCLUSIONSAssociations between early sexual debut and other health risk behaviors occur independently of forced sexual intercourse. School‐based sexual health education programs might appropriately include strategies that encourage delay of initiation of sexual intercourse, and coordinate with violence and substance use prevention programs.