bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance characteristics of a passively locked cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer with wideband-tunable multimode near-infrared light source
Authors: Someya Ryuta , Imamura Takeshi , Okamoto Tetsushi , Hatano Hiroshi , Toyoshima Naoko , Tei Kazuyoku , Yamaguchi Shigeru 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
A trace material detection system was developed on the basis of cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS) using a fiber-coupled passively locked external cavity diode laser (PLEC-DL) in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength region. The oscillation range of an antireflection-coated diode laser (AR-DL) coupled into an external cavity could be simply selected with a narrowband bandpass filter (1 nm), resulting in a stable wavelength oscillation in the wideband tunability between 1640 and 1680 nm. The external cavity acts as a trace material sensor that exhibits excellent flexibility because it is free from the DL source and is carefully designed with mirrors having reflectivities of ca. 99.995 and 99.99%. Trace-level detection was successfully demonstrated with the developed sensor having a minimum detectable absorption coefficient of 2.4 × 10−8 cm−1, which corresponds to 0.15 ppm for CH4 concentration without interference from H2O absorption lines under atmospheric pressure.
Controllability of self-aligned four-terminal planar embedded metal double-gate low-temperature polycrystalline-silicon thin-film transistors on a glass substrate
Authors: Ohsawa Hiroki , Sasaki Shun , Hara Akito 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Self-aligned four-terminal n-channel (n-ch) and p-channel (p-ch) planar embedded metal double-gate polycrystalline-silicon (poly-Si) thin-film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated on a glass substrate at a low temperature of 550 °C. This device includes a metal top gate (TG) and a metal bottom gate (BG), which are used as the drive and control gates or vice versa. The BG was embedded in a glass substrate, and a poly-Si channel with large lateral grains was fabricated by continuous-wave laser lateral crystallization. The threshold voltage modulation factors under various control gate voltages (γ = ΔV
th/ΔV
CG) were nearly equal to the theoretical predictions in both the n- and p-ch TFTs. By exploiting this high controllability, an enhancement depletion (ED) inverter was fabricated, and successful operation at 2.0 V was confirmed.
The use and evaluation of self-regulation techniques can predict health goal attainment in adults: an explorative study
Authors: Plaete Jolien , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Verloigne Maite , Crombez Geert 
Published: February 2016

Background.Self-regulation tools are not always used optimally, and implementation intention plans often lack quality. Therefore, this study explored participants’ use and evaluation of self-regulation techniques and their impact on goal attainment.Methods.Data were obtained from 452 adults in a proof of concept (POC) intervention of ‘MyPlan’, an eHealth intervention using self-regulation techniques to promote three healthy behaviours (physical activity (PA), fruit intake, or vegetable intake). Participants applied self-regulation techniques to a self-selected health behaviour, and evaluated the self-regulation techniques. The quality of implementation intentions was rated by the authors as a function of instrumentality (instrumental and non-instrumental) and specificity (non-specific and medium to highly specific). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to predict goal attainment.Results.Goal attainment was significantly predicted by the motivational value of the personal advice (OR:1.86), by the specificity of the implementation intentions (OR:3.5), by the motivational value of the action plan (OR:1.86), and by making a new action plan at follow-up (OR:4.10). Interaction-effects with behaviour showed that the specificity score of the implementation intention plans (OR:4.59), the motivational value of the personal advice (OR:2.38), selecting hindering factors and solutions(OR:2.00) and making a new action plan at follow-up (OR:7.54) were predictive of goal attainment only for fruit or vegetable intake. Also, when participants in the fruit and vegetable group made more than three plans, they were more likely to attain their goal (OR:1.73), whereas the reverse was the case in the PA group (OR:0.34).Discussion.The chance that adults reach fruit and vegetable goals can be increased by including motivating personal advice, self-formulated action plans, and instructions/strategies to make specific implementation intentions into eHealth interventions. To increase the chance that adults reach short-term PA goals, it is suggested to keep eHealth PA interventions simple and focus only on developing a few implementation intentions. However, more research is needed to identify behaviour change techniques that can increase health goal attainment at long-term.
Running dry: The U.S. Southwest's drift into a drier climate state
Authors: Prein Andreas F. , Holland Gregory J. , Rasmussen Roy M. , Clark Martyn P. , Tye Mari R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractChanges in precipitation have far‐reaching consequences on human society and ecosystems as has been demonstrated by recent severe droughts in California and the Oklahoma region. Droughts are beside tropical cyclones the most costly weather and climate related extreme events in the U.S. We apply a weather type (WT) analysis to reanalysis data from 1979–2014 that characterize typical weather conditions over the contiguous United States. This enables us to assign precipitation trends within 1980–2010 to changes in WT frequencies and changes in precipitation intensities. We show that in the North Atlantic and Midwest region precipitation intensity changes are the major driver of increasing precipitation trends. In the U.S. Southwest, however, WT frequency changes lead to a significant precipitation decrease of up to −25% related to an increase in anticyclonic conditions in the North East Pacific. This trend is partly counteracted by increasing precipitation intensities.
The vertical propagation of disturbances triggered by seismic waves of the 11 March 2011 M9.0 Tohoku earthquake over Taiwan
Authors: Liu J. Y. , Chen C. H. , Sun Y. Y. , Chen C. H. , Tsai H. F. , Yen H. Y. , Chum J. , Lastovicka J. , Yang Q. S. , Chen W. S. , Wen S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this paper, concurrent/colocated measurements of seismometers, infrasonic systems, magnetometers, HF‐CW (high frequency‐continuous wave) Doppler sounding systems, and GPS receivers are employed to detect disturbances triggered by seismic waves of the 11 March 2011 M9.0 Tohoku earthquake. No time delay between colocated infrasonic (i.e., super long acoustic) waves and seismic waves indicates that the triggered acoustic and/or gravity waves in the atmosphere (or seismo‐traveling atmospheric disturbances, STADs) near the Earth's surface can be immediately activated by vertical ground motions. The circle method is used to find the origin and compute the observed horizontal traveling speed of the triggered infrasonic waves. The speed of about 3.3 km/s computed from the arrival time versus the epicentral distance suggests that the infrasonic waves (i.e., STADs) are mainly induced by the Rayleigh waves. The agreements in the travel time at various heights between the observation and theoretical calculation suggest that the STADs triggered by the vertical motion of ground surface caused by the Tohoku earthquake traveled vertically from the ground to the ionosphere with speed of the sound in the atmosphere over Taiwan.
Formation of downstream high‐speed jets by a rippled nonstationary quasi‐parallel shock: 2‐D hybrid simulations
Authors: Hao Y. , Lembege B. , Lu Q. , Guo F. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractExperimental observations from space missions (including more recently Cluster and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms data) have clearly revealed the existence of high‐speed jets (HSJs) in the downstream region of the quasi‐parallel terrestrial bow shock. Presently, two‐dimensional hybrid simulations are performed in order to investigate the formation of such HSJs through a rippled quasi‐parallel shock front. The simulation results show that (i) such shock fronts are strongly nonstationary along the shock normal, and (ii) ripples are evidenced along the shock front as the upstream ULF waves (excited by interaction between incident and reflected ions) are convected back to the front by the solar wind and contribute to the rippling formation. Then, these ripples are inherent structures of a quasi‐parallel shock. As a consequence, new incident solar wind ions interact differently at different locations along the shock surface, and the ion bulk velocity strongly differs locally as ions are transmitted downstream. Preliminary results show that (i) local bursty patterns of turbulent magnetic field may form within the rippled front and play the role of local secondary shock; (ii) some incident ion flows penetrate the front, suffer some deflection (instead of being decelerated) at the locations of these secondary shocks, and are at the origin of well‐structured (filamentary) HSJs downstream; and (iii) the spatial scales of HSJs are in a good agreement with experimental observations. Such downstream HSJs are shown to be generated by local curvature effects (front rippling) and the nonstationarity of the shock front itself.
Synthesis of Enantioenriched Indolines by a Conjugate Addition/Asymmetric Protonation/Aza‐Prins Cascade Reaction
Authors: Daniels Blake E. , Ni Jane , Reisman Sarah E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA conjugate addition/asymmetric protonation/aza‐Prins cascade reaction has been developed for the enantioselective synthesis of fused polycyclic indolines. A catalyst system generated from ZrCl4 and 3,3′‐dibromo‐BINOL enables the synthesis of a range of polycyclic indolines in good yields and with high enantioselectivity. A key finding is the use of TMSCl and 2,6‐dibromophenol as a stoichiometric source of HCl to facilitate catalyst turnover. This transformation is the first in which a ZrCl4⋅BINOL complex serves as a chiral Lewis‐acid‐assisted Brønsted acid.
Electronic Characterization of Reaction Intermediates: The Fluorenylium, Phenalenylium, and Benz[f]indenylium Cations and Their Radicals
Authors: Fulara Jan , Chakraborty Arghya , Maier John P. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThree vibrationally resolved absorption systems commencing at 538, 518, and 392 nm were detected in a 6 K neon matrix after mass‐selected deposition of C13H9+ ions (m/z=165) produced from fluorene in a hot‐cathode discharge ion source. The benz[f]indenylium (BfI+: 538 nm), fluorenylium (FL9+: 518 nm), and phenalenylium (PHL+: 392 nm) cations are the absorbing molecules. Two electronic systems corresponding to neutral species are apparent at 490 and 546 nm after irradiation of the matrix with λ<260 nm photons and were assigned to the FL9 and BfI radicals, respectively. The strongest peak at 518 nm is the origin of the 2 1B2←X̃ 1A1 absorption of FL9+, and the 490 nm band is the 2 2A2←X̃ 2B1 origin of FL9. The electronic systems commencing at 538 nm and 546 nm were assigned to the 1 1A1←X̃ 1A1 and 1 2A2←X̃ 2A2 transitions of BfI+ and BfI. The 392 nm band is the 1 1E′←X̃ 1A1′ transition of PHL+. The electronic spectra of C13H9+/C13H9 were assigned on the basis of the vertical excitation energies calculated with SAC‐CI and MS‐CASPT2 methods.
Boosted Charge Transfer in SnS/SnO2 Heterostructures: Toward High Rate Capability for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zheng Yang , Zhou Tengfei , Zhang Chaofeng , Mao Jianfeng , Liu Huakun , Guo Zaiping 
Published: February 2016

AbstractConstructing heterostructures can endow materials with fascinating performance in high‐speed electronics, optoelectronics, and other applications owing to the built‐in charge‐transfer driving force, which is of benefit to the specific charge‐transfer kinetics. Rational design and controllable synthesis of nano‐heterostructure anode materials with high‐rate performance, however, still remains a great challenge. Herein, ultrafine SnS/SnO2 heterostructures were successfully fabricated and showed enhanced charge‐transfer capability. The mobility enhancement is attributed to the interface effect of heterostructures, which induces an electric field within the nanocrystals, giving them much lower ion‐diffusion resistance and facilitating interfacial electron transport.
Catalytic SN2′‐ and Enantioselective Allylic Substitution with a Diborylmethane Reagent and Application in Synthesis
Authors: Shi Ying , Hoveyda Amir H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA catalytic method for the site‐ and enantioselective addition of commercially available di‐B(pin)‐methane to allylic phosphates is introduced (pin=pinacolato). Transformations may be facilitated by an NHC–Cu complex (NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbene) and products obtained in 63–95 % yield, 88:12 to >98:2 SN2′/SN2 selectivity, and 85:15–99:1 enantiomeric ratio. The utility of the approach, entailing the involvement of different catalytic cross‐coupling processes, is highlighted by its application to the formal synthesis of the cytotoxic natural product rhopaloic acid A.
Developing a mathematical model for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane in a fluidized bed reactor
Authors: Torabi Ali , Kazemeini Mohammad , Fattahi Moslem 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this research, a mathematical model to simulate a two‐phase fluidized bed reactor for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene was developed. The developed model was solved numerically using the matlab software. Moreover, effects of the reaction temperature, operating pressure, feed composition, particle's size and gas superficial velocity on the reactant conversion, product selectivity and desired product's yield were understudied. The model was validated using previously published experimental data for simulation of the case at the exit of the circulating fluidized bed reactor. The results revealed that, as the temperature raised from 783 to 823 K, the propane conversion enhanced from 4.47% to 13.01%, while the propylene selectivity lowered from 85.35% to 68.03%. In addition, it was shown that doubling of the propane concentration increased the propane conversion from 4.47% to 4.73%. On one hand, doubling of the oxygen concentration enhanced the propane conversion from 4.41% to 4.47%, while on the other, tripling of the pressure led to increasing of the propane conversion from 4.47% to 5.54%. Nonetheless, this pressure enhancement lowered the propylene selectivity from 85.35% to 77.90%. Moreover, changing of the particle's type from Geldart A to B resulted in decreasing of the propane conversion from 4.56% to 1.40% and increasing of the propylene selectivity from 84.83% to 89.69%. The model further revealed that effect of the superficial velocity was not very significant. Ultimately, to predict the maximum propylene selectivity, different kinetic expressions were understudied. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical properties and intermolecular interaction of eutectic solvents binary mixtures: reline and ethaline
Authors: Mjalli Farouq S. , Ahmed Omar Umar 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDespite the potentials of deep eutectic solvent (DES) for application in variety of fields, the perfect DES with the exact desired properties is hard to come by. This is due to lack of understanding of their exact nature, which would allow for appropriate choice of the DES constituents to obtain the desired properties. One way DES properties can be fine‐tuned to a specific application is via mixing with another DES. This does not only allow for the formation of task specific solvent but also presents us with the opportunity of studying intermolecular forces of attraction via a macroscopic thermodynamic property (excess molar volume). In this work, the DES mixture Reline–Ethaline was synthesized at different molar fractions of Ethaline. The excess molar volume of this system was evaluated, and its effect on the physical properties of DES mixture was discussed. The physical properties measured were molar volume, viscosity, conductivity, refractive index and pH at different molar fractions of Ethaline (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9), and temperatures (20–80 °C). © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Joint Control of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning and Natural Ventilation in a Meeting Room for Energy Saving
Authors: Xu Xiaoyan , Jia Qing‐Shan , Xu Zhanbo , Zhang Beibei , Guan Xiaohong 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the optimal joint control of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems and natural ventilation during the start‐up period of these systems in a meeting room. The joint control policy could reduce the total energy consumption in the building, but the optimal policy could be complex and difficult to implement in practice. In order to address this dilemma, we make the following major contributions. First, we theoretically show that the optimal control policy of heating, ventilation and air conditioning can be well approximated by the threshold policies after natural ventilation is applied; the optimal control policy of natural ventilation can be greatly approximated by the threshold policy, when the indoor air temperature as a function of time has monotonicity after the heating, ventilation and air conditioning policy is applied. Furthermore, we establish a rule‐based law framework for the policy approximation of joint control of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning and natural ventilation. Second, we propose the thresholds estimation framework for the policy approximation of fan coil unit, fresh air unit, and natural ventilation respectively, based on the dynamic of the outdoor air temperature, the indoor base air temperature, and the indoor air temperature after the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning policy is applied. Finally, we compare the performance loss, the indoor comfort violation rate, and computational complexity under the approximated policy with those under the dynamic programming, the optimized artificial neural network method, [24–26], and the small sampling and machine learning method [27]. Numerical testing results show that our method saves the computing time dramatically with no effect on the comfort of occupants and little performance degradation.
Simultaneous Design of Parallel Distributed Output Feedback and Anti‐windup Compensators for Constrained Takagi‐Sugeno Fuzzy Systems
Authors: Nguyen Anh‐Tu , Dambrine Michel , Lauber Jimmy 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper is devoted to developing a novel approach to deal with constrained continuous‐time nonlinear systems in the form of Takagi‐Sugeno fuzzy models. Here, the disturbed systems are subject to both input and state constraints. The one‐step design method is used to simultaneously synthesize the dynamic output feedback controller and its anti‐windup strategy. A parameter‐dependent version of the generalized sector condition is used together with Lyapunov stability theory to derive linear matrix inequality design conditions. Based on this result and for different design specifications, the synthesis of an anti‐windup based dynamic output feedback controller is expressed on the form of convex optimization problems. A physically motivated example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
How do carbon cycle uncertainties affect IPCC temperature projections?
Authors: Bodman Roger W. , Rayner Peter J. , Jones Roger N. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCarbon cycle uncertainties associated with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature‐change projections were treated differently between the Fourth and Fifth Assessment Reports as the latter focused on concentration‐ rather than emission‐driven experiments. Carbon cycle feedbacks then relate to the emissions consistent with a particular concentration. A valuable alternative is to include all uncertainties in a single step from emissions to temperatures. We use a simple climate model with an observationally constrained parameter distribution to explore the carbon cycle and temperature‐change projections, simulating the emission‐driven Representative Concentration Pathways. The resulting range of uncertainty is a somewhat wider and asymmetric likely range (biased high).
Mortality from trauma haemorrhage and opportunities for improvement in transfusion practice
Authors: Stanworth S J , Davenport R , Curry N , Seeney F , Eaglestone S , Edwards A , Martin K , Allard S , Woodford M , Lecky F E , Brohi K 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence, patterns of blood use and outcomes of major haemorrhage in trauma.

Methods
This was a prospective observational study from 22 hospitals in the UK, including both major trauma centres and smaller trauma units. Eligible patients received at least 4 units of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) in the first 24 h of admission with activation of the massive haemorrhage protocol. Case notes, transfusion charts, blood bank records and copies of prescription/theatre charts were accessed and reviewed centrally. Study outcomes were: use of blood components, critical care during hospital stay, and mortality at 24 h, 30 days and 1 year. Data were used to estimate the national trauma haemorrhage incidence.

Results
A total of 442 patients were identified during a median enrolment interval of 20 (range 7–24) months. Based on this, the national incidence of trauma haemorrhage was estimated to be 83 per million. The median age of patients in the study cohort was 38 years and 73·8 per cent were men. The incidence of major haemorrhage increased markedly in patients aged over 65 years. Thirty-six deaths within 24 h of admission occurred within the first 3 h. At 24 h, 79 patients (17·9 per cent) had died, but mortality continued to rise even after discharge. Patients who received a cumulative ratio of fresh frozen plasma to PRBCs of at least 1 : 2 had lower rates of death than those who received a lower ratio. There were delays in administration of blood. Platelets and cryoprecipitate were either not given, or transfused well after initial resuscitation.

Conclusion
There is a high burden of trauma haemorrhage that affects all age groups. Research is required to understand the reasons for death after the first 24 h and barriers to timely transfusion support.
Waste Livelihoods Amongst the Poor – Through the Lens of Bricolage
Authors: Holt Diane , Littlewood David 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper examines two social enterprises and 25+ informal economy micro‐entrepreneurs in Kenya who utilize waste materials to generate income, considered through the conceptual lens of bricolage. Waste materials can all be considered as sources of free or discounted materials that in resource‐constrained and poor communities might be leveraged to generate income in the absence of employment. This paper explores three key themes that emerge from the research findings, namely the various strategic dimensions of the cases, the networks and social capital they leverage and how these livelihood models relate to various dimensions of bricolage such as improvisation, making do and the process of ‘fiddling’ or recombining resources. The findings also suggest that differing waste livelihoods have different rates of return, or profitability, and differing input requirements of capital, skills and knowledge. The paper also stresses the role of boundary spanning organizations such as NGOs and hybrid/social enterprises. © 2016 The Authors. Business Strategy and the Environment published by ERP Environment and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.