bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating a Cobalt‐Tetraphenylporphyrin Complex, Functionalized with a Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite, for Improved Tooth Whitening
Authors: Su I‐Hsuan , Lee Chen‐Fu , Su Yu‐Pin , Wang Lai‐Hao 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo study using cobalt‐tetraphenylporphyrin/reduced graphene oxide (CoTPP/RGO), a nanocomposite highly catalytic both for oxidizing and for reducing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), to whiten teeth.MethodsDyes (D&C Red 34, Orange No. 4), tea, and betel nuts (Areca catechu) were used to stain the tooth specimens for three days and subsequently bleached using H2O2 alone, H2O2 plus CoTPP, or H2O2 plus CoTPP/RGO for 0.5–70 hours. The process was photographed using an electronic chromometer and a camera. Color change was assessed after each session. The results of bleaching teeth with and without photoirradiation were compared.ResultsCoTPP/RGO increased the tooth‐whitening efficacy of H2O2 for specimens stained with dyes, tea, and betel nuts. Using lamps (photoactivation) (wavelengths: 254 nm and 310 nm) to catalyze the H2O2 bleaching agent reduced the bleaching treatment time.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEFirst, the Co/TPP/RGO complex allows improved tooth bleaching and shorter treatment times. Second, because the Co/TPP/RGO complex bleached D&C Red 34 at a similar rate and to a similar degree as tea and other natural agents stain teeth, it is a convenient staining agent for studying many vital aspects of tooth bleaching. (J Esthet Restor Dent 28:321–329, 2016)
Development and validation of visceral fat quantification as a surrogate marker for differentiation of Crohn's disease and intestinal tuberculosis
Authors: Yadav Dawesh Prakash , Madhusudhan Kumble Seetharama , Kedia Saurabh , Sharma Raju , Pratap Mouli Venigalla , Bopanna Sawan , Dhingra Rajan , Pradhan Rajesh , Goyal Sandeep , Sreenivas Vishnubhatla , Vikram Naval K , Makharia Govind , Ahuja Vineet 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackground and AimCrohn's disease (CD) and intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) have close phenotypic resemblance. Mesenteric fat (a component of visceral fat [VF]) hypertrophy and fat wrapping, which is visible radiologically as fibrofatty proliferation, is seen more commonly in CD than in ITB.AimThe present study was conducted to study the role of VF in differentiating CD and ITB.MethodsVisceral fat area and subcutaneous (SC) fat area were measured on computed tomography in two cohorts (development and validation). VF/SC ratio was also calculated for all patients. In the development cohort, retrospective data collection was carried out for 75 patients with CD and ITB who were on follow‐up from January 2012 to November 2014. In the validation cohort, 82 patients were recruited prospectively from December 2014 to December 2015 and were diagnosed as CD or ITB according to standard diagnostic criteria.ResultsVisceral fat area and VF/SC ratio were significantly higher in CD patients (n = 42: development, n = 46: validation) than in ITB patients (n = 33: development, n = 36: validation) in both the development (106.2 ± 63.5 vs 37.3 ± 22, P = <0.001; 1.1 ± 0.57 vs 0.43 ± 0.24, P = <0.001) and validation cohorts (102.2 ± 69.8 vs 55.8 ± 44.9, P = 0.01; 1.2 ± 0.68 vs 0.56 ± 0.33, P = <0.001). A cut‐off of 0.63 for VF/SC ratio in the development cohort had a high sensitivity (82%) and specificity (81%) in differentiating CD and ITB. Similar sensitivity (81%) and specificity (78%) were seen when this cut‐off was applied in the validation cohort.ConclusionThe VF/SC ratio is a simple, cost‐effective, non‐invasive and single objective parameter with a good sensitivity and specificity to differentiate CD and ITB.
Cardiac Rehabilitation in Very Old Adults: Effect of Baseline Functional Capacity on Treatment Effectiveness
Authors: Baldasseroni Samuele , Pratesi Alessandra , Francini Sara , Pallante Rachele , Barucci Riccardo , Orso Francesco , Burgisser Costanza , Marchionni Niccolò , Fattirolli Francesco 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesTo assess the effect of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and identify predictors of changes in functional capacity with CR in a consecutive series of older adults with a recent cardiac event.DesignObservational.SettingIn‐hospital CR unit.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 75 and older referred to an outpatient CR Unit after an acute coronary event (unstable angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction) or cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass grafting, heart valve replacement or repair) (N = 160, mean age 80 ± 4).MeasurementsPeak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak, power) during a symptom‐limited cardiopulmonary stress test, distance walked in a 6‐minute walk test (6MWT, resistance), and peak torque (strength) using an isokinetic dynamometer, were assessed at baseline and at discharge from a 4‐week supervised training program.ResultsIndexes of physical performance improved from baseline to discharge (VO2 peak, 10.9%; 6MWT, 11.0%; peak torque, 11.5%). Baseline performance was independently associated with changes in all three indexes, with higher baseline values predicting less improvement (VO2 peak: OR=0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.77–0.97; 6MWT: OR= 0.99, 95% CI=0.99–1.00; peak torque: OR=0.96, 95% CI=0.94–0.98).ConclusionAn exercise‐based CR program was associated with improvement in all domains of physical performance even in older adults after an acute coronary event or cardiac surgical intervention, particularly in those with poorer baseline performance.
Effect of inhibition on tyrosinase and melanogenesis of Agastache rugosa Kuntze by lactic acid bacteria fermentation
Authors: Kim Nam Young , Kwon Hee Souk , Lee Hyeon Yong 
Published: August 2016

SummaryBackgroundThis work presents the first report that A. rugosa could have tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibition and that its activities also be improved by fermentation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus paracasei. It was found that the tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibition was correlated with antioxidant activity of acacetin, the major biologically active substances in A. rugosa.Aimswe pursued an improvement in tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibition of A. rugosa extract by fermentation process.MethodsA. rugosa was extracted by lactic acid fermentation process; we measured antioxidant activities and tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibition of A. rugosa extracts.ResultIn particular, reducing power of the extract from fermentation process (FE) was measured as 0.562 (O.D.), whereas reducing power of the extracts from 70% ethanol extraction (EE) was lower than the FE as 0.496 (O.D.). Polyphenols and flavonoids in the FE were higher than the EE: 69.3 mg/g vs. 60.5 mg/g, and 187 mg/g vs. 138 mg/g. The FE was estimated as 51.04% tyrosinase inhibition and 41.88% for the EE. Similarly, melanin inhibition in melanocyte B16F10 was observed as 66.60% vs. 42.23% for the FE and EE. The increase in tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibition activity was confirmed by high elution of acacetin through fermentation process such as 289.97 mg/100 g vs. 198.04 mg/100 g in the FE and EE.ConclusionThese results indicate that tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibition activities of the extracts should be associated with antioxidant activity because acacetin is known to have strong antioxidant activity, which can also positively affect whitening activities.
Transition from an open‐plan to a two‐cot neonatal intensive care unit: a participatory action research approach
Authors: Broom Margaret , Gardner Anne , Kecskes Zsuzsoka , Kildea Sue 
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectivesTo facilitate staff transition from an open‐plan to a two‐cot neonatal intensive care unit design.BackgroundIn 2012, an Australian regional neonatal intensive care unit transitioned from an open‐plan to a two‐cot neonatal intensive care unit design. Research has reported single‐ and small‐room neonatal intensive care unit design may negatively impact on the distances nurses walk, reducing the time they spend providing direct neonatal care. Studies have also reported nurses feel isolated and need additional support and education in such neonatal intensive care units. Staff highlighted their concerns regarding the impact of the new design on workflow and clinical practice.DesignA participatory action research approach.MethodsA participatory action group titled the Change and Networking Group collaborated with staff over a four‐year period (2009–2013) to facilitate the transition. The Change and Networking Group used a collaborative, cyclical process of planning, gathering data, taking action and reviewing the results to plan the next action. Data sources included meeting and workshop minutes, newsletters, feedback boards, subgroup reports and a staff satisfaction survey.ResultsThe study findings include a description of (1) how the participatory action research cycles were used by the Change and Networking Group: providing examples of projects and strategies undertaken; and (2) evaluations of participatory action research methodology and Group by neonatal intensive care unit staff and Change and Networking members.ConclusionThis study has described the benefits of using participatory action research to facilitate staff transition from an open‐plan to a two‐cot neonatal intensive care unit design. Participatory action research methodology enabled the inclusion of staff to find solutions to design and clinical practice questions. Future research is required to assess the long‐term effect of neonatal intensive care unit design on staff workload, maintaining and supporting a skilled workforce as well as the impact of a new neonatal intensive care unit design on the neonatal intensive care unit culture.Relevance to clinical practiceA supportive work environment for staff is critical in providing high‐quality health care.
Evaluation of an inpatient fall risk screening tool to identify the most critical fall risk factors in inpatients
Authors: Hou Wen‐Hsuan , Kang Chun‐Mei , Ho Mu‐Hsing , Kuo Jessie Ming‐Chuan , Chen Hsiao‐Lien , Chang Wen‐Yin 
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectivesTo evaluate the accuracy of the inpatient fall risk screening tool and to identify the most critical fall risk factors in inpatients.BackgroundVariations exist in several screening tools applied in acute care hospitals for examining risk factors for falls and identifying high‐risk inpatients.DesignSecondary data analysis.MethodsA subset of inpatient data for the period from June 2011–June 2014 was extracted from the nursing information system and adverse event reporting system of an 818‐bed teaching medical centre in Taipei. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and logistic regression analysis.ResultsDuring the study period, 205 fallers and 37,232 nonfallers were identified. The results revealed that the inpatient fall risk screening tool (cut‐off point of ≥3) had a low sensitivity level (60%), satisfactory specificity (87%), a positive predictive value of 2·0% and a negative predictive value of 99%. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed an area under the curve of 0·805 (sensitivity, 71·8%; specificity, 78%). To increase the sensitivity values, the Youden index suggests at least 1·5 points to be the most suitable cut‐off point for the inpatient fall risk screening tool. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a considerably increased fall risk in patients with impaired balance and impaired elimination. The fall risk factor was also significantly associated with days of hospital stay and with admission to surgical wards.ConclusionsThe findings can raise awareness about the two most critical risk factors for falls among future clinical nurses and other healthcare professionals and thus facilitate the development of fall prevention interventions.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study highlights the needs for redefining the cut‐off points of the inpatient fall risk screening tool to effectively identify inpatients at a high risk of falls. Furthermore, inpatients with impaired balance and impaired elimination should be closely monitored by nurses to prevent falling during hospitalisations.
A comparison of job descriptions for nurse practitioners working in out‐of‐hours primary care services: implications for workforce planning, patients and nursing
Authors: Teare Jean , Horne Maria , Clements Gill , Mohammed Mohammed A 
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectivesTo compare and contrast job descriptions for nursing roles in out‐of‐hours services to obtain a general understanding of what is required for a nurse working in this job.BackgroundOut‐of‐hours services provide nursing services to patients either through telephone or face‐to‐face contact in care centres. Many of these services are newly created giving job opportunities to nurses working in this area. It is vital that nurses know what their role entails but also that patients and other professionals know how out‐of‐hours nurses function in terms of competence and clinical role.DesignContent analysis of out‐of‐hours job descriptions.MethodContent analysis of a convenience sample of 16 job descriptions of out‐of‐hours nurses from five out‐of‐hours care providers across England was undertaken. The findings were narratively synthesised, supported by tabulation.ResultsKey role descriptors were examined in terms of job titles, managerial skills, clinical skills, professional qualifications and previous experience. Content analysis of each out‐of‐hours job description revealed a lack of consensus in clinical competence and skills required related to job title although there were many similarities in skills across all the roles.ConclusionThis study highlights key differences and some similarities between roles and job titles in out‐of‐hours nursing but requires a larger study to inform workforce planning.Relevance to clinical practiceOut‐of‐hours nursing is a developing area of practice which requires clarity to ensure patient safety and quality care.
Effects of intradialytic exercise on the physical function, depression and quality of life for haemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Chung Yu‐Chu , Yeh Mei‐Ling , Liu Yueh‐Min 
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectivesTo determine the efficacy and safety of intradialytic exercises for haemodialysis patients, this study conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials.BackgroundPatients receiving haemodialysis have poor physical function, psychological status and quality of life than the general population. Exercise training may improve these parameters for haemodialysis patients.DesignSystemic review was performed, and a meta‐analysis was conducted.MethodsMedline, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,SPORTDiscus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Airiti Library were systematically searched for studies up to January 2015. In addition, the reference lists of eligible studies and relevant reviews were assessed.ResultsSeventeen studies with a total of 651 participants were included. Compared with no resistance exercise, nonexercise and walks at home, intradialytic exercises significantly improved the peak oxygen consumption (SMD = 0·50, 95%CI: 0·26–0·74), haemoglobin (SMD = 0·34, 95%CI: 0·13–0·55), depression (SMD = −0·80, 95%CI: −1·10 to −0·50) and physical component of the quality of life (SMD = 0·46, 95%CI: 0·20–0·73). Intradialytic exercises are safe with no adverse events. However, significant improvements were not observed in the albumin level and mental component of the quality of life.ConclusionsThe study results facilitate selecting intradialytic exercise that improves and provides safety with respect to the peak oxygen consumption, haemoglobin, depression and physical component of the quality of life. Furthermore, regular exercise should be considered a crucial therapeutic modality for patients undergoing haemodialysis.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study suggests that performing intradialytic exercises for 30 minutes per session three times a week for at least ≥8 weeks is beneficial. Regular exercise should be considered as a crucial therapeutic modality of managing patients undergoing haemodialysis, thus guiding in clinical practice.
Altruism, Liquidity Constraint, and Investment in Education
Authors: IHORI TOSHIHIRO , KAMADA KIMIYOSHI , SATO TAKASHI 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn Japan and other East Asian societies, household educational expenditures per child (especially private tutoring expenditures) have increased sharply, perhaps to an excessive degree. This paper suggests a rationale for many families to invest extensively in education, whereas other relevant literature rarely addresses the possibility of excessive educational investment. Introducing altruism and liquidity constraints into a model in which parent and child interact for determining investment in the child's education, we show that educational investment may be excessive unless the family is profoundly liquidity‐constrained. Our result extends previous findings incorporating the Samaritan's Dilemma. We also discuss public policy designed to remedy the inefficiency in educational investment.
The Time‐Consistent Public Goods Provision
Authors: MORITA SHIGEO 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this study, we reconsider the optimal nonlinear tax problem with the public good from the perspective of the commitment issue and examine how it affects the condition of the public good provision. We show that the Samuelson rule should be modified when the government cannot commit and the skill types of taxpayers are revealed in the first period. This is true even if the preference of the taxpayers is separable and additive with respect to consumption and leisure. Our analysis also shows how the lack of commitment affects the formula of the marginal cost of public funds and the level of public good provision. Our findings imply that the level of the public good may be excessive in comparison to the case where the government can commit to its tax policy.
Metacognitive perspectives on the development of reading comprehension: a classroom study of literary text‐talks
Authors: Varga Anita 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe current study is a contribution to reading research dealing with tuition in reading comprehension and specifically with the issue of arranging tuition to support the development of metacognition. The empirical findings referred to in this study are from textual discussions of works of fiction in grades 6 and 7. The specific focus of the study is the correlation between the linguistic strategies used by the teacher and the pupils' opportunities to develop metacognitive perspectives as a consequence of these strategies. The study shows how the teachers, by use of a series of linguistic strategies, can offer pupils support in order to (1) identify and visualise the premises of their personal queries; (2) observe and verbalise their processes of interpretation together with their emotional reactions when reading; (3) survey, adjust and communicate their use of reading comprehension strategies and (4) recognise the text as an aesthetic construction and the interaction/transaction between texts and the reader.
Low serum transferrin correlates with acute‐on‐chronic organ failure and indicates short‐term mortality in decompensated cirrhosis
Authors: Bruns Tony , Nuraldeen Renwar , Mai Martina , Stengel Sven , Zimmermann Henning W. , Yagmur Eray , Trautwein Christian , Stallmach Andreas , Strnad Pavel 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackground & AimsIron represents an essential, but potentially harmful micronutrient, whose regulation has been associated with poor outcome in liver disease. Its homeostasis is tightly linked to oxidative stress, bacterial infections and systemic inflammation. To study the prognostic short‐term significance of iron parameters in a cohort study of patients with decompensation of cirrhosis at risk of acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF).MethodsFerritin, transferrin, iron, transferrin saturation (TSAT) and hepcidin were determined in sera from 292 German patients hospitalized for decompensation of cirrhosis with ascites, of which 78 (27%) had ACLF. Short‐term mortality was prospectively assessed 30 and 90 days after inclusion.ResultsTransferrin concentrations were significantly lower, whereas ferritin and TSAT were higher in patients with ACLF compared to patients without ACLF (P≤.006). Transferrin, TSAT and ferritin differentially correlated with the severity of organ failure, active alcoholism and surrogates of systemic inflammation and macrophage activation. As compared with survivors, 30‐day non‐survivors displayed lower serum transferrin (P=.0003) and higher TSAT (P=.003), whereas 90‐day non‐survivors presented with higher ferritin (P=.03) and lower transferrin (P=.02). Lower transferrin (continuous or dichotomized at 87 mg/dL) and consecutively higher TSAT (continuous or dichotomized >41%) indicated increased mortality within 30 days and remained significant after adjustment for organ failure and inflammation in multivariate regression models and across subgroups of patients.ConclusionAmong the investigated indicators of iron metabolism, serum transferrin concentration was the best indicator of organ failure and an independent predictor of short‐term mortality at 30 days.
Spatial and ecologic distribution of neglected microinvertebrate communities across endangered ecosystems: meiofauna in Bali (Indonesia)
Authors: Leasi Francesca , Gaynus Camille , Mahardini Angka , Moore Tiara N. , Norenburg Jon L. , Barber Paul H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBiodiversity estimations, particularly in vulnerable tropical regions, are essential to understanding ecosystem structure, function and conservation. While threats to marine and terrestrial ecosystems have fueled increased interest in biodiversity research, information on meiofauna, a key trophic and ecologic community of microscopic organisms that lives within sediments, is still lacking. Here we report the results of a faunistic investigation conducted in Bali, Indonesia. The results reveal that the biodiversity of marine meiofauna in Bali is very high. Meiofauna from coral reefs, sand flats and seagrass beds differed significantly in abundance and diversity. Nonetheless, overall community compositions show that meiofauna communities are affected by environmental variables. The high meiofaunal diversity observed in Bali, a low diversity region of the Coral Triangle, indicates the importance of further meiofaunal research across this region and across a broader diversity of habitats. The data presented provide an important baseline for future studies on biodiversity conservation in the face of environmental changes due to anthropogenic impacts and/or natural events.
How do plants read their own shapes?
Authors: Hamant Olivier , Moulia Bruno 
Published: August 2016

SummaryAlthough the sensing of shape and deformation was historically involved in the control of animal locomotion, it is now increasingly being incorporated in developmental biology. Proprioception, the perception of the self, is particularly key to the question of the reproducibility of shapes: the many regulators of growth may lead to a large array of geometries, but shape sensing restricts these diverse outputs to a limited number of forms. Mechanistically, and in addition to geometrical feedback onto the diffusion and transport of molecular factors, we highlight the role of shape‐derived mechanical stress and strain in this process. Through examples at the cell, tissue and organism scales, it appears that such mechanical feedback adds robustness to morphogenesis. Interestingly, synergies exist between shape sensing and response to external cues, such as wind and gravity. Understanding the molecular basis of proprioception is now within reach and opens up many avenues for an integrative view of development.

Contents

Summary
333

I.
Introduction: a brief history of proprioception
333

II.
The possible mechanisms behind shape sensing
334

III.
Evidence for a role of mechanical cues in proprioception
334

IV.
Conclusion: proprioception and the control of growth and form
336

Acknowledgements
336

References
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