bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lubrication theory in highly compressible porous media: the mechanics of skiing, from red cells to humans
Authors: FENG J. , WEINBAUM S. 
Published: July 2002

A generalized lubrication theory that is applicable to highly deformable porous layers
is developed using an effective-medium approach (Brinkman equation). This theory
is valid in the limit where the structure is so compressible that the normal forces
generated by elastic compression of the fibres comprising the solid phase are negligible
compared to the pressure forces generated within the porous layer. We assume that
the deformation of the solid phase is primarily due to boundary compression as
opposed to the motion of the fluid phase. A generalized Reynolds equation is derived
in which the spatial variation of the Darcy permeability parameter,
α = H/√Kp, due
to the matrix compression is determined by new local hydrodynamic solutions for the
flow through a simplified periodic fibre model for the deformed matrix. Here H is
the undeformed layer thickness and Kp the Darcy permeability. This simplified model
assumes that the fibres compress linearly with the deformed gap height in the vertical
direction, but the fibre spacing in the horizontal plane remains unchanged. The model
is thus able to capture the essential nonlinearity that results from large-amplitude
deformations of the matrix layer.The new theory shows that there is an unexpected striking similarity between the
gliding motion of a red cell moving over the endothelial glycocalyx that lines our
microvessels and a human skier or snowboarder skiing on compressed powder. In
both cases one observes an order-of-magnitude compression of the matrix layer when
the motion is arrested and predicts values of α that are of order 100. In this large-α
limit one finds that the pressure and lift forces generated within the compressed
matrix are four orders-of-magnitude greater than classical lubrication theory. In the
case of the red cell these repulsive forces may explain why red cells do not experience
constant adhesive molecular interactions with the endothelial plasmalemma, whereas
in the case of the skier or snowboarder the theory explains why a 70 kg human can
glide through compressed powder without sinking to the base as would occur if the
motion is arrested. The principal difference between the tightly fitting red cell and
the snowboarder is the lateral leakage of the excess pressure at the edges of the
snowboard which greatly diminishes the lift force. A simplified axisymmetric model is
presented for the red cell to explain the striking pop out phenomenon in which a red
cell that starts from rest will quickly lift off the surface and then glide near the edge
of the glycocalyx and also for the unexpectedly large apparent viscosity measured by
Pries et al. (1994) in vivo.
On the spreading mechanism of the three-dimensional turbulent wall jet
Authors: CRAFT T. J. , LAUNDER B. E. 
Published: July 2002

The paper explores, using different levels of turbulence closure, the computed behaviour
of the three-dimensional turbulent wall jet in order to determine the cause
of the remarkably high lateral rates of spread observed in experiments. Initially, to
ensure accurate numerical solution, the equations are cast into the form appropriate
to a self-similar shear flow thereby reducing the problem to one of two independent
variables.Our computations confirm that the strong lateral spreading arises from the creation
of streamwise vorticity, rather than from anisotropic diffusion. The predicted ratio of
the normal to lateral spreading rates is, however, very sensitive to the approximation
made for the pressure–strain correlation. The version that, in other flows, has led to
the best agreement with experiments again comes closest in calculating the wall jet,
although the computed rate of spread is still some 50% greater than in most of the
measurements. Our subsequent calculations, using a forward-marching scheme show
that, because of the strong coupling between axial and secondary flow, the flow takes
much longer to reach its self-preserving state than in a two-dimensional wall jet. Thus,
it appears very probable that none of the experimental data are fully developed.
Boundary layer entrainment of sand-sized particles at high speed
Authors: BATT R. G. , PETACH M. P. , PEABODY S. A. , BATT R. R. 
Published: July 2002

An experimental study of entrainment of sand-sized particles in turbulent
boundary layers has been performed in a high-speed wind tunnel at square-pulse flow
speeds of 27 to 101 ms−1 and for soil bed lengths varying from 2.1 to 5.8 m.
Because of high particle drag-to-weight ratios (D/W = 100–1000) and friction
velocities (uf) well above soil threshold friction velocities
(uft; 10 [les ]
uf/uft [les ] 40), the
present results correspond to the suspension regime of dust lofting, in contrast to
low-speed saltation flows (1 [les ]
uf/uft [les ] 5;
D/W / 15). Results are obtained characterizing
particle entrainment for both a natural soil (White Sands Missile Range
(WSMR) sand; 50% finer-by-weight diameter, D50 = 180 μm)
and a monosized sand sample (Ottawa sand, D50 = 250 μm).
Measurements of local boundary layer velocities and dust densities were performed with
traversing state-of-the-art diagnostics. Scouring rate data
(0.015 [les ] ms [les ] 0.30 g cm−2 s−1)
and streamwise soil flux (10 [les ] Q [les ] 150 g cm−1 s−1)
as a function of bed length and velocity were determined.Scouring rates were found to increase as the 3/2-power of velocity, but decay as the
inverse square root of dust bed length. Corresponding streamwise soil fluxes (also
known as soil loss rates) increased to the 3/2-power of velocity in contrast to the cube
power dependence for low-speed results
(ufree-stream [les ] 15 m s−1;
Q [les ] 1.5 g cm−1 s−1). Comparison of scouring
rate data (from pre/post-test soil loss measurements) with derived data based on the
rate of change of streamwise flux with distance was
favourable. WSMR rates were always lower than Ottawa sand rates, a result consistent
with the lower repose angle for the Ottawa sand sample.Both sets of soil data demonstrate that dust edges extend vertically to higher
elevations than corresponding velocity edges. This result implies that the turbulent
Schmidt number for the present flows is less than unity and of the order of 0.7.
Favourable collapsing of the scouring rate data base was achieved when measured
rates were normalized by the friction velocity mass flux, square root of edge Mach
number and sand repose angle ratio. A universal rate of 0.3±0.1 correlated well with
the bulk of the data.
Reply to ‘Comment on “Collective effects in
bremsstrahlung in plasmas” ’
Authors: TSYTOVICH V. N. , BINGHAM R. , de ANGELIS U. , FORLANI A. 
Published: July 2002

We reply here to a criticism of our paper (Tsytovich et al.
1996) by Iglesias
(1997).In our paper we present a very general formulation of collective effects
in
bremsstrahlung that is valid for any non-equilibrium non-Maxwellian particle

distribution. This result is given in (2.20) early in the paper. The standard

treatments of bremsstrahlung found in books like Bekefi (1966) are only
for
thermal plasmas, where the fluctuation–dissipation theorem is valid.
Note that
the fluctuation–dissipation theorem cannot be used for non-thermal
or non-dipole
fields, and in this respect the method we use is more general. Our
method is the more complex of the approaches used, but, as stated, it can

handle situations that cannot be treated by the standard approach. Our
main
result is the formula (2.20), which is valid for any non-equilibrium non-Maxwellian

particle distribution, and which cannot be found anywhere else in
the literature. Furthermore, we find new qualitative effects indicating
that the
ion–ion bremsstrahlung (which is always neglected in the literature)
is not small
in the case where the collective effects are taken into account, and is
in fact, for
certain frequencies, of the order of the electron–electron bremsstrahlung.
The
other qualitatively new result is that, where collective effects are important,
the
electron–electron bremsstrahlung is not of the order
v2Te/c2,

as it is for the case in the absence of collective effects, but of the
order
ω2pe/ω2
times less –
which, for example in the solar interior, where
ω2pe/ω2
is of the order of
v2Te/c2,
is then
of the order of v4Te/c4.
Feeding habits of John Dory, Zeus faber, off the Portuguese continental coast
Authors: Silva Alexandra 
Published: July 2002

The feeding habits of John Dory (Zeus faber) were studied, based on the analysis of stomach contents from fish sampled in five groundfish surveys. These surveys were carried out off the Portuguese coast during different seasons between 1990 and 1992. The main aspects of feeding biology analysed in this paper are: ontogenetic diet changes, temporal variations in food composition and feeding intensity. Multivariate methods were used to investigate ontogenetic diet shifts. Two main length groups were identified: 8.0–24.9 cm fish, feeding mainly on dragonets and silvery pout, and 25.0–55.9 cm fish whose diet was mainly composed of blue whiting and snipefish. A transitional phase (24.0–30.9 cm fish) with a mixed food composition was observed. This ontogenetic diet shift does not seem to correspond to any important change in body morphology but it does coincide with the onset of sexual maturity in the species.John Dory switched from a diet of small prey species with more pronounced benthic behaviour to a diet of larger schooling pelagic species. This suggests parallel evolution to more pelagic foraging behaviour. However, John Dory feeding habits appear to be largely controlled by the availability and accessibility of prey species: (i) the diet of adult John Dory is dominated by very abundant species; (ii) shifts in the main prey items between different times of the year and between different areas seem to be related both with their absolute and relative abundance in the environment and with the overlap between the depth distribution of predator and prey.
Individual-specific risk factors for anorexia nervosa: a pilot study using a discordant sister-pair design
Authors: KARWAUTZ A. , RABE-HESKETH S. , HU X. , ZHAO J. , SHAM P. , COLLIER D. A. , TREASURE J. L. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The aim of this pilot study was to examine which unique factors (genetic and
environmental) increase the risk for developing anorexia nervosa by using a case–control design of
discordant sister pairs.Methods. Forty-five sister-pairs, one of whom had anorexia nervosa and the other did not, were
recruited. Both sisters completed the Oxford Risk Factor Interview for Eating Disorders and
measures for eating disorder traits, and sib-pair differences. Blood or cheek cell samples were taken
for genetic analysis. Statistical power of the genetic analysis of discordant same-sex siblings was
calculated using a specially written program, DISCORD.Results. The sisters with anorexia nervosa differed from their healthy sisters in terms of personal
vulnerability traits and exposure to high parental expectations and sexual abuse. Factors within the
dieting risk domain did not differ. However, there was evidence of poor feeding in childhood. No
difference in the distribution of genotypes or alleles of the DRD4, COMT, the 5HT2A and 5HT2C
receptor genes was detected. These results are preliminary because our calculations indicate that
there is insufficient power to detect the expected effect on risk with this sample size.Conclusions. A combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors increases the risk of developing
anorexia nervosa. It would, therefore, be informative to undertake a larger study to examine in
more detail the unique genetic and environmental factors that are associated with various forms of
eating disorders.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression and other psychiatric disorders
Authors: McNAMARA B. , RAY J. L. , ARTHURS O. J. , BONIFACE S. 
Published: July 2002

Introduction. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been proposed as a possible alternative to electroconvulsive therapy for the treatment of selected patients with depression, bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the evidence for the effectiveness of rTMS in mood disorders and schizophrenia.Methods. Studies were identified using MEDLINE (1966 to January 2000), EMBASE/Excerpta Medica (1980 to January 2000), Biological Abstracts and Index to Scientific and Technical Proceedings. A number of biomedical and TMS related websites were also searched. We estimated the number needed to treat to show beneficial effect of rTMS when compared with the placebo controlled group.Results. Seven controlled trials of rTMS depression were identified. Five of these were suitable for meta-analysis and show a beneficial effect of rTMS compared to placebo, with a number needed to treat of 2·3 with a 95% confidence interval 1·6 to 4·0, total; 81 patients. A single trial of rTMS has also been performed in mania, which shows a beneficial effect of right hemisphere stimulation when compared with left hemisphere stimulation. A controlled trial in schizophrenia failed to show any benefit of rTMS.Discussion. rTMS has demonstrable beneficial effects in depression. The extent and the duration of the anti-depressant effect of rTMS has yet to be defined. There now needs to be randomized controlled trials to compare rTMS directly with standardized electroconvulsive therapy in order to take this subject forward. With regard to the treatment of other mood disorders and schizophrenia, we are at an early stage in the assessment of further studies that are needed to examine any potential role for rTMS.
The differential impact of age on the phenomenology of melancholia
Authors: PARKER G. , ROY K. , HADZI-PAVLOVIC D. , WILHELM K. , MITCHELL P. 
Published: July 2002

Background. We pursue an observation that age may influence the clinical features of melancholia and, in particular, psychomotor disturbance.Methods. Two large clinical databases were amalgamated allowing the clinical features of 124 depressed subjects meeting DSM-III-R and clinical criteria for melancholia to be contrasted with 218 subjects diagnosed as having a non-melancholic depression by both criteria sets. Psychomotor disturbance was assessed by the CORE measure and by seven classical endogeneity symptoms of melancholia which, when summed, created a ENDOG score.Results. There was no impact of age on ENDOG scores in either the melancholics or non-melancholics. In the melancholics, increasing age was associated with increasing CORE scores and with agitation scale scores in particular. In a set of discriminant function analyses seeking to identify the comparative utility of a set of predictors of melancholic (versus non-melancholic) groups, age was significant, and while CORE and ENDOG scores were individual predictors, their combined entry established that the CORE score alone made the ENDOG score redundant, and that the addition of age then made little impact.Conclusions. Melancholia appears to have a later age of onset than non-melancholic depression, while its phenotypic expression appears to change with age, with psychomotor disturbance being more distinct in older subjects. Such an effect may have a number of clinical implications, including possible differential effects of varying antidepressant treatments.
Unemployment and serious suicide attempts
Authors: BEAUTRAIS A. L. , JOYCE P. R. , MULDER R. T. 
Published: July 2002

Background. This study used a case–control design

to examine the association between

unemployment and risk of medically serious suicide attempt.Method. A sample of 302 individuals who made serious suicide

attempts was contrasted with 1028

randomly selected community control subjects.Results. Individuals who made serious suicide attempts

reported higher rates of current

unemployment (OR=4·2) than control subjects. This association

was similar for males and

females. However, even before adjustment for confounding factors it

was evident that exposure to

unemployment made only a small contribution to suicide attempt risk.

The population attributable

risk for exposure to unemployment was 7·3%. After adjustment

for antecedent childhood, family

and educational factors the association between unemployment and

risk of serious suicide attempt

was reduced but remained significant (OR=2·1), suggesting that

common antecedent factors made

a large contribution to risks of both unemployment and serious

suicide attempt. When both

antecedent family and childhood factors, and psychiatric morbidity

were taken into account,

unemployment was not significantly related to risks of serious

suicide attempt.Conclusion. The results of this study provide support for

the contention that much of the association

between unemployment and suicidal behaviour is non-causal, and

reflects common or correlated

factors that contribute to risks of both unemployment and suicidal

behaviour. Any remaining

association between unemployment and suicide attempt risk appears to

arise from the correlation

that exists between unemployment and psychiatric disorder.
HIV-risk behaviour and knowledge about
HIV/AIDS among patients with schizophrenia
Authors: GRASSI L. , PAVANATI M. , CARDELLI R. , FERRI S. , PERON L. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Recent literature has demonstrated that psychiatric
patients, particularly those with a
diagnosis of schizophrenia, may be at high risk for HIV infection. In fact,
HIV-risk behaviour, such
as intravenous drug with sharing needles, promiscuity associated with unprotected
sex and high-risk
sexual activity after using drugs has been reported by a substantial proportion
of mentally ill
patients.Methods. In order to examine this problem in Italy, HIV-risk
taking behaviour and knowledge
about HIV/AIDS was investigated among 91 schizophrenic patients by
using two self-report
questionnaires (HIV-Risk Behaviour Questionnaire; AIDS-Risk Behaviour Knowledge
Test).Results. One-third of the patients reported having been tested
for HIV infection and one tested
seropositive (prevalence 3·4%). A high proportion of patients reported
HIV-risk behaviour, such
as injected drugs use (22·4%) and engaging in high risk sexual activity
(e.g. multiple partners, 58%;
prostitutes, 45%; occasional partners, 37%). Condoms were ‘never
used’ by 41% of the patients
and ‘almost never used’ by another 25%. In spite of these behaviours,
65% reported no concern
of HIV infection. Knowledge about AIDS was lower among psychiatric patients
than a healthy
control group. Patients with long-lasting illness and numerous psychiatric
admissions were less
acknowledgeable about HIV infection. Certain misconceptions on HIV transmission
were related
to HIV risk behaviour.Conclusions. These results indicate the urgent need for HIV
educational programmes within mental
health community-care settings.
Duration between onset and time of obtaining initial
treatment among people with anxiety and mood
disorders: an international survey of members of
mental health patient advocate groups
Authors: CHRISTIANA J. M. , GILMAN S. E. , GUARDINO M. , MICKELSON K. , MORSELLI P. L. , OLFSON M. , KESSLER R. C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Self-report data obtained from members of advocate groups for patients with anxiety
or mood disorders in 11 countries were used to study time to initial professional help-seeking after
incident episodes.Method. Data were taken from 3516 self-administered questionnaires completed by members of
GAMIAN, an international consortium of mental health patient advocate groups. Reports about
age at onset and age at first seeking treatment were obtained retrospectively.Results. Approximately 40% of respondents reported that they sought treatment in the same year
as the first onset of their disorder. The median delay in help-seeking was 8 years for the remainder
of respondents. Synthetic cohort analysis suggests that delays have decreased in recent cohorts.
However, time to initial help-seeking in all cohorts and all countries was found to be inversely
related to age at onset.Conclusions. Although caution is needed in generalizing the results beyond members of patient
advocate groups, the key patterns found here were also found in previous analyses of general
population surveys carried out in the US and Canada. The critical and consistent finding in all these
studies is that presumably curable adolescents with early-onset disorders are, in effect, ignored by
the treatment system in these countries. Aggressive outreach and intervention among early-onset
cases might prove to be a cost-effective approach both to prevent the onset of secondary disorders
and to improve success in treating primary disorders.
Response to Helm, Quinn, and Westphal
Authors: WOLTERSTORFF NICHOLAS 
Published: July 2002

Before beginning my response, let me express the honour I feel in having
these three friends and distinguished philosophical colleagues comment so
thoughtfully on my ideas in Divine Discourse. I warmly thank them for their
‘labours’.I propose mirroring the general structure of the book itself in my response. First,
I'll consider what Helm says about my delineation of the topic, second, what
Quinn says about my discussion of God speaking; third, what Westphal says about
my discussion of interpreting for God's speech; and last, what Quinn says about
my discussion of the epistemology of believing that God speaks.
Towards a new world order: a twentieth century story
Authors: PEMBERTON JO-ANNE 
Published: July 2002

Andrew Williams, Failed Imagination? New World Orders of the Twentieth Century (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1998)International relations (IR) has had an opportunistic relationship with history. IR scholars have used the past, as Conal Condren has written of political theorists, as ‘a quarry ... [as a] ... source of useable facts; of entries to, and illustrations of, theoretical issues’. The result was an IR canon, of the ‘Plato to Nato’ variety, which was substantially anachronistic. Its dismantling over the last twenty years has much to do with efforts in the area of conceptual history. Despite this, and the keenness of post-positivist IR theorists to display an historical consciousness, IR and history maintain an uneasy association. Where the past is approached in contemporary IR writings, there is a tendency to build out of historical materials, or more worryingly commentaries on them, conceptual superstructures which are then accorded a determining force. Notions like the Enlightenment Project are the result of such acts of reification and are no less anachronistic than were the pantomime Machiavellis which used to pop up in IR text books. (It is doubtful that such a Project ever existed. Robert Wokler observes that the expression is of ‘more recent pedigree than “the Manhattan Project“‘.) What is purported to be historical explanation may seem more like a ghostly ballet in which structures, processes and agencies execute precisely choreographed routines.
‘Nothing You Can See That Isn't Shown’: the album covers of the Beatles
Authors: INGLIS IAN 
Published: July 2002

From their release in the 1960s, the LPs of the Beatles have dominated the various selections and lists which routinely
purport to identify the most popular/most influential/best albums of the popular music era. Throughout each subsequent
decade, the verdicts expressed in audience polls, in critics' choices and in the comments of other musicians have
served to effectively maintain and enhance the group's reputation.There is, however, an additional way - often alluded to, but rarely investigated - in which the albums of the Beatles
are celebrated. Almost without exception, the album covers themselves have been seen as groundbreaking in their
visual and aesthetic properties, have been congratulated for their innovative and imaginative designs, have been
credited with providing an early impetus for the expansion of the graphic design industry into the imagery of popular
music, and have been seen as largely responsible for allowing the connections between art and pop to be made explicit.