bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adjusting Timberland Lease Payments for Stumpage Price-Changes
Authors: Klemperer W. David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Many past industrial leases of private timberlands have proven unsatisfactory for landowners, because lease payments were constant during periods of rapidly increasing timber prices. Although many contracts now index lease payments to the inflation rate, few incorporate real increases in stumpage prices above the inflation rate. This paper examines variations of two basic methods for incorporating real stumpage price-increases into formulas for determining acceptable lease payments from views of both landowner and firm. These approaches offer more satisfactory means for nonindustrial private forest landowners to receive annual income before harvest and for firms to obtain wood supplies without the high cost of land purchase.
North. J. Appl. For. 3:22-25, Mar. 1986.
Volume Equations and Stand Volumes for Unthinned Norway Spruce Plantations in New York
Authors: Jokela Eric J. , Briggs Russell D. , White Edwin H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Total and merchantable stem volume prediction equations (English and metric) were developed using data from 228 trees sampled in 38 unthinned Norway spruce stands varying in age from 45 to 55 years on the Allegheny Plateau in central New York. The equations were used to estimate stand volumes for the 38 sample plantations. The results demonstrate the potential of Norway spruce as a fiber source, having growth rates equal to or exceeding those of native northern conifer species. Average total height of dominant and codominant stems, basal area, quadratic mean diameters, and total and merchantable standing volume for the sample stands ranged from 58-93 ft, 150-239 ft2/ac, 6.5-10.6 in, 5431-8833 ft3/ac, and 4431-8218 ft3;/ac, respectively. The most productive stands were generally found on well-drained to moderately well-drained soils, although Norway spruce grew well over a broad range of soil drainage conditions. North. J. Appl. For. 3:7-10, Mar. 1986.
Ground Cover Management Can Revitalize Black Walnut Trees
Authors: Schlesinger Richard C. , Van Sambeek Jerome W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Many black walnut plantations have been successfully established in recent years, but not all have continued to grow well after establishment. In one 10-year-old plantation in southern Illinois, elimination of the fescue sod understory by annual cultivation for 5 years produced trees that were 69% larger in diameter at age 15 than those in untreated areas. In a second plantation, 17 years old at the time of treatment, elimination of the fescue by either cultivation or the establishment of hairy vetch resulted in a 250% increase in diameter growth over the next 3 years. For many slow-growing black walnut plantings, some form of understory vegetation management will be required to meet the goals of short-rotation forestry. North. J. Appl. For. 3:49-51, June 1986.
Silvicultural Management of Beech and the Beech Bark Disease
Authors: Ostrofsky William D. , McCormack Maxwell L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Herbicides were used to control dense, advance reproduction of American beech and sprouting from roots and stumps of harvested beech in a northern hardwood stand in eastern Maine. Beech comprised 51% of the overstory basal area and was highly defective as a result of the beech bark disease. Beech saplings accounted for 80% of the advance reproduction.
The herbicides glyphosate (Roundup®) or triclopyr (Garlon 3A®), applied using a backpack mist blower, were effective in reducing advance reproduction of beech by 100% and 93%, respectively. When applied in frills on larger beech six weeks prior to harvesting, glyphosate reduced the number of sprouts, two growing seasons after treatment, by 85%; triclopyr by 87%. Beech individuals believed to be resistant to infestation by the beech scale were left as a component of the residual overstory, along with sugar maple, red maple, yellow birch, and paper birch. The two-stage application of herbicides followed by shelter-wood harvesting is a strategy for managing stands dominated by defective beech. North. J. Appl. For. 3:89-91, Sept. 1986.
Sampling Trailers for Estimating Moisture Content and Nutrient Concentrations for Hardwood Chips
Authors: Briggs Russell D. , White Edwin H. , Yawney Harry W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Removals of biomass and nutrients from timber harvesting have been estimated by sampling trailers of whole-tree chips. The potential effects of chip stratification on estimates of chip moisture content and nutrient concentrations were examined using a three-dimensional sampling scheme. Moisture content and nutrient concentrations were significantly affected by the physical location of sampling plane (the sloping wall of chips) in filling trailers. Moisture content and nutrient concentrations were independent of horizontal and vertical position. When sampling filling trailers for estimation of chip moisture content and nutrient concentrations, effort should be directed toward sampling a greater number of planes, rather than withdrawing a large number of samples from one or two planes. North. J. Appl. For. 3:156-158, Dec. 1986.
Effects of Dimilin® on Diversity and Abundance of Forest Birds
Authors: Stribling H. Lee , Smith Harvey R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Dimilin® is used in gypsy moth control programs because of its low toxicity to nontarget vertebrate species and nonpersistence in the environment. While Dimilin® does not appear to directly endanger birds it can reduce populations of invertebrate food items. At the application rate used in this study Dimilin® can be used in forest insect control programs without causing a significant decrease in the overall size or diversity of breeding bird populations. North. J. Appl. For. 4:37-38, Mar. 1987.
Collection of Yellow-Poplar Seed-Heads by Shaking
Authors: Cech Franklin C. , Keys Roy N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Yellow-poplar seed-heads can be collected successfully by shaking using a standard Shock Wave Shaker. In the first year of this trial the average percentage shaken was 64 per tree, varying from a low of 24 to a high of 95. Average percent shaken dropped to 49 per tree the second and third years, with a range from 9 to 90%. Shaking causes superficial damage only and will not affect subsequent crops. There seemed to be no effect due to tree size, seed-head size, or shaking time. Pre-collection estimates of numbers of seed-heads using field glasses to aid in counting were only minimally successful. North. J. Appl. For. 4:78-81, June 1987.
Response of Stagnated Black Walnut to Chemical Release
Authors: Miller Les A. , Wray Paul H. , Mize Carl W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Plantation black walnut can become stagnated because of excessive weed competition. A 7- to 11-year-old black walnut plantation was treated with simazine, Roundup, and a combination of the two. After 1 growing season, height and diameter growth increased substantially in the plots treated with Roundup and simazine plus Roundup. Greatest response was achieved by broadcast application. North, J. Appl. For. 4:93-95, June 1987.
Evaluation of Herbicides for Site Preparation in Central Wisconsin
Authors: Johnson James E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effect of 14, low-rate, chemical site preparation treatments and a control on competing vegetation was assessed in three clearcuts in central Wisconsin. Treatments were applied in July 1983, and vegetation response was measured in August 1983, 1984, and 1985. None of the treatments had lasting effects on grasses and sedges, although early top-kill resulted from Verdict and Velpar L treatments. Treatments containing Garlon 4 were particularly effective on oak sprouts, aspen, raspberry, and beaked hazel. Tordon 101 was also effective in controlling aspen. Sprouting oak stumps formed a persistent source of competing vegetation in the clearcuts. Tank mixes of Garlon 4 + Verdict and Velpar L + Garlon 4 were most effective in reducing the growth of the sprouting stumps; however, Garlon 4 appeared to be the primary oak control herbicide. North. J. Appl. For. 4:139-142, Sept. 1987.
Effects of Understory Removal in Hardwood Stands
Authors: Kelty Matthew J. , Gould Ernest M. , Twery Mark J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Control of understory vegetation has frequently been suggested as a method of increasing overstory growth by reducing competition for soil moisture. However, past studies have given conflicting results: some show marked increases in growth rate resulting from understory removal, while others show no effect. Results of understory removal in an oak-dominated, mixed-species hardwood stand in central Massachusetts showed no growth increase compared to control plots, even over 13 growing seasons. Most other southern New England studies found no response on a variety of glacial till soils with a wide range in soil-moisture-holding capacity. Understory removal does not appear to be a useful technique to increase growth in hardwood stands on glacial till soils in the Northeast, apparently because soil moisture is not usually limiting to tree growth on these sites. Results are compared with those from other regions in the eastern United States. North. J. Appl. For. 4:162-164, Sept. 1987.
Oriental Bittersweet: A Growing Threat to Hardwood Silviculture in the Appalachians
Authors: McNab W. Henry , Meeker Marilynn 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Oriental bittersweet, an introduced, deciduous shrubby vine, has the potential to become a serious pest on many hardwood regeneration sites in the Appalachians. Like wild grapevines, oriental bittersweet damages young hardwood stands by stem girdling, increasing risk of ice damage, and eventually causing death by shading the crown foliage. This vine is unusual in that its seedlings are extremely shade tolerant and on good-quality sites will respond to release with rapid growth. North. J. Appl. For. 4:174-177, Dec. 1987.
Managing Appalachian Hardwood Stands Using Four Regeneration Practice—34-Year Results
Authors: Smith H. Clay , Miller Gary W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Adjacent Appalachian hardwood stands in West Virginia established on excellent growing sites were managed for a 34-year period using four regeneration practices. These practices included a commercial clearcut, 15.5-in diameter-limit, and two single-tree selection practices. An uncut area was maintained as a control. Stand development, growth response, and some stumpage revenue data were summarized for each treatment. At 34 years after the initial treatments, the commercial clearcut stand had the greatest variety of tree species for future management. This stand was dominated primarily by yellow-poplar and black locust. Selection and 15.5-in diameter-limit treatments promoted sugar maple on these excellent sites. Stand quality improved through management. After 34 years, the control area was worth $1,554/ac, and an intensively managed selection area was worth $1,214/ac, but the control area contained twice the sawtimber volume. Other preliminary value comparisons indicate that landowners benefit from some type of management compared to doing no management. North. J. Appl. For. 4:180-185, Dec. 1987.
A Red Pine Bark Factor Equation for Michigan
Authors: Fowler Gary W. , Damschroder Laura J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A multiple linear regression equation was developed to predict bark factor for red pine in Michigan as a function of tree height. The equation was validated on independent data sets. The prediction equation yielded average relative errors less than ± 1% at all tree heights. Procedures are described for using the bark factor equation to estimate diameter inside bark from diameter outside bark and vice versa at any tree height. Specific uses of the prediction equation are also discussed.
North. J. Appl. For. 5:28-30, March 1988.
Site Index of Yellow-Poplar in Relation to Soils and Topography in the Allegheny Plateau of Ohio
Authors: Brown James H. , Marquard Robert D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Yellow-poplar is an important component of forest stands in much of the central and eastern United States, and areas and volumes of the species have increased significantly in recent years. Multiple regression equations using soil and topographic factors were developed for predicting height growth and site index for yellow-poplar growing on old-field sites in the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau of Ohio. Equations containing only aspect, slope position, and tree age accounted for approximately 75% of the variation in heights of trees, while adding total soil depth and/or pH of the A soil horizon increased the variation accounted for to 80 to 83%. Thirty-five year site indices (based on age at breast height (bh) and height from bh to growing tip) varied from 56 to 80 ft.
North. J. Appl. For. 5:34-38, March 1988
Liquid Hexazinone Application over Red Pine Seedlings
Authors: Alm Alvin A. , Whorton James M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hexazinone is a commonly used herbicide for release of red pine in the Lake States from competing vegetation. The label is specific regarding time of application, recommended rate, and target species. Label recommendations were tested by using the herbicide on dates in April, May, and July at specified rates with broadcast band and spot applications over 3-0 red pine. Results show that exceeding label rates can damage red pine. Hexazinone satisfactorily controlled aspen, cherry, serviceberry, raspberry and various grasses, but was not effective for control of hazel species. Spraying too late in the growing season caused delayed response. These findings are applicable to forest managers in the Lake States and elsewhere who are establishing red pine or working with the control of similar vegetation.
North. J. Appl. For. 5:61-64, March 1988.
Impact of Gypsy Moth Defoliation in Stands Containing White Pine
Authors: Brown James H. , Cruickshank Valerie B. , Gould Walter P. , Husband Thomas P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Heavy infestations of gypsy moth in Rhode Island forests in 1981 and 1982 caused the greatest defoliation and mortality of white pines in stands where pines were mixed with oaks. White pine basal area losses were greatest (33.7%) in oak stands where white pine occurs as an understory (oak-pine). In stands where pines shared the canopy with oaks (pine-oak), white pine basal area losses were 12.7%, and in pure pine stands, losses were 7.3%. Losses were nearly 5, 4 and 9 times those observed in control stands for oak-pine, pine-oak, and pine stands, respectively. Results indicate that in oak-pine stands, cutting practices that encourage the growth of understory white pines to canopy positions where trees are less vulnerable to defoliation should be a first priority of management. North. J. Appl. For. 5:108-111, June 1988.
Stem Quality of White Pine Established by Seeding in Furrows and by Planting
Authors: Graber Raymond E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The quality of eastern white pine established by direct seeding is compared to that of a conventional 6 x 6 ft plantation. Tree density of the seeded pine was nearly three times that of the plantation. The seeded trees were the same height, had a smaller dbh, less stem injury due to the white pine weevil, and smaller branches. The result is a direct-seeded tree of higher quality at a lower establishment cost than a plantation tree. North. J. Appl. For. 5:128-129, June 1988.
An Eastern Redcedar and Rocky Mountain Juniper Provenance Test for Windbreak Suitability in Eastern South Dakota
Authors: Schaefer Peter R. , Baer Norman B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Eastern redcedar and Rocky Mountain juniper are the two most commonly planted conifers east of the Black Hills in South Dakota. They are also planted in large numbers throughout the rest of the Great Plains. Despite their widespread use, practical genetic information for these species is limited. A regional provenance test of 118 eastern redcedar and 26 Rocky Mountain juniper sources was established in eastern South Dakota in 1980 to address this problem. Eastern redcedar exhibited better combinations of traits, with greater height growth, larger crown spread, a wider branch angle, and a stronger tendency toward producing a single terminal leader than Rocky Mountain juniper. Based on a windbreak suitability index the best performing seedlots collected from natural stands were all eastern redcedar from a large area of the central Great Plains. These results indicate that eastern redcedar should be favored over Rocky Mountain juniper for planting in eastern South Dakota. Sources of eastern redcedar south of central Kansas should be avoided. North. J. Appl. For. 5:129-132, June 1988.
Pollarding for Multiple Benefits
Authors: Burnett Christopher D. , Gilluly David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Pollarding is a traditional method of producing fuelwood in agroforestry systems where livestock browsing restricts tree regeneration by seedlings or coppice sprouts. As in coppicing, pollarding produces successive crops of wood from the vegetative sprouts of repeatedly harvested trees, but in pollarding the dominant sprouts are formed near the top of permanent trunks above the reach of livestock. The unique structure of pollards also makes them suitable for use as short-rotation fuelwood trees where fire restricts tree regeneration at ground level. In addition to fuelwood, pollards produce other tree products, as well as soil, wildlife, and esthetic benefits. With this combination of benefits, pollarding has potential for ameliorating certain environmental problems in the midwestern United States and for meeting the multiple objectives of many woodland owners. To assess this potential, we measured biomass yields and sprouting characteristics of honey locust and pin oak pollards harvested on 15- and 11-year rotations, respectively. Both species produced moderate yields of biomass and responded vigorously to pollarding. Potential benefits and problems of the method are discussed and applications of pollarding in farm and nonfarm settings are proposed. North. J. Appl. For. 5:148-152, June 1988.
Productivity Comparison of 37-Year-Old Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Seed Sources in Southern Illinois
Authors: Rink George , Wells Osborne O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In a 37-year-old southern Illinois species comparison/provenance test shortleaf pine produced greater volumes of wood than loblolly pine, both per acre and per/acre/year. Although surviving loblolly pine were taller, shortleaf pine had greater per/acre volume primarily due to a two-fold greater survival than that for loblolly pine. Only 14% of the loblolly pine were present at age 37, partially reflecting a biased representation with southern seed sources. For shortleaf pine, trees of southwest Missouri had the highest survival and the greatest production per acre. North. J. Appl. For. 5:155-158, June 1988.
Effects of Spatial Arrangement in Mixed-Species Hardwood Plantations
Authors: Von Althen Friedrich W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Sixteen hardwood species were planted in different arrangements in two experiments in a former field with an imperfectly drained silt loam soil in Middlesex County, Ontario. With few exceptions planting arrangement had little effect on 10-year survival and on height and diameter increment. However, overall survival and growth were slightly better in the row planting than in the completely random mixture. Applications of 3.3 kg/ha of active simazine in each of the first 3 years after planting provided adequate weed control. One additional application of 2 kg/ha of active glyphosate in June of the sixth growing season eliminated 80% of the competition, renewed tree vigor, and enabled the trees to close the canopy and thereby provide their own weed control through shading. Recommendations are made for the establishment of mixed hardwood plantations in southern Ontario. North. J. Appl. For. 5:203-207, Sept. 1988.
Effects of Weed Species on Northern Hardwood Regeneration in New Hampshire
Authors: Leak William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Regeneration stocking of northern hardwoods following cutting is difficult to assess because of limited information on the impact of dominating weed species. Measurements on more than 1,500 milacres were taken 8 years after cutting by commercial clearcutting, diameter limit, moderate and light selection. Milacres dominated by striped maple or hobblebush were respectively, ¼ to ⅓ or ¼ to ⅔ nonstocked with established commercial species. Milacres dominated by pin cherry showed no reduction in stocking of commercial tree species when compared to milacres without dominating weeds. Among individual commercial species, sugar maple and white ash showed the least response to dominating weed competition. The results provide preliminary guidelines on evaluating weed competition during regeneration surveys. North. J. Appl. For. 5:235-237, December 1988.
Effects of Thinning, Patch Clearcutting, Site Preparation, and Planting on Development of Yellow Birch in Quebec
Authors: Roberge Marcien R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This is a report of a 1964 thinning and patch clearcutting to increase the proportion of yellow birch in a sugar maple-yellow birch stand in the Dudswell Forest. In 1984, 20 years after treatment, improved quality, health, and growth of thinned stands were observed. Dieback or partial mortality of the crown varied between 0 and 10% in thinned plots and between 25 and 50% in unthinned plots. Despite this dieback in unthinned plots, net growth between 1979 and 1984 was 6 m3/ha. The abundant natural regeneration was growing well, especially in the openings created by clearcutting. Soil scarification, with or without yellow birch artificial seeding, stimulated yellow birch establishment, but the effect did not persist and had disappeared by 1969 or within 5 years. Planting yellow birch increased the number of dominant yellow birch saplings in 1969 and in 1974 or for 10 years. In 1979, when the first release cutting was carried out in the patches clearcut 15 years before, yellow birch dominated in 4% of the subplots; this increased to 18% after the release cutting. From 1979 to 1984, released yellow birch saplings doubled in diameter and were of better quality than the unreleased ones. North. J. Appl. For. 5:248-251, December 1988.
A Decision-Making Case Study for Community Forest Management
Authors: Crosby Paul B. , Barrett James P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Community forest managers would benefit from a decision-making procedure that would help them weigh management alternatives and select one that best contributes to their goals. A matrix technique that uses a system of rating and weighing alternative impacts was applied to the decision-making process on the Rye Town Forest in Rye, NH. Using the results of a comprehensive multiple-use inventory of the forest and a survey of residents' preferences for uses of the forest, the matrix procedure aided in selecting a preferred management strategy. It encourages a systematic and objective comparison of preselected management alternatives and allows decision-makers to efficiently analyze and compare new alternatives. North. J. Appl. For. 5:254-258, December 1988.
White Pine Blister Rust in the Eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan
Authors: Robbins Kathryn , Jackson William A. , McRoberts Ronald E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Incidence of blister rust, caused by Cronartium ribicola, found during a survey of eastern white pines on the Hiawatha National Forest in the eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan was unexpectedly low: only 6.8% of all plots had one or more infected white pine and 1 5% of all white pines surveyed had blister rust. North. J. Appl. For. 5:263-264, December 1988.