bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public–private partnership as an innovative approach for sustainable tourism in Guanacaste, Costa Rica
Authors: Herrero Amo María Dolores , De Stefano M. Cristina 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
The current tourism model based on luxury hotel resorts in the Gulf of Papagayo (Guanacaste, Costa Rica) is largely affecting the living condition of its nearby communities. This paper aims to discuss the importance of promoting public–private partnerships (PPPs) as innovative forms of governance to increase the sustainability of this tourism model.

Design/methodology/approach
Based on the review of institutional documents and the PPP literature, this article critically maps each stage of the process to design PPPs for sustainable tourism, taking into account the case of Guanacaste. In this way, it offers a practical guideline to plan partnerships involving academia, public institutions and private partners in particular tourism sites.

Findings
The paper shows that the feasibility of a PPP in Guanacaste strongly depends on the alignment of partners’ local interests, on the adequacy of the partnership to the social and economic conditions of the context wherein it has to be carried out, and on the appropriation of results from partners.

Originality/value
This work combines a theoretical and practical perspective to understand the interactive process to be carried out to design PPPs in developing tourism destinations.
What is the host community perception of slum tourism in Colombia?
Authors: Herrero Amo María Dolores , Jayawardena Chandana (Chandi) , Laloum Gaultier Salomé 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
This paper aims to find answers to two research questions: What is the perception of the Moravia community on tourism in their neighbourhood? What are the conditions under which they can accept slum tourism?

Design/methodology/approach
The foundation of this paper was laid during a field trip to Medellin, Colombia, in March 2018. More than three weeks were spent in the neighbourhood of Moravia, one of Medellin’s “barrios” or slums, where a qualitative study was led. Semi-structured interviews with the local community were done around the neighbourhood.

Findings
The main finding of this research is the positive perception of slum tourism within the Moravia community. The researchers found that the locals are proud when outsiders visit to see their neighbourhood. The locals felt that, it breaks the prejudice surrounding their homes, and tourists are seen as spokespeople for the barrio. There are visible improvements made to the barrio owing to tourism. This research drew attention to the conditions under which this type of tourism can be accepted in the neighbourhood: community participation, interaction between hosts and tourists, education and respect of tourists and the visible improvements to the neighbourhood.

Originality/value
Slum tourism is an understudied topic in Colombia, especially in Medellin. By researching on the host perception on slum tourism, this paper contributes to literature on slum tourism from a new angle.
Learning on the job: Studying expertise in residential burglars using virtual environments*
Authors: Nee Claire , van Gelder Jean‐Louis , Otte Marco , Vernham Zarah , Meenaghan Amy 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this article, we describe a quasi‐experiment in which experienced incarcerated burglars (n = 56), other offenders (n = 50), and nonoffenders (n = 55) undertook a mock burglary within a virtual neighborhood. We draw from the cognitive psychology literature on expertise and apply it to offending behavior, demonstrating synergy with rational choice perspectives, yet extending them in several respects. Our principal goal was to carry out the first robust test of expertise in offenders by having these groups undertake a burglary in a fully fledged reenactment of a crime in a virtual environment. Our findings indicate that the virtual environment successfully reinstated the context of the crime showing clear differences in the decision making of burglars compared with other groups in ways commensurate with expertise in other behavioral domains. Specifically, burglars scoped the neighborhood more thoroughly, spent more time in the high‐value areas of the crime scene while traveling less distance there, and targeted different goods from the comparison groups. The level of detail in the data generated sheds new light on the cognitive processes and actions of burglars and how they “learn on the job.” Implications for criminal decision‐making perspectives and psychological theories of expertise are discussed.
Transcriptional networks in the human epididymis
Authors: Browne J. A. , Leir S‐H. , Yin S. , Harris A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe epithelial lining of the human epididymis is critical for sperm maturation. This process requires distinct specialized functions in the head, body, and tail of the duct. These region‐specific properties are maintained by distinct gene expression profiles which are governed by transcription factor networks, non‐coding RNAs, and other factors.Materials and methodsWe used genome‐wide protocols including DNase‐seq, RNA‐seq and ChIP‐seq to characterize open (active) chromatin, the transcriptome and occupancy of specific transcription factors (TFs) respectively, in caput, corpus, and cauda segments of adult human epididymis tissue and primary human epididymis epithelial (HEE) cell cultures derived from them. RNA‐seq following TF depletion or activation, combined with gene ontology analysis also determined TF targets.ResultsAmong regional differentially expressed transcripts were epithelial‐selective transcription factors (TFs), microRNAs, and antiviral response genes. Caput‐enriched TFs included hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF1) and the androgen receptor (AR), both of which were also predicted to occupy cis‐regulatory elements identified as open chromatin in HEE cells. HNF1 targets were identified genome‐wide using ChIP‐seq, in HEE cells. Next, siRNA‐mediated depletion of HNF1 revealed a pivotal role for this TF in coordinating epithelial water and solute transport in caput epithelium. The importance of AR in HEE cells was shown by AR ChIP‐seq, and by RNA‐seq after synthetic androgen (R1881) treatment. AR has a distinct transcriptional program in the HEE cells and likely recruits different co‐factors (RUNX1 and CEBPβ) in comparison to those used in prostate epithelium.Discussion and ConclusionOur data identify many transcription factors that regulate the development and differentiation of HEE cells. Moreover, a comparison between immature and adult HEE cells showed key TFs in the transition to fully differentiated function of this epithelium. These data may help identify new targets to treat male infertility and have the potential to open new avenues for male contraception.
Buprenorphine/naloxone maintenance for “poppy husk” dependence: A retrospective study
Authors: Tikka Sai Krishna , Singh Lokesh Kumar , Mamidipalli Spoorthy Sai , Purushotham Ashwathnarayan , Suchandra K. Hari Hara 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroductionDespite a significant number of patients dependent on “poppy husk” in India, they are poorly characterized. Moreover, scarce data is available with respect to their treatment.MethodsA cohort of 148 patients with “poppy husk” dependence receiving substitution treatment with buprenorphine/naloxone were followed up for 4 years, using a retrospective chart‐based assessment. Baseline demographic and substance‐related characteristics were described. Retention rates (operationally redefined as “6 months of uninterrupted contact anytime during their visits”) over the next 4 years and their predictors were assessed.ResultsMean age of onset of “poppy husk” use was found to be 27.51 years, and mean duration of dependence was 18.25 years. Mean amount of poppy husk consumed per month was 3.7 kg. Commonest reasons for initiating and quitting its use were enhancing work efficiency and lack of availability, respectively. Retention rates were 25%. Significant predictors of retention were age more than 40 years (OR = 2.295; 95%CI = 1.015‐5.19) and uninterrupted treatment duration for at least 1 month from first contact (for 1 month (OR = 5.625; 95%CI = 2.28‐13.89), for 3 months (OR = 10.96; 95%CI = 4.65‐25.85), and for 6 months (OR = 52.8; 95%CI:14.08‐197.98).DiscussionFactors associated with occupation such as enhancing work efficiency and overcoming fatigue are related to use of “poppy husk.” While the amount of intake is considerably large among treatment seekers who are dependent on it, their dependence duration is longer and retention rates lower than those reported for patients with prescription and injectable opioid dependence. Specific strategies to tap patients less than 40 years and to target uninterrupted contact in initial phases of maintenance should be developed.
A global assessment of primate responses to landscape structure
Authors: Galán‐Acedo Carmen , Arroyo‐Rodríguez Víctor , Cudney‐Valenzuela Sabine J. , Fahrig Lenore 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTLand‐use change modifies the spatial structure of terrestrial landscapes, potentially shaping the distribution, abundance and diversity of remaining species assemblages. Non‐human primates can be particularly vulnerable to landscape disturbances, but our understanding of this topic is far from complete. Here we reviewed all available studies on primates' responses to landscape structure. We found 34 studies of 71 primate species (24 genera and 10 families) that used a landscape approach. Most studies (82%) were from Neotropical forests, with howler monkeys being the most frequently studied taxon (56% of studies). All studies but one used a site‐landscape or a patch‐landscape study design, and frequently (34% of studies) measured landscape variables within a given radius from the edge of focal patches. Altogether, the 34 studies reported 188 responses to 17 landscape‐scale metrics. However, the majority of the studies (62%) quantified landscape predictors within a single spatial scale, potentially missing significant primate–landscape responses. To assess such responses accurately, landscape metrics need to be measured at the optimal scale, i.e. the spatial extent at which the primate–landscape relationship is strongest (so‐called ‘scale of effect’). Only 21% of studies calculated the scale of effect through multiscale approaches. Interestingly, the vast majority of studies that do not assess the scale of effect mainly reported null effects of landscape structure on primates, while most of the studies based on optimal scales found significant responses. These significant responses were primarily to landscape composition variables rather than landscape configuration variables. In particular, primates generally show positive responses to increasing forest cover, landscape quality indices and matrix permeability. By contrast, primates show weak responses to landscape configuration. In addition, half of the studies showing significant responses to landscape configuration metrics did not control for the effect of forest cover. As configuration metrics are often correlated with forest cover, this means that documented configuration effects may simply be driven by landscape‐scale forest loss. Our findings suggest that forest loss (not fragmentation) is a major threat to primates, and thus, preventing deforestation (e.g. through creation of reserves) and increasing forest cover through restoration is critically needed to mitigate the impact of land‐use change on our closest relatives. Increasing matrix functionality can also be critical, for instance by promoting anthropogenic land covers that are similar to primates' habitat.
Comparison of the ecology and evolution of plants with a generalist bird pollination system between continents and islands worldwide
Authors: Abrahamczyk Stefan 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTThousands of plant species worldwide are dependent on birds for pollination. While the ecology and evolution of interactions between specialist nectarivorous birds and the plants they pollinate is relatively well understood, very little is known on pollination by generalist birds. The flower characters of this pollination syndrome are clearly defined but the geographical distribution patterns, habitat preferences and ecological factors driving the evolution of generalist‐bird‐pollinated plant species have never been analysed. Herein I provide an overview, compare the distribution of character states for plants growing on continents with those occurring on oceanic islands and discuss the environmental factors driving the evolution of both groups. The ecological niches of generalist‐bird‐pollinated plant species differ: on continents these plants mainly occur in habitats with pronounced climatic seasonality whereas on islands generalist‐bird‐pollinated plant species mainly occur in evergreen forests. Further, on continents generalist‐bird‐pollinated plant species are mostly shrubs and other large woody species producing numerous flowers with a self‐incompatible reproductive system, while on islands they are mostly small shrubs producing fewer flowers and are self‐compatible. This difference in character states indicates that diverging ecological factors are likely to have driven the evolution of these groups: on continents, plants that evolved generalist bird pollination escape from pollinator groups that tend to maintain self‐pollination by installing feeding territories in single flowering trees or shrubs, such as social bees or specialist nectarivorous birds. This pattern is more pronounced in the New compared to the Old World. By contrast, on islands, plants evolved generalist bird pollination as an adaptation to birds as a reliable pollinator group, a pattern previously known from plants pollinated by specialist nectarivorous birds in tropical mountain ranges. Additionally, I discuss the evolutionary origins of bird pollination systems in comparison to systems involving specialist nectarivorous birds and reconstruct the bird pollination system of Hawaii, which may represent an intermediate between a specialist and generalist bird pollination system. I also discuss the interesting case of Australia, where it is difficult to distinguish between specialist and generalist bird pollination systems.
Daily adjustment of glucocorticoids by patients with adrenal insufficiency
Authors: Schöfl Christof , Mayr Bernhard , Maison Nicole , Beuschlein Felix , Meyer Gesine , Badenhoop Klaus , Kienitz Tina , Quinkler Marcus 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundPatients with adrenal insufficiency (AI) require lifelong glucocorticoid (GC) replacement. AI patients need to adjust GC dosage in response to stressful events and illness in order to prevent life‐threatening adrenal crisis (AC).AimTo evaluate self‐management of patients with AI.MethodsFour German centres, which are using patient's diary as part of their routine clinical practice, instructed AI patients to prospectively document any discomfort, intercurrent illness or stressful events as well as changes in GC therapy on a daily basis. Diaries of 80 patients (44 females, 52.9 ± 15.9 years, 34 primary AI) were collected and analysed. A symptom score sheet was used to evaluate severity of discomfort.ResultsIn total, 34 074 patient days (93.4 years) were recorded. 4622 days with discomfort were documented. On 35% of those days (n = 1621), patients increased their GC dose (4.8% of all days). Patients who recorded discomfort had a median of four episodes of discomfort, which lasted a median of 2 days. Women documented significantly more episodes of discomfort than men (P = 0.014). Low‐to‐median symptom scores resulted in GC increase by 50%‐60%, whereas high symptom scores and/or fever resulted in doubling GC daily dose. However, dose increase was only 55% in situations indicating gastrointestinal (GI) infection.ConclusionSevere discomfort did not always result in dose increase, especially in GI infection. However, low symptom scores resulted in an inappropriate GC increase in some patients. This underscores an urgent need for improved training methods. Keeping daily records might be a useful tool for continued and individualized patient education.
Drug dealing on Facebook, Snapchat and Instagram: A qualitative analysis of novel drug markets in the Nordic countries
Authors: Demant Jakob , Bakken Silje Anderdal , Oksanen Atte , Gunnlaugsson Helgi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroduction and AimsInternet use has changed drug dealing over the past decade owing to the emergence of darknet services. Yet, little is known about drug dealing in public online services. This study reports findings from a Nordic comparative study on social media drug dealing. It is the first in‐depth study on the increase of digitally mediated drug dealing outside the cryptomarkets.Design and MethodsA qualitative study using online ethnography and semi‐structured interviews. One hundred and seven participants aged 16–45 years (mean age 23.1 years), with 83.2% being male, were interviewed. Data was coded in NVivo using general themes: modus operandi, trust and risk.ResultsEthnographical data shows a high degree of drug‐dealing activity on Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat and Facebook Messenger. Buyers and sellers also use encrypted platforms, such as darknet forums and the Wickr app on their smartphones. The medium used varies across the countries, as well as motivations for usage in connection with risk perceptions.DiscussionDespite national differences, social media is a common tool used in selling and buying illegal drugs. Availability affects the prevalence of use of various social media; however, prevalence is also crucial for which media is used. Many of the participants report easily drifting in and out of social media dealing and buying, without being aware of the seriousness of the offence.ConclusionBased on the differences in attachment to the seller career, we advise that policing strategies should be supplemented with—and even stand in the back of—prevention campaigns.
Identification of subgroups of patients with type 2 diabetes with differences in renal function preservation, comparing patients receiving sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors with those receiving dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, using a supervised machine‐learning algorithm (PROFILE study): A retrospective analysis of a Japanese commercial medical database
Authors: Zhou Fang L. , Watada Hirotaka , Tajima Yuki , Berthelot Mathilde , Kang Dian , Esnault Cyril , Shuto Yujin , Maegawa Hiroshi , Koya Daisuke 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimsTo investigate the effects of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors vs. dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors on renal function preservation (RFP) using real‐world data of patients with type 2 diabetes in Japan, and to identify which subgroups of patients obtained greater RFP benefits with SGLT2 inhibitors vs. DPP‐4 inhibitors.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed claims data recorded in the Medical Data Vision database in Japan of patients with type 2 diabetes (aged ≥18 years) prescribed any SGLT2 inhibitor or any DPP‐4 inhibitor between May 2014 and September 2016 (identification period), in whom estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was measured at least twice (baseline, up to 6 months before the index date; follow‐up, 9 to 15 months after the index date) with continuous treatment until the follow‐up eGFR. The endpoint was the percentage of patients with RFP, defined as no change or an increase in eGFR from baseline to follow‐up. A proprietary supervised learning algorithm (Q‐Finder; Quinten, Paris, France) was used to identify the profiles of patients with an additional RFP benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors vs. DPP‐4 inhibitors.ResultsData were available for 990 patients prescribed SGLT2 inhibitors and 4257 prescribed DPP‐4 inhibitors. The proportion of patients with RFP was significantly greater in the SGLT2 inhibitor group (odds ratio 1.27; P = 0.01). The Q‐Finder algorithm identified four clinically relevant subgroups showing superior RFP with SGLT2 inhibitors (P < 0.1): no hyperlipidaemia and eGFR ≥79 mL/min/1.73 m2; eGFR ≥79 mL/min/1.73 m2 and diabetes duration ≤1.2 years; eGFR ≥75 mL/min/1.73 m2 and use of antithrombotic agents; and haemoglobin ≤13.4 g/dL and LDL cholesterol ≥95.1 mg/dL. In each profile, glycaemic control was similar in the two groups.ConclusionSGLT2 inhibitors were associated with more favourable RFP vs. DPP‐4 inhibitors in patients with certain profiles in real‐world settings in Japan.
Acute kidney injury with sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors: A meta‐analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials
Authors: Gilbert Richard E. , Thorpe Kevin E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThree, multicentre, large‐scale, randomized, placebo‐controlled trials of cardiovascular outcomes with sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have each shown substantial reductions in rates of hospitalization for heart failure and progression of chronic kidney disease in people with type 2 diabetes. However, safety concerns remain for this ostensibly paradigm‐shifting drug class. In particular, the US Food and Drug Administration has highlighted the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI), a condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. To investigate this further, we conducted a meta‐analysis of the three trials to compare the frequency of AKI adverse event reports between participants treated with placebo and those who had received an SGLT2 inhibitor. Rather than an increase, we noted a consistent and robust reduction in the likelihood of AKI among those participants who had been randomized to receive an SGLT2 inhibitor (hazard ratio 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.54‐0.80). We further noted that the reports of AKI were similar in frequency to those of kidney disease progression. The caveats of the non‐adjudicated reporting of AKI in the trials notwithstanding, these data suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors may protect vulnerable patients with type 2 diabetes from AKI and that prospective studies to evaluate this additional aspect of kidney protection are warranted.