bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN NEPAL: EXPERIENCES AND ISSUES
Authors: Dhital Pankaj Raj 
Published: August 2018

A detail study on the experience of agricultural extension in Nepal was done by discussion with experts, academicians and involved agricultural officers of Nepal along with review of different documents, books and articles on the subject matter. Since from the first effort of extension service, Training and visit, Integrated Rural Development Approach, Tuki Approach, Farming System Research and Extension Approach, Block Production Program were the approaches used in the past. Conventional Educational Approach, Pocket Package Approach, Projectization Approach, Farmers Group Approach, Farmers Field School Approach, Partnership Approach are the approaches being followed presently in agricultural extension in Nepal. The extension efforts in the country are guided by the National Agricultural Extension Strategy. Department of agriculture under ministry of agricultural development is responsible for providing public extension service via District Agriculture Development Office (DADO), Agriculture Service Centre, Contact Centre, Model Agriculture Service Centre and Community Agriculture Service Centre at the farmers level. Farmers Group and cooperatives, International and National Nongovernmental organizations, Community Based Organizations and few private entities are providing the private extension services. major issues found in public extension systems are lack of motivation among the rural youths, farmers; natural resource degradation and climate change and sustainability issues; inadequate number of the extension workers and their qualification and skills; inadequate infrastructure and capacity for use of ICTs among the ground level extension workers; lack of monitoring and assessment of impact of extension activities in rural farmers; low level of need based extension coverage particularly for small farmers; ineffective and weak linkages between stakeholders at different levels; low level of education of farmers; insufficient budget and investment for extension activities; domination of supply driven approaches rather than demand driven; inadequate extension services in parts of value addition and market exposure.
Ethological control of Conotrachelus dubiae in camu-camu fruits [Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) H.B.K.]
Authors: Panduro Mario Pinedo , Bardales-lozano Ricardo , Vasquez-bardales Joel , Paredes-davila Elvis , Abanto-rodriguez Carlos , Durand-valencia Jaime 
Published: August 2018

The objective was to evaluate methods for the control of the weevil (Conotrachelus dubiae) of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) in a floodplain plot of a farmer near Iquitos, Loreto, Peru. Twenty-eight 6-year-old plants with similar architecture and branching were selected for the study. The treatments were: adhesive tape (T1), bottle with attractive food (T2), pegant yellow sheet (T3) and control (T4) with randomized complete block design (DBCA), 7 replicates and 1 plant per experimental unit. The total number of fruits (NTF), fruits attacked by weevil (FAG), fallen fruits (FC), fruits weight (PF) and fruit yield (RF) were evaluated. Significant differences were found between treatments for NTF, FAG and FC, and no differences were found for PF. The NTF for T1, T2, T3 and T4 were: 353, 280, 143 and 125 respectively. The highest RF values corresponded to T1 (3.03 kg / pl) and T2 (2.78 kg / pl). T1 caused the lowest values of FC(16%) and FAG (22.73%). Negative correlations were found between RF versus FAG (r = -0.57) and FC (-0.73). We conclude that the most effective control against C. dubiae is the application of the trap with adhesive tapes.
Optimization of Purslane Plant Using Cooking and Pickling Processes for Reducing Oxalate Conten
Authors: Badawy Waleed Z , Arafa Salwa G , Czako Mihaly 
Published: August 2018

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is an edible plant rich in benefcial nutrients. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the chemical composition, minerals, fatty acid analysis, phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of purslane plant. In addition, the effect of cooking of purslane at different temperatures (60, 80 and 100 °C), for various durations (5, 10, 15 and 20 minute), and pickling for various durations (3, 6 and 9 days) on oxalate content. Sensory evaluation of quality characteristics and fatty acids analysis of biscuits fortified by purslane powder after reducing oxalate content were carried out. Protein, fat, ash and fiber contents of purslane were 5.64, 5.30, 23.42 and 16.03 %, respectively on dry matter basis. The highest concentration mineral was K (4694.0 mg/100g), while the lowest concentration mineral was Zn (0.93 mg/100g). Total phenolic and radical scavenging activity of purslane were 193.22 mg/100g gallic acid equivalent and 87.29 %, respectively. Purslane contains high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linolenic acid (40.4 % of total fatty acids). On the other hand, the soluble fraction of total oxalate content of purslane cooked for 20 minutes at 60, 80 and 100 °C were 34.65, 19.84 and 15.84 %, respectively. While, the soluble fraction of total oxalate content of purslane pickled for 0, 3, 6 and 9 days were 47.80, 36.23, 25.60 and 14.39 %, respectively. Fortification of biscuits using purslane powder after treatments led to improvement of the quality characteristics of product. Portulaca oleracea could be used as a good source of minerals, antioxidants and omega-3 especially for functional food and nutraceutical applications.
Beneficial Effect of Zinc on diabetes induced kidney damage and liver stress oxidative in rats
Authors: Derouiche Samir , Manel Djermoune , Kawther Abbas 
Published: August 2018

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of Zn supplementation on kikney function and liver oxidative stress in Alloxan diabetic rats. Male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10): Control, Non Diabetic + zinc, Diabetic and Diabetic + Zinc. Diabetes was induced by alloxan (150 mg/kg). Zinc (231 mg/kg feed) as ZnSO4 7H2O was added to the feed of the animals in the zinc groups for 21 days. Alloxan Diabetes caused a significant decrease in body weight gain, serum and tissue zinc, serum protein concentrations, liver GSH, GPx and GST activities .In contrast, it led to an augmentation in urea, creatinine, uric acid and MDA in rats. Zinc supplementation in the diet for diabetic rats ensured a partial correction of the previous parameters. In conclusion, this study indicated that zinc act as powerful antioxidants which may exercise adverse effect against severity and complication of diabetes.
Morphological variations of the shell of the bivalve Lucina pectinata (Gmelin, 1791)
Authors: MODESTIN Emma 
Published: August 2018

In Martinique, the species Lucina pectinata (Gmelin, 1791) is called "mud clam, white clam or mangrove clam" by bivalve fishermen depending on the harvesting environment. Indeed, the individuals collected have differences as regards the shape and colour of the shell. The hypothesis is that the shape of the shell of L. pectinata (P. pectinatus) shows significant variations from one population to another. This paper intends to verify this hypothesis by means of a simple morphometric study. The comparison of the shape of the shell of individuals from different populations was done based on samples taken at four different sites. The standard measurements (length (L), width or thickness (E - Ã©paisseur) and height (H)) were taken and the morphometric indices (L/H; L/E; E/H) were established. These indices of shape differ significantly among the various populations. This intraspecific polymorphism of the shape of the shell of P. pectinatus could be related to the nature of the sediment (granulometry, density, hardness) and/or the predation. The shells are significantly more elongated in a loose muddy sediment than in a hard muddy sediment or one rich in clay. They are significantly more convex in brackish environments and this is probably due to the presence of more specialised predators or of more muddy sediments.
The Impact Of Some Organic And Inorganic Pollutants On Fresh Water (Rashid, River Nile), Egypt
Authors: Radwan Eman Hashem , Saber Mennat Alllah Khaled , Saber Mohie Eldin Khaled , Fahmy Gehan H 
Published: August 2018

Pollution of fresh water with organic pollutants and heavy metals has an impact on the environment of the River Nile in Egypt. The environment has become increasingly contaminated by inorganic and organic pollutants which accumulate in the food chain and affect the human health. The pollution of the fresh water environment by heavy metals and organic pollutants is due to the increasing action of flowing out discharge from various industries.
Three heavy metals; Cu, Pb, and Zn and organic pollutants as DDT, Chlordane, dieldrin and butylene were investigated in the present study in freshwater and sediment during the year (Autumn2016-summer2017) .The investigated samples were collected from Rashid, Egypt. The present study reported that the mean concentration level of both heavy metals and organic pollutants were correlated in the sediment and in the fresh water of Rashid at p< 0.001.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND LECTIN HISTOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF WHITE NONLINEAR RATS MYOCARDIUM DURING EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: Yashchenko A. , Smolkova O. 
Published: August 2018

General morphology and glycoconjugates of myocardium structural components has been studied in control and experimental animals. Experiments were performed on mature rats - males with weight 150-180g, who were divided into two groups (10 control and 10 experimental). Exogenous ypothyroidism was induced by daily administration of food thyreostatic drug mercazolilum at a dose of 7 mg / kg body weight within 30 days. After 30 days the animal euthanasia was performed by an overdose of ether anesthesia. Histological material (pieces of myocardium from ventricular areas and thyroid gland) were fixed in 4% neutral formalin, dehydrated, compacted and embedded in paraffin. Sections 5-7 Î¼m thick were stained by hematoxylin and eosin for general morphology. Glycoconjugate carbohydrate determinants of myocardium structural components were studied by lectin-peroxidase technique using LABA (LFuc), HPA (NAcDGal), WGA (DGlcNAc>NeuNAc) lectins. Function control of thyroid gland was performed by investigation of thyroid glands morphology after staining slides by hematoxylin and eosin, and by determining T3 and T4 hormones in blood serum using radiological method by means of standard sets. It is shown that in hypothyroidism hypechromia of cardiomyocytesâ€™ nuclei, expansion of myocardial vascular lumen, perivascular edema and insignificant interstitial infiltration by leukocytes, local area accumulations of adipocytes are observed. Based on lectin histochemical studies it is shown modification of lectin receptors in the nuclei of cardiomyocytes and in endothelial cells of the microcirculatory bed, thus indicating the change of intensity of metabolic processes in cardiac myocytes and endothelial cells of the microcirculatory bed on the background of experimental hypothyroidism. DGlcNAc> NeuNAc-specific WGA lectin may be a marker of endothelial cells.
Seasonal variation in the population of Black kite (Milvus migrans), inhabiting the Arid Zone of Rajasthan
Authors: Sharma Sandeep , Soni K. C 
Published: August 2018

The population of Black kite (Milvus migrans) inhabiting rural and urban area of Churu city, Rajasthan was seasonally determined by the direct count method. The counting of the Black kite was made at roosting sites of Churu city (28o 15â€™ N and 74o 55â€™ E, 286 msl) and itâ€™s out skirts area of 400 km2. Total 46 roosting sites were identified in the study area of which 34 were located in the urban area and 12 in the rural areas. It was found that number was relatively higher from June to September 2012, 2013 and 2014. However, the maximum numbers of Black kite were during August 2012 and July 2014 and minimum were during November 2012 and February 2012. The maximum number of adult was noticed in the rainy months of every year. A sharp decline in the juvenile population was observed from September 2014 to December 2014. Maximum 28 and 22 juvenile birds were observed in the month of August 2012 and July 2013 while the minimum 4 juvenile were observed in February 2012, March 2013 and November 2014. An average 25.41 Â±SD12.4 and 42.33 Â±SD 18.82in 2102, 27.33 Â±SD 9.19 and 54.25 Â±SD 14.9 in 2013, 20.90 Â±SD 5.05and 43.08 Â±SD 12.75in 2014 Black kites were observed in rural and urban areas, respectively. The maximum number of Black kites i.e. 134 individuals, occurred in the month of August 2012. But in general, the population remained more or less constant with seasonal variations involving dispersion during the monsoons and aggregation during the winters. The winter season adversely affects the population of Black kite in the study area because of the non-availability of preferential food.
CULTURAL CAPITAL: A KEYWORD OR A CATCHWORD?
Authors: Tittenbrun Dr.Jacek 
Published: August 2018

The concept of cultural capital is highly popular in the social sciences and humanities. Yet, its usefulness as a research tool is often taken for granted. Meanwhile, the present paper attempts to show that if anything should be evident about the cultural capital, it is its negative, harmful rather than valuable character. The concept is under-specified- it overlaps related concepts denoting other forms of capital, such as social and human capital. The capital analogy is totally misplaced, since the concept, as it is commonly defined, does not meet any conditions of real, that is, economic capital.
Cultural capital theory, as developed notably by Pierre Bourdieu, comprises also class theory, which, however, is of poor quality, mixing up some class, e.e. economic ownership, criteria with those pertinent to stratification, and adding insult to injury-not differentiating between those and social estates, i.e. units of social differentiation in the non-economic domain. As a result, the key thesis of theory regarding social reproduction is not supported by evidence. Finally, the term "cultural capital" upon scrutiny proves to be entangled in the fallacy of contradicto in terminis. Thus, though its unclear relationship to capital stricto sensu might suggest that the concept is something of a metaphor, in fact it is rather an oxymoron. Needless to say, just this feature-and there are a host of other flaws- causes that the concept should be discarded out of hand.
The Art of Control: Theatrical Watching, Apostrophe and Acting in Saul Bellow's Herzog
Authors: Assadi Jamal 
Published: August 2018

So wide-ranging is Bellow's employment of the acting image and hence of personas in Herzog that references to stage, acting and script-writing are dispersed everywhere in the novel. A vigilant study of this image reveals that the mutual relationships and social encounters of major characters bear on dramatic scenes written, directed, and performed by the characters themselves.
But what does Bellow try to discover through the medium of acting and hence persona? How is it reflected in his treatment of his main themes and characters? And does it affect the narrative point of view? In order to understand the image more deeply and answer these questions, I will study it in relation to three groups of characters: first, Madeleine, Gersbach, and some of Herzog's friends; second, Ramona (the newest girl friend) and his parents and relatives; and third, Herzog, the versatile actor-audience and the ever writer of the unsent letters or the multiple character.
Impact of CSR on Education & Healthcare of Underprivileged Sections of the Society
Authors: Jaysawal Neelmani , Saha Mrs. Sudeshna 
Published: August 2018

Education and Healthcare keeps an important position in the development paradigm of a country. India, having more than 1 billion population, requires an inclusive growth where each section of society might claim benefits of growth. It is estimated that approximately 29 percent of the Indian population lives below the poverty line (World Bank 2003). This figure accounts for more than 290 million people, or nearly 25 percent of the world's poor population. On average, the poor have lower levels of education than the general population and suffer from higher disease prevalence. Scheduled castes and tribes are overrepresented in below-poverty-line (BPL) households. More than 65 percent of scheduled caste/scheduled tribe (SC/ST) households live below the poverty line. Apart from health sector, even education system of the country is in pitiable condition. The education system of a country doesnot functions in isolation from society. In such a condition, extending educational opportunities to marginalized groups has been considered an antidote to this longstanding discrimination.
Therefore, several organizations working in profit sector have proceeded in the area of advancement of marginalized sections of society through initiatives in education and health sector known as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The organizations like Tata, HDFC, Infosys have been actively involved in educational development of marginalized sections. Even public sector enterprises like SAIL, BPCL, BHEL have provided growth of marginalized sections through some of their initiatives in education and health sector.
Therefore, this paper seeks to highlight conditions of education and health in the wake of marginalized sections of our society and critically examine contribution of CSR initiatives of both public and private sectors for their advancement.
CHILDREN AND TELEVISION: THE LOOMING MEDIA EFFECT IN KENYA
Authors: Agalo Jerry , Agalo Joyce 
Published: August 2018

The debate on children's behavior as competent television viewers and also cultural viewers today continues unabated in research. In the developed world, much of research has focused on the effects of television exposure on children's behavior and attitude formation. Other researches however, focused on effects on cognition. Yet the African child has been left out in such researches that continue to be conducted in developed world. Indeed, media research in Africa may not be meaningful without giving regard to Africanity among the children. This gives an open window through which one sees the peculiarities of the local culture in which African children grow as they get exposed to the media. While a number of Kenyan narratives celebrate the virtues of television including the discourses on coverage of the infamous terrorist attack in West Gate Shopping Mall in Nairobi, 21st September,2013,it appears that the role of television in Kenyan society is catapulting into political discourses with attempts in enhancing approaches to quality governance. On the contrary,a country with over 40 million population with nascent capitalist economy, there is need for enhancement of local communities and increased opportunities for education which will not lead to the hegemony of one social group and subordination of others. Of these40 million people , 43% of them are children aged between five and sixteen. Thispaper concentrates its focus on the social milieu of the people living around the lake Victoria region, majority of whom are mostly fishermen.
STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AMONG SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN RELATION TO THEIR GENDER AND ACADEMIC STREAM
Authors: Kaur Dr.Navdeep 
Published: August 2018

Since its evolution environment has remained both a matter of awe and concern to man. The frontier attitude of the industrialized society towards nature has not only endangered the survival of all other life forms but also threatened the very existence of human life. The realization of such potential danger has necessitated the dissemination of knowledge and skill vis-a-vis environment protection at all stages of learning. Therefore, learners of all stages of learning need to be sensitized with a missionary zeal. This may ensure transformation of students into committed citizens for averting global environment crisis.
The advancement of science and technology made the life more and more relaxed and man also became more and more ambitious. With such development, human dependence on environment increased. He consumed more resources and the effect of his activities on the environment became more and more detectable. Environment covers all the things present around the living beings and above the land, on the surface of the earth and under the earth. Environment indicates, in total, all of peripheral forces, pressures and circumstances, which affect the life, nature, behaviour, growth, development and maturation of living beings.
Irrational exploitation (not utilization) of natural resources for our greed (not need) has endangered our survival, and incurred incalculable harm. Environmental Education is a science, a well-thought, permanent, lasting and integrated process of equipping learning experiences for getting awareness, knowledge, understanding, skills, values, technical expertise and involvement of learners with desirable attitudinal changes about their relationship with their natural and biophysical environment. Environmental Education is an organized effort to educate the masses about environment, its functions, need, importance, and especially how human beings can manage their behaviour in order to live in a sustainable manner.
The term 'environmental awareness' refers to creating general awareness of environmental issues, their causes by bringing about changes in perception, attitude, values and necessary skills to solve environment related problems. Moreover, it is the first step leading to the formation of responsible environmental behaviour (Stern, 2000). With the ever increasing development by modern man, large scale degradation of natural resources have been occurred, the public has to be educated about the fact that if we are degrading our environment we are actually harming ourselves. To encourage meaningful public participation and environment, it is necessary to create awareness about environment pollution and related adverse effects. This is the crucial time that environmental awareness and environmental sensitivity should be cultivated among the masses particularly among youths. For the awareness of society it is essential to work at a gross root level. So the whole society can work to save the environment.
Mahmud Darwish: A Revived Sufi or a Sufi Reviver?
Authors: Assadi Jamal , Naamneh Mahmud 
Published: August 2018

This paper will discuss the mask of Farid Ed-Din Al-`Aattar as portrayed in the poetry of Mahmud Darwish with the aim of studying the concatenation between the Sufi mask and intertextuality, and between poetry and meta-poetry.
To be more specific, this paper will investigate are some questions: Why did Darwish wear the mask of Al-`Attarr? Was it a mere fondness of an influential ancestor? Was it an act of protest against severe spiritual and intellectual deficiency and poverty which modern Arab literature suffers from? Was Al-`Attar simply used as a Sufi mask, or as a signal of inter-textuality? Did Darwish intend to pay homage to an ancient ancestor without whom he could not live his present and lead a successful struggle? In other words, did Darwish intend to resurrect Arab poetry and its revolutionary spirit by using Al-`Attar's heritage? If so, is Al-`Attar a revived Sufi living among us to guide in person the battle for freedom and to promote the level of Arab literature? Or was DarwÄ«sh given life by Al-`Attar, the Sufi saint?