bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tensile characterization of multi‐ply fabric‐reinforced cementitious matrix strengthening systems
Authors: Younis Adel , Ebead Usama , Shrestha Kshitij 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFabric reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) is a composite consisted of high‐strength fibers impregnated in a cement‐based mortar, and is commonly used for strengthening reinforced concrete and masonry structures. Comprehending the tensile behavior of FRCM is important to achieve a reliable and accurate design of FRCM strengthening systems. The current paper reports on the results of an experimental study on the tensile characterization of FRCM. A total of 40 FRCM specimens (410 × 50 mm, varied in thickness) were prepared and tested. The tensile characterization tests were conducted according to AC 434 guidelines using clevis‐grip mechanism. The tests were used to assess the effect of two parameters: (a) fabric type (carbon/glass) and (b) number of fabric plies (one/two/three/four). The results showed that the tensile strength of carbon‐FRCM specimens was approximately 1.33 times that of the glass‐FRCM counterparts. Three distinct failure modes were observed, namely, (a) ductile fabric slippage in carbon‐FRCM (up to three plies of fabric); (b) brittle fabric delamination in carbon‐FRCM with four plies of fabric; and (c) brittle fabric rupture in glass‐FRCM systems. The FRCM tensile load‐carrying capacity had proportionally increased with the number of fabric plies; less significant effect (within 20%) was observed on the corresponding ultimate tensile stresses (considering the net fabric area as the effective area).
How host organizations prepare for and learn from expatriate assignments
Authors: Fee Anthony , Michailova Snejina 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis article reveals what goes on inside host organizations prior to and during expatriate assignments. On the basis of analyzing organizational documents and conducting 43 interviews with host country nationals (HCNs) and expatriates in 30 Vietnamese organizations that host external foreign assignments, we provide a detailed account of HCNs' experiences and unearth sophisticated preparation and management activities designed to maximize these organizations' learning. We depict what we call “a host organization lifecycle” and extract five lessons: (a) host organizations prepare carefully in advance to learn as much as possible from expatriates; (b) HCNs experience quite dramatic adjustments and burdens during expatriates' placements; (c) mutual trust between expatriates and HCNs is a prerequisite for HCNs' learning; (d) most of HCNs' learning occurs informally via interactions with expatriates or observing how they work; (e) host organization managers actively manage HCN–expatriate relationships. Our findings outline a “wish list” of practices that expatriate‐using organizations could consider deploying for expatriate assignments that focus on the benefit of the host organization' development.
The Effect of Food on the Pharmacokinetics of Sildenafil after Single Administration of a Sublingual Testosterone and Oral Sildenafil Combination Tablet in Healthy Female Subjects
Authors: Bloemers Jos , Gerritsen Jeroen , van Rooij Kim , de Leede Leo , van der Geest Ronald , Frijlink Henderik W. , Koppeschaar Hans P.F. , Olivier Berend , Tuiten Adriaan 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Female sexual interest/arousal disorder (FSIAD) affects many women worldwide, but pharmacological treatment options are scarce. A new medicine being developed for FSIAD is an on-demand, dual-route, dual-release drug combination product containing 0.5 mg testosterone (T) and 50 mg sildenafil (S), referred to here as T+S.

Aim
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a fed and a fasted state on the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil following administration of T+S.

Methods
Eighteen healthy women were administered T+S under fed and fasted conditions during 2 separate overnight visits in this randomized, open-label, balanced, 2-period, 2-treatment, 2-sequence crossover study.

Main Outcome Measures
The pharmacokinetics of sildenafil and its active metabolite N-desmethyl sildenafil were determined over a 24-hour period. Total testosterone was assessed only at a limited number of time points for quality purposes, as sublingual uptake is not expected to be affected by food intake.

Results
The observed geometric mean ratios (GMRs) and 90% confidence intervals of sildenafil were not all contained within the prespecified bounds (0.80, 1.25). The GMR (90% CI) for plasma AUC0–last was 1.2753 (0.9706–1.6755); for AUC0–14h, it was 1.7521 (1.0819–2.8374); and for C max, it was 1.5591 (0.8634–2.8153). Only lower limits of the CIs fell within the bounds. For N-desmethyl sildenafil, the GMR (90% CI) for AUC0–last was 0.8437 (0.6738–1.0564); for AUC0–10h, it was 1.0847 (0.7648–1.5383); and for C max, it was 1.0083 (0.6638–1.5318). Only the GMRs were contained within bounds. No differences were observed between plasma testosterone C max and T max under fed and fasted conditions, which is in line with expectations for a sublingual administration.

Clinical Implications
The T+S combination tablet ruptures too late when taken in a fasted state and should therefore not be taken on an empty stomach.

Strengths & Limitations
This is a well-controlled study that provides important insights into the performance characteristics of the delayed-release coating of the combination tablet. The higher variability of the pharmacokinetic parameters in the fasted state was caused by severely delayed rupture in one-third of the women. A reason for this is proposed but the present data do not explain this phenomenon.

Conclusion
The pharmacokinetics of sildenafil from this modified-release tablet are more robust under fed conditions as compared to the artificial fasted condition where no food is consumed 10 hours prior to and 4 hours after dosing. The dosing situation under the tested fasting condition does not represent the expected common use of this product. Patients should, however, be instructed not to take the tablet on an empty stomach.
Attitudes of Medical Students Toward Volunteering in Emergency Situations
Authors: Gouda Pishoy , Kirk Aoife , Sweeney Anne-Marie , O’Donovan Diarmuid 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTObjective:With the rising incidence of health care emergencies, there has been a considerable burden placed on health care systems worldwide. We aimed to determine the willingness and capacity of medical students in Ireland to volunteer during health care emergencies.Methods:An online, cross-sectional survey of medical students at the National University of Ireland was conducted in 2015.Results:Respondents totaling 274 completed the survey (response rate – 30.1%). Of participants, 69.0% were willing to volunteer in the event of a natural disaster and 59.1% in an event of an infectious epidemic, with altruism being the strongest motivational factor. Only a minority of students (23.7%) felt their current skill level would be useful in an emergency setting.Conclusions:Medical students express a strong interest in actively participating during health care emergencies.
‘Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus genotypes in northern Greece in the last decade: descriptive analysis and clinical correlations’
Authors: Gioula G. , Sinakos E. , Gigi E. , Goulis I. , Vasiliadis T. , Minti F. , Akriviadis E. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) represents a major public health problem, while the identification of a HCV genotype is clinically very important for therapy prescription. The aim of the present study was to determine the HCV genotype distribution patients from northern Greece with HCV RNA positive viral load and to identify whether there is a shift in this distribution, during 2009–2017. The study was performed on 915 HCV positive patients and according to the results, genotype 3 was the most prevalent genotype (Ν = 395, 43.2%) followed by genotype 1 (Ν = 361, 39.5%). Regarding the gender of the patients, genotype 1 was mostly detected in women. Moreover, genotype 1 was associated with higher viral loads, while genotype 3 was most frequently detected in patients with a history of intravenous drug use. In conclusion, our results show that genotype 3 is the most prevalent genotype in Greece during the last decade as opposed to older epidemiological studies, likely due to intravenous drug use becoming the major source of infection.
Impact of FDA black box warning on fluoroquinolone and alternative antibiotic use in southeastern US hospitals
Authors: Yarrington Michael E. , Anderson Deverick J. , Dodds Ashley Elizabeth , Jones Travis , Davis Angelina , Johnson Melissa , Lokhnygina Yuliya , Sexton Daniel J. , Moehring Rebekah W. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe analyzed antibiotic use data from 29 southeastern US hospitals over a 5-year period to determine changes in antibiotic use after the fluoroquinolone US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory update in 2016. Fluoroquinolone use declined both before and after the FDA announcement, and the use of select, alternative antibiotics increased after the announcement.Fluoroquinolones are among the 4 most commonly prescribed antibiotic classes.1,2 Postmarketing reports of serious adverse events linked to fluoroquinolones include tendonitis, neuropathy, hypoglycemia, psychiatric side effects, and possible aortic vessel rupture, leading to safety label changes in July 2008 and August 2013.3 In July 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) strengthened the “black box” warning following an initial safety announcement in May 2016, recommending avoidance of fluoroquinolones for uncomplicated infections such as acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, uncomplicated urinary tract infections, and acute bacterial sinusitis.4 Concerns over safety and the association with Clostridiodes difficile infection have led inpatient antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) to develop initiatives to promote avoidance of quinolones. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of the 2016 FDA “black box” update on inpatient antibiotic use among a cohort of southeastern US hospitals.
The Life and Afterlife of a Western Han “Covered Mirror” from the Tomb of Marquis of Haihun (59 BCE)
Authors: Guo Jue 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis article provides a contextual analysis of an enigmatic object—dubbed the “Confucius Dressing Mirror” (Kongziyijing孔子衣鏡)—recently unearthed from the tomb of Liu He 劉賀 (Marquis of Haihun 海昏侯, d. 59 BCE) in 2015. I raise questions about the prevailing identification of this object as a “dressing mirror” and a “lived object,” used by Liu He for moral self-cultivation or political self-preservation in his volatile life as the deposed ninth emperor of Han. Instead, I treat the object as an assemblage and analyze its complete material composition and physical placement in Liu He's tomb in the broader context of funerary material culture and burial practice in early imperial China. I propose that the entombed object can be considered as a composite talisman to protect the deceased against baleful and harmful influences in the tomb and in his afterlife. Methodologically, this article stresses the importance of contextual analysis in shedding light on the traditional conceptual categories such as “lived object” (shengqi生器) and “funerary objects” (mingqi明器) in actual funerary ritual processes.
Macronutrient content of donor milk from a regional human milk bank: variation with donor mother–infant characteristics
Authors: Mills Luke , Coulter Lynda , Savage Emma , Modi Neena 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBetter understanding of the variation in macronutrient content of human donor milk (HDM) potentiates targeted nutrition for preterm babies. The present study describes the relationship of maternal age, parity, monthly lactation stage estimate (LSEm), daily volume of milk expressed (Vd), sex, gestation and birth weight z scores with macronutrient content of HDM. Multilevel mother–infant pair ID random intercept models were performed using the predictor variables above on the outcome HDM macronutrient content determined using mid-IR spectroscopy. Mean macronutrient content was also compared by gestational age and small for gestational age (SGA) (z score < –1·28) or appropriate for gestational age (AGA) (z score ≥ –1·28) categories. A total of 2966 samples of donations from 1175 mother–infant pairs to the UK Northwest Human Milk Bank between 2011 and 2017 were analysed. Mean protein, fat, carbohydrate and calculated energy were 0·89 (SD 0·24) g/dl, 2·99 (SD 0·96) g/dl, 7·09 (SD 0·44) g/dl, and 60·37 (SD 8·41) kcal/dl (252·59 (SD 35·19) kJ/dl), respectively. Preterm SGA HDM was significantly higher in protein, fat and energy content than term AGA HDM and significantly lower in carbohydrate content than term AGA HDM after controlling for LSEm, Vd and between-subject effects. Degree of prematurity did not influence macronutrient content. Between-subject effects accounted for more of the variance in macronutrient content than the fixed effects in the model. Despite this, SGA status, as well as prematurity, may be an important determinant of macronutrient content in human milk. As bioavailability of macronutrients from HDM is uncertain, studies evaluating growth and body composition in preterm and SGA babies fed HDM are warranted.
How do Courts Interpret Commercial Contracts
Authors: Staughton Christopher 
Published: September 2019

Christopher Staughton, a former Lord Justice of Appeal, writes of the four principal rules for the interpretation of written contracts. First, there is the exclusion of negotiations and subjective evidence of intention. Secondly he considers what material can qualify as background evidence, or as some would say matrix. Thirdly, there is the rule that a meaning which is less obvious =N but still consistent with the words used =N may be preferred. Fourthly, he deals with the very limited extent to which evidence of market practice is admissible.The article contrasts recent observations of Lord Hoffmann in two cases in the House of Lords with other authority, both ancient and modern.
Late Triassic porphyries in the Zhongdian arc, eastern Tibet: origin and implications for Cu mineralization
Authors: Dong Pengsheng , Dong Guochen , Sun Zhuanrong , Li Huawei , Tang Jiahui , Zhu Hongyun 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWhole-rock and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic composition data, zircon Hf isotopic data and zircon U–Pb ages were obtained for the Late Triassic porphyries in the Zhongdian arc, eastern Tibet. These porphyries are intermediate and metaluminous and are enriched in large ion lithophile elements and depleted in high field strength elements. Moreover, they have weak negative Eu anomalies, high Sr and Ba contents, and high Sr/Y ratios. Different mineral geothermobarometers suggest that the porphyries in the Zhongdian arc crystallized atc. 640–829 °C and pressures of 2.1–2.8 kbar at depths shallower than 8 km. The porphyries have a calculated water content of 4.47–4.94 wt % and a relatively high magmatic oxygen fugacity. These porphyries were emplaced mainly at 230–203 Ma with a peak at 218–215 Ma. The Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotope data suggest that the porphyries in the Zhongdian arc were derived from a mixed melt of 50–65 % asthenospheric mantle and 35–50 % eclogite from the western Yangtze lower crust that experienced low-degree partial melting of 2–10 %. Subsequent fractional crystallization resulted in the decreasing trends of the major- and trace-element contents. The high Sr/Y and La/Yb values are the result of the low degree of partial melting of the western Yangtze lower crust rather than fractional crystallization, because no linear relationship was noted between Sr/Y or La/Yb and SiO2. The mixed melts from the lower crust and asthenospheric mantle provided a fertile magma source, and subsequent fractional crystallization under the favourable magmatic conditions of high water content and high oxidation state resulted in the formation of the porphyry Cu–Au deposits.
Brassed-Off: The Question of Labour Unfreedom Revisited
Authors: HAGAN JIM , WELLS ANDREW 
Published: September 2019

TOM BRASS. Towards a Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labour. Case
Studies and Debates. [The Library of Peasant Studies, 16.] Frank Cass,
London [etc.] 1999. £47.50. (Paper: £20.00).Free and Unfree Labour. The Debate Continues. Ed. by Tom Brass and
Marcel van der Linden. [International and Comparative Social History, 5.]
Peter Lang, Bern [etc.] 1997. 603 pp. S.fr. 98.00.
‘CHANGING TRADITIONS TO MEET CURRENT
ALTERING CONDITIONS’: CUSTOMARY LAW,
AFRICAN COURTS AND THE REJECTION OF
CODIFICATION IN KENYA, 1930–60
Authors: SHADLE BRETT L. 
Published: September 2019

If the aim of British colonizers, Frederick Lugard wrote, was to civilize
Africans ‘and to devote thought to those matters which…most intimately
affect their daily life and happiness, there are few of greater importance
than the constitution of native courts’. Moreover, he argued that only from
native courts employing customary law was it ‘possible to create rudiments
of law and order, to inculcate a sense of responsibility, and evolve among a
primitive community some sense of discipline and respect for authority’.
Britain had not the manpower, the money nor the mettle to rule by force of
arms alone. Essentially, in order to make colonial rule work with only a ‘thin
white line’ of European administrators, African ideas of custom and of law
had to be incorporated into the new state systems. In a very real way,
customary law and African courts provided the ideological and financial
underpinnings for European colonial rule.In Kenya from at least the 1920s, but especially in the 1940s and 1950s,
administrators struggled with the question of how customary law could best
be used in African courts. Prominent among their concerns was the
codification of customary law, against which most administrators vigorously
fought. British officials believed that reducing African custom to written law
and placing it in a code would ‘crystalize’ it, altering its fundamentally fluid
or evolutionary nature. Colonizers naturally harbored intentions of using
the law to shape society (as Cooper has demonstrated for the Kenya coast)
but a fluid, unwritten law provided much greater latitude to pursue these
goals. It was necessary, as one administrator put it, to allow ‘changing
traditions to meet current altering conditions’.This case study of Kenya offers a different understanding of the history of
customary law.
Evidence of longitudinal vortices evolved from distorted wakes in a turbine passage
Authors: WU XIAOHUA , DURBIN PAUL A. 
Published: September 2019

Two types of longitudinal vortices are found to arise from distorted, migrating wakes
convecting through a low-pressure turbine stator passage. The primary vortices emerge
within the free stream as the wake is subjected to irrotational strains. Their axes align
approximately with the local mean wake velocity. They are dragged over the surface
and induce secondary vortices near the wall, which have the opposite sense of rotation
to the primary vortices. Although they form on the concave side, these secondary
vortices are neither produced, nor sustained by Görtler instability; rather, they are a
consequence of severely straining the passing wakes.Evidence is drawn from a numerical simulation of the unsteady, incompressible
flow through a turbine stator passage with and without upstream turbulent wakes.
The computations were performed with 2.5 and 5.7 × 107 grid points on a parallel computer.
Facial artery musculomucosal flaps in oropharyngeal reconstruction following salvage transoral robotic surgery: a review of outcomes
Authors: Asairinachan A , O'Duffy F , Li M P , Fua T , Chauhan A , Magarey M J R , Dixon B J 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectiveThere has been little reported on the transoral reconstructive options following salvage transoral robotic surgery. This paper describes the facial artery musculomucosal flap as a method to introduce vascularised tissue to a previously irradiated resection bed.MethodsA facial artery musculomucosal flap was used to reconstruct the lateral pharyngeal wall in 13 patients undergoing salvage transoral robotic surgery for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Outcomes recorded include flap and donor site complications, length of stay, and swallowing and speech outcomes.ResultsThere were no immediate or late flap complications, or cases of delayed wound healing in this series. There were two facial artery musculomucosal related complications requiring surgical management: one bleed from the facial artery musculomucosal donor site and one minor surgical revision. Healing of the flap onto the resection bed was successful in all cases.ConclusionThe facial artery musculomucosal flap provides a suitable transoral local flap option for selected patients undergoing salvage transoral robotic surgery for oropharyngeal malignancies.
Sweetness and Water Power: The SICAE Sugarcane Cooperative and Mayo Struggles for Water, 1944 to 1956
Authors: Mestaz James V. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHundreds of indigenous Mayoejidatariosbecame members of the SICAE (Sociedad de Interés Colectivo Agrícola Ejidal) sugarcane cooperative in North-West Mexico in the 1930s, gaining control of irrigated lands and marginalising non-members, called ‘individualists’, by the 1940s. This article focuses on how indigenous individualists of Los Goros and El Teroqueejidosnavigated the SICAE's control of water and attempts to annex their lands. Mayo individualists’ resistance to corruptejidalleadership and the SICAE cooperative allowed them to influence local water development decisions. These individualist Mayo experiences exemplify how hydraulic social mobilisation became an indigenous people's strategy of survival in mid-twentieth-century Mexico.
Parasite proteinases and amino acid metabolism:
possibilities for chemotherapeutic exploitation
Authors: COOMBS G. H. , MOTTRAM J. C. 
Published: September 2019

Parasite enzymes involved in proteolysis and amino
acid metabolism have attracted considerable attention over the last
decade. Nevertheless, current
knowledge is extensive for just a few parasites and
several enzymes. Most enzymes remain largely
unexplored. This review concentrates upon a selection of the better
studied enzymes and the potentially
valuable approaches now being adopted in their
study. We present a personal view on the most
suitable strategies for exploiting this area of parasite
biochemistry with novel antiparasite drugs. The
content of the review reflects our own work and
interests, but we have aimed to include a sufficiently
broad range of topics so that this overview serves as
a useful introduction for those new to the subject.There have been several reviews that provide good
coverage of the appropriate literature (Barrett, 1991;
McKerrow et al. 1993; North & Lockwood, 1995;
Sakanari et al. 1995; Robertson et al. 1996; Vial,
1996; Coombs & Mottram, 1997; Walker & Barrett,
1997), therefore we detail here just some of the
publications and refer readers to the reviews quoted
for further information. This treatise mainly highlights progress
made in studies with parasitic
protozoa. Parasitic worms present more difficult
problems for drug designers and there has been only
limited progress to date in this area of biochemistry;
we include here mention of just some of the more
exciting advances so far.