bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How diet and the microbiome shape health or contribute to disease: A mini-review of current models and clinical studies
Authors: Zangara Megan T , McDonald Christine 
Published: February 2019

The human gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem of commensal microorganisms that help to shape host development and health. Host diet directly influences not only the composition, but also the function of the microbiome. In turn, the microbiome impacts the health of the host through production of metabolites from ingested food. Studies of this host-microbe relationship have recently enhanced our understanding of disease development and pathogenesis, and are now being targeted to combat disease symptoms and promote health. For example, dietary shifts to a high-fat, high-sugar “Western diet” drives microbiome dysbiosis in several disease models, which correlates with disease severity. Reintroduction of fiber, increased antioxidants, or decreases in fat and sugar intake helps to restore microbial balance to a healthier composition and often improves disease parameters. Analyses of microbiome-produced metabolites emphasize that understanding how diet shifts the function of the microbiome may be of critical importance for therapeutic targeting of the host-microbe relationship to promote health. In this mini-review, we discuss what is known about the three-way relationship between diet, the microbiome, and disease utilizing animal models, as well as the findings from human clinical trials of dietary therapeutics.Impact statementThe studies reviewed in this article combine diet in the context of disease progression or treatment with analysis of the microbiome. First, we present findings on how diet manipulation impacts the microbiome and disease pathogenesis in a broad variety of rodent models of disease. Then, we describe results from clinical trials that are using diet therapies to attempt to shift the microbiome and treat disease symptoms. Finally, we discuss what these studies have taught us about the influence of the microbiome of disease and health states and highlight the evidence suggesting that dietary modulation of the microbiome is an emerging therapeutic option for a variety of different diseases.
Gemcitabine and Oxaliplatin Chemotherapy or Surveillance in Resected Biliary Tract Cancer (PRODIGE 12-ACCORD 18-UNICANCER GI): A Randomized Phase III Study
Authors: Edeline Julien , Benabdelghani Meher , Bertaut Aurélie , Watelet Jérôme , Hammel Pascal , Joly Jean-Paul , Boudjema Karim , Fartoux Laetitia , Bouhier-Leporrier Karine , Jouve Jean-Louis , Faroux Roger , Guerin-Meyer Véronique , Kurtz Jean-Emmanuel , Assénat Eric , Seitz Jean-François , Baumgaertner Isabelle , Tougeron David , de la Fouchardière Christelle , Lombard-Bohas Catherine , Boucher Eveline , Stanbury Trevor , Louvet Christophe , Malka David , Phelip Jean-Marc 
Published: February 2019

PURPOSE No standard adjuvant treatment currently is recommended in localized biliary tract cancer (BTC) after surgical resection. We aimed to assess whether gemcitabine and oxaliplatin chemotherapy (GEMOX) would increase relapse-free survival (RFS) while maintaining health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients who undergo resection. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a multicenter, open-label, randomized phase III trial in 33 centers. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) within 3 months after R0 or R1 resection of a localized BTC to receive either GEMOX (gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 on day 1 and oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 infused on day 2 of a 2-week cycle) for 12 cycles (experimental arm A) or surveillance (standard arm B). Primary end points were RFS and HRQOL. RESULTS Between July 2009 and February 2014, 196 patients were included. Baseline characteristics were balanced between the two arms. After a median follow-up of 46.5 months (95% CI, 42.6 to 49.3 months), 126 RFS events and 82 deaths were recorded. There was no significant difference in RFS between the two arms (median, 30.4 months in arm A v 18.5 months in arm B; hazard ratio [HR], 0.88; 95% CI, 0.62 to 1.25; P = .48). There was no difference in time to definitive deterioration of global HRQOL (median, 31.8 months in arm A v 32.1 months in arm B; HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.73 to 2.26; log-rank P = .39). Overall survival was not different (median, 75.8 months in arm A v 50.8 months in arm B; HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.70 to 1.66; log-rank P = .74). Maximal adverse events were grade 3 in 62% (arm A) versus 18% (arm B) and grade 4 in 11% versus 3% ( P < .001). CONCLUSION There was no benefit of adjuvant GEMOX in resected BTC despite adequate tolerance and delivery of the regimen.
Adjuvant Hysterectomy in Patients With Residual Disease After Radiation for Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer: A Prospective Longitudinal Study
Authors: Pervin Shahana , Ruma Farzana Islam , Rahman Khadija , Ferdous Jannatul , Ara Rifat , Abu Syed Mollah Mohamed , Goodman Annekathryn 
Published: February 2019

PURPOSE The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of hysterectomy in the control of pelvic disease in patients with post-irradiated residual cervical cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty patients were treated at either National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital (NICRH) or Delta Cancer Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIB to IIIB disease with residual disease after the following: either concurrent chemoradiation with or without brachytherapy, induction chemotherapy and external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with or without brachytherapy, or only EBRT. Patients were treated by either radical hysterectomy or extrafascial hysterectomy. RESULTS From 2009 to June 2013, 55 patients were evaluated for central residual disease on their presentations to NICRH or Delta Hospital. Patients with distant recurrences after primary radiation were excluded. Forty patients had invasive cancer on biopsy and underwent either radical hysterectomy or extrafascial hysterectomy. Surgery was performed 14 to 18 weeks after the initial treatment. Of the 29 women who underwent extrafascial hysterectomy, four (13.8%) developed recurrent disease, and one died; none of the 11 patients treated by radical hysterectomy experienced recurrences during the study period. Morbidity was increased in patients who underwent radical hysterectomy. Overall 90% of patients (36 of 40 patients) who underwent surgery had no evidence of disease at 5 years of follow-up. CONCLUSION Surgery is a viable treatment option for patients with residual cervical cancer after radiation. Radical hysterectomy after radiation is more morbid but has better tumor control than extrafascial hysterectomy.
Late-onset Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Rabinovici Gil D. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of late-onset dementia. This article describes the epidemiology, genetic and environmental risk factors, clinical diagnosis, biomarkers, and treatment of late-onset AD, defined by age of onset of 65 years or older.

RECENT FINDINGS
An estimated 5.7 million Americans are living with AD dementia, with the number of affected individuals growing rapidly because of an aging population. Vascular risk factors, sleep disorders, and traumatic brain injury are associated with an increased risk of AD, while increased cognitive and physical activity throughout the lifespan reduce the risk of disease. The primary genetic risk factor for late-onset AD is the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele. AD typically presents with early and prominent episodic memory loss, although this clinical syndrome is neither sensitive nor specific for underlying AD neuropathology. Emerging CSF and imaging biomarkers can now detect the key neuropathologic features of the disease (amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neurodegeneration) in living people, allowing for characterization of patients based on biological measures. A comprehensive treatment plan for AD includes use of symptomatic medications, optimal treatment of comorbid conditions and neuropsychiatric symptoms, counseling about safety and future planning, and referrals to community resources.

SUMMARY
AD is very common in older neurologic patients. Neurologists should set the standard for the diagnosis and care of patients with AD and should be familiar with emerging biomarkers that have transformed AD research and are primed to enter the clinical arena.
Prescribing Antipsychotic Medications to Patients With Dementia: Boxed Warnings and Mitigation of Legal Liability
Authors: Rose Rachel V. , Kass Joseph S. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
Clinicians caring for patients with dementia are often at a loss when trying to manage dementia-related behavioral disturbances pharmacologically because no drugs have been proven effective for this indication. Antipsychotics are commonly prescribed for these patients despite a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–mandated boxed warning about the heightened risk of death in patients with dementia treated with antipsychotic drugs. This boxed warning does not prevent clinicians from prescribing antipsychotics to patients with dementia. However, it serves as a heightened warning to prescribers to include the specific risks mentioned in the boxed warning in their discussion of risks and benefits of the proposed therapy with their patients or their patients’ health care proxy and to document this informed consent conversation in the medical record. By documenting that the risks of the treatment, including those the FDA has deemed serious enough to include in a boxed warning, were discussed and accepted by the medical decision maker, the prescriber also reduces the risk of liability should an adverse event ensue.
How can developmental biology help feed a growing population?
Authors: Boden Scott A. , Østergaard Lars 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
Agriculture is challenged globally from a variety of fronts, including a steady increase in world population, changes in climate and a requirement to reduce fertiliser inputs. In the production of crops that are able to overcome these challenges, developmental biology can play a crucial role. The process of domesticating wild progenitors into edible crops is closely linked to modification of developmental processes, and the steps that are needed to face the current challenges will equally require developmental modifications. In this Spotlight, we describe the achievements by developmental biologists in identifying the genes responsible for domestication of some of the most important crops, and highlight that developmental biology is in a unique position to remain centre stage in improving crop performance to meet current and future demands. We propose that the explosive technological advances in sequencing, genome editing and advanced data processing provide an excellent opportunity for researchers to combine scientific disciplines and realise the continued potential of plants as the primary food source for generations to come.
Influence of the extracellular matrix on cell-intrinsic circadian clocks
Authors: Streuli Charles H. , Meng Qing-Jun 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
Cell-autonomous circadian clocks coordinate tissue homeostasis with a 24-hourly rhythm. The molecular circadian clock machinery controls tissue- and cell type-specific sets of rhythmic genes. Disruptions of clock mechanisms are linked to an increased risk of acquiring diseases, especially those associated with aging, metabolic dysfunction and cancer. Despite rapid advances in understanding the cyclic outputs of different tissue clocks, less is known about how the clocks adapt to their local niche within tissues. We have discovered that tissue stiffness regulates circadian clocks, and that this occurs in a cell-type-dependent manner. In this Review, we summarise new work linking the extracellular matrix with differential control of circadian clocks. We discuss how the changes in tissue structure and cellular microenvironment that occur throughout life may impact on the molecular control of circadian cycles. We also consider how altered clocks may have downstream impacts on the acquisition of diseases.
An audit and service evaluation of the use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a paediatric dentistry department
Authors: Mizban Laith , El-Belihy Mohamed , Vaidyanathan Mina , Brown Jackie 
Published: February 2019

Objectives: CBCT exposes the paediatric patient to a higher X-ray dose and risk than normal dental radiographs. This study has two components: an audit and service evaluation. The audit aims to assess whether the use of CBCT in a Paediatric Dentistry department at a London hospital complies with European guidelines (SEDENTEXCT). The service evaluation aims to explore the influence of CBCT on treatment planning. Methods: Two 6 month audit cycles were completed, where CBCT requests were audited to check whether image justifications comply with SEDENTEXCT. For the service evaluation, a total of 50 patient records were examined for the effect of CBCT on definitive treatment plans. Results: The first audit demonstrated 94% compliance with SEDENTEXCT. After instituting staff training in CBCT, compliance improved to 100%. In the service evaluation, 100% of CBCTs were found to provide information that impacted on the clinicians’ treatment planning, diagnosis and/or management. Of most significance, 44% of treatment plans were changed because of new information provided by CBCT. Conclusions: There are few studies investigating the use of CBCT in paediatric dentistry and the impact of this investigation. This service evaluation shows that CBCT can play an important role in optimising paediatric patient outcomes. The need for robust staff training in CBCT referrals to prevent over prescription is demonstrated in the audit cycles.
Uso do Role-Playing Game no treinamento de habilidade de enfrentamento das situações de risco para o uso de drogas
Authors: Scattone Vitor Villar , Tucci Adriana Marcassa 
Published: February 2019

O Role-Playing Game (RPG) é uma intervenção lúdica que pode favorecer o treinamento de habilidades de enfrentamento (THE). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do uso do RPG no THE das situações de risco para o uso de drogas, mais especificamente, avaliar a autoconfiança do usuário para resistir a esse uso nessas situações. Estudo exploratório, randomizado e constituído por grupos controle e experimental, com cinco usuários em cada. Os participantes estavam internados em uma instituição privada. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) e Brief Situational Confidence Questionnaire (BSCQ). A análise de dados foi realizada por meio da análise de variância com medidas repetidas. A intervenção ocorreu ao longo de quatro semanas, com um encontro semanal e no formato de grupo. Os resultados apontam que o THE proporcionou aumento da autoconfiança dos participantes no enfrentamento de diferentes situações de risco que desencadeiam o uso de drogas, especialmente diante de situações de conflitos pessoais, familiares e sociais; houve também aumento da autoconfiança para recusar o uso de droga em situações que a usava descontroladamente. O RPG pode ser uma ferramenta útil e complementar para THE das situações de risco para o uso de drogas.
Critical Approaches to Emotions of Non-Native English Speaking Teachers
Authors: Song Juyoung 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
A growing number of recent studies in applied linguistics focus on teacher emotions in response to several major shifts within the field, expanding the scope of analyses to include the social and affective dimensions of second language education. This paper aims to expand the discussion on the emotions of non-native English speaking teachers (NNESTs) by examining their anxiety from the perspective of sociopolitical and socioeconomic theories. By introducing three theories on emotions developed by Raymond Williams (1977), Pierre Bourdieu (1986), and Sara Ahmed (2015), I demonstrate how their insights on the social construction and circulation of emotions can be applied to NNESTs’ emotional struggles in relation to structural inequalities. Then, I discuss theoretical and practical implications of this perspective on language teaching and teacher education, calling for criticality in the area of teacher emotions.
Caring to Teach: Exploring the Affective Economies of English Teachers in Singapore
Authors: Pereira Andrew J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The ethical project of education hinges on the ideal of caring relations between teachers and students, an ideal that entails deep emotional commitments on the part of teachers. Drawing on interview data from a larger study of teachers’ lived experiences in Singapore’s secondary schools, this paper examines the cultural politics of caring as an emotional practice in teaching. The ethic of care serves to construct normative accounts of good teaching based on “feeling rules,” and becomes a disciplinary technology for evaluating the professional, social and emotional competencies of teachers. I suggest that this project in turn entails an ideological effort to mobilize teachers’ emotional attachment to this ethical ideal. The ethic of care shapes the subjectivities, beliefs, and practices of English teachers, particularly as they circulate through the neoliberal imperatives of educational accountability regimes.
Age-related disturbances in DNA (hydroxy)methylation in APP/PS1 mice
Authors: Chouliaras Leonidas , Lardenoije Roy , Kenis Gunter , Mastroeni Diego , Hof Patrick R. , Os Jim van , Steinbusch Harry W.M. , van Leeuwen Fred W. , Rutten Bart P.F. , van den Hove Daniel L.A. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Brain aging has been associated with aberrant DNA methylation patterns, and changes in the levels of DNA methylation and associated markers have been observed in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. DNA hydroxymethylation, however, has been sparsely investigated in aging and AD. We have previously reported robust decreases in 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in the hippocampus of AD patients compared to non-demented controls. In the present study, we investigated 3- and 9-month-old APPswe/PS1ΔE9 transgenic and wild-type mice for possible age-related alterations in 5-mC and 5-hmC levels in three hippocampal sub-regions using quantitative immunohistochemistry. While age-related increases in levels of both 5-mC and 5-hmC were found in wild-type mice, APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice showed decreased levels of 5-mC at 9 months of age and no age-related changes in 5-hmC throughout the hippocampus. Altogether, these findings suggest that aberrant amyloid processing impact on the balance between DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in the hippocampus during aging in mice.
Evaluation of INSeq To Identify Genes Essential for Pseudomonas aeruginosa PGPR2 Corn Root Colonization
Authors: Sivakumar Ramamoorthy , Ranjani Jothi , Vishnu Udayakumar S , Jayashree Sathyanarayanan , Lozano Gabriel L , Miles Jessica , Broderick Nichole A , Guan Changhui , Gunasekaran Paramasamy , Handelsman Jo , Rajendhran Jeyaprakash 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The reciprocal interaction between rhizosphere bacteria and their plant hosts results in a complex battery of genetic and physiological responses. In this study, we used insertion sequencing (INSeq) to reveal the genetic determinants responsible for the fitness of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PGPR2 during root colonization. We generated a random transposon mutant library of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PGPR2 comprising 39,500 unique insertions and identified genes required for growth in culture and on corn roots. A total of 108 genes were identified as contributing to the fitness of strain PGPR2 on roots. The importance in root colonization of four genes identified in the INSeq screen was verified by constructing deletion mutants in the genes and testing them for the ability to colonize corn roots singly or in competition with the wild type. All four mutants were affected in corn root colonization, displaying 5- to 100-fold reductions in populations in single inoculations, and all were outcompeted by the wild type by almost 100-fold after seven days on corn roots in mixed inoculations of the wild type and mutant. The genes identified in the screen had homology to genes involved in amino acid catabolism, stress adaptation, detoxification, signal transduction, and transport. INSeq technology proved a successful tool to identify fitness factors in P. aeruginosa PGPR2 for root colonization.
Changes in the Use of Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment in Clinical Trials for Older Patients with Cancer over Time
Authors: Le Saux Olivia , Falandry Claire , Gan Hui K. , You Benoit , Freyer Gilles , Péron Julien 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
The objective of this study was to describe the implementation of comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) in clinical trials dedicated to older patients before and after the creation of the International Society of Geriatric Oncology in the early 2000s.

Subjects, Materials, and Methods
All phase I, II, and III trials dedicated to the treatment of cancer among older patients published between 2001 and 2004 and between 2011 and 2014 were reviewed. We considered that a CGA was performed when the authors indicated an intention to do so in the Methods section of the article. We collected each geriatric domain assessed using a validated tool even in the absence of a clear CGA, including nutritional, functional, cognitive, and psychological status, comorbidity, comedication, overmedication, social status and support, and geriatric syndromes.

Results
A total of 260 clinical trials dedicated to older patients were identified over the two time periods: 27 phase I, 193 phase II, and 40 phase III trials. CGA was used in 9% and 8% of phase II and III trials, respectively; it was never used in phase I trials. Performance status was reported in 67%, 79%, and 75% of phase I, II, and III trials, respectively. Functional assessment was reported in 4%, 11%, and 13% of phase I, II, and III trials, respectively. Between the two time periods, use of CGA increased from 1% to 11% (p = .0051) and assessment of functional status increased from 3% to 14% (p = .0094).

Conclusion
The use of CGA in trials dedicated to older patients increased significantly but remained insufficient.
BYOD with Security
Authors: Neves Ulysses Moreira , Mello Flávio Luis de 
Published: February 2019

<p class="IndexTerms">The concern of companies to keep sensitive data protected from improper access and information leaking has grown a lot. The constant cases of industrial espionage and information leakage regarding companies are an evidence of the need to apply strict information security policies, improve data protection and allow an auditing track. With the evolution of technology, the usage of personal mobile devices increased in organizations (BYOD - Bring Your Own Device), which allows the employees to use their own mobile devices at work. This paper addresses the current challenges faced by IT companies and teams in protecting access to this kind of information, and what strategies are used to mitigate, to track leaks, and reduce the misuse of documents in the organization. Considering the scenario evaluated, a framework with good Information Security practices based on the ISO 27002:2005 and the practical controls of the Center of Internet Security (CIS) is proposed, associating good practices with the needs of BYOD’s culture. The framework suggested in this paper reinforces the necessity for a standardization of the rules of information security in the process of adoption of BYOD’s culture, following the life cycle of the user with his personal mobile device in the company.</p><p class="IndexTerms"> </p><p class="IndexTerms"> </p>