bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Cosmic-Ray Nuclei with Voyager, ACE, and AMS-02. I. Local Interstellar Spectra and Solar Modulation
Authors: Zhu Cheng-Rui , Yuan Qiang , Wei Da-Ming 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The acceleration of cosmic-ray particles and their propagation in the Milky Way and the heliosphere tangle with each other, leading to complexity and degeneracy of the modeling of Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). The recent measurements of the GCR spectra by Voyager-1 from outside of the heliosphere gave the first direct observation of GCRs in the local interstellar (LIS) environment. Together with the high-precision data near the Earth taken by the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) and AMS-02, we derive the LIS spectra of helium, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, and oxygen nuclei from a few MeV n−1 to TeV n−1, using a non-parameterization method. These LIS spectra are helpful in further studying the injection and propagation parameters of GCRs. The nearly 20 years of data recorded by ACE are used to determine the solar modulation parameters over solar cycles 23 and 24, based on the force-field approximation. We find general agreements of the modulation potential with the results inferred from neutron monitors and other cosmic-ray data.
The Star Formation Rate in the Gravoturbulent Interstellar Medium
Authors: Burkhart Blakesley 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Stars form in supersonic turbulent molecular clouds that are self-gravitating. We present an analytic determination of the star formation rate (SFR) in a gravoturbulent medium based on the density probability distribution function of molecular clouds having a piecewise lognormal (LN) and power-law (PL) form. This is in contrast to previous analytic SFR models that are governed primarily by interstellar turbulence, which sets purely LN density probability distribution functions (PDFs). In the gravoturbulent SFR model described herein, low-density gas resides in the LN portion of the PDF. Gas becomes gravitationally unstable past a critical density (ρ
crit), and the PDF begins to form a PL. As the collapse of the cloud proceeds, the transitional density (ρ

t
) between the LN and PL portions of the PDF moves toward lower density while the slope of the PL (α) becomes increasingly shallow. The SFR per free-fall time is calculated via an integral over the LN from ρ
crit to ρ

t
and an integral over the PL from ρ

t
to the maximum density. As α becomes shallower, the SFR accelerates beyond the expected values calculated from an LN density PDF. We show that the star formation efficiency per free-fall time in observations of local molecular clouds increases with shallower PDF PL slopes, in agreement with our model. Our model can explain why star formation is spatially and temporally variable within a cloud and why the depletion times observed in local and extragalactic giant molecular clouds vary. Both star-bursting and quiescent star-forming systems can be explained without the need to invoke extreme variations of turbulence in the local interstellar environment.
A Fundamental Line of Black Hole Activity
Authors: Daly Ruth A. , Stout Douglas A. , Mysliwiec Jeremy N. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Black hole systems with outflows are characterized by intrinsic physical quantities such as the outflow beam power, L

j
, the bolometric accretion disk luminosity, L
bol, and black hole mass or Eddington luminosity, L
Edd. When these systems produce compact radio emission and X-ray emission, they can be placed on the fundamental plane (FP), an empirical relationship between compact radio luminosity, X-ray luminosity, and black hole mass. We consider a fundamental line (FL) of black hole activity written in terms of dimensionless intrinsic physical quantities: log(L

j
/L
Edd) = A log(L
bol/L
Edd) + B or equivalently log(L

j
/L
bol) = (A − 1) log(L
bol/L
Edd) + B, and show that the FP may be written in the form of the FL. The FL has a smaller dispersion than the FP, suggesting the FP derives from the FL. Disk-dominated and jet-dominated systems have consistent best-fit FL parameters that suggest they are governed by the same physics. There are sharp cutoffs at L
bol/L
Edd ≃ 1 and L

j
/L
Edd ≃ 0.2, and no indication of a strong break as

. Consistent values of A are obtained for numerous samples, including FRII sources, LINERS, AGNs with compact radio emission, and Galactic black holes, which indicate a weighted mean value of A ≃ 0.45 ± 0.01. The results suggest that a common physical mechanism related to the dimensionless bolometric luminosity of the disk controls the jet power relative to the disk power. The beam power L

j
can be obtained by combining FP best-fit parameters and compact radio luminosity for sources that fall on the FP.
How Many Active Regions Are Necessary to Predict the Solar Dipole Moment?
Authors: Whitbread T. , Yeates A. R. , Muñoz-Jaramillo A. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We test recent claims that the polar field at the end of Cycle 23 was weakened by a small number of large, abnormally oriented regions, and investigate what this means for solar cycle prediction. We isolate the contribution of individual regions from magnetograms for Cycles 21, 22, and 23 using a 2D surface flux transport model, and find that although the top ∼10% of contributors tend to define sudden large variations in the axial dipole moment, the cumulative contribution of many weaker regions cannot be ignored. To recreate the axial dipole moment to a reasonable degree, many more regions are required in Cycle 23 than in Cycles 21 and 22 when ordered by contribution. We suggest that the negative contribution of the most significant regions of Cycle 23 could indeed be a cause of the weak polar field at the following cycle minimum and the low-amplitude Cycle 24. We also examine the relationship between a region’s axial dipole moment contribution and its emergence latitude, flux, and initial axial dipole moment. We find that once the initial dipole moment of a given region has been measured, we can predict the long-term dipole moment contribution using emergence latitude alone.
A Projected Estimate of the Reionization Optical Depth Using the CLASS Experiment’s Sample Variance Limited E-mode Measurement
Authors: Watts Duncan J. , Wang 王冰 Bingjie 洁 , Ali Aamir , Appel John W. , Bennett Charles L. , Chuss David T. , Dahal सुमित दाहाल Sumit , Eimer Joseph R. , Essinger-Hileman Thomas , Harrington Kathleen , Hinshaw Gary , Iuliano Jeffrey , Marriage Tobias A. , Miller Nathan J. , Padilla Ivan L. , Parker Lucas , Petroff Matthew , Rostem Karwan , Wollack Edward J. , Xu 徐智 Zhilei 磊 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We analyze simulated maps of the Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) experiment and recover a nearly cosmic variance limited estimate of the reionization optical depth τ. We use a power spectrum-based likelihood to simultaneously clean foregrounds and estimate cosmological parameters in multipole space. Using software specifically designed to constrain τ, the amplitude of scalar fluctuations A

s
, and the tensor-to-scalar ratio r, we demonstrate that the CLASS experiment will be able to estimate τ within a factor of two of the cosmic variance limit allowed by full-sky cosmic microwave background polarization measurements. Additionally, we discuss the role of CLASS’s τ constraint in conjunction with gravitational lensing of the CMB on obtaining a ≳4σ measurement of the sum of the neutrino masses.
HD 4915: A Maunder Minimum Candidate
Authors: Shah Shivani P. , Wright Jason T. , Isaacson Howard , Howard Andrew W. , Curtis Jason L. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We study the magnetic activity cycle of HD 4915 using the Ca ii HK emission line strengths measured by Keck I/High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES) spectrograph. The star has been observed as a part of California Planet Search Program from 2006 to present. We note decreasing amplitude in the magnetic activity cycle, a pattern suggesting the star’s entry into a Magnetic Grand Minimum state, reminiscent of the Sun’s Maunder and Dalton Minima. We recommend further monitoring of the star to confirm the grand minimum nature of the dynamo, which would provide insight into the state of the Sun’s chromosphere and the global magnetic field during its grand minima. We also recommend continued observations of HK emission lines, and ground- or space-based photometric observations to estimate the sunspot coverage.
Stellar Binaries Incident on Supermassive Black Hole Binaries: Implications for Double Tidal Disruption Events, Calcium-rich Transients, and Hypervelocity Stars
Authors: Coughlin Eric R. , Darbha Siva , Kasen Daniel , Quataert Eliot 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We analyze the outcome of the interaction between a stellar binary and a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) by performing a large number of gravitational scattering experiments. Most of the encounters result in either the ejection of an intact binary or the ejection of two individual stars following the tidal breakup of the binary. However, tidal disruption events (TDEs) and mergers constitute a few percent of the outcomes, and double temporally distinct TDEs (i.e., separated by at least one orbit of the SMBHB) occur at the percent level. We also demonstrate that the properties of the ejected binaries are significantly altered through the interaction with the SMBHB, and their large eccentricities increase the merger rate and could lead to gravitational-wave inspirals far from the nucleus of the host galaxy. We discuss our results in the context of observed tidal disruption events, hypervelocity stars, and remote supernovae, such as calcium-rich transients.
23rd International Colloquium on Animal Cytogenetics and Genomics (23 ICACG) June 9–12, 2018, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
Authors: Galkina Svetlana , Vishnevskaya Maria 
Published: August 2018

In memory of Ingemar Gustavsson
23rd International Colloquium on Animal Cytogenetics and Genomics (23 ICACG) took place in June 9–12, 2018 in Saint-Petersburg, Russia. Organized biennially, the Colloquium runs from 1970. From its very start this meeting is associated with the name of Ingemar Gustavsson to whom we dedicated the Colloquium 2018. The long and productive career of Ingemar Gustavsson had focused on chromosomes and their fundamental role in animal physiology, fertility, health and production in the context of agriculture and veterinary medicine. His meticulous analysis of breeding data performed back in 1964–69 resulted in the unequivocal identification of an association between heterozygosity for the 1/29 translocation in Swedish cattle and reduction in the fertility of the breed. Eventually, the argument in favor of selective elimination of bulls carrying the translocation from the breeding programs prevailed and the field of modern veterinary cytogenetics was established.
Participants from fourteen different countries attended the 23 ICACG in Russia, the country having long lasting traditions in cytogenetics and the Scientific schools of N.K. Koltzov, S.S. Chetverikov and A.S. Serebrovsky, geneticists who made important conceptual contributions to studies of chromosomes and genes, population genetics and evolutionary theory as early as in the beginning of the XX-th century.
All the abstracts received were subdivided between plenary and seven scientific sessions covering the issues in evolutionary and comparative cytogenetics, cytogenetics and genomes of domestic animals, meiosis studies, particular chromosome analyses, clinical cytogenetics, karyotypes and genomes of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, chromatin studies. In the abstract text below each presentation is marked with a capital letter: „L” stands for lectures, „O” for oral presentations and „P” for poster presentations.
We gratefully acknowledge the support from the Saint-Petersburg Association of Scientists and Scholars (SPbSU), Veterinary Genetics Center ZOOGEN, Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), VEUK, Helicon, Axioma BIO, BioVitrum, Sartorius, DIA-M companies.
The current collected abstracts comprise written contributions of the presentations during the 23 ICACG and were edited by Svetlana Galkina and Maria Vishnevskaya.
The next Colloquium – 24 ICACG – will be held at the University of Kent in Canterbury (UK) in 2020.
Please, cite abstracts as follows:
Gall JG (2018) Giant chromosomes and deep sequences: what the amphibian egg tells us about transcription. In: Galkina SA, Vishnevskaya MS, Mikhailova EI (Eds) 23rd Inernational Colloquium on Animal Cytogenetics and Genomics (23rdICACG), June 9–12, 2018, St Petersburg, Russia. Comparative Cytogenetics 12(3): p–p. https://doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v12i3.27748
Normative Data on Foveal Avascular Zone Dimensions in Four Macular Vascular Layers
Authors: Schwartz Roy , Bagchi Akanksha , Dubis Adam , Hykin Philip , Sivaprasad Sobha 
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
To provide normative data on the size of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in the four histological retinal vascular layers as measured using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and evaluate interobserver variability.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Two graders measured the FAZ area in each layer (nerve fiber layer [NFL], ganglion cell layer [GCL], inner plexiform layer to inner nuclear layer [INL], and INL to outer plexiform layer), as well as the superficial and deep capillary plexuses.

RESULTS:
Forty-seven eyes of 25 subjects were included. The FAZ was not clearly delineated in the NFL or GCL layers. There was high agreement between measurements of the FAZ area of the different layers. Inter- and intraobserver agreements were high.

CONCLUSION:
This is the first study to measure FAZ size across the retina. There was a high correlation between FAZ sizes among the different layers on OCTA.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2018;49:580–586.]
Which tests not witch hunts: a diagnostic approach for conducting replication research
Authors: Brown Annette N. , Wood Benjamin Douglas Kuflick 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Replication research can be used to explore original study results that researchers consider questionable, but it should also be a tool for reinforcing the credibility of results that are important to policies and programs. The challenge is to design a replication plan open to both supporting the original findings and uncovering potential problems. The purpose of this paper is to provide replication researchers with an objective list of checks or tests to consider when planning a replication study. The authors present tips for diagnostic replication exercises in four groups: validity of assumptions, data transformations, estimation methods, and heterogeneous impacts. For each group, the authors present an introduction to the issues, a list of replication tests and checks, some examples of how these checks are employed in replication studies of development impact evaluations, and a set of resources that provide statistical and econometric details. The authors also provide a list of don’ts for how to conduct and report replication research.
Seasonality of aerosol optical properties in the Arctic
Authors: Schmeisser Lauren , Backman John , Ogren John A. , Andrews Elisabeth , Asmi Eija , Starkweather Sandra , Uttal Taneil , Fiebig Markus , Sharma Sangeeta , Eleftheriadis Kostas , Vratolis Stergios , Bergin Michael , Tunved Peter , Jefferson Anne 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Given the sensitivity of the Arctic climate to short-lived climate forcers,
long-term in situ surface measurements of aerosol parameters are useful in
gaining insight into the magnitude and variability of these climate forcings.
Seasonality of aerosol optical properties – including the aerosol
light-scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, single-scattering
albedo, scattering Ångström exponent, and asymmetry parameter – are
presented for six monitoring sites throughout the Arctic: Alert, Canada;
Barrow, USA; Pallas, Finland; Summit, Greenland; Tiksi, Russia; and Zeppelin
Mountain, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway. Results show annual variability
in all parameters, though the seasonality of each aerosol optical property
varies from site to site. There is a large diversity in magnitude and
variability of scattering coefficient at all sites, reflecting differences in
aerosol source, transport, and removal at different locations throughout the
Arctic. Of the Arctic sites, the highest annual mean scattering coefficient
is measured at Tiksi (12.47 Mm−1), and the lowest annual mean
scattering coefficient is measured at Summit (1.74 Mm−1). At most
sites, aerosol absorption peaks in the winter and spring, and has a minimum
throughout the Arctic in the summer, indicative of the Arctic haze
phenomenon; however, nuanced variations in seasonalities suggest that this
phenomenon is not identically observed in all regions of the Arctic. The
highest annual mean absorption coefficient is measured at Pallas
(0.48 Mm−1), and Summit has the lowest annual mean absorption
coefficient (0.12 Mm−1). At the Arctic monitoring stations analyzed
here, mean annual single-scattering albedo ranges from 0.909 (at Pallas) to
0.960 (at Barrow), the mean annual scattering Ångström exponent
ranges from 1.04 (at Barrow) to 1.80 (at Summit), and the mean asymmetry
parameter ranges from 0.57 (at Alert) to 0.75 (at Summit). Systematic
variability of aerosol optical properties in the Arctic supports the notion
that the sites presented here measure a variety of aerosol populations, which
also experience different removal mechanisms. A robust conclusion from the
seasonal cycles presented is that the Arctic cannot be treated as one common
and uniform environment but rather is a region with ample spatiotemporal
variability in aerosols. This notion is important in considering the design
or aerosol monitoring networks in the region and is important for informing
climate models to better represent short-lived aerosol climate forcers in
order to yield more accurate climate predictions for the Arctic.
Deep-sea benthic communities and oxygen fluxes in the Arctic Fram Strait controlled by sea-ice cover and water depth
Authors: Hoffmann Ralf , Braeckman Ulrike , Hasemann Christiane , Wenzhöfer Frank 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Arctic Ocean surface sea-ice conditions are linked with the deep sea benthic oxygen fluxes via a cascade of interdependencies across ecosystem components such as primary production, food supply, activity of the benthic community, and their functions. Additionally, each ecosystem component is influenced by abiotic factors such as light availability, temperature, water depth, and grain size structure. In this study, we investigated the coupling between surface sea-ice conditions and deep-sea benthic remineralization processes through a cascade of interdependencies in the Fram Strait. We measured sea-ice concentrations, a variety of different sediment characteristics, benthic community parameters, and oxygen fluxes at 12 stations of the LTER HAUSGARTEN observatory, Fram Strait, at water depths of 275–2500 m. Our investigations reveal that the Fram Strait is bisected into two long-lasting and stable regions: (i) a permanently and highly sea-ice-covered area and (ii) a seasonally and low sea-ice-covered area. Within the Fram Strait ecosystem, sea-ice concentration and water depth are two independent abiotic factors, controlling the deep-sea benthos. Sea-ice concentration correlated with the available food and water depth with the oxygen flux. In addition, both abiotic factors sea-ice concentration and water depth correlate with the macrofauna biomass. However, at water depths > 1500 m the influence of the surface sea-ice cover is minimal with water depth becoming more dominant. Benthic remineralization across the Fram Strait on average is  ∼ 1 mmol C m−2 d−1. Our data indicate that the portion of newly produced carbon that is remineralized by the benthos is 5 % in the seasonally low sea-ice-covered eastern part of Fram Strait but can be 14 % in the permanently high sea-ice-covered western part of Fram Strait. Here, by comparing a permanently sea-ice-covered area with a seasonally sea-ice-covered area, we discuss a potential scenario for the deep-sea benthic ecosystem in the future Arctic Ocean, in which an increased surface primary production may lead to increasing benthic remineralization at water depths < 1500 m.
Deglacial carbon cycle changes observed in a compilation of 127 benthic δ13C time series (20–6 ka)
Authors: Peterson Carlye D. , Lisiecki Lorraine E. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. We present a compilation of 127 time series δ13C records from
Cibicides wuellerstorfi spanning the last deglaciation
(20–6 ka) which is
well-suited for reconstructing large-scale carbon cycle changes, especially
for comparison with isotope-enabled carbon cycle models. The age models for
the δ13C records are derived from regional planktic
radiocarbon compilations (Stern and Lisiecki, 2014). The
δ13C records were stacked in nine different regions and then
combined using volume-weighted averages to create intermediate, deep, and
global δ13C stacks. These benthic δ13C stacks
are used to reconstruct changes in the size of the terrestrial biosphere and
deep ocean carbon storage. The timing of change in global mean
δ13C is interpreted to indicate terrestrial biosphere
expansion from 19–6 ka. The δ13C gradient between the
intermediate and deep ocean, which we interpret as a proxy for deep ocean
carbon storage, matches the pattern of atmospheric CO2 change
observed in ice core records. The presence of signals associated with the
terrestrial biosphere and atmospheric CO2 indicates that the compiled
δ13C records have sufficient spatial coverage and time
resolution to accurately reconstruct large-scale carbon cycle changes during
the glacial termination.
Evaluation of Doppler radar and GTS data assimilation for NWP rainfall prediction of an extreme summer storm in northern China: from the hydrological perspective
Authors: Liu Jia , Tian Jiyang , Yan Denghua , Li Chuanzhe , Yu Fuliang , Shen Feifei 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Data assimilation is an effective tool in improving high-resolution rainfall
of the numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems which always fails in
providing satisfactory rainfall products for hydrological use. The aim of
this study is to explore the potential effects of assimilating different
sources of observations, i.e., the Doppler weather radar and the Global
Telecommunication System (GTS) data, in improving the mesoscale NWP rainfall
products. A 24 h summer storm occurring over the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei
region of northern China on 21 July 2012 is selected as a case study. The
Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is used to obtain 3 km rainfall
forecasts, and the observations are assimilated using the three-dimensional
variational (3DVar) data assimilation method. Eleven data assimilation modes
are designed for assimilating different combinations of observations in the
two nested domains of the WRF model. Both the rainfall accumulative amount
and its distribution in space and time are examined for the forecasting
results with and without data assimilation. The results show that data
assimilation can effectively help improve the WRF rainfall forecasts, which
is of great importance for hydrologic applications through the
rainfall–runoff transformation process. Both the radar reflectivity and the
GTS data are good choices for assimilation in improving the rainfall
products, whereas special attention should be paid to assimilating radial
velocity where unsatisfactory results are always found. The assimilation of
the GTS data in the coarser domain has positive effects on the radar data
assimilation in the finer domain, which can make the rainfall forecasts more
accurate than assimilating the radar data alone. It is also found that the
assimilation of more observations cannot guarantee further improvement of the
rainfall products, whereas the effective information contained in the
assimilated data is of more importance than the data quantity. Potential
improvements of data assimilation in improving the NWP rainfall products are
discussed and suggestions are further made.