bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuromuscular ultrasound in electrically non‐localizable ulnar neuropathy
Authors: Alrajeh Mohammad , Preston David C. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe aim of this study was to determine the value of high‐resolution ultrasound (HRUS) in patients with ulnar neuropathy whose electrophysiology displayed an axonal, non‐localizing pattern.MethodsA prospective study of patients referred to an electromyography laboratory for ulnar neuropathy was performed. Of the 56 patients with clinical and electrodiagnostic (EDx) evidence of ulnar neuropathy, 12 were identified with non‐localizing electrophysiology who subsequently underwent HRUS of the ulnar nerve.ResultsHRUS localized the ulnar neuropathy in all patients. In 2 patients, HRUS demonstrated structural lesions not at the elbow.DiscussionHRUS often adds complementary information to standard EDx studies, including ulnar neuropathy. Thus, HRUS should be employed in patients with a non‐localizing ulnar neuropathy on EDx studies. Muscle Nerve 58: 655–659, 2018
Integrability and non-integrability in $$ \mathcal{N}=2 $$ SCFTs and their holographic backgrounds
Authors: Nunez Carlos , Roychowdhury Dibakar , Thompson Daniel C. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe show that the string worldsheet theory of Gaiotto-Maldacena holographic duals to$$ \mathcal{N}=2 $$N=2superconformal field theories generically fails to be classically integrable. We demonstrate numerically that the dynamics of a winding string configuration possesses a non-vanishing Lyapunov exponent. Furthermore an analytic study of the Normal Variational Equation fails to yield a Liouvillian solution. An exception to the generic non-integrability of such backgrounds is provided by the non-Abelian T-dual ofAdS5×S5; here by virtue of the canonical transformation nature of the T-duality classical integrability is known to be present.
Complex Spike Wars: a New Hope
Authors: Streng Martha L. , Popa Laurentiu S. , Ebner Timothy J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe climbing fiber–Purkinje cell circuit is one of the most powerful and highly conserved in the central nervous system. Climbing fibers exert a powerful excitatory action that results in a complex spike in Purkinje cells and normal functioning of the cerebellum depends on the integrity of climbing fiber–Purkinje cell synapse. Over the last 50 years, multiple hypotheses have been put forward on the role of the climbing fibers and complex spikes in cerebellar information processing and motor control. Central to these theories is the nature of the interaction between the low-frequency complex spike discharge and the high-frequency simple spike firing of Purkinje cells. This review examines the major hypotheses surrounding the action of the climbing fiber–Purkinje cell projection, discussing both supporting and conflicting findings. The review describes newer findings establishing that climbing fibers and complex spikes provide predictive signals about movement parameters and that climbing fiber input controls the encoding of behavioral information in the simple spike firing of Purkinje cells. Finally, we propose the dynamic encoding hypothesis for complex spike function that strives to integrate established and newer findings.
Progress in targeted therapy for breast cancer
Authors: Ju Jie , Zhu An‐Jie , Yuan Peng 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBreast cancer is a multistep, multifactorial, and heterogeneous disease. Significant transformations have occurred in the systemic management of breast cancer in the past decade. Due to the further understanding of pathogenesis, scientists have found plenty of signaling pathways and correspondingly therapeutic targets in breast cancer, such as hormone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase (PI3K), v‐akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), cyclin‐dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6), poly (adenosine diphosphate‐ribose) polymerase (PARP), and programmed death‐1 (PD‐1). Targeted therapy, which optimizes the accuracy of antitumor activity and minimizes toxicity to normal tissues, plays a crucial role in breast cancer treatment in the era of precision medicine. In this review, we aimed to summarize the latest developments in targeted therapy for breast cancer and discuss the existing problems.
Validation into Arabic versions of Dementia Rating Scales, Dementia Caregivers Scales, and Dementia Research Instruments
Authors: Karam Georges Elie , Khandakji Mohannad Nawaf , Sahakian Nayri Sarkis , Dandan Jessica Christian , Karam Elie Georges 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIntroductionThis study aimed to examine the validity and internal consistency of Arabic versions of the eight‐item Alzheimer's Dementia, Alzheimer Questionnaire, and Clinical Dementia Rating scales and to assess the Arabic version of Katz Activities of Daily Living, and Neuropsychiatric Inventory.MethodsOne hundred fifty participants were recruited from different settings; they underwent clinical interviews and filled the aforementioned scales.ResultsIn our sample, 56.8% of the sample suffered from dementia. The Arabic eight‐item Alzheimer's Dementia had excellent psychometric properties, and the Arabic Alzheimer Questionnaire showed near‐perfect properties with sensitivity and specificity reaching 100%. In addition, the Arabic Clinical Dementia Rating (A‐CDR)–sum of boxes was superior to the regular A‐CDR score in detecting dementia cases among the study sample. The A‐CDR showed similar characteristics as the original version. The Katz scores demonstrated a strong negative correlation with eight‐item Alzheimer's Dementia scores.ConclusionBased on this study, health professionals now have reliable and validated tools to be used in clinical and research settings among Arabic‐speaking populations.
The Condition of Eruption Column Collapse: 2. Three‐Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Eruption Column Dynamics
Authors: Koyaguchi Takehiro , Suzuki Yujiro J. , Takeda Kai , Inagawa Satoshi 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe scenarios leading to column collapse during explosive volcanic eruptions are diverse because of their complex dependence on geological and petrological factors. In a companion paper, we proposed a reference model to predict column collapse condition on the basis of analytical solutions of one‐dimensional eruption models. Here we perform three‐dimensional (3‐D) simulations of eruption column dynamics to confirm the reference model. In the 3‐D simulations, the velocity and pressure boundary conditions at the crater top are determined from quasi‐1‐D conduit flow. When a gas‐pyroclast mixture erupts from a conduit‐crater system that satisfies the conditions of choked flow at the crater base or top, the mixture exits as either an underexpanded (overpressured) or overexpanded (underpressured) jet. The 3‐D simulations show that the underexpanded jets are accelerated and the overexpanded jets are decelerated due to decompression‐compression processes just above the vent. The total momentum flux after these decompression‐compression processes measured in the 3‐D simulations agrees well with the values estimated using the reference model. The column collapse condition determined by the 3‐D simulations is consistent with the reference model, with an effective entrainment coefficient of k = 0.05. We also find that complex flow patterns in the transitional state of column collapse result from multidimensional compressible fluid dynamical and buoyancy effects.
Synextensional Granitoids and Detachment Systems Within Cycladic Metamorphic Core Complexes (Aegean Sea, Greece): Toward a Regional Tectonomagmatic Model
Authors: Rabillard Aurélien , Jolivet Laurent , Arbaret Laurent , Bessière Eloïse , Laurent Valentin , Menant Armel , Augier Romain , Beaudoin Alexandre 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWithin deforming continental regions where metamorphic core complexes (MCCs) and synextensional granitoids are closely associated, deciphering the link between detachment faulting and magmatism often remains complex as (1) the rheological weakness of magma may stimulate mechanisms of strain localization, and conversely, (2) tectonic processes may open/close drains where magmas can intrude. Here we tackle this issue by focusing on the Cyclades with the comparison of five granitoid‐cored MCCs (Tinos, Mykonos, Ikaria, Naxos, and Serifos) and their flanking detachment systems. In this region, granitoids were emplaced into the middle/upper crust over a relatively short time period (15–9 Ma), while metamorphic domes were largely exhumed after more than 10 Myr of extension. None of those intrusions thereby proves to be a real candidate for the genesis of MCCs but would rather be a consequence of a warmer regime during lithospheric thinning. However, all collected structural and kinematic data converge toward a regional scheme in which magmatic activity played a more pivotal role than previously postulated. Indeed, late evolution stages of MCCs were dynamically impacted by intrusions along which local and transient heterogeneities of the mechanical strength occurred, interfering with the sequential development of detachments. During their tectonically controlled emplacement, magmatic products intruded already formed detachments at depth, locally inhibiting their activity, associated with a contemporaneous upward migration of extensional deformation that tended to localize through time within intrusion roofs along rheological discontinuities. The newly formed detachments are expressed within granitoids through a continuum of deformation from comagmatic to ductile conditions, followed by cataclasis along detachments.
A Survey of Visible S+ Emission in Io's Plasma Torus During the Hisaki Epoch
Authors: Schmidt C. , Schneider N. , Leblanc F. , Gray C. , Morgenthaler J. , Turner J. , Grava C. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTo complement Hisaki's ultraviolet monitoring of the Io plasma torus, a ground‐based campaign assembled a comprehensive data set at visible wavelengths with the ARC 3.5‐m telescope at Apache Point Observatory. This work concentrates on the bright S+ emissions in these data. Recurrent traits in the intensity and location are discerned as a function of Jovian longitude (λIII). The longitudinal brightness structure differs from past data sets in the visible but is broadly consistent with that of Io's auroral footprint and concurrent Hisaki extreme ultraviolet measurements. Positions of the ribbon feature with λIII confirm that it exhibits a radial wobbling motion that is lesser than the centrifugal limit along a given L‐shell. We also find that the radial separation between the cold torus and the ribbon is modulated as Jupiter rotates. The torus is displaced 0.13 RJ dawnward, on average, by an electric field with mean strength 3.8 mV/m, consistent with that inferred by analysis of Hisaki's dawn‐dusk brightness asymmetry. The lesser visible brightness asymmetry is uncorrelated to this field strength, however. S+ emissions are enhanced downstream of Io, principally at Jovian dawn. Io interacts with the densest region at specific Jovian longitudes and local times; near λIII ~130° and dawn the ribbon is farthest from Jupiter but still passes radially interior to the satellite. The electron density sweeping past Io and/or its radial proximity to the passing ribbon may also influence brightness, but S+ emissions are not governed by a single predominant driver.
Power Laws of Topography and Gravity Spectra of the Solar System Bodies
Authors: Ermakov A. I. , Park R. S. , Bills B. G. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWhen a spacecraft visits a new planetary body, it is useful to know the properties of its shape and gravity field. This knowledge helps predict the magnitude of the perturbations in the motion of the spacecraft due to nonsphericity of a body's gravity field as well as planning for an observational campaign. It has been known for the terrestrial planets that the power spectrum of the gravity field follows a power law, also known as the Kaula rule (Kaula, 1963, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG001i004p00507; Rapp, 1989, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1989.tb02031.x). A similar rule was derived for topography (Vening Meinesz, 1951). The goal of this study is to generalize the power law dependence of the gravity and topography spectra for solid surface solar system bodies across a wide range of body sizes. Traditionally, it is assumed that the gravity and topography power spectra of planets scale as g−2, where g is the surface gravity. This gravity scaling also works for the minor bodies to first order. However, we find that a better fit can be achieved using a more general scaling based on the body's radius and mean density. We outline a procedure on how to use this general scaling for topography to provide an a priori estimate for the gravity power spectrum. We show that for irregularly shaped bodies the gravity power spectrum is no longer a power law even if their topography spectrum is a power law. Such a generalization would be useful for observation planning in the future space missions to the minor bodies for which little is known.
Climatological Model of Over‐the‐Horizon Radar
Authors: Cervera M. A. , Francis D. B. , Frazer G. J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractModels of radar systems are required for a variety of reasons. The sophistication of these models is highly dependent on their purpose; for instance, microwave radar models, which are designed to be integrated into existing wargaming simulation frameworks, will often be low‐fidelity models. The development of similar models of over‐the‐horizon (OTH) radar is particularly challenging. This is due to the highly variable propagation environment in which such systems are required to operate: even the lowest fidelity model of an OTH radar must model the environmental conditions appropriately. The base level environmental modeling required to accurately characterize OTH radar performance is the climatology, that is, diurnal, seasonal, and solar cycle variations. In this paper we detail a climatological model of OTH radar developed using high‐frequency radio wave ray tracing techniques. We discuss how this model may be used to provide initial assessments of the viability of candidate OTH radar networks to meet particular missions and how it may be used in sophisticated radar network design methodologies.
Cenozoic Rotation History of Borneo and Sundaland, SE Asia Revealed by Paleomagnetism, Seismic Tomography, and Kinematic Reconstruction
Authors: Advokaat Eldert L. , Marshall Nathan T. , Li Shihu , Spakman Wim , Krijgsman Wout , van Hinsbergen Douwe J. J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSE Asia comprises a heterogeneous assemblage of fragments derived from Cathaysia (Eurasia) in the north and Gondwana in the south, separated by suture zones representing closed former ocean basins. The western part of the region comprises Sundaland, which was formed by Late Permian‐Triassic amalgamation of continental and arc fragments now found in Indochina, the Thai Penisula, Peninsular Malaysia, and Sumatra. On Borneo, the Kuching Zone formed the eastern margin of Sundaland since the Triassic. To the SE of the Kuching Zone, the Gondwana‐derived continental fragments of SW Borneo and East Kalimantan accreted in the Cretaceous. South China‐derived fragments accreted to north of the Kuching Zone in the Miocene. Deciphering this complex geodynamic history of SE Asia requires restoration of its deformation history, but quantitative constraints are often sparse. Paleomagnetism may provide such constraints. Previous paleomagnetic studies demonstrated that Sundaland and fragments in Borneo underwent vertical axis rotations since the Cretaceous. We provide new paleomagnetic data from Eocene‐Miocene sedimentary rocks in the Kutai Basin, east Borneo, and critically reevaluate the published database, omitting sites that do not pass widely used, up‐to‐date reliability criteria. We use the resulting database to develop an updated kinematic restoration. We test the regional or local nature of paleomagnetic rotations against fits between the restored orientation of the Sunda Trench and seismic tomography images of the associated slabs. Paleomagnetic data and mantle tomography of the Sunda slab indicate that Sundaland did not experience significant vertical axis rotations since the Late Jurassic. Paleomagnetic data show that Borneo underwent a ~35° counterclockwise rotation constrained to the Late Eocene and an additional ~10° counterclockwise rotation since the Early Miocene. How this rotation was accommodated relative to Sundaland is enigmatic but likely involved distributed extension in the West Java Sea between Borneo and Sumatra. This Late Eocene‐Early Oligocene rotation is contemporaneous with and may have been driven by a marked change in motion of Australia relative to Eurasia, from eastward to northward, which also has led to the initiation of subduction along the eastern Sunda trench and the proto‐South China Sea to the south and north of Borneo, respectively.
Hyporheic Source and Sink of Nitrous Oxide
Authors: Reeder W. Jeffery , Quick Annika M. , Farrell Tiffany B. , Benner Shawn G. , Feris Kevin P. , Marzadri Alessandra , Tonina Daniele 
Published: July 2018

AbstractNitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas with an estimated 10% of anthropogenic N2O coming from the hyporheic zone of streams and rivers. However, difficulty in making accurate fine‐scale field measurements has prevented detailed understanding of the processes of N2O production and emission at the bedform and flowline scales. Using large‐scale, replicated flume experiments that employed high‐density chemical concentration measurements, we have been able to refine the current conceptualization of N2O production, consumption, and emission from the hyporheic zone. We present a predictive model based on a Damköhler‐type transformation (τ̃) in which the hyporheic residence times (τ) along the flowlines are multiplied by the dissolved oxygen consumption rate constants for those flowlines. This model can identify which bedforms have the potential to produce and emit N2O, as well as the portion and location from which those emissions may occur. Our results indicate that flowlines with τ̃up (τ̃ as the flowline returns to the surface flow) values between 0.54 and 4.4 are likely to produce and emit N2O. Flowlines with τ̃up values of less than 0.54 will have the same N2O as the surface water and those with values greater than 4.4 will likely sink N2O (reference conditions: 17C, surface dissolved oxygen 8.5 mg/L). N2O production peaks approximately at τ̃ = 1.8. A cumulative density function of τ̃up values for all flowlines in a bedform (or multiple bedforms) can be used to estimate the portion of flowlines, and in turn the portion of the streambed, with the potential to emit N2O.
The Origin of Fine Sediment Determines the Observations of Suspended Sediment Fluxes Under Unsteady Flow Conditions
Authors: Juez Carmelo , Hassan Marwan A. , Franca Mário J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractField observations in a wide range of environments have shown that sediment availability is a major control on the suspended sediment observations in streams. Here we examine, via laboratory experiments, how the amount of proximal in‐channel fine sediment storage relative to the upstream fine sediment distal supply influences the observations of suspended sediment concentrations in streams. Experiments under idealized conditions in a laboratory flume with different ratios of proximal and distal sediment supplies were conducted under a varying flow regime. In addition, the role of the sediment particle size of the supplied sediment on suspended sediment observations was explored. The combinations of proximal and distal sediment supply result in multiple responses of the channel bed and sediment quantity within the channel bed, and the responses adjust through aggradation and degradation. The signature of sediment concentration observed at the upstream section of the channel, given by the distal supply, differs from the downstream observations of the total conveyed sediment (distal and proximal), as shown by an in‐phase analysis of sediment concentration‐discharge plots. Furthermore, we show that nonuniform sediment mixtures may result in a change in the direction of the hysteresis observed between sediment concentration and discharge (i.e., from a clockwise hysteresis to a counterclockwise hysteresis). We also demonstrate that the ratio between sediment distal supply and proximal sediment availability modulates the magnitude of the aggradation/degradation processes in the channel reach and thus the joint observations of sediment concentration and discharge.
Intervention Effects of “Girls on the Move” on Increasing Physical Activity: A Group Randomized Trial
Authors: Robbins Lorraine B , Ling Jiying , Sharma Dhruv B , Dalimonte-Merckling Danielle M , Voskuil Vicki R , Resnicow Kenneth , Kaciroti Niko , Pfeiffer Karin A 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Background
Limited intervention success in increasing and sustaining girls’ moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) underscores a need for continued research.

Purpose
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 17-week Girls on the Move (GOTM) intervention on increasing MVPA among fifth- to eighth-grade girls.

Methods
This study is a group (cluster) randomized trial, including 24 schools, pair matched and assigned to intervention (n = 12) or control (n = 12) conditions. Participants included 1,519 girls in racially diverse public schools in urban, underserved areas of the Midwestern USA. The intervention included three components: (i) 90-min after-school physical activity (PA) club offered 3 days/week; (ii) two motivational, individually tailored counseling sessions; and (iii) an interactive Internet-based session at the midpoint of the intervention. Main outcome measures were weighted mean minutes of MVPA per week post-intervention and at 9-month follow-up measured via accelerometer.

Results
No between-group differences occurred for weighted mean minutes of MVPA per week at post-intervention (B = –0.08, p = .207) or 9-month follow-up (B = –0.09, p = .118) while controlling for baseline MVPA.

Conclusions
Research is needed to identify interventions that assist girls in attaining and maintaining adequate PA.

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier
NCT01503333.