bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dairy product consumption and its association with metabolic disturbance in a prospective study of urban adults
Authors: Beydoun May A. , Fanelli-Kuczmarski Marie T. , Beydoun Hind A. , Dore Greg A. , Canas Jose A. , Evans Michele K. , Zonderman Alan B. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe role of dairy foods and related nutrients in cardiometabolic health aetiology is poorly understood. We investigated longitudinal associations between the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components with key dairy product exposures. We used prospective data from a bi-racial cohort of urban adults (30–64 years at baseline (n 1371)), the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS), in Baltimore City, MD (2004–2013). The average of two 24-h dietary recalls measured 4–10 d apart was computed at baseline (V1) and follow-up (V2) waves. Annual rates of change (Δ) in dairy foods and key nutrients were estimated. Incident obesity, central obesity and the MetS were determined. Among key findings, in the overall urban adult population, both cheese and yogurt (V1 and Δ) were associated with an increased risk of central obesity (hazard ratio (HR) 1·13; 95 % CI 1·05, 1·23 per oz equivalent of cheese (V1); HR 1·21; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·44 per fl oz equivalent of yogurt (V1)]. Baseline fluid milk intake (V1 in cup equivalents) was inversely related to the MetS (HR 0·86; 95 % CI 0·78, 0·94), specifically to dyslipidaemia–TAG (HR 0·89; 95 % CI 0·81, 0·99), although it was directly associated with dyslipidaemia–HDL-cholesterol (HR 1·10; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·21). Furthermore, ΔCa and ΔP were inversely related to dyslipidaemia–HDL and MetS incidence, respectively, whereas Δdairy product fat was positively associated with incident TAG–dyslipidaemia and HDL-cholesterol–dyslipidaemia and the MetS. A few of those associations were sex and race specific. In sum, various dairy product exposures had differential associations with metabolic disturbances. Future intervention studies should uncover how changes in dairy product components over time may affect metabolic disorders.
RE-THEORISING CONSUMER LAW
Authors: Willett Chris 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis article develops a new theoretical framework for understanding consumer contract law, one based on competing ethics of self-interest/reliance and need. It shows how this is a better way of understanding choices as to levels of protection than the traditional “freedom versus fairness” framework. The self-interest/reliance ethic favours rules allowing traders to use processes to escape responsibility for poor quality and harsh outcomes, while the need ethic is concerned with consumer weaknesses and better protects against such outcomes. The article also shows that need-based rules are usually more effective at improving clarity and certainty, and where such rules cause uncertainty, at least as much uncertainty is caused by the alternative self-interest/reliance-based rules.
‘You Can Do Anything With a Temple’: Religion, philanthropy, and politics in South London and Sri Lanka
Authors: MAUNAGURU SIDHARTHAN , SPENCER JONATHAN 
Published: March 2018

AbstractOur title quotation is taken from an interview with the chief trustee of a leading Hindu temple in south London, and captures the curious mixture of philanthropy, politics, and individual ambition that has emerged around Sri Lankan Tamil temples in the diaspora. During the long years of civil war, temples became centres of mobilization for the growing Tamil diaspora, and were often accused of channelling funds to the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) and its various front organizations. Since the end of the war, in 2009, the same temples now support orphanages and other good works in Sri Lanka, and their efforts are starting to be emulated by temples in Sri Lanka itself. At the heart of our article is a dispute between the UK Charity Commission and the chief trustee of a London temple, who is accused of misuse of temple funds and ‘failure to dissociate’ the temple from a terrorist organization. A close reading of the case and its unexpected denouement reveals the difficulties of bounding the zone of philanthropy.
Giving Becomes Him: The posthumous fortune(s) of Pachaiyappa Mudaliar
Authors: RAMASWAMY SUMATHI 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis article explores the ways in which Pachaiyappa Mudaliar (1754?–1794) has been panegyrized as the quintessential benefactor of our times in Tamil prose, poetry, and pictures over the course of the past century and a half. In the bureaucratic and legal documents of the colonial state, he appears as a rapacious moneylender and behind-the-scenes wheeler-dealer, a member of that hated class of ‘Madrasdubashes’, a ‘most diabolical race of men’. In contrast, Tamil memory work since at least the 1840s has differently recalled this shadowy eighteenth-century man as a selfless philanthropist whose vast wealth financed some of the earliest educational institutions in the Madras Presidency. I track the posthumous fate of Pachaiyappa's bequest to argue that even as the founding of the public trust and its educational philanthropy departed radically from his willed intentions, a new complex of living, dying, and giving for the sake of native education was put in place in the Tamil country in the age of colonial capital and pedagogic modernity.
Religious experience and desire
Authors: ELLIS FIONA 
Published: March 2018

AbstractI offer a new approach to the old question of the epistemic value of religious experience. According to this approach, religious experience is a species of desire, desire in this context involving a kind of experience which is cognitive and unmediated. The account is inspired by Levinas and Heidegger, and it involves a conception of experience which is shared by a disjunctivist account of perception. Perceptual disjunctivism is my starting point, and it provides the ground for the ensuing discussion of desire. In the final section of the article I argue that the parallel between perceptual disjunctivism and a Levinasian conception of desire points to a further strength in the account of desire here presented, namely, by suggesting the possibility of a disjunctive style response to scepticism about religious experience.
Churchyard Memorials, ‘Dispensing with God Gradually’: Rustication, Decline of the Gothic and the Emergence of Art Deco in the British Isles
Authors: SNELL K. D. M. , JONES RACHAEL 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:This article considers rusticated memorials in many churchyards and cemeteries in England and Wales, between c. 1850 and the present day, analysing their forms, chronology, and their wider social and artistic significances. These memorials have hitherto been a neglected form among British memorial styles. The discussion here focuses on the English Midlands, Kensal Green Cemetery (London), and Montgomeryshire in Wales. It appraises how such memorial rustication may relate to changing attitudes to rurality, ‘natural’ landscapes, and secularisation over time. As an analysis of shifting memorial tastes, the article assesses the chronology of rustication against the periodisation of two more dominant memorial types: namely Gothic memorials, which prevailed in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and Art Deco memorials, which gained popularity from the 1920s. It appraises regional differences in memorial style change, showing little English and Welsh variation in this after the mid-nineteenth century. There is attention to the hitherto little studied decline of the Gothic, and to the wider significance of the more secularised memorial forms that followed it. The role of these Gothic, rusticated, and Art Deco memorials for an understanding of social, attitudinal, religious and secularising change is emphasised.
The Forest Charter and the Scribe: Remembering a History of Disafforestation and of How Magna Carta Got its Name
Authors: Million Alison 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn medieval England ‘forest’ did not have the same meaning as it does today but defined large areas of land governed by severe forest laws which Magna Carta had failed to temper. Instead, these were addressed two years later in the Charter of the Forest 1217 which, although a companion charter to the 1217 Magna Carta reissue, remains relatively unknown. This article by Alison Million explores the Charter of the Forest; its history, impact and legacy and considers why and to what extent its memory has been lost in time. It explains how the Charter of the Forest, and the pen of an unwitting scribe, contributed towards the nameMagna Carta; a name which has just seen its octocentenial anniversary.
Illuminating the Formation of Lumens
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
How do lumens form? Two mechanisms that come readily to mind are a wrapping model, similar to the wrapping of the myelin sheath around a neuronal process, and a solid core of cells followed by apoptosis of the central cells. Another obvious mechanism that was suggested over 100 years ago is the fusion of intracellular vacuoles. Whereas several recent studies have supported this latter mechanism, it has not yet been proven. Now, the appropriate animal model (zebrafish), the modern techniques (transgenic chimeras), dyes (green fluorescent protein and monomeric red fluorescent protein) that can be linked to proteins to label vacuoles, and two-photon imaging in real time finally have provided the strongest support yet. In an article by Makoto Kamei, Brian Saunders, Kayla Bayless, Louis Dye, George Davis, and Brant Weinstein the assembly of endothelial tubes from intracellular vacuoles was observed in vitro and in vivo.
An SEM Analysis Of Amphipleura pellucida with New Findings
Authors: Gaugler Gary 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
For many years, as long ago as 1872, the Amphipleura pellucida (Ap) diatom striae and punctae have been an intense object for measuring the quality of resolution of the light microscope (LM). More recent publications have also referenced Ap and the difficulty of resolving its punctae. Thus, from 1872 to 1947,much attention was directed towards Ap but without paying much attention to its detailed valve structure. This was probably due to lack of resolution of LM to reveal the details for the Ap punctae (pores). Work by Stoermer and Pankratz did TEM analysis of Ap in 1964. While their results and mine do not agree, this could be attributed to specimen preparation and the source of the diatoms. However, there is an heretofore unresolved issue about the physical differences of Ap from different geographic locations. My current work should resolve this issue. This started as a challenge about whether Ap could be selectively oriented inside up or inside down.
The Proposed Doppler Electron Velocimeter and the Need for Nanoscale Dynamics
Authors: Reu Phillip L 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
As engineering challenges grow in the ever-shrinking world of nano-design, methods of making dynamic measurements of nano-materials and systems become more important. The Doppler electron velocimeter (DEV) is a new measurement concept motivated by the increasing importance of nano-dynamics. Nano-dynamics is defined in this context as any phenomenon that causes a dynamically changing phase in an electron beam, and includes traditional mechanical motion, as well as additional phenomena including changing magnetic and electric fields. The DEV is only a theoretical device at this point. This article highlights the importance of pursuing nano-dynamics and presents a case that the electron microscope and its associated optics are a viable test bed to develop this new measurement tool.
Use of Astronomy Filters in Light Microscopy and Photomicrography
Authors: Piper Jörg 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In addition to other determining factors, the optical quality of images is strongly dependent on the quality of the lenses and the spectral characteristics of the incident light in light microscopy as well as in astronomy. Chromatic aberration is one of the most important reasons for limitations of the hotgraphic quality. Ideal lenses that are completely free from such aberrations do not exist. A little chromatic aberration remains in “high-end” apochromatic lenses. Moreover, several lenses for special applications, e.g. microscopic objectives for long focal distances and thick glass plates or objectives with an integrated iris diaphragm for observations in dark field, are mostly not apochromatically corrected because of their optical compromises.
Analyzing the Growth of Magmatic Crystals — An Electron Microprobe Analysis Study
Authors: Sturm Robert 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Since the pioneering mineralogical and crystallographic studies of the 1960s and 1970s it has been regarded as a fundamental tenant of earth sciences that the growth of minerals, and especially of magmatic mineral phases, depends upon the physico-chemical state of the growth environment. Meanwhile, based on extensive empirical and experimental approaches, some factors controlling crystal growth and, as a consequence of that, crystal shape or morphology can be detected and documented. Therefore, the chemistry and temperature of the growth environment, as well as its content of volatile phases, have been found to be key to understanding the crystallization processes.
The Magnification Myth
Authors: Stoks Sander , Groen Bas 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Recently, a question popped up on the Microscopy mailing list (http://www.microscopy.com) regarding the use of CCD cameras in a TEM that can be summarized as “why use a 4 megapixel camera instead of simply magnifying twice as much and use a 1 megapixel camera?” One of the assumptions was that the computer screen used to display the image only has so many pixels anyway (usually in the order of one megapixel), that even printers could not print out the image in sufficient resolution, and that stretching the image to render all available pixels would “change the magnification”.
It is our experience that these things can be confusing to beginning microscopists and casual users of an instrument, and this was confirmed by several people on the mailing list. So, how best to explain the concepts “magnification” and “resolution”, which beginners often consider interchangable?
Microbeam Analyses of the Most Challenging Extraterrestrial Samples Ever Returned
Authors: Rietmeijer Frans JM 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This mission flew by Comet 81P/Wild 2 where it collected more than 10,000 particles, ranging from tens of nanometers to hundreds of microns, and carried them to Earth for a safe landing in the Utah desert on January 15, 2006. So what? The answer depends on one's interest. Technically, it was a perfect DISCOVERY-class mission from launch to soft-landing (Figure 1). Scientifically, it delivered some of the 4.6 Gyrsold particles that went into making the planets of our solar system and for the first time ever we have samples from a known comet.
Many challenges lie ahead. First, the grains must be extracted from the capture cells, and prepared for mineralogical and chemical analyses, including stable isotopes and organic phases. Second, the NASA/JSC Stardust Curatorial Facility has to prepare and keep track of each sample allocation. Third, data collected in many laboratories around the globe will need to be synchronized for publication.
Fibrous Sepiolite Use As An Asbestos Substitute: Analytical Basics
Authors: Solebello Louis 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Open trade policies have influenced trends in global economic growth. Though difficult to account for all of the effects of this trend, a higher standard of living for previously distressed workers is measurable. This is in part due to acess to previously unavailable technologies. The effects of global economic growth extend further. In many countries, consumers enjoy unparalleled selection of high quality, low cost goods. The environmental impact of global growth is being studied in many ways. One area of study involves analysis and monitoring of product raw materials that many times are not in compliance with environmental regulations of the end user country. Raw material procurement and formulation by manufacturers presents a challenge to the environmental microscopist on several levels. The industrial use of sepiolite and some light microscopy basics of sepiolite is discussed here. Subsequent papers will explore this issue in greater detail as it relates to fibrous mineral analytical choices and techniques available to the environmental microscopist.
Temporal Evolution of Incipient Damage on Metallic Surfaces Analyzed by Unidirectional Laser Oblique Illumination (ULOI)
Authors: Favret Eduardo A , Fuentes Néstor O , Ferrero Lisandro 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
To one degree or another, most materials experience some type of interaction with a large number of diverse environments. Often, such interactions impair a material's usefulness as a result of the deterioration of its mechanical properties (e.g., ductility and strength), other physical properties, or appearance. Deteriorative mechanisms are different for metals, ceramic materials, and polymers. In metals, there is actual material loss either by dissolution (corrosion) or by the formation of non-metallic scale or film (oxidation).
Everyday objects and structures are made of well known metals like aluminium, brass, bronzes, copper, titanium, zinc.
Developing a Financial Plan for the Long-term “Care and Feeding” of Major Equipment
Authors: Rodriguez Alberto , Sullivan Charlene 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Effective life cycle cost (LCC) management for electron microscope (EM) facilities at Purdue University and in other academic institutions is a complex process. Ideally, it should aim at controlling the cost of ownership of EMs while maximizing the output of the technology and utilization of resources. It could be argued that the current focus of the majority of EM facilities has been one that seeks to obtain the latest technology. However the growing sophistication of the equipment causes more indirect costs including labor, maintenance, and ancillary equipment needed to optimize the output of the base equipment. These costs can easily exceed the purchase price of the equipment over the life of the equipment.
SEM Stub Holders for Sputter Coating at 90° Tilt
Authors: Best Amanda 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It can be difficult to get an even layer of metal coating when sputter coating a sample with steep sides, a rounded lower surface, or one that doesn't make complete contact with the surface of the specimen stub. It can be particularly difficult to get sputtered metal in under the sample, and so an insulating sample (like most polymers and biological specimens) may have little or no electrical path to ground. This results in charging, and increased chances of specimen heating and beam damage in the SEM.
These stub holders were made to fix that problem. A couple of metal shelf brackets, which slide into pegs and support the shelf, were modified. The brackets are small 90° angles with a hole in one face and a peg on the other face. To modify them, first the 90° angle of the bracket is bent slightly past 90°.
Microscopy and Microanalysis of Nano-Scale Materials
Authors: Michael J R , Brewer L N , Miller D C , Zavadil K R , Prasad S V , Kotula P G 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Material scientists and engineers continue to developmaterials and structures that are ever smaller. Some of this engineering is to simply domore with less while the science of nanomaterials allows new materials to be produced with a novel range of physical and chemical properties due to the small length scales of the microstructural features of thematerials. Currently, nanoscalematerials have been produced with a diverse set of useful properties and can be found in common substances like sunscreen or technologically advanced microelectronic devices. A complete understanding of materials is based on knowledge of the processing used to produce an interesting material coupled with a full characterization of the structure that results. It is this structure/property relationship that is the basis of understanding any newmaterial developed at all length scales.
Imaging Gas-Solid Interactions in an Atomic Resolution Environmental TEM
Authors: Zhang Xiao Feng , Kamino Takeo 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It is well known that analysis using transmission electron microscopes (TEM) yields very high resolution images of thin specimens. However, the applicability of TEM analysis is not universal due to the requirement that a high internal vacuum is required. This high vacuum precludes the TEM study of living specimens or specimens in a gas or liquid environment. In order to tackle this problem, L. Marton of Universite Libre in Brussels, Belgium was the first to design an environmental cell (E-cell) in 1935 that was sealed in the tip of a TEMsample holder [1]. Marton's design included two 0.5 μm aluminum foils as upper and lower windows sandwiching a biological sample to sustain a living environment. The electron transparent windows permitted the confined biological objects to be imaged in TEMmode. Since then, environmental TEM (E-TEM) has received increasing attention from biological scientists and eventually from materials scientists as well.
Electromagnetic Simulation Optimizes Design of a Sub-20 nm Resolution Optical Microscope
Authors: Sanchez Erik J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Recent advances in nanotechnology and nanoscience are highly dependent on our newly acquired ability to measure and manipulate individual structures on the nanoscale. A drawback of light microscopy is the fundamental limit of the attainable spatial resolution dictated by the laws of diffraction at about 250 nanometers. This diffraction limit arises from the fact that it is impossible to focus light to a spot smaller than half its wavelength. The challenge of breaking this limit has led to the development of near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM).
JECP—a Java Electron Crystallography Project
Authors: Li XZ 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
JECP stands for a java electron crystallography project that includes a series of practical java stand-alone programs for electron diffraction/microscopy and crystallography applications. The aim of the JECP project is twofold, i) as teaching tools to show students the principles of electron diffraction/microscopy and crystallography, ii) as research tools to analyze experimental results. Although there are commercial and public domain computer programs available that allow a user to simulate electron diffraction patterns or processingHREMimages, there are always situations when we need to perform operations that are not a feature of any of the existing programs. The programs in the JECP can bemodified and extended tomeet the need in experiments.
Quantification of Virus Suspensions by Direct Particle Counting
Authors: Hazelton Paul R 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In science, there are occasions when it is of value to know the number and distribution of different types of particles present in a solution. Calculation of these values is simplified if you can uniformly distribute the number of particles in a known volume over an established surface area. A number of procedures have been proposed. The best which we have used is direct centrifugation of particles to formvar/carbon-formvar coated electron microscope grids in an EM-90 rotor for the Beckman Airfuge®. This instrument makes use of the ability to pellet all material in a suspension using established centrifugation theory.