bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrification in reed beds - capacity and potential control methods
Authors: Kayser K. , Kunst S. , Fehr G. , Voermanek H. 
Published: May 2018

Vertical-flow reed beds (VFBs) are known to be very effective regarding nitrification. However, a generally accepted design formula for dimensioning reed beds for a controlled nitrification process has still not been found.
Especially for the purpose of nitrification a vertical-flow reed bed (VFB) has been installed following an existing unaerated pond-system. The paper presents the results concerning the limits of the VFB's performance as well as the main factors influencing the nitrification process gained by balancing the conversion rates under different loads. Even under high loads the VFB provides an excellent nitrification performance, which is mainly influenced by the wastewater temperature. The ammonia oxidation rate is about 90% at temperatures over 10°C; at temperatures below 5°C the average nitrification rate is still approximately 50%. The hydraulic load and the TKN load have almost no impact on this efficiency (the maximum load has been: 180 mm/d, 7.1 g TKN/(m2*d)). The redox potenial, which is continuously measured in the effluent of the reed bed, proved to be dependent on the current nitrification performance and the oxygen supply of the VFB, and therefore appears to be a suitable control parameter for the operation of VFBs.
Under-performance evaluation and rehabilitation strategy for waste stabilization ponds in Mexico
Authors: Lloyd B.J. , Leitner A.R. , Vorkas C.A. , Guganesharajah R.K. 
Published: May 2018

Fourteen high altitude (&gt;2,500 m amsl) small Waste Stabilisation Pond systems (WSPs) commissioned during the last 12 years in the State of Mexico in Mexico, were built to a common 3-stage design. Each system is comprised of 2 parallel series of bio-digesters, anaerobic and facultative ponds. All fourteen WSP systems produce poor quality effluents, and eight studied in more detail did not meet any of the national standards for discharge to rivers or the standards required for reuse. The under-performance of these WSPs is underlined by the anaerobic condition of the upper reaches of the Lerma river which receives the sewage from the towns served by these treatment plants.
Preliminary surveillance diagnostics identified fundamental operational problems in all eight WSP systems located in the upper Lerma catchment. The results of an intensive secondary diagnostic performance evaluation on one system were used to identify the reasons for under-performance. Under-performance was caused by under-design, hydraulic short-circuiting, adverse environmental conditions and poor operation and maintenance. A strategy for improvement of design and operation to meet national standards is presented.
Investigations on phosphorus retention in subsurface flow constructed wetlands
Authors: Rustige H. , Tomac I. , Höner G. 
Published: May 2018

62 SSF sand-based constructed wetlands in Germany, Austria and Switzerland have been evaluated for their phosphorus performance. In addition intensive investigations on the removal of phosphorus and its accumulation within the filter bed were conducted at five wetlands. For the performance of horizontal flow (HF) reed beds a regression equation could be derived. This was not possible for vertical flow (VF) reed beds. The best removal efficiency was observed from HF systems with hydraulic loading rates of 10 mm d-1 or less. 50 percent of all investigated HF wetlands had an average P output concentration of less than 2.1 mg l-1 in comparison to 3.3 mg l-1 of VF wetlands.
Saturation, seasonal and redox effects could be derived from time series analysis of the performance rate and further investigations of a well monitored VF reed bed. The retention of phosphorus was highest during the warm season. A small positive effect on phosphorus removal was observed with intermittent low redox levels. Soil analyses showed the highest accumulation of P within the influent zone of either HF or VF wetlands.
Nitrogen removal in industrial wastewater by nitration and denitration - 3 years of experience
Authors: Degn Pedersen P. , Jensen K. , Lyngsie P. , Henrik Johansen N. 
Published: May 2018

CPKelco ApS, Denmark is the largest pectin plant in the world and the second largest refined carrageenan plant. The products are used for texturising purposes, primarily within the food industry, but also within the pharmaceutical industry. The products are extracted from imported natural raw materials, like dried citrus peel and special seaweed plants. In the production processes a considerable amount of water and energy are used. The excess water from the production processes is led to CPKelco's own WWTP, which is one of the largest industrial WWTPs in Denmark.
In order to obtain higher process stability and lower energy consumption in the WWTP, CPKelco decided to change the nitrogen removal process from a conventional nitrification/denitrification process to a nitration/denitration process, which comprises an oxidation of ammonium to nitrite and a controlled reduction of nitrite to N2. Theoretically this process will decrease the oxygen consumption for oxidation by 25% and the use of carbon source for the reduction will be decreased by 40% compared to the conventional process.
This paper presents and discusses the experiences and results from three year's continuous operation of the nitration/denitration process in an activated sludge plant, and the overall performance results are discussed in relation to the previous results. Accordingly the implementation of the nitration/denitration process was done successfully, and today the plant operates with much higher process stability than obtained before, and even the most stringent effluent requirements for nitrogen can be obtained.
Theoretical and practical results of the optimisation of Hamburg's WWTPs with dynamic simulation
Authors: Ladiges G. , Günner C. 
Published: May 2018

To assess the influence of the connection of a further 250,000 PE in addition to the 1.85 m PE already served by the combined WWTPs Köhlbrandhöft/Dradenau, a dynamic simulation study was started in 1996. A previous study developing the extension of the WWTP proposed several solutions with costs between €25 million and €100 million euro. Those concepts were examined by a dynamic simulation study for comparison and further optimisation.
The simulation results indicated that with an increased volume for the storage of sludge liquor it would be likely to fulfil the effluent requirements in spite of the increased load. The construction of the additional storage tank was finished at the end of 1999 together with the connection of the additional load to the WWTP. The cost of this concept was less than 1 million euro, which is significantly less than if the plants had been extended in a traditional manner.
The first two years of operation showed that the chosen solution is able to fulfil the requirements. The effluent values can be kept within the required limits. A very good correspondence between the measured and the simulated values could be observed.
A high rate clarifier for load levelling in sewerage systems
Authors: Jago R.A. , Davey A. , Li H. 
Published: May 2018

The combining of chemically assisted clarification with a proprietary physical separation technology has led to a high rate process for clarifying flocculated sewage and other waste streams. This hybrid physico-chemical system, known as the CDS Fine Solids Separation (FSS) System, was developed over a two year period within a sewage treatment plant environment.
This paper summarises the results of a recent field trial of the system with a Victorian water authority which experiences heavy loading of sewers in a coastal town during holiday periods. The trial sought to evaluate the FSS as a tool for smoothing the load on the 11 km long sewer to the sewage treatment plant (STP). The FSS system could possibly enable the costly augmentation of the sewer to be deferred, particularly as the capacity of the existing sewer pipe is satisfactory for most of the year.
Water quality parameters were determined for a range of flowrates and operational conditions over a two month period. Large reductions were achieved in TSS, TP, FC, turbidity and BOD5, with only minimal reductions in NH3 and TON. These results showed that the FSS could meet the authority's objectives for load levelling and would provide a 20-25% increase in effective sewer capacity. The data are also discussed in terms of possible use of the effluent from the FSS for water reuse applications.
A comparative analysis: storm water pollution policy in California, USA and Victoria, Australia
Authors: Swamikannu X. , Radulescu D. , Young R. , Allison R. 
Published: May 2018

Urban drainage systems historically were developed on principles of hydraulic capacity for the transport of storm water to reduce the risk of flooding. However, with urbanization the percent of impervious surfaces increases dramatically resulting in increased flood volumes, peak discharge rates, velocities and duration, and a significant increase in pollutant loads. Storm water and urban runoff are the leading causes of the impairment of receiving waters and their beneficial uses in Australia and the United States today. Strict environmental and technology controls on wastewater treatment facilities and industry for more than three decades have ensured that these sources are less significant today as the cause of impairment of receiving waters.
This paper compares the approach undertaken by the Environmental Protection Authority Victoria for the Melbourne metropolitan area with the approach implemented by the California Environmental Protection Agency for the Los Angeles area to control storm water pollution. Both these communities are largely similar in population size and the extent of urbanization. The authors present an analysis of the different approaches contrasting Australia with the USA, comment on their comparative success, and discuss the relevance of the two experiences for developed and developing nations in the context of environmental policy making to control storm water and urban runoff pollution.
The effect of two ammonia-emission-reducing pig housing systems on odour emission
Authors: Mol G. , Ogink N.W.M. 
Published: May 2018

Odour nuisance from agricultural activities is increasing in densely populated countries like the Netherlands. To develop adequate regulations, a large-scale, government-financed monitoring programme was started in the mid-1990s to establish odour emission levels for both conventional and low ammonia emission housing systems for cattle, pigs and poultry. The results indicate that high- and low-odour emission housing are difficult to distinguish because of the large variation within housing systems. Measurements on different farm locations within the same housing system show both a large variation between locations and within one location (in time). The latter, however, is significantly smaller, which suggests that farm management is an important determinant in odour emission that interferes with the effects of housing systems.
The current research was aimed at determining the effect of two common ammonia-reducing pig-housing systems on odour emissions compared to conventional housing systems under similar management conditions. The respective reduction principles of these systems are reducing the emitting surface of the manure pit and cooling of manure in the manure pit (both pits beneath slatted floor). Five farms that combined conventional housing with one low-ammonia system (three reduced emitting surface and two manure cooling) were selected for a direct, pair-wise comparison of (olfactometric) odour emission measurements. The results show a highly significant effect (p &lt; 0.01) for two of the three reduced emitting surface systems and for one of the two manure cooling system. The average odour reduction percentages of these systems are 35% (from 24.9 to 16.0 OUE/s per animal) and 23% (from 30.1 to 24.0 OUE/s per animal) respectively. Although odour emission reduction through the type of housing system is possible, management factors interact with the system and thereby determine whether the system reduces odour emission or not.
Trickling filters for upgrading low technology wastewater plants for nitrogen removal
Authors: Pearce P. 
Published: May 2018

Previous work through the 1990s in the Thames Water region in the UK has demonstrated the ability of the trickling filter process to produce fully nitrified effluents, reliably throughout the year. The original data used for the nitrification model derivations have been reanalysed, to investigate the degree of nitrogen removal across the process. Removals of total nitrogen ranging from 0% to over 50% were observed across the trickling filter process and calculated total nitrogen removals of 26-63% were obtained when primary treatment was included. The degree of nitrogen removal and biological denitrification (excluding cellular assimilation) was found to be strongly influenced by BOD load, irrigation velocity and media size. Regression models were produced which gave good predictive relationships for the data ranges used.
The models produced worked for filters used with and without a recirculation of effluent nitrate which suggests that a significant degree of nitrification occurred in areas of high heterotroph activity (BOD removal). The simplicity and energy efficiency of the trickling filter process, combined with its capacity for full nitrification and partial denitrification, make the process attractive as a combined process used with pond systems in developing countries where nitrogen removal may be required. Some of these synergies have already been developed with the PETRO® process in South Africa.
Evaluation of recirculating sand filter in a cold climate
Authors: Christopherson S.H. , Anderson J.L. , Gustafson D.M. 
Published: May 2018

Approximately 30% of Minnesota's residents rely on onsite technologies for their wastewater treatment. There is a growing need for ‘alternative, technologies to aid in treatment for difficult sites and sensitive environmental areas. Recirculating sand filters (RSFs) have been used since the 1970s for small communities with flows &gt;20,000 L per day, but use for small flow application (&lt;5,000 L/d) has been growing due to its small land use requirement.
A research site was developed in southern Minnesota in 1995 to test alternative technologies, including two RSFs. In addition, in 1998, two RSFs were added to existing residential soil treatment systems that were having problems because of inadequate separation and fill soil conditions. All RSFs in this study used 0.6 metres of coarse sand for treatment, were loaded at approximately 204 L per day per square metre (5 gallons per square foot per day) and a recirculation rate of 5:1. All RSFs have effectively reduced Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Fecal Coliform (FC) and Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). These systems are able to achieve secondary effluent treatment levels for BOD5 and TSS. The median FC reduction was 90% with a value of 5.7 E4 cfu/100 mL, indicating additional treatment is necessary to protect health and the environment. The RSFs consistently removed 25% or more total phosphorus (TP) and 40% or more total nitrogen (TN). The RSFs did not show significantly decreased performance during the winter months. Two of the RSFs receiving rather high strength domestic waste were able to reduce a greater percentage of total nitrogen, indicated that the addition of carbon from the high strength waste is a benefit resulting in greater TN removal.
Urban water tariff structure and cost recovery opportunities in India
Authors: Singh M.R. , Upadhyay V. , Mittal A.K. 
Published: May 2018

Given the high level of capital investment and the history of government subsidized services, full cost pricing of water services has yet to take hold in India. As a result, it remains broadly underpriced leading to public perception that water is “free”
The current tariff levels in India are too low to cover even operating costs. This paper examines the existing Indian urban water tariff models (fixed tariff, volumetric tariff, increasing block tariff etc.), their relevance and problems. It was found that none of the tariff structures could satisfy all the design objectives (cost recovery, economic efficiency, equity, affordability etc.). Also subsidies are not explicit and well targeted for poor population. There are several studies and issues that do demonstrate the opportunities for tariff increase and improved cost recovery. This paper highlights the results of such studies and brings out issues needing consideration. Improved cost recovery would lead to improved financial status of the water utilities. Also, subsidies, if designed suitably and well targeted, would serve the concerns of the economically weaker sections. Such reform process would eventually lead to socio-economic sustainability.
Yleistajuista fennistiikkaa kevyellä otteella
Authors: Siiroinen Mari 
Published: May 2018

Arvioitu teos:
Ville Eloranta & Jaakko Leino: Sanaiset kansiot. Suomen kielen vaietut vaiheet. Helsinki: Gaudeamus 2017. 240 s. isbn 978-952-495-412-9.
Kielenvälityksestä arkikeskusteluissa
Authors: Duvallon Outi 
Published: May 2018

Arvioitu teos:
Katariina Harjunpää: Translatory practices in everyday conversation. Bilingual mediating in Finnish–Brazilian Portuguese interaction. Helsinki: Helsingin yliopisto 2017. 308 s. isbn 978-951-51-3226-0.
An Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Sintered Fly Ash Lightweight Aggregate Concrete (SFLWAC) with Steel Fibers
Authors: Babu B. Ranjith , Thenmozhi R. 
Published: May 2018

Abstractthis study investigates the fresh and mechanical performance of concrete incorporating sintered fly ash lightweight aggregates (SFLWA) both with and without steel fibers. Comparative assessments of natural aggregates with sintered fly ash aggregates were evaluated. Mix design was obtained by the IS method for M30 grade concrete, and within the natural aggregates were replaced with 20%, 40%, and 60% amounts of SFLWA. The addition of SFLWA shows an increase in the workability of the concrete. Replacement with SFLWA increases with an increase in slump value, and decreases in strength parameters. Compressive strength of 42.6 MPa was achieved with a 40% replacement of SFLWA with steel fibers. The mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, and structural efficiency of SFLWAC were examined, both with and without fibers. The incorporation of fibers drastically improved the mechanical properties of the mix.
Hierarquia e disciplina no Colégio da Polícia Militar: estudo de caso no CPMG Dr. Cezar Toledo
Authors: Silva Sirismar Fernandes 
Published: May 2018

Rousseau dizia: “O homem nasce bom, a sociedade é que o corrompe”. Esta bondade natural do homem é sem duvida questionável, embora haja correntes filosóficas, sociológicas e psicológicas que comungam do mesmo entendimento, muitas contestam tal afirmação. Dentro deste contexto, a escola não se constitui uma exceção, antes passa, sofre os reflexos malignos imperantes na sociedade brasileira, com tudo o que há de atos indisciplinares e sua correlação com subseqüentes atos de violência de alguns sujeitos da educação. A presente pesquisa é um estudo de caso de uma unidade de ensino da Polícia Militar do Estado de Goiás, o Colégio da Polícia Militar Doutor César Toledo - CPMG. Buscamos responder através de pesquisa de campo e bibliográfica quantiqualitativa, a relação existente ou não entre a hierarquia e disciplina e a não violência na escola. Faz-se também uma abordagem dos resultados dos alunos do CPMG no Exame nacional do Ensino Médio – ENEM, e nos vestibulares, e a correlação existente com a hierarquia, a disciplina e com a segurança na escola. A Unidade de ensino já viveu três períodos distintos, o primeiro com o advento do convenio com a antiga Universidade de Anápolis, atual Universidade Estadual de Goiás; o período pós convenio, e o atual que é o do Colégio Militar. O primeiro foi caracterizado pela disciplina, bons resultados nos vestibulares e pela paz e segurança, o segundo o caos na escola, com brigas, depredações e até uso de drogas. Este trabalho representa uma possibilidade de compreender o funcionamento de uma instituição de ensino que tem como orientação disciplinar os princípios militares. Depois de acurada analise de todos os dados colhidos nesta pesquisa podemos caracterizar o momento atual como hierarquizado, disciplinado e seguro.
O serviço policial militar e o excesso de horas trabalhadas
Authors: Costa Laciel Castro 
Published: May 2018

A Constituição de 1988 trouxe no bojo dos direitos sociais de todo trabalhador comum o direito a jornada máxima de 44 (quarenta e quatro) horas semanais, entretanto, o rol taxativo de direitos sociais do artigo 142 § 3º, inciso, VIII da carta política, implica tratamento diferenciado aos militares quanto á jornada máxima de trabalho suportada por estes profissionais, tendo em vista, a natureza especial de suas atividades, entretanto, isso não justifica os excessos e não pode servir como mecanismo político para atenuar os problemas e melhorar a imagem da segurança pública nos Estados. O presente trabalho, defende a tese de que os militares dos Estados possuem o direito garantia de uma jornada máxima de 40 ( quarenta) horas semanais nos períodos de ordem social, não se exigindo o pagamento de horas extras para as demandas urgentes e de grande interesse social.
Large male territories in a low‐density population of roe deer Capreolus capreolus with small female home ranges
Authors: Mysterud Atle 
Published: May 2018

Two hypotheses regarding roe deer spacing in low‐density areas during the breeding season are: 1) that male territory size is equal to that of the female home range size or 2) that male territory size is larger than the female home range. I tested the two hypotheses using data on the home range sizes of nine female, and the territory sizes of 12 male roe deer radio‐tracked during the summers of 1994–1996 in the Lier valley, southern Norway. There was no support for hypothesis 1, as male territory size was 1.5–1.9 times larger than female home ranges after correcting for altitude. Contradictory results in the literature regarding the effect of density on male roe deer territory size suggest that density alone does not satisfactorily predict roe deer spacing. I present the female dispersion hypothesis which presumes that as the area occupied by females decreases (due to high resource levels), the cost‐effectiveness of male territoriality increases. Thus, the territory size of roe deer males, relative to female home range size, is expected to be largest when females are divided into local spatial units and female home range is relatively small. Comparative observations in two low‐density populations seem to support this hypothesis.