bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Considerations related to vaping as a possible gateway into cigarette smoking: an analytical review
Authors: Lee Peter N. , Coombs Katharine J. , Afolalu Esther F. 
Published: December 2018

Background: Toxicant levels are much lower in e-cigarettes than cigarettes. Therefore, introducing e-cigarettes into the market seems likely to reduce smoking-related diseases (SRD). However, vaping might provide a gateway into cigarette smoking for those who otherwise would never have smoked, a concern fueled by cohort studies showing vaping predicts subsequent smoking initiation in young people. Methods: In this discussion paper, we consider various aspects of the gateway issue in youths. We provide a descriptive critical review of results from prospective studies relating to the gateway effect and the extent to which the studies considered other potential confounding variables associated with smoking initiation. We then estimate the effects of omitting a confounding variable, or misclassifying it, on the association between vaping and subsequent smoking initiation, and determine how the prevalence of smoking might be affected by any true gateway-in effects of vaping. Finally, we examine trends in e-cigarette and smoking prevalence in youths based on national surveys. Results: First, we demonstrate that although studies report that vaping significantly predicts smoking initiation following adjustment for various other predictors, the sets of predictors considered are quite incomplete. Furthermore, no study considered residual confounding arising from inaccurate measurement of predictors. More precise adjustment may substantially reduce the association. Second, we show any true gateway effect would likely affect smoking prevalence only modestly. Third, we show smoking prevalence in U.S. and U.K. youths in 2014–2016 declined somewhat faster than predicted by the preceding trend; a substantial gateway effect suggests the opposite. Finally, we argue that even if some gateway effect exists, introducing e-cigarettes still likely reduces SRDs. Conclusions: We have shown that the existence of any true gateway-in effect in youth is not yet clearly demonstrated and that the population health impact of introducing e-cigarettes is still likely to be beneficial.
Evolutionary trends in Transmit/Receive Module for Active Phased Array Radars
Authors: Rathod Somsing , Sreenivasulu Kilari , Beenamole KS , Ray KP 
Published: December 2018

<p>Worldwide, defense technologies are rapidly evolving and are currently aiming at integrating diverse functionalities like Radar, Electronic Warfare, Communications, etc., on a singular miniaturized platform. Hence, it cannot be denied that the advancements in modern Active Phased Array Radar technologies assume a critical role towards the achievement of this goal. A typical Active Phased Array Radar comprises of an Active Antenna Array Unit (AAAU) consisting of a large number of radiating elements, Transmit/Receive (T/R) Modules with other associated RF and digital circuitry and power electronics. This paper presents mainly the developments in Transmit/Receive (T/R) Module technology, which assimilates various stages of the technological evolution - past, current and futuristic. It discusses how these technologies contribute towards the improvement of efficiency, miniaturization and reliability without compromising its performance parameters.</p>
Detection and Identification of Camouflaged Targets using Hyperspectral and LiDAR data
Authors: Yadav Deepti , Arora Manoj Kumar , Tiwari Kailash Chandra , Ghosh Jayanta Kumar 
Published: December 2018

<p class="p1">Camouflaging is the process of merging the target with the background with the aim to reduce/delay its detection. It can be done using different materials/methods such as camouflaging nets, paints. Defence applications often require quick detection of camouflaged targets in a dynamic battlefield scenario. Though HSI data may facilitate detection of camouflaged targets but detection gets complicated due to issues (spectral variability, dimensionality). This paper presents a framework for detection of camouflaged target that allows military analysts to coordinate and utilise the expert knowledge for resolving camouflaged targets using remotely sensed data. Desired camouflaged target (set of three chairs as a target under a camouflaging net) has been resolved in three steps: First, hyperspectral data processing helps to detect the locations of potential camouflaged targets. It narrows down the location of the potential camouflaged targets by detecting camouflaging net using Independent component analysis and spectral matching algorithms. Second, detection and identification have been performed using LiDAR point cloud classification and morphological analysis. HSI processing helps to discard the redundant majority of LiDAR point clouds and support detailed analysis of only the minute portion of the point cloud data the system deems relevant. This facilitates extraction of salient features of the potential camouflaged target. Lastly, the decisions obtained have been fused to infer the identity of the desired targets. The experimental results indicate that the proposed approach may be used to successfully resolve camouflaged target assuming some <em>a priori </em>knowledge about the morphology of targets likely to be present.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
Investigating communication skills in adults according to gender, age and personality<p>Yetişkinlerin cinsiyetlerine, yaşlarına ve kişilik özelliklerine göre iletişim becerilerinin incelenmesi
Authors: Korkut Owen Fidan , Demirbaş Çelik Nur 
Published: December 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine whether communication skills of adults are different in terms of gender and age and to reveal that personality traits predict communication skills. For this purpose data were collected from 187 adults whose ages were ranging between 22 and 46 by Communication Skills Scale-Adult Form (and Five Factor Inventory. The data were analyzed by using SPSS 20 via t test, one way ANOVA and stepwise regression. In the result of analysis, it was determined that the total score of female’s communication skills get higher scores than males in the subscale of active listening and non-verbal communication and complying with the communication principles. There were differences only caring communication dimension by age. According to this, it was found that pay attention to communication increases as age increases. It was determined that about 17.8% of total score in communication skills were explained by extraversion and conscientiousness personality traits.Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetBu araştırmanın amacı yetişkinlerin cinsiyet ve yaşlarına göre iletişim becerilerinin farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını belirlemek ve kişilik özelliklerinin iletişim becerilerini yordayıcılığını ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla yaşları 22 ile 46 arasında değişen 187 yetişkinden İletişim Becerileri Ölçeği-Yetişkin Formu Beş Faktör Kişilik Ölçeği aracılığıyla veri toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizi SPSS 20 programı kullanılarak t testi, tek yönlü varyans analizi, aşamalı regresyon yapılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda kadınların toplam iletişim becerileri puanının, etkin dinleme ve sözel olmayan iletişim ile iletişim ilkelerine uyma alt boyutundan elde edilen puanların erkeklerin puanlarından istatistiksel olarak düzeyde yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yaşa göre yalnızca iletişime özen gösterme boyutunda, daha ileri yaştakiler lehine farklılıklar vardır. Toplam iletişim becerileri puanının %17.8’inin, dışadönüklük ve özdenetim kişilik faktörleri ile açıklandığı belirlenmiştir.
SPEECH ACTS OF THE BRONTE SISTERS’ CHARACTERS
Authors: Suryanovika Citra , Manda Negara Irma 
Published: December 2018

The study was under descriptive qualitative research to identify the most dominant speech act of the Bronte Sisters’ characters. The researchers collected 3,322 utterances from six characters of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre (Jane Eyre and Edward Rochester), Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights (Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw), and Anne Bronte’s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (Gilbert Markham and Helen Graham). MAXQDA 2018 supported the data analysis procedure; thus, coding was used in identifying speech acts. After coding implemented, the researchers analyzed the coding by using qualitative and quantitave compare groups, as well as document comparison chart in MAXQDA 2018 to check the most dominant use of speech acts in all characters. The study found that directive speech act is the most dominant speech act found in the Bronte sisters’ characters, while the declarative speech act is the least speech act. Speech acts of the Bronte sisters’ characters was expressed in declarative, interrogative and imperative forms. Besides, speech acts in these novels highlight the use of address term, epithet, expression (verb, adjective, modal verbs), exclamation, conditional clauses, hedges and affirmative answer.
MENYIBAK CITRA PEREMPUAN DALAM CERPEN “MARIA “ ( SEBUAH KAJIAN SASTRA FEMINISME )
Authors: Mulyadi Budi 
Published: December 2018

The title of this research is The image of women Maria’short story. The purpose of this paper is to explain how the short story writer describes the strugle of the women named Maria who struggles against gender injustice. This paper is research model that use literary review research model to collect the dataThe paper shows that The woman named Maria who became the rule main in this story is described as a strong women who always struggle to show that the women also have the power to live independenly without depen on man.In this short story maria is described as women who has interesting personality eventhough phsphysicallynot is described not so pretty. Maria has adult thinking, independent, strong principle, brave, loyal friend. Maria hates the view that the womenis is weak creature. Maria is a women who dare to fight the male domination. Maria is a women who are very loyal to husband
La práctica de la interpretación árabe-español en las Naciones Unidas y la Unión Africana y sus implicaciones para la formación / The practice of arabic-spanish interpreting at the United Nations and the African Union and implications for training
Authors: Rayaa Bachir Mahyub 
Published: December 2018

El español y el árabe son lenguas oficiales tanto de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) como de la Unión Africana (UA). Dado su interés profesional para el alumnado de la combinación lingüística árabe-español (AR-ES), quisimos explorar la práctica de la interpretación entre ambas lenguas en los dos organismos. Ante la escasez de literatura previa, optamos por el método de la entrevista con guion. Para ello, contamos con la colaboración de dos sujetos de la ONU y dos de la UA. En esta contribución, que emana de nuestra tesis doctoral defendida el 12/03/2015 (Mahyub Rayaa, 2015), partimos del interés que ambas instituciones suscitan como proveedores de interpretación y como una posible salida profesional para los alumnos que formamos en interpretación AR-ES. De este modo, analizar la práctica de la interpretación entre estas lenguas se revela de gran interés académico y profesional. Los resultados obtenidos arrojan datos sorprendentes a la vez que novedosos: la práctica de la interpretación AR-ES en la ONU rara vez se da de forma directa. Para verter entre el árabe y el español se recurre en casi siempre al relé de la cabina inglesa o francesa. En la UA, por su parte, la interpretación entre estas lenguas se reserva solamente a las cumbres anuales de jefes de Estado. Las entrevistas arrojan resultados cuantitativos y cualitativos relevantes acerca de cómo se trabaja en las cabinas árabe y española, al tiempo que tienen una repercusión directa en el futuro profesional de los alumnos e intérpretes profesionales de AR-ES.
Hippocampal Reactivation Extends for Several Hours Following Novel Experience
Authors: Giri Bapun , Miyawaki Hiroyuki , Mizuseki Kenji , Cheng Sen , Diba Kamran 
Published: December 2018

New memories are believed to be consolidated over several hours of post-task sleep. The reactivation or “replay” of hippocampal cell assemblies has been proposed to provide a key mechanism for this process. However, previous studies have indicated that such replay is restricted to the first 10–30 min of post-task sleep, suggesting that it has a limited role in memory consolidation. We performed long-duration recordings in sleeping and behaving male rats and applied methods for evaluating the reactivation of neurons in pairs as well as in larger ensembles while controlling for the continued activation of ensembles already present during pre-task sleep (“preplay”). We found that cell assemblies reactivate for up to 10 h, with a half-maximum timescale of ∼6 h, in sleep following novel experience, even when corrected for preplay. We further confirmed similarly prolonged reactivation in post-task sleep of rats in other datasets that used behavior in novel environments. In contrast, we saw limited reactivation in sleep following behavior in familiar environments. Overall, our findings reconcile the duration of replay with the timescale attributed to cellular memory consolidation and provide strong support for an integral role of replay in memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeurons that are active during an experience reactivate again afterward during rest and sleep. This replay of ensembles of neurons has been proposed to help strengthen memories, but it has also been reported that replay occurs only in the first 10–30 min of sleep, suggesting a circumscribed role. We performed long-duration recordings in the hippocampus of rats and found that replay persists for several hours in sleep following novel experience, far beyond the limits found in previous reports based on shorter recordings. These findings reconcile the duration of replay with the hours-long timescales attributed to memory consolidation.
Changes in Endogenous Dopamine Induced by Methylphenidate Predict Functional Connectivity in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Birn Rasmus M. , Converse Alexander K. , Rajala Abigail Z. , Alexander Andrew L. , Block Walter F. , McMillan Alan B. , Christian Bradley T. , Filla Caitlynn N. , Murali Dhanabalan , Hurley Samuel A. , Jenison Rick L. , Populin Luis C. 
Published: December 2018

Dopamine (DA) levels in the striatum are increased by many therapeutic drugs, such as methylphenidate (MPH), which also alters behavioral and cognitive functions thought to be controlled by the PFC dose-dependently. We linked DA changes and functional connectivity (FC) using simultaneous [18F]fallypride PET and resting-state fMRI in awake male rhesus monkeys after oral administration of various doses of MPH. We found a negative correlation between [18F]fallypride nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) and MPH dose in the head of the caudate (hCd), demonstrating increased extracellular DA resulting from MPH administration. The decreased BPNDwas negatively correlated with FC between the hCd and the PFC. Subsequent voxelwise analyses revealed negative correlations with FC between the hCd and the dorsolateral PFC, hippocampus, and precuneus. These results, showing that MPH-induced changes in DA levels in the hCd predict resting-state FC, shed light on a mechanism by which changes in striatal DA could influence function in the PFC.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDopamine transmission is thought to play an essential role in shaping large scale-neural networks that underlie cognitive functions. It is the target of therapeutic drugs, such as methylphenidate (Ritalin), which blocks the dopamine transporter, thereby increasing extracellular dopamine levels. Methylphenidate is used extensively to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, even though its effects on cognitive functions and their underlying neural mechanisms are not well understood. To date, little is known about the link between changes in dopamine levels and changes in functional brain organization. Using simultaneous PET/MR imaging, we show that methylphenidate-induced changes in endogenous dopamine levels in the head of the caudate predict changes in resting-state functional connectivity between this structure and the prefrontal cortex, precuneus, and hippocampus.
Intrinsic Functional Boundaries of Lateral Frontal Cortex in the Common Marmoset Monkey
Authors: Schaeffer David J. , Gilbert Kyle M. , Gati Joseph S. , Menon Ravi S. , Everling Stefan 
Published: December 2018

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small New World primate species that has been recently targeted as a potentially powerful preclinical model of human prefrontal cortex dysfunction. Although the structural boundaries of frontal cortex were described in marmosets at the start of the 20th century (Brodmann, 1909) and refined more recently (Paxinos et al., 2012), the broad functional boundaries of marmoset frontal cortex have yet to be established. In this study, we sought to functionally derive boundaries of the marmoset lateral frontal cortex (LFC) using ultra-high field (9.4 T) resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI). We collected RS-fMRI data in seven (four females, three males) lightly anesthetized marmosets and used a data-driven hierarchical clustering approach to derive subdivisions of the LFC based on intrinsic functional connectivity. We then conducted seed-based analyses to assess the functional connectivity between these clusters and the rest of the brain. The results demonstrated seven distinct functional clusters within the LFC. The functional connectivity patterns of these clusters with the rest of the brain were also found to be distinct and organized along a rostrocaudal gradient, consonant with those found in humans and macaques. Overall, these results support the view that marmosets are a promising preclinical modeling species for studying LFC dysfunction related to neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative human brain diseases.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe common marmoset is a New World primate that has garnered recent attention as a powerful complement to canonical Old World primate (e.g., macaques) and rodent models (e.g., rats, mice) for preclinical modeling of the human brain in healthy and diseased states. A critical step in the development of marmosets for such models is to characterize functional network topologies of frontal cortex in healthy, normally functioning marmosets, that is, how these circuitries are functionally divided and how those topologies compare to human circuitry. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate functional boundaries of the lateral frontal cortex and the corresponding network topologies in marmoset monkeys.
Spatial Determination of Neuronal Diversification in the Olfactory Epithelium
Authors: Coleman Julie H. , Lin Brian , Louie Jonathan D. , Peterson Jesse , Lane Robert P. , Schwob James E. 
Published: December 2018

Neurons in the murine olfactory epithelium (OE) differ by the olfactory receptor they express as well as other molecular phenotypes that are regionally restricted. These patterns can be precisely regenerated following epithelial injury, suggesting that spatial cues within the tissue can direct neuronal diversification. Nonetheless, the permanency and mechanism of this spatial patterning remain subject to debate. Via transplantation of stem and progenitor cells from dorsal OE into ventral OE, we demonstrate that, in mice of both sexes, nonautonomous spatial cues can direct the spatially circumscribed differentiation of olfactory sensory neurons. The vast majority of dorsal transplant-derived neurons express the ventral marker OCAM (NCAM2) and lose expression of NQO1 to match their new location. Single-cell analysis also demonstrates that OSNs adopt a fate defined by their new position following progenitor cell transplant, such that a ventral olfactory receptor is expressed after stem and progenitor cell engraftment. Thus, spatially constrained differentiation of olfactory sensory neurons is plastic, and any bias toward an epigenetic memory of place can be overcome.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSpatially restricted differentiation of olfactory sensory neurons is both key to normal olfactory function and a challenging example of biological specificity. That the stem cells of the olfactory epithelium reproduce the organization of the olfactory periphery to a very close approximation during lesion-induced regeneration begs the question of whether stem cell-autonomous genomic architecture or environmental cues are responsible. The plasticity demonstrated after transfer to a novel location suggests that cues external to the transplanted stem and progenitor cells confer neuronal identity. Thus, a necessary prerequisite is satisfied for using engraftment of olfactory stem and progenitor cells as a cellular therapeutic intervention to reinvigorate neurogenesis whose exhaustion contributes to the waning of olfaction with age.
Smartphones y tablets en familia. Construcción de un instrumento diagnóstico
Authors: Salcines-Talledo Irina , Ramírez-García Antonia , González-Fernández Natalia 
Published: December 2018

La repercusión de los dispositivos móviles, especialmente las Tablets y los Smartphones, en todas las esferas sociales es incuestionable. En este artículo se muestra el diseño, validación y aplicación piloto de un cuestionario dirigido a las familias españolas, con la finalidad de recoger información sobre la influencia de los dispositivos ya mencionados, en las dinámicas familiares. Concretamente, sobre el conocimiento que poseen los padres, su influencia en la comunicación familiar, las rutinas y hábitos que se generan, la normativa, mediación y necesidades formativas al respecto. Se presenta el procedimiento de diseño, validación y aplicación del cuestionario, para comprobar su validez de contenido, la fiabilidad y el comportamiento del mismo. Los resultados demuestran que la herramienta de evaluación diagnóstica es válida, fiable y recoge con precisión los datos sobre las variables que lo configuran.
Pensando de Manera Crítica sobre el Pensamiento Crítico
Authors: Ross E. Wayne , Gautreaux Michelle 
Published: December 2018

RESUMENDesde hace tiempo la manera dominante para enseñar el pensamiento crítico en las escuelas ha sido a través de un enfoque basado en el desarrollo de habilidades. Este enfoque pone su énfasis en la instrucción directa para enseñar habilidades de pensamiento crítico discretas, ofreciendo a los alumnos oportunidades para practicar la aplicación de habilidades de pensamiento y ayudándoles a trasladar habilidades de pensamiento crítico de un contexto a otro. En este trabajo, se propone construir el pensamiento crítico desde un enfoque más holístico basado en la dialéctica, que complemente, o más bien sustituya, la lógica formal con un enfoque que analice la forma en que están las cosas, sus historias y la manera en que las cosas cambian.Palabras Clave: Pensamiento crítico, Enfoque dialéctico. ABSTRACTFor a long time the dominant way to teach critical thinking in schools has been a way with a focus on skill development. This approach emphasizes direct instruction to teach discrete critical thinking skills, offering students opportunities to practice applying thinking skills and helping them transfer critical thinking skills from one context to another. In this paper, we propose to conceive critical thinking with a more holistic approach based on dialectics, which complements, or rather substitutes, formal logic with an approach that analyzes the way things are, their histories and the way in which things change in the world.Keywords: Critical thinking, Dialectical approach.