bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding Suicide in the School Context
Authors: Avi Astor Ron , Benbenishty Rami 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationships between suicide ideations and behaviors and school victimization, bullying, and school climate. The chapter reviews the evidence on the prevalence of suicide among youth and its relationships with peer victimization and identifies gaps in knowledge. The chapter suggests that the social context and the climate of the school are moderating the relationships between bullying and suicide. Despite the importance of school experiences for adolescents, only a few studies have attempted to conceptualize and empirically investigate the relationships between school-level contextual characteristics and suicidal ideation. Based on the model of school violence and bullying in context, the chapter presents a study of suicide ideation among high school students in California. The study examined student-level, school-level, and cross-level interactions predicting suicide ideation. The chapter discusses the implications of the findings for a public health approach to the prevention of students suicide ideation.
Cyberbullying
Authors: Avi Astor Ron , Benbenishty Rami 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores the emerging issues surrounding cyberbullying. It discusses the role of the school regarding cyberbullying victimization (even when it does not take place on school grounds) and the shift toward schools taking more responsibility over these behaviors. The chapter examines critically multiple definitions of cyberbullying and their implications for research and policy. It identifies specific types and manifestations of cyberbullying (e.g., social and sexual victimization). The chapter reviews some of the findings on prevalence, correlates, and consequences of cyberbullying and discusses interventions, policies, and legal frameworks that address these issues. The chapter presents a case study of a large national sample of Israeli students that examines the prevalence of cyberbullying, traditional bullying, and their interrelationships in the context of school climate, both on the student and the school level.
School Climate
Authors: Avi Astor Ron , Benbenishty Rami 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter reviews the conceptualization and definitions of school climate and examines evidence regarding its correlates and consequences. The review indicates that there are multiple ambiguities in current conceptualizations of climate. The roles of school violence, bullying, and safety are not consistent across definitions. Most definitions focus on climate as it relates to individuals. Far less attention has focused on the school as whole, overlooking to a large extent school level issues, including school subcontexts that have particular subclimates (e.g. “unowned spaces”). The role of the district is also sorely missing. It discusses the importance of conceptualizing and measuring multiple perspectives on school climate, both on the individual and school level. The chapter presents a cross-lagged study of the relationships between school climate, violence, and academic achievement over time in a large and representative study of all schools in California. Finally, the chapter discusses climate improvement programs, interventions, and practices.
Future Theory, Research, and Policy
Authors: Avi Astor Ron , Benbenishty Rami 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on issues of theory, research, and policy that should be considered in the future, especially issues germane to the theoretical model of school violence in evolving contexts. The chapter elaborates on the importance of including the temporal-historical context in future study and the methodological and conceptual implications of the recent revolution in data infrastructure, including the need to build collaborations with other “big data” organizations. The chapter outlines the need to develop conceptual and methodological tools of analysis with “the school at the center,” including school profiles as analytic tools and identifying classes of schools sharing similar profiles, and calls for studying how schools are nested in multiple ecological contexts, including the hierarchical educational structures of districts, counties, states, nations, and the global context, including the role of technology and media. Finally, the chapter discusses the need to study the impact of the school on its context.
Food Insecurity and HIV/AIDS
Authors: Aidala A , Yomogida M , Leigh J 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Populations with food and nutrition challenges are also those with highest rates of HIV infection. Rates of food insecurity are exceptionally high among people living with HIV. Although there have been advances in access to prevention, treatment, and care including nutrition support in resource-poor countries, recent studies continue to document prevalence of food insecurity among people living with HIV. This chapter contextualizes food insecurity as part of national HIV epidemics and provides a comprehensive treatment of possible solutions to the seemingly intractable and global problem. Topics covered include prevalence and predictors; bidirectional pathways linking food insecurity and HIV/AIDS; and responding to food insecurity and nutrition needs, including via a systems approach. It also includes practice examples.
Epidemiology of Homelessness Among Veterans
Authors: Brignone Emily , Fargo Jamison , Culhane Dennis 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Accurately estimating the incidence, prevalence, and composition of the population of Veterans who experience homelessness is important for planning and evaluating prevention and intervention strategies. However, several methodological considerations exist that are relevant to establishing and interpreting epidemiological estimates of homelessness among Veterans. These issues include the conceptual definition of homeless and Veteran status; the various time frames used in enumeration efforts and the implications of these time frames on resulting estimates; and the strengths and limitations of primary and administrative data sources. This chapter discusses methodological issues and present a national epidemiological estimates based on various sources and methodologies. Recent point prevalence, period prevalence, and incidence estimates are summarized, as are segmentation of estimates by demographic, geographic, and housing status characteristics, and trends over time. In the past decade, several indicators have suggested that homelessness among Veterans has decreased substantially. Since 2009, point-in-time estimates have declined nearly 50%, and 1-year estimates have declined by 11%. Despite these improvements, Veterans continue to be overrepresented among the population of homeless adults in the United States.
Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders Among Homeless Veterans
Authors: Gabrielian Sonya , Gores Ashton M. , Gelberg Lillian , Tsai Jack 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Mental illness and substance use disorders (SUDs) are strong risk factors for homelessness, regardless of Veteran status. This chapter describes the interplay between mental illness, SUDs, the co-occurrence of these disorders (CoD), and homelessness among Veterans; the authors consider military-specific experiences (e.g., combat) and factors associated with homelessness for both Veteran and non-Veteran adults (e.g., childhood adversity). They present epidemiology data on mental illness and SUDs among homeless Veterans, considering specific diagnoses (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder) and experiences (e.g., military sexual trauma) that are highly prevalent within or unique to persons who served in the United States Armed Forces. In addition, the authors present qualitative and quantitative data on pathways to homelessness for Veterans with mental illness, SUDs, and/or CoD, considering distinct pathways seen in special populations (e.g., women Veterans, who have high rates of trauma, and the newest cohort of Veterans who served in Iraq or Afghanistan). Last, the authors discuss supported housing outcomes for homeless Veterans with psychiatric disorders and SUDs. They discuss the utility of these programs for homeless Veterans with mental health problems and explore the influence of psychiatric disorders and SUDs among Veterans with poor supported housing outcomes.
Primary Care for Homeless Veterans
Authors: O’Toole Thomas P. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In many ways homelessness is both a health issue and a reflection of the viability of our social safety net and health care system. Despite advances made in our understanding of how to best provide care and assist homeless persons, significant health disparities and gaps in care persist, as does the conundrum of chronic and persistent homelessness. Primary care tailored to homeless persons provides a unique opportunity to address some of these health disparities and vulnerabilities as well as the platform on which to engage them in an array of additional services over a continuum of time and need. Core tenets of the most successful models capture several key elements: (1) availability of care based on an open-access, on-demand, and non-contingent model; (2) one-stop, wrap-around services that are integrated and coordinated; (3) capacity for intensive, longitudinal and community/social service–linked case management; (4) high-quality, evidence-based, and culturally sensitive care that both destigmatizes seeking care and supports professionalism among the providers delivering that care; and (5) accountability to specific measurable goals and outcomes. However, it will not happen without deliberate planning and organization and a commitment to the capacity needed to bring services to scale.
Supported Housing
Authors: O’Connell Maria J. , Rosenheck Robert A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Supported housing, providing both financial housing subsidies and case management support, is widely recognized as the most effective approach to ending homelessness for individuals with psychiatric and/or addictive disorders. The joint US Department of Housing and Urban Development–Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing (HUD-VASH) program is the largest and perhaps longest running supportive housing initiative for any group of homeless persons, worldwide. Since its inception in 1992, HUD-VASH has assisted more than 146,000 Veterans, most of whom have successfully exited from homelessness, and currently serves more than 80,000 Veterans nationwide each year. Guided by principles such as rapid placement into housing, no prerequisites for abstinence for entering housing, and minimal requirements for engagement in clinical care, HUD-VASH stands apart from traditional homeless service programs. Research over the past 25 years, including the first and one of few experimental cost-effectiveness studies of supportive housing, and an extensive series of longitudinal studies have documented the benefits of this program in reducing homelessness as well in leading to greater social connectedness, higher quality of life, and reduced alcohol and drug use. In recent years, HUD-VASH researchers have been exploring ways to modify, augment, or adapt the program to better meet the needs of Veterans through the use of peers, telehealth, and group support. Official VA documents suggest that HUD-VASH has played a major role in the nationwide reduction in the number of homeless Veterans in recent years.
Distributive Effects of the Crisis in the European Periphery
Authors: Matsaganis Manos , Leventi Chrysa 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter aims to provide an assessment of the distributional implications of the economic crisis in Greece, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Latvia, Lithuania, and Romania in the period 2009−2013. On the one hand, the recession has caused unemployment to rise and household incomes to fall, which are both changes that raise the demand for social protection. On the other hand, austerity policies and program reforms affect the capacity of welfare states to provide social protection. We use a microsimulation model to disentangle the first-order effects of tax–benefit policies from the overall effects of the crisis. Moreover, we estimate how the burden of the crisis has been shared across income groups and how the differential impact of the crisis may have altered the composition of the population in poverty. We conclude by discussing the methodological pitfalls and policy implications of our research.
Toward Adequate Minimum Incomes
Authors: Cantillon Bea , Marchal Sarah , Luigjes Chris 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Involvement in poverty reduction at the European Union level remains mainly limited to soft governance initiatives, such as the formulation of nonbinding outcome targets and the monitoring of Member States’ progress toward these targets in the Open Method of Coordination (OMC) Social Inclusion and more recently in the revised European Semester. This chapter asks how to give more bite to European social governance and how to further “socialize” the existing Europe 2020 strategy and the European Semester. It argues that binding input governance in the field of minimum income protection is the place to start. As a first step, the chapter proposes augmenting the so-called auxiliary output indicators with relevant input indicators.
De Facto Segregation
Authors: Rothstein Richard 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The United States’ ability to desegregate metropolitan areas is hobbled by historical ignorance. Believing that segregation is de facto, resulting mostly from private prejudice and income differences, policymakers have failed to consider aggressive initiatives that are constitutionally required to remedy state-sponsored de jure segregation. First with the Public Works Administration, later with war housing built for defense-plant workers during World War II, and still later with the explicit acceptance of racial segregation by the 1949 Housing Act, the federal government created separate neighborhoods for blacks and for whites, often in cities that had not previously known such extreme racial segregation. Subsequently, whites left public housing when the Federal Housing Administration financed suburban development with requirements that builders exclude African Americans. Many other federal, state, and local government policies purposefully contributed to segregation but have never been remedied because policymakers are unfamiliar with this history and the obligations it has generated.
The Community Reinvestment Act as a Catalyst for Integration and an Antidote to Concentrated Poverty
Authors: Taylor John , Silver Josh 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Policymakers tend to focus on federal programs as remedies to poverty. While important, the largest of these programs do not combat poverty’s geographic aspects. The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) imposes an affirmative obligation on banks to meet the credit needs of low- and moderate-income (LMI) neighborhoods. The act is designed to promote affordable housing and economic development by combating lending discrimination, thereby alleviating poverty and building wealth in LMI areas. Federal CRA exams rate banks on their loans and investments in LMI neighborhoods. By promoting responsible lending, the CRA has increased homeownership and small-business ownership in those neighborhoods. However, the act’s full potential to combat concentrations of poverty has not been realized. This chapter explores how improved examination procedures can make the CRA more effective in promoting integration in gentrifying and distressed neighborhoods and how the CRA can be combined with the US Department of Housing and Urban Development’s recent fair housing rule and other anti-poverty programs to combat concentrations of poverty.
Historical Ontology
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter lays out the historical methodology of the book. The primary inquiry of this book is ontological, but not foundational. It is historical. In other words, it does not aim to identify the absolute and immutable structure of being forever and all time (being qua being). The contribution of Being and Motion is to locate a new historical ontology of motion—a minimal condition that, from the perspective of the present, appears to have always been a hidden dimension of the past. The aim is therefore to take one the most important (not the only or essential) features of contemporary reality (motion) and use it to reinterpret the dominant notions of ontology, such as space, time, force, quality, quantity, relation, and so on. From the vantage point of the present, the past can now be reinterpreted anew, without foreclosing the future.
Realism and Materialism
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter lays out a methodology of transcendental realism and new materialism based on motion. Transcendental realism is the study of the real minimal ontological conditions for the actual emergence of the historical present. The purpose of this method is to give a description of what previous being must at least be like given that it appears as it does today: in motion. The chapter offers critiques of constructivism, empiricism, metaphysics, and transcendental idealism. It also offers a critique of vitalist new materialism, negative materialism, object-oriented ontology, formalism, and all ahistorical methods of thinking about matter and materialism. It concludes with a theory of “process materialism.”
Continuum
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that being flows if and only if the twin conditions of continuity and motion are satisfied. If being were only continuous it would be a homogeneous totality. Being would be One—a finite or infinite unity—without the possibility of change or motion outside of itself, since there would be no outside to it. In this case, all movement, as Zeno and Parmenides once argued, would be an illusion. However, if being was One total being that contained all of being, the being that contained all of being would have to be different from the being that was contained by it.
Multiplicity
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that flows are neither one nor many, but multiple. Every flow both composes and is composed by at least one other flow, ad infinitum. As a nested continuum of entangled and folded flows, there is never only one flow or any simple totality of flows, but rather a continuous process, an open multiplicity of flows. As such, a flow is by definition a nonunity and nontotality. As continuous movements, flows are by definition infinite. If flows are infinite, and being is composed of flows, then being must be infinite. Being has no beginning and no end—just like its flows.
Junction
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that being flows, but it also folds. Being flows, but it also folds over itself in habitual cycles and patterns of dynamic equilibrium, creating regional stabilities-in-motion. A fold is produced by the junction or intersection of a flow with itself. It is like an eddy or whirlpool in the flows of being. If we begin philosophy from discontinuity and stasis, the challenge is to theorize movement. However, if we begin philosophy from the primacy of movement, the challenge is to theorize stability. This chapter provides a kinetic theory of how folds emerge from flows through junctions and conjoin with one another to produce larger composites or conjunctions.
Conjunction
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that folds of motion are connected together through one or more conjunctions. A conjunction is the connection between two or more junctions or intersections. As such, it is also the connection between different qualities and quantities, each with its own affect and number. The conjunction of folds is a “thing.” However, since every fold is both qualitative and quantitative, so is every thing. Therefore, with respect to the connection of the periods of folds, sensate qualities, or affects, we call the conjoined thing an “image.” With respect to the connection of cycles or numerical quantities, we call the conjoined thing an “object.” Image and object are two kinetically distinct but inseparable dimensions of a thing.
Knot
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that fields circulate and order folds as degrees of flux, but that fields can also combine themselves into larger and smaller knotworks based on their shared circulations and folds. A knot is thus the intersection of two or more fields at two or more of the same folds or junctions. In a kinetic knot, each field remains distinct but also becomes connected at specific junctions to other fields, making possible a series of shared or collective qualities and quantities. Folds are what tie the knots together. Two fields are knotted together by their shared affects, but these shared affects can also produce their own field in turn: a knot. The chapter develops a theory of knots, nests, pores, and knotworks.
Kinos, Logos, Graphos
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter introduces the central argument of Book II, which is that each historical period under investigation, along with its dominant description and inscription of being, follows a precise kinetic pattern that allows us to put forward an original kinetic ontology of space, eternity, force, and time. The structure of Book II is ordered accordingly. It is divided into four parts, corresponding to the four dominant historical regimes of motion that define ontological practice. Each historical regime marks the emergence and rise to dominance of a certain descriptive name for being in Western ontological practice. Further, each part is divided into three sections, each corresponding to a kinetic dimension of its ontological practice: kinos, logos, and graphos.
Speech
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that the spatial description of being first emerged as historically dominant in the mythology and mythograms of prehistoric and Neolithic peoples, but at the same time was also inscribed on the body of the speaker of those same mythologies through speech. Therefore, the mythological description of being as space also presupposes a kinetic and historical transformation of the human body into a speaking body. The kinetic structure of this new surface of inscription is the subject of the present chapter. The thesis that follows is that the historical coemergence of spatial mythologies explored in the previous chapter and the new kinographic technology of speech follow the same dominantly centripetal field of motion during this time.
Ancient Cosmology II
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter shows that the third major cosmological description of this time period occurs when the sky father kills the mother and her son-lover and becomes the sole creator—and the origin of centrifugal motion. This occurs in a historical description of theomachy and can be found in Babylonian and Greek cosmology. The Babylonian cosmology found in the Enuma Elish adds another dimension to the previous Bronze Age cosmological descriptions. In Archaic Greece, a similar cosmological theomachy emerged. Hesiod’s Theogony gives us one of the oldest and clearest accounts of Archaic Greek cosmology and theomachy.
Ancient Cosmology III
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that the fourth and final cosmokinetic description of eternity occurs in the description of the figure of the ex nihilo eternal sky father, the first and only creator of all of being. In this final kinetic operation we reach the ultimate inversion of centripetal motion. Eternity appears not as the product of a theomachy or prior motion, but as the original and immobile process constitutive of all motion as such. Ex nihilo creation does not refer here strictly to the creation of the world by God, but more generally to the ex nihilo creation of motion from immobility.