bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perfectly matched layer boundary conditions for the second‐order acoustic wave equation solved by the rapid expansion method
Authors: Araujo Edvaldo S. , Pestana Reynam C. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTWe derive a governing second‐order acoustic wave equation in the time domain with a perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition for general inhomogeneous media. Besides, a new scheme to solve the perfectly matched layer equation for absorbing reflections from the model boundaries based on the rapid expansion method is proposed. The suggested scheme can be easily applied to a wide class of wave equations and numerical methods for seismic modelling. The absorbing boundary condition method is formulated based on the split perfectly matched layer method and we employ the rapid expansion method to solve the derived new perfectly matched layer equation. The use of the rapid expansion method allows us to extrapolate wavefields with a time step larger than the ones commonly used by traditional finite‐difference schemes in a stable way and free of dispersion noise. Furthermore, in order to demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the proposed perfectly matched layer scheme, numerical modelling examples are also presented. The numerical results obtained with the put forward perfectly matched layer scheme are compared with results from traditional attenuation absorbing boundary conditions and enlarged models as well. The analysis of the numerical results indicates that the proposed perfectly matched layer scheme is significantly effective and more efficient in absorbing spurious reflections from the model boundaries.
Accelerating across the landscape: The energetic costs of natal dispersal in a large herbivore
Authors: Benoit Laura , Hewison A. J. Mark , Coulon Aurélie , Debeffe Lucie , Grémillet David , Ducros Delphine , Cargnelutti Bruno , Chaval Yannick , Morellet Nicolas 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDispersal is a key mechanism enabling species to adjust their geographic range to rapid global change. However, dispersal is costly and environmental modifications are likely to modify the cost–benefit balance of individual dispersal decisions, for example, by decreasing functional connectivity.Dispersal costs occur during departure, transience and settlement, and are levied in terms of energy, risk, time and lost opportunity, potentially influencing individual fitness. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has yet quantified the energetic costs of dispersal across the dispersal period by comparing dispersing and philopatric individuals in the wild.Here, we employed animal‐borne biologgers on a relatively large sample (N = 105) of juvenile roe deer to estimate energy expenditure indexed using the vector of dynamic body acceleration and mobility (distance travelled) in an intensively monitored population in the south‐west of France. We predicted that energy expenditure would be higher in dispersers compared to philopatric individuals. We expected costs to be (a) particularly high during transience, (b) especially high in the more fragmented areas of the landscape and (c) concentrated during the night to avoid disturbance caused by human activity.There were no differences in energy expenditure between dispersers and philopatric individuals during the pre‐dispersal phase. However, dispersers expended around 22% more energy and travelled around 63% further per day than philopatric individuals during transience. Differences in energy expenditure were much less pronounced during the settlement phase. The costs of transience were almost uniquely confined to the dawn period, when dispersers spent 23% more energy and travelled 112% further than philopatric individuals. Finally, the energetic costs of transience per unit time and the total distance travelled to locate a suitable settlement range were higher in areas of high road density.Our results provide strong support for the hypothesis that natal dispersal is energetically costly and indicate that transience is the most costly part of the process, particularly in fragmented landscapes. Further work is required to link dispersal costs with fitness components so as to understand the likely outcome of further environmental modifications on the evolution of dispersal behaviour.
Placental mitochondria and reactive oxygen species in the physiology and pathophysiology of pregnancy
Authors: Fisher Joshua J. , Bartho Lucy A. , Perkins Anthony V. , Holland Olivia J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMitochondria are central to cell function. The placenta forms the interface between maternal and fetal systems, and placental mitochondria have critical roles in maintaining pregnancy. The placenta is unusual in having two adjacent cell layers (cytotrophoblasts and the syncytiotrophoblast) with vastly different mitochondria that have distinct functions in health and disease. Mitochondria both produce the majority of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and are sensitive to ROS. ROS are important in allowing cells to sense their environment through mitochondrial‐centred signalling, and this signalling also helps cells/tissues adapt to changing environments. However, excessive ROS are damaging, and increased ROS levels are associated with pregnancy complications, including the important disorders preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus. Here we review the function of placental mitochondria in healthy pregnancy, and also in pregnancy complications. Placental mitochondria are critical to cell function, and mitochondrial damage is a feature of pregnancy complications. However, the responsiveness of mitochondria to ROS signalling may be central to placental adaptations that mitigate damage, and placental mitochondria are an attractive target for the development of therapeutics to improve pregnancy outcomes.
The contributions of allochthonous and autochthonous materials to organic carbon in coastal sediment: A case study from Tangkhen Bay, Phuket, Thailand
Authors: Tuntiprapas Piyalap , Hayashizaki Ken‐Ichi , Ogawa Hisao , Panyawai Janmanee , Tamada Satoru , Stankovic Milica , Prathep Anchana 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCoastal areas have high potential to store carbon from both terrestrial and marine materials due to the interconnectivity among the habitats. We investigated the contributions of the various sources to the sedimentary organic carbon by examining the δ13C, δ15N, %TOC (total organic carbon) and %TN (total nitrogen) of several marine macrophytes, which included three seagrass species: Cymodocea rotundata Ascherson & Schweinfurth, Cymodocea serrulata (R. Brown) Ascherson & Magnus, and Halophila ovalis (R. Brown) J.D. Hooker; three seaweed species: Halimeda macroloba Decaisne, Halimeda borneensis W.R. Taylor, and Halimeda opuntia (Linnaeus) J.V. Lamouroux; and one coral species, Porites sp., over a vertical gradient at Tangkhen Bay, Thailand. The distribution of organisms differed significantly between distances from the shore and seasons (p < .001), with seagrass occupying the area of 150–350 m from the shore, while Halimeda was most abundant from 150 to 400 m from the shore. The %TOC and %TN in the sediment were significantly different along the shore (p < .001), with the highest values at 300 m from the shore where the highest organism variability was recoded. Seagrass and Halimeda played major roles in sediment organic matter and carbon contributions, contributing up to 42% of the sedimentary organic carbon, while allochthonous sources such as ocean and terrestrial sources had lower contributions. This study elucidates the importance of macrophytes as organic carbon contributors to sedimentary carbon storage, especially in small semi‐enclosed bays.
The core seafloor microbiome in the Gulf of Mexico is remarkably consistent and shows evidence of recovery from disturbance caused by major oil spills
Authors: Overholt Will A. , Schwing Patrick , Raz Kala M. , Hastings David , Hollander David J. , Kostka Joel E. 
Published: August 2019

SummaryThe microbial ecology of oligotrophic deep ocean sediments is understudied relative to their shallow counterparts, and this lack of understanding hampers our ability to predict responses to current and future perturbations. The Gulf of Mexico has experienced two of the largest accidental marine oil spills, the 1979 Ixtoc‐1 blowout and the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) discharge. Here, microbial communities were characterized for 29 sites across multiple years in > 700 samples. The composition of the seafloor microbiome was broadly consistent across the region and was well approximated by the overlying water depth and depth within the sediment column, while geographic distance played a limited role. Biogeographical distributions were employed to generate predictive models for over 4000 OTU that leverage easy‐to‐obtain geospatial variables which are linked to measured sedimentary oxygen profiles. Depth stratification and putative niche diversification are evidenced by the distribution of taxa that mediate the microbial nitrogen cycle. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that sediments impacted by the DWH spill had returned to near baseline conditions after 2 years. The distributions of benthic microorganisms in the Gulf can be constrained, and moreover, deviations from these predictions may pinpoint impacted sites and aid in future response efforts or long‐term stability studies.
Thoracic Visceral Compression–A Useful Technique for Demonstrating Small Bleeding Points in the Dissected Neck at Autopsy
Authors: Byard Roger W. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA 29‐year‐old man died at the scene of an altercation from a stab wound to the left side of the neck. At autopsy, careful in situ examination of the common carotid artery did not reveal any evidence of hemorrhage or apparent vascular injury. However, applying pressure to the chest wall and underlying thoracic viscera (lungs and heart) resulted in filling of the collapsed vessel with blood causing hemorrhage from a small incision on the medial aspect of the common carotid artery. Release of pressure and drying of the dissection field enabled the artery to be opened and the small defect to be identified. This technique may be used to temporarily restore blood to a vessel to help identify a small bleeding point that may otherwise be difficult to detect.
Metabolic engineering of Pseudomonas putida for increased polyhydroxyalkanoate production from lignin
Authors: Salvachúa Davinia , Rydzak Thomas , Auwae Raquel , De Capite Annette , Black Brenna A. , Bouvier Jason T. , Cleveland Nicholas S. , Elmore Joshua R. , Furches Anna , Huenemann Jay D. , Katahira Rui , Michener William E. , Peterson Darren J. , Rohrer Holly , Vardon Derek R. , Beckham Gregg T. , Guss Adam M. 
Published: August 2019

SummaryMicrobial conversion offers a promising strategy for overcoming the intrinsic heterogeneity of the plant biopolymer, lignin. Soil microbes that natively harbour aromatic‐catabolic pathways are natural choices for chassis strains, and Pseudomonas putida KT2440 has emerged as a viable whole‐cell biocatalyst for funnelling lignin‐derived compounds to value‐added products, including its native carbon storage product, medium‐chain‐length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl‐PHA). In this work, a series of metabolic engineering targets to improve mcl‐PHA production are combined in the P. putida chromosome and evaluated in strains growing in a model aromatic compound, p‐coumaric acid, and in lignin streams. Specifically, the PHA depolymerase gene phaZ was knocked out, and the genes involved in β‐oxidation (fadBA1 and fadBA2) were deleted. Additionally, to increase carbon flux into mcl‐PHA biosynthesis, phaG, alkK, phaC1 and phaC2 were overexpressed. The best performing strain – which contains all the genetic modifications detailed above – demonstrated a 53% and 200% increase in mcl‐PHA titre (g l−1) and a 20% and 100% increase in yield (g mcl‐PHA per g cell dry weight) from p‐coumaric acid and lignin, respectively, compared with the wild type strain. Overall, these results present a promising strain to be employed in further process development for enhancing mcl‐PHA production from aromatic compounds and lignin.
Maximizing Returns from Payments for Water‐Based Ecosystem Services: Incorporating Externality Effects of Land Management
Authors: Eiswerth Mark E. , van Kooten G. Cornelis 
Published: August 2019

AbstractGiven the expansion of payments for water‐based ecosystem services (PWES) worldwide, two relevant issues are as follows: (1) determination of efficient allocations of payments among land managers, and (2) how this might change when paying one manager to implement a best management practice (BMP) to enhance an ecosystem service impacts the cost‐effectiveness of BMPs considered by other land managers not currently involved in PWES. Such externalities may be negative if diminishing returns dominate, or positive if mechanisms such as “social diffusion” dominate. We analyze how a planner should optimally allocate payments, depending on whether the expected externalities are negligible, negative, or positive. We employ (1) an optimal control model to gain insights on the problem’s dynamics, and (2) stochastic dynamic programming to determine optimal funding strategies using a specific application. The study contributes to the literature by identifying dynamically optimal PWES payment patterns, and illustrates how they should change when one accounts for externalities induced by the program. Because such impacts have not been addressed previously in a rigorous way, this treatment provides useful value added for PWES design and implementation.
Spatial Pattern Analysis of Regional Water Use Profile Based on the Gini Coefficient and Location Quotient
Authors: Liu Huan , Jia Yangwen , Niu Cunwen , Gan Yongde 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWater resources have become a barrier hampering socioeconomic development. Changes in the spatial distribution of water use profile have direct impacts to regional water use efficiency. However, the related research is inadequate, and a more suitable way to analyze regional water use profile is necessary. The Gini coefficient and location quotient, two reliable methods commonly used in discussing the spatial distribution of elements, were introduced and calculated. Taking Gansu Province as the study area, the concentration effect of industrial water use was the strongest, followed by domestic, environmental, and agricultural water use. However, a balanced distribution of agricultural water use failed to be coordinated with the production conditions, the center of Gansu’s grain production should be established to enhance the scale effect of agricultural production. The industrial agglomeration effect remained weak, and each region’s dominant industries need to be developed vigorously. Gansu’s domestic water use was consistent with its population distribution, but it is necessary to reduce the water use gap between urban and rural areas. With a growing awareness of environmental protection, environmental water use exhibited a more balanced distribution. Overall, the methods are simple and have good applicability, and the results can provide a reference in water use optimization.
Vitex agnus‐castus cannot be used as trap plant for the vector Hyalesthes obsoletus to prevent infections by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ in northern Italian vineyards: Experimental evidence
Authors: Moussa Abdelhameed , Mori Nicola , Faccincani Monica , Pavan Francesco , Bianco Piero Attilio , Quaglino Fabio 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBois noir (BN), the most prevalent disease of the grapevine yellows complex, causes considerable yield loss in vineyards. BN is associated with phytoplasma strains of the species ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (taxonomic subgroup 16SrXII‐A). In Europe, the BN phytoplasma is transmitted to grapevine mainly by Hyalesthes obsoletus, a polyphagous cixiid completing its life cycle on stinging nettle and field bindweed. As a result of the complexity of BN epidemiology, no effective control strategies have been developed. In previous studies conducted in the eastern Mediterranean coast of Israel, chaste tree (Vitex agnus‐castus) was found to be the preferred host plant of H. obsoletus but did not harbour BN phytoplasma. Thus, a ‘push and pull’ strategy was suggested based on the fact that chaste tree plants located at vineyard borders was an effective trap plant for H. obsoletus adults. However, in other studies carried out in the eastern Adriatic coast of Montenegro, chaste tree was found to be a key source plant for BN phytoplasma transmission to grapevine. This study aimed to investigate (i) the interaction between chaste tree and H. obsoletus through survival, attractiveness and oviposition experiments conducted comparing the behaviour of H. obsoletus in chaste tree versus stinging nettle and grapevine and (ii) the capability of chaste tree to harbor ‘Ca. P. solani’ in northern Italy through transmission trials. H. obsoletus adults were found to survive on chaste tree and grapevine over a 1 week period and prefer chaste tree to grapevine. Moreover, H. obsoletus produced eggs and overwintered as nymphs on chaste tree, even if at a lesser extent than on stinging nettle. H. obsoletus originating from nettle was found able to transmit ‘Ca. P. solani’ to chaste tree (2 plants of 16 were found infected by the BN phytoplasma strain St5 identified in H. obsoletus specimens). These results increased our knowledge about the role of Vitex agnus‐castus as host plant of H. obsoletus and BN phytoplasma in northern Italy and do not recommend considering chaste tree as trap plant at vineyard borders.
Small fins, large trade: a snapshot of the species composition of low‐value shark fins in the Hong Kong markets
Authors: Cardeñosa D. , Shea K. H. , Zhang H. , Feldheim K. , Fischer G. A. , Chapman D. D. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe international fin trade is a major source of mortality for many threatened shark species but most of what it is known about this trade comes from assessments of large fins commanding high prices in trade hubs. There is growing international trade in ‘small, low‐value’ fins in Southeast Asia, which are used for inexpensive shark fin soup products. These fins could be derived from small species, juveniles of large species, or a combination of both. Resolving the species identification of these small fins has important conservation implications, because large sharks tend to be more vulnerable (VU) to overexploitation than small ones. Here we describe the first species‐specific assessment of the small, low‐value fins in the shark fin retail markets of Hong Kong. A total of 475 randomly collected samples were genetically identified using a portion of the cytochrome oxidase I, revealing at least 29 species. Around a third (34.5%) of the species found are in threatened International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List categories, and 21.2% of the samples were from four species listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The size of the analyzed fins and the species composition found suggests that small fins come from a combination of small (62.9 %) and large (37.1%) species, with the majority of small fins coming from suspected juveniles of large species. We suggest the sources of most of these fins are likely to be multi‐species fisheries in shallow, coastal habitats used by large species and also occupied by small species. Our results represent the first step to better understand the trade in small shark fins on a species‐specific basis and highlight the need for market surveys and increased inspection of this fin category at border control check points for CITES‐listed species.
New genus and new species of Muscidae (Diptera) from the Andes highlands and discussion of its phylogenetic position based on morphological evidence
Authors: de Carvalho Claudio J B , Haseyama Kirstern L F , Gomes Lucas R P , Zafalon‐Silva Ândrio 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe Andes harbours a rich diversity of Muscidae. A new muscid genus, Polletella de Carvalho & Haseyama, gen. nov., is described from the Ecuadorian and Peruvian highlands, and it comprises three new species: Polletella polleti de Carvalho, Haseyama & Gomes, sp. nov. (type species) and Polletella norrbomi de Carvalho, Haseyama & Gomes, sp. nov., both from Loja, Cajanuma, Ecuador, and Polletella inca de Carvalho, Haseyama & Gomes, sp. nov. from Cuzco, Peru. Collected data indicate that species of Polletella are probably confined to high‐altitude cloud Andean forests and may be abundant at 3000 m. A key to the species of Polletella is provided. The morphological features and a morphology‐based phylogenetic analysis indicate that Polletella is monophyletic and that it does not concur with the current concepts of any of the Neotropical Phaoniinae genera.
A novel mutation of MSX1 inherited from maternal mosaicism causes a severely affected child with nonsyndromic oligodontia
Authors: Ma Tengfei , Liu Yi , Zhao Xiaoxue , Wu Jing , Wang Huijuan , Chen Jing , Liu Peiwen , Zhang Xu , Zhang Xiangyu 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMutations of MSX1 have been associated with nonsyndromic hypodontia. To seek the causal gene mutation sites in a family with nonsyndromic oligodontia, whole‐exome sequencing (WES) was performed to seek the causative locus of the family. The candidate mutation was further identified by Sanger sequencing afterward. Two mutations of MSX1 were found both in the proband and her mother. One novel heterozygous missense mutation (c.C667G, p.R223G) of MSX1 inherited from the asymptomatic mother with mosaic mutation was located in the highly conserved fragment of exon 2. The other was a synonymous mutation (c.C348T, p.G116G) in exon 1, which had been reported. The novel maternal heterozygous missense mutation (c.C667G, p.R223G) was likely to be the major reason for nonsyndromic oligodontia in the family. This is the first mosaic variant that has been recorded of the MSX1 gene. Our study expands the phenotype–genotype correlation associated with MSX1 variants. Our study also suggests that the determination of the mosaicism is essential for precise genetic counseling if a disease appears to arise de novo.