bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulative effect of a new hydrazide derivative on wheat‐induced pulmonary inflammation in rats
Authors: Siddiqui Sara , Samra Malka M. , Nawaz Muhammad , Shahid Muhammad , Ramzan Ayesha , Athar Muhammad Makshoof , Basra Muhammad Asim Raza 
Published: March 2019

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
What is the mechanism of wheat‐induced pulmonary inflammation and how does a hydrazide derivative modulate it?

What is the main finding and its importance?
A hydrazide derivative significantly reduced wheat‐induced pulmonary inflammation in a rat model mainly by down‐regulating inflammatory cell infiltration, pathological lesions in the lungs and the level of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, COX‐1, COX‐2 and T‐cell proliferation.

AbstractWe investigated the ameliorative anti‐inflammatory effect of a previously synthesized hydrazide derivative (N′‐(4‐methoxybenzylidene)‐6‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine‐4‐carbohydrazide; MD) as an immunomodulator in a newly developed allergen‐induced pulmonary inflammation (AIPI) rat model. Wheat and thresher dust were used as allergens to induce pulmonary inflammation while MD was used to reverse the inflammatory response. Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected after killing the rats and inflammatory cells were counted. Histological analysis of lung airways was carried out by haematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid–Schiff staining while the level of total serum IgE, interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5 and cyclooxygenase (COX)‐1 in BALF and in vitro T‐cell proliferation in spleen were measured through enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. mRNA expression level of IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13, transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β), interferon‐γ, tumour necrosis factor α, COX‐1 and COX‐2 was evaluated by qRT‐PCR. A liver and kidney function test was used to observe any toxic impact of MD. The results indicated that 2 mg of wheat and thresher dust led to higher levels of inflammatory cytokines in the blood, BALF and lung airways of rats. MD potentially down‐regulated the inflammatory cell infiltration in BALF and pathological lesions in the lung airways of AIPI rats. MD significantly suppressed the elevated total serum IgE, along with IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13, TGF‐β, COX‐1 and COX‐2 mRNA expression and T‐cell proliferation in spleen. In conclusion, MD at 10 mg kg−1 exhibited a significant reduction in all the markers in both wheat‐ and thresher dust‐induced pulmonary inflammation mainly by inhibiting pro‐inflammatory cytokine production and T‐cell proliferation. The data suggest that inhibition of the T‐cell response may be responsible for the modulative effect of MD in an AIPI rat model.
Models prediction of hadrons production ratios in pp collisions at s = 7 TeV
Authors: Ajaz M. , Bilal M. , Ali Y. , Suleymanov M. K. , Khan K. H. 
Published: March 2019

The pseudorapidity [Formula: see text] dependence of charged-particles ratios in three transverse momentum [Formula: see text] regions, obtained by hadron production models, in proton–proton collisions at 7 TeV are compared with the measurements of LHCb detector. Compared to the experimental data, the [Formula: see text] ratios are independent of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] and are very well predicted by all models (DPMJETIII, EPOS1.99, EPOS-LHC, HIJING1.383, QGSJETII-04 and Sibyll2.3c). All models predict the [Formula: see text] ratio at low [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text], but underestimate afterward while reproducing the experimental data at medium and high [Formula: see text] very well. The [Formula: see text] ratio is described by the models very well at high [Formula: see text] in the low and medium [Formula: see text] region. At high [Formula: see text], models predict the experimental data well, except Sibyll2.3c that slightly overestimates. The [Formula: see text] ratio is predicted by EPOS1.99, HIJING and Sibyll at low [Formula: see text] and EPOS-LHC, EPOS1.99 and Sibyll predicted at high [Formula: see text] for low [Formula: see text]. For medium [Formula: see text], EPOS1.99 and Sibyll predict very well for [Formula: see text] while EPOS-LHC and HIJING models reproduce the data for [Formula: see text]. All models underpredict the [Formula: see text] ratio for [Formula: see text]. For the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] ratios, only Sibyll and EPOS1.99 models could reproduce some regions of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. None of the models satisfactorily predict all the ratios. the same particle ratios are well described by most of the models while the discrepancies occur mostly in predicting the different particles ratios.
Second-Price All-Pay Auctions and Best-Reply Matching Equilibria
Authors: Umbhauer Gisèle 
Published: March 2019

The paper studies second-price all-pay auctions — wars of attrition — in a new way, based on classroom experiments and Kosfeld et al.’s best-reply matching (BRM) equilibrium. Two players fight over a prize of value [Formula: see text], and submit bids not exceeding a budget [Formula: see text]; both pay the lowest bid and the prize goes to the highest bidder. The behavior probability distributions in the classroom experiments are strikingly different from the mixed Nash equilibrium (NE). They fit with BRM and generalized best-reply matching (GBRM), an ordinal logic according to which, if bid A is the best response to bid B, then A is played as often as B. The paper goes into the GBRM logic, highlights the role of focal values and discusses the high or low payoffs this logic can lead to.
Effect of Cl doping amount on the microstructure, photovoltaic properties and ferroelectric properties of Bi-based lead-free perovskite
Authors: Zhang Shilong , Xu Ruicheng , Li Zhendong , Zhang Qianwei , Cheng Li , Wang Zhenhua , Fu Chunlin 
Published: March 2019

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites with 3D perovskite structure have gained much attention as light harvesting materials in thin-film photovoltaics. This is because of their outstanding light-absorption characteristics, charge-transport dynamics and their simple processability using lab-scale solution and vapor phase deposition techniques. However, the inherent instability and lead toxicity of lead-based PSCs are the major problems at present. Recent studies have shown that the (CH3NH[Formula: see text]Bi2I9 (MBI) 0D bismuth-based compound can be used as an optical absorption layer in solar cells. In this paper, the (CH3NH[Formula: see text]Bi2I9 was doped with Cl− and a series of (CH3NH[Formula: see text]Bi2I[Formula: see text]Clx films were prepared. The effects of different doping amounts on the microstructure, photovoltaic properties and ferroelectric properties were systematically investigated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis showed that with the increase of doping content, the density of the films increased and the roughness decreased. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of (CH3NH[Formula: see text]Bi2I[Formula: see text]Clx raises with the increase of doping content. For example, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of (CH3NH[Formula: see text]Bi2I3Cl6 is 0.473%. We find that the leakage current descends into the increase in doping content, which may be due to the increase in the film density and the decrease of porosity. These research results have a positive effect on the development of Bi-based lead-free perovskite.
Laguerre–Hahn orthogonal polynomials on the real line
Authors: Rebocho Maria Das Neves 
Published: March 2019

A survey is given on sequences of orthogonal polynomials related to Stieltjes functions satisfying a Riccati type differential equation with polynomial coefficients — the so-called Laguerre–Hahn class. The main goal is to describe analytical aspects, focusing on differential equations for those orthogonal polynomials, difference and differential equations for the recurrence coefficients, and distributional equations for the corresponding linear functionals.
Quantitative Phase Analysis in Titanium by X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Hiltz Ralph H. , Lopata Stanley L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn view of present difficulties encountered in met alio graphic methods of phase analysis of titanium and its alloys, the possibility of utilizing integrated X-ray intensities for phase analysis was investigated. Power Formula variables were calculated for titanium, and relative areas of three alpha and one beta peak were determined. Recorded X-ray intensities were obtained from a large number of titanium specimens. The recorded intensities were analyzed and the results compared with those from metallographic analysis. The errors in the method arising from the nature of titanium, texture and peak overlapping, were studied and where possible, compensated for by adjusting the method of measurement and calculation.
X-Ray Projection Microradiography and Divergent Beam Techniques
Authors: Von Batchelder F. W. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe topics to be covered are X-ray projection imcroradiography, which embodies the examination of thin poly crystalline sections with the aid of a microfocus X-ray unit, and similar divergent beam examination of thin single crystals.In X-ray projection or shadow microradiography we restrict our interest to the field of metallurgy and typical examples will be illustrated from ferrous and nonferrous alloys. No special techniques are necessary in the making of these microradiographs, which are recorded on industrial fine grain X-ray film, and which are processed and viewed like regular radiographs. A Hilger microfocus unit operated at 45 kv, 250μa, using a Cu target, 40 micron focal spot was employed.Some preliminary results will be illustrated from our application of the divergent beam technique.to single crystals.
Textures in Extruded Uranium
Authors: Russell R. B. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBy means of cristallographie (inverse) pole figures for extruded uranium rods and tubes, the effect of extrusion variables on the texture can be examined. The principal variables are: prior texture, billet and liner temperatures, reduction in area, and ram speed. The final texture can be deeply affected by the prior texture, since two extrusions made under the same conditions but with different prior textures can be markedly different.In general, an increase in extrusion temperature has an effect similar to an increase in reduction ratio. Ram speed has no important effect between 13 and 100 in./min except that a slow ram speed allows more time for recrystallization to occur.The effect of temperature on texture is the development of a strong 110 axial texture for relatively high temperature (above about 525°C), a strong 010 axial texture for relatively low temperatures (below 400°C), and a mixture of 110 and 010 axial textures at intermediate temperatures, although these textures may be somewhat complicated by 130 axial recrystallization textures.The variation of axial texture along the extrusion length and parallel to the radius of extruded tubes may be large.A 900°C gamma-phase extrusion is shown to have a mild 100, 010, 021, 001 texture.
Electrocrystallography of Cobalt and Cobalt-Nickel Alloys
Authors: Quinn H. F. , Croll I. M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPure cobalt and cobalt-nickel alloys have been plated from simple electrolytic baths with and without additive and with and without ac superimposed upon the dc plating current.X-ray analysis reveals preferred orientation in the polycrystalline deposits generally and extreme preferred orientation (characterized by [00.2] and [11.0] fiber axes) in the case of those samples obtained with additive-free electrolyte. It is shown that a change in the pH of the bath or the addition of an ac component are equally effective in determining the type of fiber axis in the deposit. The effects on plating texture owing to the use of additive KCNS in the bath are described. Finally, the correlation between the texture and the magnetic properties of the plating Is discussed.
An X-Ray Absorption Technique for Measurement of Coat Weight on Paper
Authors: Murray Haydn H. , Johns William D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAn X-ray absorption method was utilized to determine rapidly and precisely the thickness and weight of inorganic coating layers applied to paper. The mass absorption coefficient μ/ρ was calculated for kaolins and substituted in the following formulawhere I is the X-ray intensity after passing through a medium whose thickness is x centimeters, I0 Is the X-ray intensity before passing through a medium, μ. is the linear absorption coefficient, and ρ is the density of the absorbing medium.The film thickness was calculated and related to coat weight. Coated sheets of variable basis weight, utilizing different adhesives and coat weights, were used. The method is rapid and coating thicknesses can be determined with an accuracy of plus or minus 0.5μ and coat weight of plus or minus 0.2 lb. It is believed that the method can be adapted for production control on the paper coating machines.
X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Tungsten-Molybdenum Metals and Electrolytes
Authors: Stever K. R. , Johnson J. L. , Heady H. H. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAn X-ray fluorescence method is presented for the analysis of tungsten-molybdenum solutions. Tungsten and molybdenum metal powders, produced by a fused-salt electrolysis procedure, are dissolved and analyzed for tungsten and molybdenum by using the W La1, Pt La1 intensity ratios. The platinum spectral line from the X-ray tube target serves as a self-internal standard. The sensitivity limit is about 0,05% and in the concentration range of 0.5 to 100%, the accuracy of analysis is within about 2% standard deviation. The technique is also applied to the analysis of tungsten and molybdenum in fused salts and to the determination of several other Impurity elements in these metals.A double detector modification for the General Electric X-ray unit is described. The detector consists of a double-window flow proportional counter tube backed up by a sealed krypton-filled counter tube. This allows counting of either soft or hard radiation at maximum efficiencies without the necessity of changing counter tubes. Advantages in specific applications are discussed.
Low-Temperature X-Ray Diffraction of Frozen Electrolytes
Authors: Weltman H.J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA low-temperature X-ray diffraction apparatus has been constructed to study structure and structural changes of electrolytes in the frozen state. This apparatus, which is inexpensive and easy to construct, is an attachment to a standard wide-angle diffractometer. Diffraction patterns may be obtained of various types of materials at any temperature from room temperature to −196°C with a control of ±1°C. The diffraction patterns are recorded on a strip-chart recorder as they are being obtained. Thus, this diffractometer method has several advantages over the camera methods usually employed for low-temperature X-ray diffraction work. A unique sample-introduction method is described which ensures a polycrystalline material suitable for obtaining diffraction patterns. Such patterns are shown for various concentrations of salts in water at several low temperatures, phase transformations being in evidence.
X-Ray Studies of Preferred Orientations and Stress-Strain Relations in Rapidly Deformed Copper
Authors: Gainer M.K. , Glass C.M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA stress-strain relationship for copper in the plastic region has been determined by examining the influence of the applied stresses on the grain orientation of shear-formed specimens. Instrumentation was developed to permit accurate grain-orientation analysis of a large specimen by X-ray diffraction without the necessity for deformation or destruction of the specimen.
Thin-Film X-Ray Spectroscopy
Authors: Finnegan J.J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractQuantitative de terminations of thickness and composition are presented for 100- to 10,000-A iron-nickel films. Calibration of X-ray intensities with interferometric and calorimetric values give linear plots for films deposited on Mylar or glass substrates. Application of a film-casting technique shows promise of alleviating two of the problems encountered in X-ray spectroscopy, i.e., matrix-effect-caused deviations from proportionality and the lack of standards for calibration of many types of material.
Lattice Spacings in Some Transition Metal Terminal Solid Solutions
Authors: Chessin Henry , Arajs Sigurds , Miller D. S. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe lattice parameter-composition curves for several nickel solid solutions and for some chromium and. iron solid solutions are discussed. It is shown that the size effect may be the predominating influence on the change of lattice parameters in these systems. This is demonstrated by comparing observed and calculated data employing various methods. A new scheme for evaluating the atomic size in solid solutions is proposed, based on regarding the atom, as an incompressible core surrounded by a smeared-out compressible volume. The suggestion that classical elasticity theory may be used as a basis for understanding the size effect in solid solutions is justified by examination of the Ag-Pd system for additions of Ag from 0 to 100 at. %.
X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Aerosols from Exploding Wires
Authors: Barkow A. G. , Karioris F. G. , Stoffels J. J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn this study, X-ray diffraction analysis is used to investigate the composition of aerosols produced by exploding wires with the current surge from a 4000-joule capacitor. Qualitative analyses of aerosols from 15 different metals exploded in air or inert atmosphere indicate that the particles are crystalline with the normal crystal structure and that explosion of noble metals in air and of base metals in argon produces aerosols consisting of metallic particles. Base metals exploded in air produce aerosols consisting primarily of oxides. Nitrides were not observed. An analytical scheme is described for the Cu-Cu2O-CuO mixtures collected on membrane filters from explosions of copper wires in air. The composition of aerosols is determined for various initial voltages (2-18 kv) on the 20-μf capacitor bank for two series of wires. In one, the weight fraction of CuO increases rapidly with voltage until it accounts for almost the entire sample while the Cu2O and Cu content decrease smoothly. In the other, CuO and Cu2O are about equal for explosions above 6 kv while Cu decreases. Differences are attributed to a change in the circuit and mass of wire used.
A High-Temperature X-Ray Diffractometer Furnace Utilizing High-Frequency Heating*
Authors: Franklin E. W. , Lang S. M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe adaptation of high-frequency heating techniques to a vertical diffractometer will be discussed. The heating system functions as a. portion of an integrated system that provides a wide range of atmospheric and temperature control. Some of the design problems and their solutions and operating characteristics of the system will be described. The useful temperature range is from less than 200°C to greater than 1600°C, depending upon the fur-nace atmosphere and susceptors used. Gaseous pressures may be from vacuo of about 10−6 mm to about 30 psia; and, the sample may be heated in oxidizing, neutral, or reducing atmospheres.
Some Aspects of Nondestructive X-Ray Spectrochemical Analysis of Alloys
Authors: Rickenbach J. Robert 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe paper is divided into two parts. The first section presents a review of three basic methods of X-ray spectrochemical analysis, including the internal standard method, the absolute intensity method, and the ratio method. The applications and limitations of each are discussed briefly. The second section presents the ratio method at length. Included are the methods of acquiring standards, sample preparation, curve plotting, and a discussion of the factors contributing to the precision of the analysis. Various analytical curves are presented and discussed and the sensitivity for minor constituents is shown.
Observations Concerning the Interdiffusion of Cb-1 Zr Alloy with Type 316 Stainless Steel*
Authors: Manzione A. V. , Huegel F. J. , Fornwalt D. E. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOptical and electron metaliographic, X-ray diffraction, and electron microbeam probe studies of the interdiffusion of Cb-1 Zr alloy with type 316 stainless steel are reported. Extruded Cb-1 Zr alloy-type 316 stainless steel diffusion couples were heat treated at temperatures of 732, 871, 982, and 1093°C for time periods of US, 400, 900, 1400 hr. In no case was appreciable diffusion observed in specimens heat treated at 732°C for time periods chosen. Diffusion zones based on the systems iron-columbium and columbium-nickel-iron were observed in varying degrees in all other specimens. An activation energy for the rate-control ling process in the growth of the diffusion layers is reported. The growth rates of the observed zones were found to be retarded when these data were compared with data reported by other investigators for the interdiffusion of unalloyed columbiiim-type 316 stainless steel diffusion couples. Postulations arc made to explain this retarded growth rate and also to explain the growth of a nickel enriched columbium-iron-nickel-chromium intermetallic zone adjacent to the columbium.
X-Ray Tube Parameters and their Effects on Fluorescence Analysis
Authors: Dryer H. T. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMany variables influence the performance of X-ray fluorescence analysis with regard to speed, precision, accuracy, limits of detection and the elements to be determined. Some of these variables, such as path transmittance, fluorescent yield, and detector efficiency, can be considered constant; however, the primary X-ray beam cannot be assumed a constant. The intensity distribution vs. wavelength function of the X-ray tube remains the main variable with which the X-ray spectrochemist must concern himself in providing optimum analytical performance and speed.This distribution is dependent upon target material, window material and thickness, and tube voltage. Though the overall intensity is dependent upon the atomic number of the target material, the wavelengths of the characteristic line spectrum of the target material can provide additional enhancement for elements which absorb such wavelengths readily.Some of these variables in tube design parameters have been studied to provide comparison performance data on the analysis of a variety of base materials for a number of elements of interest. These data and their interpretation are presented to show how improved fluorescence analysis can be achieved by modifications in X-ray tube design and manufacture.
Oxidation of Zirconium-Yttrium Alloys
Authors: Phalen D. I. , Vaughan D. A. , Richard N. A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe phase and elemental distributions on zirconium alloys containing 5, 10, 25, 35, and 50 at.%. yttrium, oxidized in dry air at 1200 and 1600°C, have been studied by X-ray diffraction, fluorescence, and electron-microprobe techniques. Zirconium-yttrium alloys, which are entirely solid at 1200°C, and zirconium 5 and 25 at.% yttrium alloys, which aire two-phase solid plus liquid at 1600°C, form a multiphase scale of ZrO2, Y2O3, and ZrN. The phase distribution varies with yttrium content, while the average metal composition remains constant throughout the oxide scale and base metal. In contrast, zirconium 35 and 50 at.% yttrium alloys, which are entirely liquid at 1600°C, form a single-phase Y2O3 layer.The mechanism of air oxidation of solid zirconium-yttrium alloys, up to 50 at. % yttrium, is one of anion diffusion to the oxide-metal interface with little or no diffusion of the metallic elements. The oxidation of liquid alloys differs in that, as a result of yttrium diffusion to the oxide-liquid interface, Y2O3 is the only oxide formed. Ternary Zr-Y-O isotherms are presented to illustrate the phase distribution and mode of formation.