bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taper, Volume, and Weight Equations for Red Pine in West Virginia
Authors: Jiang Lichun , Brooks John R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Compatible taper, volume, and weight equations were developed for planted red pine in West Virginia. The data were based on stem analysis of 26 trees from West Virginia University Research Forest, located in northern West Virginia. A commonly used segmented polynomial taper equation was chosen because of its balance between prediction accuracy and ease of use. Seemingly unrelated regression was used to simultaneously fit the system of equations for inside and outside bark data. When compared with existing total stem volume equations developed by Fowler (Fowler, G.W., 1997, Individual tree volume equations for red pine in Michigan, North. J. Appl. For. 14:53–58) and by Gilmore et al. (Gilmore, D.W., et al., 2005, Thinning red pine plantations and the Langsaeter hypothesis: A northern Minnesota case study. North, J. Appl. For. 22:19–25), a positive bias was evident that increased directly with stem diameter for trees from this region.
Estimating a Family Forest Landowner's Likelihood of Posting against Trespass
Authors: Snyder Stephanie A. , Kilgore Michael A. , Taff Steven J. , Schertz Joseph M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hunters and other recreators face challenges to gain access to private forestland in the United States because of an increasing number of landowners posting their land. A landowners' decision to post their land is influenced by a variety of factors, including landowner characteristics, hunter behavior, and parcel attributes. We used a logit model to help understand why family forest landowners in Minnesota post their land against public trespass. Factors that increased the likelihood of posting included younger owners, a perception that allowing access would interfere with one's own hunting, a perception that allowing access would result in damage to one's property, hunting as the primary reason for forestland ownership, larger parcel size, having a management plan, higher property values, and a high percentage of surrounding area open to public hunting. Implications of increased posting by family forest owners on hunting access and wildlife management are discussed.
Forest Landowners' Willingness to Sell Carbon Credits: A Pilot Study
Authors: Fletcher Lena S. , Kittredge David , Stevens Thomas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Sequestered carbon is a new forest product that could help private forest owners earn financial returns while keeping their forests intact. Private forest owners are responsible for 78% of forests in Massachusetts, and the carbon these trees sequester could be traded in emerging cap-and-trade carbon markets in the United States. In forming policy about climate change and forestry, it is important to understand the factors that influence the likelihood of landowners choosing to sell sequestered carbon and participate in the carbon marketplace. In this pilot study, we explored the likelihood of Massachusetts forest owners selling carbon sequestered on their forestland. We found that landowners significantly favor higher payments, no withdrawal penalty, and, unexpectedly, longer time commitments. We also found that at current carbon prices, very few participants (less than 7%) would be willing to sell. Additional studies need to be conducted, with a larger sample of respondents, which may elucidate how socioeconomic variables and ownership attitudes influence forest owners' willingness to enroll in carbon markets.
Reducing Sediments from Skid Roads in West Virginia Using Fiber Mats
Authors: Grushecky Shawn T. , Spong Ben D. , McGill David W. , Edwards John W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A research study was established to test the effectiveness of fiber mats and native seed mixtures in reducing soil erosion from newly constructed skid roads in the Elk River watershed in central West Virginia. Six road sections received fiber mat and native grass seed and were pairedwith randomly selected sections of equal grade receiving no treatments. Silt fences with sediment traps were constructed at the downslope terminus of each road section. Sediments were collected from silt traps three times during summer 2005 and 2006. Over the 2-year study period, sedimentswere reduced by 88% on skid trails treated with fiber mats and seeding. Our findings suggest that the use of fiber mats has the potential to significantly reduce sedimentation from skid roads in West Virginia.
Effect of Browsing, Seedbed, and Competition on the Development of Yellow Birch Seedlings in High-Graded Stands
Authors: Elie Jean-Gabriel , Ruel Jean-Claude , Lussier Jean-Martin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Many hardwood or mixedwood stands of northeastern North America have been high graded in the past and need restoration treatments to bring them back to an acceptable level of production. Even when early seedling establishment can be secured, further development may be compromised bymany factors. This study looks at the effect of seedbed, browsing, and competition on the growth and survival of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) seedlings that became established after a brushing and scarification treatment applied in high-graded mixedwood stands of Quebec,Canada. The seedbed types studied include 1-m-wide scarified patches, 2-m-wide scarified patches, and mounds. Browsing impact was assessed by placing fences around half of the plots. Half of the plots were released from competing vegetation. Browsing by hare (Lepus americanus) was seenas a major factor controlling seedling development between 3 and 6 years after scarification. It reduced both survival and growth and obscured the effect of other factors. In the absence of browsing, competition had a major effect on mounds but not on scarified patches. Mounds were found tohave the best growth potential when competition and browsing were controlled. The scarified patches had the best growth when competition and browsing were allowed. Even though mortality was somewhat higher on scarified patches, initial densities were very high and still provide more seedlingsthan required.
Crown Class Dynamics of Oaks, Yellow-Poplar, and Red Maple after Commercial Thinning in Appalachian Hardwoods: 20-Year Results
Authors: Rentch James S. , Miller Gary W. , Gottschalk Kurt W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Silvicultural strategies are often planned to favor the growth and survival of desired species until they reach a competitive position in the upper canopy. Once desired species reach the upper canopy, they can persist and provide a variety of benefits for decades. Later, they can serveas a source of natural regeneration for sustaining species composition. Although information is available for promoting desired advance seedlings in the understory of mature stands and culturing desired saplings in the upper canopy of young stands, additional information is needed on promoting desired species at mid-rotation, when the stand first reaches commercial size classes. Crown class transition rates for a total of 2,668 white and chestnut oaks, northern red oak, scarlet and black oaks, yellow-poplar, red maple, blackgum, and black birch were observed for 20 years in a 53-year-old central Appalachian mixed-hardwood stand. Treatments included three residual stand densities after commercial thinning and an unthinned control. In general, the thinning treatments reduced mortality, increased crown class retention rates of codominant trees, and increased the ascension rates of trees in the intermediate crown class. After thinning, codominant trees exhibited the crown class stability of dominant trees, and intermediate trees exhibited greater survival and ascension to the upper canopy compared with unthinned controls. Very few suppressed trees improved canopyposition in thinning treatments; however, thinning did tend to reduce mortality of these trees. Crown class transition rates are presented to help forest managers understand how commercial thinning treatments can affect the composition of the upper canopy in the latter stages of stand development.
Minimum Tree Size and Interpretation of Stand Structure in Uneven-Aged Northern Hardwoods
Authors: Janowiak Maria , Nagel Linda M. , Webster Christopher 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Uneven-aged management of northern hardwoods frequently relies on diameter distributions in evaluating and controlling stand structure. However, the minimum tree diameter used to analyze diameter distributions varies among studies and may affect the interpretation of distribution shapes and, subsequently, stand structure. It has been suggested that the use of larger minimum diameters in the construction of these distributions would cause rotated sigmoid stand structures to exhibit a negative exponential distribution shape. To test this hypothesis, we constructed diameter distributions using minimum diameters of 3.0 and 13.0 cm for seven northern hardwood stands. Differences in distribution shape were observed only in unmanaged stands, in which three distribution shapes classified as rotated sigmoid using a 3.0-cm minimum diameter were classified as increasing-q when the 13.0-cm minimum diameter was used.
Northern White-Cedar Regeneration Dynamics on the Penobscot Experimental Forest in Maine: 40-Year Results
Authors: Larouche Catherine , Kenefic Laura S. , Ruel Jean-Claude 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the long-term dynamics of northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) seedling and sapling growth and mortality on the Penobscot Experimental Forest in Maine. Data collected between 1965 and 2005 in four twice-replicated partial cutting treatments were analyzed. White-cedar seedlings established in all treatments despite relatively high white tailed-deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman) population densities. However, although it appears that regeneration cohorts of associated softwoods increased in size over time, the white-cedar cohort did not. Ingrowth of white-cedar from the seedling to sapling stage was lower than the combined rates of sapling mortality and recruitment to the pole stage; sapling density of this species in 2005 was >80% less than it was at the start of the measurement period. Sapling mortality was high, and recruitment to larger size classes was low, although mortality decreased and recruitment increased as sapling size increased. Browsing was prolific; 90% of white-cedar seedlings and small saplings showed signs of browse in 2005. Overall, white-cedar sapling growth was slow, with an estimated 100 years needed to grow from small sapling to merchantable size in the study stands. Efforts to release white-cedar saplings through precommercial treatment and control of browsing pressure are recommended.
Forest Biomass Harvesting in the Northeast: A Special-Needs Operation?
Authors: Benjamin Jeffrey G. , Lilieholm Robert J. , Coup Charles E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
There is growing interest in harvesting forest biomass to meet the needs of bioenergy and bioproducts facilities in the Northeast. This interest is accompanied by increased concern over the potential impacts of biomass removals on forest ecosystems. Debates over biomass proposals have revealed a considerable level of confusion over the term biomass harvest, much of which stems from ambiguity surrounding the term forest biomass. Indeed, all forest material removed during harvest is forest biomass, yet many view only a small portion of this—typically low-value chipped material—as biomass. Since much of this material is destined for use as energy, we feel that communication among the public, foresters, academics, and industry representatives would improve by referring to forest biomass of this nature as what it really is: energy wood. Once terms are clarified, it is easier to understand how concerns with market dynamics, soil productivity, water quality, and forest biodiversity can be addressed through forest policy development.
Historical Stem Development of Northern White-Cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) in Maine
Authors: Hofmeyer Philip V. , Kenefic Laura S. , Seymour Robert S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We used stem analysis to quantify early height and diameter growth rates of 80 northern white-cedar trees (17.4‐55.0 cm dbh) harvested in 2005 and 2006 in central and northern Maine. It took an average of 42 years (range, 9‐86 years) for sampled trees to grow from stumpheight to sapling size, 96 years to grow to pole size (range, 28‐171), 140 years to grow to sawtimber size (range, 54‐238), and 170 years to reach shingle-stock size (range, 81‐317). Approximately 80% of sampled trees had initial growth suppression followed by release,suggesting they originated as advance regeneration. The mean period of initial suppression exceeded 60 years, and some trees responded to release after nearly 200 years. Although growth rates were generally slow, the variability observed suggests the potential for northern white-cedar bothto withstand prolonged periods of suppression and to grow rapidly under favorable conditions. Observed patterns suggest that this species might respond well to uneven-aged or shelterwood silvicultural systems; foresters are recommended to encourage advance regeneration and emphasize protectionof the residual northern white-cedar understory during harvest operations.
A Decrease in Oak Litter Mass Changes Nutrient Dynamics in the Litter Layer of a Central Hardwood Forest
Authors: Piatek Kathryn B. , Munasinghe Prinith , Peterjohn William T. , Adams Mary Beth , Cumming Jonathan R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The abundance of oak is declining in the central hardwood forest, resulting in structural and functional changes in the litter layer. We hypothesized that a decline in oak litter mass associated with a lower oak component will result in an increase in nutrient cycling rates in the litterlayer. To test this hypothesis, we compared mass loss and C, N, P, and Ca dynamics in pure oak litter and in litter made of 48% oak plus 52% five other deciduous species in a central hardwood forest in West Virginia. In 12 months of litter decomposition, pure oak litter decomposed more slowly,retained more C and N, immobilized more and subsequently did not release P, and released less Ca than litter consisting of 48% oak plus five other species. Annual stand-level nutrient fluxes in pure oak and in 48% oak plus five other species litter were correspondingly +4.1 and −4.4kg ha−1 N, +0.22 and −0.17 kg ha−1 P, and −9.3 and −16.7 kg ha−1 Ca. These results indicate that a decline in oak will cause more rapid nutrient cycling in the litter layer of affected central hardwood stands.
A Stocking Diagram for Midwestern Eastern Cottonwood-Silver Maple-American Sycamore Bottomland Forests
Authors: Larsen David R. , Dey Daniel C. , Faust Thomas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A stocking diagram for Midwestern bottomland eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marsh.)-silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.)-American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) forests was developed following the methods of S.F. Gingrich (1967 Measuring and evaluating stocking and stand density in upland hardwood forests in the Central States. For. Sci. 13:38‐53). The stocking diagram was derived from forest inventory data from two different studies of bottomland forests that covered a wide range of soil and hydrologic site characteristics found throughout the central Midwest, including Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, and southern Wisconsin. The minimum of full stocking (B-level) was determined from measurements on open-grown trees. The maximum of full stocking (A-level) in our study was almost one-third higher in stand basal area than A-level stocking, as determined by J.C.G. Goelz (1995. A stocking guide for southern bottomland hardwoods. South. J. Appl. For. 19:103‐104) for southern hardwood bottomlands dominated by cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.), Nuttall oak (Quercus nuttallii Palmer), and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.,), or by C.C. Myers and R.G. Buchman (1984. Manager's handbook for elm-ash-cottonwood in the north central states. GTR-98. US Forest Service, North Central For. Exp. Stn., St. Paul, MN. 11 p) for elm (Ulmus spp.), ash (Fraxinus spp.), and eastern cottonwood forests in the north central states. However, A-level stocking in this study was only slightly higher than guides developed for northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) in Wisconsin (McGill, D.W., R. Rogers, A.J. Martin, and P.S. Johnson. 1999. Measuring stocking in northern red oak stands in Wisconsin. North. J. Appl. For. 16:144‐150). Differences in stocking among these forest types are due to variation in species composition, species silvical characteristics, and possibly the data sources used to construct the stocking diagrams. This stocking diagram can be used by forest managers to make decisions related to stand stocking for management of eastern cottonwood, silver maple, and American sycamore bottomland forests in the Midwest.
Family Forest Owner Trends in the Northern United States
Authors: Butler Brett J. , Ma Zhao 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Understanding forest ownership trends is critical for understanding forest trends. In the northern United States, where 55% of the forestland is controlled by families and individuals, it is imperative that we understand the trends within this complex and dynamic group of owners. The US Forest Service conducted forest landowner surveys across this region, and the rest of the United States, in 1993 and 2006. The published results are not directly comparable because of differences in what was reported and how the data were processed. Fortunately, the same sample designs were used and a subset of identical or near identical questions was asked on both surveys so that reprocessing the data allows for trends to be accurately assessed. The average size of family forest holdings decreased from 25 to 20 ac, reasons for owning remained amenity centered, and the owners are now more likely to be older, retired, have a higher income, and more educated.
Growth and Survival of Picea glauca following Thinning of Plantations Affected by Eastern Spruce Budworm
Authors: D'Amato Anthony W. , Troumbly Stacy J. , Saunders Michael R. , Puettmann Klaus J. , Albers Michael A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of thinning treatments on growth and survivorship of white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) plantations affected by recent eastern spruce budworm (SBW) outbreaks were examined over a 5-year period in northern Minnesota. Thinning treatments increased individual tree growth, live crown ratios (LCRs), and survival relative to unthinned stands. Overall, stands affected by SBW had lower rates of volume production than unaffected stands. In addition, individual tree volume growth was greater in thinned SBW-affected stands relative to unthinned SBW-affected stands. Across stand conditions, individual tree postthinning volume growth response was best predicted by the interaction of prethinning LCR and postthinning relative density (RD). In particular, at low stocking levels (RD = 0.20) higher live crown values resulted in the highest volume growth ratios. On the other hand, at higher stocking levels (RD 0.40–0.55) volume growth was fairly consistent, regardless of LCRs. Across all stocking levels, a minimum LCR of 40% appears to ensure high tree and stand growth rates and is also an indicator of a tree's ability to respond positively to thinning. This plasticity of white spruce suggests that stands maintained at these crown target levels can achieve high levels of stand and individual tree productivity as long as appropriate LCRs are maintained.
Height-Diameter Equations for Select New Hampshire Tree Species
Authors: Fast Andrew J. , Ducey Mark J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Height-diameter equations are important in modeling forest structure and yield. Twenty-seven height-diameter equations were evaluated for eight tree species occurring in the northern hardwood forest of New Hampshire using permanent plot data from the Bartlett Experimental Forest. Selected models with associated coefficients are presented for American beech, eastern hemlock, paper birch, red maple, red spruce, sugar maple, white ash, yellow birch, and all 16 species combined.
A Comparison of Soil Compaction Associated with Four Ground-Based Harvesting Systems
Authors: Bustos Oscar , Egan Andrew 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A study of soil compaction associated with four harvesting systems—a forwarder working with a mechanized harvester and a rubber-tired cable skidder, a farm tractor, and a bulldozer, each of them coupled with a chainsaw felling—was conducted in a group selection harvest of a mixed hardwood stand in Maine. The bulldozer system was associated with the highest percentage differences in soil bulk density measured in machine tracks (16.9%), trail centerlines (15.7%), and harvested group selection units (13.1%) versus adjacent untrafficked areas, whereas the forwarder system was associated with the lowest percentage differences in soil bulk density measured in machine tracks (3.5%), trail centerlines (1.2%), and harvested group selection units (6.3%) versus adjacent untrafficked areas. Results will help to inform loggers and foresters on equipment selection, harvest planning, and the conservation of forest soils and soil productivity.
Foresters' Perceptions of Family Forest Owner Willingness to Participate in Forest Carbon Markets
Authors: Wade David , Moseley Cassandra 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Payment for forest-based carbon sequestration may be an emerging opportunity to help mitigate climate change while creating new income streams for forest landowners. It is important to understand families' willingness to participate in emerging carbon markets, as they own 35% of the nation's forestlands. Most family forest owners have not enrolled in forest stewardship programs, suggesting that it may be difficult for them to participate in emerging carbon offset markets. The pilot study reported in this article sought to understand family forest owner willingness to participate in carbon sequestration projects by asking professional foresters who are members of the Forest Guild what they believed would influence family forest owner willingness to participate in sequestration projects and how projects could be designed to foster participation. These foresters identified profitability, compliance difficulties, immaturity of carbon markets, property rights infringements, moral objections to carbon markets, and forester hesitation in recommending participation as the principal barriers to participation. They suggested that barriers could be overcome by increasing profitability, creating low cost and low hassle compliance systems, addressing landowner property rights concerns, and implementing education campaigns aimed at increasing forester knowledge of carbon markets and sequestration projects.
Prescribed Burning White Spruce Slash in Interior Alaska
Authors: Zasada John , Norum Rodney 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Broadcast burning following harvesting on flood-plain sites in Alaska substantially decreased residual organic material and increased exposed mineral soil. Two forest types were studied: white spruce/alder/feathermoss and white spruce/alder/lingenberry/feathermoss. The latter site contained permafrost. Fuel was reduced 67% and 81%, respectively; organic horizon thickness was decreased 43% to 2.9 in (7.4 cm) and 55% to 2.5 in (6.4 cm), respectively; and mineral soil exposure was 13% and 8%, respectively. Burning created good conditions for planting on both types. In addition, mechanical site preparation to increase mineral soil exposure appears to be necessary to achieve adequate, well-distributed regeneration from seed.
North. J. Appl. For. 3:16-18, Mar. 1986.