bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Norm entrepreneurship and diffusion ‘from below’ in international organisations: How the competent performance of vulnerability generates benefits for small states
Authors: Corbett Jack , Xu Yi-chong , Weller Patrick 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFor decades, the world's smallest states – the structurally weakest members of the multilateral system – have been considered incapable of influencing international organisations (IOs). So, why has the label small state risen to prominence over the last two decades and become institutionalised as a formal grouping in multiple IOs? Drawing on more than eighty in-depth interviews, we explain the rise of Small Island Developing States in the United Nations system, the expansion of their agenda to the Small and Vulnerable Economies group at the World Trade Organization, and then to other IOs. The adoption of the labels is evidence of small state norm diffusion. We identify the competent performance of vulnerability within multilateral settings as the key to explaining this norm emergence and diffusion. The lesson is that diffusion ‘from below’ is not always driven by a desire to increase rank. In this case small states have gained benefits by maintaining a lowly position in a hierarchy in which large is stronger than small.
NATIVE AND NONNATIVE PERCEPTION OF WESTERN ANDALUSIAN SPANISH /S/ ASPIRATION IN QUIET AND NOISE
Authors: Del Saz María 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMany college students set out on Study Abroad Programs to other countries in which the variant of the foreign language spoken in the region differs from the variant to which learners have been exposed. This study explores the perception of L2 Western Andalusian Spanish aspiration of word-final /s/ by L1 American English listeners, in relation to their length of exposure to the L2 in quiet conditions and to their competence level in the L2 in noisy conditions. Results indicate that perception drops in adverse conditions, particularly for listeners in their intermediate stages of learning. Proficient listeners’ perception also suffers with respect to native listeners’ performance at lower signal-to-noise ratios. For all listeners, native and nonnative, standard features are best identified, whether in quiet or noise.
Chebyshev’s bias for analyticL-functions
Authors: DEVIN LUCILE 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe discuss the generalizations of the concept of Chebyshev’s bias from two perspectives. First, we give a general framework for the study of prime number races and Chebyshev’s bias attached to generalL-functions satisfying natural analytic hypotheses. This extends the cases previously considered by several authors and involving, among others, DirichletL-functions and Hasse–WeilL-functions of elliptic curves overQ. This also applies to new Chebyshev’s bias phenomena that were beyond the reach of the previously known cases. In addition, we weaken the required hypotheses such as GRH or linear independence properties of zeros ofL-functions. In particular, we establish the existence of the logarithmic density of the set$ \{x \ge 2:\sum\nolimits_{p \le x} {\lambda _f}(p) \ge 0\}$for coefficients (λf(p)) of generalL-functions conditionally on a much weaker hypothesis than was previously known.
Dietary changes during the Great Recession in Portugal: comparing the 2005/2006 and the 2014 health surveys
Authors: Alves Ricardo , Perelman Julian 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed at analysing changes in consumption of selected food groups in the Portuguese population before and after the Great Recession, which hit the country between 2008 and 2013.DesignWe used pooled cross-sectional data from the Portuguese National Health Interview Surveys of 2005/2006 and 2014. We modelled the probability of consumption of soup, fish, meat, potatoes/rice/pasta, bread, legumes, fruit, vegetables and sweets/desserts, as a function of the year, controlling for age, sex and education, using logistic regressions. Then, we stratified the analysis by age group and education level. Analyses were adjusted for survey weights.SettingPortugal (2005/2006 to 2014).ParticipantsAdults (n43273) aged 25–79 years.ResultsFrom 2005/2006 to 2014, there was a significantly lower consumption of fish, soup, fruit and vegetables. Conversely, the consumption of legumes and sweets/desserts was significantly higher in 2014. The changes in the selected food groups were consistent across most education levels. Among people aged 65 years or above, there were no significant changes in most foods, except an increase in the consumption of legumes and sweets/desserts. In contrast, people aged 25–39 and 40–64 years significantly decreased their intakes of fish and soup and increased their consumption of sweets/desserts.ConclusionsThe consistent results across education levels suggest that changes in dietary habits are not linked to the economic downturn. By contrast, our findings suggest a shift away from foods commonly linked to the Mediterranean diet, particularly among younger people.
Intermediate‐Depth Earthquakes Controlled by Incoming Plate Hydration Along Bending‐Related Faults
Authors: Boneh Yuval , Schottenfels Emily , Kwong Kevin , van Zelst Iris , Tong Xinyue , Eimer Melody , Miller Meghan S. , Moresi Louis , Warren Jessica M. , Wiens Douglas A. , Billen Magali , Naliboff John , Zhan Zhongwen 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntermediate‐depth earthquakes (focal depths 70–300 km) are enigmatic with respect to their nucleation and rupture mechanism and the properties controlling their spatial distribution. Several recent studies have shown a link between intermediate‐depth earthquakes and the thermal‐petrological path of subducting slabs in relation to the stability field of hydrous minerals. Here we investigate whether the structural characteristics of incoming plates can be correlated with the intermediate‐depth seismicity rate. We quantify the structural characteristics of 17 incoming plates by estimating the maximum fault throw of bending‐related faults. Maximum fault throw exhibits a statistically significant correlation with the seismicity rate. We suggest that the correlation between fault throw and intermediate‐depth seismicity rate indicates the role of hydration of the incoming plate, with larger faults reflecting increased damage, greater fluid circulation, and thus more extensive slab hydration.
Exploring Tracer Information and Model Framework Trade‐Offs to Improve Estimation of Stream Transient Storage Processes
Authors: Kelleher Christa , Ward Adam , Knapp J. L. A. , Blaen P. J. , Kurz M. J. , Drummond J. D. , Zarnetske J. P. , Hannah D. M. , Mendoza‐Lera C. , Schmadel N. M. , Datry T. , Lewandowski J. , Milner A. M. , Krause S. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractNovel observation techniques (e.g., smart tracers) for characterizing coupled hydrological and biogeochemical processes are improving understanding of stream network transport and transformation dynamics. In turn, these observations are thought to enable increasingly sophisticated representations within transient storage models (TSMs). However, TSM parameter estimation is prone to issues with insensitivity and equifinality, which grow as parameters are added to model formulations. Currently, it is unclear whether (or not) observations from different tracers may lead to greater process inference and reduced parameter uncertainty in the context of TSM. Herein, we aim to unravel the role of in‐stream processes alongside metabolically active (MATS) and inactive storage zones (MITS) using variable TSM formulations. Models with one (1SZ) and two storage zones (2SZ) and with and without reactivity were applied to simulate conservative and smart tracer observations obtained experimentally for two reaches with differing morphologies. As we show, smart tracers are unsurprisingly superior to conservative tracers when it comes to partitioning MITS and MATS. However, when transient storage is lumped within a 1SZ formulation, little improvement in parameter uncertainty is gained by using a smart tracer, suggesting the addition of observations should scale with model complexity. Importantly, our work identifies several inconsistencies and open questions related to reconciling time scales of tracer observation with conceptual processes (parameters) estimated within TSM. Approaching TSM with multiple models and tracer observations may be key to gaining improved insight into transient storage simulation as well as advancing feedback loops between models and observations within hydrologic science.
Variation of Ice Nucleating Particles in the European Arctic Over the Last Centuries
Authors: Hartmann M. , Blunier T. , Brügger S.O. , Schmale J. , Schwikowski M. , Vogel A. , Wex H. , Stratmann F. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe historical development of ice nucleating particle concentrations (NINP) is still unknown. Here, we present for the first time NINP from the past 500 years at two Arctic sites derived from ice core samples. The samples originate from the EUROCORE ice core (Summit, Central Greenland) and from the Lomo09 ice core (Lomonosovfonna, Svalbard). No long‐term trend is obvious in the measured samples, and the overall range of NINP is comparable to present‐day observations. We observe that the short‐term variations in NINP is larger than the long‐term variability, but neither anthropogenic pollution nor volcanic eruptions seem to have influenced NINP in the measured temperature range. Shape and onset temperature of several INP spectra suggest that INP of biogenic origin contributed to the Arctic INP population throughout the past.
Existence of multiple critical cooling rates which generate different types of monolithic metallic glass
Authors: Schawe Jürgen E. K. , Löffler Jörg F. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractVia fast differential scanning calorimetry using an Au-based glass as an example, we show that metallic glasses should be classified into two types of amorphous/monolithic glass. The first type, termed self-doped glass (SDG), forms quenched-in nuclei or nucleation precursors upon cooling, whereas in the so-called chemically homogeneous glass (CHG) no quenched-in structures are found. For the Au-based glass investigated, the critical cooling and heating rates for the SDG are 500 K s−1 and 20,000 K s−1, respectively; for the CHG they are 4000 K s−1 and 6000 K s−1. The similarity in the critical rates for CHG, so far not reported in literature, and CHG’s tendency towards stochastic nucleation underline the novelty of this glass state. Identifying different types of metallic glass, as is possible by advanced chip calorimetry, and comparing them with molecular and polymeric systems may help to elaborate a more generalized glass theory and improve metallic glass processing.
Sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 couples mechanical cues and lipid metabolism
Authors: Bertolio Rebecca , Napoletano Francesco , Mano Miguel , Maurer-Stroh Sebastian , Fantuz Marco , Zannini Alessandro , Bicciato Silvio , Sorrentino Giovanni , Del Sal Giannino 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are a family of transcription factors that regulate lipid biosynthesis and adipogenesis by controlling the expression of several enzymes required for cholesterol, fatty acid, triacylglycerol and phospholipid synthesis. In vertebrates, SREBP activation is mainly controlled by a complex and well-characterized feedback mechanism mediated by cholesterol, a crucial bio-product of the SREBP-activated mevalonate pathway. In this work, we identified acto-myosin contractility and mechanical forces imposed by the extracellular matrix (ECM) as SREBP1 regulators. SREBP1 control by mechanical cues depends on geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, another key bio-product of the mevalonate pathway, and impacts on stem cell fate in mouse and on fat storage in Drosophila. Mechanistically, we show that activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by ECM stiffening and geranylgeranylated RhoA-dependent acto-myosin contraction inhibits SREBP1 activation. Our results unveil an unpredicted and evolutionary conserved role of SREBP1 in rewiring cell metabolism in response to mechanical cues.
Meta-analysis shows positive effects of plant diversity on microbial biomass and respiration
Authors: Chen Chen , Chen Han Y. H. , Chen Xinli , Huang Zhiqun 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSoil microorganisms are key to biological diversity and many ecosystem processes in terrestrial ecosystems. Despite the current alarming loss of plant diversity, it is unclear how plant species diversity affects soil microorganisms. By conducting a global meta-analysis with paired observations of plant mixtures and monocultures from 106 studies, we show that microbial biomass, bacterial biomass, fungal biomass, fungi:bacteria ratio, and microbial respiration increase, while Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria ratio decrease in response to plant mixtures. The increases in microbial biomass and respiration are more pronounced in older and more diverse mixtures. The effects of plant mixtures on all microbial attributes are consistent across ecosystem types including natural forests, planted forests, planted grasslands, croplands, and planted containers. Our study underlines strong relationships between plant diversity and soil microorganisms across global terrestrial ecosystems and suggests the importance of plant diversity in maintaining belowground ecosystem functioning.
Chiral DNA sequences as commutable controls for clinical genomics
Authors: Deveson Ira W. , Madala Bindu Swapna , Blackburn James , Barker Chris , Wong Ted , Barton Kirston M. , Smith Martin A. , Watkins D. Neil , Mercer Tim R. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractChirality is a property describing any object that is inequivalent to its mirror image. Due to its 5′–3′ directionality, a DNA sequence is distinct from a mirrored sequence arranged in reverse nucleotide-order, and is therefore chiral. A given sequence and its opposing chiral partner sequence share many properties, such as nucleotide composition and sequence entropy. Here we demonstrate that chiral DNA sequence pairs also perform equivalently during molecular and bioinformatic techniques that underpin genetic analysis, including PCR amplification, hybridization, whole-genome, target-enriched and nanopore sequencing, sequence alignment and variant detection. Given these shared properties, synthetic DNA sequences mirroring clinically relevant or analytically challenging regions of the human genome are ideal controls for clinical genomics. The addition of synthetic chiral sequences (sequins) to patient tumor samples can prevent false-positive and false-negative mutation detection to improve diagnosis. Accordingly, we propose that sequins can fulfill the need for commutable internal controls in precision medicine.
Dissecting heterogeneity in malignant pleural mesothelioma through histo-molecular gradients for clinical applications
Authors: Blum Yuna , Meiller Clément , Quetel Lisa , Elarouci Nabila , Ayadi Mira , Tashtanbaeva Danisa , Armenoult Lucile , Montagne François , Tranchant Robin , Renier Annie , de Koning Leanne , Copin Marie-Christine , Hofman Paul , Hofman Véronique , Porte Henri , Le Pimpec-Barthes Françoise , Zucman-Rossi Jessica , Jaurand Marie-Claude , de Reyniès Aurélien , Jean Didier 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMalignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is recognized as heterogeneous based both on histology and molecular profiling. Histology addresses inter-tumor and intra-tumor heterogeneity in MPM and describes three major types: epithelioid, sarcomatoid and biphasic, a combination of the former two types. Molecular profiling studies have not addressed intra-tumor heterogeneity in MPM to date. Here, we use a deconvolution approach and show that molecular gradients shed new light on the intra-tumor heterogeneity of MPM, leading to a reconsideration of MPM molecular classifications. We show that each tumor can be decomposed as a combination of epithelioid-like and sarcomatoid-like components whose proportions are highly associated with the prognosis. Moreover, we show that this more subtle way of characterizing MPM heterogeneity provides a better understanding of the underlying oncogenic pathways and the related epigenetic regulation and immune and stromal contexts. We discuss the implications of these findings for guiding therapeutic strategies, particularly immunotherapies and targeted therapies.
Photon acceleration and tunable broadband harmonics generation in nonlinear time-dependent metasurfaces
Authors: Shcherbakov Maxim R. , Werner Kevin , Fan Zhiyuan , Talisa Noah , Chowdhury Enam , Shvets Gennady 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTime-dependent nonlinear media, such as rapidly generated plasmas produced via laser ionization of gases, can increase the energy of individual laser photons and generate tunable high-order harmonic pulses. This phenomenon, known as photon acceleration, has traditionally required extreme-intensity laser pulses and macroscopic propagation lengths. Here, we report on a novel nonlinear material—an ultrathin semiconductor metasurface—that exhibits efficient photon acceleration at low intensities. We observe a signature nonlinear manifestation of photon acceleration: third-harmonic generation of near-infrared photons with tunable frequencies reaching up to ≈3.1ω. A simple time-dependent coupled-mode theory, found to be in good agreement with experimental results, is utilized to predict a new path towards nonlinear radiation sources that combine resonant upconversion with broadband operation.
Fluorescent Biocompatible Platinum-Porphyrin–Doped Polymeric Hybrid Particles for Oxygen and Glucose Biosensing
Authors: Pandey Gaurav , Chaudhari Rashmi , Joshi Bhavana , Choudhary Sandeep , Kaur Jaspreet , Joshi Abhijeet 
Published: March 2019

AbstractNear infrared (NIR) fluorophores like Pt-porphyrin along with analyte specific enzymes require co-encapsulation in biocompatible and biodegradable carriers in order to be transformed into implantable biosensors for efficient and continuous monitoring of analytes in patients. The main objective of this research is to develop natural, biodegradable, biocompatible and a novel co-encapsulated system of Pt-porphyrin encapsulated polymeric nanoparticle and nano-micro hybrid carriers. A sequential emulsification-solvent evaporation and an air driven atomization technique was used for developing above matrices and testing them for fluorescence based oxygen and glucose biosensing. The results indicate Pt-porphyrin can be efficiently encapsulated in Poly-lactic acid (PLA) nanoparticles and PLA-alginate nano-micro particles with sizes ~450 nm and 10 µm, respectively. Biosensing studies have showed a linear fluorescent response in oxygen concentrations ranging from of 0–6 mM (R2 = 0.992). The Oxygen sensitivity was transformed into a linear response of glucose catalytic reaction in the range of 0–10 mM (R2 = 0.968) with a response time of 4 minutes and a stability over 15 days. We believe that the investigated NIR fluorophores like Pt-Porphyrin based nano/nano-micro hybrid carrier systems are novel means of developing biocompatible biodegradable carriers for developing implantable glucose biosensors which can efficiently manage glucose levels in diabetes.
Distribution and neuronal circuit of spexin 1/2 neurons in the zebrafish CNS
Authors: Kim Eunmi , Jeong Inyoung , Chung Ah-Young , Kim Suhyun , Kwon Seung-Hae , Seong Jae Young , Park Hae-Chul 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSpexin (SPX) is a highly conserved neuropeptide that is widely expressed in mammalian brain and peripheral tissue. In teleost, SPX1 is mainly expressed in the brain and ovary, and is involved in reproduction and food intake. A second form of SPX, SPX2, was recently identified in chick, Xenopus, and zebrafish. The expression pattern and roles of SPX2 are unknown. SPX (spx1) is highly expressed in the vertebrate brain, but its distribution, circuits, and interactions with its putative receptor are unknown. Here, we observed expression of spx1 in the midbrain and hindbrain, and spx2 in the hypothalamic preoptic area using in situ RNA hybridization in zebrafish. Analysis of transgenic reporter zebrafish revealed that hindbrain SPX1 neurons are PAX2+ inhibitory interneurons and project to the spinal cord, where they interact with galanin receptor 2b (GALR2b) neurons, suggesting that hindbrain SPX1 neurons are reticulospinal neurons. spx1 mRNA and SPX1 reporter expression were observed in dorsal habenula (dHb). SPX1 neurons in the dHb project to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), where GALR2a and GALR2b expression was also observed, suggesting that habenula SPX1 neurons may interact with GALR2a/2b in the IPN.
Dysfunction of the ubiquitin ligase E3A Ube3A/E6-AP contributes to synaptic pathology in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Olabarria Markel , Pasini Silvia , Corona Carlo , Robador Pablo , Song Cheng , Patel Hardik , Lefort Roger 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSynaptic dysfunction and synapse loss are prominent features in Alzheimer’s disease. Members of the Rho-family of guanosine triphosphatases, specifically RhoA, and the synaptic protein Arc are implicated in these pathogenic processes. They share a common regulatory molecule, the E3 ligase Ube3A/E6-AP. Here, we show that Ube3A is reduced in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model, Tg2576 mouse, which overexpresses human APP695 carrying the Swedish mutation, and accumulates Aβ in the brain. Depletion of Ube3A precedes the age-dependent behavioral deficits and loss of dendritic spines in these mice, and results from a decrease in solubility following phosphorylation by c-Abl, after Aβ exposure. Loss of Ube3A triggers the accumulation of Arc and Ephexin-5, driving internalization of GluR1, and activation of RhoA, respectively, culminating in pruning of synapses, which is blocked by restoring Ube3A. Taken together, our results place Ube3A as a critical player in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis, and as a potential therapeutic target.
Activated cofilin exacerbates tau pathology by impairing tau-mediated microtubule dynamics
Authors: Woo Jung-A. A. , Liu Tian , Fang Cenxiao C. , Cazzaro Sara , Kee Teresa , LePochat Patrick , Yrigoin Ksenia , Penn Courtney , Zhao Xingyu , Wang Xinming , Liggett Stephen B. , Kang David E. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia. While the accumulation of Aβ is pivotal to the etiology of AD, both the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) and the F-actin severing protein cofilin are necessary for the deleterious effects of Aβ. However, the molecular link between tau and cofilin remains unclear. In this study, we found that cofilin competes with tau for direct microtubule binding in vitro, in cells, and in vivo, which inhibits tau-induced microtubule assembly. Genetic reduction ofcofilinmitigates tauopathy and synaptic defects in Tau-P301S mice and movement deficits in tau transgenicC. elegans. The pathogenic effects of cofilin are selectively mediated by activated cofilin, as active but not inactive cofilin selectively interacts with tubulin, destabilizes microtubules, and promotes tauopathy. These results therefore indicate that activated cofilin plays an essential intermediary role in neurotoxic signaling that promotes tauopathy.