bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vibration Isolation Critical to Measuring Neuronal Patterns in the Brain
Authors: Platus David L 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Researchers at Georgetown University's Department of Physiology and Biophysics use negative-stiffness vibration isolators to help measure micron-level patterns of neuronal activity in the mammalian neocortex. The research is shedding new light into brain sensory and motor processing functions relating to cardiac fibrillation and epilepsy.
Isolating a laboratory's sensitive microscopy equipment against low-frequency vibration has become increasingly more vital to maintaining imaging quality and data integrity for neurobiology researches. Ever more frequently, laboratory researchers are discovering that conventional air tables and the more recent active (electronic) vibration isolation systems are not able to adequately cancel out the lower frequency perturbations derived from air conditioning systems, outside vehicular movements and ambulatory personnel. Such was the case with the Department of Physiology and Biophysics at Georgetown University Medical Center, where Professor Jian-Young Wu has been conducting research on waves of neuronal activity in the neocortex of the brain.
Distinguishing the Data from the Dark: Single Source Software or Microscopy Mix and Match?
Authors: Oliver Tim 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This article contains my personal views and was inspired by the many years of problem solving I have applied to imaging biological samples generated by microscopy. Although I come from a background in electron microscopy, I have for the last eighteen years worked exclusively in light microscopy and more recently in live cell imaging.
Here at Duke, I mentor fellow faculty, postdocs and students in finding the best ways, not only to image their experiments in the right microscope, but to anticipate the kind of data they expect to extract from their images.
A Very Simple Method for Quickly Making Large Numbers of Measurements on Micrographs
Authors: Anderson Ron 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
It has been in the back of my mind to write this up for MT since I retired from a certain large computer company. Inasmuch as Paul's article above is a perfect lead-in, there is no time like the present. Our lab supported a semiconductor integrated circuit and a ceramic substrate manufacturing facility. We were continually required to measure circuit line widths on plan-view specimens and layer thicknesses on cross-section specimens for both semiconductor and ceramic substrate specimens and we were often asked to determine thin film grain size and ceramic raw material particle size data. A large number of measurements were required for each specimen to guarantee statistically sound data. We had image analysis software available that we used whenever we could, but often found that measuring things on a system using grey-level image analysis as input simply did not work. This is especially true for thin film grain size determination when using diffraction contrast TEM images for input.
Atomic Layer Deposition and Vapor Deposited SAMS in a CrossBeam FIB-SEM Platform: A Path To Advanced Materials Synthesis
Authors: Principe E L , Hartfield Cheryl , Kruger Rocky , Smith Aaron , Dubois Ray , Scammon Kirk , Kempshall Brian 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Nanopatterning refers to the fabrication of nanometer-scale structures, meaning patterns with at least one lateral dimension between the size of an individual atom and approximately 100 nm. Direct Write or Maskless Lithography as discussed in this article refers to the use of a focused beam, either an ion beam or an electron beam, to create a patterned image directly into (etch), or on top of (deposition), the target material. Both electron beams and ion beams can be used together with gas injection technology to deposit three dimensional structures on the nanometer scale through the process of either electron beam assisted or ion beam assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The deposition occurs only in the vicinity where the electron beam or ion beam is being scanned. Therefore, the deposit will follow the form of the scanned beam in two dimensions. This approach can be applied to produce three-dimensional objects by successively layering upon the two-dimensional pattern. In the case of ion beams in particular, the direct write process can also produce an etch pattern on the nanometer scale as the ion beam physically mills away the material via ion bombardment. This process can also be chemically enhanced for certain materials such as simultaneous use of water to selectively etch carbon.
A Compact Field Emission SEM for Low Voltage Imaging
Authors: Rynne Jim 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A disruptive innovation in how scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) are designed and built has produced a low cost, but highperformance compact field emission SEM. By leveraging silicon processing technologies, Novelx has miniaturized the core technology inside a SEM. This miniaturization enabled the design of an all-electrostatic electron beam column that when coupled with a thermal field emission (TFE) electron source is optimized for lowvoltage imaging and sub-10nm resolution. In addition, the mySEM© has a quad-segmented microchannel plate (MCP) detector that has a topographic imaging mode that is capable of electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) at low imaging voltages. These capabilities were previously only available in high-end and much larger sized field emission SEMs outfitted with additional detectors. The Novelx mySEM show in Fig. 1 is now being used in material science and life science applications for characterizing a variety of energy sensitive nanomaterials, biomaterials and thin films.
Microparticles/Exosomes: Isolation and TEM Analysis
Authors: Bauer Natalie , Rai Jyoti , Chen Hairu , Harris Lillianne , Shevde Lalita , Moore Tim , King Judy 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Microparticles and exosomes are small vesicular fragments of cell membrane which are released from activated and apoptotic cells. Microparticles (MPs) range in size from 0.5-1.5 μm, and exosomes are 0.5 μm and under. For the purposes of this article we will refer to both categories as microparticles. They differ from apoptotic bodies based on their smaller size, intact structure, and lack of degraded nuclear material. MPs have been shown to be released from a variety of cell types including platelets, endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cells, dendritic cells, and tumor cells. Jimenez and others have shown that based on the stimulus and cell type the MPs released are both quantitatively and phenotypically distinct. More recent data have shown the proteomics of MPs released from human umbilical vein endothelial cells differ dependent on whether they are stimulated with PAI or TNF-α.
Glass Knives verses Diamond Knives
Authors: Miller Lou Ann 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In regards to the purchase of a histology diamond knife for preparing light microscopy sections, I was one of those folks, in possession of a nice glass knife maker, who was very comfortable with breaking, making and using glass knives. So the question was—did I really need a costly diamond knife for making light microscopy sections?
Once I finally tried a diamond histo knife, I never went back to glass. There are some very good incentives for this: long lasting cutting surface, much time saved in sample preparation, larger block faces can be prepared, and more consistent cutting results obtained. A histo diamond knife is also a big aid in preparing specimens for diagnostic or biological microscopy. These very important bonuses make a good list to have in hand when justifying the purchase to your organization. However, are they worth the price? Yes, I think so—even so far as providing each tech with their own diamond histo knife.
Microscopy Today New Publication Directions
Authors: Anderson Ron , Lyman Charles 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Everything evolves. The Microscopy Society of America (MSA) purchased Microscopy Today (MT) from its founding editor, Don Grimes, and named Ron Anderson editor in 2002. Ron and Dale Anderson (MT Art Director) reformatted the magazine in 2002 and the magazine has enjoyed continuing success since that time. The format philosophy for Microscopy Today is to present 10 to 12 editorial articles plus NetNotes and Microscopy 101 as scientific content. Our aim has been to cover the entire field of microscopy giving even weight to all modalities. We have made progress in our efforts to be more universal with regard to different microscopies. We have made a point of providing editorial content in a dense format, with no white space, essentially, cramming in as much content for our readers as possible. We have kept MT as informal as possible—not mandating strict adherence to style rules—for example, we allow authors to format references any way they like as long as the reader can find the citation in question. And a little humor now and then can be found in our pages.
The Electron Microscopy Database: an Online Resource for Teaching and Learning Quantitative Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Voyles Paul M 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Every spring, I teach a one-semester, graduate-level course on materials transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Thanks to the explosion of interest in nanotechnology, what was once a course primarily for metallurgists on imaging crystallographic defects and x-ray microanalysis now attracts a much broader audience. I have had students in the course from almost all the engineering departments at UW Madison (materials, chemical, mechanical, electrical, civil), from the basic sciences (physics, chemistry, geology), and from other departments (including one from Food Science!). The enrollment in the concurrent laboratory class on TEM operation is similar.
This diverse student body has two consequences. First, the students' background knowledge varies widely. Some have already taken a materials characterization course that included some TEM, but others barely know what a crystal structure is.
Pioneers in Optics: Ernst Abbe (1840-1905)
Authors: Davidson Michael W 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Ernst Abbe was a brilliant German mathematician and physicist who made several of the most important contributions to the design of lenses for optical microscopy. As a young boy, Abbe lived in an impoverished family where his father labored 16 hours a day to provide for his wife and children. Abbe worked his way through school by earning scholarships and with the help of his father's employer.
Abbe studied physics and mathematics as an undergraduate at the University of Jena and went to graduate school at the University of Göttingen, where he received a doctorate in thermodynamics. In 1863 Abbe joined the faculty at the University of Jena where he taught physics. He met Carl Zeiss in 1866 and became very interested in the optical problems surrounding mid-nineteenth century microscopy.
Event Streamed Spectrum Imaging using Programmed Beam Acquisition in Biological Microprobe Analysis
Authors: Ingram Peter , D. Davilla Scott , LeFurgey Ann 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The general trend of microscopical investigation in biology from the 1950s to the early 1970s was towards obtaining structural information. This goal initially was met using heavy metal and/or aldehyde fixatives, room temperature dehydration with polar organic liquids, embedding with epoxy and acrylate resins, and thin sectioning at room temperature. By the mid 1970s, a perceptible change occurred in the direction of both light and analytical electron microscopy towards investigation of the chemical reactivity and composition of structures made visible with increasingly better spatial resolution for light and electron microscopes. During the past 25 years there have been considerable innovations in microanalytical techniques, including analytical electron and x-ray microscopy and microanalysis, secondary ion mass spectrometry, laser microprobe mass analysis, the scanning probe microscopies, and confocal/multi-photon microscopy. In addition, cryopreservation and the development of chromophores for visualization of molecular and ionic sites within individual living cells as well as membranes have redefined the goal of microscopical preservation: to stabilize cell structure and composition as they exist in the living state.
RGB-Splitting and Multi-Shot Techniques in Digital Photomicrography—Utilization of Astronomic RGB-Filters in True Color Imaging
Authors: Piper Jörg 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A great many filters in common use in astronomy are used in order to improve the resulting optical quality in observations and photographs [1-4]. The majority of these filters are also capable of improving image quality in microscopy and photomicrography. Several instances of this have already been reported in this magazine [5-6]. Some new types of RGB-CCD astro filters have recently been developed for multi-shot techniques [2]. These filters can also be regarded as interesting tools for photomicrography that can maximize the quality of true color imaging based on RGB-splitting and multi-shot techniques. The respective methods and their technical benefit are presented and discussed below.
RGB-splitting and multi-shot techniques are routine tools in some fields of professional studio photography and astronomical photography. They can lead to visible improvements in sharpness, resolution and color balance. To obtain maximum image quality, special multi-shot cameras can be used. These are fitted with a multi-shot sensor that does not require any color filters. Therefore, each pixel is sensitive for all colors and pixel interpolations are not necessary.
Measuring Evangelicals: Practical Considerations for Social Scientists
Authors: Burge Ryan P. , Lewis Andrew R. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEvangelicals garner much attention in polling and public opinion research, yet measuring white evangelicals remains elusive, even opaque. This paper provides practical guidance to researchers who want to measure or analyze evangelicals. In the social sciences, many have adopted a detailed religious affiliation approach that categorizes evangelicals based on the religious tradition of the denominations to which they belong. Others have used a simpler self-identification scheme, which asks respondents if they consider themselves “born-again or evangelical”. While the affiliation and self-identification schemes are predominant, a practical examination of these approaches has been absent. Using several waves of the General Social Survey and the Cooperative Congressional Election Study, we compare them. We find almost no statistical differences between the two measurements in prominent demographic, political, or religious factors. Thus, we suggest that for most a simple question about broad religious affiliation followed by a born-again or evangelical self-identification question will suffice.
The protection of migrants under international humanitarian law
Authors: Gieseken Helen Obregón 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe movement of migrants across international borders may result in grave humanitarian consequences and protection and assistance needs for those involved. Although many reach their destinations safely, others may find themselves in a country experiencing armed conflict – either because they live there or are travelling through there – and may endure great difficulties and be particularly vulnerable. In these situations, as civilians, migrants are protected under international humanitarian law (IHL) against the effects of hostilities and when in the hands of a party to the conflict. This article will provide an overview of the protection afforded by IHL to migrants as civilians in international and non-international armed conflicts. It will then examine more closely certain particularly relevant rules for the issue of migration, notably those related to the movement of migrants, family unity, and missing and dead migrants. In this way, this article will show that IHL provides important legal protections for migrants finding themselves in situations of armed conflict.
Thermochronological Constraints on the Late Cenozoic Morphotectonic Evolution of the Min Shan, the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Tian Yuntao , Li Rui , Tang Yuan , Xu Xiao , Wang Yuejun , Zhang Peizhen 
Published: May 2018

AbstractStrain distribution inferred from rock exhumation history could provide significant insights into the geodynamic models proposed for explaining late Cenozoic outward growth of the Tibetan Plateau. In this work, we present a new thermochronological data set to constrain the exhumation history of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau (i.e., the Min Shan and adjacent areas) and the long‐term dip‐slip rates of boundary faults, including the Huya fault in the plateau margin and the Minjiang fault in the hinterland. The data set shows evident age diachroneity between different sides of the faults, with dramatically younger ages in their hanging walls than footwalls, suggesting differential exhumation across the faults. Age‐elevation plots and inverse thermal history modeling for a vertical profile data set from the plateau margin (west of the Huya fault) indicate the differential exhumation started at late Miocene time (~10 Ma), synchronous with the timing at other sites of the eastern Tibetan Plateau. The magnitude of the differential exhumation is constrained as >0.6 and ~0.2 km/m.y. across the Huya and Minjiang faults, as estimated from age‐elevation relationships and one‐dimensional modeling of exhumation, providing unique constraints for the dip‐slip rates along the faults. These two N‐S striking faults, together with the Tazang fault (NWW‐striking and left‐lateral slipping) to the north and Longmen Shan faults (a set of NE‐striking reverse faults with right‐lateral components) to the south, forms a large‐scale fault system to accommodate the late Cenozoic northeastward upper crustal shortening along a deep‐seated hinterland‐ward dipping detachment.
A Statistical Study of Slow‐Mode Shocks Observed by MMS in the Dayside Magnetopause
Authors: Walia N. K. , Seki K. , Hoshino M. , Amano T. , Kitamura N. , Saito Y. , Yokota S. , Pollock C. J. , Giles B. L. , Moore T. E. , Torbert R. B. , Russell C. T. , Burch J. L. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe investigated characteristics of slow‐mode shocks in the dayside magnetopause based on Magnetospheric Multiscale observations from September 2015 to February 2017. We analyzed 99 magnetopause crossings with reconnection jets and high time resolution data, out of which 20 crossings showed slow‐mode shock signatures. Out of these crossings, one crossing showed slow‐mode shock signature on both sides, and the rest had slow‐mode shock signatures on one side, six (13) on magnetosphere (magnetosheath). The detection probability of slow‐mode shocks in the magnetopause is ~20%, which is greater than that reported in the magnetotail. We also found 12 rotational discontinuities in these slow‐mode shock events. The results also show that the observation of magnetosphere side slow‐mode shock is favored when the number density ratio of magnetosheath to magnetosphere is small. No clear dependence of the existence of slow‐mode shocks on other parameters such as, plasma beta, temperature anisotropy, and jet velocity, was found.
New Constraints on the Abundance and Composition of Organic Matter on Ceres
Authors: Kaplan Hannah H. , Milliken Ralph E. , Alexander Conel M. O'D. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNear‐infrared reflectance spectra from the Dawn mission at Ceres were recently found to exhibit a 3.4 μm absorption indicative of the presence of aliphatic organic compounds. Constraints on abundance and composition of these organics are necessary to inform discussions of their origin. We model reflectance spectra of organic‐bearing regions on Ceres using laboratory spectra of insoluble organics of known composition extracted from terrestrial sedimentary rocks (i.e., kerogens) and carbonaceous chondrite meteorites (i.e., insoluble organic matter, IOM). The 3.4 μm aliphatic organic absorptions observed in Dawn near‐infrared data are stronger than those observed in lab spectra of carbonaceous chondrites, and modeling requires 45% to 65% spectral fraction of IOM to fit spectra from Ceres. The spectral fraction of kerogen necessary to fit the same Ceres spectra ranges from 5% to 15% depending on the hydrogen to carbon ratio of the kerogen. Any proposed mechanism of organic delivery or formation on Ceres should explain the presence of highly concentrated IOM or why the composition is distinct from meteorite‐derived IOM if lower organic abundances are considered more plausible.
ENSO Transition Asymmetry: Internal and External Causes and Intermodel Diversity
Authors: An Soon‐Il , Kim Ji‐Won 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEl Niño is frequently followed by La Niña, but the opposite case rarely happens. Here we explore a mechanism for such an asymmetrical transition and its future changes. Internally, the asymmetrical response of upper ocean waves against surface wind stress anomaly exerts a primary cause of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) transition asymmetry. Externally, the asymmetrical capacitor effects of both Indian and Atlantic Oceans play some roles in driving the ENSO transition asymmetry via the interbasin interactions. The historical runs of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 show that the intermodel transition asymmetry is significantly correlated with the intermodel asymmetry in ocean wave response to surface wind forcing but not with that in the interbasin interactions. In addition, the El Niño‐to‐La Niña transition tendency was weaker in moderate global warming scenario runs (Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5) while slightly enhanced in strong warming scenario runs (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5). Similar changes also appeared in the asymmetrical response of ocean waves against the surface wind forcing.
Solar Terminator Waves in Surface Pressure Observations
Authors: Hedlin M. A. H. , de Groot‐Hedlin C. D. , Forbes J. M. , Drob D. P. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe report observations of waveforms in surface pressure made over several years by a network of ground‐level barometers in the eastern United States. The waveforms can be reconstructed by superimposing the 4th through 10th subharmonics of the solar day. Some of these solar harmonics are likely generated by the temperature and pressure gradients across the solar terminators. The measurements presented here enable a wave detection analysis which indicates that some waveforms are coherent between stations with a median speed of 49.7 m/s to the southeast. We interpret these propagating signals, which are interference patterns created by internal gravity waves with periods that are subharmonics of a solar day, as a previously undiscovered type of terminator wave. The waveforms appear predominantly postsunrise during winter and postsunset in summer. Their quasi‐eastward propagation direction suggests an analogy with “stern” waves left behind by the faster, westward‐moving terminator.