bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth of Coniferous Seedlings on a Drained and Mounded Peatland in Central Alberta
Authors: Takyi Sam K. , Hillman Graham R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Artificial reforestation experiments compared survival and growth of five species of coniferous containerized seedlings, and seedling browsing by ungulates on a clearcut, drained, and mounded peatland in the boreal forest. Six to seven growing seasons after planting, 91% of all seedlings had survived. Height and diameter growth in five species were ranked as follows: Siberian latch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) > lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) > tamarack (Larix laricina [Du Roi] K. Koch) > black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) = white spruce(Picea glauca [Moench] Voss). Overall, tamarack height and diameter growth was twice that of either spruce species. Height and diameter growth of tamarack, black spruce, and white spruce planted in the spring was 65% to 97% greater than that of the more robust seedlings for the same species planted in the fall of the same year. Repeated winter browsing by ungulates did not affect survival and growth of the five species. In an experiment where survival and growth of tamarack and black spruce seedlings planted on the mounds were compared with that of seedlings planted on the flat areas between mounds, there were no differences in survival, height, or root collar diameter growth between the two planting sites. In the event that suitable peatlands are used to augment existing timber supplies, lowering the water table through ditching, combined with mound-planting, is a feasible method of reforesting timber-harvested, boreal wet sites with Siberian latch, lodgepole pine, and white spruce. Tamarack and black spruce, however, survive and grow well on drained peatlands without mound-planting. North. J. Appl. For. 17(2):71-79.
Seasonal Susceptibility of Boreal Plants to Glyphosate I. Blue-Joint Grass and Black Spruce
Authors: Bell F.Wayne , Pitt Douglas G. , Mallik Azim U. , Hollstedt Christine 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seasonal susceptibility and posttreatment recovery of blue-joint grass (Calamagrostis canadensis [Michx.] Beauv.) to glyphosate (N-[phosphonomethyl] glycine) were examined in a young black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) plantation. In 1990, two rates of the herbicide (1.1 and 1.7 kg ae/ha) were applied on July 19, August 1, 15, and 29, and September 10 and 29 using a backpack sprayer. Although differences between rates were marginal, time of application strongly influenced post-treatment cover of blue-joint grass. Compared to the untreated control, glyphosate applied between August 1 and September 10 significantly reduced cover of blue-joint grass for 3 yr after treatment and increased growth of black spruce for at least 5 yr. The optimum period of glyphosate efficacy corresponded to the end of blue-joint grass's full flowering and beginning of aboveground senescence. North. J. Appl. For. 17(4):141–148.
Utilization of the Eastern Hardwood Resource by the Hardwood Sawmilling Industry
Authors: Luppold William , Baumgras John , Barrett George 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The eastern hardwood resource contains numerous species that differ in grain, color, texture, and workability. Because the value of hardwoods is derived from appearance, these variations in physical attributes can cause the price for identical grades of hardwood lumber to vary by as much as 600% between species. As a result, there is incentive for primary processors to harvest certain species more intensively than others, which could affect long-term forest composition. This article introduces the concept of relative utilization to augment the infrequently published annualized growth-to-drain ratio and examines the relative utilization of 13 eastern hardwood species on a national and regional basis. An analysis of relative utilization coefficients developed from primary and secondary data showed that black cherry, red oak, hard maple, and yellow-poplar were relatively overutilized, while the gums, hickory, and beech were underutilized. Relative utilization has varied by species over time due to changes in furniture styling and the ability of industry to substitute species. Shade-tolerant species such as hard and soft maple are regenerating faster than shade- intolerant species, resulting in increased long-term supply even if current sawtimber volumes are relatively overutilized. North. J. Appl. For. 18(2):37–41.
Ten-Year Response of Sugar Maple–Yellow Birch–Beech Stands to Selection Cutting in Québec
Authors: Bédard Steve , Majcen Zoran 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Experimental blocks were established in five regions of southern Québec to determine the response of hardwood stands to selection cutting. The blocks contain five control stands (no cut) and five treated stands, composed mainly of sugar maple in association with yellow birch and American beech. Treated stands were harvested using single tree selection to a residual density varying from 16.8 to 21.2 m2. Results obtained 10 yr after treatment demonstrate that the annual gross growth rate was not significantly different between treated and control stands. However, net annual growth rate was higher in four out of five cut stands, because the annual mortality rate was less in these stands than in controls. Cutting significantly enhanced the growth of stems with an initial diameter at breast height (dbh) of 10 to 28 cm and favored the development of sugar maple saplings in all blocks and yellow birch saplings in three blocks. North. J. Appl. For. 18(4):119–126.
Field Note—Timber Marking Costs in Spruce-Fir: Experience on the Penobscot Experimental Forest
Authors: Sendak Paul E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the application of partial harvests, time needs to be allocated to marking trees to be cut. On the Penobscot Experimental Forest located in Maine, eight major experimental treatments have been applied to northern conifer stands for more than 40 yr. Data recorded at the time of marking were used to estimate the time required to mark trees for harvest. A simple linear regression equation is presented that estimates labor hours per acre marked from data on volume marked per acre.
Computer Corner—Spreadsheet Stocking Diagrams for the Central Hardwoods
Authors: Larsen David R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stocking diagrams are useful tools in forest management. Spreadsheets available on the world wide web plot both the Reineke style and the Gringrich style stocking diagrams. This paper presents the location of this web site and an explanation of the uses and backgrounds of the diagrams.
Crop Tree Release Increases Growth of Mature Red Oak Sawtimber
Authors: Ward Jeffrey S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Crop tree thinning plots were established in five stands of mature red oak (Quercus rubra, Q. velutina, and Q. coccinea) sawtimber in 1995. Initial stand ages ranged from 74 to 94 yr old with mean crop tree diameters ranging from 10.9 to 15.4 in. Growth of crop trees was monitored for the next 6 yr. The upper age limit at which oaks respond to crop tree management (high thinning) is at least 90 yr old. Although there was no significant difference in diameter growth between released and unreleased trees for the first 2 yr after release, diameter growth of released trees was significantly greater during each of the subsequent 4 yr. Crop tree release increased diameter growth of sawtimber red oak by 53%. Annual volume growth (International 1/4) increases ranged from 95% for 11 in. trees to 25% for 20 in. trees. Growth of crop trees has not decreased, relative to control trees, 6 yr after release. Formation of new epicormic branches on the butt log was largely limited to the slowest growing trees. Crop tree management should be considered as a method of managing sawtimber oak stands where maintaining high forest cover and noncommodities attributes are important considerations.
Compatible Tree Volume and Taper Functions for Pitch Pine
Authors: Green Edwin J. , Reed David D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Individual tree taper, volume ratio, and total volume equations are presented for pitch pine. The volume ratio equations may be used to determine merchantable volume to any height or upper stem diameter. The equations are compatible and are based on a recommended taper curve. Examples of how to employ the equations are presented. North J. Appl. For. 2:14-16, Mar. 1985.
Species Trials for Biomass Production on Abandoned Farmland
Authors: Laing Frederick M. , Sendak Paul E. , Aleong John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
As part of a nationwide study of the potential for woody crops to supply biomass for energy use, we evaluated seven hardwood tree species and six hybrid poplar clones on four different sites in Vermont, with three fertilizer treatments on some sites. Not all species were evaluated on all sites. Plots containing 25 trees were replicated three or four times at each site. Trees were planted at a spacing of 0.6 x 0.6 m or 0.9 x 0.9 m and grown for 3 years. The application of fertilizer did have significant effect on height, diameter, and stem weight. Species with high yields (about 16 oven-dry t/ha/year) included four of the hybrid poplars. Silver maple, black locust, and the other two hybrid poplars yielded about 10 oven-dry t/ha/year. Based on growth alone, these species and clones were recommended for short-rotation intensive culture in areas with similar climate and growing sites.
North J. Appl. For. 2:43-47, June 1985.
Regional Economic Impacts of Timber-Based Activities: A User's Guide
Authors: Canham Hugh O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Foresters are being asked to provide estimates of the regional economic impact of forest-related activities. Impact can be measured in several ways; both direct and indirect impacts should be considered. This paper outlines the regional timber-based system, defines measures of direct impact, and reviews models for estimating regional multipliers and their data requirements. A field study conducted in New York shows an example of a small area impact study. North J. Appl. For. 2:71-75, Sept. 1985.
Principles to Keep in Mind in Negotiating Oil and Gas Leases
Authors: LaBar Robert J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Foresters who manage lands are occasionally called upon to negotiate oil and gas leases on behalf of the landowner. It is important in these situations to understand the negotiation process and the typical lease provisions that are encountered so that they can be tailored to provide maximum protection and economic returns to the owner. Some of the do's and don'ts that should be considered are outlined. North J. Appl. For. 2:76-78, Sept 1985.
Best Density and Structure for Uneven-Aged Northern Hardwood Management in New England
Authors: Leak William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Choice of the best residual density (basal area per acre) and structure (diameter distribution) for uneven-aged management of northern hardwoods is a complex decision that depends on the manager's decision rules, product objectives, site conditions, and—perhaps most important—current stand conditions. In contrast to other recommendations on residual density and structure, growth information from a study in New Hampshire shows that a residual basal area of 60–80 ft2/ac coupled with a sawtimber basal area as low as 25–35 ft2/ac (equivalent to a q-ratio of 1.5–2.0) may result in adequate 10 yr board-foot growth responses in previously unmanaged stands on mediocre northern hardwood sites. North. J. Appl. For. 20(1):43–44.
A Historical Review of Forest Property Taxes in Pennsylvania: Implications for Special Forestland Tax Programs
Authors: Jacobson Michael , McDill Marc 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Since the late 19th century, many states have offered tax relief to forest owners. Pennsylvania has had three special forest tax programs. The first, passed in 1887, was a rebate to forest landowners and was intended to slow forest exploitation. In 1906, a county court ruled that the rebates violated the state's constitution. In 1913, the state passed a yield tax law to encourage second-growth timber management. In 1939, this tax was also declared unconstitutional. Regardless of their constitutionality, few acres were ever enrolled in either program because of administrative barriers to participation, landowners' fears of giving up too much control of their land, lack of publicity, and lack of clear benefits to landowners. The current law, passed in 1974, allows for current use assessment for farm and forestland. This program, known as Clean and Green, is intended to protect open space. Although there were 2,350,123 ac of forestland in 29 counties enrolled in the Clean and Green program in 2000, and in spite of changes made in the late 1990s, concerns remain about the effectiveness and fairness of the program. Attempts to modify both past and current programs have failed to address the program's most significant problems. Perhaps it is time to rethink our entire approach to forestland taxation. North. J. Appl. For. 20(2):53–60.
Artificial Oak Regeneration in Historic Woodlots at Gettysburg National Military Park
Authors: Larrick David S. , Bowersox Todd W. , Storm Gerald L. , Tzilkowski Walter M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To restore woodlots at Gettysburg National Military Park (GNMP) to Civil War condition, in which oak was the dominant vegetation, the effects of woodlot, canopy treatment, and fencing treatment on the survival and height of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) direct-seeded seedlings, planted seedlings, and planted saplings were examined. Three 0.20 ha circular canopy treatments (closed canopy, partially open canopy, and completely open canopy) were assigned within each of three woodlots. Each treatment was replicated three times within each woodlot. Within each canopy treatment unit, two paired fenced and unfenced plots were established. At each pair of plots, 40 acorns, eight 2-0 bareroot seedlings, and six 4-0 bareroot saplings were planted. Foraging damage by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and small mammals was monitored during the second and fourth growing seasons after canopy treatment. At the end of the second and fourth growing seasons, survival and height were recorded for each of the three sources of regeneration. Four-year survival of direct-seeded seedlings and planted seedlings was maximized on fenced plots. Planted sapling 4 yr survival and height were greatest in the partially or completely open canopy. To maximize 4 yr height of direct-seeded seedlings and planted seedlings, the completely open canopy, fence treatment combination was recommended. All three sources of northern red oak had potential for regenerating GNMP woodlots. Due to rapid height growth, either direct-seeded seedlings or planted seedlings may be preferred. North. J. Appl. For. 20(3):131–136.
Early Regeneration Following the Presalvage Cutting of Hemlock from Hemlock-Dominated Stands
Authors: Brooks Robert T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Live overstory hemlock were cut from three hemlock hardwood stands on the watershed of the Barkhamsted Reservoir in northwestern Connecticut. The presalvage cuttings occurred during a hemlock looper outbreak and in anticipation of hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) infestation. All merchantable and accessible hemlock trees were cut, as were a smaller quantity of other species. The stands were harvested in 1992, 1994, and 1995–96. Over- and understory vegetation were surveyed in the harvested stands and in three nearby uncut, control stands in 1996. Findings suggest that the cut stands will regenerate to hardwoods in the near term. Hemlock regeneration was minimal and insufficient to replace harvested trees. Presalvage cutting of hemlock from hemlock-dominated stands, which typically lack sufficient advance hemlock regeneration, will contribute to the loss of the cover type due to HWA-caused mortality.
Harvest Impacts in Uneven-Aged and Even-Aged Missouri Ozark Forests
Authors: Dwyer John P. , Dey Daniel C. , Walter William D. , Jensen Randy G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest managers are concerned about the potential damage to residual trees and site from cyclic harvest re-entries into the same forest stand. This study summarizes logging and felling damage resulting from the harvesting of silvicultural treatments on a large landscape experiment in southern Missouri that is designed to compare impacts of even-aged, uneven-aged and no management on a wide array of ecosystem components. Although damage levels to bole and crown of leave trees was low for all treatments, the individual tree selection (uneven-aged) treatment did show: (1) higher levels of surface area skidder impact; (2) higher percentage of leave trees with one or more bole wounds; (3) higher number of bole wounds; (4) higher percentage of wounded trees in the dominant and co-dominant crown classes; and (5) the highest percentage of leave trees impacted by logging activity. Preharvest planning that involves the layout and discussion with the skidder operator(s) will reduce the area impacted by skidding to less than 12%. Also, the probability of a bole wound to a residual tree can be reduced to less than 5% if skid trails are kept 30 ft or more from the leave tree. North. J. Appl. For. 21(4):187–193.
A Comparison of Seedling Growth and Light Transmission among Tree Shelters
Authors: Sharew Hailu , Hairston-Strang Anne 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Survival, height, and diameter growth of seedlings were evaluated for three years after planting using five types of tree shelters and seven species: green ash (Fraxinus pennylvanica), northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), pin oak (Q. palustris), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus). Differences in shelter environments were measured, including: light transmission measured as percent photosynthetic photon flux, ratio of red:far red (r:f-r) light from the red and far-red wavelengths, and air temperature inside the tubes. The differences seen in seedling survival were not significant (p < 0.05) for the presence or type of tree tube, with an average survival of 96% for all but two species. For most species, seedlings grown in high light-transmitting tubes with proportional r:f-r ratio light showed superior height growth (e.g., Miracle Tube, Tree-Pro, and Protex). Diameter growth generally decreased in shelters. Sycamore showed no significant benefit from the use of tubes. The lowest diameter increments were seen using Tubex brown and Mesh Guard shelters, which had low light transmission with high r:f-r ratio and mechanical damage, respectively. Light transmission in translucent tree tubes was within the ranges found in open canopy forest, but the proportion of growth-promoting far-red wavelength was generally lower. In tubes with higher light transmission, r:f-r ratio is closer to natural ranges for that light level. For tubes with lower light transmissivity, this information suggests that seedling height growth might be improved if red wavelengths were blocked more strongly.North. J. appl. For. North. J. Appl. For. 22(2):102–110.
Plant Community Structure After Wildfire in the Subarctic Forests of Western Labrador
Authors: Simon Neal P.P. , Schwab Francis E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We compared western Labrador (Canada) plant communities on 12 10-ha plots representing five forest ages (2, 18, 40, 80, and 140 years) on subhygric sites and two 140-year-old sites on an atypical, moist, well-drained soil. Species richness was less variable and lower on the 80-year-old sites, and conifers did not dominate a site until 40 to 80 years after a disturbance. Herbs were dominant on 2- and 18-year-old sites, whereas woody shrubs were common across all successional stages. Cladina spp. were most abundant on our 40-year-old sites but were replaced by pleurocarpous mosses on our ≥80-year-old sites. Our results are consistent with others who found a delay in conifer establishment that may have resulted from poor seed beds due to the accumulation of unburned duff and inhibitory chemicals from Cladina spp. If these factors are inhibiting conifer establishment, this may conflict with the objectives of forest managers considering emulating natural disturbance in forest operations.North. J. Appl. For. 22(4):229–235.
The Impact of Timber Harvesting Guidelines and Timber Sale Attributes on Stumpage Bidding Behavior
Authors: Kilgore Michael A. , Blinn Charles R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Twenty-seven public timber tracts were auctioned in Minnesota where bidders were required to submit two sealed bids for a tract–one with and the other without the use of timber harvesting guidelines. After the auctions, bidders were mailed a questionnaire requesting information about their logging business, the sources of information consulted in developing their bids, and perceptions of how various tract- and sale-specific factors and guidelines influenced their bidding behavior. The majority of responding timber harvesters did not consult any special sources and only one-half visited the tract before submitting their bids. Although bidding behavior was influenced by several factors, a tract's physical characteristics (e.g., volume of merchantable timber) had a greater influence on their bidding behavior than did any guidelines. Of the guidelines evaluated, those that required leaving merchantable trees (e.g., for wildlife or visual purposes) were reported to have the greatest influence on stumpage bids. Sale-specific variables (e.g., timber harvester's need for timber) had only a minimal to moderate influence on bidding behavior. The findings suggest that timber sale design can help mitigate the cost associated with implementing forest management guidelines.North. J. Appl. For. 22(4):275–280.
Vegetation Management Improves Early Growth of White Spruce More Than Mechanical Site Preparation Treatments
Authors: Macadam Anne , Kabzems Richard 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Inga Lake trial was one of a series of site preparation trials established in the northern interior of British Columbia during the 1980s to determine effective means of establishing conifer plantations on sites with severe vegetation competition and unfavorable soil conditions. Vegetation control, burned windrows, high-speed mixing, bedding plow, breaking plow, and disk trenching treatments were evaluated on a site with high brush potential, relatively dense soils, and average nutrient availability. This article summarizes impacts of treatments on soil density, soil chemical properties, and tree nutrition 5, 10, and 15 years after treatments and on the growth of planted white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) after 15 growing seasons. Mixing, bedding plow, and disk trenching treatments decreased soil density and improved nutrient availability relative to no treatment, and effects were still significant after 15 years. Soil carbon and nitrogen increased substantially over time in treatments where there was a vigorous re-establishment of the plant community after disturbance. Although vegetation control did not improve soil physical or chemical properties relative to no treatment, it ranked among the top four treatments, with burned windrows, mixing, and breaking plow, in terms of white spruce growth after 15 years.