bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Charge or Burden on the People”: The Origins and Meaning of the Third Paragraph of Section 53 of the Commonwealth Constitution
Authors: Schoff Paul 
Published: March 2018

“The Senate may not amend any proposed law so as to increase the proposed charge or burden on the people.”“I confess it came as a surprise to me to find that this House could make a law to shoot dogs, or poison them, or to do anything with them except increase the tax on them half-a-crown.”This article examines the third paragraph of s 53 from the high ground of history. Section 53 must not be seen as an isolated and unique problem. Rather, it is merely another manifestation of the intractable problem of defining the power to tax. The Bill of Rights, arising out of the Revolution of 1688, defined the constitutional prerogatives of the King, when it provided “[t]hat levying money for or to the use of the Crown, by pretence of prerogative, without grant of Parliament for longer time or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted, is illegal”. Art 1 s 7 of the United States Constitution requires that “[a]ll bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills”. Story elegantly under-stated the position when he remarked, “What bills are properly ‘bills for raising revenue’, in the sense of the constitution, has been matter of some discussion”.
Recurring Themes in the Interpretation of the Commonwealth Freedom of Information Act
Authors: Bayne Peter 
Published: March 2018

In every freedom on information (FOI) law there is a tension in the opposition between, on the one hand, the expression of a “right” to information accompanied by objects provisions which promote a generous interpretation of this right, and, on the other, the depth and breadth of the grounds for exemption which government is permitted to claim as reasons to resist disclosure of a document.Dispute between applicants and agencies at the external review stage most often concerns a question (or a number of questions) about whether a document is exempt. The external review body must adjudicate in a manner typical of any application of the law. The body will take a view of the facts, isolate the relevant legal principle or rule (being the relevant exemption provisions), apply that principle or rule to the facts and then decide whether or not the document is exempt. Of course, the process is not so straight-forward as this suggests.
Originalism in Constitutional Interpretation
Authors: Goldsworthy Jeffrey 
Published: March 2018

Our duty is to declare the law as enacted in the Constitution and not to add to its provisions new doctrines which may happen to conform to our own prepossessions.In this article I will discuss two questions concerning “originalism” in Australian constitutional law. The questions are, first, the extent to which the contemporary meanings of constitutional provisions, express or implied, are the same as their original meanings in 1900, when the Constitution was created; and secondly, the extent to which those original meanings are determined by the intentions of the people responsible for creating it (whom I will call “the founders”). These two questions are distinct. Almost all literary critics would agree that the language in Shakespeare's plays should be understood in its original sixteenth century sense, but many would deny that any other evidence of Shakespeare's intentions is relevant in interpreting it. Similarly, a literalist, who believes that the meaning of the Constitution is exhausted by the meanings of its words, could hold that their original literal meanings are critical, but reject the relevance of any other evidence of the founders' intentions.
Section 122 of the Constitution: “A Disparate and Non-Federal” Power?
Authors: Horan Christopher 
Published: March 2018

In recent years, the High Court has given increased attention to the nature and extent of constitutional limitations on Commonwealth legislative powers, both those limitations contained in express provisions and those implied from the text or structure of the Constitution. The issue inevitably arises as to the extent to which these limitations restrict the Commonwealth Parliament in the exercise of its power to make laws for the government of its territories under s 122 of the Constitution. Section 122 of the Constitution provides as follows: The Parliament may make laws for the government of any territory surrendered by any State to and accepted by the Commonwealth, or of any territory placed by the Queen under the authority of and accepted by the Commonwealth, or otherwise acquired by the Commonwealth, and may allow the representation of such territory in either House of the Parliament to the extent and on the terms which it thinks fit.
Parallel Importing of Copyright Material in a Digital Age: Why it Should be Lawful and Why it May Never Be
Authors: Davison Mark J 
Published: March 2018

The legislative prohibitions on the parallel importation of copyright material should not survive the new technological developments in the transmission of that material. Australian copyright law should come to grips with that reality and remove the existing prohibitions. Yet the adoption of current proposals for the amendment of copyright law may lead to a situation in which copyright owners could effectively prevent parallel importing. This could be done by copyright owners even if the existing statutory provisions specifically aimed at preventing parallel importing were repealed.This article looks at the justifications for prohibiting parallel importing and the strength of those justifications in the light of new or developing means of distributing copyright material. Those justifications have been seriouslr questioned in recent years by a series of reports of the Prices Surveillance Authority (PSA) which has criticised the continuing prohibition of parallel importing. The criticisms in these reports have not made any detailed reference to the effects that changes in technology will have on the means of distributing copyright material. Those criticisms, combined with the impact of new technology, tip the balance of the debate concerning parallel importing in favour of permitting parallel importing.
A Survey Study into Participation in Goal Setting, Fairness, and Goal Commitment: Effects of Including Multiple Types of Fairness
Authors: Groen Bianca A. C. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT
Building on goal setting and social exchange theory, this study extends prior research about how employee participation in setting annual performance and development goals is related to goal commitment via increased perceptions of fairness, through including other (correlated) types of fairness than typically studied in management accounting research. Survey data are collected from 135 employees and analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results demonstrate participation is directly positively related to goal commitment as well as indirectly via distributive and informational fairness. In addition, the statistical relation between procedural fairness and goal commitment is suppressed: it ranges from significantly positive to significantly negative dependent on what other variables are included in the analyses. As a second contribution, the suppressor phenomenon and its implications are extensively discussed. Suppression mainly occurs when there is much overlap in the independent variables, for instance when multiple control practices are examined simultaneously as systems or packages.
JEL Classifications: C18; C20; C30; L84; M12; M41; M52; M54.
Data Availability: Data are available via the author until at least five years after publication.
Racial/Ethnic Minority Youth With Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Have Poor Prognostic Factors
Authors: Redondo Maria Jose , Libman Ingrid , Cheng Peiyao , Kollman Craig , Tosur Mustafa , Gal Robin L. , Bacha Fida , Klingensmith Georgeanna J. , Clements Mark ,   Pediatric Diabetes Consortium, Redondo Maria Jose , Tosur Mustafa , Tamborlane William , Klingensmith Georgeanna , Clements Mark A. , Hannon Tamara S. , Heptulla Rubina , Less Joane , Shoemaker Ashley , Haymond Morey , Bacha Fida , Johnson Elizabeth , Gomez David , Halter Alix , McDonald Andrene , Fisher Lynda , Wood Jamie , Ichihara Brian , Lipton Megan , Shah Sejal , Shah Avni , Buckingham Bruce , Hsu Liana , Haro Heidi , Manseau Katherine , Silverstein Janet , Schatz Desmond , Haller Michael J. , Lyles Teresa , Thomas Jamie , Van Name Michelle , Cengiz Eda , Steffen Amy , Duran Elvira , Finnegan Jennifer , M. Lee Joyce , Bashir Surair , Eason Ashley , W. Beck Roy , C. Beaulieu Lindsey , Cheng Peiyao , L. Gal Robin , Kollman Craig , Mouse TJ , Reese Samantha , J. Ruedy Katrina 
Published: March 2018

OBJECTIVE
To compare races/ethnicities for characteristics, at type 1 diabetes diagnosis and during the first 3 years postdiagnosis, known to influence long-term health outcomes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We analyzed 927 Pediatric Diabetes Consortium (PDC) participants &lt;19 years old (631 non-Hispanic white [NHW], 216 Hispanic, and 80 African American [AA]) diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and followed for a median of 3.0 years (interquartile range 2.2–3.6). Demographic and clinical data were collected from medical records and patient/parent interviews. Partial remission period or “honeymoon” was defined as insulin dose–adjusted hemoglobin A1c (IDAA1c) ≤9.0%. We used logistic, linear, and multinomial regression models, as well as repeated-measures logistic and linear regression models. Models were adjusted for known confounders.

RESULTS
AA subjects, compared with NHW, at diagnosis, were in a higher age- and sex-adjusted BMI percentile (BMI%), had more advanced pubertal development, and had higher frequency of presentation in diabetic ketoacidosis, largely explained by socioeconomic factors. During the first 3 years, AA subjects were more likely to have hypertension and severe hypoglycemia events; had trajectories with higher hemoglobin A1c, BMI%, insulin doses, and IDAA1c; and were less likely to enter the partial remission period. Hispanics, compared with NHWs, had higher BMI% at diagnosis and over the three subsequent years. During the 3 years postdiagnosis, Hispanics had higher prevalence of dyslipidemia and maintained trajectories of higher insulin doses and IDAA1c.

CONCLUSIONS
Youth of minority race/ethnicity have increased markers of poor prognosis of type 1 diabetes at diagnosis and 3 years postdiagnosis, possibly contributing to higher risk of long-term diabetes complications compared with NHWs.
U chíikulil k’áatchi’: la forma, función y estandarización de la puntuación.
Authors: AnderBois Scott 
Published: March 2018

Aunque el maya yucateco tiene una historia larga de uso escrito en comparación con las demás lenguas indígenas de las Américas, el uso cotidiano de la escritura y el desarrollo de un sistema de escritura estándar explícito siguen estando en sus primeras etapas. Un reciente paso importante en este proceso es la publicación de un libro –U nu’ukbesajil u ts’íibta’al maayat’aan / Normas de escritura para la lengua maya– que presenta por primera vez un conjunto completo de normas para escribir en la lengua. Además de esto, las normas muchas veces son motivadas por las propiedades gramaticales de la lengua. Este artículo examina la relación entre gramática y estandarización en un caso de estudio detallado sobre el no uso del signo de interrogación. Aunque no rechazamos la posibilidad de que haya otros factores que favorezcan esta norma (por ejemplo, la tradición, el deseo de crear normas distintas de las que tiene el español), argumentamos en contra del fundamento gramatical que dan los autores para el estándar. Repasamos la morfosintaxis de las construcciones interrogativas y categorías relacionadas e intentamos mostrar que las interacciones complejas entre estas construcciones validan la utilidad funcional del signo de interrogación para los lectores del maya yucateco. Original recibido: 2016/04/15Dictamen enviado al autor: 2017/04/17Aceptado: 2017/11/07
Cambio diacrónico en la familia lingüística yucatecana
Authors: Hofling Charles Andrew 
Published: March 2018

Este estudio presenta un bosquejo de la historia de los idiomas de la rama yucatecana y cómo las diferencias lingüísticas de los idiomas actuales reflejan sus historias. A base de un estudio comparativo de los idiomas actuales se puede rastrear las diferencias de fonología y morfosintaxis que se desarrollaron en cada idioma desde el proto-yucatecano de 950 d.C. Se muestran muchas innovaciones compartidas entre miembros de la rama, que reflejan separaciones de grupos, incluyendo migraciones, principalmente del norte al sur. También se muestra evidencia, generalmente léxica, del contacto entre los miembros de la rama y con hablantes de idiomas cholanos. El resultado es que cada idioma de la rama tiene características únicas y características compartidas que reflejan sus historias distintas. Original recibido: 2016/02/08Dictamen enviado al autor: 2017/04/12Aceptado: 2017/04/27
La marcación de número en los préstamos españoles del maya yucateco: variación y restricciones.
Authors: Uth Melanie Uth , Gutiérrez Bravo Rodrigo 
Published: March 2018

En este trabajo presentamos una investigación sobre la marcación morfológica de plural en los préstamos del español que se observan en el maya yucateco. La marcación del plural en esta lengua maya ha sido un tema que ha recibido una atención considerable en los últimos años, pero no así la marcación de plural en los préstamos del español que esta lengua ha adoptado, y en los que además muchas veces se observa igualmente la marca de plural del español. En este artículo mostramos, a partir de un estudio de corpus, que la marcación de plural de los préstamos del español obedece a criterios diferentes de los que operan cuando los nombres no son préstamos. Además, la comparación de los patrones de marcación según distintas edades y distintos perfiles lingüísticos revela que el peso de las restricciones que provienen del maya yucateco disminuye con (i) el bilingüismo y, (ii) la menor edad de los hablantes (véase también Pfeiler 2009: 108). Concluimos que la marcación de plural de los préstamos del español en maya yucateco deriva de la interacción de dos sistemas tipológicamente distintos pero que operan simultáneamente en esta parte de la gramática de la lengua receptora, dando como resultado un patrón que, debido a que adopta diferentes aspectos de las dos lenguas en contacto, termina siendo diferente del que se observa por separado en cada una de ellas. Original recibido: 2016/04/23Dictamen enviado al autor: 2017/10/28Aceptado: 2017/11/06
Pengaruh Likuiditas, Profitabilitas, Leverage, dan Market Ratio terhadap Dividend Payout Ratio pada Perusahaan Manufaktur
Authors: Puspita Erna 
Published: March 2018

Dividend policy is concerned with financial policies regarding what amount cash dividend paid to shareholders and re-invested as retained earnings. The recent research aimed to test empirically various factors is considered to affect dividend policy. The independent variables in his research included Current Ratio (CR), Return on Equity (ROE), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), and Earning Per Share (EPS). Meanwhile, the dependent variable was Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR). Quantitative research was used as the research design and the data was secondary data. Furthermore, purposive sampling was selected to get the sample. The result was 14 companies that pay dividend continuously during this research conducted on 2012 - 2014 were selected as the sample of this research. Multiple linier regression was used to analyze the data. The results showed that ROE and EPS has a contribution to the DPR, and then CR and DER has no contribution to the DPR.
Synthesis of new derivatives of 9-(2-pyridyl)-3-aryl(arylalkyl)- -2,4,5(9H)trioxo-7,8-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a][1,3,5]triazepine
Authors: Rzadkowska Marzena , Szacon Elzbieta , Zun Maria 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A series of new derivatives of 9-(2-pyridyl)-3-aryl(arylalkyl)-2,4,5(9H)trioxo-7,8- dihydroimidazo [1,2-a][1,3,5] triazepine was obtained by condensation of 1-[1-(2-pyridyl) imidazolidine-2-ylidene]-3-aryl(arylalkyl)ureas) with diethyl oxalic acid ester. Considering the structure of the obtained compounds, it can be expected that these compounds can reveal pharmacological activity.
Review on analgesic effect of co-administrated ibuprofen and caffeine
Authors: Polski Andrzej , Kasperek Regina , Sobotka-Polska Karolina , Poleszak Ewa 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Pain is a symptom of many diseases and significantly affects the quality of life, so researchers are constantly seeking new substances to be used as analgesics. Other, easier way is to combine already known drugs which cause synergistic effects greater than additive, so that probability of drug-specific side effects can be reduced. Researchers showed that caffeine can be an effective analgesic adjuvant enhancing antinociceptive effect of ibuprofen in animals and humans. By using modern drug technology methods tablets containing well-soluble ibuprofen salt and caffeine can be easily prepared. Thanks to that combination, the therapeutic dose of ibuprofen can be lowered and the side effects may be reduced.
Prevalence of hepatitis A virus antibodies in Central-Eastern Poland – a comparative study (1990-2012)
Authors: Pachnia Dariusz , Polz-Gruszka Dorota , Macielag Pawel , Polz-Dacewicz Malgorzata 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an hepatotropic human picornavirus that is associated only with acute infection of liver. This pathogen is mainly transmitted through the faecal-oral route, by person-to-person contact, and also contaminated drinking water and food. This reserach presenting the comparative seroepidemiological study (1990/1999/2012) on HAV infection was carried out in population from south-eastern Poland. Anti-HAV was tested in 613 subjects from 0 to over 60 years of age and the results were compared with those observed in 1990 and 1989/99. We also analyzed the number of vaccinations in the past decade and their role in preventing disease.
FAPA mass spectrometry of hydroxychalcones. Comparative studies with classical methods of ionization
Authors: Smoluch Marek , Bartkowiak Grazyna , Reszke Edward , Lechowicz Wojciech , Silberring Jerzy , Schroeder Grzegorz 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In this paper we are focused on analysis of hydroxychalcones, i.e. 2’-hydroxychalcone, 3’-hydroxychalcone and 4’-hydroxychalcone, by the Flowing Atmospheric Pressure Afterglow mass spectrometry (FAPA-MS), and on comparison of the obtained data with other classical methods including ESI-MS, APCI, MALDI, and GC/EI-MS. The paper is presenting fragmentation pathways of both positive-, and negative hydroxychalcone ions. Tested compounds were characterized by comparison of the results (signals m/z and relative intensities) from the five mass spectrometry techniques, showing very good utility of FAPA method for fast and easy analysis of the low molecular weight compounds. Moreover, FAPA does not require a time-consuming derivatization, nor search for a suitable solvent or matrix, often incompatible with various ion sources.
An analysis of potential costs of adverse events based on Drug Programs in Poland. Pulmonology focus
Authors: Szkultecka-Debek Monika , Drozd Mariola , Jahnz-Rozyk Karina , Kiepurska Nina , Mazurek Joanna , Janowska Agnieszka , Paprzycki Piotr , Adamczyk-Korbel Marta , Paluchowska Beata , Drozd Kazimierz 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The project was performed within the Polish Society for Pharmacoeconomics (PTFE). The objective was to estimate the potential costs of treatment of side effects, which theoretically may occur as a result of treatment of selected diseases. We analyzed the Drug Programs financed by National Health Fund in Poland in 2012 and for the first analysis we selected those Programs where the same medicinal products were used. We based the adverse events selection on the Summary of Product Characteristics of the chosen products. We extracted all the potential adverse events defined as frequent and very frequent, grouping them according to therapeutic areas. This paper is related to the results in the pulmonology area. The events described as very common had an incidence of ≥ 1/10, and the common ones ≥ 1/100, <1/10. In order to identify the resources used, we performed a survey with the engagement of clinical experts. On the basis of the collected data we allocated direct costs incurred by the public payer. We used the costs valid in December 2013. The paper presents the estimated costs of treatment of side effects related to the pulmonology disease area. Taking into account the costs incurred by the NHF and the patient separately e calculated the total spending and the percentage of each component cost in detail. The treatment of adverse drug reactions generates a significant cost incurred by both the public payer and the patient.
Cytotoxic activity of ethanolic extracts of Eleutherococcus species cultivated in Poland on HL60 leukemia cell line
Authors: Zaluski Daniel , Smolarz Helena Danuta , Bogucka-Kocka Anna 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The Eleutherococcus species including 40 species native to Asia are medicinal plants widely used in traditional medicine. Some of these species are cultivated at the botanical gardens in Europe. On the basis on our earlier studies it was concluded that the extracts of analyzed species act as antioxidants, inhibitors of MMPs, and cytotoxic against Jurkat 45 leukemia cell line. In this study, the anti-leukemic potential of roots and leaves from six Eleutherococcus species cultivated in Poland was determined. The in vitro cytotoxic activity towards human promyelotic leukemia cell line HL60 using trypan blue assay was evaluated. The induction of apoptosis in stimulated leukemia cells was determined by AnnexinV method. Morphological changes in treated cells were observed by microscopic investigations.
The results showed that ethanolic extracts from the roots and the leaves of E. senticosus, E. setchuensis, E. sessiliflorus, E.gracilistylus, E. henryi and E. divaricatus exhibit cytotoxic effect towards leukemic HL60 cells. The received IC50 values for roots ranged from 49- 208 μg/mL and for the leaves from 116-518 μg/mL. The ethanol extract from the roots of E. divaricatus showed the highest cytotoxic and proapoptotic effect on HL60 human lymphoid leukemia cell line.
Influence of the dissolution medium on the release of dehydroepiandrosterone from lipophilic suppositories
Authors: Kasperek Regina , Galczynski Krzysztof , Nalesniak Magdalena , Iwaniak Karol , Poleszak Ewa 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Suppositories with cocoa butter containing dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) without and with the addition of Span 80 and Tween 80 as surfactants with low and high HLB values were prepared. The physical properties and the drug content of all prepared suppositories were in accordance with the pharmacopoeial requirements. The release study tests in three dissolution media such as water, lactic acid solution at pH 4.2 and phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 were carried out. In acidic and alkalic media only about 10% and 27% of DHEA were released, respectively. The addition of Span 80 to the suppository mass did not improve the release process, but the addition of Tween 80 caused the increase in the amount of DHEA released in the acidic medium to about 35%. The data showed that rectal administration of suppositories with DHEA based on cocoa butter caused about 30% availability and after vaginal administration, only topical activity can be expected. By the addition of Tween 80 to the suppository mass availability of DHEA of about 35% from vaginal suppositories can be achieved.