bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is-there a place for vagus nerve stimulation in inflammatory bowel diseases?
Authors: Bonaz Bruno 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe vagus nerve (VN), the longest nerve of the organism that innervates the gastrointestinal tract, is a mixed nerve composed of 80% of afferent and 20% of efferent fibers. The VN has anti-inflammatory properties, in particular an anti-TNFα effect through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. The VN is a key component of the autonomic nervous system, i.e. the parasympathetic nervous system. An imbalance of the autonomic nervous system, as represented by a low vagal tone, is described in many diseases and has a pro-inflammatory role. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic disorders of the gastro-intestinal tract where TNFα is a key cytokine. VN stimulation (VNS), classically used for the treatment of drug resistant epilepsy and depression, would be of interest in the treatment of IBD. We have recently reported in a 6 month follow-up pilot study that VNS improves active Crohn’s disease. Preliminary data of another pilot study confirm this interest. Similarly, VNS has recently been reported to improve rheumatoid arthritis, another TNFα mediated disease. Bioelectronic Medicine, as represented by VNS, opens new therapeutic avenues in the treatment of such chronic inflammatory disorders. In the present manuscript, we will focus on the interest of VNS in IBD.
Disorders of the Cauda Equina
Authors: Goodman Brent P. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Conditions that affect the cauda equina are a diverse group of disorders that require timely recognition and management. This article reviews cauda equina anatomy, the diagnostic approach to disorders of the cauda equina, features of cauda equina syndrome, and diskogenic and nondiskogenic disorders of the cauda equina.

RECENT FINDINGS
Establishing clinical criteria for cauda equina syndrome has been a focus of a number of reviews, although the clinician must maintain a low threshold for emergent imaging in cases of suspected cauda equina syndrome because of the suboptimal reliability of various signs and symptoms in identifying this condition clinically. The timing of surgical intervention for compressive causes of cauda equina dysfunction remains a point of contention, although urgent decompression remains standard practice. A recent review that focused on outcomes in patients with cauda equina compression who underwent surgical decompression identified significant residual deficits in patients despite appropriate and timely intervention. Autoimmune conditions targeting the cauda equina have been increasingly recognized, including chronic immune sensory polyradiculopathy and chronic immune sensorimotor polyradiculopathy.

SUMMARY
Disorders that affect the cauda equina require thoughtful and timely clinical examination and diagnostic testing to establish a definitive cause and an appropriate treatment approach.
Neoplastic Myelopathies
Authors: Wu Jing , Ranjan Surabhi 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article discusses the diagnosis and management of neoplasms that affect the spinal cord as well as spinal cord disorders that can occur due to cancer treatments.

RECENT FINDINGS
Neoplastic myelopathies are uncommon neurologic disorders but cause significant morbidity when they occur. Primary spinal cord tumors can be classified into intramedullary, intradural extramedullary, or extradural tumors. Diffuse gliomas and ependymal tumors are the most common intramedullary tumors. Diffuse gliomas include the World Health Organization (WHO) grade II and grade III astrocytomas, the grade II and grade III oligodendrogliomas, the grade IV glioblastomas, and newly recognized pediatric diffuse midline gliomas with H3 K27M mutation. The majority of diffuse and anaplastic astrocytomas are IDH-mutant tumors, whereas only 10% of glioblastomas are IDH-mutant. Oligodendrogliomas are typically IDH-mutant and are characterized by the molecular signature of 1p/19q codeletion. Nine distinct molecular subgroups of ependymomas have been identified based on their genetic features and location. NF2 mutations are frequently found in spinal cord ependymomas. Metastatic tumors are the most common tumors of the spine and can be extradural, leptomeningeal, or, rarely, intramedullary. Extradural metastatic spinal cord compression is a neurologic emergency and should be promptly diagnosed as pretreatment neurologic status dictates the posttreatment outcome.

SUMMARY
Neoplastic myelopathies encompass many diagnoses ranging from benign and malignant spinal tumors to paraneoplastic syndromes heralding cancers. The knowledge of the clinical features and management of neoplastic myelopathies is essential to practicing neurologists as early diagnosis and treatment can prevent devastating neurologic sequelae.
Myelopathies Due to Structural Cervical and Thoracic Disease
Authors: Stino Amro Maher , LoRusso Samantha J. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The article discusses the current diagnostic and therapeutic approach to myelopathies occurring as a consequence of structural cervical and thoracic spine disease.

RECENT FINDINGS
The exact pathophysiologic basis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy remains somewhat elusive. Diffusion-tensor imaging has emerged as a useful imaging modality that correlates more closely with clinical severity than standard MRI. Baseline disease severity, symptom duration, age, presence of impaired gait, and smoking status are significant factors related to surgical outcomes.

SUMMARY
Advances in neuroimaging and the development of evidence-based algorithmic approaches to surgical intervention will likely further improve the outcomes of patients with spinal cord dysfunction from structural cervical and thoracic disease.
Metabolic and Toxic Myelopathies
Authors: Schwendimann Robert N. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTPURPOSE OF REVIEWMyelopathy may occur as a consequence of various metabolic and toxic conditions. This article provides an update on the clinical presentations, diagnostic evaluations, and management of metabolic and toxic myelopathies.RECENT FINDINGSMyelopathy and myeloneuropathy due to vitamin B12deficiency is increasing in prevalence partly because of an aging population. Early recognition of the clinical symptoms and rapid initiation of treatment is essential. Copper deficiency is now also recognized as causing a similar clinical picture as vitamin B12deficiency. Conditions leading to copper deficiency include bariatric surgery and excessive zinc intake. Unusual conditions such as lathyrism and konzo are relevant to all neurologists because of emigration from less well-developed countries. Myelopathy can also occur from substance abuse (eg, heroin and nitrous oxide), and early diagnosis could lead to improved patient outcomes. The spinal cord may also be injured in decompression illness that occurs in sport divers and individuals who work in pressurized atmospheres.SUMMARYKnowledge and recognition of the various metabolic and toxic causes of myelopathy is important for the practicing neurologist, as timely diagnosis and rapid initiation of therapy is essential to improve the chances for recovery.
Infectious Myelopathies
Authors: Grill Marie F. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTPURPOSE OF REVIEWThis article reviews bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic pathogens associated with myelopathy. Infectious myelopathies may be due to direct infection or parainfectious autoimmune-mediated mechanisms; this article focuses primarily on the former.RECENT FINDINGSSome microorganisms exhibit neurotropism for the spinal cord (eg, enteroviruses such as poliovirus and flaviviruses such as West Nile virus), while others are more protean in neurologic manifestations (eg, herpesviruses such as varicella-zoster virus), and others are only rarely reported to cause myelopathy (eg, certain fungal and parasitic infections). Individuals who are immunocompromised are at increased risk of disseminated infection to the central nervous system. Within the last few years, an enterovirus D68 outbreak has been associated with cases of acute flaccid paralysis in children, and emerging Zika virus infection has been concurrent with cases of acute flaccid paralysis due to Guillain-Barré syndrome, although cases of myelitis have also been reported. Associated pathogens differ by geographic distribution, with myelopathies related toBorrelia burgdorferi(Lyme disease) and West Nile virus more commonly seen in the United States and parasitic infections encountered more often in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa. Characteristic CSF and MRI patterns have been identified with many of these infections.SUMMARYA myriad of pathogens are associated with infectious myelopathies. Host factors, geographic distribution, clinical features, CSF profiles, and MRI findings can assist in formulating the differential diagnosis and ultimately guide management.
Adenylyl cyclase A mRNA localized at the back of cells is actively translated in live chemotaxing Dictyostelium
Authors: Wang Weiye , Chen Song , Das Satarupa , Losert Wolfgang , Parent Carole A. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT
Dictyostelium discoideum cells transport adenylyl cyclase A (ACA)-containing vesicles to the back of polarized cells to relay exogenous cAMP signals during chemotaxis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments showed that ACA mRNA is also asymmetrically distributed at the back of polarized cells. By using the MS2 bacteriophage system, we now visualize the distribution of ACA mRNA in live chemotaxing cells. We found that the ACA mRNA localization is not dependent on the translation of the protein product and requires multiple cis-acting elements within the ACA-coding sequence. We show that ACA mRNA is associated with actively translating ribosomes and is transported along microtubules towards the back of cells. By monitoring the recovery of ACA–YFP after photobleaching, we observed that local translation of ACA–YFP occurs at the back of cells. These data represent a novel functional role for localized translation in the relay of chemotactic signals during chemotaxis.
Silicon Pillar Structure Assisted Three Dimensional Carbon Nanotube Assembly: Fabrications and Rational Surface Modifications
Authors: Chen Rui , Kang Jihoon , Kang Minsung , Lee Haedong , Lee Haiwon 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In this paper, we review the recent research progress on Si pillar assisted hierarchical three dimensional (3D) carbon nanotube structures focusing mainly on the rational modification of the 3D network of single-walled carbon nanotube (3DNC) structures and its potential applications. Compared with conventional carbon nanotube (CNT) based microstructures which have been studied by other researchers, the 3DNC attract more attention because of its unique hierarchical structure which is comprised of interconnected CNTs between Si pillars. Functionalization of CNTs without destroying the hierarchical 3D structure of 3DNC is always a challenge. Physical and chemical vapor depositions, electrochemical depositions, polymer coating, and capillary force induced self-assembly have been applied for the surface modification of 3DNC. Those modified 3DNC structures have been applied to various research areas, like signal enhancement, microfluidic chips, energy storage, catalysis, and sensors, because of their unique hierarchical 3D structures. We also introduce some synthetic works on the capillary force induced wall-shaped CNT structures on pillar substrates.
Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) among the children aged 18-36 months in a rural community of Bangladesh: A cross sectional study
Authors: Akhter Shaheen , Hussain A.H.M Enayet , Shefa Jannatara , Kundu Gopen Kumar , Rahman Fazlur , Biswas Animesh 
Published: April 2018

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a group of complex neurodevelopment disorders characterized by repetitive and characteristic patterns of behavior and difficulties with social communication and interaction. In Bangladesh, autism in children is a significant burden of disease. Early identification of ASD could improve quality of life. The study has explored at the prevalence of ASD among rural community children aged between 18-36 months. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among the 5286 children aged between 18-36 months in a rural community. Household level data was collected using screening tool MCHAT. Primarily screening positive 66 children were invited for final diagnosis in a health camp. Diagnosis was made by different staging started from primary screening, followed by validation using MCHAT and flash card. Final diagnosis was made by the paediatric neurologists, child clinical psychologists and development therapist using diagnostic tools (DSM-IV & ADOS). Results: 04 children were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Prevalence of the ASD in rural community was found 0.75/1000 children. Among the four ASD cases three were boys and one was girl and age range was between 20- 30 months. Whereas, the highest prevalence rate found was for the cerebral palsy which was 5.6/1000 children and Developmental delay (2.6/1000) was the next to that. Conclusions: Age specific autism (18-36 months) in children is found higher in rural community of Bangladesh. In order to get more comprehensive information on autism in other age groups of children in rural community, further study is required. Early detection in rural community could help the policy makers to decentralization of health services among the ASD children in rural community.
Cytoglobin, neuroglobin, and acetylcholinesterase activity in rat brain as adaptation responses to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia
Authors: Masengi Angelina Stevany Regina , Farhan Fanny Septiani , Mulyawan Wawan , Sadikin Mohamad , Mudjihartini Ninik , Jusman Sri Widia A. 
Published: April 2018

Background: Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia is suggested to possess a protective effect toward the hypoxic condition. The aim of this study is to analyze the expression of cytoglobin (Cygb), neuroglobin (Ngb) and the specific activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in brain tissue as adaptive responses to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. Methods: Twenty-five adult Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 5 groups: 1) The control group (normoxia); 2) group exposed to acute hypobaric hypoxia (AHH); 3) group exposed to hypobaric hypoxia (HH) on day-1 and re-exposed on day-8 (intermittent hypobaric hypoxia once or IHH1x); 4) group that is exposed to HH on day-1, re-exposed to HH on day-8 and day-15 (intermittent hypobaric hypoxia two times or IHH2x); 5) group exposed to HH on day-1, re-exposed to HH on day-8, day-15 and day-22 (intermittent hypobaric hypoxia 3x or IHH3x). Homogenized brain tissue was then measured and analyzed for Cygb and Ngb protein expression, and also AChE specific activity. Results: Cytoglobin and Ngb were decreased in the acute induction and increased significantly along with the increasing frequency of the IHH induction. There were significant differences in Cygb expression between IHH2x and IHH3x groups compared to normoxia group, and between IHH1x, IHH2x and IHH3x compared to AHH group. There were significant differences in Ngb expression between IHH2x and IHH3x groups compared to normoxia group and between IHH2x and IHH3x groups compared to AHH group. The specific activity of AChE was increased significantly since the first induction of AHH, but then decreased in IHH3x. There were significant differences in the specific activity of AChE between IHH2x and IHH3x groups compared to normoxia and between IHH2x and IHH3x groups compared to IHH1x groups. Conclusions: We conclude that IHH, especially IHH3x, seems to induce the protective adaptive response in the rat brain tissue through the changes of these three parameters.
Same work, different oppression: Stigma and its consequences for male and transgender sex workers in Portugal
Authors: Oliveira Alexandra 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The main social and institutional approaches to prostitution in Portugal conceptualize it as involving female sex workers and male clients and as a form of victimization. This view evidences gender stereotypes, is disempowering, denies rights and stigmatizes sex workers. However, in the case of men, transgender or homosexual in commercial sex, the oppressive mechanisms can multiply and be reinforced due to the stigma associated with being in the wrong body or gay. Thus, to be a man, a transgender or a homosexual prostitute can indicate a double or triple stigma, which stresses gender violence. In this article, based on empirical data, we discuss these issues with reference to the context and reality of sex work in Portugal.
Prevention of gender violence and working against LGBT prejudices: The intersection between collective action and institutional dynamics
Authors: Rosa Fernando André , Magalhães Maria José , Rodríguez-Castro Yolanda , Lopez Rita 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This study compares two public campaigns against LGBT prejudices: ‘Dislike Homophobic Bullying’, by CIG, the Portuguese governmental mechanism for citizenship and gender equality; and the performative action ‘Exorcise the Pathologization’, included in the Portuguese branch of the international campaign Stop Trans Pathologization 2012. Using critical discourse analysis (CDA) and visual analysis (VA), we conclude that gender violence is a cross-cultural and structural problem embracing a wide range of forms of violence against women and LGBT people in Portugal. It is grounded in a dominant culture where gender is socially constructed as polarized, complemented by the performativity of discourse, the intersectional and institutional power relations underlying social practices. We demonstrate how public campaigns against homophobia and transphobia can contribute to de-naturalizing the gender divide and gender regime, and thus to changing the cultural ground of gender violence. However, without deconstructing gender, they are at risk of reproducing gender hierarchies.
Handling von Offsetting-Verträgen – ein MPDL-Werkstattbericht
Authors: Schlachter Michael , Sikora Adriana 
Published: April 2018

Zusammenfassung
Offsetting-Verträge sind ein konkretes Instrument der Open-Access-Transformation. Der vorliegende Artikel gibt einen Einblick in die Arbeit mit den bestehenden Offsetting-Verträgen der Max Planck Digital Library. Von der Identifikation berechtigter Artikel bis zu Reporting und Rechnungsbearbeitung werden alle Prozesse, Arbeitsabläufe, Herausforderungen und Probleme, die bei der praktischen Umsetzung dieser neuartigen Pilot-Vereinbarungen entstehen, dargestellt und die Notwendigkeit einer Automatisierung der Prozesse wird aufgezeigt.
On-chip photonic microsystem for optical signal processing based on silicon and silicon nitride platforms
Authors: Li Yu , Li Jiachen , Yu Hongchen , Yu Hai , Chen Hongwei , Yang Sigang , Chen Minghua 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The explosive growth of data centers, cloud computing and various smart devices is limited by the current state of microelectronics, both in terms of speed and heat generation. Benefiting from the large bandwidth, promising low power consumption and passive calculation capability, experts believe that the integrated photonics-based signal processing and transmission technologies can break the bottleneck of microelectronics technology. In recent years, integrated photonics has become increasingly reliable and access to the advanced fabrication process has been offered by various foundries. In this paper, we review our recent works on the integrated optical signal processing system. We study three different kinds of on-chip signal processors and use these devices to build microsystems for the fields of microwave photonics, optical communications and spectrum sensing. The microwave photonics front receiver was demonstrated with a signal processing range of a full-band (L-band to W-band). A fully integrated microwave photonics transceiver without the on-chip laser was realized on silicon photonics covering the signal frequency of up 10 GHz. An all-optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) de-multiplier was also demonstrated and used for an OFDM communication system with the rate of 64 Gbps. Finally, we show our work on the monolithic integrated spectrometer with a high resolution of about 20 pm at the central wavelength of 1550 nm. These proposed on-chip signal processing systems potential applications in the fields of radar, 5G wireless communication, wearable devices and optical access networks.
Der Fachinformationsdienst Geowissenschaften der festen Erde (FID GEO):
Authors: Achterberg Inke , Bertelmann Roland , Elger Kirsten , Hübner Andreas , Pfurr Norbert , Schüler Mechthild 
Published: April 2018

Zusammenfassung
Der Fachinformationsdienst Geowissenschaften der festen Erde (FID GEO), betrieben durch die Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek (SUB) Göttingen und die Bibliothek des Wissenschaftsparks Albert Einstein am GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) Potsdam, entwickelt diverse Angebote in den Bereichen E-Publizieren, Forschungsdaten und Digitalisierung. Auf der Homepage www.fidgeo.de sind die Services zusammengestellt. Auf dem Publikationsserver des FID GEO, GEO-LEOe-docs, werden Inhalte dauerhaft frei zugänglich angeboten. Für die Publikation von Forschungsdaten über den FID GEO steht das Repositorium GFZ Data Services zur Verfügung. FID GEO kooperiert eng mit den geowissenschaftlichen Fachgesellschaften.
Targeted Advertising on Competing Platforms
Authors: Gong Qiang , Pan Siqi , Yang Huanxing 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper studies targeted advertising in two-sided markets. Two platforms, with different targeting abilities, compete for single-homing consumers, while advertising firms are multi-homing. Ads overall impose negative externalities on consumers. When the targeting ability of the advantaged platform increases, (i) the advantaged platform will have more advertising firms, attract more consumers, and become more profitable, but its ad price and total volume of ads could either increase or decrease; (ii) the disadvantaged platform will have fewer advertising firms, attract fewer consumers, have fewer ads in total, increase its ad price, and become less profitable; (iii) all consumers will be better off. Finally, we compare social incentives and equilibrium incentives in investing in targeting ability, and find that underinvestment is most likely to occur.