bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fiber optic training program with intensive experiments using both real laboratory and simulation environments
Authors: Aydın Serkan , Sarıkaş Ali , Ak Ayça , Yayla Ayşe , Kesen Uğur , Oral Bekir 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis paper highlights a fiber optic training program developed according to the occupational competencies using real and simulation platforms to train young people aged between 15 and 24. The most important objective is to overcome the shortages of fiber optic employees by providing training qualifications accredited by the Fiber Optic Association. This training program was designed on three levels, and participants were tested at the end of each level. Successful participants continued with a higher level of training. Theoretical knowledge was given to the participants at the first two levels and extensive practical applications were done. At the third level, computer networks trainings were provided to identify the much more fiber optic network modules by using simulation software tool. The training program includes installation of DVB‐X (Digital Video Broadcast – satellite, cable) and the FFT‐X (fiber‐to‐the – home, building, curb) devices that have a fiber optic cable infrastructure, and point‐to‐point line measurements. This training program differs from similar programs due to the inclusion of effective real laboratory, simulation platform, and field practices. It is significantly found that this training program supported by more extensive real experiments and simulations besides of theoretical education increases the technical qualifications and satisfaction ratio of the participants.
Characterization of Phosphoranes Obtained by the Spontaneous Carbonyl‐Catalyzed Phosphorylation of Monosaccharides and Polyols in Aqueous Media
Authors: Perez‐Ramirez Maria , Agyekum Isaac , Otoo Barnabas 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPhosphorylation is a very important biochemical process in metabolism and biochemical marking. The mechanism for the biophosphorylation of substrates and the hydrolysis/transesterification of RNA has been suggested to proceed through phosphorane intermediates. Although the phosphorane intermediate/transition state has long been a subject of many theoretical models and studies, it has neither been isolated nor characterized, with most information derived from the hydrolysis and radiolabeling of cyclic phosphotriesters. We herein present the first report of the spontaneous phosphorylation of sugars and polyols in the absence of enzymes. That is, aldehydes and ketones combine with inorganic phosphates to form activated phosphates that phosphorylate alcohols without the requirement of any enzyme or additional activating agent. This phosphorylation is particularly favored in polyhydroxycarbonyls that can form internal cyclic acetals to give rise to the corresponding acetal phosphoranes. We have further characterized these phosphoranes and demonstrated their dehydration to the corresponding phosphates by using high‐resolution mass spectroscopy. The phosphorylation of adenosine and uridine to form the corresponding phosphoranes was also achieved.
Identification of Synthetic Activators of Cancer Cell Migration by Hybrid Deep Learning
Authors: Bruns Dominique , Gawehn Erik , Kumar Karthiga Santhana , Schneider Petra , Baumgartner Martin , Schneider Gisbert 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDeep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are a method of choice for image recognition. Herein a hybrid CNN approach is presented for molecular pattern recognition in drug discovery. Using self‐organizing map images of molecular pharmacophores as input, CNN models were trained to identify chemokine receptor CXCR4 modulators with high accuracy. This machine learning classifier identified first‐in‐class synthetic CXCR4 full agonists. The receptor‐activating effects were confirmed by intracellular cAMP response and in a phenotypic spheroid invasion assay of medulloblastoma cell invasion. Additional macromolecular targets of the small molecules were predicted in silico and tested in vitro, revealing modulatory effects on dopamine receptors and CCR1. These results positively advocate the applicability of molecular image recognition by CNNs to ligand‐based virtual compound screening, and demonstrate the complementarity of machine intelligence and human expert knowledge.
Chvostek sign
Authors: Rodrigues Roberto , Teles Luís 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCareful anamnesis can act as gasometry in services with few resources. In this clinical case, a detailed clinical history made it possible to suspect the presence of acute hypocalcemia, a biochemical anomaly after confirmed in gasometry. Acute hypocalcemia can be life threatening, necessitating urgent treatment. Sometimes it can be managed with oral ambulatory treatment.
Mesoporous Silica‐Encaged Ultrafine Bimetallic Nanocatalysts for CO2 Hydrogenation to Formates
Authors: Sun Qiming , Fu Xinpu , Si Rui , Wang Chi‐Hwa , Yan Ning 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCO2 hydrogenation to formic acid/formate has been recognized as a key reaction to realizing the CO2‐mediated hydrogen energy cycle. Herein, ultrafine and well‐dispersed Pd−CoO nanoparticles (∼1.8 nm) were encapsulated within mesoporous silica nanospheres (MSNs) via a facile one‐pot ligand‐protected synthesis strategy. The MSN‐encaged bimetallic nanocatalysts exhibit excellent catalytic activity and stability for the formate production from CO2 hydrogenation, showing high turnover frequency value up to 1824 h−1 at 373 K, which is among the top‐level reported for heterogeneous catalysts.
Steam Gasification of Biochar Derived from the Pyrolysis of Chrome‐Tanned Leather Shavings
Authors: Ferreira Suelem Daiane , Junges Janaína , Scopel Bianca , Manera Christian , Osório Eduardo , Lazzarotto Ivan Pedro , Godinho Marcelo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractChromium‐treated leather shavings are generated in large quantities by the leather industry. The biochar gasification from leather shavings leads to two main products, a hydrogen‐rich syngas and a chromium‐rich ash. Syngas has found different applications such as electricity generation and chemical manufacturing. The remaining ash potentially can be utilized, e.g., in stainless‐steel production processes. The thermochemical conversion of biochar from chromium‐tanned leather shavings via steam gasification was investigated. The cumulative gas yield and cumulative H2 yield were determined as well as the total chromium as Cr2O3 in the remaining ash.
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation by Vesicle‐Embedded [FeFe]Hydrogenase Mimics: A Mechanistic Study
Authors: Becker René , Bouwens Tessel , Schippers Esther C. F. , van Gelderen Toon , Hilbers Michiel , Woutersen Sander , Reek Joost N. H. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractArtificial photosynthesis—the direct photochemical generation of hydrogen from water—is a promising but scientifically challenging future technology. Because nature employs membranes for photodriven reactions, the aim of this work is to elucidate the effect of membranes on artificial photocatalysis. To do so, a combination of electrochemistry, photocatalysis, and time‐resolved spectroscopy on vesicle‐embedded [FeFe]hydrogenase mimics, driven by a ruthenium tris‐2,2′‐bipyridine photosensitizer, is reported. The membrane effects encountered can be summarized as follows: the presence of vesicles steers the reactivity of the [FeFe]‐benzodithiolate catalyst towards disproportionation, instead of protonation, due to membrane characteristics, such as providing a constant local effective pH, and concentrating and organizing species inside the membrane. The maximum turnover number is limited by photodegradation of the resting state in the catalytic cycle. Understanding these fundamental productive and destructive pathways in complex photochemical systems allows progress towards the development of efficient artificial leaves.
Directed C−H Halogenation Reactions Catalysed by PdII Supported on Polymers under Batch and Continuous Flow Conditions
Authors: Majeed Maitham H. , Shayesteh Payam , Tunå Per , Persson Axel R. , Gritcenko Roman , Wallenberg L. Reine , Ye Lei , Hulteberg Christian , Schnadt Joachim , Wendt Ola F. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA new generation of N‐heterocyclic carbene palladium(II) complexes containing vinyl groups in different positions in the backbone of the N‐heterocycle have been developed. The fully characterised monomers were copolymerised with divinylbenzene to fabricate robust polymer supported NHC‐PdII complexes and these polymers were applied as heterogeneous catalysts in directed C−H halogenation of arenes with a pyridine‐type directing group. The catalysts demonstrated medium‐high catalytic activity with up to 90 % conversion and 100 % selectivity in chlorination. They are heterogeneous and recyclable (at least six times) with no significant leaching of palladium in batch mode catalysis. The best catalyst was also applied under continuous flow conditions where it disclosed an exceptional activity (90 % conversion) and 100 % selectivity for the mono‐halogenated product for at least six days, with no leaching of palladium, no loss of activity and an ability to maintain the original oxidation state of PdII.
Hydrofunctionalisation of an Aromatic Triphosphabenzene
Authors: Falconer Rosalyn L. , Zeng Dihao , Green Michael , Stephan Douglas W. , McGrady John E. , Russell Christopher A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe aromatic heterocycle 2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butyl‐1,3,5‐triphosphabenzene reacts with a series of silanes, germanes and stannanes, with weaker E−H bonds reacting in an increasingly facile manner. All react by 1,4‐addition to give bicyclic products with diastereomeric ratios varying with the substrate. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that activation of the E−H bond occurs across the 1,4‐C/P axis of the triphosphabenzene, with the small energetic differences with respect to the stereochemistry of the addition offering insight into the experimentally observed diastereomeric ratios.
SnO2 Transparent Printing Pastes from Powders for Photon Conversion in SnO2‐Based Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Cheema Hammad , Delcamp Jared H. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTin oxide (SnO2) is the most attractive alternative to titanium oxide (TiO2) with the aim of identifying a more positive conduction band material for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs). This study puts forward a protocol based on grinding, sonication, and centrifuge to generate transparent SnO2 pastes to minimize light reflectance losses from the metal oxide. Under optimized conditions, a highly transparent film with substantially enhanced light penetration depth through active layer SnO2 is realized for efficient light harvesting from two different commercially available powders (18 and 35 nm nanoparticle sizes). A ruthenium sensitizer (B11) and two organic sensitizers (NL3 and MK2) are shown to achieve higher or comparable photocurrent densities with SnO2 relative to standard TiO2‐based DSCs. SnO2‐based DSCs show minimum recombination losses, comparable charge collection efficiencies, and minimal photovoltage losses relative to TiO2 DSCs. Thus, the option of a transparent metal oxide, which can facilitate high photocurrents (>16 mA cm−2 observed) and lower recombination rates than TiO2 is an attractive material for DSC applications.
2‐Sulfanylhydroquinone Dimer as a Switchable Fluorescent Dye
Authors: Kamimura Akio , Sakamoto Sanshiro , Umemoto Haruka , Kawamoto Takuji , Sumimoto Michinori 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA new dye was developed, the photoluminescence properties of which are controlled by a chemical reaction. The fluorescence properties of 2‐sulfanylhydroquinone dimers depend on the number of hydroxyl groups that are acylated. Unprotected or monoacylated 2‐sulfanylhydroquinone dimers displayed good fluorescence properties, whereas diacylated and tetraacylated 2‐sulfanylhydroquinone dimers showed dramatically decreased fluorescence. A monomesylated derivative was devised, which shows good fluorescence characteristics as a switching fluorescence dye through a chemical reaction.
Use of chiral auxiliaries in the asymmetric synthesis of biologically active compounds: A review
Authors: Diaz‐Muñoz Gaspar , Miranda Izabel Luzia , Sartori Suélen Karine , de Rezende Daniele Cristina , Alves Nogueira Diaz Marisa 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis review article describes the use of some of the most popular chiral auxiliaries in the asymmetric synthesis of biologically active compounds. Chiral auxiliaries derived from naturally occurring compounds, such as amino acids, carbohydrates, and terpenes, are considered essential tools for the construction of highly complex molecules. We highlight the auxiliaries of Evans, Corey, Yamada, Enders, Oppolzer, and Kunz, which led to remarkable progress in asymmetric synthesis in the last decades and continue to bring advances until the present day.
Videos improve patient understanding of misunderstood chemotherapy terminology
Authors: Pentz Rebecca D. , Lohani Minisha , Hayban Melissa , Switchenko Jeffrey M. , Dixon Margie D. , DeFeo Richard J. , Orloff Gregg M. , Jani Ashesh B. , Master Viraj A. 
Published: August 2019

BackgroundChemotherapy is the backbone of many cancer therapies; however, the terminology used to describe chemotherapy may be difficult for patients to understand, particularly in underserved populations. Studies have shown that educational videos can improve patient understanding of cancer‐related terms. The goal of this study was to identify chemotherapy terms that were difficult for an underserved population to understand and then develop and test educational videos describing these terms.MethodsA word bank of 50 difficult‐to‐understand chemotherapy terms was developed by querying 15 providers and 50 patients at an underserved hospital. Twenty of these terms were then tested with 50 additional patients to determine rates of misunderstanding. Six pilot educational videos describing 6 important terms were created using VideoScribe and then assessed with 50 patients to see if they improved understanding.ResultsFifteen of the 20 terms tested to establish rates of misunderstanding were misunderstood by more than one third of patients, with 98% unable to define maintenance, 74% unable to define cancer, and 58% unable to define chemotherapy. Patient understanding of all 6 terms improved by at least 20% after watching the videos. Notable improvement was reported for palliative chemotherapy, where before‐and‐after video understanding increased from 0% to 72%.ConclusionChemotherapy, a backbone of cancer treatment, is described with terms that are difficult to understand. Short, animated educational videos can significantly increase patient understanding of chemotherapy terminology.
A polynomial‐time algorithm for simple undirected graph isomorphism
Authors: He Jing , Chen Jinjun , Huang Guangyan , Cao Jie , Zhang Zhiwang , Zheng Hui , Zhang Peng , Zarei Roozbeh , Sansoto Ferry , Wang Ruchuan , Ji Yimu , Fan Weibei , Xie Zhijun , Wang Xiancheng , Guo Mengjiao , Chi Chi‐Hung , de Souza Paulo A. , Zhang Jiekui , Li Youtao , Chen Xiaojun , Shi Yong , Green David , Kersi Taraporewalla , Van Zundert André 
Published: August 2019

SummaryThe graph isomorphism problem is to determine two finite graphs that are isomorphic which is not known with a polynomial‐time solution. This paper solves the simple undirected graph isomorphism problem with an algorithmic approach as NP=P and proposes a polynomial‐time solution to check if two simple undirected graphs are isomorphic or not. Three new representation methods of a graph as vertex/edge adjacency matrix and triple tuple are proposed. A duality of edge and vertex and a reflexivity between vertex adjacency matrix and edge adjacency matrix were first introduced to present the core idea. Beyond this, the mathematical approval is based on an equivalence between permutation and bijection. Because only addition and multiplication operations satisfy the commutative law, we propose a permutation theorem to check fast whether one of two sets of arrays is a permutation of another or not. The permutation theorem was mathematically approved by Integer Factorization Theory, Pythagorean Triples Theorem, and Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic. For each of two n‐ary arrays, the linear and squared sums of elements were respectively calculated to produce the results.
Mechanism and Functionality of Pnictogen Dual Aromaticity in Pentazolate Crystals
Authors: Zhang Lei , Yao Chuang , Yu Yi , Wang Xing , Sun Chang Q. , Chen Jun 
Published: August 2019

AbstractOur recent work (J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2019, 10, 2378) reported the discovery of the abnormal pnictogen dual aromaticity (π and σ) in cyclo‐N5−, which makes the anion unstable in nature but confers enhanced stability in sufficiently acid solution. Herein, we present systematic quantum calculations on the structures, energetics and dynamics of the pentazolate salt and metal pentazolate hydrates, focusing on the mechanism and functionality of the pnictogen dual aromaticity in these crystals, which are verified by experiments. We find that owning a net charge of −e is crucial to the formation of the dual aromaticity and the stabilization of the cyclo‐N5−. The competition between the dual aromaticity and the proton affinity drives the cyclo‐N5− to be unreactive to acid and remain unprotonated in these crystals. We decompose the crystal packing effect into pure mechanical compression and interspecies nonbonding interactions, and figure out that the type and number of the adjacent counterions of the cyclo‐N5− anion, instead of the compression effect, accounts for the protonation state reversion in the vacuum and in the crystal. The current work supports our original conclusion (Science 2018, 359, eaas8953) and is expected to provide compelling evidence against the current debate on the cyclo‐N5− stability (Science 2018, 359, eaao3672; J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 7137; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 2984).
Dog‐assisted therapy in the dental clinic: Part A—Hazards and assessment of potential risks to the health and safety of humans
Authors: Gussgard Anne M. , Weese J. Scott , Hensten Arne , Jokstad Asbjørn 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundDog‐assisted therapy in the dental clinic may be an attractive alternative to sedation for anxious patients. Including a dental therapy dog in a clinical setting introduces new hazards and potential risks to health and safety for both humans and animal.ObjectivesThe study aims to describe potential hazards associated with risks to humans by having a therapy dog present in the dental clinic and to provide guidance on best practices to minimise and control risks for the patients, the dentist, and the dental clinic staff.Materials and MethodsLiterature searches in Medline, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar for qualitative and quantitative assessments of hazards and risks associated with the use of therapy dogs in health care settings, in combination with a review of the reference list of the included studies. Identified hazards and risks were analysed with respect for the health and welfare of humans in a dental clinic setting that involves the presence of a therapy dog.ResultsPotential risks to health and safety for humans in dental clinics that offer dog‐assisted therapy can be categorised within four general categories of hazards: the dog as a source of zoonotic pathogens and human diseases, exposure to canine allergens, adverse animal behaviour, and dangers associated with high activity in a congested dental clinic operatory. Risks to humans are reduced by maintaining awareness amongst the dental clinic staff and the dog handler of all potential hazards in the dental clinic, and on how to reduce these hazards as well as adverse events that may scare the dental therapy dog.ConclusionsRisks to the health and safety of humans in the presence of therapy dog in the clinics are present but are low if the dental clinical staff and dog handlers comply with best practices.
Activated Ras/JNK driven Dilp8 in imaginal discs adversely affects organismal homeostasis during early pupal stage in Drosophila, a new checkpoint for development
Authors: Ray Mukulika , Lakhotia Subhash C. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundDilp8‐mediated inhibition of ecdysone synthesis and pupation in holometabolous insects maintains developmental homeostasis through stringent control of timing and strength of molting signals. We examined reasons for normal pupation but early pupal death observed in certain cases.ResultsOverexpression of activated Ras in developing eye/wing discs inhibited Ptth expression in brain via upregulated JNK signaling mediated Dilp8 secretion from imaginal discs, which inhibited ecdysone synthesis in prothoracic gland after pupariation, leading to death of ~25‐ to 30‐hour‐old pupae. Inhibition of elevated Ras signaling completely rescued early pupal death while post‐pupation administration of ecdysone to organisms with elevated Ras signaling in eye discs partially rescued their early pupal death. Unlike the earlier known Dilp8 action in delaying pupation, hyperactivated Ras mediated elevation of pJNK signaling in imaginal discs caused Dilp8 secretion after pupariation. Ectopic expression of certain other transgene causing pupal lethality similarly enhanced pJNK and early pupal Dilp8 levels. Suboptimal ecdysone levels after 8 hours of pupation prevented the early pupal metamorphic changes and caused organismal death.ConclusionsOur results reveal early pupal stage as a novel Dilp8 mediated post‐pupariation checkpoint and provide further evidence for interorgan signaling during development, wherein a peripheral tissue influences the CNS driven endocrine function.
Metabolism and foraging strategies of mid‐latitude mesozooplankton during cyanobacterial blooms as revealed by fatty acids, amino acids, and their stable carbon isotopes
Authors: Eglite Elvita , Graeve Martin , Dutz Jörg , Wodarg Dirk , Liskow Iris , Schulz‐Bull Detlef , Loick‐Wilde Natalie 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIncreasing sea surface temperatures (SST) and blooms of lipid‐poor, filamentous cyanobacteria can change mesozooplankton metabolism and foraging strategies in marine systems. Lipid shortage and imbalanced diet may challenge the build‐up of energy pools of lipids and proteins, and access to essential fatty acids (FAs) and amino acids (AAs) by copepods. The impact of cyanobacterial blooms on individual energy pools was assessed for key species temperate Temora longicornis and boreal Pseudo‐/Paracalanus spp. that dominated field mesozooplankton communities isolated by seasonal stratification in the central Baltic Sea during the hot and the cold summer. We looked at (a) total lipid and protein levels, (b) FA trophic markers and AA composition, and (c) compound‐specific stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) in bulk mesozooplankton and in a subset of parameters in particulate organic matter. Despite lipid‐poor cyanobacterial blooms, the key species were largely able to cover both energy pools, yet a tendency of lipid reduction was observed in surface animals. Omni‐ and carnivory feeding modes, FA trophic makers, and δ13C patterns in essential compounds emphasized that cyanobacterial FAs and AAs have been incorporated into mesozooplankton mainly via feeding on mixo‐ and heterotrophic (dino‐) flagellates and detrital complexes during summer. Foraging for essential highly unsaturated FAs from (dino‐) flagellates may have caused night migration of Pseudo‐/Paracalanus spp. from the deep subhalocline waters into the upper waters. Only in the hot summer (SST>19.0°C) was T. longicornis submerged in the colder subthermocline water (~4°C). Thus, the continuous warming trend and simultaneous feeding can eventually lead to competition on the preferred diet by key copepod species below the thermocline in stratified systems. A comparison of δ13C patterns of essential AAs in surface mesozooplankton across sub‐basins of low and high cyanobacterial biomasses revealed the potential of δ13C‐AA isoscapes for studies of commercial fish feeding trails across the Baltic Sea food webs.