bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geomagnetic Index Kp Forecasting With LSTM
Authors: Tan Yao , Hu Qinghua , Wang Zhen , Zhong Qiuzhen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThrough making full use of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field data accumulated by ACE satellites we improve the prediction accuracy of the Kp geomagnetic index and accurately predict the occurrence of geomagnetic storms (Kp ≥ 5). Specially, we use long short‐term memory to train the Kp forecast model described in this study. Based on the large‐scale data, we build the Kp forecasting model with solar wind, interplanetary magnetic field parameters, and the historical Kp value as input. In this study, we first analyze the distribution of Kp and the effect of the data imbalance on the prediction of geomagnetic storms. Second, we analyze the correlation between the different input parameters and Kp. Thus, the input parameters of the model are selected by the results of the correlation. We consider two types of forecasting: one is the overall Kp forecasting and the other is the geomagnetic storm (Kp ≥ 5) forecasting. Hence, we design an integrated model which is then compared with other models. Some evaluation parameters are introduced: the root‐mean‐square error, the mean‐absolute error, and the correlation coefficient, as well as the measurement of geomagnetic storms (Kp ≥ 5) F1. The root‐mean‐square error and mean‐absolute error of our model are 0.4765 and 0.6382, respectively. The experimental results show that the proposed model with long short‐term memory improve the Kp forecasting.
Phagocytosis: Techniques
Authors: Ninkovic Jana , Roy Sabita 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Phagocytosis is a complex cellular process in which particulate material is engulfed and eliminated. Cells involved in this process are called phagocytes, and their phagocytic abilities are essential to both innate and adaptive immunity. Many techniques have been developed to quantify phagocytic process and the subsequent microbicidal processes.

Key Concepts

Phagocytic process.

Methods for quantification of phagocytosis.

Bactericidal mechanisms.

Methods for quantification of bactericidal mechanisms.
Two‐Hybrid Systems to Measure Protein–Protein Interactions
Authors: Finley Russell L , Mairiang Dumrong 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

To understand how proteins function to control cellular processes, their interactions with other proteins must be identified and characterised. The yeast two‐hybrid system is a simple and efficient assay for protein interactions. In a yeast two‐hybrid assay, the two proteins to be tested are expressed in a yeast nucleus with each protein fused to one‐half of a transcription activator. If the two‐hybrid proteins interact, the transcription activator is reconstituted and turns on reporter genes that can be easily detected. This assay has been used to identify tens of thousands of protein interactions, to map protein interaction domains and to characterise mutant variants of proteins. A variety of related assays have been developed, all based on the ability of two interacting hybrid proteins to activate a reporter system. These assays along with the original yeast two‐hybrid assay contribute to the characterisation of the protein interactions – or protein interactome – for humans and a wide range of other organisms.

Key Concepts

The function of most proteins involves interacting with one or more other proteins.

A binary interaction is a direct physical interaction between two proteins.

Understanding a protein's function requires charting its binary interactions.

The interactome is all of the protein interactions for a particular cell or an entire organism.

Two‐hybrid assays detect binary protein interactions by expressing the two test proteins in cells as hybrids fused to protein moieties that when brought into proximity via the protein interaction produce a detectable signal.

In a yeast two‐hybrid assay, the two proteins to be tested for interaction are fused to the two halves of a transcription factor in yeast.

Two‐hybrid assays, like all protein interaction assays, can produce false positives, which are interactions that are detected in the assay even though they do not occur under normal conditions
in vivo
.

Two‐hybrid and other protein interaction assays can also result in missed interactions or false negatives.

Use of multiple different protein interaction assays can reduce the number of false negatives and provide cross‐validation to rule out false positives.
Molecular Genetics of Vascular Malformations
Authors: Queisser Angela , Boon Laurence M , Vikkula Miikka 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Vascular anomalies are separated into vascular tumours and vascular malformations. Vascular malformations are named according to the affected type of vessels, that is venous, capillary, arteriovenous or lymphatic malformations. Up to now, sclerotherapy, embolisation and/or surgery are the treatments of choice, yet they do not often offer a curative treatment. Thus, there is an important need to develop novel disease‐specific therapeutic approaches.
Inherited forms of vascular malformations led to the identification of several genes that are mutated encoding dysfunctional proteins. Demonstration that tissular second hits are commonly involved in inherited forms to explain development of lesions led to study somatic mutations in sporadically occurring forms. Since the primary discovery demonstrating that venous malformations are due to somatic mutations in TIE2/TEK, most types of vascular anomalies now have a known genetic cause. Thereby, the signalling pathways involved have been unravelled, leading to a better understanding of the aetiopathogenesis of vascular anomalies. As – like in cancers – the RAS/MAPK/ERK and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling are enhanced in most vascular anomalies, treatment with cancer drugs interfering with these pathways could represent novel treatment options.

Key Concepts

Vascular anomalies are classified into tumours and malformations. The latter are further divided according to the affected vessels to capillary, venous, arterial, lymphatic and combined malformations.

Treatment options are mostly restricted to sclerotherapy, embolisation and/or surgery.

Most vascular anomalies are caused by genetic mutations, either germ line or somatic.

Altered signalling involves RAS/MAPK/ERK, BMP9/10/ALK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and VEGF/VEGFR3 pathways.

Same pathways are also involved in cancers. Making repurposing of cancer drugs that interfere with these pathways, such as the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, of interest for the treatment of vascular anomalies.
Cornification Diseases (Skin Cell Death)
Authors: Candi Eleonora , McLean William Henry Irwin , Didona Biagio , Terrinoni Alessandro , Smirnov Artem , Melino Gerry 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

The outermost layer of the skin is formed by the cornified envelope (CE), which is the end product of the process of keratinisation. This forms a barrier that is essential to protect the internal homeostasis of the organism from the external environment. The process of keratinisation proceeds according to a complex and elaborately controlled differentiation programme with the coordinated expression of genes encoding specialised components, enzymes and regulatory molecules. The CE is a specialised structure that replaces the plasma membrane of differentiating keratinocytes and consists of proteins cross‐linked by covalent bonds and lipids to form a scaffold. Understanding of the pathologies associated with defects in CE components will help clarify the molecular mechanisms and the physiological endpoints of keratinisation.

Key Concepts

The outermost layer of the skin is formed by the cornified envelope (CE).

The CE is a specialised structure that replaces the plasma membrane of differentiating keratinocytes. It consists of proteins cross‐linked by covalent bonds and lipids to form a scaffold.

The CE is essential to provide the barrier function of the epidermis.

The transglutaminase enzymes play a major role in the formation of the CE by catalysing the formation of cross‐links between specific proteins.

Mutations in keratin genes cause a wide variety of epidermal and other epithelial disorders.

CE lipids contribute in a significant way to the establishment of barrier function of the epidermis by impermeabilising the cornified cell and participating in the organisation of the intercellular lipid lamellae.

Defects in proteases result in barrier function abnormalities or skin diseases.

The transcription factor p63 is crucial in epidermis formation, maintaining the progenitor‐cell populations that are necessary to sustain epithelial development and morphogenesis.
Perioperative Care of the Breastfeeding Patient
Authors: Simon Jennifer A. , Carabetta Melissa , Rieth Elizabeth F. , Barnett Kara M. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTNurses providing surgical care in nonobstetrical ambulatory surgery centers or specialty hospitals without traditional lactation resources may need to care for patients who are breastfeeding. Nurses in these settings play an important role in supporting and protecting the breastfeeding relationship for nursing mothers separated from their infants during illness or surgical procedures. It is important for care providers to understand how hospitalization and the medications administered before, during, and after a surgical procedure affect mothers who are breastfeeding their infants. This article examines the effects of hospitalization on breastfeeding and focuses on preoperative and postoperative care considerations, including medication use, radiology imaging, interrupting and resuming breastfeeding, breast assessment, and milk storage.
Two‐Dimensional Co@N‐Carbon Nanocomposites Facilely Derived from Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheets for Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalysis
Authors: Cong Jingkun , Xu Hui , Lu Mengting , Wu Yuhang , Li Yuwen , He Panpan , Gao Junkuo , Yao Juming , Xu Shiqing 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMetal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOF‐derived nanomaterials have recently attracted great interest as highly efficient, non‐noble‐metal catalysts. In particular, two‐dimensional MOF nanosheet materials possess the advantages of both 2D layered nanomaterials and MOFs and are considered to be promising nanomaterials. Herein, we report a facile and scalable in situ hydrothermal synthesis of Co–hypoxanthine (HPA) MOF nanosheets, which were then directly carbonized to prepare uniform Co@N‐Carbon nanosheets for efficient bifunctional electrocatalytic hydrogen‐evolution reactions (HERs) and oxygen‐evolution reactions (OERs). The Co embedded in N‐doped carbon shows excellent and stable catalytic performance for bifunctional electrocatalytic OERs and HERs. For OERs, the overpotential of Co@N‐Carbon at 10 mA cm−2 was 400 mV (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE). The current density of Co@N‐Carbon reached 100 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 560 mV, which showed much better performance than RuO2; the largest current density of RuO2 that could be reached was only 44 mA cm−2. The Tafel slope of Co@N‐Carbon was 61 mV dec−1, which is comparable to that of commercial RuO2 (58 mV dec−1). The excellent electrocatalytic properties can be attributed to the nanosheet structure and well‐dispersed carbon‐encapsulated Co, CoN nanoparticles, and N‐dopant sites, which provided high conductivity and a large number of accessible active sites. The results highlight the great potential of utilizing MOF nanosheet materials as promising templates for the preparation of 2D Co@N‐Carbon materials for electrocatalysis and will pave the way to the development of more efficient 2D nanomaterials for various catalytic applications.
Optimal blending management of biomass resources used for biochemical conversion
Authors: Roni Mohammad S. , Thompson David , Hartley Damon , Searcy Erin , Nguyen Quang 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis research develops an optimization model to describe the tradeoff among blend components in the least‐cost biomass blend, based on resource availability, quality requirements, and logistics cost for a biochemical conversion. A mixed‐integer linear programming model is developed to determine the least‐cost blend from a set of candidate feedstocks. A case study – based on a biorefinery located in western Kansas that uses three‐pass corn stover, two‐pass corn stover, switchgrass, miscanthus, and municipal solid waste fractions to meet biochemical conversion specifications and feedstock demand – shows that the delivered cost of an optimal blend that meets carbohydrate and ash specifications is 12.12% higher than the delivered cost of optimal blend that meets a carbohydrate specification only. The results indicate that a least‐cost blend that meets both carbohydrate and ash specifications consists of miscanthus (48.2%) and switchgrass (29.4%) whereas the least‐cost blend meeting carbohydrate specification only comprises three‐pass corn stover (55.4%) and two‐pass corn stover (20.4%). An optimal blend uses a low‐cost municipal solid waste fraction in all cases, implying that blending could be a potential strategy to reduce delivered feedstock cost. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
New Acetophenone Derivatives from Acronychia oligophlebia and Their Anti‐inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities
Authors: Chen Neng‐Hua , Li Wen , Zhong Yuan‐Lin , Niu Qian‐Wen , Li Ying‐Ying , Zhang Yu‐Bo , Li Man‐Mei , Li Yao‐Lan , Wang Guo‐Cai 
Published: April 2018

Seven new acetophenone derivatives (acroliones A – G, 1 – 7) and three known ones (8 – 10) were isolated from the leaves of Acronychia oligophlebia. Their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analyses (IR, UV, HR‐ESI‐MS, 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR), X‐ray diffraction and comparison with literature data. The anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities of all isolates were evaluated.
Mn−Co Mixed Oxide Nanosheets Vertically Anchored on H2Ti3O7 Nanowires: Full Exposure of Active Components Results in Significantly Enhanced Catalytic Performance
Authors: Shi Jian‐Wen , Fan Zhaoyang , Gao Chen , Gao Ge , Wang Baorui , Wang Yao , He Chi , Niu Chunming 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe full exposure of active ingredients plays an important role in the enhancement of catalytic performance. In this work, a series of novel catalysts, Mn−Co mixed oxide nanosheets with ultrathin thickness (about 3.5 nm) and different Mn/Co ratios (0.52, 0.69, and 1.52) vertically anchored on a support (H2Ti3O7 nanowires), are rationally developed. This unique structure not only fully exposes the active ingredients of the Mn−Co mixed oxides, but also is very favorable for the diffusion and transfer of gas molecules through the space between these standing nanosheets. As expected, the developed catalysts (MnOx‐CoOy/H2Ti3O7, MnCoTi), especially MnCoTi‐2 with the Mn/Co molar ratio of 0.69, present excellent low‐temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) performance, high N2 selectivity, superior water tolerance and stability. The relative turnover frequency (TOF) value over MnCoTi‐2 at 100 °C is as high as 9.25×10−4 s−1 under the gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 200 000 h−1, which is rarely reported among Mn‐Ti, Mn−Co, and Mn−Co‐Ti mixed oxide catalysts. The results of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy suggest that the coordinated NH3, NH4+ ions, adsorbed NO2, and bidentate nitrate are the reactive species and the Eley–Rideal and Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanisms can be simultaneously involved on the surface of the MnCoTi‐2 at a relatively low temperature (90 °C).
Nickel‐Borate/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid: A Robust and Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline and Near Neutral Media
Authors: Cao Xueying , Cui Liang , Wang Xiaoxia , Yang Wenrong , Liu Jingquan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDesigning highly active electrocatalysts with cost‐effective transition metals for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of vital significance for multifarious energy conversion and storage devices. Herein, a facile in situ co‐reduction method was applied for the preparation of nickel‐borate nanoparticle on reduced graphene oxide (Ni−Bi/RGO) with high surface active sites exposure yield and reinforced electron transfer ability. Such Ni−Bi/RGO nanohybrid shows high catalytic activity with overpotential of 329 mV to drive a geometrical current density of 10 mA cm−2 and Tafel slop of 79 mV dec−1 in 1 m KOH. Moreover, this Ni−Bi/RGO nanohybrid also displays excellent performance under near neutral condition, with a low onset potential of 352 mV and Tafel slop of 176 mV dec−1 in 0.1 m potassium borate (KBi, pH 9.2), better than most of Ni‐based OER catalysts. Our research has paved a facile path for the development of highly active electrocatalysts.
Water Injection as an Unused Method for Emission Reduction in Diesel Engines
Authors: Simon Christof , Strey Reinhard 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDiesel/Wasser‐Mikroemulsionen als alternativer Kraftstoff in Dieselmotoren zeigen bei weitgehend verbrauchsneutralem bis verbrauchssenkendem Motorbetrieb eine deutliche Abnahme sowohl der Stickoxid‐ als auch der Rußbeladung, d. h. der sehr problematische Ruß‐NOx‐Trade Off wird durchbrochen. Für eine Anpassung der optimalen Wassermenge wird die Emulsionserzeugung unmittelbar vor dem Injektor (on‐injector‐blending) vorgeschlagen, so dass bei einem Lastwechsel die neue Diesel/Wasser‐Mischung sofort zur Verfügung steht, wobei das Wasser aus dem Abgas gewonnen werden kann. Diese bisher nicht genutzte Wassereinspritzung wäre relativ leicht nachrüstbar und würde bei Serieneinsatz zu einer deutlichen Entlastung der Umwelt beitragen.
Nanoceria Supported Gold Catalysts for CO Oxidation
Authors: Jin Zhao , Song Yang‐Yang , Fu Xin‐Pu , Song Qi‐Sheng , Jia Chun‐Jiang 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTwo types of CeO2 nanocubes (average size of 5 and 20 nm, respectively) prepared via the hydrothermal process were selected to load gold species via a deposition‐precipitation (DP) method. Various measurements, including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (in situ DRIFTS), and temperature‐programmed reduction by hydrogen (H2‐TPR), were applied to characterize the catalysts. It is found that the sample with ceria size of 20 nm (Au/CeO2‐20) was covered by well dispersed both Au3+ and Auδ+ (0 < δ < 1). For the other sample with ceria size of 5 nm (Au/CeO2‐5), Au3+ is the dominant gold species. Au/CeO2‐20 performed better catalytic activity for CO oxidation because of the strong CO adsorption of Auδ+ in the catalysts. The catalytic activity of Au/CeO2‐5 was improved due to the transformation of Au3+ to Auδ+. Based on the CO oxidation and in situ DRIFTS results, Auδ+ is likely to play a more important role in catalyzing CO oxidation reaction.
Staging and Treatment of Neuroblastoma
Authors: EVANS AUDREY E. 
Published: April 2018

Advances in the treatment of neuroblastoma have been sparse in the past decade. This common tumor of childhood has not participated in the success seen in other pediatric solid tumors.Patients with local resectable tumors probably do not require irradiation (RT) or adjuvant chemotherapy. Gross residual disease (usually Stage III) does benefit from RT, and the value of chemotherapy has yet to be determined. Stage IV patients may not require resection of the primary; chemotherapy assumes a major role. Combinations, which include cyclophosphamide, vincristine, Adriamycin, and imidazole carboxamide have induced responses in more than 50% of patients. Survival though has improved little in spite of good response rates.
Harnessing the Coordination Chemistry of 1,4,7‐Triazacyclononane for Biomimicry and Radiopharmaceutical Applications
Authors: Joshi Tanmaya , Kubeil Manja , Nsubuga Anne , Singh Garima , Gasser Gilles , Stephan Holger 
Published: April 2018

Abstract1,4,7‐Triazacyclononane (TACN)‐based mono‐ and poly‐nuclear metal complexes have found extensive use as biological mimics for understanding the structural and operational aspects of complex natural systems. Their coordination flexibility has also provided researchers access to a vast library of radiometal‐binding motifs that display excellent thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness upon metal complexation. Synthetic modification of the TACN backbone has yielded ligands that can form metal complexes with coordination geometries well suited for these applications. In particular, Leone Spiccia's research has played a significant role in accelerating the progress in these two fields. With a focus on his contributions to the topics of biomimicry and radiopharmaceuticals, this Minireview uses relevant examples to put in perspective the utility of macrocyclic coordination chemistry for biological inorganic chemistry applications.
Three Decades of Chloride Intracellular Channel Proteins: From Organelle to Organ Physiology
Authors: Gururaja Rao Shubha , Ponnalagu Devasena , Patel Neel J. , Singh Harpreet 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntracellular organelles are membranous structures central for maintaining cellular physiology and the overall health of the cell. To maintain cellular function, intracellular organelles are required to tightly regulate their ionic homeostasis. Any imbalance in ionic concentrations can disrupt energy production (mitochondria), protein degradation (lysosomes), DNA replication (nucleus), or cellular signaling (endoplasmic reticulum). Ionic homeostasis is also important for volume regulation of intracellular organelles and is maintained by cation and anion channels as well as transporters. One of the major classes of ion channels predominantly localized to intracellular membranes is chloride intracellular channel proteins (CLICs). They are non‐canonical ion channels with six homologs in mammals, existing as either soluble or integral membrane protein forms, with dual functions as enzymes and channels. Provided in this overview is a brief introduction to CLICs, and a summary of recent information on their localization, biophysical properties, and physiological roles. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Efficiently Exploring Adsorption Space to Identify Privileged Adsorbents for Chemical Separations of a Diverse Set of Molecules
Authors: Tang Dai , Wu Ying , Verploegh Ross J. , Sholl David S. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAlthough computational models have been used to predict adsorption of molecules in large libraries of porous adsorbents, previous work of this kind has focused on a small number of molecules as potential adsorbates. In this study, molecular simulations were used to consider the adsorption of a diverse range of molecules in a large collection of metal–organic framework (MOF) materials. Specifically, 11 304 isotherms were obtained from molecular simulations of 24 different adsorbates in 471 MOFs. This information provides insight into several interesting questions that could not be addressed with previously available data. Highly computationally efficient methods are introduced that can predict isotherms for a wide range of adsorbing molecules with far less computation than traditional molecular simulations. By characterizing the 276 binary mixtures defined by the molecules considered, “privileged” adsorbents are shown to exist, which are effective for separating many different molecular mixtures. Finally, correlations that were developed previously to predict molecular solubility in polymers are found to be surprisingly effective in predicting the average properties of molecules adsorbing in MOFs.