bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Marrow Granulocytic Reserves in Normal and Disease States
Authors: CRADDOCK CHARLES G. , PERRY SEYMOUR , VENTZKE LUTZ E. , LAWRENCE JOHN S. , Baker Mary H. , Paul Gloria 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Recent concepts of the relationship of the blood granulocyte mass to the marrow reserve of granulocytes have been reviewed. Evidence has been presented to show that the marrow is the chief area of granulocyte "reserves" or "stores." The development of acute leukocytosis in response to a stimulus such as the intravenous injection of bacterial endotoxin depends upon release of cells from the intramedullary pool of granulocytes.
The turnover of the marrow granulocyte reserve (MGR) is an orderly process in the steady state, and determines the form of the curve of DNA-labeled granulocytes in the peripheral blood. From estimates of the turnover time of the MGR it appears that the granulocyte spends an average time of about 10 hours in the peripheral blood. Granulocytes do not appear to recirculate once they have left the peripheral blood and have entered the tissues. However, granulocytes may be sequestered within capillary beds for variable periods, and may re-enter the circulating blood from such areas. Such cells are not to be considered as having re-entered the blood from the tissues.
The intravenous injection of a purified bacterial lipopolysaccharide as a stimulus to acute leukocytosis is described. The possbile usefulness of this procedure in assessing the MGR is discussed.
Hemoglobin H Associated with an Uncommon Variant of Thalassemia Trait
Authors: DITTMAN W. A. , HAUT A. , WINTROBE M. M. , CARTWRIGHT G. E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A 26 year old American housewife of Sardinian extraction with chronic hypochromic anemia was found to have a hemoglobin component identical to hemoglobin H. The A2 hemoglobin fraction was decreased. Relatives were found to exhibit the hematologic features of thalassemia trait. In this pedigree, in contrast to the usual finding in the "thalassemia trait," the A2 values were not increased. The same observation had been made in the only other comparable report.
Is There an "Embryonic" or "Primitive" Human Hemoglobin?
Authors: MATSUDA G. , SCHROEDER W. A. , JONES RICHARD T. , WELIKY NORMAN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
An attempt has been made to detect the "embryonic" or "primitive" human hemoglobin that has been reported by other authors. Chromatographic comparisons have detected no significant differences in the hemoglobin components of fetuses in age from 15 weeks to term. The method of alkali denaturation has been applied in conjunction with the chromatographic comparisons, but it also has detected no significant differences in the various samples.
All samples that have been investigated contain a hemoglobin component termed FI. It is present to the extent of about 10 per cent in all samples and presumably is a normal constituent. Its rate of denaturation by alkali is essentially indistinguishable from that of the main component in cord blood and so FI is included in all determinations of hemoglobin F by alkali denaturation.
The results of this investigation lead to the conclusion that there is no "embryonic" human hemoglobin that precedes hemoglobin F in the way the hemoglobin F precedes hemoglobin A in the life of the individual.
Brief Note: Erythroid Hypoplasia Associated with Chloramphenicol Therapy
Authors: OZER FARUK L. , TRUAX WAYNE E. , LEVIN WILLIAM C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A case of transient erythroid hypoplasia with maturation arrest and thrombocytopenia probably due to a large dose of chloramphenicol is reported.
2. The literature is briefly surveyed.
Radioautographic Investigations on DNA and Protein Metabolism in 2 Cases of Di Guglielmo’s Disease
Authors: GAVOSTO FELICE , MARAINI GIOVANNI , PILERI ALESSANDRO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
H3-thymidine and H3-DL-leucine incorporation in the erythroblasts of the bone marrow from a case of acute and one of chronic Di Guglielmo’s disease was studied. A similar investigation was also carried out with bone marrow from 4 normal subjects. The high resolution of the radioautographic technic employed allowed a comparative study at the cellular and subcellular level.
A definitely lowered thymidine uptake was observed in the cells of acute erythremic myelosis, while increased incorporation of DL-leucine was detected in both the acute and the chronic form of this disease.
Microspectrophotometric Determination of Nonheme Iron in Maturing Erythroblasts and its Relationship to the Endocellular Hemoglobin Formation
Authors: SONDHAUS C. A. , THORELL BO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The strong near-UV absorption of inorganic iron makes possible the microspectrophotometric determination of nonheme intracellular iron as distinct from hemoglobin-bound iron. Erythroid cells of Salamandra Maculosa were therefore studied microspectrophotometrically in the near ultraviolet and visible region. Absorption curves from cytoplasmic areas in living and dried cells were obtained from 310 to 700 mµ., and two component analyses were made to determine the presence and amount of hemoglobin and nonhemoglobin absorption. Under the experimental conditions, intracellular hemoglobin was present largely as the carbon monoxide derivative, a stable form which provided a well defined standard to correct for nonspecific absorption and other spectral distortion due to the optical properties of single cells.
Absorption curves from the youngest cells measured were found to differ from those of mature cells, the difference curve agreeing most closely with that of inorganic iron or ferritin in solution. In the youngest cells, nonheme iron appeared to exceed 6 per cent by weight of hemoglobin, or over 20 times molar hemoglobin concentration, dropping and remaining at about twice the hemoglobin molarity from the time hemoglobin synthesis was one-third complete until maturity. Allowing for the increase of total cell mass with growth, the data suggest that although young erythroblasts may already have enough Fe for subsequent Hb synthesis, they continue to incorporate excess Fe throughout maturation and may thus contain a reserve pool of nonheme iron.
Electron Microscopic Localization of Russell Bodies in the Human Plasma Cell
Authors: WELSH RONALD A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The location of Russell bodies in the human plasma cell was shown by electron microscopy to be within the intracisternal space of the endoplasmic reticulum. The significance of this finding was discussed from the standpoint of possible intracellular function of the endoplasmic reticulum. The appearance of the affected plasma cells tended to negate a degenerative process, and the suggestion was offered that the Russell body results from a condensation of intracisternal secretion.
Heparin Precipitability of the Macroglobulin in a Patient with Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia
Authors: MULLER DAVID 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The macroglobulin isolated from a patient with macroglobulinemia was shown to be specifically precipitable by heparin. Maximal precipitation occurred at relatively low (by weight) concentrations of heparin and persisted over a broad range of heparin concentration. The possible clinical significance of the finding has been briefly discussed.
Nonspherocytic Congenital Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: DE GRUCHY G. C. , SANTAMARIA J. N. , PARSONS I. C. , CRAWFORD HAL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The clinical and hematological features of seven cases of nonspherocytic congenital hemolytic anemia occurring in four different families are presented, together with family studies. Four cases resemble Selwyn and Dacie’s Type I and three cases their Type II. Cases in the literature similar to our cases are reviewed.
2. The Type I cases showed the following features: normocytic or slightly macrocytic anemia with mild hypochromia and some stippling; a decreased or normal osmotic fragility of fresh blood and a decreased fragility of incubated blood; a slightly increased autohemolysis corrected by glucose and by ATP. The family history was positive and clinical onset was usually in adult life. Survival studies suggest that splenectomy may result in partial remission.
3. The Type II cases showed the following features: a marked uniform macrocytosis with numerous Pappenheimer bodies (postsplenectomy); a normal osmotic fragility of fresh blood and an increased fragility of incubated blood; an increased autohemolysis uncorrected by glucose but corrected by ATP. The family history was often negative and clinical onset was usually in infancy. Splenectomy in general appeared to produce no benefit.
4. The classification and pathogenesis of these anemias is discussed. It is pointed out that Type I is not a homogeneous group, and that our cases simply represent one subgroup of this type. Type II appears to be a more homogeneous group. Preliminary biochemical studies suggest the difference in clinical types may be determined by differences in biochemical defects.
A Cooperative Assay of a Sample with Erythropoietic Stimulating Activity
Authors: KEIGHLEY GEOFFREY , LOWY PETER H. , BORSOOK HENRY , GOLDWASSER EUGENE , GORDON ALBERT S. , PRENTICE THEODORE C. , RAMBACH WALTER A. , STOHLMAN FREDERICK , VAN DYKE DONALD C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A batch of erythropoietically active material made from the plasma of phenylhydrazine treated rabbits was distributed to seven laboratories in this country for the purpose of comparing assay methods. The results of the assays using 10 different methods or major variations are presented.
Most of the assay methods being employed were represented so that other laboratories should be able to compare their results to those obtained in this study.
The importance of obtaining some uniform basis for comparison of activity of erythrocyte stimulating factor between laboratories has been emphasized and a tentative unit has been proposed based on a net incorporation into rat red cells of 20 per cent of injected Fe59, using a standardized assay procedure.
Platelets and Platelet Phosphatides in Uremia
Authors: ALTSCHULER GERALD , MARCUS AARON J. , ULLMAN HARRIS L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The platelets of 20 uremic subjects were studied, utilizing the following procedures; phase platelet count, serum prothrombin time, thromboplastin generation test with evaluation of plasma, serum, and platelet reagents.
2. Platelet phospholipids from these subjects were used as reagents in the thromboplastin generation test and examined by means of silicic acid paper and column chromatography.
3. Thrombocytopenia was the most common abnormality encountered and was associated with either normal or abnormal prothrombin consumption. Some patients demonstrated defective prothrombin utilization despite normal platelet counts, but their platelets had normal thromboplastic activity, as did those of all patients studied.
4. The paper chromatographic pattern of the phosphatides in all subjects was the same as that reported for normal platelets. Similar results were obtained on column chromatographic analysis of a pooled extract from nine of the uremic patients.
5. On the basis of these studies it was not possible to demonstrate a qualitative platelet defect in uremia.
Studies on the Dynamics of the Reaction Between Rh Antibody and Antigen
Authors: EVANS ROBERT S. , MEBUST WINSTON K. , HICKEY MARY T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The anti-D antibody of two human sera was found to be transferred in part from sensitized group A Rh (D)-positive cells to normal group B Rh (D)-positive cells when the cell suspensions were mixed and incubated in a saline medium.
The amount of anti-D antibody transferred from sensitized to normal cells in a given period of time was found to be directly related to the concentration of antibody to which the group A donor cells were originally exposed. It is concluded that the amount of antibody transferred to recipient cells under standard conditions is related to the concentration of antibody on the surface of the donor cells.
Serum Protein Changes in Malignant Diseases. I. The Acute Leukemias
Authors: FAHEY JOHN L. , BOGGS DANE R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A study of the serum protein changes and clinical events in acute myeloblastic and acute lymphoblastic leukemia was undertaken as a part of investigations on the effects of malignancies in man. In order to appraise the effects of the leukemic processes, an evaluation of the effects of disease type, activity, complications and therapy was also undertaken. Over a five-year period, clinical appraisal and electrophoretic serum protein analyses were compared 171 times in 82 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 64 times in 28 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia.
Serum electrophoretic evaluation showed characteristic patterns in the two types of acute leukemia studied. Analyses conducted in the absence of fever, infection or liver disease typically revealed elevation of the gamma globulins in myeloblastic but not in lymphoblastic leukemia. Alpha-2 globulin elevation, however, was representative of active lymphoblastic leukemia. Serum albumin was significantly lowered, and the beta globulins component remained essentially normal in both myeloblastic and lymphoblastic leukemia. Alpha-1 and alpha-2 globulin values were notable for the wide range of values obtained.
Hematologic remission in some patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia was associated with a return of albumin and alpha globulin values toward normal, but the total experience indicated a general persistence during remission of the abnormalities seen in active diseases.
Fever, in the absence of infection, was associated with elevation of the alpha-1 globulin component. Bacterial infection was associated with similar elevation of the alpha-1 globulin fraction and, in addition, a further fall in serum albumin levels.
Marked depression of the gamma globulins was unusual. The mild decreases encountered in lymphoblastic leukemia could not be related to the frequency of bacterial infection. Administration of antimetabolites or adrenal corticosteroids could not be shown to produce any direct effect on the serum electrophoretic components.
The Body Hematocrit/Venous Hematocrit Ratio and the "Splenic Reservoir"
Authors: FUDENBERG HUGH , BALDINI MARIO , MAHONEY JOHN P. , DAMESHEK WILLIAM 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Red cell volume and plasma volume were measured by the radioactive sodium chromate and the chromic chloride method respectively in 37 patients.
2. The body hematocrit/venous hematocrit (BH/VH) ratio was found to be constant in normal subjects and in patients in whom there was neither splenomegaly nor edema. The ratio was 0.896 ± 0.039.
3. In splenectomized patients the BH/VH ratio was normal indicating that in man, in normal conditions, the spleen does not have the function of a significant blood reservoir with raised cell/plasma ratio.
4. In patients with splenomegaly the BH/VH ratio was found to be significantly increased in direct proportion to the degree of splenic enlargement, indicating an increased concentration of erythrocytes in the enlarged spleen.
5. In the presence of extravascular fluid retention caused by prolonged prednisone treatment the BH/VH ratio was lower than normal.
6. It was concluded that in patients with splenomegaly or edema measurement of either red cell volume or plasma volume alone in conjunction with the "corrected" venous hematocrit does not permit valid assessment of the non-measured parameter nor of the total blood volume.
A Study of Prednisone Therapy in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: SHAW RICHARD K. , BOGGS DANE R. , SILBERMAN HAROLD R. , FREI EMIL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A study of prednisone therapy in 18 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia is reported.
1. Antileukemic effects consisting of subjective improvement, decrease in organ infiltration, improvement in hemoglobulin and absolute neutrophil count occurred.
2. These effects were transient.
3. An increase, often marked, in the number of circulating lymphocytes occurred in 16 of the 18 patients.
4. The administration of prednisone was attended by an increase in the severity of infections. Some increase in the frequency of infections was also observed, but this was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).
It is concluded that corticosteroids should not be used electively in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia except in the presence of hemolytic anemia, significant thrombocytopenia or in the presence of advanced disease associated with bone marrow failure.
A Histochemical Method for Sulfatase Activity in Hemic Cells and Organ Imprints
Authors: AUSTIN JAMES H. , BISCHEL MARGARET 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A new histochemical method is described for arylsulfatase activity (ASA) in hemic cells and organ imprints. Some common limitations in histochemical technics have been tested and appear to be minimized in this method.
2. With the present method, a wide series of hemic cells may be identified, and their ASA separately graded from 0-4.
3. A study has been made of normal ASA values in all series of human hematopoietic cells and of neutrophilic granulocyte ASA in common laboratory animals. Eosinophils, megakaryocytes, and neutrophils have the highest ASA. Increases in ASA occur early during cell maturation in neutrophils and eosinophils.
4. Humans have a higher ASA than the laboratory animals tested. Within certain species, there is some general correlation between neutrophilic granulocyte ASA and ASA of other organs. Under these conditions, leukocyte ASA is a potentially useful general screening method for ASA.
5. Some factors which enhance or inhibit leukocyte ASA have been tested.
The Morphology of Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficient Erythrocytes: Electron-microscopic Studies
Authors: DANON D. , SHEBA CH. , RAMOT B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The conclusion that may be drawn is that though under normal conditions the survival time of enzyme deficient red blood cells is not too far from normal, the ageing of these cells from a morphological point of view occurs at a much faster rate; in other words, one could speak of "progeria" of the enzyme deficient red blood cells.
Leukemia and Lymphoma Mortality in Relation to Cosmic Radiation
Authors: CRAIG LEONARD , SEIDMAN HERBERT 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The 1949-1951 leukemia and lymphoma mortality rates for the 163 metropolitan areas in the United States were compared to the corresponding elevations of the areas, taken as an approximate measure of the intensity of cosmic radiation. No increase in mortality rates with rise in elevation was apparent. From this it is concluded that at usual habitation levels in the United States variation in cosmic ray intensity either has no effect upon leukemia and lymphoma mortality rates, or has very small effect as compared to other factors.
The same procedure was applied to congenital malformation mortality rates. In this instance, there appears to be a distinct increase in this condition between the lowest elevation zone and all others.
If we assume a positive relationship between the intensity of cosmic radiation and the rate of congenital malformations, it is reasonable to expect a progressive increase in congenital malformations as elevation (and hence cosmic radiation) increases. However, according to table 6, the rate of congenital malformation mortality remains fairly constant over the three highest elevation zones. From this it is concluded that the variation in the intensity of cosmic radiation does not play an important part in the mortality from this disease. It is possible that some factor not considered by us accounts for the difference in congenital malformation mortality between the lowest elevation zone and the other zones.
Fumarase Activity of Human Leukocytes and Erythrocytes
Authors: TANAKA KOUICHI R. , VALENTINE WILLIAM N. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The results of over 400 assays of fumarase activity in separated leukocytes and erythrocytes in a variety of hematologic and nonhematologic diseases are presented.
2. The highest mean leukocyte fumarase values occurred in acute monocytic leukemia and acute granulocytic leukemia. Blast cells have greater fumarase activity than more mature forms of the same cell type.
3. Fumarase appears to be distributed ubiquitously among the various leukocytes. Cell populations which contained predominantly neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, blasts, eosinophils, and basophils, all exhibited appreciable enzyme activity.
4. Assays of erythrocyte fumarase activity did not reveal a pattern with the exception of elevated values in macrocytic anemias and in some, but not all, cases of hemolytic anemia.
Cytoplasmic Inclusions in Acute Hemocytoblastic Leukemia: Case Report
Authors: SARAIVA L. G. , BOURROUL G. P. , SILVEIRA M. , PROSPERO J. D. , ANGULO J. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A case of hemocytoblastic leukemia in a 56 year old white man is reported which was characterized by cytoplasmic inclusions in some of the hemocytoblasts, reticulum cells and macrophages of the bone marrow as well as in some of the hemocytoblasts of the circulating blood. Phase and electron microscopic studies confirmed the corpuscular nature of the inclusions. Cytochemical stains gave negative results when tested for the presence of mucoproteins, lipids, phospholipids. neutral fat, desoxyribonucleic acid, peroxidase and phosphatases. The test for polysaccharides was slightly positive. Preliminary studies underway with electron microscopy suggest the possibility of a viral nature of the inclusion bodies.
Megaloblastic Erythropoiesis in Acquired Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: WILLOUGHBY M. L. N. , PEARS M. A. , SHARP A. A. , SHIELDS M. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A case of auto-immune hemolytic anemia complicated by megaloblastic erythropoiesis is described. The possible mechanism is discussed.
2. The direct Coombs test is a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of megaloblastic anemias.
Studies on the Formation of Heinz Bodies. II. The Nature and Significance of Heinz Bodies
Authors: HARLEY JOHN D. , MAUER ALVIN M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Simultaneous studies were made as to the degrees of Heinz body formation, of change in hemoglobin and of change in osmotic fragility in erythrocytes incubated with certain drugs which are known to produce Heinz bodies in vivo. Certain factors that modify the pattern of effect of drugs on normal adult erythrocytes were also studied.
A close relationship was found between the degrees of Heinz body production and "intact" hemoglobin destruction. Factors that caused variation in the degree of "intact" hemoglobin destruction caused similar variation in the degree of Heinz body production. Staining studies suggested that Heinz bodies are protein in nature and derived from hemoglobin. These observations were taken to indicate that Heinz bodies probably result from the direct effect of certain drugs on intra-erythrocytic hemoglobin.
β-naphthol and primaquine were found to cause marked increase in osmotic fragility relative to the degrees of Heinz body production and of "intact" hemoglobin destruction, whereas acetyl phenylhydrazine produced marked Heinz body production and "intact" hemoglobin destruction with relatively little increase in osmotic fragility. These observations were regarded as evidence that Heinz body production is not the sole determinant of instability of erythrocytes exposed to these various drugs.
Under no experimental conditions was Heinz body production or "intact" hemoglobin destruction found without methemoglobin formation. Evidence was presented to indicate that Heinz body production could be inhibited by trapping methemoglobin as methemoglobin cyanide or methemoglobin azide. The suggestion was advanced that methemoglobin is in fact an essential stage in the destruction of "intact" hemoglobin and the formation of Heinz bodies.