bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐Healing Biomaterials: From Molecular Concepts to Clinical Applications
Authors: Diba Mani , Spaans Sergio , Ning Ke , Ippel Bastiaan D. , Yang Fang , Loomans Bas , Dankers Patricia Y. W. , Leeuwenburgh Sander C. G. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBiomaterials are being applied in increasingly complex areas such as tissue engineering, bioprinting, and regenerative medicine. For these applications, challenging—or even contradictory—combinations of biomaterial properties are often required which cannot be met by conventional biomaterials. During the past decade, several new concepts have been developed to render biomaterials self‐healing, thereby offering new opportunities to improve the functionality of traditional biomaterials in terms of their mechanical, handling, and biological properties. Consequently, various types of self‐healing polymeric, ceramic, or composite biomaterials have been developed. Nevertheless, despite the rapid emergence of the field of self‐healing biomaterials, this field of research has not been reviewed during the recent years. Therefore, this article provides a critical overview of recent progress in the field of self‐healing biomaterials research by discussing both extrinsic and intrinsic self‐healing systems. While the extrinsic self‐healing section focuses on self‐healing dental materials and orthopedic bone cements that rely on release of healing liquids from embedded microcapsules, the section on intrinsic self‐healing materials mainly discusses concepts for self‐healing of polymeric biomaterials that are either hydrated (hydrogels) or nonhydrated (e.g., films and coatings). Finally, benefits of the self‐healing feature for biomaterials are discussed, and directions for future research and developments are outlined.
Free‐Standing Bialkali Photocathodes Using Atomically Thin Substrates
Authors: Yamaguchi Hisato , Liu Fangze , DeFazio Jeffrey , Gaowei Mengjia , Narvaez Villarrubia Claudia W. , Xie Junqi , Sinsheimer John , Strom Derek , Pavlenko Vitaly , Jensen Kevin L. , Smedley John , Mohite Aditya D. , Moody Nathan A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis study reports successful deposition of high quantum efficiency (QE) bialkali antimonide K2CsSb photocathodes on graphene films. The results pave the way for an ultimate goal of encapsulating technologically relevant photocathodes for accelerator technology with an atomically thin protecting layer to enhance lifetime while minimizing QE losses. A QE of 17% at ≈3.1 eV (405 nm) is the highest value reported so far on graphene substrates and is comparable to that obtained on stainless steel and nickel reference substrates. The spectral responses of the photocathodes on graphene exhibit signature features of K2CsSb including the characteristic absorption at ≈2.5 eV. Materials characterization based on X‐ray fluorescence and X‐ray diffraction reveals that the composition and crystal quality of these photocathodes deposited on graphene is comparable to those deposited on a reference substrate. Quantitative agreement between optical calculations and QE measurements for the K2CsSb on free suspended graphene and a graphene‐coated metal substrate further confirms the high‐quality interface between the photocathodes and graphene. Finally, a correlation between the QE and graphene quality as characterized by Raman spectroscopy suggests that a lower density of atomistic defects in the graphene films leads to higher QE of the deposited K2CsSb photocathodes.
Research on Risk and Early Warning System of Inter‐Basin Multi‐Reservoir Water Transfer‐Supply Operation with Consideration of Uncertain Factors
Authors: Wan Fang , Yuan Wenlin , Li Qingyun , Lü Subing 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAccording to traditional risk assessment methods it is impossible to have a quantitative analysis of the nonlinear relationship between uncertain factors of inter‐basin reservoir regulation. So, fuzzy mathematics and a mixed Copula function are used in this paper to determine existing water supply indexes. The joint probability distribution of runoff forecasting and water demand is simulated and it also makes a quantitative analysis of future flows. The information entropy principle is applied to determine early risk warning index and signals, and emergency water shortage measures are established for an inter‐basin water transfer‐supply operation. Then the early warning decision system of reservoir optimization water supply dispatching is built up. A practical example computation shows that the information of water supply and water shortage can be described effectively with such an early risk warning system regarding donor and recipient reservoirs. The early risk warning method is applied for the first time, which simultaneously takes into account water inflow, water utilization and water shortage regarding donor and recipient reservoirs. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for the boundedness of weighted Hardy operators in Hölder spaces
Authors: Burtseva Evgeniya , Persson Lars‐Erik , Samko Natasha 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe study one‐ and multi‐dimensional weighted Hardy operators on functions with Hölder‐type behavior. As a main result, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions on the power weight under which both the left and right hand sided Hardy operators map, roughly speaking, functions with the Hölder behavior only at the singular point to functions differentiable for and bounded after multiplication by a power weight. As a consequence, this implies necessary and sufficient conditions for the boundedness in Hölder spaces due to the corresponding imbeddings. In the multi‐dimensional case we provide, in fact, stronger Hardy inequalities via spherical means. We also separately consider the case of functions with Hölder‐type behavior at infinity (Hölder spaces on the compactified ).
The effect of heat release on the entrainment in a turbulent mixing layer
Authors: Jahanbakhshi Reza , Madnia Cyrus K. 
Published: April 2018

Direct numerical simulations of a temporally evolving compressible reacting mixing layer have been performed to study the entrainment of the irrotational flow into the turbulent region across the turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI). In order to study the effects of heat release and interaction of the flame with the TNTI on turbulence several cases with different heat release levels,$Q$, and stoichiometric mixture fractions are chosen for the simulations with the highest opted value for$Q$corresponding to hydrogen combustion in air. The combustion is mimicked by a one-step irreversible global reaction, and infinitely fast chemistry approximation is used to compute the species mass fractions. Entrainment is studied via two mechanisms: nibbling, considered as the vorticity transport across the TNTI, and engulfment, the drawing of the pockets of the outside irrotational fluid into the turbulent region. As the level of heat release increases, the total entrained mass flow rate into the mixing layer decreases. In a reacting mixing layer by increasing the heat release rate, the mass flow rate due to nibbling is shown to decrease mostly due to a reduction of the local entrainment velocity, while the surface area of the TNTI does not change significantly. It is also observed that nibbling is a viscous dominated mechanism in non-reacting flows, whereas it is mostly carried out by inviscid terms in reacting flows with high level of heat release. The contribution of the engulfment to entrainment is small for the non-reacting mixing layers, while mass flow rate due to engulfment can constitute close to 40 % of the total entrainment in reacting cases. This increase is primarily related to a decrease of entrained mass flow rate due to nibbling, while the entrained mass flow rate due to engulfment does not change significantly in reacting cases. It is shown that the total entrained mass flow rate in reacting and non-reacting compressible mixing layers can be estimated from an expression containing the convective Mach number and the density change due to heat release.
Exploring children's understanding of law in their everyday lives
Authors: Watkins Dawn , Law Effie Lai-Chong , Barwick Joanna , Kirk Elee 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper sets out the findings of an exploratory study that, drawing on the so-called ‘new sociology of childhood’, has theorised the child as a competent social actor and conjectured that, on this basis, whilst they might lack formal legal capacity, children may nevertheless possess legal capability. Taking a child-first (as opposed to a law-first) approach, the study has sought to assess children's legal understanding using digital gaming as a research tool. We have identified as an area of particular strength children's attitudes to gender equality, and we have determined that many children demonstrate competency to deal with consumer-related issues appropriately. However, at the other extreme, we have established that children demonstrate considerable uncertainty concerning the levels of force that adult authority figures are permitted to exercise over them. We have found in the course of this study that children are competent and willing to express their views on matters that concern them. However, they do not expect to be invited to do this in their day-to-day lives. Related to this we have found a vast lack of awareness among children concerning the rights afforded to them under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Getting by with a little help from our friends
Authors: Lambert Enoch , Dennett Daniel C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe offer two kinds of constructive criticism in the spirit of support for Doris's socially scaffolded pluralism regarding agency. First: The skeptical force of potential “goofy influences” is not as straightforward as Doris argues. Second: Doris's positive theory must address more goofy influences due to social processes that appear to fall under his criteria for agency-promoting practices. Finally, we highlight “arms race” phenomena in Doris's social dynamics that invite closer attention in further development of his theory.
Agency is realized by subpersonal mechanisms too
Authors: Levy Neil 
Published: April 2018

AbstractJohn Doris argues that, when behaviors are caused by processes that we would not endorse, our agency is defeated. I argue that this test for defeaters is inappropriate. What matters is not what we would but what we should endorse. The subpersonal mechanisms he identifies as defeaters enable us to track and respond to reasons. They realize agency, rather than defeating it.
Agency enhancement and social psychology
Authors: Taylor Matthew 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis commentary has two aims. First, I raise a practical challenge for accounts of responsible agency: Provide empirically informed strategies for enhancing responsible agency so that actors can become more resistant to the influence of defeaters. Second, I offer an initial sketch of a solution to this practical challenge. My solution is supported by empirical evidence suggesting that responsible agency can be enhanced via self-regulatory strategies (expertise and implementation intentions).
Responsibility: Cognitive fragments and collaborative coherence?
Authors: Uleman James S. , Granot Yael , Shimizu Yuki 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe describe additional research that expands upon many of Doris's points, focusing on collaboration (Ch. 5), selves, and identity (Ch. 8). We also suggest some elaboration of his treatment of dual process theories (Ch. 3). Finally, we ask whether collaborationist accounts confer logical consistency.
“Defeaters” don't matter
Authors: Ward Zina B. , Machery Edouard 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe argue that the exercise of agency is compatible with the presence of what Doris calls “defeaters.” In order to undermine reflectivist theories of agency and support his valuational alternative, Doris must not simply show that defeaters exist but rather establish that some agentive behaviors do express a person's values without involving reflection.
The practice of everyday life provides supporters and inviters of morally responsible agency
Authors: Zinken Jörg , Reddy Vasudevi 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDrawing on research from conversation analysis and developmental psychology, we point to the existence of “supporters” of morally responsible agency in everyday interaction: causes of our behavior that we are often unaware of, but that would make good-enough reasons for our actions, were we made aware of them.
Higher agrobiodiversity is associated with improved dietary diversity, but not child anthropometric status, of Mayan Achí people of Guatemala
Authors: Luna-González Diana V , Sørensen Marten 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveChild undernutrition remains one of the greatest challenges for public health nutrition in rural areas in developing countries. Interventions aiming to increase and conserve agrobiodiversity seem to be promising alternatives to improve child nutrition. However, the existing literature on these interventions is not conclusive about their effectiveness in combating child undernutrition. We tested the hypothesis that ‘higher agrobiodiversity is associated with greater dietary diversity and better anthropometric status’ in rural Guatemala.Design/Setting/SubjectsIn the summer of 2016, we conducted a cross-sectional study with a sample of 154 children (6–60 months). We conducted dietary recalls and structured interviews, measured children’s weight and height, and visited food production systems (Milpas, home gardens, coffee plantations). Crop species richness, nutritional functional diversity, dietary diversity scores and anthropometric status were calculated.ResultsHigher food self-sufficiency, nutritional functional diversity and dietary diversity scores were positively correlated with higher crop and animal species richness. Contrarily, remoteness to the local market was negatively correlated with dietary diversity scores. However, higher dietary diversity scores were not correlated with better child anthropometric status. Better child anthropometric status was positively correlated with improved sanitary conditions and maternal education; and negatively correlated with large household size and frequent child morbidity.ConclusionsAgricultural diversification could diversify diets, increase nutrient availability and improve child anthropometry. However, these interventions need to be accompanied by sanitation improvements, family planning, nutritional education and women’s empowerment to strengthen their positive effect on diet and nutrition.
Changes in scoring of Direct Observation of Procedural Skills (DOPS) forms and the impact on competence assessment
Authors: Siau Keith , Dunckley Paul , Valori Roland , Feeney Mark , Hawkes Neil , Anderson John , Beales Ian , Wells Christopher , Thomas-Gibson Siwan , Johnson Gavin ,   on behalf of the Joint Advisory Group on Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (JAG)
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Background Direct Observation of Procedural Skills (DOPS) is an established competence assessment tool in endoscopy. In July 2016, the DOPS scoring format changed from a performance-based scale to a supervision-based scale. We aimed to evaluate the impact of changes to the DOPS scale format on the distribution of scores in novice trainees and on competence assessment.
Methods We performed a prospective, multicenter (n = 276), observational study of formative DOPS assessments in endoscopy trainees with ≤ 100 lifetime procedures. DOPS were submitted in the 6-months before July 2016 (old scale) and after (new scale) for gastroscopy (n = 2998), sigmoidoscopy (n = 1310), colonoscopy (n = 3280), and polypectomy (n = 631). Scores for old and new DOPS were aligned to a 4-point scale and compared.
Results 8219 DOPS (43 % new and 57 % old) submitted for 1300 trainees were analyzed. Compared with old DOPS, the use of the new DOPS was associated with greater utilization of the lowest score (2.4 % vs. 0.9 %; P < 0.001), broader range of scores, and a reduction in competent scores (60.8 % vs. 86.9 %; P < 0.001). The reduction in competent scores was evident on subgroup analysis across all procedure types (P < 0.001) and for each quartile of endoscopy experience. The new DOPS was superior in characterizing the endoscopy learning curve by demonstrating progression of competent scores across quartiles of procedural experience.
Conclusions Endoscopy assessors applied a greater range of scores using the new DOPS scale based on degree of supervision in two cohorts of trainees matched for experience. Our study provides construct validity evidence in support of the new scale format.
Die Häufigkeit von Depressionsdiagnosen nach Versichertengruppen im Zeitverlauf – eine Routinedatenanalyse der Jahre 2006–2015
Authors: Stahmeyer Jona , Kuhlmann Kristina , Eberhard Sveja 
Published: April 2018

ZusammenfassungDepressionen gehören zu den häufigsten psychischen Erkrankungen und gehen mit erheblichen Einschränkungen der Funktionsfähigkeit sowie der Lebensqualität einher. Während sich in Surveydaten des Robert Koch-Instituts keine Steigerungen der Depressionsprävalenzen im Zeitverlauf zeigen, belegen Daten der Sozialversicherungsträger eine wachsende gesellschaftliche Bedeutung. Als einer der Gründe für die Zunahme von Depressionsdiagnosen werden vielfach die sich verändernden Arbeitsbedingungen angeführt. Ziel der vorliegenden Analyse war die Betrachtung der Häufigkeit von Depressionsdiagnosen (administrative 12-Monats-Prävalenz) für verschiedene Versichertengruppen sowie die Betrachtung der Entwicklung im Zeitverlauf, insbesondere für erwerbstätige und nicht erwerbstätige Versichertengruppen. Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage wurde eine Querschnittsbetrachtung der administrativen Depressionsprävalenz (F32 & F33 Diagnosen) für die Jahre 2006–2015 stratifiziert nach Geschlecht durchgeführt. Die Versicherten wurden entsprechend der Versichertenart in 7 Gruppen eingeteilt: (1.) Arbeitnehmer, (2.) Selbstständige, (3.) Familienversicherte Partner, (4.) Rentenbezieher, (5.) ALG I und (6.) ALG II Bezieher sowie (7.) Versicherte in Ausbildung/Studium. Im 10-Jahres-Zeitraum zeigt sich ein Anstieg der administrativen Prävalenz von 12,0% im Jahr 2006 (Frauen: 16,3%; Männer: 6,8%) auf 16,3% im Jahr 2015 (Frauen: 21,3%; Männer: 10,9%). Im Jahr 2015 wurden die höchsten Prävalenzraten bei ALG I und II Empfängern sowie Rentenbeziehern beobachtet. Die geringsten administrativen Prävalenzen wurden bei Versicherten in Ausbildung/Studium sowie bei Selbstständigen beobachtet. Arbeitnehmer wiesen deutlich geringere administrative Prävalenzen auf als ALG I oder II Bezieher. In allen Versichertengruppen wurden erhebliche Anstiege der administrativen Prävalenz beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die wachsende gesellschaftliche Bedeutung psychischer Erkrankungen. Eine stärkere Steigerung der Diagnosehäufigkeit bei Erwerbstätigen im Vergleich zu anderen Versichertengruppen wurde allerdings nicht beobachtet. Langfristiges gesundheitspolitisches Ziel sollte eine weitere Verbesserung der Versorgungssituation psychisch Kranker sein.
Machine learning approach for early detection of autism by combining questionnaire and home video screening
Authors: Abbas Halim , Garberson Ford , Glover Eric , Wall Dennis P 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Background
Existing screening tools for early detection of autism are expensive, cumbersome, time- intensive, and sometimes fall short in predictive value. In this work, we sought to apply Machine Learning (ML) to gold standard clinical data obtained across thousands of children at-risk for autism spectrum disorder to create a low-cost, quick, and easy to apply autism screening tool.

Methods
Two algorithms are trained to identify autism, one based on short, structured parent-reported questionnaires and the other on tagging key behaviors from short, semi-structured home videos of children. A combination algorithm is then used to combine the results into a single assessment of higher accuracy. To overcome the scarcity, sparsity, and imbalance of training data, we apply novel feature selection, feature engineering, and feature encoding techniques. We allow for inconclusive determination where appropriate in order to boost screening accuracy when conclusive. The performance is then validated in a controlled clinical study.

Results
A multi-center clinical study of n = 162 children is performed to ascertain the performance of these algorithms and their combination. We demonstrate a significant accuracy improvement over standard screening tools in measurements of AUC, sensitivity, and specificity.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that a mobile, machine learning process is a reliable method for detection of autism outside of clinical settings. A variety of confounding factors in the clinical analysis are discussed along with the solutions engineered into the algorithms. Final results are statistically limited and will benefit from future clinical studies to extend the sample size.
Using statistical anomaly detection models to find clinical decision support malfunctions
Authors: Ray Soumi , McEvoy Dustin S , Aaron Skye , Hickman Thu-Trang , Wright Adam 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveMalfunctions in Clinical Decision Support (CDS) systems occur due to a multitude of reasons, and often go unnoticed, leading to potentially poor outcomes. Our goal was to identify malfunctions within CDS systems.MethodsWe evaluated 6 anomaly detection models: (1) Poisson Changepoint Model, (2) Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) Model, (3) Hierarchical Divisive Changepoint (HDC) Model, (4) Bayesian Changepoint Model, (5) Seasonal Hybrid Extreme Studentized Deviate (SHESD) Model, and (6) E-Divisive with Median (EDM) Model and characterized their ability to find known anomalies. We analyzed 4 CDS alerts with known malfunctions from the Longitudinal Medical Record (LMR) and Epic® (Epic Systems Corporation, Madison, WI, USA) at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA. The 4 rules recommend lead testing in children, aspirin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease, pneumococcal vaccination in immunocompromised adults and thyroid testing in patients taking amiodarone.ResultsPoisson changepoint, ARIMA, HDC, Bayesian changepoint and the SHESD model were able to detect anomalies in an alert for lead screening in children and in an alert for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in immunocompromised adults. EDM was able to detect anomalies in an alert for monitoring thyroid function in patients on amiodarone.ConclusionsMalfunctions/anomalies occur frequently in CDS alert systems. It is important to be able to detect such anomalies promptly. Anomaly detection models are useful tools to aid such detections.