bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying pediatric lung disease: A comparison of forced oscillation technique outcomes
Authors: Evans Denby J. , Schultz Andre , Verheggen Maureen , Hall Graham L. , Simpson Shannon J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRationaleIncreasing evidence suggests the forced oscillation technique (FOT) has the capacity to provide non‐invasive monitoring and diagnosis of respiratory disease in young children. However, which FOT outcomes provide the most pertinent clinical information is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to determine which FOT outcomes were most sensitive for differentiating between health and specific childhood respiratory disease.MethodsRespiratory impedance was measured using a commercial device (i2M, Chess Medical, Belgium) in children aged between 3 and 7 years, who had been diagnosed with either cystic fibrosis (N = 84), asthma (N = 99) or were born very preterm (N = 114). Z‐scores were calculated for respiratory system resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) at 6, 8, and 10 Hz, the resonance frequency (Fres), frequency dependence (Fdep4‐24), and area under the reactance curve (AX). Pairwise comparisons of the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to determine the most relevant FOT variables.Results and ConclusionsThe FOT outcomes best able to discern between health and disease were Fres (P < 0.0001) in cystic fibrosis, Fres (P < 0.0001) in asthma and Xrs8 (P < 0.0001) in children born preterm. These findings suggest the utility of specific FOT outcomes is dependent on the respiratory disease being assessed. It is hoped that a disease‐specific approach to interpreting FOT data can help further refine the FOT technique to aid in the diagnosis of children with pediatric respiratory disease.
Investigation of the crucial factors affecting accurate measurement of strontium isotope ratios by total evaporation thermal ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Song , Wang Jun , Lu Hai , Fang Xiang , Song Panshu , Ren Tongxiang 
Published: March 2019

RationaleAn absolute method that does not require calibration is very important in several areas of isotope analysis due to the shortage of suitable certified reference materials (CRMs). As total evaporation thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TE‐TIMS) theoretically overcomes mass fractionation through integrating the ion currents till the sample on the filament is completely exhausted, it could be an absolute method that does not require the use of CRMs for calibration. However, the lack of reliable method verification and reasonable uncertainty evaluation restricts its extensive application, and these effects need to be quantitatively evaluated.MethodsA series of different amounts of strontium reference material SRM987 was deposited on both single and triple tantalum filament sources, and analyzed by TE‐TIMS. The work function of the tantalum filament loaded with the sample was measured by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. In order to evaluate the change in ion transmission efficiency, we terminated the total evaporation process manually after running for a certain period of time, and recorded the ion beam intensity before and after this operation.ResultsThe TE results obtained with the triple filament source agreed well with the reference values of SRM987, while the TE results obtained with the single filament source changed significantly with the amount of sample loading. The crucial effect factors on TE‐TIMS, including ionization temperature fluctuation, variation of ion transmission efficiency and ion loss before data acquisition, were quantitatively assessed. These factors were used to correct the single filament TE results and the measurement uncertainty was quantitatively evaluated.ConclusionsThe reliability of strontium isotopic ratio measurement with triple filament TE‐TIMS was verified. The mathematical model for correction of each crucial effect factor was successfully established, thus providing a feasible way for the correction of single filament TE‐TIMS results.
Identification of N‐terminal protein processing sites by chemical labeling mass spectrometry
Authors: Misal Santosh A. , Li Sujun , Tang Haixu , Radivojac Predrag , Reilly James P. 
Published: March 2019

RationaleProteins undergo post‐translational modifications and proteolytic processing that can affect their biological function. Processing often involves the loss of single residues. Cleavage of signal peptides from the N‐terminus is commonly associated with translocation. Recent reports have suggested that other processing sites also exist.MethodsThe secreted proteins from S. aureus N315 were precipitated with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and amidinated with S‐methyl thioacetimidate (SMTA). Amidinated proteins were digested with trypsin and analyzed with a high‐resolution orbitrap mass spectrometer.ResultsSixteen examples of Staphylococcus aureus secretory proteins that lose an N‐terminal signal peptide during their export were identified using this amidination approach. The N‐termini of proteins with and without methionine were identified. Unanticipated protein cleavages due to sortase and an unknown protease were also uncovered.ConclusionsA simple N‐terminal amidination based mass spectrometry approach is described that facilitates identification of the N‐terminus of a mature protein and the discovery of unexpected processing sites.
Toward a more humane genetics education: Learning about the social and quantitative complexities of human genetic variation research could reduce racial bias in adolescent and adult populations
Authors: Donovan Brian M. , Semmens Rob , Keck Phillip , Brimhall Elizabeth , Busch K. C. , Weindling Monica , Duncan Alex , Stuhlsatz Molly , Bracey Zoë Buck , Bloom Mark , Kowalski Susan , Salazar Brae 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWhen people are exposed to information that leads them to overestimate the actual amount of genetic difference between racial groups, it can augment their racial biases. However, there is apparently no research that explores if the reverse is possible. Does teaching adolescents scientifically accurate information about genetic variation within and between US census races reduce their racial biases? We randomized 8th and 9th grade students (n = 166) into separate classrooms to learn for an entire week either about the topics of (a) human genetic variation or (b) climate variation. In a cross‐over randomized trial with clustering, we demonstrate that when students learn about genetic variation within and between racial groups it significantly changes their perceptions of human genetic variation, thereby causing a significant decrease in their scores on instruments assessing cognitive forms of prejudice. We then replicate these findings in two computer‐based randomized controlled trials, one with adults (n = 176) and another with biology students (n = 721, 9th–12th graders). These results indicate that teaching about human variation in the domain of genetics has potentially powerful effects on social cognition during adolescence. In turn, we argue that learning about the social and quantitative complexities of human genetic variation research could prepare students to become informed participants in a society where human genetics is invoked as a rationale in sociopolitical debates.
Ultrafine Metallic Nickel Domains and Reduced Molybdenum States Improve Oxygen Evolution Reaction of NiFeMo Electrocatalysts
Authors: Moon Byeong Cheul , Choi Won Ho , Kim Keon‐Han , Park Dong Gyu , Choi Jae Won , Kang Jeung Ku 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAn electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is essential in the realization of renewable energy conversion technologies, but its large overpotential, slow charge transfer, and degradation of surface reaction sites are yet to be overcome. Here, it is found that the metallic nickel domains and high‐valence reduced molybdenum ions of NiFeMo electrocatalysts grown on a 3D conductive and porous electrode without using binders enable ultrahigh performance in OER. High resolution‐transmission electron microscope and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure analyses show that metallic nickel domains with Ni–Ni bonds are generated on the catalyst surface via a dry synthesis using nitrogen plasma. Also, Mo K‐edge X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy reveals that Mo6+ ions are reduced into high‐valence modulating Mo4+ ions. With the metallic nickel domains facilitating the adsorption of oxygen intermediates to low‐coordinated Ni0 and the Mo4+ pulling their electrons, the catalyst exhibits about 60‐fold higher activity than a Mo‐free NiFe catalyst, while giving about threefold faster charge transfer along with longer stability over 100 h and repeated 100 cycles compared to a bare NiFeMo catalyst. Additionally, these metallic domains and high‐valence modulating metal ions are exhibited to give high Faradaic efficiency over 95%.
Development of “CLAN” Nanomedicine for Nucleic Acid Therapeutics
Authors: Xu Cong‐Fei , Iqbal Shoaib , Shen Song , Luo Ying‐Li , Yang Xianzhu , Wang Jun 
Published: March 2019

AbstractNucleic acid‐based macromolecules have paved new avenues for the development of therapeutic interventions against a spectrum of diseases; however, their clinical translation is limited by successful delivery to the target site and cells. Therefore, numerous systems have been developed to overcome delivery challenges to nucleic acids. From the viewpoint of clinical translation, it is highly desirable to develop systems with clinically validated materials and controllability in synthesis. With this in mind, a cationic lipid assisted PEG‐b‐PLA nanoparticle (CLAN) is designed that is capable of protecting nucleic acids via encapsulation inside the aqueous core, and delivers them to target cells, while maintaining or improving nucleic acid function. The system is formulated from clinically validated components (PEG‐b‐PLA and its derivatives) and can be scaled‐up for large scale manufacturing, offering potential for its future use in clinical applications. Here, the development and working mechanisms of CLANs, the ways to improve its delivery efficacy, and its application in various disease treatments are summarized. Finally, a prospective for the further development of CLAN is also discussed.
New truths begin as heresies: First thoughts on system dynamics and global modelling
Authors: Lane David C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractStarting from an example of biosphere modelling, the paper considers the contribution of system dynamics to global modelling. The different purposes of modelling approaches are first considered. These are then related to a specific example—which is then seen to derive from the founding works in this area: “World Dynamics” and “The Limits To Growth.” The response to those publications is considered, both the contemporary reactions to them and the myths that have grown up around them. The paper discusses the general cultural acceptance of the perspective offered by these books and the continuing—and decidedly mixed—significance of these works to the field of system dynamics.
Oxidative stress and neuromodulatory effects of deltamethrin and its combination with insect repellents in rats
Authors: Anitha Magesh , Anitha Roy , Vijayaraghavan Rajagopal , Senthil Kumar Sivanesan , Ezhilarasan Devaraj 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDeltamethrin (DEL) and other synthetic repellents like N,N‐diethyl benzamide (DEB), N,N‐diethyl phenylacetamide (DEPA), and N,N‐diethyl meta toluamide (DEET) are widely used due their high efficacy against mosquitoes. We evaluated the safe dose on exposure to insecticide and insect repellent individually and in combination in Wistar rats. Rats were administrated with individual chemicals DEL, DEB, DEPA, and DEET and in combination of DEL along DEB, DEPA, and DEET. The reduced glutathione and its detoxifying enzymes were significantly increased in DEL treated rats. Serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline were increased in DEL alone and its combination groups. Histopathology revealed that DEL and along with other insect repellants can cause lung toxicities. This study suggests that DEL in combination with other insect repellents showed antagonistic effect against oxidative stress, and there was no significant toxicological effect in the combination groups. The insect repellents with DEL cause less toxic effect and is safe for use.
Validation of competing‐risks model in screening for pre‐eclampsia in twin pregnancy by maternal factors
Authors: Benkő Z. , Chaveeva P. , de Paco Matallana C. , Zingler E. , Wright A. , Wright D. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo examine the predictive performance of the competing‐risks model in screening for pre‐eclampsia (PE) by maternal demographic characteristics and medical history in twin pregnancy, in a training dataset used for development of the model and a validation dataset.MethodsThe data for this study were derived from two prospective non‐intervention multicenter screening studies for PE in twin pregnancies at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation. The first study of 2219 women, which was reported previously, was used to develop the competing‐risks model for prediction of PE and is therefore considered to be the training set. The validation study comprised 2999 women. Patient‐specific risks of delivery with PE at < 34 (early), < 37 (preterm) and < 41 + 3 (all) weeks' gestation were calculated using the competing‐risks model and the performance of screening for PE in the training and validation datasets was assessed. We examined the predictive performance of the model by, first, its ability to discriminate between the PE and no‐PE groups using the area under the receiver–operating characteristics curve (AUC) and, second, calibration, which assesses agreement between the predicted risk and observed incidence of PE.ResultsThe incidence of early PE, preterm PE and all PE in the training and validation datasets was similar (1.8% vs 1.4%, 5.6% vs 5.6% and 7.7% vs 7.2%, respectively) and this was substantially higher than in our previous studies in singleton pregnancies. The training and validation datasets had similar AUCs for early PE (0.670 (95% CI, 0.593–0.747) vs 0.677 (95% CI, 0.594–0.760)), preterm PE (0.666 (95% CI, (0.617–0.715) vs 0.652 (95% CI, 0.609–0.694)) and all PE (0.656 (95% CI, 0.615–0.697) vs 0.644 (95% CI, 0.606–0.682)). Calibration plots of the predictive performance of the competing‐risks model demonstrated that, in both the training and validation datasets, the observed incidence of PE was lower than the predicted one and such overestimation of risk was particularly marked for early PE.ConclusionsDiscrimination and calibration of the competing‐risks model for PE in a validation dataset are consistent with those in the training dataset. However, the model needs to be adjusted to correct the observed overestimation of risk for early PE. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Gasartabhängigkeit von Pirani‐Vakuummetern
Authors: Volkmer Reinhard 
Published: March 2019

SummaryGas type dependence of Pirani vacuum metersIt is commonly known that thermal conductivity vacuum meters (Pirani gauges) show a significant gas type dependency. Nevertheless, the measurable difference between nitrogen and oxygen or air as their mixture frequently remain undisclosed. This article pays special attention to the consequences for correct interpretation of Pirani measurements when using alternating gases. Furthermore, it is shown that sufficiently accurate measurement of a specific gas is possible after easy adjustment of the gauge by the user.
Natural convection effects on heat and mass transfer of slip flow of time-dependent Prandtl fluid
Authors: Hamid Muhammad , Zubair Tamour , Usman Muhammad , Khan Zafar Hayat , Wang Wei 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We proposed a mathematical model for an incompressible, viscous, natural convection, and stagnation point slip flow of MHD Prandtl fluid over an infinite plate. The governing flow equations are constructed using the Prandtl rheological model. In account of physical relevance, we investigated the Soret and Dufour effects on the flow field. The complex natured flow equations are transformed to a set of PDEs using a suitable similarity variables. The non-dimensionalized ruling problem together with physical boundary conditions is numerically analyzed via Crank-Nicolson scheme. The velocity, temperature and concentration of the diffusing species distributions are enhanced for higher values of unsteadiness parameter. It is noted that velocity is slightly decreasing for higher values of Reynolds number while smaller values of Re providing more dominant effects on the velocity, temperature and concentration of the diffusing species profiles and enhanced heat and mass transfer rates is noticed. The physical behavior of reduced Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, friction factor, for distinct values of emerging parameters is examined and representative set of graphs are presented.
Highlights Flow model is presented for MHD Prandtl fluid flow over an infinite plate. Mathematical model is performed for unsteady flow with Soret and Dufour effects. The proposed model is solved via crank Nicolson finite difference scheme. Simulations are performed for skin friction, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers.
Salvage and Extracapsular Implantation for Penile Prosthesis Infection or Extrusion
Authors: Shaeer Osama , Shaeer Kamal , Soliman AbdelRahman Islam Fathy 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
When a penile prosthesis is implanted, a fibrous tissue capsule gradually forms around it. In case of penile prosthesis infection, salvage and immediate reimplantation into the same capsule that envelops the infected prosthesis is a trial to avoid the difficulty and shortening encountered with explantation and delayed reimplantation.

Aim
We propose that, on salvage, the infected prosthesis be explanted, the capsule washed out and then abandoned, and the replacement prosthesis implanted in the extracapsular sinusoidal space, between the capsule and tunica albuginea. This aims at decreasing contact between the replacement implant and the pyogenic membrane in the capsule.

Methods
This study was performed in a tertiary implantation center, involving 20 prospective cases referred with either an infected implant or pump erosion. Through a penoscrotal incision, lateral corporotomies were performed by superficial cuts, in a trial to identify the extracapsular sinusoidal space before opening the capsule. The capsule was then opened. All components of the implant were explanted, and the capsules were washed out. The extracapsular space within the corpora cavernosa was developed between the capsule and the tunica albuginea by sharp dissection initially, then bluntly dilated with a Hegar dilator. A malleable penile prosthesis was implanted in the extracapsular space bilaterally.

Main Outcome Measures
The reinfection rate was evaluated though 7–38 months after surgery.

Results
We were able to identify and dilate the extracapsular space in 18 of 20 cases. Reinfection occurred in 1 case (1 of 18, 5.6%). Development of the extracapsular space added approximately 10 minutes to the operative time.

Clinical Implication
If salvage of an infected penile implant can be delayed until capsule maturation, extracapsular implantation may decrease the reinfection rate.

Strength & Limitations
The limitations are the lack of a control group of intra-capsular classic salvage and the relatively limited sample number.

Conclusion
On penile prosthesis salvage surgery, whether for infection or extrusion, implantation of the replacement prosthesis in the extracapsular sinusoidal tissue is associated with low infection rates, because it bypasses the capsule, which may still harbor bacterial contamination despite the wash-out.
Community paramedicine: A systematic review of program descriptions and training
Authors: Chan Joyce , Griffith Lauren E. , Costa Andrew P. , Leyenaar Matthew S. , Agarwal Gina 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe aim of this study is to identify the types of community paramedicine programs and the training for each.MethodsA systematic review of MEDLINE, Embase, grey literature, and bibliographies followed a search strategy using common community paramedicine terms. All studies published in English up to January 22, 2018, were captured. Screening and extraction were completed in duplicate by two independent reviewers. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used to assess studies’ methodological quality (full methodology on PROSPERO: CRD42017051774).ResultsFrom 3,004 papers, there were 64 papers identified (58 unique community paramedicine programs). Of the papers with an appraisable study design (40.6%), the median MMAT score was 3 of 4 criteria met, suggesting moderate quality. Programs most often served frequent 911 callers (48.3%) and individuals at risk for emergency department admission, readmission, or hospitalization (41.4%); and 70.7% of programs were preventive home visits. Common services provided were home assessment (29.5%), medication management (39.7%), and referral and/or transport to community services (37.9%); and 77.6% of programs involved interprofessional collaboration. Community paramedicine training was described by 57% of programs and expanded upon traditional paramedicine training and emphasized technical skills. Study heterogeneity prevented meta-analysis.ConclusionCommunity paramedicine programs and training were diverse and allowed community paramedics to address a spectrum of population health and social needs. Training was poorly described. Enabling more programs to assess and report on program and training outcomes would support community paramedicine growth and the development of formalized training or education frameworks.
Corallite increase in the Late Ordovician coralAgetolites, and its taxonomic implication
Authors: Sun Ning , Elias Robert J. , Lee Dong-Jin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAgetolitesis a problematic Late Ordovician genus possessing traits of both tabulate and rugose corals. The presence of numerous mural pores has often been considered to indicate a relation to tabulates, although an affinity to rugosans has also been proposed, based mainly on well-developed septa that alternate in length. To further consider the taxonomic position ofAgetolites, growth characteristics of coralla representing three species from the Xiazhen Formation in South China are documented and assessed, focusing on modes of corallite increase. Three major modes of increase are recognized. By far the most common mode involves the development of an offset from a connective mural pore, without a clear relationship to a particular parent corallite. This mode of increase is usually associated with corner pores, but in one case occurs at a wall pore. The lateral mode of increase, which is relatively uncommon, is a typical feature in corallites along the boundary of intergrowths with stromatoporoids. The axial mode of increase is rare, occurring during rejuvenation of a damaged corallite or during regeneration following termination of a corallite. The mode of corallite increase that is characteristic ofAgetolites, involving a connective mural pore and occurring without evidence of a particular parent, supports the interpretation that this genus is not a rugosan or a typical favositid tabulate. Mural pores are unknown in rugosans, and offsets arise from distinct parent corallites in favositids. The Ordovician genusLichenaria, considered a representative of the most primitive stock of tabulate corals, shows the closest similarities with types of increase inAgetolites. Certain aspects of lateral and axial increase inAgetolitesare comparable to features in a few more genera of Ordovician tabulates, further supporting a tabulate affinity. The phylogenetic relation ofAgetolitesto those and other tabulate genera, however, remains unresolved.