bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
College Students’ Underestimation of Blood Alcohol Concentration from Hypothetical Consumption of Supersized Alcopops: Results from a Cluster‐Randomized Classroom Study
Authors: Rossheim Matthew E. , Thombs Dennis L. , Krall Jenna R. , Jernigan David H. 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundSupersized alcopops are a class of single‐serving beverages popular among underage drinkers. These products contain large quantities of alcohol. This study examines the extent to which young adults recognize how intoxicated they would become from consuming these products.MethodsThe study sample included 309 undergraduates who had consumed alcohol within the past year. Thirty‐two sections of a college English course were randomized to 1 of 2 survey conditions, based on hypothetical consumption of supersized alcopops or beer of comparable liquid volume. Students were provided an empty can of 1 of the 2 beverages to help them answer the survey questions. Equation‐calculated blood alcohol concentrations (BACs)—based on body weight and sex—were compared to the students’ self‐estimated BACs for consuming 1, 2, and 3 cans of the beverage provided to them.ResultsIn adjusted regression models, students randomized to the supersized alcopop group greatly underestimated their BAC, whereas students randomized to the beer group overestimated it. The supersized alcopop group underestimated their BAC by 0.04 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.034, 0.053), 0.09 (95% CI: 0.067, 0.107), and 0.13 g/dl (95% CI: 0.097, 0.163) compared to the beer group. When asked how much alcohol they could consume before it would be unsafe to drive, students in the supersized alcopop group had 7 times the odds of estimating consumption that would generate a calculated BAC of at least 0.08 g/dl, compared to those making estimates based on beer consumption (95% CI: 3.734, 13.025).ConclusionsStudents underestimated the intoxication they would experience from consuming supersized alcopops. Revised product warning labels are urgently needed to clearly identify the number of standard drinks contained in a supersized alcopop can. Moreover, regulations are needed to limit alcohol content of single‐serving products.
Chronic Ethanol Administration Prevents Compensatory Cardiac Hypertrophy in Pressure Overload
Authors: Ninh Van K. , El Hajj Elia C. , Mouton Alan J. , El Hajj Milad C. , Gilpin Nicholas W. , Gardner Jason D. 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundAlcohol is among the most commonly abused drugs worldwide and affects many organ systems, including the heart. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is characterized by a dilated cardiac phenotype with extensive hypertrophy and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. We have previously shown that chronic ethanol (EtOH) administration accelerates the progression to heart failure in a rat model of volume overload. However, the mechanism by which this decompensation occurs is unknown. For this study, we hypothesized that chronic EtOH administration would prevent compensatory hypertrophy and cardiac remodeling in a rodent model of pressure overload (PO).MethodsAbdominal aortic constriction was used to create PO in 8‐week‐old male Wistar rats. Alcohol administration was performed via chronic intermittent EtOH vapor inhalation for 2 weeks prior to surgery and for the duration of the 8‐week study. Echocardiography measurements were taken to assess ventricular functional and structural changes.ResultsPO increased posterior wall thickness and the hypertrophic markers, atrial and B‐type natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP). With the added stressor of EtOH, wall thickness, ANP, and BNP decreased in PO animals. The combination of PO and EtOH resulted in increased wall stress compared to PO alone. PO also caused increased expression of collagen I and III, whereas EtOH alone only increased collagen III. The combined stresses of PO and EtOH led to an increase in collagen I expression, but collagen III did not change, resulting in an increased collagen I/III ratio in the PO rats treated with EtOH. Lastly, Notch1 expression was significantly increased only in the PO rats treated with EtOH.ConclusionsOur data indicate that chronic EtOH may limit the cardiac hypertrophy induced by PO which may be associated with a Notch1 mechanism, resulting in increased wall stress and altered ECM profile.
What principles should guide visiting primary health care services in rural and remote communities? Lessons from a systematic review
Authors: Carey Timothy A. , Sirett David , Wakerman John , Russell Deborah , Humphreys John S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractVisiting health services are a feature of health care delivery in rural and remote contexts. These services are often described as ‘fly‐in fly‐out’ or ‘drive‐in drive‐out’. Posing the question ‘What are the different types of visiting models of primary health care being used in rural and remote communities?’, the objective of this article was to describe a typology of models of health services that visit remote communities. A systematic review of peer‐reviewed literature from established databases was undertaken. Data were extracted from 20 papers (16 peer‐reviewed papers and four from other sources), which met the inclusion criteria. From the available evidence, it was difficult to develop a typology of services. The central feature of service providers visiting rural and remote districts on a regular basis was consistent, although the service provider's geographical base varied and the extent to which the same service provider should be providing the service was not consistently endorsed. While a clear typology did not emerge from the systematic review, it became apparent that a set of guiding principles might be more helpful to service providers and planners. Focusing policy and decision‐making on important principles of visiting services, rather than their typological features, is likely to be of ultimately more benefit to the health outcomes of people who live in rural and remote communities.
Predictive value of the baseline electrocardiogram ST‐segment pattern in cardiogenic shock: Results from the CardShock Study
Authors: Javanainen Tuija , Tolppanen Heli , Lassus Johan , Nieminen Markku S. , Sionis Alessandro , Spinar Jindrich , Silva‐Cardoso José , Greve Lindholm Matias , Banaszewski Marek , Harjola Veli‐Pekka , Jurkko Raija 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe most common aetiology of cardiogenic shock (CS) is acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but even up to 20%–50% of CS is caused by other disorders. ST‐segment deviations in the electrocardiogram (ECG) have been investigated in patients with ACS‐related CS, but not in those with other CS aetiologies. We set out to explore the prevalence of different ST‐segment patterns and their associations with the CS aetiology, clinical findings and 90‐day mortality.MethodsWe analysed the baseline ECG of 196 patients who were included in a multinational prospective study of CS. The patients were divided into 3 groups: (a) ST‐segment elevation (STE). (b) ST‐segment depression (STDEP). (c) No ST‐segment deviation or ST‐segment impossible to analyse (NSTD). A subgroup analysis of the ACS patients was conducted.ResultsST‐segment deviations were present in 80% of the patients: 52% had STE and 29% had STDEP. STE was associated with the ACS aetiology, but one‐fourth of the STDEP patients had aetiology other than ACS. The overall 90‐day mortality was 41%: in STE 47%, STDEP 36% and NSTD 33%. In the multivariate mortality analysis, only STE predicted mortality (HR 1.74, CI95 1.07–2.84). In the ACS subgroup, the patients were equally effectively revascularized, and no differences in the survival were noted between the study groups.ConclusionST‐segment elevation is associated with the ACS aetiology and high mortality in the unselected CS population. If STE is not present, other aetiologies must be considered. When effectively revascularized, the prognosis is similar regardless of the ST‐segment pattern in ACS‐related CS.
Bayesian inference for a partially observed birth–death process using data on proportions
Authors: Boys Richard J. , Ainsworth Holly F. , Gillespie Colin S. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryStochastic kinetic models are often used to describe complex biological processes. Typically these models are analytically intractable and have unknown parameters which need to be estimated from observed data. Ideally we would have measurements on all interacting chemical species in the process, observed continuously in time. However, in practice, measurements are taken only at a relatively few time‐points. In some situations, only very limited observation of the process is available, for example settings in which experimenters can only observe noisy observations on the proportion of cells that are alive. This makes the inference task even more problematic. We consider a range of data‐poor scenarios and investigate the performance of various computationally intensive Bayesian algorithms in determining the posterior distribution using data on proportions from a simple birth‐death process.
Lack of spermatogenic variation in a polymorphic lizard, Sceloporus aeneus (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae)
Authors: Hernández‐Gallegos Oswaldo , Granados‐González Gisela , Rheubert Justin L. , Villagrán‐SantaCruz Maricela , Peña‐Herrera Eric , Gribbins Kevin M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAlthough different mechanisms exist to explain the presence of polymorphism in lizards, one model suggests that multiple morphotypes display the same level of fitness. Three male morphs (grey, yellow and orange) coexist in Sceloporus aeneus, a Mexican endemic oviparous lizard. Using a histological perspective, we test the hypothesis that spermatogenic output does not vary across morphotypes of S. aeneus during its maximum testicular activity. Males of S. aeneus (five grey, five yellow and five orange) were collected in Calimaya, Estado de México, Mexico. Snout‐vent length (SVL), testis mass, diameter and epithelial heights for the seminiferous tubules and epididymis, and the number of layers of germ cells did not vary among morphs; moreover, according to principal component analysis, a high overlap among lateral colour morphs exists. Our results suggest strongly that the lateral colour morphs in S. aeneus have the same spermatogenic output, and natural selection may be a stronger driving force than sexual selection within this species. Further studies into other lizard species with multiple morphotypes are required to determine whether the lack of variation in spermatogenic output observed in this endemic lizard is consistent across polymorphic species which will provide a greater understanding of the selective mechanisms acting on an individual’s fitness.
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Safety of a Single Dose of Imarikiren, a Novel Renin Inhibitor, in Healthy Male Subjects
Authors: Matsuno Kumi , Kuroda Shingo , Tanaka Shingo , Nakamichi Hiroyuki , Kagawa Tomoya , Koumura Emiko 
Published: May 2018

AbstractImarikiren hydrochloride (TAK‐272/SCO‐272) is a novel direct renin inhibitor with potential indications for cardiovascular and renal diseases. This phase I study evaluated the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of a single oral administration of imarikiren in healthy Japanese male subjects. The Dose‐Ascending part (double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group design; n = 60) comprised six steps from 5 to 200 mg (n = 8 for imarikiren and n = 2 for placebo per step). The Food Effect part (n = 12) was an open‐label, 2 × 2 crossover design with a dose of 50 mg to evaluate the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics and safety of imarikiren. There was a generally linear relationship between dose and area under the plasma concentration–time curve (0 to infinity) or maximum plasma concentration of imarikiren. Food had no clinically significant effect on the exposure of imarikiren. Inhibition of plasma renin activity was rapid and lasted up to 24 hr at all doses. Plasma active renin concentration increased, reaching a maximum at approximately 6 hr, in a nearly dose‐dependent manner. Across both study parts, the number of subjects with treatment‐emergent adverse events ranged from 0 to 3 per group with no dependency on dose. All treatment‐emergent adverse events except two were mild in intensity; there were no serious adverse events or deaths. Single oral administration of imarikiren from 5 to 200 mg was safe and well tolerated. These findings suggest that further clinical development of a once‐daily imarikiren regimen is warranted.
Human T‐cell lymphotropic/leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) Tax‐specific T‐cell exhaustion in HTLV‐1‐infected individuals
Authors: Masaki Ayako , Ishida Takashi , Suzuki Susumu , Ito Asahi , Narita Tomoko , Kinoshita Shiori , Ri Masaki , Kusumoto Shigeru , Komatsu Hirokazu , Inagaki Hiroshi , Ueda Ryuzo , Iida Shinsuke 
Published: May 2018

Adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is caused by Human T‐cell lymphotropic/leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV‐1), and a higher HTLV‐1 provirus load in PBMC is a risk factor for ATL development. Here, we document a significant inverse correlation between the function of HTLV‐1 Tax‐specific CTL (Tax‐CTL), as assessed by ex vivo cytokine production in response to cognate peptide, and the HTLV‐1 provirus load in PBMC in both HTLV‐1 asymptomatic carriers (AC) (Spearman rank correlation coefficient [Rs] = −0.494, P = .037, n = 18) and ATL patients (Rs = −0.774, P = .001, n = 15). There was also a significant correlation between the HTLV‐1 provirus load and the percentage of PD‐1‐positive Tax‐CTL in both HTLV‐1 AC (Rs = 0.574, P = .013) and ATL patients (Rs = 0.676, P = .006). Furthermore, the percentage of PD‐1‐positive Tax‐CTL was inversely correlated with their function in HTLV‐1 AC (Rs = −0.542, P = .020), and ATL patients (Rs = −0.639, P = .010). These findings indicate that the function of Tax‐CTL decreased as their programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) levels increased, parallel to the increased HTLV‐1 provirus load in PBMC. We propose that functional Tax‐CTL are crucial for determining the HTLV‐1 provirus load in PBMC, not only in HTLV‐1 AC, but also in ATL, and that PD‐1 expression levels are reliable markers of Tax‐CTL function. Thus, modulating the immunological equilibrium between Tax‐CTL and HTLV‐1‐infected cells to achieve dominance of functional effectors could represent an ideal strategy for controlling HTLV‐1‐associated disease.
Mild subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with paediatric dyslipidaemia
Authors: Dahl Amanda R. , Iqbal Anoop Mohamed , Lteif Aida N. , Pittock Siobhan T. , Tebben Peter J. , Kumar Seema 
Published: May 2018

SummaryBackgroundThere is a lack of consensus on the cardiometabolic consequences of mild subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) among children. The objective of the current study was to compare lipid profiles in children with mild SCH with those of euthyroid children.Study DesignRetrospective medical record review.PatientsChildren (ages 2‐18 years) who had undergone simultaneous measurement of TSH, free thyroxine (T4) and lipids. Lipids in children with mild SCH (TSH 5‐<10 mIU/L and normal free T4, n = 228) were compared with those in euthyroid children (n = 1215).ResultsTSH level was positively associated with total cholesterol and nonhigh density lipoprotein (non‐HDL) cholesterol [β 0.05(0.03‐0.08), P < .0001 and β 0.05(0.03‐0.08), P < .0001, respectively]. Total cholesterol was significantly higher in children and adolescents with mild SCH compared with euthyroid children (4.43 ± 1.14 mmol/L vs 4.2 ± 0.85 mmol/L, P = .0005). Similarly, non‐HDL cholesterol level was also higher in children with mild SCH relative to euthyroid children (3.08 ± 1.14 mmol/L vs 2.91 ± 0.8 mmol/L, P = .001). The adjusted odds ratio of having elevated total cholesterol and elevated non‐HDL cholesterol was greater in children with mild SCH compared with euthyroid children (OR 1.88, 95% CI; 1.28‐2.73; P = .001 and 1.72, 95% CI 1.2‐2.5; P = .003, respectively). The presence of thyroid autoimmunity was not associated with higher rates of dyslipidaemia.ConclusionsMild SCH in children and adolescents was associated with higher rates of elevated total cholesterol and elevated non‐HDL cholesterol. Randomized placebo controlled studies are warranted to determine if treatment of mild SCH in children leads to improvement in lipid profile.
Pharmacological and surgical treatment of nonreproductive outcomes in polycystic ovary syndrome: An overview of systematic reviews
Authors: Tay Chau T. , Joham Anju E. , Hiam Danielle S. , Gadalla Moustafa A. , Pundir Jyotsna , Thangaratinam Shakila , Teede Helena J. , Moran Lisa J. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryBackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects up to 13% women and is associated with significant complications. The quality of evidence supporting the recommendations on treatment of nonreproductive outcomes in PCOS is unknown.ObjectiveTo summarize and appraise the methodological quality of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses evaluating pharmacological and surgical treatments for nonreproductive outcomes in PCOS.MethodsA literature search from MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL PLUS and PROSPERO was performed from inception until 15th of September 2017. Article selection, data extraction and quality appraisal of included reviews were performed in duplicate. A narrative synthesis of the findings was conducted.ResultsThis overview included 31 reviews. The quality was low for 7 (23%), moderate for sixteen (52%) and high for 8 reviews (26%). Two reviews assessed psychological outcomes. Metformin improved anthropometric (7 of 10 reviews), metabolic (4 of 14 reviews) and endocrine outcomes (3 of twelve reviews). Thiazolidinediones improved metabolic (2 of 5 reviews) and endocrine outcomes (one of 5 reviews) but worsened weight gain (5 of 5 reviews). Combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) improved clinical hyperandrogenism (2 of 2 reviews). Statins improved lipid profile (3 of 3 reviews) and testosterone level (2 of 3 reviews). There was no conclusive evidence from included systematic reviews regarding the use of other interventions.ConclusionsThere is reliable evidence regarding the use of metformin for anthropometric outcomes and COCPs for hyperandrogenism in women with PCOS but not for other interventions. There is significant gap in knowledge regarding the management of psychological outcomes in women with PCOS which needs further evaluation.
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Core Sets for cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, and attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Schiariti Verónica , Mahdi Soheil , Bölte Sven 
Published: May 2018

AimCapturing functional information is crucial in childhood disability. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Sets promote assessments of functional abilities and disabilities in clinical practice regarding circumscribed diagnoses. However, the specificity of ICF Core Sets for childhood‐onset disabilities has been doubted. This study aimed to identify content commonalities and differences among the ICF Core Sets for cerebral palsy (CP), and the newly developed Core Sets for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).MethodThe categories within each Core Set were aggregated at the ICF component and chapter levels. Content comparison was conducted using descriptive analyses.ResultsThe activities and participation component of the ICF was the most covered across all Core Sets. Main differences included representation of ICF components and coverage of ICF chapters within each component. CP included all ICF components, while ADHD and ASD predominantly focused on activities and participation. Environmental factors were highly represented in the ADHD Core Sets (40.5%) compared to the ASD (28%) and CP (27%) Core Sets.InterpretationInternational Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Core Sets for CP, ASD, and ADHD capture both common but also unique functional information, showing the importance of creating condition‐specific, ICF‐based tools to build functional profiles of individuals with childhood‐onset disabilities.What this paper adds

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Sets for cerebral palsy (CP), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) include unique functional information.

The ICF‐based tools for CP, ASD, and ADHD differ in terms of representation and coverage of ICF components and ICF chapters.

Representation of environmental factors uniquely influences functioning and disability across ICF Core Sets for CP, ASD and ADHD.
First record of habitat of Daulocoris formosanus (Hemiptera: Aradidae): Colonies discovered in nests of Salganea taiwanensis ryukyuanus (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae)
Authors: Osaki Haruka , Shimamoto Shusuke , Kasuya Eiiti 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe collected colonies of Daulocoris formosanus from nests of the subsocial wood‐feeding cockroach Salganea taiwanensis ryukyuanus for the first time. To understand the ecology of D. formosanus, we observed and characterized their behavior in a laboratory setting. We provide the first detailed record of the habitat, colony structure and feeding behavior of D. formosanus.
The ghost of introduction past: Spatial and temporal variability in the genetic diversity of invasive smallmouth bass
Authors: Diedericks Genevieve , Henriques Romina , von der Heyden Sophie , Weyl Olaf L. F. , Hui Cang 
Published: May 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the demographic history of introduced populations is essential for unravelling their invasive potential and adaptability to a novel environment. To this end, levels of genetic diversity within the native and invasive range of a species are often compared. Most studies, however, focus solely on contemporary samples, relying heavily on the premise that the historic population structure within the native range has been maintained over time. Here, we assess this assumption by conducting a three‐way comparison of the genetic diversity of native (historic and contemporary) and invasive (contemporary) smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) populations. Analyses of a total of 572 M. dolomieu samples, representing the contemporary invasive South African range, contemporary and historical native USA range (dating back to the 1930s when these fish were first introduced into South Africa), revealed that the historical native range had higher genetic diversity levels when compared to both contemporary native and invasive ranges. These results suggest that both contemporary populations experienced a recent genetic bottleneck. Furthermore, the invasive range displayed significant population structure, whereas both historical and contemporary native US populations revealed higher levels of admixture. Comparison of contemporary and historical samples showed both a historic introduction of M. dolomieu and a more recent introduction, thereby demonstrating that undocumented introductions of this species have occurred. Although multiple introductions might have contributed to the high levels of genetic diversity in the invaded range, we discuss alternative factors that may have been responsible for the elevated levels of genetic diversity and highlight the importance of incorporating historic specimens into demographic analyses.