bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges associated with biomarker‐based classification systems for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Illán‐Gala Ignacio , Pegueroles Jordi , Montal Victor , Vilaplana Eduard , Carmona‐Iragui María , Alcolea Daniel , Dickerson Bradford C. , Sánchez‐Valle Raquel , de Leon Mony J. , Blesa Rafael , Lleó Alberto , Fortea Juan ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntroductionWe aimed to evaluate the consistency of the A/T/N classification system.MethodsWe included healthy controls, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia patients from Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative. We assessed subject classification consistency with different biomarker combinations and the agreement and correlation between biomarkers.ResultsSubject classification discordance ranged from 12.2% to 44.5% in the whole sample; 17.3%–46.4% in healthy controls; 11.9%–46.5% in mild cognitive impairment, and 1%–35.7% in dementia patients. Amyloid, but not neurodegeneration biomarkers, showed good agreement both in the whole sample and in the clinical subgroups. Amyloid biomarkers were correlated in the whole sample, but not along the Alzheimer's disease continuum (as defined by a positive amyloid positron emission tomography). Neurodegeneration biomarkers were poorly correlated both in the whole sample and along the Alzheimer's disease continuum. The relationship between biomarkers was stage‐dependent.DiscussionOur findings suggest that the current A/T/N classification system does not achieve the required consistency to be used in the clinical setting.
Understanding hallucinations in probable Alzheimer's disease: Very low prevalence rates in a tertiary memory clinic
Authors: Linszen Mascha M.J. , Lemstra Afina W. , Dauwan Meenakshi , Brouwer Rachel M. , Scheltens Philip , Sommer Iris E.C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntroductionAveraging at 13.4%, current literature reports widely varying prevalence rates of hallucinations in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD), and is still inconclusive on contributive factors to hallucinations in AD.MethodsThis study assessed prevalence, associated factors and clinical characteristics of hallucinations in 1227 patients with probable AD, derived from a tertiary memory clinic specialized in early diagnosis of dementia. Hallucinations were assessed with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory.ResultsHallucination prevalence was very low, with only 4.5% (n = 55/1227) affected patients. Hallucinations were mostly visual (n = 40/55) or auditory (n = 12/55). Comorbid delusions were present in over one‐third of cases (n = 23/55).Hallucinations were associated with increased dementia severity, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and a lifetime history of hallucination‐evoking disease (such as depression and sensory impairment), but not with age or gender.DiscussionIn the largest sample thus far, we report a low prevalence of hallucinations in probable AD patients, comparable to rates in non‐demented elderly. Our results suggest that hallucinations are uncommon in early stage AD. Clinicians that encounter hallucinations in patients with early AD should be sensitive to hallucination‐evoking comorbidity.
The use of Centiloids for applying [11C]PiB classification cutoffs across region‐of‐interest delineation methods
Authors: Tudorascu Dana L. , Minhas Davneet S. , Lao Patrick J. , Betthauser Tobey J. , Yu Zheming , Laymon Charles M. , Lopresti Brian J. , Mathis Chet A. , Klunk William E. , Handen Benjamin L. , Christian Bradley T. , Cohen Ann D. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntroductionCentiloid standardization was developed to establish a quantitative outcome measure of amyloid burden that could accommodate the integration of different amyloid positron emission tomography radiotracers or different methods of quantifying the same tracer. The goal of this study was to examine the use of Centiloids for establishing amyloid classification cutoffs for differing region‐of‐interest (ROI) delineation schemes.MethodsUsing ROIs from hand‐drawn delineation in native space as the gold standard, we compared standard uptake value ratios obtained from the 6 hand‐drawn ROIs that determine amyloid‐positivity classification with standard uptake value ratio obtained from 3 different automated techniques (FreeSurfer, Statistical Parametric Mapping, and superimposed hand‐drawn ROIs in Pittsburgh Compound B template space). We tested between‐methods reliability using repeated measures models and intraclass correlation coefficients.ResultsWe found high reliability between the hand‐drawn standard method and other methods for almost all the regions considered. However, small differences in standard uptake value ratio were found to lead to unreliable classifications when the hand‐drawn native space‐derived cutoffs were used across other ROI delineation methods.DiscussionThe use of Centiloid standardization greatly improved the agreement of Pittsburgh Compound B classification across methods and may serve as an alternative method for applying cutoffs across methodologically different outcomes.
Building open source security into agile application builds
Authors: Mackey Tim 
Published: April 2018

Open source software offers many benefits, not least of which is the way that readily available software components and libraries can speed development. By not having to constantly reinvent the wheel, developers are able to adopt agile development methods that are adaptive, responsive – and fast. But there's also a risk involved. Using open source software offers many benefits and can speed development. But there are risks involved. Changes to applications are being made so quickly and so often that it is difficult to understand and review them for risk. And application development and security practices often appear to be at odds. To employ open source components safely, organisations need visibility into which components they're using. Tim Mackey of Black Duck by Synopsys examines how DevOps teams can utilise automated software composition analysis (SCA).
Reducing the threat surface to minimise the impact of cyber-attacks
Authors: Bhardwaj Akashdeep , Goundar Sam 
Published: April 2018

As datacentre operations and the accessing of applications over the Internet increases, cyber-attackers view this as a surge in the threat surface area that they are able to attack. The increase in available area is directly proportional to the inbound access ports as well as application and network device vulnerabilities. These are available in form of open exploits that can be utilised during an attack. As datacentre operations and the accessing of applications over the Internet increases, cyber-attackers view this as a surge in the threat surface they are able to attack. The increase in available attack area is directly proportional to the inbound access ports as well as application and network device vulnerabilities. Akashdeep Bhardwaj and Sam Goundar propose a method for reducing the threat surface area by measuring security vulnerabilities to produce a score and then reducing the benefits obtained when exploiting the resource.
Metacognitive reflection and insight therapy (MERIT) for patients with schizophrenia
Authors: de Jong S. , van Donkersgoed R. J. M. , Timmerman M. E. , aan het Rot M. , Wunderink L. , Arends J. , van Der Gaag M. , Aleman A. , Lysaker P. H. , Pijnenborg G. H. M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundImpaired metacognition is associated with difficulties in the daily functioning of people with psychosis. Metacognition can be divided into four domains: Self-Reflection, Understanding the Other's Mind, Decentration, and Mastery. This study investigated whether Metacognitive Reflection and Insight Therapy (MERIT) can be used to improve metacognition.MethodsThis study is a randomized controlled trial. Patients in the active condition (n= 35) received forty MERIT sessions, the control group (n= 35) received treatment as usual. Multilevel intention-to-treat and completers analyses were performed for metacognition and secondary outcomes (psychotic symptomatology, cognitive insight, Theory of Mind, empathy, depression, self-stigma, quality of life, social functioning, and work readiness).ResultsEighteen out of 35 participants finished treatment, half the drop-out stemmed from therapist attrition (N= 5) or before the first session (N= 4). Intention-to-treat analysis demonstrated that in both groups metacognition improved between pre- and post-measurements, with no significant differences between the groups. Patients who received MERIT continued to improve, while the control group returned to baseline, leading to significant differences at follow-up. Completers analysis (18/35) showed improvements on the Metacognition Assessment Scale (MAS-A) scales Self Reflectivity and metacognitive Mastery at follow-up. No effects were found on secondary outcomes.ConclusionsOn average, participants in the MERIT group were, based on MAS-A scores, at follow-up more likely to recognize their thoughts as changeable rather than as facts. MERIT might be useful for patients whose self-reflection is too limited to benefit from other therapies. Given how no changes were found in secondary measures, further research is needed. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Longitudinal point prevalence survey of antibacterial use in Northern Ireland using the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC) PPS and Global-PPS tool
Authors: Al-Taani G. M. , Scott M. , Farren D. , Gilmore F. , Mccullagh B. , Hibberd C. , Mccorry A. , Versporten A. , Goossens H. , Zarb P. , Aldeyab M. A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance is a limiting factor for the success of the treatment of infectious diseases and is associated with increased morbidity and cost. The present study aims to evaluate prescribing patterns of antimicrobials and quantify progress in relation to targets for quality improvement in the prescription of antimicrobials in Northern Ireland's secondary care sector using three repetitive point prevalence surveys (PPS) over a 6-year period: the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC-PPS) in 2009 and 2011 and the Global-PPS on Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance in 2015. Out of 3605 patients surveyed over the three time points, 1239 (34.4%) were treated with an antibiotic, the most frequently prescribed antibiotic groups were a combination of penicillins, including β-lactamase inhibitors. Compliance with hospital antibiotic policies in 2009, 2011 and 2015 were 54.5%, 71.5% and 79.9%, respectively. Likewise, an indication for treatment was recorded in patient notes 88.5%, 87.7% and 90.6% in 2009, 2011 and 2015, respectively, and surgical prophylactic antibiotic prescriptions for >24 h was 3.9%, 3.2% and 0.7% in 2009, 2011 and 2015, respectively. Treatment based on biomarker data was used in 61.5% of cases. In conclusion, a general trend in the improvement of key antimicrobial-related quality indicators was noted. The PPS tool provided a convenient, inexpensive surveillance system of antimicrobial consumption and should be considered an essential component to establish and maintain informed antibiotic stewardship in hospitals.
Safety of tracheal intubation in the presence of cardiac disease in paediatric ICUs
Authors: Gradidge Eleanor A. , Bakar Adnan , Tellez David , Ruppe Michael , Tallent Sarah , Bird Geoffrey , Lavin Natasha , Lee Anthony , Nadkarni Vinay , Adu-Darko Michelle , Bain Jesse , Biagas Katherine , Branca Aline , Breuer Ryan K. , Brown Calvin , Bysani Kris , Emeriaud Guillaume , Gangadharan Sandeep , Giuliano John S. , Howell Joy D. , Krawiec Conrad , Lee Jan Hau , Li Simon , Meyer Keith , Miksa Michael , Napolitano Natalie , Nett Sholeen , Nuthall Gabrielle , Orioles Alberto , Owen Erin B. , Parker Margaret M. , Parsons Simon , Polikoff Lee A. , Rehder Kyle , Saito Osamu , Sanders Ron C. , Shenoi Asha , Simon Dennis W. , Skippen Peter W. , Tarquinio Keiko , Thompson Anne , Toedt-Pingel Iris , Walson Karen , Nishisaki Akira ,   For National Emergency Airway Registry for Children (NEARKIDS) Investigators and Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators (PALISI)
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntroductionChildren with CHD and acquired heart disease have unique, high-risk physiology. They may have a higher risk of adverse tracheal-intubation-associated events, as compared with children with non-cardiac disease.Materials and methodsWe sought to evaluate the occurrence of adverse tracheal-intubation-associated events in children with cardiac disease compared to children with non-cardiac disease. A retrospective analysis of tracheal intubations from 38 international paediatric ICUs was performed using the National Emergency Airway Registry for Children (NEAR4KIDS) quality improvement registry. The primary outcome was the occurrence of any tracheal-intubation-associated event. Secondary outcomes included the occurrence of severe tracheal-intubation-associated events, multiple intubation attempts, and oxygen desaturation.ResultsA total of 8851 intubations were reported between July, 2012 and March, 2016. Cardiac patients were younger, more likely to have haemodynamic instability, and less likely to have respiratory failure as an indication. The overall frequency of tracheal-intubation-associated events was not different (cardiac: 17% versus non-cardiac: 16%, p=0.13), nor was the rate of severe tracheal-intubation-associated events (cardiac: 7% versus non-cardiac: 6%, p=0.11). Tracheal-intubation-associated cardiac arrest occurred more often in cardiac patients (2.80 versus 1.28%; p<0.001), even after adjusting for patient and provider differences (adjusted odds ratio 1.79; p=0.03). Multiple intubation attempts occurred less often in cardiac patients (p=0.04), and oxygen desaturations occurred more often, even after excluding patients with cyanotic heart disease.ConclusionsThe overall incidence of adverse tracheal-intubation-associated events in cardiac patients was not different from that in non-cardiac patients. However, the presence of a cardiac diagnosis was associated with a higher occurrence of both tracheal-intubation-associated cardiac arrest and oxygen desaturation.
Application of PROMICE Q‐Transect in Situ Accumulation and Ablation Measurements (2000–2017) to Constrain Mass Balance at the Southern Tip of the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Hermann Mauro , Box Jason E. , Fausto Robert S. , Colgan William T. , Langen Peter L. , Mottram Ruth , Wuite Jan , Noël Brice , van den Broeke Michiel R. , van As Dirk 
Published: April 2018

With nine southern Greenland ice sheet ablation area locations, the Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE) “Q‐transect” is a source of snow accumulation and ice ablation data spanning 17 years (2000 to present). Snow water equivalence measurements below equilibrium line altitude enable resolving the location and magnitude of an orographic precipitation maximum. Snow depth skillfully predicts snow water equivalence in this region, for which we find no evidence of change 2001–2017. After describing observed accumulation and ablation spatiotemporal patterns, we examine surface mass balance (SMB) in 5.5‐km HIRHAM5, 7.5‐km Modèle Atmosphèrique Régional (MAR) v3.7, and 1‐km Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO2.3p2) regional climate model (RCM) output. HIRHAM5 and RACMO2.3p2 overestimate accumulation below equilibrium line altitude by 2 times. MAR SMB is closer to observations but lacks a distinct orographic peak. RCM ablation underestimation is attributable to overestimated snowfall (HIRHAM5 and RACMO2.3p2), overestimated bare ice albedo (MAR), and underestimation of downward turbulent heat fluxes. Calibrated ablation area RCM SMB data yield −0.3 ± 0.5 Gt/a SMB of the 559‐km2 marine‐terminating Sermilik glacier (September 2000 to October 2012). Using Enderlin et al. (2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL059010) ice discharge data, Sermilik glacier's total mass balance is −1.3 ± 0.5 Gt/a with interannual variability dominated by SMB. The area specific mass loss is 17 to 20 times greater than the whole ice sheet mass loss after Andersen et al. (2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.10.015) and Colgan et al. (2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.06.016), highlighting the Q‐transect's situation in an ice mass loss hot spot.
Nutrient Loss Rates in Relation to Transport Time Scales in a Large Shallow Lake (Lake St. Clair, USA—Canada): Insights From a Three‐Dimensional Model
Authors: Bocaniov Serghei A. , Scavia Donald 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA nutrient mass balance and a three‐dimensional, coupled hydrodynamic‐ecological model, calibrated and validated for Lake St. Clair with observations from 2009 and 2010, were integrated to estimate monthly lake‐scale nutrient loss rates, and to calculate 3 monthly transport time scales: flushing time, water age, and water residence time. While nutrient loss rates had statistically significant relationships with all transport time scale measures, water age had the strongest explanatory power, with water age and nutrient loss rates both smaller in spring and fall and larger in summer. We show that Lake St. Clair is seasonally divided into two discrete regions of contrasting water age and productivity. The north‐western region is dominated by oligotrophic waters from the St. Clair River, and south‐eastern region is dominated by the nutrient enriched, more productive waters from the Thames‐Sydenham River complex. The spatial and temporal variations in local transport scales and nutrient loss rates, coupled with strong seasonal variations in discharge and nutrient loads from the major tributaries, suggest the need for different load reduction strategies for different tributaries.
On the Role of Last Closed Drift Shell Dynamics in Driving Fast Losses and Van Allen Radiation Belt Extinction
Authors: Olifer L. , Mann I. R. , Morley S. K. , Ozeke L. G. , Choi D. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe present observations of very fast radiation belt loss as resolved using high time resolution electron flux data from the constellation of Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. The time scale of these losses is revealed to be as short as ∼0.5–2 hr during intense magnetic storms, with some storms demonstrating almost total loss on these time scales and which we characterize as radiation belt extinction. The intense March 2013 and March 2015 storms both show such fast extinction, with a rapid recovery, while the September 2014 storm shows fast extinction but no recovery for around 2 weeks. By contrast, the moderate September 2012 storm which generated a three radiation belt morphology shows more gradual loss. We compute the last closed drift shell (LCDS) for each of these four storms and show a very strong correspondence between the LCDS and the loss patterns of trapped electrons in each storm. Most significantly, the location of the LCDS closely mirrors the high time resolution losses observed in GPS flux. The fast losses occur on a time scale shorter than the Van Allen Probes orbital period, are explained by proximity to the LCDS, and progress inward, consistent with outward transport to the LCDS by fast ultralow frequency wave radial diffusion. Expressing the location of the LCDS in L*, and not model magnetopause standoff distance in units of RE, clearly reveals magnetopause shadowing as the cause of the fast loss observed by the GPS satellites.
A Physical Model of the Proton Radiation Belts of Jupiter inside Europa's Orbit
Authors: Nénon Q. , Sicard A. , Kollmann P. , Garrett H. B. , Sauer S. P. A. , Paranicas C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA physical model of the Jovian trapped protons with kinetic energies higher than 1 MeV inward of the orbit of the icy moon Europa is presented. The model, named Salammbô, takes into account the radial diffusion process, the absorption effect of the Jovian moons, and the Coulomb collisions and charge exchanges with the cold plasma and neutral populations of the inner Jovian magnetosphere. Preliminary modeling of the wave‐particle interaction with electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves near the moon Io is also performed. Salammbô is validated against in situ proton measurements of Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, Galileo Probe, and Galileo Orbiter. A prominent feature of the MeV proton intensity distribution in the modeled area is the 2 orders of magnitude flux depletion observed in MeV measurements near the orbit of Io. Our simulations reveal that this is not due to direct interactions with the moon or its neutral environment but results from scattering of the protons by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves.
CERA‐20C: A Coupled Reanalysis of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Laloyaux Patrick , de Boisseson Eric , Balmaseda Magdalena , Bidlot Jean‐Raymond , Broennimann Stefan , Buizza Roberto , Dalhgren Per , Dee Dick , Haimberger Leopold , Hersbach Hans , Kosaka Yuki , Martin Matthew , Poli Paul , Rayner Nick , Rustemeier Elke , Schepers Dinand 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCERA‐20C is a coupled reanalysis of the twentieth century which aims to reconstruct the past weather and climate of the Earth system including the atmosphere, ocean, land, ocean waves, and sea ice. This reanalysis is based on the CERA coupled atmosphere‐ocean assimilation system developed at ECMWF. CERA‐20C provides a 10 member ensemble of reanalyses to account for errors in the observational record as well as model error. It benefited from the prior experience of the retrospective atmospheric analysis ERA‐20C. The dynamical model and the data assimilation systems initially developed for NWP had been modified to take into account the evolution of the radiative forcing and the observing system. To limit the impact of changes in the observing system throughout the century, only conventional surface observations have been used in the atmosphere. CERA‐20C improves the specification of the background and the observation errors, two key elements to ensure a consistent weighting of the uncertainties across geophysical variables, space, and time. The quality of CERA‐20C has been evaluated against other centennial reanalyses and independent observations. Although CERA‐20C inherits some limitations of ERA‐20C to represent correctly the tropical cyclones in the first part of the century, it shows significant improvements in the troposphere, compared to ERA‐20C and 20CRv2c (the twentieth century reanalysis produced by NOAA/CIRES). A preliminary study of the climate variability in CERA‐20C has been carried out. CERA‐20C improves on the representation of atmosphere‐ocean heat fluxes and mean sea level pressure compared to previous uncoupled ocean and atmospheric historical reanalyses performed at ECMWF.