bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of an injectable trace mineral at the initiation of a 14 day CIDR protocol on heifer performance and reproduction1
Authors: Stokes R. S. , Ralph A. R. , Mickna A. J. , Chapple W. P. , Schroeder A. R. , Ireland F. A. , Shike D. W. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Three experiments were conducted at separate locations to determine the effects of a trace mineral injection (TMI), Multimin 90, on heifer performance and reproduction. In Exp. 1, [spring-born, Angus, n = 93, body weight (BW) = 428 ± 45.2 kg], Exp. 2 (spring-born, Angus × Simmental, n = 120, BW = 426 ± 54.0 kg), and Exp. 3 (fall-born, commercial Angus, n = 199, BW = 345 ± 39.7 kg) heifers were stratified by BW within experiment and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: a control, saline injection, or TMI at a dose of 1 mL/68 kg BW. Free choice mineral, containing Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn formulated to meet or exceed NRC recommendations, was supplemented to heifers. Injections were given 33 d prior to breeding at the initiation of a 14-d controlled internal drug release (CIDR)-prostaglandin protocol. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.37) in BW during Exp. 1. Additionally, there was no difference (P ≥ 0.52) in body condition score (BCS) at initiation or at artificial insemination (AI) and final pregnancy confirmation in Exp. 1; however, a greater (P = 0.03) BCS was noted for control heifers at breeding. Pregnancy rates to timed AI and overall pregnancy rates were also similar (P ≥ 0.74) regardless of treatment. During Exp. 2, BCS and BW did not differ (P ≥ 0.44) across treatments. There was a tendency (P = 0.07) for TMI heifers to have an increased AI pregnancy rate (62 vs. 45%) compared with control heifers despite no difference (P = 0.51) in overall pregnancy rate. In Exp. 3, BW was not different (P ≥ 0.39) across all time points. Also, BCS did not differ (P ≥ 0.45) at initiation, AI, or final pregnancy conformation. Interestingly, there was a tendency (P = 0.10) for TMI heifers to have an increased BCS at the time of breeding compared with control heifers. However, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.50) in AI and overall pregnancy rates. In 1 of 3 experiments, an injectable trace mineral administered 33 d prior to the breeding season in conjunction with a 14-d CIDR protocol, tended to increased AI conception rates of heifers even when adequate trace mineral supplement was provided. The variable response observed across experiments may be caused by differences in breed, calving season, mineral sources, and management strategies.
The comparison of the lactation and milk yield and composition of selected breeds of sheep and goats
Authors: Ferro M. M. , Tedeschi L. O. , Atzori A. S. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the milk yield (MY) and milk composition of relevant sheep and goat breeds raised around the world to be used with nutrition models for diet formulation and nutrient balancing. A 2-step approach was used. First, a database developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization was used to identify relevant breeds (i.e., frequently raised) by comparing the occurrence of transboundary breed names across countries. We selected transboundary breeds that occurred more than 3 times and other relevant breeds obtained from the specialized literature that had milk production information (e.g., MY, days in milk, and milk fat, protein, and lactose). The majority of sheep breeds were classified as nondairy (76%) because they lacked milk production information. Karakul and Merino accounted for up to 2.4% of sheep breeds raised around the world, whereas the other individual breeds accounted for less than 1%. In contrast, nondairy breeds of goats accounted for 46.3% and of the remaining 53.7%, Saanen, Boer, Anglo-Nubian, Toggenburg, and Alpine accounted for 6.5, 5, 4.4, 4, and 3%, respectively, of the transboundary breeds. Second, a database compiled from published studies for the selected sheep (n = 65) and goats (n = 78) breeds were analyzed using a random coefficients model (studies and treatments within studies as random effects). For sheep breeds, the average and SD were 1.1 ± 0.3 kg/d for MY, 6.9 ± 1% for milk fat, 5.4 ± 0.4% for milk protein, 5 ± 0.3% for milk lactose, 17.7 ± 1.4% for milk total solids, and 1,073 ± 91 kcal/kg of milk energy. Lacaune had the greatest MY compared to Comisana and Tsigai (1.65 versus 0.83 and 0.62 kg/d; respectively, P &lt; 0.05), but milk components were not different among breeds. For goats breeds, the average and SD across breeds were 1.7 ± 0.6 kg/d for MY, 4.2 ± 0.9% for milk fat, 3.3 ± 0.4% for milk protein, 4.4 ± 0.4% for milk lactose, 12.7 ± 1.1% for milk total solids, and 750 ± 75 kcal/kg of milk energy. Alpine had similar MY to Saanen (2.66 versus 2.55 kg/d, respectively; P &gt; 0.05), but greater (P &lt; 0.05) than other breeds. The Boer breed had the greatest milk fat, protein, lactose, and total solids than several other breeds, leading to the greatest milk energy content (907 kcal/kg). Because there are many factors that can alter MY and milk composition, averages provided in this study serve as guidelines, and nutritionists must obtain observed values when using nutrition models.
Evaluation of the optimal standardized ileal digestible tryptophan:lysine ratio in lactating sow diets
Authors: Greiner L. , Neill C. , Allee G.L. , Touchette K. J. , Connor J. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Three hundred and fifteen primiparous and multiparous sows were evaluated in a study to determine the effect of standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp:Lys ratio in lactating sow diets. Camborough sows (PIC USA, Hendersonville, TN) ranging from first parity to eighth parity were blocked by parity and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 experimental diets containing different levels of added L-Trp (0.006, 0.026, 0.045, and 0.064%, respectively) while soybean meal, 30% corn dried distiller's grain with solubles (DDGS), and L-Lys levels were held constant. The SID Lys level for the rations was 0.95% so that the SID Trp:Lys ratios were formulated to be 14, 16, 18, and 20%, respectively. All diets were formulated to have 3.2 Mcal ME/kg and to contain vitamins and minerals that exceeded NRC (1998) recommendations. Sows were fed twice a day with a Howema computerized feed system and were allowed a maximum intake (5.9 kg/d). Average daily feed intake had a tendency to be quadratically improved when the SID ratio was increased (5.11, 5.28, 5.24, 5.21 kg/d, P = 0.09). In addition, sow wean to estrus (6.71, 5.53, 5.58, 6.33, P &lt; 0.02) was quadratically improved as SID Trp:Lys ratio increased. Percent of sows bred by 10 d (84.39, 90.82, 90.28, 90.61) was not linearly (P = 0.25) or quadratically (P = 0.40) improved. There was no difference in litter gain (2.44, 2.52, 2.60, 2.57 kg/d, P = 0.16). Based on a broken-line quadratic model, when sows are fed 30% DDGS, the SID Trp:Lys ratio of 17.6 is required for optimal sow average daily feed intake and 17.2 for wean to estrus interval.
Review: Effects of Ractopamine Hydrochloride (Paylean) on welfare indicators for market weight pigs1
Authors: Ritter M. J. , Johnson A. K. , Benjamin M. E. , Carr S. N. , Ellis M. , Faucitano L. , Grandin T. , Salak-Johnson J. L. , Thomson D. U. , Goldhawk C. , Calvo-Lorenzo M. S. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This review summarizes the effects of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) dose (5, 7.5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) on market weight pig welfare indicators. Ractopamine hydrochloride (trade name Paylean) is a β-adrenergic agonist that was initially approved in the U.S. in 1999 at doses of 5 to 20 mg/kg to improve feed efficiency and carcass leanness. However, anecdotal reports suggested that RAC increased the rate of non-ambulatory (fatigued and injured) pigs at U.S. packing plants. This led to the addition of a caution statement to the Paylean label, and a series of research studies investigating the effects of RAC on pig welfare. Early research indicated that: (1) regardless of RAC administration, fatigued (non-ambulatory, non-injured) pigs are in a state of metabolic acidosis; (2) aggressive handling increases stress responsiveness at 20 mg/kg RAC, while 5 mg/kg reduces stress responsiveness to aggressive handling. Given this information, dosage range for Paylean was changed in 2006 to 5 to 10 mg/kg in market weight pigs. Subsequent research on RAC demonstrated that: (1) RAC has minimal effects on mortality, lameness, and home pen behavior; (2) RAC fed pigs demonstrated inconsistent prevalence and intensity of aggressive behaviors; (3) RAC fed pigs may be more difficult to handle at doses above 5 mg/kg; and (4) RAC fed pigs may have increased stress responsiveness and higher rates of non-ambulatory pigs when subjected to aggressive handling, especially when 20 mg/kg of RAC is fed.
Effects of bismuth subsalicylate and dietary sulfur level on fermentation by ruminal microbes in continuous culture
Authors: Fessenden S. W. , Carpenter A. J. , Ruiz-Moreno M. , Jenkins T. C. , Stern M. D. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In ruminants, excess dietary sulfur can be associated with a reduction in DM intake, poor feedlot performance and sulfur-associated polioencephalomalacia. Bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) has been shown to decrease hydrogen sulfide in vitro. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate effects of BSS inclusion (0 or 0.5% of diet DM) and dietary sulfur (0.21 or 0.42% of diet DM) on microbial fermentation in continuous culture. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Eight dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used during 2 consecutive 10-d periods consisting of 7 d for stabilization followed by 3 d of sampling. A pelleted feedlot diet containing 39% dry rolled corn, 32% earlage, 21% wet distillers grains, 3.2% corn silage, 1.5% soybean meal, 0.6% urea and 2.7% mineral premix (DM basis) was provided as substrate for microbes at a rate of 75 g of DM × fermenter–1 × d–1. Effluents from sampling days were composited by fermenter within period, resulting in 4 replicates/treatment. Bismuth subsalicylate inclusion decreased (P &lt; 0.01) true OM digestion, while no effects were observed for NDF and ADF digestion. Total VFA concentrations, molar proportions of acetic, propionic, and branched-chained VFA decreased (P &lt; 0.01) with BSS addition. The ratio of acetic to propionic acid and the molar proportion of butyric acid increased (P &lt; 0.01) with BSS addition. In regard to nitrogen metabolism, BSS increased NH3–N concentration, NH3–N and dietary-N flows (P &lt; 0.01), and decreased non-NH3–N flow, microbial-N flow, CP degradation, and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (P &lt; 0.01). Inclusion of BSS increased mean, minimum, and maximum fermentation pH (P &lt; 0.01). Amount of dietary sulfur and BSS inclusion influenced flows of amino acids and fatty acids from fermenters. Influences on fatty acid biohydrogenation and amino acid flows demonstrated an overall suppression of microbial fermentation. Results from this experiment indicate that BSS inclusion at 0.5% of diet DM has detrimental effects on in vitro rumen fermentation in continuous culture.
Relationships among early postmortem loin quality and aged loin and pork chop quality characteristics between barrows and gilts
Authors: Lowell J. E. , Overholt M. F. , Harsh B. N. , Stahl C. A. , Dilger A. C. , Boler D. D. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Rapid assessment of pork quality by packers necessitates using early postmortem (∼1 d) traits as an indication of aged pork quality (∼14 d). Efforts have been made to develop a grading system based on color and marbling of the ventral side of boneless loins. In order for this system to be successful, there must be a correlation between early postmortem quality traits observed by packers and the same traits observed by consumers after aging. However, the strength and direction of those correlations are unclear. It is also unknown if the correlations between early and aged postmortem quality differ between barrows (B) and gilts (G). Therefore, the objectives were to determine correlations between early postmortem loin quality characteristics and aged loin quality characteristics, and determine if those correlations differed between barrows and gilts. Early postmortem (∼1 d) quality traits included: instrumental and subjective color, marbling and firmness, and loin pH on the ventral surface of the loin. Loins were aged until 14 d postmortem in vacuum packages. Aged quality traits included traits evaluated early as well as shear force and cook loss. Correlations were compared between barrows and gilts using a Fisher's z test. Overall, early subjective firmness scores of barrows were greater (P &lt; 0.001) than those of gilts. No other early quality traits differed between sexes. Early pH was correlated with aged pH (r = 0.80 B; 0.75 G), ventral lightness (r = –0.57 B; –0.54 G), ventral yellowness (r = –0.55 B; –0.55 G), subjective ventral color (r = 0.55, B; 0.41 G), and subjective chop color (r = 0.42 B; 0.44 G). Correlations of early pH and aged quality did not differ between sexes. Early lightness was correlated with aged ventral pH (r = –0.56) and subjective color (r = –0.39) in barrows but not gilts (P ≤ 0.04). Early lightness was correlated with aged lightness (r = 0.60 B; 0.51 G) and yellowness (r = 0.49 B; 0.55 G), but was not correlated with to any aged chop quality traits. Early marbling was correlated with ventral color (r = 0.42) in barrows and ventral marbling (r = 0.67 B; 0.66 G) and chop marbling (r = 0.57 B; 0.59 G) in barrows and gilts. In summary, early pH and lightness were correlated with aged quality characteristics and correlations rarely differed between barrows and gilts. Sex does not need to be accounted for when relating early and aged quality characteristics.
Blister like aneurysm: a review about its endovascular management / Aneurismas Blister-Like: uma revisão sobre seu tratamento endovascular
Authors: Aguiar Guilherme Brasileiro de , Santos Rafael Gomes dos , Ferraz Vinícius Ricieri , Nunes André Freitas , Aguiar Rodrigo Salmeron de Toledo , Jory Maurício , Conti Mario Luiz Marques , Veiga José Carlos Esteves 
Published: December 2018

Introduction: Blood blister-like (BBAs) aneurysms are rare cerebrovascular lesions for which the endovascular treatment methods are reviewed here. The reported pathogenesis varies, and hemodynamic stress, arterial dissection, and arteriosclerotic ulceration have all been described. The excessive fragility of BBAs and their parent vessels, can make microsurgical clipping technically difficult. Surgical treatment is associated with high rates of complications, morbidity, and mortality. The approach to the treatment of BBAs in recent times has shifted from microsurgical treatment to endovascular treatment, thanks to ongoing innovations in regard to endovascular techniques and devices. Method: The authors performed a review of available endovascular techniques used for blood blister-like aneurysms treatment. The Pubmed database was used as source search introducing “blood blister-like aneurysm” and “blister aneurysms” as keywords. The most relevant articles and those that focused on endovascular treatment techniques were selected. Discussion: Endovascular interventional techniques have evolved as an effective treatment for intracranial aneurysms. Considerable interest has emerged regarding the use of endovascular approaches to treat BBAs. In some studies, endovascular treatment of BBAs was associated with high rates of complete occlusion and good mid- to long-term neurological outcomes. Various endovascular techniques have been applied to treat BBAs, such as coil embolization, stenting, stent-assisted coiling and flow-diverting stents. Conclusion: From the available endovascular techniques, flow-diverting stents appears to be the safest and most effective treatment modality, with a higher rate of complete occlusion of an aneurysm and a lower rate of retreatment. The development of novel flow-diverting stents with decreased thrombogenic properties, may represents a key step forward and increases the potential for flow diversion becoming the gold standard for endovascular treatment of BBAs.Keywords: Intracranial aneurysm; Aneurysm, ruptured; Carotid artery disease; Subarachnoid hemorrhage; Endovascular procedures
Caracterização e Avaliação das Respostas Espectrais de Alvos no município de Itapemirim, ES, por meio de Sensoriamento Remoto Orbital (Characterization and Evaluation of Spectral Response of Targets in the municipality of Itapemirim, ES, by means of Remote Orbital Sensing)
Authors: Magalhães Ivo Augusto Lopes , Xavier Alexandre Cândido 
Published: December 2018

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a resposta espectral dos alvos floresta estacional submontana, floresta estacional semidecidual, duas variedades de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.), solo exposto, área urbana e corpo hídrico por meio do satélite Landsat – 5TM no município de Itapemirim, ES. A metodologia consistiu na obtenção da imagem por meio do catálogo de imagens do INPE. Por conseguinte, realizou-se o processamento digital de imagem expresso na sequência metodológica: Mosaico, Registro, Correção atmosférica e transformação para reflectância bidirecional. Por meio dos resultados comprovou-se que floresta estacional semidecidual apresentou maior absorção na região do VIS em relação a floresta estacional submontana. Entretanto, as duas formações florestais apresentaram comportamento espectral típico de uma vegetação sadia, com predomínio de baixos valores de reflectância na faixa espectral do azul e vermelho, média reflectância no canal do verde e uma alta reflectância no infravermelho próximo. Os dados do sensor TM foram eficazes para obtenção e caracterização das curvas espectrais da vegetação, cana-de-açúcar, solo exposto e corpo hídrico na área em estudo. Para estudos com maior precisão de resposta espectral de área urbana, sugere-se o uso de imagens de satélite de alta resolução espacial para coleta do perfil espectral de maneira pontual. A B S T R A C TThe objective of this study was to characterize and to evaluate the spectral response of submontane seasonal forest, semideciduous seasonal forest, two sugarcane varieties (Saccharum officinarum L.), exposed soil, urban area and water body by means of the Landsat - 5TM satellite in the municipality of Itapemirim, ES. The methodology consisted in obtaining the image through the INPE image catalog. Therefore, the digital image processing expressed in the methodological sequence was performed: Mosaic, Record, Atmospheric correction and transformation for bidirectional reflectance. By means of the results, it was verified that semidecidual seasonal forest presented greater absorption in the VIS region in relation to submontane seasonal forest. However, the two forest formations showed typical spectral behavior of healthy vegetation, with low reflectance values in the spectral range of blue and red, medium reflectance in the green channel and high reflectance in the near infrared. The TM sensor data were effective for obtaining and characterizing the spectral curves of vegetation, sugarcane, exposed soil and water body in the study area. For studies with greater accuracy of urban area spectral response, it is suggested the use of satellite images of high spatial resolution to collect the spectral profile in a punctual way.Keywords: Geoprocessing; Natural Resources; Urban area.
Comportamento climático do balanço do vento térmico na América do Sul de acordo com os eventos ENOS: Estudo preliminar (Climatic behavior of thermal wind balance in South America according to ENSO events: Preliminary study)
Authors: Lima Mônica Vaz , Nunes André Becker 
Published: December 2018

O balanço do vento térmico indica a relação entre o gradiente meridional de temperatura e o cisalhamento vertical do vento, o que explica a existência do jato de altos níveis – chamado de corrente de jato, ou simplesmente jato – em latitudes médias e altas. É esperado que a posição do jato corresponda a condições de instabilidade em superfície. O fenômeno climático ENOS (El Niño-Oscilação Sul) provoca uma alteração no gradiente de temperatura em baixos níveis, pois muda o padrão normal de temperatura da superfície do mar do Pacífico Tropical leste. Assim, o presente trabalho usa dados de reanálise II do NCEP (1981-2010) para analisar como que as três diferentes fases do ENOS (El Niño, La Niña e neutra) modificam o padrão médio climatológico de balanço do vento térmico no continente sulamericano. Primeiramente, os resultados mostraram boa associação entre os núcleos do jato e as regiões de maior gradiente de temperatura em 850 hPa. Nos períodos de La Niña, o jato apresentou-se mais intenso no inverno sobre o continente. Já em anos de El Niño observou-se jato mais intenso em latitudes médias sobre o Pacífico, na costa oeste do continente, principalmente no verão e primavera, indicando que o incremento de temperatura na superfície do mar no Pacífico acarreta em maior gradiente de temperatura em latitudes médias e, consequentemente, em uma corrente de jato mais intensa. A B S T R A C TThe thermal wind balance shows the relation between meridional gradient of temperature and vertical wind shear, explaining the existence of the upper-tropospheric jet – called jet stream, or simply jet – in high and mid-latitudes. It is expected that jet position is associated to instability conditions in surface. The climate phenomenon ENSO (El Niño-South Oscillation) causes a perturbation in the low levels temperature gradient, since that changes the normal pattern of sea surface temperature of eastern tropical Pacific ocean. Thus, this work employs NCEP II reanalyses dataset (1981-2010) to analyze how the three phases of ENSO (El Niño, La Niña and neutral) modify the climatic pattern of thermal wind balance in the South American continent. First, the results showed good association between jet streaks and the regions with highest temperature gradient at 850 hPa. During La Niña periods the jet stream had become more intense in the winter, over the continent. On the other hand, during El Niño, a more intense jet was observed in the mid-latitudes over Pacific, on the west coast of the continent, mainly in summer and spring, indicating that the increase in sea surface temperature in Pacific entails a higher mid-latitudes temperature gradient and, therefore, a more intense jet stream.Keywords: jet stream, meridional gradient of temperature, El Niño, La Niña