bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interindividual and Regional Variability in Drug Transporter Abundance at the Human Blood–Brain Barrier Measured by Quantitative Targeted Proteomics
Authors: Billington Sarah , Salphati Laurent , Hop Cornelis E. C. A. , Chu Xiaoyan , Evers Raymond , Burdette Doug , Rowbottom Christopher , Lai Yurong , Xiao Guangqing , Humphreys W. Griffith , Nguyen Tot Bui , Prasad Bhagwat , Unadkat Jashvant D. 
Published: January 2019

For in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) of brain distribution of drugs that are transported at the human blood–brain barrier (BBB), it is important to quantify the interindividual and regional variability of drug transporter abundance at this barrier. Therefore, using quantitative targeted proteomics, we compared the abundance of adenosine triphosphate–binding cassette and solute carrier transporters in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) isolated from postmortem specimens of two matched brain regions, the occipital (Brodmann Area (BA)17) and parietal (BA39) lobe, from 30 adults. Of the quantifiable transporters, the abundance ranked: glucose transporter (GLUT)1 > breast cancer resistance protein > P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) > equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT)1 > organic anion‐transporting polypeptide (OATP)2B1. The abundance of multidrug resistance protein 1/2/3/4, OATP1A2, organic anion transporter (OAT)3, organic cation transporter (OCT)1/2, OCTN1/2, or ENT2 was below the limit of quantification. Transporter abundance per gram of tissue (scaled using GLUT1 abundance in BMEC vs. brain homogenate) in BA17 was 30–42% higher than BA39. The interindividual variability in transporter abundance (percentage of coefficient of variation (%CV)) was 35–57% (BA17) and 27–46% (BA39). These data can be used in proteomics‐informed bottom‐up IVIVE to predict human brain drug distribution.
Rational Molecular Designs for Controlling Photochromism: Thermally Activated Valence Isomerization of Phenoxyl‐Imidazolyl Radical Complexes
Authors: Toshimitsu Shota , Shima Kentaro , Mutoh Katsuya , Kobayashi Yoichi , Abe Jiro 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe report a strategy to control the reversible photoinduced valence isomerization between a biradical and a quinoidal form based on a photochromic phenoxyl‐imidazolyl radical complex (PIC) framework. The thermal equilibrium of the valence isomerization is biased toward the biradical form by substituting the π‐conjugated substituents and the electron‐donating groups, while the equilibrium is biased toward the quinoidal form by twisting the substituting group at the 2‐position of the imidazole ring. The precise control of the reversible photoinduced valence isomerizations is especially important for fundamental spin chemistry. Moreover, because biradicals have several fascinating properties, for example, as initiators for polymerizations, broad absorption in the visible and near‐infrared regions, and large two‐photon absorption cross sections, light‐ and time‐gated open‐shell characteristics would stimulate the development of further photofunctional materials utilizing biradicals.
Molecular Probes for Fluorescence Imaging of ATP in Cells and Tissues
Authors: Jun Yong Woong , Sarkar Sourav , Kim Kyeong Hwan , Ahn Kyo Han 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAdenosine triphosphate (ATP), as the main energy source in cells, powers most cellular activities, such as synthesis and transportation of biomolecules, cell signaling, and muscle contraction. Therefore, detection and monitoring of ATP are essential to understand many biological processes, demanding molecular probes with high selectivity and sensitivity, fast response times, along with long‐term monitoring and tissue imaging capability. We overviewed the reported small‐molecule fluorescent probes for ATP by categorizing their recognition elements, along with comments on their merits and limitations. Also, we briefly stated the desirable properties, challenges, and perspectives in the development of ATP probes.
Visible‐Light‐Enhanced Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions of Aryl Chlorides in Water with Pd NPs Supported on a Conjugated Nanoporous Polycarbazole
Authors: Guo Bin , Li Hong‐Xi , Zha Cheng‐Hao , Young David James , Li Hai‐Yan , Lang Jian‐Ping 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe visible‐light‐enhanced catalytic activation of aryl chlorides for Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling (SMC) reactions is highly challenging because of the strength of the C−Cl bond. In this work, palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) were grown on a conjugated nanoporous polycarbazole (CNP), named Pd/CNP. The hybrid material Pd/CNP could catalyze the SMC reactions of aryl chlorides with arylboronic acids in water under blue LED irradiation at room temperature with high efficiency. This protocol exhibited good functional group tolerance and the catalyst could be recycled without significant loss of its catalytic activity. CNP not only provided photogenerated electrons to enrich the electron density of the Pd NPs but also generated holes for the activation of the arylboronic acids.
Phylogeography of lethal male fighting in a social spider mite
Authors: Sato Yukie , Tsuda Yoshiaki , Sakamoto Hironori , Egas Martijn , Gotoh Tetsuo , Saito Yutaka , Zhang Yan‐Xuan , Lin Jian‐Zhen , Chao Jung‐Tai , Mochizuki Atsushi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhen males fight for access to females, such conflict rarely escalates into lethal fight because the risks and costs involved, that is, severe injury or death, are too high. The social spider mite,Stigmaeopsis miscanthi,does exhibit lethal male fights, and this male–male aggressiveness varies among populations. To understand the evolution of lethal fighting, we investigated aggressiveness in 42 populations and phylogenetic relationships in 47 populations along the Japanese archipelago. By analysis of the male weapon morph, a proxy for aggressiveness, we confirmed the existence of a mildly aggressive (ML) form, besides the low aggression (LW) and high aggression (HG) forms reported earlier. To evaluate demographic history of these three forms, we employed the approximate Bayesian computation approach using mtCOI sequences and taking into consideration the postlast glacial expansion history of the host plant,Miscanthus sinensis. As results, hierarchical split models are more likely to explain the observed genetic pattern than admixture models, and the ML form in the subtropical region was considered the ancestral group. The inferred demographic history was consistent with the one reconstructed for the host plant in a previous study. The LW form was split from the ML form during the last glacial period (20,000–40,000 years BP), and subsequently, the HG form was split from the ML form at the end of or after the last glacial period (5,494–10,988 years BP). The results also suggest that the mite invaded Japan more than once, resulting in the present parapatric distribution of LW and HG forms in eastern Japan.
Genetic differentiation and asymmetric gene flow among Carpathian brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations—Implications for conservation of transboundary populations
Authors: Matosiuk Maciej , Śmietana Wojciech , Czajkowska Magdalena , Paule Ladislav , Štofik Jozef , Krajmerová Diana , Bashta Andriy‐Taras , Jakimiuk Stefan , Ratkiewicz Mirosław 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe abundance and distribution of large carnivores in Europe have been historically reduced. Their recovery requires multilevel coordination, especially regarding transboundary populations. Here, we apply nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers to test for admixture level and its impact on population genetic structure of contemporary brown bears (Ursus arctos) from the Eastern, Southern, and Western Carpathians. Carpathian Mountains (Europe). Nearly 400 noninvasive brown bear DNA samples from the Western (Poland) and Eastern Carpathians (Bieszczady Mountains in Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine) were collected. Together with DNA isolates from Slovakia and Romania, they were analyzed using the set of eight microsatellite loci and two mtDNA regions (control region and cytochromeb). A set of 113 individuals with complete genotypes was used to investigate genetic differentiation across national boundaries, genetic structuring within and between populations, and movement between populations. Transboundary brown bear subpopulations (Slovakia and Poland) did not show significant internal genetic structure, and thus were treated as cohesive units. All brown bears from the Western Carpathians carried mitochondrial haplotypes from the Eastern lineage, while the Western lineage prevailed in the brown bears from the Bieszczady Mountains. Despite similar levels of microsatellite variability, we documented significant differentiation among the studied populations for nuclear markers and mtDNA. We also detected male‐biased and asymmetrical movement into the Bieszczady Mountains population from the Western Carpathians. Our findings suggest initial colonization of the Western Carpathians by brown bears possessing mtDNA from the Eastern lineage. Genetic structuring among populations at microsatellite loci could be a result of human‐mediated alterations. Detected asymmetric gene flow suggests ongoing expansion from more abundant populations into the Bieszczady Mountains and thus supports a metapopulation model. The knowledge concerning this complex pattern can be implemented in a joint Carpathian brown bear management plan that should allow population mixing by dispersing males.
Verification of measurement waveforms of transient electric field caused by micro‐gap spark using optical electric field probe
Authors: Taka Yoshinori , Kawamata Ken , Ishigami Shinobu , Minegishi Shigeki , Fujiwara Osamu 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWith the widespread use of wearable terminals, machine to machine (M2M) and internet of things (IoT) equipment, electrostatic discharge (ESD: Electrostatic Discharge) due to electrification of humans and objects can cause electromagnetic interference (EMI) inside these devices, which is called intra‐EMC (Electromagnetic compatibility). This type of the EMI issue would be often derived from a steep transient electric near field generated by less than 1 kV spark discharges between micro‐gaps. To clarify the characteristics of such electric near field, therefore, an optical electric field probe, which does not disturb any electromagnetic fields to be measured, has been used to measure the transient electric field caused by a micro‐gap spark when charged metal spheres collide, while it is not fully understood whether or not the probe output precisely responds to the transient electric field in the vicinity of the discharge point. In this study, the measured waveforms of the above‐mentioned electric field are verified by comparison with the electrostatic field theoretically derived from image charges and the transient electric field calculated from an image dipole charge model combining a spark resistance law. The result reveals that at a distance near the discharge point the optical field probe does not properly work due to the presence of the electrostatic field, whereas the transient electric field at a distance away from more than twice the diameter of metal spheres from the discharge point can be correctly measured because of sufficient attenuation of the electrostatic field component.
A threefold difference in plant growth response to nitrogen addition between the laboratory and field experiments
Authors: Xu Xiaoni , Yan Liming , Xia Jianyang 
Published: January 2019

AbstractQuantifying the magnitude of plant response to nitrogen (N) addition is critical in improving our understanding of vegetation productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Numerous studies under both the laboratory (hereafter lab) and field conditions have shown significant increases in plant growth by N addition. However, differences exist when we integrate or compare the results between N‐addition experiments under the lab and field conditions. Here, we performed a meta‐analysis on observations from 139 field and 127 lab experiments to identify their differences and similarities in the N response of plant growth. Overall, there was a threefold difference in the N effect on plant biomass between the lab (+63.1%) and field (+22.2%) experiments. The magnitude of the lab–field difference varied among plant categories and plant tissues. For example, the larger N effect in the lab than field conditions was about twofold for the herbaceous plant but fourfold for the woody species. Furthermore, the N‐induced increase in biomass was allocated more to above‐ground parts in the field but equally to above‐ and below‐ground parts under the lab conditions. We further showed that these differences were jointly attributed to the differential abiotic (i.e., environmental condition and N application methods) and biotic (i.e., interspecific interaction, age, and functional types) factors under these two experimental conditions. These findings highlight more attention should be paid when the results from the lab experiments are translated to understand the N response of the natural plants.
The trophic ecology of a desert river fish assemblage: influence of season and hydrologic variability
Authors: Behn Kathrine E. , Baxter Colden V. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFoodweb analyses can provide insight as to how species persist in naturally dynamic environments and how these communities may respond to anthropogenic alteration. In the remaining undammed rivers of the arid southwestern United States, it is thought that plasticity in feeding behavior allows native fishes to thrive in the context of natural fluctuations in temperature, sediment, and resource availability associated with extreme swings in season and hydrology. There have been few evaluations of this hypothesis, in part owing to the rarity of rivers that retain their natural environmental dynamics and complement of native species. We investigated the feeding ecology of the fish assemblage of one such river, the Little Colorado River, Arizona, focusing on four native species: bluehead sucker (Catostomus discobolus), flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis), speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus), and endangered humpback chub (Gila cypha). Over two years, we sampled fish diets in July, September, January, March, and June, encompassing turbid and clear‐water conditions across seasons. We quantified food resource contributions to fish diets in fish‐centered food webs, comparing diversity of trophic linkages and linkage‐strength distribution across time. We used ordination analyses to investigate differences in diets among species and changes in diet composition across seasons and conducted seasonal comparisons of gut fullness. We observed a high diversity of dietary items (as absolute numbers and consumer–resource ratios) within a fish assemblage that was apparently resistant to extreme and recurrent environmental variability. Fish diet diversity was ~2× that of the nearby dammed Colorado River's tailwater, and over 50% of fish‐resource linkages were weak (<1% of species’ diet). Native fishes consumed a mix of terrestrial and aquatic resources. Notably, the water column‐feeding humpback chub consumed the largest percentage of terrestrially derived food items and appeared to capitalize on food resources made available by a summer flash flood, consuming twice as much during this flood than during other seasons (based on gut fullness, corrected by estimates of food quality). Other fishes exhibited similar dietary variation. Such opportunist/generalist strategies, coupled with diverse food resources, may be important to the persistence of these and other native fishes in dynamic environments.
Silver Nanowires Contained Nanofluids with Enhanced Optical Absorption and Thermal Transportation Properties
Authors: Zhu Dahai , Huang Guiwen , Zhang Liye , He Yan , Xie Huaqing , Yu Wei 
Published: January 2019

Two kinds of silver nanowires (100 nm in diameter, 20 μm and 100 μm in length) are prepared. The thermo‐physical characteristics, viscosity, and photothermal conversion performance of the silver nanowires (AgNWs) contained ethylene glycol nanofluids are investigated in detail. It is found that thermal conductivity of 100 μm AgNWs contained nanofluids is higher than that of 20 μm AgNWs with the same diameters of 100 nm. Viscosity test shows that the nanofluid is a Newtonian fluid, and the longer silver nanowires, the greater viscosity. In addition, photothermal conversion efficiency of silver nanowires contained nanofluid is studied. We can observe that the 100 μm AgNWs contained nanofluid has a higher photothermal conversion efficiency than that containing 20 μm AgNWs. Moreover, we find that there is a certain correlation between heat transfer and photothermal conversion of nanofluid. It demonstrates that the high heat transfer property of nanofluid will benefit for its photothermal conversion efficiency and the mechanism is proposed. This work provides a new idea to improve photothermal conversion efficiency. We can choose materials with high thermal conductivity and strong light absorption ability to enhance the photothermal conversion performance of nanofluids.
Influence of Cathodic Pretreatment in the Electrocatalytic Properties PANI Modified Electrodes
Authors: Barbosa Nathália V. , Troiani Estela P. , Silva Quésia G. , Afonso André S. , Faria Ronaldo C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHerein, we reported the detection of dopamine (DA) based on use of a cathodically pretreated polyaniline (PANI) modified electrode. The PANI electrode presents a remarkable change in their electrocatalytic properties after a simple cathodic pretreatment, which consisted in applying a potential of −0.7 V for 3 s. While the as‐prepared PANI shows no electrochemical response for DA, the cathodically pretreated PANI presented reversible electrochemical responses with well‐defined anodic and cathodic peaks. The electrochemical behavior of DA at the PANI electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under the optimized experimental conditions, the anodic peak currents increased proportionally to the DA concentration, displaying a linear relationship in the concentration range of 0.11 to 1.75×10−4 M with a detection limit of 13.7 μM (3 σ/slope). Recovery studies in pharmaceutical formulations presented values between 98 % and 104 %. The cathodically pretreated PANI electrode was successfully applied for DA detection in real samples of pharmaceutical formulation showing good agreement with spectrometric comparative method. The unexpected easily capability of modulate the electrocatalytic properties of the electropolymerized PANI film using a simple pretreatement was successfully demonstrated. The cathodically pretreatment PANI electrode showed electrochemical responses for DA with excellent selectivity, sensitivity, and high stability.
Exergy analysis of a hybrid solar‐fossil fuel power plant
Authors: Vakilabadi M. Akbari , Bidi Mokhtar , Najafi A.F. , Ahmadi Mohammad H. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this study, exergy analysis, energy analysis, and mathematical modeling are performed in a 35 MW solar‐fossil fuel power plant. The losses of exergy and energy in different components and also changes of the efficiency of exergy and energy are analyzed at a specific day, 20th June. The assumed power plant in this study is Solar Electric Generating Station VI (SEGS VI), located in California's Mojave Desert. A parametric study, under different working conditions, including different working pressures, temperatures, collector output temperature, steam flow rate, and heat transfer fluid (HTF) flow rate is studied and the effect of variation of parameters on the performance of the plant is investigated. Authors found that, the maximum exergy loss happens in the collector and the maximum energy loss occurs in the condenser. Energy analysis shows that 47% of the total loss energy in the cycle happens in the condenser, as the main component that wastes energy. From exergy analysis, the collector and then boiler are the main components wasting exergy where 68.32% of total exergy loss occurs in these two components in hybrid mode (solar‐fossil fuel). Exergy and Energy efficiency variations throughout the day show that minimum exergy efficiency (32.7%) and maximum energy efficiency (23%) occurs at 12 am. Exergy efficiency variation versus turbine inlet pressure shows that the maximum exergy efficiency (26%) accure at 95 bar. The changes of the absorbed heat and solar irradiation of the 20th of June shows a good agreement with the measured data in validated reference.
Effects of processing method on chemical compositions and nutritional quality of ready‐to‐eat sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)
Authors: Li Meng , Qi Yanxia , Mu Lin , Li Zhibo , Zhao Qiancheng , Sun Jing , Jiang Qinghua 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe effect of commercial processing methods on the nutritional value of ready‐to‐eat (RTE) sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicas was examined in this study. RTE sea cucumber products named RTE‐T and RTE‐V were prepared by two commercial methods, traditional processing, and vacuum cooking, respectively. Proximate, polysaccharide and mineral element composition, amino acid profiles, and true retention values of RTE sea cucumber products were evaluated and compared. Both commercial processing methods significantly changed the nutrient composition in RTE products, except that of Zn and Cu. Comparison of true retention values among RTE products showed that novel commercial method of vacuum cooking resulted in lower nutrient loss and had a shorter processing time than traditional processing. However, soaking after vacuum cooking significantly increased the nutrient loss of RTE sea cucumber. Therefore, vacuum cooking without soaking may be a promising alternative for producing RTE sea cucumber products with high nutritional quality.
Depths and spreads in futures markets: Relationship with order execution, submission, and cancellation
Authors: Frino Alex , Kovačević Ognjen , Mollica Vito 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between limit order submissions and liquidity. We find that there is a negative relationship between the limit order arrival rate and the depth at the best quotes (limit order queue length) and a positive relationship between submissions and bid–ask spreads. This is consistent with queuing theory, which predicts that an increase in the limit order arrival rate increases the queue length and the time to execution of a limit order. Consequently, limit order traders cover the increase in costs and risks associated with the increase in the time to execution of limit orders by increasing bid–ask spread.