bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Labor Market Institutions in the Gilded Age of American Economic History
Authors: Naidu Suresh , Yuchtman Noam 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that although nineteenth-century labor markets were unencumbered by regulatory legislation, there existed frictions and rents in the labor market; moreover, labor market institutions other than legislation played an active role in determining labor market outcomes. The chapter provides evidence of frictions and firm-specific rents in nineteenth-century urban American labor markets: when firms experienced positive output price shocks, their employees earned wage premia relative to other employees with similar skills in the same labor market. The existence of rents in the labor contract suggests a role for bargaining and conflict between employees and employers. Workers in the late nineteenth century went on strike to increase wages. This chapter presents data on the frequency of strikes in the nineteenth century and suggestive evidence of an association between strikes and wages; finally, it documents the rise of judicial labor injunctions aimed at suppressing strikes.
Education and Human Capital in American Economic History
Authors: Parman John M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter reviews the empirical literature on the expansion of educational institutions and the human capital stock of the United States over the past two and a half centuries. Using evidence on literacy, numeracy, and years of education, it details the remarkable growth of the American human capital stock and discusses trends in racial and gender gaps in educational attainment. The chapter then outlines the development of the educational institutions that facilitated the growth of the human capital stock, discussing the political and social forces shaping the expansion of schools. This overview includes an emphasis on the consequences of the uniquely public and decentralized nature of American schools. Finally, the chapter examines the literature on the decision to attend those schools, considering the roles of the private returns to education, health, family characteristics, and compulsory schooling laws.
Services in American Economic History
Authors: Broadberry Stephen , Cain Louis P. , Weiss Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter chronicles the transformation of the US economy to one where over 80 percent of the labor force is employed in the service sector. The initial section discusses the difficult task of defining services—the service industries as opposed to the service sector. The growth of services began earlier and increased faster in the United States than in other countries. The discussion of this growth is divided into sections on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The roles of education, the entry of women into the labor force, self-employment, and foreign trade are discussed. The final section concentrates on services’ role in the comparative productivity performance of the US, UK, and German economies.
Agriculture in American Economic History
Authors: Olmstead Alan L. , Rhode Paul W. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the crucial roles of biological learning and mechanization in facilitating the long sweep of American agricultural expansion and productivity growth. It also explores the major debates concerning the relationship between agricultural growth and overall economic development, the sources and impacts of the twentieth-century decline of the agricultural sector, the role of government policies, and the directions of current and promising future research. The chapter highlights the roles of biological innovation and mechanization in driving territorial expansion and productivity growth. It also investigates the forces behind the structural change affecting the role of agriculture in the US economy.
Manufacturing Productivity Growth in American Economic History
Authors: Field Alexander J. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of labor and total factor productivity growth in the manufacturing sector in the United States from colonial times to the present. An introductory section defines concept and terms. This is followed by an historical survey of improvement in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and sections on the manufacturing revolution of the 1920s and the sector’s contribution during the Great Depression. The remainder of the chapter provides a quantitative perspective on manufacturing productivity growth and its contribution to the overall economy from the end of World War I through the first decade of the twenty-first century.
The Environment in American Economic History
Authors: Clay Karen 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Environmental externalities, although important, have received relatively little attention from economic historians. Air, water, and soil pollution and conservation issues date from the time humans arrived in North America. In some times and places, these externalities were severe. The chapter reviews the literatures on historical pollution and conservation, which were largely written by environmental historians. Because of research interests and available data, American economic historians have traditionally been focused on growth in industrial and agricultural output. Recent research by economic historians on the historical effects of pollution on mortality and on the adaptation of agriculture to climate suggests that environmental issues are now of greater interest.
Urbanization in American Economic History, 1800–2000
Authors: Boustan Leah , Bunten Devin , Hearey Owen 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores the economic forces that led the United States to become an urban nation. The urban wage premium in the United States was remarkably stable over the past two centuries, ranging between 15 and 40 percent. The wage premium rose through the mid-nineteenth century as new manufacturing technologies enhanced urban productivity, then fell from 1880 to 1940 (especially through 1915) as investments in public health infrastructure improved the urban quality of life, and finally rose sharply after 1980, coinciding with the skill- (and apparently also urban-) biased technological change of the computer revolution. Over the twentieth century, households and employment have relocated from the central city to the suburban ring. Rising incomes and falling commuting costs can explain much of this pattern, while urban crime and racial diversity also played a role.
Banking and Monetary Policy in American Economic History up to the Formation of the Federal Reserve
Authors: Rousseau Peter 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The US economy developed from an agricultural one mired in debt to an engine of growth between 1790 and 1913. The nation’s bourgeoning financial system was at the heart of this transformation. Growing from three banks in 1790 to more than 22,000 in 1913, the United States became the worldwide leader in private banking. This path, however, was not always smooth, and experiments with various forms of money creation and regulation subjected the nation to periodic panics. Despite a number of missteps, the approach led to financial development and monetary stability. We review this history and key research that defines the literature. Topics include early central banking, free banking, the National Banking System, and the founding of the Federal Reserve. We also offer a guide to areas that now generate considerable research interest, including finance and growth, the roles of banks and other intermediaries, crises, and the rise of deposits.
Lying, Implicating, and Presupposing
Authors: Meibauer Jörg 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe notions of ‘indirect lying’, ‘falsely implicating’, or ‘misleading’ refer to the phenomenon of lying by deliberately suggesting what is false in order to deceive the addressee. Thus, what the speaker asserts may be sincere and true, while what she implicates may be deceptive and false. This chapter reviews theoretical approaches that deal with untruthful implicature and untruthful presupposition, ‘untruthfulness’ meaning a subjective attitude towards truth. In these cases, an additional proposition is introduced into the discourse with the intention to deceive the addressee. Arguably, cases of so-called misleading can be reduced to untruthful implicatures. If so, untruthful additional propositions such as the untruthful implicature and presupposition can be seen as a part of the overall act of lying, i.e., the total signification of an utterance. Moreover, experimental results providing further evidence are sketched.
Lying and Self-Deception
Authors: Beier Kathi 
Published: December 2018

AbstractGiven the definitions of lying and self-deception, it would be wrong to understand self-deception as lying to oneself. It seems, however, that any definition of self-deception gives rise to two paradoxes. According to the ‘static paradox’, self-deception involves believing ‘p and not-p’ at the same time. According to the ‘dynamic paradox’, self-deception involves the intention to deceive oneself. If both claims were true, self-deception would seem to be impossible. ‘Divisionists’ try to solve the first paradox by arguing that the human mind is divided into several subsystems such that the self-deceiver consciously believes that p while unconsciously believing that not-p. ‘Non-intentionalists’ try to solve the second paradox by arguing that self-deception is based on a ‘motivational bias’. Since both explanations fall short of accounting for the blameworthiness of self-deception, a third approach examines the phenomenon from the perspective of virtue theory, claiming that self-deceivers have not yet succeeded in developing the virtue of accuracy.
Knowledge Lies and Group Lies
Authors: Staffel Julia 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter is about two kinds of lies, knowledge lies and group lies, which are considered to be interestingly different from typical lies. Typically, lies are told by an individual, and they are intended to convince their addressee of a false claim. By contrast, in telling a knowledge lie, the liar does not intend to deceive the addressee into believing a false claim. Instead, the liar intends to prevent the addressees from knowing, but not necessarily from believing, some true claim. Group lies are lies that are told by a group, such as a company, a government, or your knitting circle. Group lies are unlike typical lies, because they are not straightforwardly related to lies told by individuals who are members of the lying group. For each type of lie, I give a more rigorous characterization, then discuss why this kind of lie deserves special philosophical attention, and lastly provide some critical discussion of the accounts of each type of lie that have been proposed in the philosophical literature.
Bullshitting
Authors: Stokke Andreas 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of reactions to Harry Frankfurt’s influential theory of bullshitting, addressing the four main features he ascribes to it, and considers some alternatives to Frankfurt’s account. Among others, issues raised by Thomas Carson and G. A. Cohen are examined in the discussion. A proposal to characterize bullshitting in terms of Gricean maxims is discussed, and it is argued that these views fail to capture the full range of cases. Here, works by Stokke and Don Fallis are cited. An alternative view that analyzes bullshitting in terms of the speaker’s attitudes toward the communal project of inquiry is canvassed, and the chapter ends by discussing the relation between bullshitting and lying.
Lying and Quotation
Authors: McGlone Matthew , Baryshevtsev Max 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDeception is usually conceived in terms of false statements, but it can also occur when someone’s words are accurately, albeit selectively, quoted out of context. Our chapter discusses the phenomenon of “contextomy” and its effect on impression formation and attitude change. Quotations can be altered, usually by the removal of certain phrases from their original verbal context, to prompt interpretations that contrast with what the source intended. Those exposed to the altered quote may form erroneous impressions that are resistant to change, even when the original context is restored. Cases of contextomy in various communication contexts are described and analyzed.
Lying, Irony, and Default Interpretation
Authors: Giora Rachel 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIs sarcasm associable with lying? It could be, if we were considering only nondefault, context-based affirmative sarcasm (e.g., he is the smartest person around, said of a person who is an idiot). Indeed, there is plenty of evidence showing that affirmative sarcasm involves a two-stage process, whereby the first phase is initially misleading, involving its default, often literal interpretation in the process (‘he is very smart’). In this sense, affirmative sarcasm resembles lying. However, default negative sarcasm (He is not the smartest person around), whether in or out of context, is interpreted sarcastically directly (Giora, Drucker, Fein, and Mendelson 2015), and hence dissociable from lying. Experimental and corpus-based evidence is provided (Giora, Drucker, and Fein 2014; Giora, Raphaely, Fein, and Livnat 2014), attesting to the indirect processing of affirmative sarcasm and the direct processing of negative sarcasm.
Lying and Politeness
Authors: Terkourafi Marina 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter presents a brief overview of different types of lying behavior in relation to politeness and face-threat/face-enhancement. Although white (or prosocial) lies are most frequently discussed in this respect, a variety of behaviors, ranging from withholding information to outright malicious stating of falsehood, are also discussed. An important distinction is drawn between white lies and real lies, whereby the former’s politeness lies in one’s willingness to say something untrue even though it may (but need not) be transparent to all that one does not mean it. This paves the way for analyzing white lies as a socially constituted type of speech act, unlike real lies, which cannot be so analyzed. A crucial claim made in this chapter is that the same behavior can have contrary connotations for different participants or in different contexts, making the association between lying and im/politeness context-dependent through and through.
Contemporary Approaches to the Philosophy of Lying
Authors: Mahon James Edwin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter examines the work of philosophers on the subject of lying over the last fifty years. In particular, it deals with the work of Roderick Chisholm and Thomas Feehan, Charles Fried, David Simpson, Bernard Williams, Thomas Carson, Roy Sorensen, Don Fallis, Andreas Stokke, and Terence Cuneo. It focuses on their answers to, first, the analytical questions of how lying is to be defined and whether lying involves an intent to deceive, and second, the moral questions of why lying is morally wrong and whether lying is morally worse than other forms of deception. Although their answers to these questions are closely related, it treats them separately. The overall conclusion is that there is much disagreement about the correct answers.
Lying in Economics
Authors: Serra-Garcia Marta 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter provides a review of the literature on deception in the field of economics. Until recently, the standard assumption in economics was that individuals would lie whenever there was a material incentive to do so. Recent work in behavioral economics and psychology has shown that this assumption is wrong. In fact, many will not lie, even if there is a large monetary incentive to do so. This chapter begins with a review of studies that measure individuals’ aversion to lying, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of different methodologies. Thereafter, there is an overview of studies examining factors that influence lying, and the chapter concludes with a discussion of future potential venues of research on deception.
Lying and Education
Authors: Kelly Anita E. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter discusses a number of issues related to the relation between lying and education. It argues that there is a historical shift from education being seen as the pursuit of truth for its own sake, to a mere means of obtaining status, influence, and/or employment. The latter development seems to be connected with an increase in student lying and academic dishonesty. The chapter describes this historical shift, efforts in higher education to contain the academic dishonesty, and developmental changes in children that allow them to become effective liars. Moreover, the chapter reviews education theories, practices, and definitions of lying, and concludes with a brief proposal for a new didactic solution to lying.
Lying and Deception in Politics
Authors: Robinson Piers , Miller David , Herring Eric , Bakir Vian 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe arts of lying and deception are perennials of politics, having been used and debated throughout history and in the contemporary era. Indeed, for those sceptical of democracy, deception is understood as a necessary and justifiable part of politics. For example, elitists argue that people need to sometimes be deceived by an enlightened elite whilst, for realists, the circumstances of international politics frequently demand deception by leaders. In contrast, democrats argue that political deception is corrosive to good, democratic governance other than in exceptional circumstances. Locating strategies of deception within an understanding of organized political communication (OPC) including propaganda extends our grasp and understanding of how lying and deception have become central to the exercise of power, even within contemporary liberal democracies. Today, enormous resources are devoted towards shaping the ‘information environment’ and OPC frequently employs deception, whether by lying, omission, distortion, or misdirection. Further research and theorizing are necessary in order to better understand the reach of various forms of deceptive OPC such as propaganda and their role in the exercise of power, when these strategies might or might not be justified, and the consequences for the health of democracy.
Psycholinguistic Approaches to Lying and Deception
Authors: Bott Lewis , Williams Emma 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLying involves producing an utterance, just like telling the truth, but there are differences between how people produce a lie and how they produce a truth. Here we discuss those differences from a psycholinguistic perspective. We start by introducing a psycholinguistic model of language production. We then discuss the evidence that the production process is altered when people lie, and identify areas that have not yet been tested but hold promise. The topics we discuss include the suppression process, lie construction, perspective taking, and how lying taps central resources. We conclude by highlighting the benefits to deception researchers of understanding the truthful production process and the benefits to psycholinguists of understanding how people lie.
Prolotherapy vs Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in the Short-term Treatment of Lateral Epicondylosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Ahadi Tannaz , Esmaeili Jamkarani Maryam , Raissi Gholam Reza , Mansoori Korosh , Emami Razavi Seyede Zahra , Sajadi Simin 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of prolotherapy with hypertonic dextrose and radial shock wave therapy in chronic lateral epicondilosis.

Design
Prospective single-blind randomized clinical trial.

Setting
Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinic.

Subjects
Thirty-three patients with at least three months of signs and symptoms of lateral epicondilosis, as well as failure of at least one of the conservative treatments, randomly allocated into two groups.

Methods
Sixteen patients received three sessions of shock wave therapy, and 17 received one session prolotherapy. Severity of pain via visual analog scale (VAS), grip strength via Baseline Pneumatic Dynamometer, pressure pain threshold (PPT) by algometer and Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand quick questionnaire (Quick DASH) were assessed at baseline, four weeks, and eight weeks after the intervention.

Results
Within-group analysis showed that in both groups, differences between all of the outcome measures were significant after four and also eight weeks. Between-group analysis after four and eight weeks showed that the VAS and Quick DASH had significantly more improvement in the shock wave group. However, the two groups were similar regarding grip strength and PPT. No complication was observed in the two groups.

Conclusions
Based on the results of this study, a regiment of three sessions (weekly) of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy is significantly more effective than one session of prolotherapy with 20% dextrose regarding pain and function in the management of chronic lateral epicondylosis in short-term follow-up.
Impact of Fentanyl Use on Buprenorphine Treatment Retention and Opioid Abstinence
Authors: Wakeman Sarah E. , Chang Yuchiao , Regan Susan , Yu Liyang , Flood James , Metlay Joshua , Rigotti Nancy 
Published: December 2018

Objectives:
There has been a rapid increase in the presence of illicitly manufactured fentanyl in the heroin drug supply. Buprenorphine is an effective treatment for heroin and prescription opioid use disorder; however, little is known about treatment outcomes among people using fentanyl. We compared 6-month treatment retention and opioid abstinence among people initiating buprenorphine treatment who had toxicology positive for heroin compared to fentanyl at baseline.

Methods:
Retrospective cohort study of 251 adult patients initiating office-based buprenorphine treatment who had available toxicology testing across an academic health system between August 2016 and July 2017. Exposure was assessed at baseline before initiating buprenorphine and was categorized as negative toxicology (n = 184) versus fentanyl positive toxicology (n = 48) versus heroin positive toxicology (n = 19).

Results:
Six-month treatment retention rates were not different between the fentanyl positive and heroin positive groups [38% (n = 18) vs 47% (n = 9); P = 0.58], or between the fentanyl positive and the negative toxicology group [38% (n = 18) vs 51% (n = 93); P = 0.14]. Opioid abstinence at 6 months among those who had testing did not differ between the fentanyl positive and the heroin positive group [55% (n = 6) vs 60% (n = 6); P = 0.99]. The fentanyl positive group had a lower abstinence rate at 6 months compared to those with negative toxicology at baseline [55% (n = 6) vs 93% (n = 63); P = 0.004]. Mean initial buprenophine dosage did not differ between groups.

Conclusions:
Buprenorphine treatment retention and abstinence among those retained in treatment is not worse between people using fentanyl compared to heroin at treatment initiation. Both groups have lower abstinence rates at 6 months compared to individuals with negative toxicology at baseline. These findings suggest that people exposed to fentanyl still benefit from buprenorphine treatment.