bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barriers to advance care planning with patients as perceived by nurses and other healthcare professionals: A systematic review
Authors: Blackwood Douglas H. , Walker David , Mythen Monty G. , Taylor Rachel M. , Vindrola‐Padros Cecilia 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIntroductionAdvance care planning is a means for patients to communicate their wishes, fears and desires for future health decisions should they lose the ability to consider or communicate these. Despite being supported by governments and healthcare leaders, uptake amongst the general population remains low. Nurses play a crucial role in promoting and engaging with these discussions given their close relationship with patients and families in a range of clinical settings.AimTo describe the barriers that nurses and healthcare professionals believe prevent them from exploring advance care planning with their patients.MethodWe carried out a systematic review of peer‐reviewed journal articles from the databases MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science and ProQuest Central, guided by the PRISMA checklist.ResultsEleven articles were identified: all were self‐reporting surveys using a mix of open and closed questions. They originated in the USA, Canada, Australia and Ireland. The participants included various healthcare professionals, with the majority of studies focussing on nurses. The two most important barriers to advance care planning are lack of education and insufficient time. Advance care planning appears to be well supported, and nurses and healthcare professionals report themselves to be comfortable and confident to take on the responsibility.ConclusionThere is a need for greater education and training for nurses and healthcare professionals. In particular, there needs to be better understanding of professional and legal responsibilities. The need for sufficient time to be made available to allow these conversations, in often busy settings, will need institutional and financial support.Relevance to clinical practiceIncreased training and knowledge are likely to lead to more positive attitudes and greater confidence for nurses, and other healthcare professionals, which should help support and encourage patient engagement with advance care planning.
Optimising compassionate nursing care at the end of life in hospital settings
Authors: Robinson Jackie , Moeke‐Maxell Tess , Parr Jenny , Slark Julia , Black Stella , Williams Lisa , Gott Merryn 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundAn urgent need to improve palliative care in hospital has been identified. Moreover, service users consistently report care delivered by nurses in hospital as lacking compassion. Compassion is a fundamental component of nursing care, and promoting compassionate care has been identified as a policy priority in many countries. To help address this within the hospital context, we recently completed research exploring bereaved family experiences of good end of life care in hospital. We found that family accounts of good care aligned with Nolan and Dewar's compassionate care framework and subsequently extended the framework to the bi‐cultural context of Aotearoa, New Zealand.Aims and objectivesIn this discussion paper, we explore synergies between our newly developedKapakapa Manawa Framework: a bi‐cultural approach to providing compassionate care at the end of lifeand the Fundamentals of Care. We argue that our framework can be used to support the implementation of the relational component of the Fundamentals of Care and the delivery of compassionate nursing practice in hospitals in Aotearoa, New Zealand.DesignDiscussion paper.MethodsReview of relevant literature and construction of two vignettes describing good end of life care from the perspectives of bereaved family—one Māori and one non‐Māori. The vignettes provide practical examples of how the values of theKapakapa Manawa Frameworkcan be enacted by nurses to provide compassionate care in alignment with the relationship component of the Fundamentals of Care.ConclusionsWhilst the Kapakapa Manawa bi‐cultural compassionate care framework has grown out of research conducted with people nearing the end of their lives, it has the potential to improve nursing care for all hospital inpatients.Relevance to clinical practiceAddressing the wider policy and health system factors detailed in the Fundamentals of Care will support its implementation in the clinical setting.
HUMANITARIAN CRISES AND ADOLESCENT WELL‐BEING: KNOWLEDGE, GAPS, AND PROSPECTS
Authors: Cuesta Jose , Leone Marinella 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAdolescence constitutes the second and final window of human growth and a period of specific vulnerabilities, such as early pregnancy, early marriage, HIV infection, suicide, violence, alcohol, and drugs. Only a limited body of research investigates the effects of humanitarian crises on the human capital and well‐being of adolescents. The evidence focuses on the short‐term effects of conflict and, to a lesser extent, natural disasters on education, physical health, and nutrition, but not on mental health. Most analyses examine the situations of individuals exposed in utero and young childhood, but rarely during adolescence. Typically missing are robust empirical identification strategies and estimates on heterogeneous effects across age or gender. The lack of quality data and challenges in defining adolescence, establishing causality, or ensuring ethical research explain the knowledge gaps. Possible ways to expand the evidence base include mixing georeferenced data on individual location with georeferenced data on crises, sharpening quasi‐experimental analytical techniques, and reconsidering the current timing of demographic data collection, now spanning 4‐ or 5‐year intervals. The failure to make such adjustments will end by ignoring specific vulnerabilities among adolescents and render sustainable progress in well‐being globally, narrowing inequalities, and guaranteeing human rights to all more difficult to achieve.
A Fifth Generation of Revolutionary Theory is Yet to Come
Authors: Abrams Benjamin 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDespite revolution's recent return to the world stage, the progress of revolutionary theory has markedly stalled. While some have argued that recent work on the 2011 Arab Spring constitutes a new, misguided ‘fifth generation’ of theory, I show this claim to be misplaced, demonstrating the remarkable continuity between foundational fourth‐generation scholarship and present‐day analyses. Furthermore, I critically analyse the theoretical, methodological and professional obstacles which fourth‐generation theory has encountered, concluding that scholars must move beyond the fourth generation if we are to surmount them. Finally, I consider the theoretical, methodological and ethical prospects of a true fifth generation of revolutionary theory.
Mate preference priorities in the East and West: A cross‐cultural test of the mate preference priority model
Authors: Thomas Andrew G. , Jonason Peter K. , Blackburn Jesse D. , Kennair Leif Edward Ottesen , Lowe Rob , Malouff John , Stewart‐Williams Steve , Sulikowski Danielle , Li Norman P. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectiveMate choice involves trading‐off several preferences. Research on this process tends to examine mate preference prioritization in homogenous samples using a small number of traits and thus provide little insight into whether prioritization patterns reflect a universal human nature. This study examined whether prioritization patterns, and their accompanying sex differences, are consistent across Eastern and Western cultures.MethodIn the largest test of the mate preference priority model to date, we asked an international sample of participants (N = 2,477) to design an ideal long‐term partner by allocating mate dollars to eight traits using three budgets. Unlike previous versions of the task, we included traits known to vary in importance by culture (e.g., religiosity and chastity).ResultsUnder low budget conditions, Eastern and Western participants differed in their mate dollar allocation for almost every trait (average d = 0.42), indicating that culture influences prioritization. Despite these differences, traits fundamental for the reproductive success of each sex in the ancestral environment were prioritized by both Eastern and Western participants.ConclusionThe tendency to prioritize reproductively fundamental traits is present in both Eastern and Western cultures. The psychological mechanisms responsible for this process produce similar prioritization patterns despite cross‐cultural variation.
A Practical Guide to Cluster Randomized Trials in School Health Research
Authors: Goesling Brian 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDWhen well‐designed and implemented, cluster randomized trials can meet the high standards federal agencies and other funders increasingly require for evidence on the effectiveness of school health programs and services. However, designing and implementing these studies can present more challenges than at first appears.METHODSI reviewed summaries of the methodological literature on cluster randomized trials. I then conducted a search to identify practical applications of these methods in school health research.RESULTSThe review identified 6 key issues or decisions school health researchers must address when designing, conducting, and analyzing data from a cluster randomized trial: (1) reasons to use a clustered design, (2) sample size calculation, (3) the use of matching or stratification, (4) definition of the school and student samples, (5) consent gathering, and (6) analysis methods.CONCLUSIONSSchool health researchers can take several practical steps to ensure the availability of high‐quality research evidence and meet the growing demands for evidence and accountability in education policy and programming. These steps include selecting the right research design for the intervention and evaluation setting, identifying appropriate sample definitions and analysis methods, and developing appropriate procedures for gathering parental permission and student assent.
Growth and development under different corruption regimes
Authors: Wang Yuan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis paper explicitly models four different corruption regimes according to the way in which corruption is practised. It distinguishes between organized and disorganized, collusive and non‐collusive corruption. The implications of these are compared and contrasted to provide ranking regarding their impacts on growth. Corruption is always bad, but the extent of the detrimental effect on growth is sensitive to the corruption regime observed. The least (or most) damaging regime is the one in which corruption is both organized and collusive (or disorganized and non‐collusive), as broadly characterizes the situation in China and its fast‐growing neighbours (or some African countries). An effective anti‐corruption policy should focus on fighting embezzlement and discretionary rent‐seeking first, which will dramatically reduce the adverse effect of corruption on growth.
Influence of host plant, geography and pheromone strain on genomic differentiation in sympatric populations of Ostrinia nubilalis
Authors: Coates Brad S. , Kozak Genevieve M. , Seok Kim Kyung , Sun Jing , Wang Yangzhou , Fleischer Shelby J. , Dopman Erik B. , Sappington Thomas W. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPatterns of mating for the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) moth depend in part on variation in sex‐pheromone blend. The ratio of (E)‐11‐ and (Z)‐11‐tetradecenyl acetate (E11‐ and Z11‐14:OAc) in the pheromone blend that females produce and males respond to differs between strains of O. nubilalis. Populations also vary in female oviposition preference for and larval performance on maize (C4) and nonmaize (C3) host plants. The relative contributions of sexual and ecological trait variation to the genetic structure of O. nubilalis remains unknown. Host‐plant use (13C/14C ratios) and genetic differentiation were estimated among sympatric E and Z pheromone strain O. nubilalis males collected in sex‐pheromone baited traps at 12 locations in Pennsylvania and New York between 2007 and 2010. Among genotypes at 65 single nucleotide polymorphism marker loci, variance at a position in the pheromone gland fatty acyl‐reductase (pgfar) gene at the locus responsible for determining female pheromone ratio (Pher) explained 64% of the total genetic differentiation between males attracted to different pheromones (male response, Resp), providing evidence of sexual inter‐selection at these unlinked loci. Principal coordinate, Bayesian clustering, and distance‐based redundancy analysis (dbRDA) demonstrate that host plant history or geography does not significantly contribute to population variation or differentiation among males. In contrast, these analyses indicate that pheromone response and pgfar‐defined strain contribute significantly to population genetic differentiation. This study suggests that behavioural divergence probably plays a larger role in driving genetic variation compared to host plant‐defined ecological adaptation.
Environmental filtering structures fungal endophyte communities in tree bark
Authors: Pellitier Peter T. , Zak Donald R. , Salley Sydney O. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe factors that control the assembly and composition of endophyte communities across plant hosts remains poorly understood. This is especially true for endophyte communities inhabiting inner tree bark, one of the least studied components of the plant microbiome. Here, we test the hypothesis that bark of different tree species acts as an environmental filter structuring endophyte communities, as well as the alternative hypothesis, that bark acts as a passive reservoir that accumulates a diverse assemblage of spores and latent fungal life stages. We develop a means of extracting high‐quality DNA from surface sterilized tree bark to compile the first culture‐independent study of inner bark fungal communities. We sampled a total of 120 trees, spanning five dominant overstorey species across multiple sites in a mixed temperate hardwood forest. We find that each of the five tree species harbour unique assemblages of inner bark fungi and that angiosperm and gymnosperm hosts harbour significantly different fungal communities. Chemical components of tree bark (pH, total phenolic content) structure some of the differences detected among fungal communities residing in particular tree species. Inner bark fungal communities were highly diverse (mean of 117–171 operational taxonomic units per tree) and dominated by a range of Ascomycete fungi living asymptomatically as putative endophytes. Together, our evidence supports the hypothesis that tree bark acts as an environmental filter structuring inner bark fungal communities. The role of these potentially ubiquitous and plant‐specific fungal communities remains uncertain and merits further study.
The stress paradox: how stress can be good for learning
Authors: Rudland Joy R. , Golding Clinton , Wilkinson Tim J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractContextThis article explores the myth that stress is always bad for learning. The term “stress” has been narrowed by habitual use to equate with the negative outcome ofdistress; this article takes an alternative view that ultimately rejects the myth that demonises stress. The avoidance of distress is important, but a broader view of stress as something that can have either positive or negative outcomes is considered.ProposalWe propose that stress is important for learning and stress‐related growth. We explore the little‐mentioned concept ofeustress (good stress) as a counter to the more familiar concept of distress. We further consider that the negative associations of stress may contribute to its negative impact. The impact of stress on learning should be deliberately and carefully considered. We offer a hypothetical learning journey that considers the cause of potential stress, a stressor, and how a stressor is moderated to result in stress that may influence learning either by positively challenging the learner or by functioning as a hindrance to learning.ConclusionsIn thinking more positively about stress, health professional educators may better support the student's learning journey.
Minority reports: Consciousness and the prefrontal cortex
Authors: Michel Matthias , Morales Jorge 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWhether the prefrontal cortex is part of the neural substrates of consciousness is currently debated. Against prefrontal theories of consciousness, many have argued that neural activity in the prefrontal cortex does not correlate with consciousness but with subjective reports. We defend prefrontal theories of consciousness against this argument. We surmise that the requirement for reports is not a satisfying explanation of the difference in neural activity between conscious and unconscious trials, and that prefrontal theories of consciousness come out of this debate unscathed.
Survey of infection and determination of the transmission vector of Onchocerca fasciata in camels (Camelus bactrianus) in Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Wang R. , Yu Z. C. , Luo X. P. , Chen L. J. , Shao G. Y. , Yang X. Y. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractOnchocerciasis in camels is caused by adult Onchocerca spp. and results in great economic losses to the camel industry. However, only a few studies on Onchocerca have been conducted, especially regarding the intermediate host and vector(s). In the present study, 192 camels were examined from December and January during 2013 and 2016, and the filarial larvae suspected to be Onchocerca spp. were further identified. Furthermore, aquatic dipteran insects in the living environment of camels were collected from May to September between 2013 and 2017 and dissected. Eventually, onchocercal lesions were observed in 95 of 192 (49%) camels and the captured insects were classified into 49 species from 42 genera in 21 families, among which 18 species were newly recorded in Inner Mongolia and 14 were haematophagous species. The filarial larvae were found in Culicoides puncticollis and identified as Onchocerca fasciata, indicating that C. puncticollis is the vector of O. fasciata in Inner Mongolia. These findings provide an estimate of onchocerciasis infection in camels and an alternative method of identifying insects and screening vectors using molecular methods. Important data are also provided for the diagnosis and control of onchocerciasis, thereby further filling the gap in knowledge regarding transmission vectors in China.
Disruption of the light cycle ablates diurnal rhythms in gastric vagal afferent mechanosensitivity
Authors: Kentish Stephen J. , Christie Stewart , Vincent Andrew , Li Hui , Wittert Gary A. , Page Amanda J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundGastric vagal afferents (GVAs) respond to mechanical stimulation, initiating satiety. These afferents exhibit diurnal fluctuations in mechanosensitivity, facilitating food intake during the dark phase in rodents. In humans, desynchrony of diurnal rhythms (eg, shift work) is associated with a higher risk of obesity. To test the hypothesis that shift work disrupts satiety signaling, the effect of a rotating light cycles on diurnal rhythms in GVA mechanosensitivity in lean and high‐fat diet (HDF)‐induced obese mice was determined.MethodsMale C57BL/6 mice were fed standard laboratory diet (SLD) or HFD for 12 weeks. After 4 weeks, mice were randomly allocated to a normal light (NL; 12 hour light: 12 hour dark; lights on at zeitgeber time [ZT] 0) or rotating light (RL; 3‐day NL cycle, 4‐day reversed light cycle [lights on: ZT12] repeated) cycle for 8 weeks. At week 12, eight mice from each group were housed in metabolic cages. After 12 weeks, ex vivo GVA recordings were taken at 3 hour intervals starting at ZT0.Key ResultsSLD‐RL and HFD‐RL gained more weight compared to SLD‐NL and HFD‐NL mice, respectively. Gonadal fat pad mass was higher in SLD‐RL compared to SLD‐NL mice. In SLD‐NL mice, tension and mucosal receptor mechanosensitivity exhibited diurnal rhythms with a peak at ZT9. These rhythms were lost in SLD‐RL, HFD‐NL, and HFD‐RL mice and associated with dampened diurnal rhythms in food intake.Conclusions & InferencesGVA diurnal rhythms are susceptible to disturbances in the light cycle and/or the obese state. This may underpin the observed changes in feeding behavior.
The nature of interspecific interactions and co‐diversification patterns, as illustrated by the fig microcosm
Authors: Wang Ai‐Ying , Peng Yan‐Qiong , Harder Lawrence D. , Huang Jian‐Feng , Yang Da‐Rong , Zhang Da‐Yong , Liao Wan‐Jin 
Published: September 2019

Summary

Interactions between mutualists, competitors, and antagonists have contrasting ecological effects that, sustained over generations, can influence micro‐ and macroevolution. Dissimilar benefits and costs for these interactions should cause contrasting co‐diversification patterns between interacting clades, with prevalent co‐speciation by mutualists, association loss by competitors, and host switching by antagonists.

We assessed these expectations for a local assemblage of 26 fig species (Moraceae: Ficus), 26 species of mutualistic (pollinating), and 33 species of parasitic (galling) wasps (Chalcidoidea). Using newly acquired gene sequences, we inferred the phylogenies for all three clades. We then compared the three possible pairs of phylogenies to assess phylogenetic congruence and the relative frequencies of co‐speciation, association duplication, switching, and loss.

The paired phylogenies of pollinators with their mutualists and competitors were significantly congruent, unlike that of figs and their parasites. The distributions of macroevolutionary events largely agreed with expectations for mutualists and antagonists. By contrast, that for competitors involved relatively frequent association switching, as expected, but also unexpectedly frequent co‐speciation. The latter result likely reflects the heterogeneous nature of competition among fig wasps.

These results illustrate the influence of different interspecific interactions on co‐diversification, while also revealing its dependence on specific characteristics of those interactions.
Looking back to look forward: protein–protein interactions and the evolution of development
Authors: Bartlett Madelaine 
Published: September 2019

SummaryThe evolutionary modification of development was fundamental in generating extant plant diversity. Similarly, the modification of development is a path forward to engineering the plants of the future, provided we know enough about what to modify. Understanding how extant diversity was generated will reveal productive pathways forward for modifying development. Here, I discuss four examples of developmental pathways that have been remodeled by changes to protein–protein interactions. These are cases where changes to developmental pathways have been paralleled by recent changes, selected for or engineered by humans. Extant plant diversity represents a vast treasure trove of molecular solutions to ecological problems. Mining this treasure trove will allow for the intentional modification of plant development for solving future problems.