bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expected Maximum Block Size in Critical Random Graphs
Authors: Rasendrahasina V. , Rasoanaivo A. , Ravelomanana V. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLetG(n,M) be a uniform random graph withnvertices andMedges. Let${\wp_{n,m}}$be the maximum block size ofG(n,M), that is, the maximum size of its maximal 2-connected induced subgraphs. We determine the expectation of${\wp_{n,m}}$near the critical pointM=n/2. Whenn− 2M≫n2/3, we find a constantc1such that$$c_1 = \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \left({1 - \frac{2M}{n}} \right) \,\E({\wp_{n,m}}).$$Inside the window of transition ofG(n,M) withM= (n/2)(1 + λn−1/3), where λ is any real number, we find an exact analytic expression for$$c_2(\lambda) = \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{\E{\left({\wp_{n,{{(n/2)}({1+\lambda n^{-1/3}})}}}\right)}}{n^{1/3}}.$$This study relies on the symbolic method and analytic tools from generating function theory, which enable us to describe the evolution of$n^{-1/3}\,\E{\left({\wp_{n,{{(n/2)}({1+\lambda n^{-1/3}})}}}\right)}$as a function of λ.
Calibration of VaR models with overlapping data
Authors: Frankland Ralph , Smith Andrew D. , Sharpe James , Bhatia Rishi , Jarvis Stuart , Jakhria Parit , Mehta Gaurang 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Under the European Union’s Solvency II regulations, insurance firms are required to use a one-year VaR (Value at Risk) approach. This involves a one-year projection of the balance sheet and requires sufficient capital to be solvent in 99.5% of outcomes. The Solvency II Internal Model risk calibrations require annual changes in market indices/term structure for the estimation of risk distribution for each of the Internal Model risk drivers. This presents a significant challenge for calibrators in terms of:

Robustness of the calibration that is relevant to the current market regimes and at the same time able to represent the historically observed worst crisis;

Stability of the calibration model year on year with arrival of new information.

The above points need careful consideration to avoid credibility issues with the Solvency Capital Requirement (SCR) calculation, in that the results are subject to high levels of uncertainty.
For market risks, common industry practice to compensate for the limited number of historic annual data points is to use overlapping annual changes. Overlapping changes are dependent on each other, and this dependence can cause issues in estimation, statistical testing, and communication of uncertainty levels around risk calibrations.
This paper discusses the issues with the use of overlapping data when producing risk calibrations for an Internal Model. A comparison of the overlapping data approach with the alternative non-overlapping data approach is presented. A comparison is made of the bias and mean squared error of the first four cumulants under four different statistical models. For some statistical models it is found that overlapping data can be used with bias corrections to obtain similarly unbiased results as non-overlapping data, but with significantly lower mean squared errors. For more complex statistical models (e.g. GARCH) it is found that published bias corrections for non-overlapping and overlapping datasets do not result in unbiased cumulant estimates and/or lead to increased variance of the process.
In order to test the goodness of fit of probability distributions to the datasets, it is common to use statistical tests. Most of these tests do not function when using overlapping data, as overlapping data breach the independence assumption underlying most statistical tests. We present and test an adjustment to one of the statistical tests (the Kolmogorov Smirnov goodness-of-fit test) to allow for overlapping data.
Finally, we explore the methods of converting “high”-frequency (e.g. monthly data) to “low”-frequency data (e.g. annual data). This is an alternative methodology to using overlapping data, and the approach of fitting a statistical model to monthly data and then using the monthly model aggregated over 12 time steps to model annual returns is explored. There are a number of methods available for this approach. We explore two of the widely used approaches for aggregating the time series.
White House, Black Mother: Michelle Obama and the Politics of Motherhood as First Lady
Authors: Ayee Gloria Y. A. , Johnson Carew Jessica D. , Means Taneisha N. , Reyes-Barriéntez Alicia M. , Sediqe Nura A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn 2008, for the first time in the history of this country, a black woman became First Lady of the United States. During Barack Obama's presidency, Michelle Obama was ever present in the public eye for her advocacy on issues related to health, military families, education, and for promoting the interests of women and girls. This article contributes to ongoing scholarly discourse, as well as extensive media coverage and analysis, regarding Obama's role as wife and first lady by critically examining how the particular model of motherhood she embraced and exhibited, a model firmly rooted in the black American community, was designed to challenge negative stereotypes of black women, maternity, and families. We address the following questions in this work: How did Obama's identity as a black woman influence the policies she championed as first lady? Does Obama's mothering relate to stereotypes of black mothers and help (re)define black motherhood, and if so, how? What does it mean to be a black mater gentis or mother of the nation? Drawing on her speeches and policy initiatives, we reveal how Michelle Obama defied dominant and oppressive stereotypes of black women and mothers while simultaneously (re)defining black womanhood and motherhood for the nation.
Monitoring the VIIRS Sensor Data Records Reflective Solar Band Calibrations Using DCC With Collocated CrIS Measurements
Authors: Gong Xinya , Li Zhenglong , Li Jun , Moeller Christopher C. , Wang Wenhui 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAs uniform and stable objects, deep convective clouds (DCCs) are often used to monitor the calibration stabilities of the reflective solar bands (RSBs) of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) onboard the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership. Traditionally, DCCs are identified by the legacy 11‐μm brightness temperature (BT11) threshold method. With the collocated Cross‐track Infrared Sounder (CrIS), a method of combining the BT difference between a water vapor absorption channel and a window channel to its measurement noise ratio (BNR) is adopted and applied to DCC identification. The BNR method improves the DCC detections over the legacy method because it is less contaminated with high clouds not thick and bright enough. Using observations from 2017 to 2018, the results show BNR has better performances than BT11 for identifying DCCs and monitoring RSBs. When comparing to BT11, BNR has more robust and invariant time series of monthly reflectance for all RSBs; that is, the standard deviation and total variation range (maximum‐minimum) are up to 47% smaller. Because BNR affects more on the left tails (less reflective) than the modes of the histograms of reflectance, the improvement is more significant on the mean reflectance than the mode. BNR detects fewer DCCs than BT11, but with more confidence. This allows the weekly and daily time series for monitoring RSBs in higher temporal frequencies. This method can be applied to other imagers with collocated advanced infrared sounders for detecting DCCs and monitoring the calibration stabilities of RSBs.
A Computational Channel Model for Magnetic Induction‐Based Subsurface Applications
Authors: Ayuso Natalia , Cuchí José Antonio , Lera Francisco , Villarroel José Luis 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThere are many underground applications based on magnetic fields generated by an oscillating magnetic source. For them, a magnetic dipole in a three‐layered region with upper semi‐infinite air layer can be a convenient idealization used for their planning, development, and operation. Solutions are in the form of the well‐known Sommerfeld integral expressions that can be evaluated by numerical methods. A set of field expressions to be numerically evaluated by an efficient algorithm are not collected comprehensively yet, or at least in a directly usable form. In this paper, the explicit magnetic field solutions for the vertical magnetic dipole and the horizontal magnetic dipole for a general source‐observer location are derived from the Hertz vector. They can be properly combined to model the problem of a tilted magnetic dipole source for horizontally or inclined stratified media. As a result, a complete set of integral equations of the Sommerfeld type valid from the near zone to the far zone are formulated. A method for numerical evaluation of the field expressions for high accurate computations is described. The numerical results are validated using the finite element method for all the possible source‐receiver configurations and three well‐spanned frequencies of typical subsurface applications. Both numerical solutions agree according to the normalized root‐mean‐square error‐based fit metric. Numerical results for two cases of study are presented to see its usefulness for subsurface applications. A MATLAB implementation of the mathematical description outlined in this paper and the proposed evaluation method is freely available for download.
Scattering of Plane Waves From an Infinite Dielectric Periodic Surface
Authors: Wei Yinyu , Wu Zhensen , Li Haiying , Qu Tan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this paper, the scattering characteristics an infinite dielectric periodic surface are investigated in detail. The Fourier expression of scattering field of the periodic surface is obtained by using the Rayleigh hypothesis and the Floquet theorem. Using the extended boundary condition method and the T‐matrix method, the scattering amplitude factor is solved, and the correctness of the algorithm is verified by use of the law of energy conservation. The scattering cross section of the periodic surface in the infinitely long region is derived by improving the formula of the finite one as its length is increased. Furthermore, the effects of the incident wave parameters and geometric structure parameters on the scattering of the periodic surface are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the period and amplitude of the surface corrugations determine the number of scattering intensity peaks, and influence the scattering intensity distribution with permittivity significantly.
Reply to: Comment on “The Dominant Role of Energetic Ions in Solar Wind Interaction With the Moon” by Poppe
Authors: Omidi N. , Zhou X.‐Y. , Russell C. T. , Angelopoulos V. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn all kinetic simulations of the solar wind interaction with the moon, dayside absorption of the core solar wind protons results in the formation of a numerically unstable vacuum in the tail requiring a fix. In Omidi et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026243) it was shown that replacing the vacuum with a cold plasma results in unacceptable magnetic fields when compared to observations. It was also demonstrated that when the presence of energetic ions in the solar wind is accounted for, the tail is no longer a vacuum but contains a low‐density plasma. In addition, the resulting magnetic fields are in excellent agreement with the observations including the presence of the compressional wake. Poppe (2019) shows results from the Amitis, which employs a different vacuum model and produces a magnetic field profile in the central tail that agrees with observations. However, the results do not account for the presence of low‐density plasma in the tail and the formation of the compressional wake. To explain these shortcomings, Poppe (2019) questions the existence of plasma in the tail and attributes the compressional wake to lunar crustal fields. Here we address the criticism of plasma observations and provide additional data from ARTEMIS spacecraft that demonstrates the compressional wake is an inherent part of the lunar tail structure. As such, the Amitis vacuum simulations do not capture the full physics of the interaction. In contrast, when the energetic protons are included in the model, all aspects of the lunar tail structure are accounted for.
What Drives the Life Cycle of Tropical Anvil Clouds?
Authors: Gasparini Blaž , Blossey Peter N. , Hartmann Dennis L. , Lin Guangxing , Fan Jiwen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe net radiative effects of tropical clouds are determined by the evolution of thick, freshly detrained anvil clouds into thin anvil clouds. Thick anvil clouds reduce Earth's energy balance and cool the climate, while thin anvil clouds warm the climate. To determine role of these clouds in climate change we need to understand how interactions of their microphysical and macrophysical properties control their radiative properties. We explore anvil cloud evolution using a cloud‐resolving model in three‐simulation setups of increasing complexity to disentangle the impacts of the various components of diabatic heating and their interaction with cloud‐scale motions. The first phase of evolution and rapid cloud spreading is dominated by latent heating within convective updrafts. After the convective detrainment stops, most of the spreading and thinning of the anvil cloud is driven by cloud radiative processes and latent heating. The combination of radiative cooling at cloud top, latent cooling due to sublimation at cloud base, latent heating due to deposition and radiative heating in between leads to a sandwich‐like, cooling‐heating‐cooling structure. The heating sandwich promotes the development of two within‐anvil convective layers and a double cell circulation, dominated by strong outflow at 12‐km altitude with inflow above and below. Our study reveals how small‐scale processes including convective, microphysical processes, latent and radiative heating interact within the anvil cloud system. The absence or a different representation of only one component results in a significantly different cloud evolution with large impacts on cloud radiative effects.
The Effects of Urbanization and Retention‐Based Stormwater Management on Coastal Plain Stream Nutrient Export
Authors: Gold Adam C. , Thompson Suzanne P. , Piehler Michael F. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractStormwater nutrient pollution can be more effectively managed if there is a predictable link between urbanization and pollutant export. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of increased watershed impervious surface cover (ISC) and retention‐based stormwater management on stream discharge and nutrient export from coastal plain streams in the southeastern United States. To quantify coastal plain stream nutrient export, measurements of stream discharge and concentrations of dissolved nutrients, particulate nitrogen, and algal biomass (as chlorophyll a) were collected during baseflow and stormflow for four years from five streams on Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune near Jacksonville, North Carolina. The study streams had watersheds that spanned a range of ISC (1–38%) and included an urban watershed drained extensively by stormwater ponds. Urban streams had higher rates of annual discharge than less impacted streams due to elevated discharge at all rates of flow, more cumulative discharge at high flows, and dampened seasonal patterns. Streams with higher watershed ISC had higher rates of annual export of all measured nutrients due to increased stream discharge and concentrations of inorganic and particulate nitrogen. The relative importance of dissolved organic nitrogen decreased with watershed ISC, but it was still the dominant form of nitrogen export in every study stream except the stream that was dominated by particulate nitrogen export from stormwater pond algal production. Based on these findings, this study suggests that stormwater management emphasizing stormwater harvesting and evapotranspiration, increased wetland area, and decreased anthropogenic nutrient sources could reduce nutrient export from urban coastal plain streams.
A pharmacogenetic intervention for the improvement of the safety profile of antipsychotic treatments
Authors: Arranz Maria J. , Gonzalez-Rodriguez Alex , Perez-Blanco Josefina , Penadés Rafael , Gutierrez Blanca , Ibañez Laura , Arias Barbara , Brunet Mercè , Cervilla Jorge , Salazar Juliana , Catalan Rosa 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAntipsychotic drugs fail to achieve adequate response in 30–50% of treated patients and about 50% of them develop severe and lasting side effects. Treatment failure results in poorer prognosis with devastating repercussions for the patients, carers and broader society. Our study evaluated the clinical benefits of a pharmacogenetic intervention for the personalisation of antipsychotic treatment. Pharmacogenetic information in key CYP polymorphisms was used to adjust clinical doses in a group of patients who started or switched treatment with antipsychotic drugs (PharmG+, N = 123), and their results were compared with those of a group of patients treated following existing clinical guides (PharmG−, N = 167). There was no evidence of significant differences in side effects between the two arms. Although patients who had their antipsychotic dose adjusted according to CYPs polymorphisms (PharmG+) had a bigger reduction in side effects than those treated as usual (PharmG−), the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). However, PharmG+ patients treated with CYP2D6 substrates that were carriers of CYP2D6 UMs or PMs variants showed a significantly higher improvement in global, psychic and other UKU side effects than PharmG− patients (p = 0.02, p = 0.05 and p = 0.01, respectively). PharmG+ clozapine treated patients with CYP1A2 or CYP2C19 UM and PMs variants also showed higher reductions in UKU scores than PharmG− clozapine patients in general. However, those differences were not statistically significant. Pharmacogenetic interventions may improve the safety of antipsychotic treatments by reducing associated side effects. This intervention may be particularly useful when considering treatment with antipsychotics with one major metabolic pathway, and therefore more susceptible to be affected by functional variants of CYP enzymes.
Maximum Entropy (Most Likely) Double Helical and Double Logarithmic Spiral Trajectories in Space-Time
Authors: Parker M. C. , Jeynes C. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe ubiquity of double helical and logarithmic spirals in nature is well observed, but no explanation is ever offered for their prevalence. DNA and the Milky Way galaxy are examples of such structures, whose geometric entropy we study using an information-theoretic (Shannon entropy) complex-vector analysis to calculate, respectively, the Gibbs free energy difference between B-DNA and P-DNA, and the galactic virial mass. Both of these analytic calculations (without any free parameters) are consistent with observation to within the experimental uncertainties. We define conjugate hyperbolic space and entropic momentum co-ordinates to describe these spiral structures in Minkowski space-time, enabling a consistent and holographic Hamiltonian-Lagrangian system that is completely isomorphic and complementary to that of conventional kinematics. Such double spirals therefore obey a maximum-entropy path-integral variational calculus (“the principle of least exertion”, entirely comparable to the principle of least action), thereby making them the most likely geometry (also with maximal structural stability) to be adopted by any such system in space-time. These simple analytical calculations are quantitative examples of the application of the Second Law of Thermodynamics as expressed in geometric entropy terms. They are underpinned by a comprehensive entropic action (“exertion”) principle based upon Boltzmann’s constant as the quantum of exertion.
HER2/HER3 regulates lactate secretion and expression of lactate receptor mRNA through the MAP3K4 associated protein GIT1
Authors: Garcia-Flores Alejandro E. , Sollome James J. , Thavathiru Elangovan , Bower Joseph L. , Vaillancourt Richard R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOne of the major features of cancer is Otto Warburg’s observation that many tumors have increased extracellular acidification compared to healthy tissues. Since Warburg’s observation, the importance of extracellular acidification in cancer is now considered a hallmark of cancer. Human MAP3K4 functions upstream of the p38 and JNK mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Additionally, MAP3K4 is required for cell migration and extracellular acidification of breast cancer cells in response to HER2/HER3 signaling. Here, we demonstrate that GIT1 interacts with MAP3K4 by immunoprecipitation, while cellular lactate production and the capacity of MCF-7 cells for anchorage independent growth in soft agar were dependent on GIT1. Additionally, we show that activation of HER2/HER3 signaling leads to reduced expression of lactate receptor (GPR81) mRNA and that both, GIT1 and MAP3K4, are necessary for constitutive expression of GPR81 mRNA. Our study suggests that targeting downstream proteins in the HER2/HER3-induced extracellular lactate signaling pathway may be a way to inhibit the Warburg Effect to disrupt tumor growth.
Multiphase progenetic development shaped the brain of flying archosaurs
Authors: Beyrand Vincent , Voeten Dennis F. A. E. , Bureš Stanislav , Fernandez Vincent , Janáček Jiří , Jirák Daniel , Rauhut Oliver , Tafforeau Paul 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe growing availability of virtual cranial endocasts of extinct and extant vertebrates has fueled the quest for endocranial characters that discriminate between phylogenetic groups and resolve their neural significances. We used geometric morphometrics to compare a phylogenetically and ecologically comprehensive data set of archosaurian endocasts along the deep evolutionary history of modern birds and found that this lineage experienced progressive elevation of encephalisation through several chapters of increased endocranial doming that we demonstrate to result from progenetic developments. Elevated encephalisation associated with progressive size reduction within Maniraptoriformes was secondarily exapted for flight by stem avialans. Within Mesozoic Avialae, endocranial doming increased in at least some Ornithurae, yet remained relatively modest in early Neornithes. During the Paleogene, volant non-neoavian birds retained ancestral levels of endocast doming where a broad neoavian niche diversification experienced heterochronic brain shape radiation, as did non-volant Palaeognathae. We infer comparable developments underlying the establishment of pterosaurian brain shapes.
Dependence of spin-orbit torque effective fields on magnetization uniformity in Ta/Co/Pt structure
Authors: Luo Feilong , Wong Qi Ying , Li Sihua , Tan Funan , Lim Gerard Joseph , Wang Xuan , Lew Wen Siang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe spin-orbit torque (SOT) effective fields, namely field-like and damping-like terms, depend on the thicknesses of heavy metal (HM) and ferromagnetic metal (FM) layers, in a stack comprising of HM/FM/HM or oxide. In this work, we report on the dependence of the SOT effective fields on the magnetization uniformity in the wires comprising of Ta/Co/Pt layer structure. SOT dependence on magnetization uniformity dependence was investigated by concurrent variation of the magnetization uniformity in Co layer and characterization of the SOT effective fields in each wire which excludes the layer thickness dependence influences. Our experimental results reveal that the field-like term decreases while the damping-like term increases with increasing Co magnetization uniformity. The magnetization uniformity influence on the effective fields is attributed to the spin Hall effect, which contributes to the SOT.