bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conditional Probabilities of AIDS Disease Transitions Using Semi-Markov Models
Authors: Asena Tilahun Ferede , Goshu Ayele Taye 
Published: March 2019

Analyzing progression of diseases is vital to monitor patient's traversal over time through a disease. Clinical study settings present modeling challenges, as patients' disease trajectories are only partially observed, and patients' disease statuses are only assessed at clinic visit times. HIV disease is a continuum of progressive damage to the immune system from the time of infection to the manifestation of severe immunologic damage. We proposed a semi-Markov model and collected data at Yirgalem General Hospital. Our study found that for an HIV/AIDS patient the transition probability from a given state to the next worse state increases within the good states as time gets optimum and then decreases with increasing time during a follow up. In a specific state of the disease a patient will stay in that state with a non- zero probability in good states and a patient will transit to the next state either to the worst or to the good state with a non-zero probability. The probability of being in same state decreases over time. With the good or alive states, the probability of being in a better state is non-zero, but less than the probability of being in worst states. The survival probabilities are decreasing with increasing time. Therefore, we recommend that increased clinical care for patients on ART services should be strengthen and patients need to regularly check their CD4 T cell count in the appropriate day based on physician order to timely know and monitor their disease status to improve the survival probability and to reduce mortality.
Antioxidants and Radical Scavenging Activities of Nigerian Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)
Authors: Idowu J. Olawuni , Oyinade A. David , Funminiyi S. Bamidele , Gbenga E. Ogundepo 
Published: March 2019

Aim: To evaluated the antioxidant and radical scavenging ability of three different accessions (TGx-1835-10E, TGx-1987-62F and TGx 1951-3F) of soybean.
Study Design: In vitro evaluation of antioxidant assays: Total phenol, Total flavonoid, Total antioxidant capacity, Ferric reducing antioxidant capacity, Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, Ferrous Ion-chelating Ability, 2, 2-Diphenyl-2-Picryl-Hydrazyl (DPPH) and Nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activities.
Place and Duration: Department of Biochemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria (August–December, 2016).
Methodology: Hydroalcoholic crude extracts of TGx-1835-10E, TGx-1987-62F and TGx 1951-3F were obtained through soxhlet apparatus using 80% methanol and concentrated in a rotary evaporator at 4°C. The crude extract was then subjected to different antioxidant assays (Total phenol, Total flavonoid, Total antioxidant capacity, Ferric reducing antioxidant capacity, Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, Ferrous Ion-chelating Ability , DPPH and NO radical scavenging activities.) following standard procedures.
Results: The results shows that TGx 1951-3F elicited the highest DPPH and NO radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 2.61± 0.02 mg/ml and 2.58 ± 0.02 mg/ml, compared to TGx-1835-10E and TGx-1987-62F. Similarly, Ferrous Ion-chelating Ability (FIC) of TGx 1951-3F was higher with IC50 value of 1.38 ± 0.07 mg/ml, compared to TGx-1835-10E and TGx-1987-62F with an IC50 of 1.86 ± 0.16 and 2.07 ± 0.16 mg/ml. The reducing power of the three accessions expressed in terms of ascorbic acid equivalent tested using FRAP, TAC and CUPRAC assays showed that TGx 1951-3F has highest antioxidant activity follow by TGx-1835-10E and TGx-1987-62F. This same trend was also observed in antioxidant constituent present in the samples as TGx-1951-3F has higher phenolic and flavonoid content compared to TGx-1835-10E and TGx-1987-62F.
Conclusion: The result of this present study revealed that Accession TGx 1951-3F elicit the highest antioxidant potential nevertheless, accessions TGx-1835-10E and TGx-1987-62F also contain significant amounts of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Consequently, the plant seeds might be an important source of natural antioxidant, and helpful in prevention and management of various diseases associated with oxidative stress.
MHD Maxwell Reactive Flow with Velocity Slip Over a Stretching Surface with Prescribed Heat Flux in the Presence of Thermal Radiation in a Porous Medium
Authors: Baoku I. G. , Falade K. I. 
Published: March 2019

This article is concerned with the study of heat and mass transfer of a MHD reactive flow of an upper-convected Maxwell fluid model over a stretching surface subjected to a prescribed heat flux with velocity slip effect in a Darcian porous medium in the presence of thermal radiation and internal heat generation/absorption. The basic boundary layer governing partial differential equations are transformed into a set of coupled ordinary differential equations, which are solved numerically using Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg integration scheme with shooting technique. The far field boundary conditions are asymptotically satisfied to support the accuracy of the numerical computations and the results obtained. The velocity, temperature and species concentration profiles are enhanced by increasing values of velocity slip parameter with Hartmann number, heat generation/absorption parameter and order of chemical reaction parameter respectively. Increments in the values of velocity slip parameter, Hartmann number, rate of chemical reaction parameter and Prandtl number boost the wall shear stress, dimensionless surface temperature is increased by increasing values of Deborah number, heat generation/absorption and order of chemical reaction parameters while local rate of mass transfer is enhanced by increments in the values of Hartmann number, suction velocity, Darcian porous medium, rate of chemical reaction and velocity slip parameters. The presence of velocity slip on the flow distribution is found to be of great significance to the study.
Commissioning of the Mobius3D independent dose verification system for TomoTherapy
Authors: Kodama Takumi , Saito Yoshihiro , Hatanaka Shogo , Hariu Masatsugu , Shimbo Munefumi , Takahashi Takeo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn radiation therapy, a secondary independent dose verification is an important component of a quality control system. Mobius3D calculates three‐dimensional (3D) patient dose using reference beam data and a collapsed cone convolution algorithm and analyzes dose‐volume histogram automatically. There are currently no published data on commissioning and determining tolerance levels of Mobius3D for TomoTherapy. To verify the calculation accuracy and adjust the parameters of this system, we compared the measured dose using an ion chamber and film in a phantom with the dose calculated using Mobius3D for nine helical intensity‐modulated radiation therapy plans, each with three nominal field widths. We also compared 126 treatment plans used in our institution to treat prostate, head‐and‐neck, and esophagus tumors based on dose calculations by treatment planning system for given dose indices and 3D gamma passing rates with those produced by Mobius3D. On the basis of these results, we showed that the action and tolerance levels at the average dose for the planning target volume (PTV) at each treatment site are at μ ± 2σ and μ ± 3σ, respectively. After adjusting parameters, the dose difference ratio on average was −0.2 ± 0.6% using ion chamber and gamma passing rate with the criteria of 3% and 3 mm on average was 98.8 ± 1.4% using film. We also established action and tolerance levels for the PTV at the prostate, head‐and‐neck, esophagus, and for the organ at risk at all treatment sites. Mobius3D calculations thus provide an accurate secondary dose verification system that can be commissioned easily and immediately after installation. Before clinical use, the Mobius3D system needs to be commissioned using the treatment plans for patients treated in each institution to determine the calculational accuracy and establish tolerances for each treatment site and dose index.
Binary Targeting of siRNA to Hematologic Cancer Cells In Vivo Using Layer‐by‐Layer Nanoparticles
Authors: Choi Ki Young , Correa Santiago , Min Jouha , Li Jiahe , Roy Sweta , Laccetti Kristiana H. , Dreaden Erik , Kong Stephanie , Heo Roun , Roh Young Hoon , Lawson Edward C. , Palmer Peter A. , Hammond Paula T. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractUsing siRNA therapeutics to treat hematologic malignancies has been unsuccessful because blood cancer cells exhibit remarkable resistance to standard transfection methods. Herein, the successful delivery of siRNA therapeutics with a dual‐targeted, layer‐by‐layer nanoparticle (LbL‐NP) is reported. The LbL‐NP protects siRNA from nucleases in the bloodstream by embedding it within polyelectrolyte layers that coat a polymeric core. The outermost layer consists of hyaluronic acid (a CD44‐ligand) covalently conjugated to CD20 antibodies. The CD20/CD44 dual‐targeting outer layer provides precise binding to blood cancer cells, followed by receptor‐mediated endocytosis of the LbL‐NP. This siRNA delivery platform is used to silence B‐cell lymphoma 2 (BCL‐2), a pro‐survival protein, in vitro and in vivo. The dual‐targeting approach significantly enhances internalization of BCL‐2 siRNA in lymphoma and leukemia cells, which leads to significant downregulation of BCL‐2 expression. Systemic administration of the dual‐targeted, siRNA‐loaded nanoparticle induces apoptosis and hampers proliferation of blood cancer cells, both in cell culture and in orthotopic non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma animal models. These results provide the basis for approaches to targeting blood‐borne cancers and other diseases and suggest that LbL nanoassemblies are a promising approach for delivering therapeutic siRNA to hematopoetic cell types that are known to evade transfection by other means.
PdSe2 Multilayer on Germanium Nanocones Array with Light Trapping Effect for Sensitive Infrared Photodetector and Image Sensing Application
Authors: Luo Lin‐Bao , Wang Di , Xie Chao , Hu Ji‐Gang , Zhao Xing‐Yuan , Liang Feng‐Xia 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn this study, a sensitive infrared photodetector (IRPD) composed of a germanium nanocones (GeNCs) array and PdSe2 multilayer is presented, which is obtained by a straightforward selenization approach. The as‐assembled PdSe2/GeNCs hybrid heterojunction exhibits obvious photovoltaic behavior to 1550 nm illumination, which renders the IRPD a self‐driven device without external power supply. Further device analysis reveals that the PdSe2/GeNCs hybrid based IRPD exhibits high sensitivity to 1350, 1550, and 1650 nm illumination with excellent stability and reproducibility. The responsivity and external quantum efficiency is as high as 530.2 mA W−1 and 42.4%, respectively. Such a relatively good device performance is related to the strong light trapping effect of GeNCs array, according to the theoretical simulation based on finite‐difference time‐domain. It is also found that the IRPD shows an abnormal sensitivity to IR illumination with a wavelength of 2200 nm. Finally, the present individual IRPD can also record the simple “F” image produced by 1550 nm, suggesting the promising application of the PdSe2/GeNCs hybrid device in future infrared optoelectronic systems.
Sequential Deposition of High‐Quality Photovoltaic Perovskite Layers via Scalable Printing Methods
Authors: Guo Fei , He Wenxin , Qiu Shudi , Wang Chuan , Liu Xianhu , Forberich Karen , Brabec Christoph J. , Mai Yaohua 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSequential deposition is demonstrated as an effective technology for preparation of high‐performance perovskite solar cells based on lab‐scale spin coating. However, devices fabricated by scalable methods are lagging far behind their state‐of‐the‐art spin‐coated counterparts, largely due to the difficulty in obtaining high‐quality thin films of perovskites crystallized from printed precursors. Here, a generic strategy that allows sequential deposition of dense and uniform perovskite films via two‐step blade coating is reported. The rational selection of solvent combined with a mild vacuum extraction process enables us to produce uniform lead iodide (PbI2) films over large areas. Significantly, the resulting PbI2 films possess a mesoporous structure that is highly beneficial for the insertion reaction with methylammonium iodide (MAI). It is further identified that the deposition temperature of MAI plays an important role in determining the morphology and crystallinity of the perovskite films. Solar cells using these sequentially bladed perovskite layers yield efficiencies over 16% with high fill factors up to 78%. These results represent important progress toward the large‐scale deposition of perovskite thin films for practical applications.
A Versatile Approach for Direct Patterning of Liquid Metal Using Magnetic Field
Authors: Ma Biao , Xu Chengtao , Chi Junjie , Chen Jian , Zhao Chao , Liu Hong 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPatterning of liquid metal (LM) is usually an integral step toward its practical applications. However, the high surface tension along with surface oxide makes direct patterning of LM very challenging. Existing LM patterning techniques are designed for limited types of planar substrates, which require multiple‐step operation, delicate molds and masks, and expensive equipment. In this work, a simple, versatile, and equipment‐free approach for direct patterning of LM on various substrates using magnetic field is reported. To achieve this, magnetic microparticles are dispersed into LM by stirring. When a moving magnetic field is applied to the LM droplet, the aggregated magnetic microparticles deform the droplet to a continuous line. In addition, this approach is also applicable to supermetallophobic substrates since the applied magnetic field significantly enhances the contact between LM and substrate. Moreover, remote manipulation of the magnetic microparticles allows direct patterning of LM on nonplanar surfaces, even in a narrow and near closed space, which is impossible for the existing techniques. A few applications are also demonstrated using the proposed technique for flexible electronics and wearable sensors.
Intrinsic Carbon‐Defect‐Driven Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Wang Wei , Shang Lu , Chang Guojing , Yan Chunyun , Shi Run , Zhao Yunxuan , Waterhouse Geoffrey I. N. , Yang Dongjiang , Zhang Tierui 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHeteroatom‐doped carbon catalysts are currently attracting enormous attention due to their excellent performance for the electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (ECRR). However, the origin of the high catalytic activities of doped‐carbon materials remains obscure with the role of intrinsic carbon defects in promoting the ECRR receiving little attention despite the abundance of carbon defects in all carbon‐based catalytic materials. Herein, a positive correlation is reported between the ECRR performance of carbon‐based catalysts and the content of intrinsic carbon defects contained within these catalysts. Further, it is demonstrated that defective porous carbon catalysts containing no active heteroatom dopants also show excellent catalytic performance for ECRR. C K‐edge near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure measurements and density functional theory calculations reveal that sp2 defects (octagonal and pentagonal) rather than edge defects are key to the excellent ECRR activity of the defective porous carbon catalysts. This work thus makes an important contribution to the understanding of the origin of the ECRR activity of carbon‐based catalysts, with heteroatom doping perhaps being less important than previously envisaged for achieving a high ECRR performance.
A Highly Stretchable and Real‐Time Healable Supercapacitor
Authors: Chen Chuan‐Rui , Qin Haili , Cong Huai‐Ping , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn addition to a high specific capacitance, a large stretchability and self‐healing properties are also essential to improve the practicality and reliability of supercapacitors in portable and wearable electronics. However, the integration of multiple functions into one device remains challenging. Here, the construction of a highly stretchable and real‐time omni‐healable supercapacitor is demonstrated by sandwiching the polypyrrole‐incorporated gold nanoparticle/carbon nanotube (CNT)/poly(acrylamide) (GCP@PPy) hydrogel electrodes with a CNT‐free GCP (GP) hydrogel as the electrolyte and chemically soldering an Ag nanowire film to the hydrogel electrode as the current collector. The newly developed dynamic metal‐thiolate (M‐SR, M = Au, Ag) bond‐induced integrated configuration, with an intrinsically powerful electrode and electrolyte, enables the assembled supercapacitor to deliver an areal capacitance of 885 mF cm−2 and an energy density of 123 µWh cm−2, which are among the highest‐reported values for stretchable supercapacitors. Notably, the device exhibits a superhigh stretching strain of 800%, rapid optical healing capability, and significant real‐time healability during the charge–discharge process. The exceptional performance combined with the facile assembly method confirms this multifunctional device as the best performer among all the flexible supercapacitors reported to date.
Inkjet‐Printed and Deep‐UV‐Annealed YAlOx Dielectrics for High‐Performance IGZO Thin‐Film Transistors on Flexible Substrates
Authors: Bolat Sami , Fuchs Peter , Knobelspies Stefan , Temel Ozgur , Sevilla Galo Torres , Gilshtein Evgeniia , Andres Christian , Shorubalko Ivan , Liu Yujing , Tröster Gerhard , Tiwari Ayodhya N. , Romanyuk Yaroslav E. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRecent developments in inkjet printing have proven it a viable method for low‐cost and large‐area coating of oxide materials. The main drawback of this method is the common requirement of a post‐deposition annealing (PDA) of the printed layers at relatively high temperatures (T > 200 °C). This sets a requirement for the substrate to have high glass transition temperature (Tg). To reduce the PDA temperature, deep‐ultraviolet (DUV) annealing is proposed as an effective method. In this study, yttrium aluminum oxide (YAlOx) dielectrics are realized for application in flexible electronic devices via inkjet printing and DUV annealing at a temperature of 150 °C. The effect of the Y concentration on the electrical properties of the dielectrics is investigated. An increase in the Y incorporation is found to increase the dielectric constant and decrease the leakage current of the dielectrics. Flexible indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) thin‐film transistors with 50 µm channel widths and 7 µm channel lengths employing printed YAlOx dielectrics are fabricated on polyimide substrates with a maximum processing temperature of 150 °C, yielding a maximum gate leakage current of 10−13A, a high ION/IOFF ratio of 108, and a field effect mobility of 4.3 cm2 V−1 s−1.
High‐Responsivity Near‐Infrared Photodetector Using Gate‐Modulated Graphene/Germanium Schottky Junction
Authors: Chang Kyoung Eun , Kim Cihyun , Yoo Tae Jin , Kwon Min Gyu , Heo Sunwoo , Kim So‐Young , Hyun Yujun , Yoo Jung Il , Ko Heung Cho , Lee Byoung Hun 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA high‐responsivity near‐infrared photodetector is demonstrated using a transparent ZnO top gate‐modulated graphene/Ge Schottky junction. The responsivity of a graphene/Ge junction photodetector characterized with a scanning photocurrent microscopy system is improved to 0.75 A W−1. This result is 5 to 35 times higher than the previously reported graphene/Ge photodetectors that did not use gate modulation. The detectivity is also improved to 2.53 × 109 cm Hz1/2 W−1 at Vg = −10 V from 0.43 × 109 cm Hz1/2 W−1 at Vg = 0 V. The performance of this gate‐modulated graphene/Ge Schottky junction base infrared (IR) detector is comparable to a commercially available IR photodetector, but the fabrication process is much simpler and compatible with glass or flexible substrates.
Asymmetric Contact‐Induced Self‐Driven Perovskite‐Microwire‐Array Photodetectors
Authors: Wu Chun‐Yan , Peng Wei , Fang Ting , Wang Bin , Xie Chao , Wang Li , Yang Wen‐Hua , Luo Lin‐Bao 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCombining both 1D geometry and the features of hybrid perovskite materials, perovskite micro/nanowires have recently attracted particular attention for a variety of optoelectronic device applications. Herein, by taking advantage of the strong built‐in potential induced by asymmetric contact with varied work functions, highly sensitive visible photodetectors based on a CH3NH3PbI3 microwire array that display pronounced photovoltaic activities are reported. These photodetectors afford the capability to work without an external power supply. A representative detector with Au/Ag electrodes achieves a reasonable responsivity of 161.1 mA W−1 with a fast response speed of 13.8/16.1 µs under 520 nm illumination at zero bias. In addition, such a device is also characterized by an ultralow dark current of tens of femtoamps, enabling a high specific detectivity of 1.3 × 1012 Jones. Furthermore, a flexible photodetector is successfully prepared, which shows comparable photoresponse performance and outstanding flexibility and bending durability. Given the good device performance and simple device geometry, the present self‐driven photodetectors hold great promise for future highly sensitive and low‐energy‐consumption photodetection systems.
Rapid Aqueous Spray Fabrication of Robust NiOx: A Simple and Scalable Platform for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Scheideler William J. , Rolston Nicholas , Zhao Oliver , Zhang Jinbao , Dauskardt Reinhold H. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOrganometal halide perovskites have powerful intrinsic potential to drive next‐generation solar technology, but their insufficient thermomechanical reliability and unproven large‐area manufacturability limit competition with incumbent silicon photovoltaics. This work addresses these limitations by leveraging large‐area processing and robust inorganic hole transport layers (HTLs). Inverted perovskite solar cells utilizing NiOx HTLs deposited by rapid aqueous spray‐coating that outperform spin‐coated NiOx and lead to a 5× improvement in the fracture energy (Gc), a primary metric of thermomechanical stability, are presented. The morphology, chemical composition, and optoelectronic properties of the NiOx films are characterized to understand and optimize compatibility with an archetypal double cation perovskite, Cs.17FA.83Pb(Br.17I.83)3. Perovskite solar cells with sprayed NiOx show higher photovoltaic performance, exhibiting up to 82% fill factor and 17.7% power conversion efficiency (PCE)—the highest PCE reported for inverted cell with scalable charge transport layers—as well as excellent stability under full illumination and after 4000 h aging in inert conditions at room temperature. By utilizing open‐air techniques and aqueous precursors, this combination of robust materials and low‐cost processing provides a platform for scaling perovskite modules with long‐term reliability.