bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging in paediatric cochlear implant assessment: a pilot study and our experience at Great Ormond Street Hospital
Authors: Kanona H , Stephenson K , D'Arco F , Rajput K , Cochrane L , Jephson C 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundTo date, there is a lack of consensus regarding the use of both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the pre-operative assessment of cochlear implant candidates.MethodsTwenty-five patients underwent high-resolution computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. ‘Control scores’ describing the expected visualisation of specific features by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were established. An independent radiological review of all computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scan features was then compared to the control scores and the findings recorded.ResultsAgreement with control scores occurred in 83 per cent (20 out of 24) of computed tomography scans and 91 per cent (21 out of 23) of magnetic resonance imaging scans. Radiological abnormalities were demonstrated in 16 per cent of brain scans and 18 per cent of temporal bone investigations.ConclusionAssessment in the paediatric setting constitutes a special situation given the likelihood of congenital temporal bone abnormalities and associated co-morbidities that may be relevant to surgery and prognosis following cochlear implantation. Both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging contribute valuable information and remain necessary in paediatric cochlear implant pre-operative assessment.
Cochlear orientation: pre-operative evaluation and intra-operative significance
Authors: Sharma S , Grover M , Singh S N , Kataria T , Lakhawat R S 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe study primarily aimed to calculate the orientation of the cochlea pre-operatively, using high-resolution computed tomography of the temporal bone, and predict the ease of electrode insertion.MethodsPre-operatively, high-resolution computed tomography scans were conducted on children scheduled for cochlear implantation, and two angles, α and β, were calculated. The values of α and β were then correlated with intra-operative difficulty in insertion of the electrode array.ResultsNinety-six children were included in the study. Of the seven patients who had an α angle of less than 50 degrees, the surgeon experienced difficulties in electrode insertion. However, there were four patients with an α angle of more than 50 degrees for whom the surgeon also experienced difficulties in electrode insertion. In all these patients, the β angle was more than 20 degrees.ConclusionCalculation of cochlear orientation and its angle with the surgical axis (α and β) can aid the planning of surgery, particularly with regard to the cochleostomy site and preservation of residual hearing.
Quality of online otolaryngology health information
Authors: Biggs T C , Jayakody N , Best K , King E V 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectiveUp to 70 per cent of the population search online for medical or health-related information. This study aimed to assess the quality of online health resources available to educate patients on a variety of otolaryngological conditions.MethodsTwo clinicians independently analysed the quality and content of educational websites (patient.co.uk and wikipedia.org) for common and uncommon diagnoses, with cancerresearchuk.org also used to assess two head and neck cancers.ResultsCancerresearchuk.org, followed by patient.co.uk, scored most highly in their ability to inform readers on a selection of otolaryngological conditions. Although wikipedia.org was less likely to include all relevant information and was more difficult to read, it still provided mostly accurate information.ConclusionWhere possible, patients should be advised to access professionally maintained health information websites (patient.co.uk and cancerresearchuk.org). However, wikipedia.org can provide adequate information, although it lacks depth and can be difficult to understand.
Regeneration of the tympanic membrane using fibroblast growth factor-2
Authors: Lou Z-C , Lou Z-H , Xiao J 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectiveA systematic review was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of fibroblast growth factor-2 on the regeneration of tympanic membrane perforation.MethodsThe PubMed database was searched for relevant studies. Experimental studies, human randomised controlled trials, prospective single-arm studies and retrospective studies reporting acute and chronic tympanic membrane perforations in relation to two healing outcomes (success rate and closure time), were selected.ResultsAll 11 clinical studies investigating the effect of fibroblast growth factor-2 on traumatic tympanic membrane perforations in humans reported a success rate of 89.3–100 per cent, with a closure time of around 2 weeks. Three studies of fibroblast growth factor-2 combined with Gelfoam showed that the success rate of chronic tympanic membrane perforation was 83–98.1 per cent in the fibroblast growth factor-2 group, but 10 per cent in the gelatine sponge groups.ConclusionFibroblast growth factor-2 with or without biological material patching promotes regeneration in cases of acute and chronic tympanic membrane perforation, and is safe and efficient. However, the best dosage, application time and administration pathway of fibroblast growth factor-2 are still to be elucidated.
Codeswitching and emotional alignment: Talking about abuse in domestic migrant-worker returnee narratives
Authors: Ladegaard Hans J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractEarly research on bilingualism and emotion suggests that bilingual speakers’ L1 may be preferred for emotional expression whereas L2 may be used for emotional detachment. The evidence comes primarily from surveys, interviews, and laboratory studies. Studies of bilingual codeswitching (CS) and emotion tend to focus on perception and recollection of experience rather than actual language data. This article uses data from domestic migrant-worker returnee narratives to explore the use of CS in storytelling. Domestic-worker returnees in Indonesia participated in sharing sessions in which they talked about the trauma they experienced while they worked overseas as domestic helpers. CS was widely used and, through a discourse analysis of selected excerpts, the article shows that CS is used for addressee specification and emotional alignment. The article concludes by considering how researchers may use the trauma narratives of repressed groups for social activism. (Codeswitching and emotion, domestic migrant workers, trauma narratives, Indonesia)*
Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureuscolonisation: epidemiological and molecular characteristics in an acute-care tertiary hospital in Singapore
Authors: Htun H. L. , Kyaw W. M. , de Sessions P. F. , Low L. , Hibberd M. L. , Chow A. , Leo Y. S. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCurrent knowledge of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) colonisation in relation to epidemiological characteristics is incomplete. We conducted a cross-sectional study at an acute-care tertiary infectious diseases hospital of MRSA isolates identified through routine surveillance from January 2009 to December 2011. We randomly selected 205 MRSA isolates (119 inpatients) from 798 isolates (427 inpatients) for molecular profiling using multilocus sequence typing. Multilevel multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratio (OR) assessing the predilection of MRSA strains for anatomic sites, and associations of strains with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The most frequent sequence types (STs) were 239, 22 and 45. The proportion of ST22 increased over the sampling period, replacing ST239 as the dominant lineage. However, ST239 remained the most prevalent among HIV-seropositive individuals who were six times more likely to be colonised with this strain than non-HIV patients (adjusted OR (aOR) 6.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.94–21.36). ST45 was >24 times more likely to be associated with perianal colonisation than in the nares, axillae and groin sites (aOR 24.20, 95% CI 1.45–403.26). This study underlines the clonal replacement of MRSA in Singapore as previously reported but revealed, in addition, key strain differences between HIV-infected and non-infected individuals hospitalised in the same environment.
Kinds of individuals defined by patterns of variables
Authors: Kagan Jerome 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis paper argues that investigators should consider replacing the popular practice of comparing individuals varying in gender, social class, and/or ethnicity on one or more continuous measures with a search for kinds of individuals defined by patterns of properties that include not only their values on outcome measures but also their gender, social class, and ethnicity. Investigators who believe that a particular predictor contributes to an outcome independent of the gender, class, or ethnicity of the participants often implement statistical procedures that promise to remove the contributions of the above categories. These analyses lead to misleading conclusions when the controlled category is correlated with the dependent measures. The final sections summarize the properties of genders, classes, and ethnic groups that make distinctive contributions to many psychological outcomes. The paper ends by noting that a society's ethical beliefs constitute a defensible basis for ignoring the biological properties associated with these categories in order to allow members of these groups access to whatever educational or occupational goals they desire.
Influence of Overlapping décollements, Syntectonic Sedimentation, and Structural Inheritance in the Evolution of a Contractional System: The Central Kuqa Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt (Tian Shan Mountains, NW China)
Authors: Izquierdo‐Llavall Esther , Roca Eduard , Xie Huiwen , Pla Oriol , Muñoz Josep Anton , Rowan Mark G. , Yuan Neng , Huang Shaoying 
Published: July 2018

AbstractContractional deformation in the Kuqa fold‐and‐thrust belt (southern foreland of the Tian Shan Mountains, NW China) is recorded by well‐preserved syntectonic continental sequences. In addition, its structural evolution was strongly controlled by synorogenic salt (Eocene in age) and presalt décollements with varying spatial distribution. We present a balanced and sequentially restored cross section across the central part of this fold‐and‐thrust belt that provides a new interpretation of the structure beneath the evaporites, in which Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata are deformed by a thrust stack involving (i) a thin‐skinned thrust system detached on Triassic‐Jurassic coal units and (ii) an ensemble of south‐directed basement thrusts. The latter formed from the inversion of Mesozoic extensional faults such as those preserved both in the Tarim foreland basin and beneath the frontal part of the Kuqa fold‐and‐thrust belt. The constructed section shows a total shortening of 35 km from the Late Cretaceous to the present. The restoration depicts a three‐stage evolution for the Kuqa fold‐and‐thrust belt: (i) minor Mesozoic extension, (ii) an early compressional stage (Late Cretaceous to early Miocene) with low shortening and syntectonic sedimentary rates, and (iii) a later compressional stage (late Pliocene‐Pleistocene) characterized by a greater and progressively increasing shortening rate and rapid deposition. Our results are discussed in light of previous analogue and numerical modeling studies and demonstrate the control exerted by the interplay between syntectonic sedimentation, the inversion of inherited basement structures, and the nature and extent of Triassic/Jurassic and Eocene décollements.
Drift‐Bounce Resonance Between Pc5 Pulsations and Ions at Multiple Energies in the Nightside Magnetosphere: Arase and MMS Observations
Authors: Oimatsu S. , Nosé M. , Teramoto M. , Yamamoto K. , Matsuoka A. , Kasahara S. , Yokota S. , Keika K. , Le G. , Nomura R. , Fujimoto A. , Sormakov D. , Troshichev O. , Tanaka Y.‐M. , Shinohara M. , Shinohara I. , Miyoshi Y. , Slavin J. A. , Ergun R. E. , Lindqvist P.‐A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA Pc5 wave is observed by the Exploration of energization and Radiation in Geospace Arase satellite in the inner magnetosphere (L ~5.4–6.1) near postmidnight (L‐magnetic local time ~1.8–2.5 hr) during the storm recovery phase on 27 March 2017. Its azimuthal wave number (m‐number) is estimated using two independent methods with satellites and ground observations to be −8 to −15. The direct measurement of the m‐number enables us to calculate the resonance energy. The flux oscillations of H+ and O+ ions at ≥ 56.3 keV are caused by drift resonance and those of O+ ions at ≤ 18.6 keV by bounce resonance. Resonances of O+ ions at multiple energies are simultaneously observed for the first time. The enhancement of the O+/H+ flux ratio at ≤ 18.6 keV indicates selective acceleration of O+ ions through bounce resonance.
Osterix regulates corticalization for longitudinal bone growth via integrin β3 expression
Authors: Moon Young Jae , Yun Chi-Young , Choi Hwajung , Kim Jung Ryul , Park Byung-Hyun , Cho Eui-Sic 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCorticalization, coalescence of trabecular bone into the metaphyseal cortex, is important for the longitudinal growth of long bones. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms controlling corticalization. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying corticalization, we analyzed osteoblast-specific Osterix-knockout mice (Col-OMT). In control mice, corticalization was initiated after 7 postnatal days, and the number of osteoblasts in the peripheral spongiosa was increased compared to the number in the central spongiosa. In contrast, in Col-OMT mice, corticalization was delayed, and the number of osteoblasts in peripheral zones was unchanged compared to the central zone. Furthermore, femoral length was decreased in Col-OMT mice at 1 month. Because Col-OMT mice exhibited impaired matrix coalescence and osteoblast migration, we evaluated integrin signaling in Col-OMT mice. Osterix bound to the Itgb3 promoter and increased transcription of the Itgb3 gene in osteoblast cells. Interestingly, the inner and outer cortical bones were separated in Itgb3-null mice at postnatal day 7. In Itgb3-null mice, the number of osteoblasts in peripheral zones was not changed, and the femoral length was decreased. Taken together, these results indicate that Osterix regulates corticalization for longitudinal bone growth via the control of integrin β3 expression in osteoblasts. Our findings imply that the ability to control osteoblast function during corticalization may help in the treatment of short stature.
Endosymbiont genomes yield clues of tubeworm success
Authors: Li Yuanning , Liles Mark R , Halanych Kenneth M 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Forty years after discovery of chemosynthetic symbiosis in the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila, how organisms maintain their unique host–symbiont associations at the cellular level is still largely unknown. Previous studies primarily focus on symbionts associated with host lineages living in hydrothermal vents. To understand physiological adaptations and evolution in these holobiont systems in markedly different habitats, we characterized four novel siboglinid-symbiont genomes spanning deep-sea seep and sedimented environments. Our comparative analyses suggest that all sampled siboglinid chemoautotrophic symbionts, except for frenulate symbionts, can use both rTCA and Calvin cycle for carbon fixation. We hypothesize that over evolutionary time siboglinids have been able to utilize different bacterial lineages allowing greater metabolic flexibility of carbon fixation (e.g., rTCA) enabling tubeworms to thrive in more reducing habitats, such as vents and seeps. Moreover, we show that sulfur metabolism and molecular mechanisms related to initial infection are remarkably conserved across chemoautotrophic symbionts in different habitats. Unexpectedly, we find that the ability to use hydrogen, as an additional energy source, is potentially more widespread than previously recognized. Our comparative genomic results help elucidate potential mechanisms used to allow chemosynthetically dependent holobionts adapt to, and evolve in, different environments.
Potent effect of the MDM2 inhibitor AMG232 on suppression of glioblastoma stem cells
Authors: Her Nam-Gu , Oh Jeong-Woo , Oh Yun Jeong , Han Suji , Cho Hee Jin , Lee Yeri , Ryu Gyu Ha , Nam Do-Hyun 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTesting new ways to identify untapped opportunities for glioblastoma therapies remains highly significant. Amplification and overexpression of MDM2 gene is frequent in glioblastoma and disrupting the MDM2−p53 interaction is a promising strategy to treat the cancer. RG7112 is the first-in class inhibitor and recently discovered AMG232 is the most potent MDM2 inhibitor known to date. Here, we compared the effects of these two clinical MDM2 inhibitors in six glioblastoma cell lines and ten patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells. Targeted sequencing of the TP53, MDM2 genes and whole transcriptome analysis were conducted to verify genetic status associated with sensitivity and resistance to the drugs. Although TP53 wild-type glioblastoma cell lines are similarly sensitive to AMG232 and RG7112, we found that four TP53 wild-type out of ten patient-derived glioblastoma cells are much more sensitive to AMG232 than RG7112 (average IC50 of 76 nM vs. 720 nM). Among these, 464T stem cells containing MDM2 gene amplification were most sensitive to AMG232 with IC50 of 5.3 nM. Moreover, AMG232 exhibited higher selectivity against p53 wild-type cells over p53 mutant stem cells compared to RG7112 (average selectivity of 512-fold vs. 16.5-fold). Importantly, we also found that AMG232 is highly efficacious in three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids growth and effectively inhibits the stemness-related factors, Nestin and ZEB1. Our data provide new evidence that glioblastoma stem cells have high susceptibility to AMG232 suggesting the potential clinical implications of MDM2 inhibition for glioblastoma treatment. These will facilitate additional preclinical and clinical studies evaluating MDM2 inhibitors in glioblastoma and direct further efforts towards developing better MDM2-targeted therapeutics.
Effects of p21 on adult hippocampal neuronal development after irradiation
Authors: Li Yu-Qing , Wong Chong Shun 
Published: July 2018

AbstractInhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis is implicated in neurocognitive impairment after cranial irradiation. We recently demonstrated that disruption of neuronal development after DNA damage was regulated by p53. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 or p21, a downstream effector p53, mediates cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage. There is evidence that p21 negatively regulates proliferation of neural progenitors (NPCs). Here we characterized the effects of p21 on disruption of neuronal development in the hippocampal dentate gyrus after irradiation. We irradiated young adult mice wild type (+/+) or knockout (−/−) of the Cdkn1a (p21) gene, and used different bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) paradigms for cell fate mapping. The acute apoptotic response of NPCs in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus was independent of p21 after irradiation. In nonirradiated mice, p21 knockout resulted in an increase in neuroblast proliferation and neurogenesis. At 9 weeks after 5Gy, NPCs in the subgranular zone demonstrated increased p21 expression. Loss of newborn type-1 cells and disruption of hippocampal neurogenesis was evident at 9 weeks after irradiation, and these effects were independent of p21 genotype status. Within the developmental milestones of NPCs, irradiation resulted in loss of early intermediate NPCs (type-2a cells) in wild-type mice, whereas the principal effect of irradiation with p21 loss was culling of proliferating late intermediate (type-2b cells) and neuroblasts. These results suggest that p21 exerts differential effects on cell fate of NPCs after irradiation. p21 may serve to protect proliferating late NPCs but does not alter the ultimate inhibition of new neuron production after DNA damage.
Excitatory synaptic dysfunction cell-autonomously decreases inhibitory inputs and disrupts structural and functional plasticity
Authors: He Hai-yan , Shen Wanhua , Zheng Lijun , Guo Xia , Cline Hollis T. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractFunctional circuit assembly is thought to require coordinated development of excitation and inhibition, but whether they are co-regulated cell-autonomously remains unclear. We investigate effects of decreased glutamatergic synaptic input on inhibitory synapses by expressing AMPAR subunit, GluA1 and GluA2, C-terminal peptides (GluA1CTP and GluA2CTP) in developing Xenopus tectal neurons. GluACTPs decrease excitatory synaptic inputs and cell-autonomously decreases inhibitory synaptic inputs in excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Visually evoked excitatory and inhibitory currents decrease proportionately, maintaining excitation/inhibition. GluACTPs affect dendrite structure and visual experience-dependent structural plasticity differently in excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Deficits in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission and experience-dependent plasticity manifest in altered visual receptive field properties. Both visual avoidance behavior and learning-induced behavioral plasticity are impaired, suggesting that maintaining excitation/inhibition alone is insufficient to preserve circuit function. We demonstrate that excitatory synaptic dysfunction in individual neurons cell-autonomously decreases inhibitory inputs and disrupts neuronal and circuit plasticity, information processing and learning.
Abp1 promotes Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin nucleation and stabilizes branch junctions by antagonizing GMF
Authors: Guo Siyang , Sokolova Olga S. , Chung Johnson , Padrick Shae , Gelles Jeff , Goode Bruce L. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractFormation and turnover of branched actin networks underlies cell migration and other essential force-driven processes. Type I nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs) such as WASP recruit actin monomers to Arp2/3 complex to stimulate nucleation. In contrast, mechanisms of type II NPFs such as Abp1 (also known as HIP55 and Drebrin-like protein) are less well understood. Here, we use single-molecule analysis to investigate yeast Abp1 effects on Arp2/3 complex, and find that Abp1 strongly enhances Arp2/3-dependent branch nucleation by stabilizing Arp2/3 on sides of mother filaments. Abp1 binds dynamically to filament sides, with sub-second lifetimes, yet associates stably with branch junctions. Further, we uncover a role for Abp1 in protecting filament junctions from GMF-induced debranching by competing with GMF for Arp2/3 binding. These data, combined with EM structures of Abp1 dimers bound to Arp2/3 complex in two different conformations, expand our mechanistic understanding of type II NPFs.
Introduction of pathogenic mutations into the mouse Psen1 gene by Base Editor and Target-AID
Authors: Sasaguri Hiroki , Nagata Kenichi , Sekiguchi Misaki , Fujioka Ryo , Matsuba Yukio , Hashimoto Shoko , Sato Kaori , Kurup Deepika , Yokota Takanori , Saido Takaomi C. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBase Editor (BE) and Target-AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase) are engineered genome-editing proteins composed of Cas9 and cytidine deaminases. These base-editing tools convert C:G base pairs to T:A at target sites. Here, we inject either BE or Target-AID mRNA together with identical single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) into mouse zygotes, and compare the base-editing efficiencies of the two distinct tools in vivo. BE consistently show higher base-editing efficiency (10.0–62.8%) compared to that of Target-AID (3.4–29.8%). However, unexpected base substitutions and insertion/deletion formations are also more frequently observed in BE-injected mice or zygotes. We are able to generate multiple mouse lines harboring point mutations in the mouse presenilin 1 (Psen1) gene by injection of BE or Target-AID. These results demonstrate that BE and Target-AID are highly useful tools to generate mice harboring pathogenic point mutations and to analyze the functional consequences of the mutations in vivo.