bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of a Desalination System With the Hybrid Solar/Electrical Heating Module
Authors: Nguyen Van-Thoai , Hung Wei-Cheng , Cheng Tsung-Chieh , Fang Te-Hua 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
An integrated desalination system with a combination of electrical heating by power supply and solar heating by Fresnel lens with the sun tracking system was investigated in this study. The experiments were carried out under the climatic conditions of Kaohsiung City (22 deg36′58″ N, 120 deg18′47″ E), Taiwan. With only solar heating by the Fresnel lens, the temperature of the seawater is strongly dependent on the position of the seawater tray and climatic conditions, and seawater evaporation is not stable. To maintain the uniform evaporation of seawater, an electrical heating plate was also used to provide energy for the desalination process. The results indicate that there are two desalination processes: evaporation on the surface of the seawater and boiling inside the seawater. The production of distilled water is greatly improved with this solar/electrical desalination system, especially at the boiling temperature. The results indicate that the energy efficiency and recovery efficiency of this desalination system increase rapidly as electrical power increases. In this study, the commercial energy efficiency of the system can reach 85%, and the recovery efficiency can approach 56.52%. Additionally, a higher annual productivity (6036 l) is obtained, and the cost per liter of distilled water is about 0.152 (US$/l).
Developing the Actuator Disk Model to Predict the Fluid–Structure Interaction in Numerical Simulation of Multimegawatt Wind Turbine Blades
Authors: Behrouzifar Ali , Darbandi Masoud 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The fluid–structure interaction (FSI) is generally addressed in multimegawatt wind turbine calculations. From the fluid flow perspective, the semi-analytical approaches, like actuator disk (AD) model, were commonly used in wind turbine rotor calculations. Indeed, the AD model can effectively reduce the computational cost of full-scale numerical methods. Additionally, it can substantially improve the results of pure analytical methods. Despite its great advantages, the AD model has not been developed to simulate the FSI problem in wind turbine simulations. This study first examines the effect of constant (rigid) cone angle on the performance of the chosen benchmark wind turbine. As a major contribution, this work subsequently extends the rigid AD model to nonrigid applications to suitably simulate the FSI. The new developed AD-FSI solver uses the finite-volume method to calculate the aerodynamic loads and the beam theory to predict the structural behaviors. A benchmark megawatt wind turbine is simulated to examine the accuracy of the newly developed AD-FSI solver. Next, the results of this solver are compared with the results of other researchers, who applied various analytical and numerical methods to obtain their results. The comparisons indicate that the new developed solver calculates the aerodynamic loads reliably and predicts the blade deflection very accurately.
A Variable-Curvature Spiral-Coil Heat Exchanger for Automobile Exhaust Heat Recovery
Authors: Zhu Yu , Yang Fengye , Guo Yueguang 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
To improve the fuel efficiency of automobile engines and reduce pollution owing to automobile exhaust, this study discusses a fixed-curvature spiral-coil heat exchanger that recovers exhaust heat. Herein, the heat transfer performance of the spiral coil is studied via experimental testing and numerical simulation. In this study, a new type of variable-curvature spiral coil is designed to improve the efficiency of the heat exchanger. The effect of different conical angles on the resistance and heat transfer performance of the spiral coil within a range of Reynolds numbers of 4000–14,000 was analyzed. The heat exchange efficiency is a combination of the convective heat transfer and the overall heat recovery. The results of this study indicate that for a spiral-coil tube of length L, increasing the cone angle improves the convective heat transfer outside the tube. However, as the flow resistance increases, the exhaust heat recovery of a variable-curvature spiral-coil heat exchanger (VSE) is up to 18.8% higher than that of a constant curvature spiral-coil heat exchanger. The combined performance of VSE is excellent when the cone angle is 15 deg.
Effect of airtime incentives on response and cooperation rates in non-communicable disease interactive voice response surveys: randomised controlled trials in Bangladesh and Uganda
Authors: Gibson Dustin G , Wosu Adaeze C. , Pariyo George William , Ahmed Saifuddin , Ali Joseph , Labrique Alain B , Khan Iqbal Ansary , Rutebemberwa Elizeus , Flora Meerjady Sabrina , Hyder Adnan A 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundThe global proliferation of mobile phones offers opportunity for improved non-communicable disease (NCD) data collection by interviewing participants using interactive voice response (IVR) surveys. We assessed whether airtime incentives can improve cooperation and response rates for an NCD IVR survey in Bangladesh and Uganda.MethodsParticipants were randomised to three arms: a) no incentive, b) 1X incentive or c) 2X incentive, where X was set to airtime of 50 Bangladesh Taka (US$0.60) and 5000 Ugandan Shillings (UGX; US$1.35). Adults aged 18 years and older who had a working mobile phone were sampled using random digit dialling. The primary outcomes, cooperation and response rates as defined by the American Association of Public Opinion Research, were analysed using log-binomial regression model.ResultsBetween 14 June and 14 July 2017, 440 262 phone calls were made in Bangladesh. The cooperation and response rates were, respectively, 28.8% (353/1227) and 19.2% (580/3016) in control, 39.2% (370/945) and 23.9% (507/2120) in 50 Taka and 40.0% (362/906) and 24.8% (532/2148) in 100 Taka incentive groups. Cooperation and response rates, respectively, were significantly higher in both the 50 Taka (risk ratio (RR) 1.36, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.53) and (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.38), and 100 Taka groups (RR 1.39, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.56) and (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.43), as compared with the controls. In Uganda, 174 157 phone calls were made from 26 March to 22 April 2017. The cooperation and response rates were, respectively, 44.7% (377/844) and 35.2% (552/1570) in control, 57.6% (404/701) and 39.3% (508/1293) in 5000 UGX and 58.8% (421/716) and 40.3% (535/1328) in 10 000 UGX groups. Cooperation and response rates were significantly higher, respectively in the 5000 UGX (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.42) and (RR 1.12, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.23), and 10 000 UGX groups (RR 1.32, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.45) and (RR 1.15, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.26), as compared with the control group.ConclusionIn two diverse settings, the provision of an airtime incentive significantly improved both the cooperation and response rates of an IVR survey, with no significant difference between the two incentive amounts.Trial registration numberNCT03768323.
Tracking coverage, dropout and multidimensional equity gaps in immunisation systems in West Africa, 2000–2017
Authors: Wariri Oghenebrume , Edem Bassey , Nkereuwem Esin , Nkereuwem Oluwatosin O , Umeh Gregory , Clark Ed , Idoko Olubukola T , Nomhwange Terna , Kampmann Beate 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundSeveral West African countries are unlikely to achieve the recommended Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) immunisation coverage and dropout targets in a landscape beset with entrenched intra-country equity gaps in immunisation. Our aim was to assess and compare the immunisation coverage, dropout and equity gaps across 15 West African countries between 2000 and 2017.MethodsWe compared Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) and the third dose of diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis (DTP3) containing vaccine coverage between 2000 and 2017 using the WHO and Unicef Estimates of National Immunisation Coverage for 15 West African countries. Estimated subregional median and weighted average coverages, and dropout (DTP1–DTP3) were tracked against the GVAP targets of ≥90% coverage (BCG and DTP3), and ≤10% dropouts. Equity gaps in immunisation were assessed using the latest disaggregated national health survey immunisation data.ResultsThe weighted average subregional BCG coverage was 60.7% in 2000, peaked at 83.2% in 2009 and was 65.7% in 2017. The weighted average DTP3 coverage was 42.3% in 2000, peaked at 70.3% in 2009 and was 61.5% in 2017. As of 2017, 46.7% of countries (7/15) had met the GVAP targets on DTP3 coverage. Average weighted subregional immunisation dropouts consistently reduced from 16.4% in 2000 to 7.4% in 2017, meeting the GVAP target in 2008. In most countries, inequalities in BCG, and DTP3 coverage and dropouts were mainly related to equity gaps of more than 20% points between the wealthiest and the poorest, high coverage regions and low coverage regions, and between children of mothers with at least secondary education and those with no formal education. A child’s sex and place of residence (urban or rural) minimally determined equity gaps.ConclusionsThe West African subregion made progress between 2000 and 2017 in ensuring that its children utilised immunisation services, however, wide equity gaps persist.
Can clinical case discussions foster clinical reasoning skills in undergraduate medical education? A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Weidenbusch Marc , Lenzer Benedikt , Sailer Maximilian , Strobel Christian , Kunisch Raphael , Kiesewetter Jan , Fischer Martin R , Zottmann Jan M 
Published: September 2019

ObjectiveFostering clinical reasoning is a mainstay of medical education. Based on the clinicopathological conferences, we propose a case-based peer teaching approach called clinical case discussions (CCDs) to promote the respective skills in medical students. This study compares the effectiveness of different CCD formats with varying degrees of social interaction in fostering clinical reasoning.Design, setting, participantsA single-centre randomised controlled trial with a parallel design was conducted at a German university. Study participants (N=106) were stratified and tested regarding their clinical reasoning skills right after CCD participation and 2 weeks later.InterventionParticipants worked within a live discussion group (Live-CCD), a group watching recordings of the live discussions (Video-CCD) or a group working with printed cases (Paper-Cases). The presentation of case information followed an admission-discussion-summary sequence.Primary and secondary outcome measuresClinical reasoning skills were measured with a knowledge application test addressing the students’ conceptual, strategic and conditional knowledge. Additionally, subjective learning outcomes were assessed.ResultsWith respect to learning outcomes, the Live-CCD group displayed the best results, followed by Video-CCD and Paper-Cases, F(2,87)=27.07, p<0.001, partial η2=0.384. No difference was found between Live-CCD and Video-CCD groups in the delayed post-test; however, both outperformed the Paper-Cases group, F(2,87)=30.91, p<0.001, partial η2=0.415. Regarding subjective learning outcomes, the Live-CCD received significantly better ratings than the other formats, F(2,85)=13.16, p<0.001, partial η2=0.236.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that the CCD approach is an effective and sustainable clinical reasoning teaching resource for medical students. Subjective learning outcomes underline the importance of learner (inter)activity in the acquisition of clinical reasoning skills in the context of case-based learning. Higher efficacy of more interactive formats can be attributed to positive effects of collaborative learning. Future research should investigate how the Live-CCD format can further be improved and how video-based CCDs can be enhanced through instructional support.
The association between the neighbourhood social environment and obesity in Brazil: a cross-sectional analysis of the ELSA-Brasil study
Authors: Chaparro M Pia , Pina Maria Fátima , de Oliveira Cardoso Letícia , Santos Simone M , Barreto Sandhi M , Giatti Gonçalves Luana , Alvim de Matos Sheila M , Mendes da Fonseca Maria de Jesus , Chor Dora , Griep Rosane Haerter 
Published: September 2019

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between the neighbourhood social environment, including social cohesion, perceived neighbourhood safety, perceived neighbourhood violence, and obesity in Brazil.DesignCross-sectional study.Setting6 state capitals in Brazil (Salvador, Vitoria, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro)ParticipantsCurrent or former employees of five federal universities and one research centre in each of the six Brazilian state capitals who were participants of the baseline wave (2008–2010) of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (n=11 456; 56% women; 56% White, 28% Brown, and 16% Black).Primary outcome measureObesity, based on measured weight and height, and defined as having a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2.ResultsNo associations were found between the neighbourhood social environment and obesity among men. In multilevel logistic regression models adjusted for age, education, skin colour, state of residence, and individual-level social cohesion and perceived violence scores, respectively, women living in the least socially cohesive neighbourhoods and in those perceived as most violent had higher odds of obesity compared with their counterparts (OR=1.25, 95% CI=1.02–1.53; OR=1.28, 95% CI=1.04–1.56, respectively). When stratified by neighbourhood socioeconomic status (SES)—defined based on number of people per household, proportion of children 0–4 years, median income and per cent of white residents at the neighbourhood level—results for social cohesion and for violence remained only for women residing in high SES and low SES neighbourhoods, respectively.ConclusionsIn this civil-servant sample in six large cities in Brazil, the neighbourhood social environment was associated with obesity among women, but not men. Neighbourhood-level interventions to increase social cohesion and reduce violence may help in the prevention of obesity among women in Brazil.
The impact of general practitioners’ gender on process indicators in Hungarian primary healthcare: a nation-wide cross-sectional study
Authors: Kovács Nóra , Varga Orsolya , Nagy Attila , Pálinkás Anita , Sipos Valéria , Kőrösi László , Ádány Róza , Sándor János 
Published: September 2019

ObjectivesThe objectives of our study were (1) to investigate the association between gender of the general practitioner (GP) and the quality of primary care in Hungary with respect to process indicators for GP performance and (2) to assess the size of the gender impact.Study designA nation-wide cross-sectional study was performed in 2016.Setting and participantsThe study covered all general medical practices in Hungary (n=4575) responsible for the provision of primary healthcare (PHC) for adults. All GPs in their private practices are solo practitioners.Main outcome measuresMultilevel logistic regression models were used to analyse the association between GP gender and process indicators of PHC, and attributable proportion (AP) was calculated.Results48% of the GPs (n=2213) were women in the study. The crude rates of care provided by female GPs were significantly higher for seven out of eight evaluated indicators than those provided by male GPs. Adjusted for practice, physician and patient factors, GP gender was associated with the haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measurement: OR=1.18, 95% CI (1.14 to 1.23); serum creatinine measurement: OR=1.14, 95% CI (1.12 to 1.17); lipid measurement: OR=1.14, 95% CI (1.11 to 1.16); eye examination: OR=1.06, 95% CI (1.03 to 1.08); mammography screening: OR=1.05, 95% CI (1.03 to 1.08); management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: OR=1.05, 95% CI (1.01 to 1.09) and the composite indicator: OR=1.08, 95% CI (1.07 to 1.1), which summarises the number of care events and size of target populations of each indicator. The AP at the specific indicators varied from 0.97% (95% CI 0.49% to 1.44%) of influenza immunisation to 8.04% (95% CI 7.4% to 8.67%) of eye examinations.ConclusionFemale GP gender was an independent predictor of receiving higher quality of care. The actual size of the gender effect on the quality of services seemed to be notable. Factors behind the gender effect should receive more attention in quality improvement particularly in countries where the primary care is organised around solo practices.
Tobacco pack display at hospitality venues after the introduction of standardised tobacco packaging in New Zealand: a field observation study
Authors: Nee-Nee Johanna , Sutherland Kirsty , Holland Rebecca , Wilson Miriam , Ackland Samuel , Bocock Claudia , Cartmell Abbie , Earp Jack , Grove Christina , Hewson Charlotte , Jefferies Will , Keefe Lucy , Lockyer Jamie , Patel Saloni , Quintans Miguel , Robbie Michael , Teape Lauren , Yang Jess , Wilson Nick , Hoek Janet , Thomson George 
Published: September 2019

ObjectivesIn March 2018, New Zealand (NZ) introduced standardised tobacco packaging that also featured new pictorial warnings, with implementation completed by early June 2018. We evaluated how the new packaging affected tobacco pack displays in outdoor areas of hospitality venues.DesignBefore-and-after descriptive field observation study.SettingCentral city area of the capital city of NZ (Wellington).ParticipantsObservations of people smoking and tobacco packs were made at 56 hospitality venues with outdoor tables (2422 separate venue observations), after the introduction of standardised tobacco packaging. Comparisons were made with a prior study in the same setting, from a time when tobacco packaging still featured brand imagery.ResultsA total of 8191 patrons, 1113 active smokers and 889 packs and pouches (522 of known orientation) were observed over 2422 venue observations. There were 0.80 visible packs per active smoker in 2018, compared with 1.26 in 2014 (risk ratio (RR)=0.64, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.67, p<0.0001). The new packs in 2018 were also less likely to be displayed face-up, compared with packs in 2014, which had brand imagery on the front face (RR=0.77, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.83, p<0.0001). Pack and pouch display (RR=3.09 in 2014 and 3.10 in 2018) and active smoking (RR=3.16 in 2014 compared with 3.32 in 2018) were higher at venues without children present, compared with venues with children present (this finding was consistent over time).ConclusionsThe reduction in the number of visible packs per active smoker, along with the reduction in face-up positioning of packs, suggests that smokers found the new standardised packs less attractive. Countries introducing standardised packaging should consider evaluating social display of tobacco packaging.
Public awareness of and responses to media coverage of invitation errors in the Breast Screening Programme in England: a cross-sectional population survey
Authors: Ghanouni Alex , von Wagner Christian , Waller Jo 
Published: September 2019

ObjectivesIn May 2018, the British Health Secretary announced the ‘serious failure’ that 450 000 women had missed out on invitations to breast screening in England, leading to extensive media coverage. This study measured public awareness of the story and tested for associated factors (eg, educational level and trust in the National Health Service (NHS)).DesignA computer-assisted face-to-face survey in June 2018.SettingParticipants completed the survey in their homes.ParticipantsMales and females aged 16 years or older in England.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAwareness of aspects of the media coverage and reported statistics. Other data included demographics (eg, ethnicity), awareness of unrelated contemporaneous news stories, trust in participants’ general practitioners (GPs) and the NHS, and (among women) worry about breast cancer and future breast screening intentions.ResultsDescriptive statistics showed that 67% of 1894 participants reported being aware of the media coverage. Regression analyses showed that those who were aware of other news stories, were white British and had a higher level of education or social grade were more likely to be aware. In contrast, only 36% correctly identified at least one of two headline statistics. This study did not find evidence that awareness was negatively associated with trust in participants’ GPs or the NHS, breast cancer worry or future breast cancer screening intentions.ConclusionsAwareness of the breast screening news story was high but recall of reported statistics was much lower: the public may have retained only the gist of quantitative information. Associations between story awareness and attitudes or behaviour were not apparent.
Are perioperative interventions effective in preventing chronic pain after primary total knee replacement? A systematic review
Authors: Beswick Andrew David , Dennis Jane , Gooberman-Hill Rachael , Blom Ashley William , Wylde Vikki 
Published: September 2019

ObjectivesFor many people with advanced osteoarthritis, total knee replacement (TKR) is an effective treatment for relieving pain and improving function. Features of perioperative care may be associated with the adverse event of chronic pain 6 months or longer after surgery; effects may be direct, for example, through nerve damage or surgical complications, or indirect through adverse events. This systematic review aims to evaluate whether non-surgical perioperative interventions prevent long-term pain after TKR.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of perioperative interventions for adults with osteoarthritis receiving primary TKR evaluated in a randomised controlled trial (RCT). We searchedThe Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL until February 2018. After screening, two reviewers evaluated articles. Studies at low risk of bias according to the Cochrane tool were included.InterventionsPerioperative non-surgical interventions; control receiving no intervention or alternative treatment.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPain or score with pain component assessed at 6 months or longer postoperative.Results44 RCTs at low risk of bias assessed long-term pain. Intervention heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis and definitive statements on effectiveness. Good-quality research provided generally weak evidence for small reductions in long-term pain with local infiltration analgesia (three studies), ketamine infusion (one study), pregabalin (one study) and supported early discharge (one study) compared with no intervention. For electric muscle stimulation (two studies), anabolic steroids (one study) and walking training (one study) there was a suggestion of more clinically important benefit. No concerns relating to long-term adverse events were reported. For a range of treatments there was no evidence linking them with unfavourable pain outcomes.ConclusionsTo prevent chronic pain after TKR, several perioperative interventions show benefits and merit further research. Good-quality studies assessing long-term pain after perioperative interventions are feasible and necessary to ensure that patients with osteoarthritis achieve good long-term outcomes after TKR.