bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging phosphodiesterase‐10a availability in cocaine use disorder with [11C]IMA107 and PET
Authors: Tollefson Savannah , Gertler Joshua , Himes Michael L. , Paris Jennifer , Kendro Steve , Lopresti Brian , Scott Mason N. , Narendran Rajesh 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPhosphodiesterase‐10a (PDE10a) is located exclusively in medium spiny neurons (MSN). Rodent studies show an increase in striatal MSN spine density following exposure to cocaine. These increases in MSN spine density are suggested to underlie neurobiological changes which contribute to cocaine self‐administration. No postmortem or imaging studies have confirmed this finding in humans. Here, we hypothesized an increase in the MSN marker PDE10a in subjects with cocaine use disorder (“cocaine users”) compared to controls. PDE10a availability was measured with [11C]IMA107 and positron emission tomography in 15 cocaine users and 15 controls matched for age, gender, and nicotine status. Cocaine users with no comorbid psychiatric, medical, or drug abuse disorders were scanned following two weeks of outpatient‐monitored abstinence. [11C]IMA107 binding potential relative to nondisplaceable uptake (BPND) in the regions of interest was derived with the simplified reference tissue method. No significant effect of diagnosis on BPND was demonstrated using linear mixed modeling with [11C]IMA107 BPND as the dependent variable and regions of interest as a repeated measure. There were no significant relationships between BPND and clinical rating scales. To the extent that PDE10a is a valid proxy for MSN spine density, these results do not support its increase in recently abstinent cocaine users.
Identification of hepatotoxicity and renal dysfunction of pyrene in adult male rats
Authors: Zhu Jiayin , Zhao Li‐Yang , Wang Xiao‐Xiao , Shi Zhe , Zhang Yang , Wu Gang , Zhang Shu‐Yun 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of persistent organic pollutants primarily formed from the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials, and have adverse effects on human health. In this study, we investigated whether pyrene, a PAH consisting of 4 fused benzene rings, has adverse effects on rat. Adult male Sprague‐Dawly rats were treated daily by oral gavage with vehicle (corn oil) or pyrene at doses of 375, 750, 1500, or 2200 mg/kg/day for 4 days. The results showed that pyrene caused hepatotoxicity in rats. When compared with the control group, relative liver weights, plasma alanine aminotransferase, and direct bilirubin levels significantly increased after pyrene exposure. Hepatocyte swelling and degeneration and decreased hepatic total glutathione (GSH) levels were also found in pyrene‐exposed rats. We further observed that mRNA levels of several hepatic metabolizing enzymes regulated by constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) such as CYP2B1 and CYP2B2 significantly increased in pyrene‐exposed rats. These results suggest that decreased GSH levels, elevated hepatic metabolizing enzyme gene expression, and CAR activation are important contributors for pyrene‐induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Additionally, we found pyrene significantly induced plasma inflammatory indices including white blood cell and lymphocyte counts. We also observed that pyrene exposure increased relative weight of kidneys and disrupted kidney function with elevated urea and creatinine levels in rats.
Testing infrared camera surveys and distance analyses to estimate feral horse abundance in a known population
Authors: Schoenecker Kathryn A. , Doherty Paul F. , Hourt Jacob S. , Romero John P. 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTWe tested the use of high‐resolution infrared (IR) camera technology and distance sampling analyses to estimate abundance of feral horses (Equus caballus) during 2015–2016 in the McCullough Peaks Herd Management Area, Wyoming, USA. Infrared technology is becoming more common in ungulate population monitoring. The quality of IR cameras now allows ungulate species to be differentiated. Imperfect detection is a common problem in aerial surveys, so we tested the use of distance sampling analyses to account for imperfect detection probability. We conducted 2 aerial surveys in a sagebrush ecosystem with a demographically closed horse population. True abundance was known to within ±4 animals as a result of intensive, ground‐based monitoring of each animal, all of which are uniquely identifiable. After truncation of our data, the most supported detection function was a uniform function with a detection probability equal to 1.0 out to 255 m. Our analyses yielded results that were within 10% of true abundance, but the coefficient of variation (CV) was large (36–58%) assuming a small sampling fraction. However, our truncated surveys covered approximately 95% of the herd management area. By including a finite population correction factor in our calculations of variance estimates, CVs (8–13%) were dramatically reduced. We found the combination of IR surveys and distance sampling analysis to be a useful method to estimate feral horse abundance in sagebrush vegetation type, which had limited cover to obscure horses. Repeated testing in sagebrush ecosystems as well as further testing in other habitat types and under differing conditions will inform how general our approach can be. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Mechanics of fiber composites: Forms of loss of stability and fracture of test specimens resulting from three‐point bending tests
Authors: Paimushin V. N. , Kholmogorov S. A. , Makarov M. V. , Tarlakovskii D. V. , Lukaszewicz A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOn the basis of the linearized equations consistent theory of curvilinear bars the buckling problem of rectilinear short and long laminated fiber reinforced specimens under the three‐point bending conditions has formulated. Based on the method of finite sums in the embodiment of integrating matrices numerical method for solving the above problem has developed. It was shown that the failure of the composite specimens under the three‐point bending conditions is due to the implementation of non‐classical shear buckling mode.
Kapitel II Die „Erste Ansicht Des Idealismus“ Und Die Voraussetzungen Der Royce’Schen Erkenntnistheorie
Authors: Husserl Edmund , Bell Winthrop 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn der Einleitung zu seiner Schrift The Spirit of Modern Philosophy unterscheidet Royce zwischen einem erkenntnistheoretischen und einem metaphysischen Idealismus.
Dissipative hydrodynamics in superspace
Authors: Jensen Kristan , Pinzani-Fokeeva Natalia , Yarom Amos 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe construct a Schwinger-Keldysh effective field theory for relativistic hydrodynamics for charged matter in a thermal background using a superspace formalism. Superspace allows us to efficiently impose the symmetries of the problem and to obtain a simple expression for the effective action. We show that the theory we obtain is compatible with the Kubo-Martin-Schwinger condition, which in turn implies that Green’s functions obey the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Our approach complements and extends existing formulations found in the literature.
Tangle blocks in the theory of link invariants
Authors: Mironov A. , Morozov A. , Morozov An. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe central discovery of 2dconformal theory was holomorphic factorization, which expressed correlation functions through bilinear combinations of conformal blocks, which are easily cut and joined without a need to sum over the entire huge Hilbert space of states. Somewhat similar, when a link diagram is glued from tangles, the link polynomial is a multilinear combination oftangle blockssummed over just a few representations of intermediate states. This turns to be a powerful approach because the same tangles appear as constituents of very different knots so that they can be extracted from simpler cases and used in more complicated ones. So far this method has been technically developed only in the case of arborescent knots, but, in fact, it is much more general. We begin a systematic study of tangle blocks by detailed consideration of some archetypical examples, which actually lead to non-trivial results, far beyond the reach of other techniques. At the next level, the tangle calculus is about gluing of tangles, and functorial mappings from Hom(tangles). Its main advantage is an explicit realization of multiplicative composition structure, which is partly obscured in traditional knot theory.
A Meta‐analysis of Prophylaxis of Surgical Site Infections with Topical Application of Povidone Iodine Before Primary Closure
Authors: López‐Cano Manuel , Kraft Miquel , Curell Anna , Puig‐Asensio Mireia , Balibrea José , Armengol‐Carrasco Manuel , García‐Alamino Josep M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundPovidone iodine (PVI) is a widely used antiseptic solution among surgeons. A meta‐analysis based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to establish whether application of PVI before wound closure could reduce surgical site infection (SSI) rates.MethodsSystematic review of MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases from inception to September 2017, with no language restrictions. Only RCTs were retrieved. The primary outcome was the SSI rate. Meta‐analysis was complemented with trial sequential analysis (TSA).ResultsA total of 7601 patients collected from 16 RCTs were analyzed. A reduction in overall SSI rate was found (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.48–0.85, P = 0.002, I2 = 65%), which was attributed to patients undergoing elective operations (n = 2358) and mixed elective/urgent operations (n = 2019). When RCTs of uncertain quality (n = 9) were excluded, the use of PVI before wound closure (n = 4322 patients) was not associated with a significant reduction of SSI (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.55–1.20, P = 0.29, I2 = 51%) and was only significant in clean wounds (RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.09–0.70, P = 0.008, I2 = 0%). For the primary outcome, the TSA calculation using a relative risk reduction of 19% and an 11% proportion of control event rate (CER) with 51% of I2, the accrued information size (n = 4322) was 32.8% of the estimated optimal information size (n = 13,148).ConclusionsThere is no conclusive evidence for a strong recommendation of topical PVI before wound closure to prevent SSI.
The interrelation of endothelial function and microvascular reactivity in different vascular beds, and risk assessment in hypertension: results from the Doxazosin–ramipril study
Authors: Jekell Andreas , Kalani Majid , Kahan Thomas 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThere are several non-invasive methods to study endothelial function, but their interrelation and association to cardiovascular risk have not been well evaluated. We studied macrovascular and microvascular endothelial function simultaneously in different vascular beds in relation to cardiovascular mortality risk (Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation, SCORE) and hypertension induced cardiac organ damage, and their interrelationship. The study investigated 71 hypertensive patients by forearm post-ischemic flow-mediated vasodilation, pulse wave analysis (applanation tonometry) and beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist stimulation for changes in reflection index, skin microvascular reactivity by laser Doppler fluxmetry with iontophoresis and heat-induced hyperaemia, and coronary microvascular function by subendocardial viability ratio (derived from pulse wave analysis). Flow mediated vasodilation related inversely to SCORE (r =  0.34, P = 0.011). Adding microalbuminuria and pulse wave velocity strengthened the associations. Pulse wave reflection changes did not relate to SCORE. Skin microvascular reactivity related inversely to SCORE (peak flux change to sodium nitroprusside r =  0.29, P = 0.033, and to heating r =  0.31, P = 0.018). Subendocardial viability ratio did not relate to SCORE. Endothelial function indices showed no consistent relation to cardiac target organ damage. The agreement between the different methods for evaluating indices of macrovascular and microvascular endothelial function was weak. In conclusion, indices of macrovascular and microvascular endothelial function relate to cardiovascular mortality risk. Their use may improve cardiovascular risk prediction in hypertension. However, methods representing different vascular beds show little interrelationship and are not interchangeable, which may depend on different pathogenetic mechanisms representing different aspects of future cardiovascular risk.Trial registry: NCT02901977
Is data envelopment analysis a suitable tool for performance measurement and benchmarking in non-production contexts?
Authors: Wojcik Victoria , Dyckhoff Harald , Clermont Marcel 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAfter 40 years of research with thousands of application-oriented scientific papers, empirical evidence that data envelopment analysis (DEA) has really improved the practice of performance measurement and benchmarking in real-life non-production contexts is rare. The main reason for this deficit may be that DEA is founded on the concepts of production theory such as production possibility set or returns to scale. These concepts can hardly be applied to pure multiple-criteria evaluation problems, which are often attempted to be solved using DEA. This paper systematically investigates strengths and weaknesses of DEA in the exemplary case of welfare evaluation using real data on 27 countries of the European Union. We analyze and explain the differences in the results of various frequently used DEA models for two different, but strongly connected sets of welfare indicators, thereby demonstrating the pitfalls, which often arise in the application of DEA, as well as some approaches for avoiding them.
Pubertal timing and callous‐unemotional traits in girls: Associations across two samples from the UK and Cyprus
Authors: Muñoz Centifanti Luna C. , Boydston Louisa , Wee Celeste , Demetriou Vasiliki , MacLellan Susanne , Anastassiou‐Hadjicharalambous Xenia 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTIntroductionGirls remain an understudied group when examining delinquency. Callous‐unemotional traits are chief among personality traits that relate to delinquency. Some suggest, however, that girls who evince callous‐unemotional traits delay their delinquent behavior until adolescence. This transitional period encompasses physical factors that relate to engagement in risky decision making, but we don't know how these factors relate to callous‐unemotional traits. Early pubertal timing shows positive associations with delinquency; we tested if this was also the case for callous‐unemotional traits.MethodsWe tested associations among pubertal timing (i.e., maturity and menarche age), delinquency, and callous‐unemotional traits within girls (ages 11–18 years) sampled from two European countries (UK and Cyprus). We also tested the interaction between callous‐unemotional traits and pubertal timing in statistically predicting delinquency to test if associations between early puberty and delinquency were moderated by callous‐unemotional traits.ResultsGreater callous‐unemotional traits were surprisingly negatively related to early pubertal timing. Those girls in the delayed menarche group had the highest level of callous‐unemotional traits, higher than the typical and early menarche groups. Only callous‐unemotional traits statistically predicted variance in delinquency and no moderation was evident.ConclusionsThe implications are that callous‐unemotional traits and the transition to puberty may be particularly important for girls’ adjustment in adolescence, particularly if menarche is delayed allowing girls to avoid punishment by capitalizing on their immaturity.
Linear‐Circular Statistical Modeling of Lake Ice‐Out Dates
Authors: Beyene Mussie T. , Jain Shaleen , Gupta Ramesh C. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOver the past few decades, lake ice phenology in northern temperate lakes has exhibited increased interannual variability. The resulting increase in the incidence of unusually early spring lake ice‐out dates has the potential to affect stability, health, and function of the lake ecosystems. Characterizing the dependency of spring lake ice‐out date to winter and/or spring climate variables offers foreknowledge on the annual lake ice cover season, as the spring ice‐out date is an integrated response to prevailing weather/climate conditions during winter and spring. Here a circular regression framework is presented where ice‐out date regression models, conditioned on a suite of predictor winter and/or spring climate variables (i.e., degree days and snowfall), are developed for 12 Maine lakes to determine the relative import of winter and spring meteorological conditions on year‐to‐year variability of ice‐out dates in Maine lakes. In the circular regression models, ice‐out dates are expressed as points on a unit circle instead of real line, as it preserves the periodicity and order of time‐of‐day variables independent of the choice of reference point. Results show that (a) the magnitude and variance of seasonal spring temperatures explain more than half of the total variability in spring ice‐out date for Maine lakes, (b) the modulating efficacy of spring snowfall on the timing of spring ice‐out dates is the strongest in northern interior Maine lakes, (c) the role of winter degree days in determining the ice‐out dates in Maine lakes is significant across all climate regions, and (d) the effect of winter snowfall on ice‐out dates is significant in coastal Maine lakes. Diagnostics suggest that there are other climatic and nonclimatic variables that produce shifts in the lake ice‐out dates.
Evidence for Radiative‐Convective Bistability in Tropical Atmospheres
Authors: Dewey M. , Goldblatt C. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEarth's energy balance requires that energy absorbed and emitted at the top of the atmosphere be equal; to first order this balance is maintained via the Planck feedback: outgoing longwave radiation increases as surface temperature increases. Failure of the Planck feedback to stabilize the climate is described by three generally independent phenomena: the super‐greenhouse effect, the runaway greenhouse, and multiple equilibria of radiative‐convective atmospheres. Here we use satellite observations and models to show that the existence of the super‐greenhouse gives rise to a radiative‐convective instability which is relevant to Earth's tropics. The super‐greenhouse is caused by the low troposphere becoming optically thick, causing a positive feedback on near surface temperature and moisture, driving deep convection, column moistening, and reduced outgoing longwave radiation. Aspects of the runaway greenhouse physics are implicated, but a local runaway greenhouse is avoided. These results have implications for understanding the response of the tropics to a warming world.
Understanding and Reducing Future Uncertainty in Midlatitude Daily Heat Extremes Via Land Surface Feedback Constraints
Authors: Donat Markus G. , Pitman Andrew J. , Angélil Oliver 
Published: September 2018

AbstractClimate simulations of future hot extremes exhibit large uncertainties regarding the magnitude of projected warming. We identify two mechanisms that influence how strongly future heat extremes intensify in climate models. First, the magnitude of extreme temperature increases is determined by changes in preceding seasonal precipitation, connected to amplified warming via soil moisture decreases. Second, there are large differences in how models respond to moisture variability; those with a stronger response under current climate simulate larger future increases in hot extremes. We build on this mechanistic understanding of future uncertainty and develop a novel constraint, the observed precipitation‐hot temperature relationship, focused on the conditions on the actual hottest day, to identify climate models with realistic land‐atmosphere feedbacks on hot extremes. Applying this constraint to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 ensemble reduces the probability of the largest increases in projected heat extremes, particularly over Europe and North America.
Hydrological Connectivity in Vegetated River Deltas: The Importance of Patchiness Below a Threshold
Authors: Wright Kyle , Hiatt Matthew , Passalacqua Paola 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHydrological connectivity in coastal deltas is important for delivering flow, sediment, and nutrients to the island interiors. The roughness of island vegetation limits connectivity, but how important is the spatial distribution of vegetation? Using hydrodynamic modeling, we test the influence of vegetated percent cover, patch size, and stem density on the discharge‐fraction allocated to the islands of an idealized delta complex, modeled after Wax Lake Delta. We find that heterogeneity has negligible effects when vegetation is relatively sparse but is important when vegetation is relatively dense and covers less than a “disconnectivity” threshold of 40–50% of the islands, near the theoretical percolation limit. Below this threshold, preferential flow paths develop in the islands, which alter the hydraulics and residence time distribution of the delta complex and enhance potential sediment transport with respect to model runs with uniform vegetation. Patchiness has hydrogeomorphic and biogeochemical implications, which should be considered when modeling deltaic systems.
Gulf Stream Variability in the Context of Quasi‐Decadal and Multidecadal Atlantic Climate Variability
Authors: McCarthy G. D. , Joyce T. M. , Josey S. A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe Gulf Stream plays an important role in North Atlantic climate variability on a range of timescales. The North Atlantic is notable for large decadal variability in sea surface temperatures (SST). Whether this variability is driven by atmospheric or oceanic influences is a disputed point. Long time series of atmospheric and ocean variables, in particular long time series of Gulf Stream position, reveal differing sources of SST variability on quasi‐decadal and multidecadal timescales. On quasi‐decadal timescales, an oscillatory signal identified in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) controls SST evolution directly via air‐sea heat fluxes. However, on multidecadal timescales, this relationship between the NAO and SST changes, while the relationship between the NAO and Gulf Stream position remains consistent in phase and resonant in amplitude. Recent changes in the Gulf Stream Extension show a weakening and broadening of the current, consistent with increased instability. We consider these changes in the context of a weakening Atlantic overturning circulation.
Exacerbation of the 2013–2016 Pan‐Caribbean Drought by Anthropogenic Warming
Authors: Herrera Dimitris A. , Ault Toby R. , Fasullo John T. , Coats Sloan J. , Carrillo Carlos M. , Cook Benjamin I. , Williams A. Park 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe Caribbean islands are expected to see more frequent and severe droughts from reduced precipitation and increased evaporative demand due to anthropogenic climate change. Between 2013 and 2016, the Caribbean experienced a widespread drought due in part to El Niño in 2015–2016, but it is unknown whether its severity was exacerbated by anthropogenic warming. This work examines the role of recent warming on this drought, using a recently developed high‐resolution self‐calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index data set. The resulting analysis suggest that anthropogenic warming accounted for ~15–17% of the drought's severity and ~7% of its spatial extent. These findings strongly suggest that climate model projected anthropogenic drying in the Caribbean is already underway, with major implications for the more than 43 million people currently living in this region.