bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVI-21 Interactive effects of Zn sources, Cu sources and phytase on growth performance in nursery pigs
Authors: Ren Ping , Cushing Joe , Wedekind Karen , Vazquez-Anon Mercedes 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study investigated the interactive effects of Zn sources, Cu sources and phytase on growth performance in nursery pigs. A total of 288 weaning barrows (BW = 5.71 ± 0.81 kg), blocked by initial body weight, were randomly allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments, with 9 pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen. The 8 dietary treatments were arranged in 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, with 2 Zn sources [2000 ppm Zn from ZnO during phase 1 (d 1 to 14) and 2 (d 15 to 28), and 100 ppm Zn from ZnO during phase 3 (d 29 to 42); 100 ppm Zn from Zn methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (Zn-MHAC, MINTREX® Zn, Novus International Inc., St. Charles, MO) during phase 1 to 3], 2 Cu sources [150 ppm Cu from CuSO4 or Cu-MHAC (MINTREX® Cu) during phase 1, and 80 ppm Cu from CuSO4 or Cu-MHAC during phase 2 and 3], and 2 phytase inclusion levels (0, 500 FTU/kg). Results showed that there were no differences (P > 0.10) between ZnO and Zn-MHAC groups in terms of growth performance during the entire nursery period. Compared with CuSO4, Cu-MHAC tended to increase ADG (P = 0.07) and G:F (P = 0.08) during the entire nursery period. There tended to be an interaction (P = 0.09) between Cu sources and phytase on G:F during phase 2. Specifically, without phytase supplementation, there was no difference (P = 0.63) on G:F during phase 2 between Cu-MHAC and CuSO4, whereas with phytase supplementation, Cu-MHAC increased G:F during phase 2 (P = 0.05) compared with CuSO4. In conclusion, Zn-MHAC supplementation at 100 ppm could replace pharmacological level of ZnO without affecting growth performance. Cu-MHAC could improve growth performance compared with CuSO4. Cu-MHAC exerted synergistic effect with phytase on improving feed efficiency.
PSVI-23 Feeding enzymatically digested food waste altered fecal microbiota of growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Jinno Cynthia , Saelao Perot , Maga Elizabeth , Liu Yanhong 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Enzymatic digestion converted food waste from supermarkets into pasteurized liquid pig feed. This study was conducted to observe the fecal microbiota of growing-finishing pigs fed with enzymatically digested food waste. Fifty-six crossbred pigs (approximately 32.99 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of the 2 dietary treatments with 7 replication pens and 4 pigs per pen. A 3-phase feeding program was used with d 0 to 28 as Phase 1, d 28 to 53 as Phase 2, and d 53 to 79 as Phase 3. The 2 dietary treatments were: a corn-soybean meal control diet, and a liquid diet produced from enzymatically digested food waste. Pigs were fed control or liquid diet in phases 1 and 2, while all pigs were fed with control diet in phase 3. Fecal samples were collected on d 0, 28, 53, and 79 from the same pig per pen and fecal microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing at the V4 hypervariable region and compositional data were analyzed using QIIME2 (2016.6). Observed species and Shannon diversity indexes were similar in both treatment groups on d 0, but pigs fed with food waste had greater (P < 0.05) Shannon diversity than control pigs on d 28, 53, and 79. Feeding food waste tended (P < 0.10) to decrease the relative abundance of Firmicutes compared with pigs fed control diet. Within this phylum, the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae was increased (P < 0.05) and the abundance of Streptococcaceae and Clostridiaceae was decreased (P < 0.05). The analysis of Bray Curtis PCoA displayed a separate cluster between food waste and control groups on d 28 and 53. In summary, these results demonstrated that feeding enzymatic digested food waste modified the gut microbiome community of growing-finishing pigs.
PSVII-4 Optimal standardized ileal digestible lysine and methionine + cysteine to lysine ratio for 12 to 23 kg pigs fed antibiotic-free diets
Authors: Htoo John K , Ho Trung T , Dao Thi B A , Carpena Maria E , Le Nu A T , Ho Le Q C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Requirement of Lys is affected by lean gain capacity of the pigs. Methionine is the 3rd limiting AA in typical swine diets. In Exp. 1, 108 crossbred pigs (initial BW 11.8 kg) were assigned to 6 diets adequate in all AA but with increasing Lys content [0.90, 1.00, 1.10, 1.20, 1.30 and 1.40% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys] to determine the SID Lys requirement. In Exp. 2, 108 pigs (initial BW 11.9 kg) were assigned to 6 diets to determine the optimal SID Met+Cys:Lys ratio. Diets 1 to 5 were varied in SID Met+Cys:Lys (50, 55, 60, 65 and 70%) and 1.17% SID Lys (second limiting). Diet 6 was formulated to be adequate in all AA (1.25% SID Lys and 62% SID Met+Cys:Lys). There were 6 pens (2 barrows and 1 gilt) per treatment in both experiments and lasted for 21 d. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS. In Exp. 1, increasing SID Lys increased the overall ADG and G:F (linear, P < 0.001) and decreased plasma urea nitrogen (PUN; linear, P < 0.001). Regression analysis estimated the SID Lys to be 1.36, 1.38 and 1.28% for ADG, G:F and PUN, respectively with an average SID Lys requirement of 1.34% for 12-23 kg pigs. In Exp. 2, increasing SID M+C:Lys ratio (diets 1 to 5) increased ADG and G:F (linear and quadratic, P < 0.001) and decreased PUN (quadratic, P < 0.001). Pigs fed a high Lys diet (diet 6) tended to have a lower PUN (P = 0.076) but performance was not affected. The regression models estimated the optimum SID M+C:Lys ratio to be 63.1 and 60.7% for ADG, and 62.5 and 61.1% for G:F, respectively while 62.9% SID M+C:Lys optimized PUN. On average, the optimal SID M+C:Lys ratio for 12-23 kg pigs was 62%.
PSVII-5 Zinc overload in weaned pigs: tissue accumulation, pathology, and growth impacts
Authors: De Mille Carson , Gabler Nicholas K , Burrough Eric R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Pharmacological concentrations of zinc (Zn, 2000-3000 ppm) are commonly fed to nursery pigs. However, diet manufacturing errors can result in supra-pharmacological concentrations of Zn (>4000 ppm) being fed. Clinical and phenotypic data reflective of Zn associated morbidity in modern genotype pigs are poorly defined. Therefore, the study objective was to characterize the effect of dietary Zn overload on nursery pig performance, body mineral concentrations and pathologic changes. Fifty-five 21 d old weaned pigs (4.50 ± 0.2 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of five Zn diet treatments for 21 d. Diets included: 1) Control no additional Zn (NC), 2) 6000 ppm Zn for 21 d (Zn6), 3) 6000 ppm Zn for 7 d plus 4000 ppm Zn for 14 d (Zn64), 4) 3000 ppm Zn for 7 d and no additional Zn for 14 d (Zn3), and 5) 3000 ppm Zn for 7 d plus 2000 ppm for 14 d (Zn32). All pigs were bled and weighed at d 0, 7 and 21, and ADFI and G:F were determined for the overall 21 d test period. Thereafter, all pigs were necropsied for histopathology and serum, tissue and feed trace mineral concentrations were determined. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey-Kramer adjustment in JMP. Overall pig ADG, ADFI and G:F was not statistically different between treatments. Feeding greater than 6000 ppm Zn increased pancreatic Zn concentrations compared to other groups (P < 0.001), and pancreatic apoptosis was more frequent in pigs fed supra-pharmacological levels of Zn (P < 0.0001). Hepatic and serum Zn levels were highest in diet 2 and 3 pigs compared to the other diets (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0003 respectively) and only pigs from these treatments had serum Zn >2.0 ppm or hepatic Zn >500 ppm. Accordingly, these mineral levels should warrant further feed analysis if expected inclusion rates are 3,000 ppm Zn or less.
PSVII-11 Effects of a synbiotic (probiotic+prebiotic) on the reproductive efficiency of multiparous sows
Authors: Curry Shelby , Hendel Erika G , Petri Daniel , Gourley Gene G , Murugesan G R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Sow longevity plays an important role on the profitability of any sow operation in economically and efficiently producing pigs. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of a synbiotic (Biomin® PS, BIOMIN America Inc.) containing multi-strain live probiotic strains (Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus acidilactici, Bifidobacterium animalis, and Lactobacillus reuteri) and a prebiotic (fructo-oligosaccharaide) on sow reproductive performance. A total of 24 sows (4th and 5th parity) were divided evenly into 2 groups and fed either a control diet or a synbiotic diet during the gestation (starting on d 35 of gestation) at 1 kg/MT and lactation until weaning of piglets at 0.5 kg/MT. Daily sow feed intake was also measured during the lactation period. Sow BW was recorded pre-farrow (d 110 of gestation) and at weaning (d 21 of lactation). Piglet BW was recorded after cross-foster and on d 21 of lactation. Data were analysed using MIXED model in SAS. No significant difference was observed in sow feed intake. Relatively lower weight loss (14%) was observed during lactation in sows fed synbiotic (-24.3 kg/sow) in comparison to control fed sows (-28.4 kg/sow), although not statistically significant. A positive trend (P < 0.10) was observed with synbiotic fed sows having lower still-borns (-50%), increased number of piglets weaned per sow (+0.94 piglet/sow) and litter weight gain (+7.24 kg/litter) compared to control sows during lactation. Weaned litter weight was also increased (P < 0.05) with synbiotic feeding (78.5 kg/sow) in comparison to control (66.5 kg/sow). Overall, supplementation of the synbiotic formulation increased the sow reproductive performance by increasing weaned litter weight and number of pigs weaned while numerically lowering sow weight loss during lactation. Supplementation this synbiotic could be considered as part of sow feeding programs to improve sow reproductive efficiency.
PSVII-13 The effects of maternal dietary supplementation of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and 25(OH)D3 on sow and progeny vitamin D3 status
Authors: Thayer Morgan T , Nelssen Jim L , Langemeier Austin J , Morton Jodi M , Gonzalez John M , Kruger Stephanie R , Ou Zhining , Makowski Andrew J , Bergstrom Jon R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A total of 69 sows (DNA Line 200 × 400) and their progeny were used to determine if feeding a combination of vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 influences neonatal and sow vitamin D3 status. Within 3 d of breeding, sows were allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments fortified with 1,500 IU/kg vitamin D3 (CON), 500 IU/kg vitamin D3 + 25 μg/kg 25(OH)D3 (DL), or 1,500 IU/kg vitamin D3 + 50 μg/kg 25(OH)D3 (DH). There were treatment × time interactions for sow and pig serum metabolites (P < 0.001). Therefore, treatment means were compared within time period. At all time periods, sow serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations differed for all treatments with the magnitude of difference largest at weaning (P < 0.011), where serum 25(OH)D3 concentration was always the greatest when sows were fed the DH diet. At birth, piglets from DH fed sows had greater serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations than piglets from sows fed the DL treatment (P = 0.003), with piglets from sows fed CON treatment not differing from either (P > 0.061). At weaning, serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3 in piglets from all sow treatments were different (P < 0.001), with the greatest concentration in piglets from DH sows, followed by CON, and followed by DL. There were no treatment × time interactions for any of the metabolites measured in milk and no main effects for 24,25(OH)2D3 concentration (P > 0.068). Colostrum collected within 12 h of parturition contained less (P = 0.001) 25(OH)D3 than milk collected on d 21 of lactation. Regardless of time, concentrations of 25(OH)D3 in milk were different (P < 0.030), with the largest 25(OH)D3 concentration from DH fed sows, followed by DL and then CON. In conclusion, combining vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 in the maternal diet improves the vitamin D3 status of the dam and progeny.
PSV-1 Effects of the protein level on growth performance and carcass grading in fattening pig fed ad libitum
Authors: Samson Arnaud , Launay Claire , Payola Francesc , Schetelat Eric , Fortune Hervé 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Reducing dietary crude protein (CP) with synthetic amino acids (AA) supplementation is beneficial for sustainable swine industry. However some discrepancies regarding the consequences on growth performance are observed. Therefore, this trial aimed to assess the effect of dietary CP level on growth performance of pigs from 35 to 113 kg BW. Growth performance of 63 pigs fed ad libitum and allocated to three groups (HH, MM and LL) was compared. Each group received one level of CP (‘H’ for High, ‘M’ for Medium and ‘L’ for Low) during growing (d0–d35) and finishing (d35–slaugther day) periods: 15.1%, 16.2%, 17.2% and 13.0%, 14.0%, 15.1% respectively. Diets were mostly based on wheat, corn and soybean meal. Within each feeding phase, diets were formulated to be similar in apparent total tract digestible phosphorus, net energy and standardized ileal digestible (SID) essential AA, the SID Lys levels being 0.95% and 0.78% during the growing and finishing period respectively. Data were analyzed using a linear model (R, 3.1.2) with individual as the experimental unit as feed intake, body weight and carcass grading were individually recorded. From d0 to d14 and from d35 to d63, average daily gain (ADG) and Growth:Feed ratio (G:F) were significantly reduced as the CP level decreased (P < 0.05) while average daily feed intake (ADFI) remained unaffected by the dietary treatments. From d14 to d35 and in late finishing period (d63-slaugther day), growth performance was not significantly affected by the dietary CP level. Over the 82-d of the experiment, G:F was significantly higher for ‘HH’ pigs (P < 0.01). Overall, ADG tended to be reduced as CP levels decreased (P = 0.10). There was no difference among treatments for parameters concerning carcass grading (lean meat percentage and meat yield). In conclusion, reducing CP levels while maintaining essential AA levels impaired growth performances of pigs.
PSII-17 Effect of supplementing algae to heifers during breeding and early gestation on growth and reproduction
Authors: Nicholls Griffin , Funnell Bethany , Stewart Kara R , Lemenager Ron , Campbell Brian , Schoonmaker Jon P 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Algae biomass provides a consistent source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid, that could be used to alter hormonal profiles and improve reproduction of beef heifers. Eighty-eight Angus × Simmental heifers (427 ± 1.8 kg) were blocked by BW and allotted to 2 treatments (44/treatment, 4 pens/treatment, 11 heifers/pen). Control heifers were fed a diet that contained (DM basis) 52.8% mixed grass silage, 32% corn silage, and 15.2% concentrate. DHAgold (49% fat; 21.8% DHA; DSM Inc.) was included in the algae diet DM at 1.65%, replacing equal parts of corn and DDGS. Diets were formulated to contain 12% CP and 0.79 Mcal/kg NEg. Heifers were fed treatment diets from 54 d prior to the breeding season through the first trimester. Follicular fluid was collected on day 47 for hormonal analysis. Artificial insemination (AI) breeding was from d 55 to 98, after which open heifers were removed to 1 control and 1 algae pen and placed with a bull. The study ended on d 180. Performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure and conception data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Dominant follicle diameter and follicular estrogen concentration were unaffected by the treatment (P ≥ 0.12). Follicular insulin-like growth factor-1 was greater in algae compared to control heifers (P = 0.03). During the pre-breeding period, algae heifers had lesser DMI (P = 0.006) compared to control heifers. Heifers supplemented with algae had greater ADG (P = 0.03) during the breeding period and BW tended to be greater for algae compared to control heifers on d 98 and 180 (P ≤ 0.07). First service conception rate did not differ between treatments (P = 0.67); however, second service tended (P = 0.08) and overall conception was (P = 0.03) lesser in algae compared to control heifers. These data suggest supplementing DHA-rich algae improved growth but decreased conception rates of beef heifers.
PSII-8 Defining pig sort loss with a simulation of various marketing options of pigs with the assumption that marketing cuts improve variation in carcass weight and leanness
Authors: Zhou Ziyu , Bohrer Benjamin M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The study offers clarification on pig sort loss and associated marketing strategies using a simulated pig marketing modeling system. The objective was to investigate the economic variability associated with marketing strategies using the simulated pig marketing models. Typically, individual pigs are assessed by measuring carcass weight and predicted leanness, which is then incorporated into a two-factor grid for producer payment, providing incentives for producers who consistently produce desirable carcasses and discounts for producers who produce inconsistent or undesirable carcasses. The simulation considered six producers with the presumption that each had a maximum capacity for 4,800 grow-finish pigs, in order to imitate commercial finishing barns with 48 pens of roughly 100 pigs per pen. The simulation dataset was created using a random number generator with the inverse of the cumulative normal distribution function on Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Inc., USA) with a targeted carcass weight (102.86 kg) and average predicted lean (60%) based on industry averages and previous research studies. Under the assumption that variability in carcass weight and predicted leanness decreased with the addition of each marketing cut, the simulation incorporated a standard deviation reduction of 20% per increase of one marketing cut for both carcass weight and predicted leanness of the population of pigs marketed on a given day. Consequently, there was an increase in profitability; as well as, a decrease in pig sort loss (defined with both carcass weight and predicted leanness) with each marketing cut, but these profitability improvements diminished (as a percentage improvement) with each additional marketing cut. Finally, this simulation provides an appropriate framework and the necessary equations to allow repetition of the different parameters and marketing grid specifically related to an individual producer and processing facility. Thus, helping the industry gain a better understanding of how market cuts can decrease variation and consequently improve profitability.
PSII-5 Carcass characteristics and growth performance of market pigs fed reduced lysine diets in bedded hoop barns
Authors: Lammers Peter J , Stahl Chad A , Honeyman Mark S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design was used to compare the effect of SID Lys:ME concentration (current vs. reduced), stocking density (1.30 vs. 4.05 m2/pig), and harvest month (August vs. March) on pigs raised in bedded hoop barns in Western Iowa. For each harvest month, 420 pigs produced from the mating of Duroc boars (Choice Genetics; West Des Moines, IA) to Camborough females (PIC; Hendersonville, TN) were sorted into 12 pens. Six pens were inside 3 large-scale (9.1 × 18.3 m) hoop barns and were stocked with 64 pigs/pen (32 barrows and 32 gilts; 1.30 m2/ pig). Six pens were inside 3 small-scale (6.0 × 10.8 m) hoop barns and were stocked with 6 pigs/pen (3 barrows and 3 gilts; 4.05 m2/pig). Within each stocking density, pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 diets which were fed in 2 phases. Corn-soybean meal diets were formulated to deliver 2.94 or 2.34 g SID Lys per Mcal ME in phase 1 (72.6–95.0 kg) and 2.34 or 1.76 g SID Lys per Mcal ME in phase 2 (> 95.0 kg). Pigs were individually weighed every 28 days and feed disappearance was recorded. When pigs in a pen averaged 129.3 kg the entire pen of pigs were harvested. A single chop (last-rib location; 2.54 cm thick) was collected from each carcass to assess pork quality. Pigs harvested in the summer grew faster, more efficiently, and with more intramuscular fat than those harvested in winter (P-value ≤ 0.05) but had lower 10th rib pH (P-value < 0.0001). Pigs allotted 4.05 m2/pig grew more efficiently but had reduced last rib pH as compared to pigs stocked at 1.30 m2/pig (P-value < 0.05). Reducing SID Lys:ME did not impact growth performance or carcass characteristics (P-value > 0.10). Lower concentrations of SID Lys:ME may be adequate for pigs housed in bedded hoop barns but further study is warranted.
PSII-18 Greater feed amounts during late gestation do not improve piglets birth weight: a dose-response study performed in gilts
Authors: Mallmann Andre L , Camilotti Elisar , Fagundes Deivison , Vier Carlos , Mellagi Ana Paula , Ulguim Rafael , Bernardi Mari , Bortolozzo Fernando 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In breeding farms, pork producers commonly use “bump feeding” as a feeding strategy. This technique consists of increasing daily feed amount on late gestation to improve piglets birth weight. A dose-response arrangement with 4 treatments (1.8, 2.3, 2.8, and 3.3 kg/d) was used to evaluate the effects on female reproductive performance and piglet birth weight. A total of 977 gilts were fed based on a corn-soybean meal diet from day 90 of gestation until farrowing. Gilts were weighed on days 90 and 112 of gestation and at weaning. Born alive and stillborn piglets were weighed within 12 h of birth. Colostrum yield and lactation feed intake were measured in a randomly selected sub-sample of 245 gilts. As expected, body weight gains were different at day 112 (P < 0.001) with the highest values observed in 3.3 kg/d treatment. As the feed amount increased during late gestation, greater were the body losses between d 112 and weaning (P < 0.001). Statistical tendencies for a quadratic effect of feeding level were observed for piglets born alive (P = 0.079), average birth weight of piglets (P = 0.083), and litter weight (P = 0.059). However, there were no differences among treatments on total born and mummified fetuses (P > 0.05). Gilts fed with lower feed amounts during late gestation had reduced stillborn percentages compared to those gilts fed with greater amounts. Colostrum yield and voluntary feed intake decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as the feed amount performed during late gestation increased. In conclusion, increasing the feed intake from day 90 of gestation until farrowing increased gilts body weight and stillborn rate, but reduced the colostrum yield and the lactation feed intake. In addition, there were no effects of the feeding level in late gestation on piglets birth weight.