bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microscopy
Authors: Dallas Steven D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Microscopic examination remains the first step in detecting a broad range of pathogens, both directly from specimens and for assessing the morphology of organisms from solid or liquid culture media. The most profound limitation of direct specimen microscopy is poor sensitivity compared to culture and molecular techniques. The specificity of microscopy compared to culture may also be an issue in direct specimen examination. Visible light exhibits the characteristics of particles, waves, and rays. Contrast is the ability to find and see the specimen surface or internal structural details distinctly. The eyepieces, or oculars, contain the final lenses in the optical train. Bright‐field microscopy is the basic technique of any light microscope in the clinical laboratory. Köhler illumination was developed in the 1890s by August Köhler. The fluorescence microscope was developed in the early 20th century.
Introduction to the special issue on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence (IAAI 2024)
Authors: Wong Alexander , Chen Yuhao , Seyler Jan 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis special issue of AI Magazine covers select applications from the Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence (IAAI) conference held in 2024 in Vancouver, Canada. The articles address a broad range of very challenging issues and contain great lessons for AI researchers and application developers.
Development of dedicated phantom for end‐to‐end testing of multiple image‐guidance configurations incorporating light‐section‐based surface guidance system
Authors: Hayashi Naoki , Saito Tatsunori , Ouchi Kazuki , Amma Hiroshi , Muraki Yuta , Yasui Keisuke , Nozue Masashi 
Published: November 2024

AbstractPurposeRadiotherapy devices with multiple image‐guidance systems, such as surface‐guided radiation therapy (SGRT), have been widely used in recent years. However, in the case of SGRT devices using the light‐section method, coordinate coincidence evaluation using a phantom for SGRT devices with patterned light projection is not appropriate. Hence, this study aims to develop a dedicated phantom able to evaluate both the detection accuracy and coordinate coincidence of multiple IGRT configurations, including light‐section‐based SGRT devices.Materials and methodFirst, we developed an end‐to‐end (E2E) phantom that can be scanned by CT and detected by a light‐section‐method‐based SGRT device. Second, the detection accuracy of the phantom under three reference data acquisition conditions was evaluated using the E2E phantom. The three conditions were a body surface image detected by VOXELAN in the simulation CT room, a body surface image reconstructed from the volume data of the simulation CT room, and a body surface image acquired by VOXELAN in the radiotherapy room. Finally, the coordinate coincidence of the image‐guidance system was evaluated using the E2E phantom.ResultUpon comparing detection accuracy among the three reference data acquisition methods, we found that the reference data generated in the CT room had the largest error (0.58 mm at maximum). The coordinate coincidences of the multiple image‐guidance systems were within 1 mm for all components after the maintenance of VOXELAN using E2E phantom. Furthermore, the long‐term direction stability was worse in the longitudinal direction.ConclusionThe new E2E phantom can be used to evaluate the detection accuracy of a light‐section‐based SGRT system and the coordinate coincidence using a Winston–Lutz‐based method in multiple image‐guided configurations. The detection accuracy in the three different reference images of VOXELAN using this phantom improved to within 1 mm in all directions.
Beam quality correction factors for dose measurements around 192Ir brachytherapy sources
Authors: Thrapsanioti Zoi , Peppa Vasiliki , Hourdakis Costas J. , Karaiskos Pantelis , Lekatou Aristea , Pantelis Evaggelos 
Published: November 2024

AbstractPurposeTo provide beam quality correction factors () for detectors used in 192Ir brachytherapy dosimetry measurements.Materials and MethodsTen detectors were studied, including the PTW 30013 and Exrading12 Farmer large cavity chambers, seven medium (0.1–0.3 cm3) and small (< 0.1 cm3) cavity chambers, and a synthetic microdiamond detector. The kQ,Qo correction factors were calculated at distances from 1 to 10 cm away from an 192Ir source, using the EGSnrc Monte Carlo (MC) code. All detectors were calibrated in a 60Co 10 × 10 cm2 reference field provided by standard calibration laboratories. The impact of the central electrode, stem and wall on the detectors’ responses in 192Ir photon energies was investigated. An experimental procedure was additionally applied for dose measurements around a microSelectron‐v2 192Ir high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy source using a motorized water phantom.ResultsFarmer chambers underestimated the dose near the source due to signal volume averaging effects, resulting in kQ,Qo values ranging from 1.177 and 1.317 at 1 cm, decreasing with distance to between 0.980 and 1.005 at 10 cm. Small cavity volume detectors should be used close to the source. The kQ,Qo for the studied small and medium cavity volume detectors were found to be close to unity (within 1.3%), showing also a small dependence on source‐to‐detector distance, except for ion chambers containing high‐Z materials in their construction. The presence of high‐Z materials caused an overresponse in these detectors, resulting in kQ,Qo values ranging from 0.950 at 1 cm to 0.729 at 10 cm away from the source. A dose rate constant of (1.114 ± 0.023)cGyh−1U−1 was found in agreement with the literature (within 0.5%).ConclusionskQ,Qo values were calculated for dose measurements around 192Ir brachytherapy sources. Farmer chambers should be preferred for measurements at increased distances, whereas small or medium cavity volume detectors, not containing high‐Z materials, should be used close to the source.
Assessing Novel Antibody‐Based Therapies in Reconstructive 3D Cell Models of the Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Domenici Giacomo , Lopes Nuno F. , Trindade Gonçalo , Ramella Gal Isabella , Miret Minard Joan , Rebelo Sofia P. , Freitas Catarina , Duarte Nádia , Brito Catarina 
Published: November 2024

AbstractTargeted, combinatorial, and immunomodulatory therapies, such as antibody‐drug conjugates (ADCs) and immunomodulatory antibodies (Abs), are powerful weapons against tumor cells and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Therefore, the evaluation of such therapies should be conducted in pre‐clinical models able to recapitulate the complex cellular and molecular crosstalk of the TME. To build‐in critical hallmarks of the TME, a breast cancer heterotypic 3D cell model (3D‐3) is devised using a microencapsulation strategy with an inert biomaterial (alginate) and agitation‐based cultures. Both stromal and immune components are added to multicellular tumor spheroids, therefore fostering cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) immunomodulatory interactions. The potential of the methodology to assess Ab‐based therapies is then addressed by employing a series of anti‐HER2‐based ADCs. ADCs induced tumor‐cell specific cytotoxicity toward HER2+ breast cancer spheroids while sparing HER2‐negative CAFs. In addition, an immunomodulatory blocking Ab against colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) decreases the expression of immunosuppressive and anti‐inflammatory markers in TAMs, like what is previously observed upon in vivo α‐CSF1R administration. Collectively, the human TME‐based 3D‐3 cell model is a suitable tool to evaluate the anti‐tumor and immunomodulatory potential of novel antibody‐based therapies directed against TME targets, such as cancer cells and macrophages.
Spin Regulation of Nickel Single Atom Catalyst via Axial Phosphor‐Coordination Achieves Near Unity CO Selectivity in Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Authors: Miao Kanghua , Qin Jundi , Lai Siyuan , Luo Mi , Kuchkaev Aidar , Yakhvarov Dmitry , Kang Xiongwu 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe engineering of the spin state and axial coordination of the metal center of single‐atom catalyst (SAC) represents an effective strategy for regulating the catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability toward electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 (ECO2R). However, rational design and deliberate fabrication of SACs with axial coordination of specified atoms remain challenging. Herein, Ni single atoms with axial coordination of phosphorus (NiP−N4−C) and four planar nitrogen atoms are fabricated, which induces reorientation of the 3d orbitals of the Ni atom and shift of the spin state from low (S = 0) to high (S = 2). The enhanced d−p orbital coupling between the Ni and the adsorbents enhances CO2 activation and reduces energy barrier for formation of *COOH, a key intermediate in the ECO2R to produce CO, enabling the high activity and near unity selectivity of CO in ECO2R in a broad potential range of 600 mV (−0.4–−1.0 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode vs RHE), achieving a turnover frequency of 37.2 s−1 at −1.0 V versus RHE. As a bifunctional cathode electrocatalyst, NiP−N4−C demonstrates a peak power density of 18.5 mW cm−2 and maintains cycling durability over 70 h in rechargeable Zn−CO2 batteries.
Coaxial Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes as Dual‐Functional Biomimetic Tendon Sheath for Tendon Repair and Anti‐Peritendinous Adhesion
Authors: Yang Qiao , Li Jianfeng , Meng Hongfang , Wang Yongdi , Hu Lanlan , Su Weiwei , Xu Jie , Hou Juedong , Zhao Rui , Wang Zihan , Zhang Kairui , Wu Yaobin , Wang Ling 
Published: November 2024

AbstractTendon injuries often exhibit limited healing capacity, frequently complicated by peritendinous adhesion, posing a substantial challenge in clinical tendon repair. Although present biomaterial‐based membranes offer a promising strategy for tendon treatment, their clinical application is hindered by inflammation‐induced adhesion. Herein, this study presents a dual‐functional biomimetic tendon sheath based on a coaxial electrospun nanofibrous membrane for enhancing tendon repair and simultaneously preventing peritendinous adhesion. This nanofibrous membrane is fabricated using a coaxial electrospinning method, encapsulating celecoxib‐loaded polycaprolactone (PCL) within gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) shell. Both in vitro and in vivo analysis results demonstrated that such coaxial biomimetic tendon sheath enhanced tenogenic differentiation of tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) due to nanofibrous GelMA shell providing a suitable microenvironment surface. Simultaneously, the sustained release of celecoxib (CEL) from the core is able to significantly decrease the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Notably, in vivo assessments in animal models with patellar tendon defects revealed significant reductions in peritendinous adhesion, leading to further enhancement in tendon repair. These results underscore the potential of the coaxial nanofibrous membrane as a dual‐functional biomimetic tendon sheath, offering a promising avenue for the long‐term management of tendon injuries.
Taming Prolonged Ionic Drift–Diffusion Dynamics for Brain‐Inspired Computation
Authors: Inoue Hisashi , Tamura Hiroto , Kitoh Ai , Chen Xiangyu , Byambadorj Zolboo , Yajima Takeaki , Hotta Yasushi , Iizuka Tetsuya , Tanaka Gouhei , Inoue Isao H. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractRecent advances in neural network‐based computing have enabled human‐like information processing in areas such as image classification and voice recognition. However, many neural networks run on conventional computers that operate at GHz clock frequency and consume considerable power compared to biological neural networks, such as human brains, which work with a much slower spiking rate. Although many electronic devices aiming to emulate the energy efficiency of biological neural networks have been explored, achieving long timescales while maintaining scalability remains an important challenge. In this study, a field‐effect transistor based on the oxide semiconductor strontium titanate (SrTiO3) achieves leaky integration on a long timescale by leveraging the drift–diffusion of oxygen vacancies in this material. Experimental analysis and finite‐element model simulations reveal the mechanism behind the leaky integration of the SrTiO3 transistor. With a timescale in the order of one second, which is close to that of biological neuron activity, this transistor is a promising component for biomimicking neuromorphic computing.
NIR‐II AIE Liposomes for Boosting Type‐I Photodynamic and Mild‐Temperature Photothermal Therapy in Breast Cancer Treatment
Authors: Zhen Shijie , Xu Zhe , Suo Meng , Zhang Teng , Lyu Meng , Li Tianwei , Zhang Tianfu , Li Meijing , Zhao Zujin , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: November 2024

AbstractPhototheranositcs has recently aroused extreme attention due to its exceptional advantages. However, the poor photothernostic efficiency, limited penetration depth, strong oxygen‐dependence, and inevitable damage to normal tissue of conventional photothernostic materials severely hindered their total theranostic efficacy. Herein, a series of near‐infrared second (NIR‐II) photosensitizers (PSs) featuring aggregation‐induced emission (AIE), NIR‐II fluorescence imaging (FLI), type I photodynamic therapy (PDT) and mild‐temperature photothermal therapy (PTT) are constructed through dual‐strategy methods combining donor group engineering and fluorination engineering. Profiting from sufficient molecular rotors and high electronegativity of fluorine, the developed 2‐(2‐((5‐(4‐((4‐(diphenylamino)phenyl)(phenyl)amino)phenyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)methylene)‐5,6‐difluoro‐3‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐inden‐1‐ylidene)malononitrile (BTS‐2F) and 2‐(2‐((5‐(4‐(bis(4‐(diphenylamino)phenyl)amino)phenyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)methylene)‐5,6‐difluoro‐3‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐inden‐1‐ylidene)malononitrile (TTS‐2F) are endowed with NIR‐II AIE property, high radical reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation ability and mild‐temperature photothermal conversion. Through thin film hydration method, the prepared BTS‐2F and TTS‐2F loaded liposomes exhibit significant NIR‐II FLI and improved type‐I PDT/mild‐temperature PTT therapy under laser irradiation both in vitro and orthotopic 4T1 mice models.
Experimental and Theoretical Insights into Single Atoms, Dual Atoms, and Sub‐Nanocluster Catalysts for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction (CO2RR) to High‐Value Products
Authors: Woldu Abebe Reda , Yohannes Asfaw G. , Huang Zanling , Kennepohl Pierre , Astruc Didier , Hu Liangsheng , Huang Xiao‐Chun 
Published: November 2024

AbstractElectrocatalytic carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion into valuable chemicals paves the way for the realization of carbon recycling. Downsizing catalysts to single‐atom catalysts (SACs), dual‐atom catalysts (DACs), and sub‐nanocluster catalysts (SNCCs) has generated highly active and selective CO2 transformation into highly reduced products. This is due to the introduction of numerous active sites, highly unsaturated coordination environments, efficient atom utilization, and confinement effect compared to their nanoparticle counterparts. Herein, recent Cu‐based SACs are first reviewed and the newly emerged DACs and SNCCs expanding the catalysis of SACs to electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (CO2RR) to high‐value products are discussed. Tandem Cu‐based SAC–nanocatalysts (NCs) (SAC–NCs) are also discussed for the CO2RR to high‐value products. Then, the non‐Cu‐based SACs, DACs, SAC–NCs, and SNCCs and theoretical calculations of various transition‐metal catalysts for CO2RR to high‐value products are summarized. Compared to previous achievements of less‐reduced products, this review focuses on the double objective of achieving full CO2 reduction and increasing the selectivity and formation rate toward C–C coupled products with additional emphasis on the stability of the catalysts. Finally, through combined theoretical and experimental research, future outlooks are offered to further develop the CO2RR into high‐value products over isolated atoms and sub‐nanometal clusters.
Cell‐Penetrating Peptide Induced Superstructures Triggering Highly Efficient Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Gong Xuefeng , Han Yuchun , Wang Tengda , Song Gang , Chen Hongling , Tang Haiqiu , Huang Xu , Deng Ke , Wang Shu , Wang Yilin 
Published: November 2024

AbstractTo endow non‐antibacterial molecules with highly efficient bactericide activity is an important but challenging issue. Herein, a kind of cell‐penetrating peptide octa‐arginine (R8) is found to be effective in activating antibacterial ability when assembling with anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), while individual R8 or SDS shows poor or no antibacterial ability. By combined electrostatic, hydrogen bond, and hydrophobic interactions, R8 and SDS associate into wormlike micelle and lamellar structure by forming supramolecular self‐assembling units, depending on their charge ratio (CR). The lamellar aggregates show particularly high antibacterial activities against both Gram‐negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Interestingly, E. coli and S. aureus are killed by membrane‐disrupting and membrane‐penetrating mechanisms, respectively. Furthermore, in vivo experiments evidence that the R8/SDS lamellar aggregates accelerate the recovery of bacteria‐infected wounds, wherein the reduced inflammation and promoted angiogenesis are clearly presented. This study proves that highly efficient bactericidal activity is triggered by the synergistic action of penetrating peptide and anionic amphiphiles, thus providing a new strategy to realize highly efficient and targetable antibacterial application.
Optimizing Oxygen Redox Activity by Local Chemical Disorder toward Robust Co‐Free Li‐Rich Cathode with High Voltage Stability
Authors: Zheng Hongfei , Fan Mengjian , Zhang Chenying , He Wei , Gao Guiyang , Liu Yuanyuan , Wang Laisen , Xie Qingshui , Peng Dong‐Liang , Lu Jun 
Published: November 2024

AbstractDespite extensive investigation on the lattice oxygen redox (LOR) in Li‐rich cathodes, significant challenges remain in utilizing LOR activity without compromising structural and electrochemical stability. Related breakthroughs are hindered by the lack of understanding regarding how different LOR activity influences the structural evolution and electrochemical stability, and what is the optimal LOR activity. Herein, the degree of LOR activity is successfully regulated from 22% to 92% in Co‐free Li‐rich cathodes (Li1+xMn0.62Ni0.18O2) by controlling local chemical disorder, and the relationship between LOR activity and cycling stability is revealed. Conventional consensus is challenged by new findings that the over‐suppressive LOR activity also undermines electrochemical/structural stability, and even causes more severe voltage fading compared to cases with excessive LOR. However, their failure mechanisms related to lattice strain present different characteristics. Based on the established understanding, the appropriate LOR activation is necessary to balance the maximum reversible LOR activity and good stability, and the optimal degree is identified as 86% in Li1.18Mn0.62Ni0.18O2 (LR‐78). LR‐78 exhibits remarkable voltage retention of 96% after 400 cycles at 1 C, and superior high‐rate cyclability without capacity decay within 600 cycles at 5 C. These findings significantly broaden the understanding of LOR mechanisms and provide critical guidance for designing durable LOR‐based cathodes.
Directional Reconstruction to Highly Active Tandem Sites for Superior Acidic CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Yang Ruoou , Wen Qunlei , Yang Yuqi , Liu Youwen , Yang Yan , Wu Mao , Wei Yao , Mei Bingbao , Liu Yan , Li Huiqiao , Zhai Tianyou 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAcidic CO2 electroreduction (CO2R) to multi‐carbon (C2+) chemicals advance the carbon neutrality in the manner of high carbon utilization efficiency; however, it suffers from low selectivity. Designing tandem catalysts is the most promising remedy, yet achieving highly active tandem sites remains an immense challenge due to the potentiodynamic structural evolution. Here self‐reducing ion (e.g., iodate) mediated reconstruction, which leverages the self‐reduction of dissolved iodate ions is presented to harmonize reconstruction rate of the tandem catalyst and directionally optimize tandem sites in operation. Multiple in situ workflow clearly demonstrate that the exploited CuO/AgIO3 tandem catalysts occur rapid dissolution of iodate ions in AgIO3 during the CO2R, resulting in the formation of defective Ag. Subsequently, the preferential self‐reduction of dissolved iodate as a reduction inhibitor delays the reconstruction rate of CuO and directs surface reconstruction toward highly active Cu(100). The asymmetric charge distribution of defective Ag facilitates the generation of *COOH and enhances local CO availability to further accelerate the C─C coupling step implemented on Cu(100). The directionally reconstructed CuO/AgIO3 achieves outstanding C2+ Faradaic efficiency of 82% at 1.2 A cm−2 and a peak jC2+ (1024 mA cm−2) is ≈1.5 times higher than that reported in literature benchmark in strong acid electrolyte.
Reassessing the Role of Thermal Convection in Simultaneous Water Production and Pollutant Degradation in Interfacial Photothermal‐Photocatalytic Systems
Authors: Li Xiaoke , Yang Rui , Zou Lie , Zheng Size , Chen Mengshan , Wen Jin , Zhang He , Wu Cheng , Zhang Yongcai , Zhou Yingtang 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe interfacial photothermal‐photocatalytic systems can generate clean water while purifying wastewater containing organic pollutants, but the impact of thermal convection on synergistic effects remains unexplored. This paper aims to regulate the thermal convection at the interface to significantly enhance the synergistic effect of interfacial photothermal‐photocatalytic systems. A novel heterogeneous structure comprising iron‐based metal‐organic frameworks and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes with a gelatin‐polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) double network hydrogel (MWCNTs@NM88B/PVA/gelatin hydrogel, denoted as MMH) is developed and employed in the construction of the solar‐driven interfacial evaporation (SIE) system. The system shows high activity for solar water evaporation and simultaneous photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. MMH demonstrates an evaporation rate of 2.84 kg m−2 h−1, achieving an efficiency of 95.3% under 1 sun. COMSOL simulations reveal that the implementation of a three‐phase interface configuration with SIE technology significantly boosts thermal convection, effectively diminishing the barrier to gas release from the reaction system and consequently enhancing the efficiency of the interfacial photothermal‐photocatalytic process. Furthermore, the potential mechanism of photocatalytic decomposition of organic pollutants in MMH/H2O2/visible light reaction system is proposed by combining the experiments of KPFM, in situ XPS, and ESR spectra. Therefore, this work offers a fresh perspective on evaluating the impact of thermal convection on water evaporation and pollutant degradation in interface photothermal‐photocatalytic systems.
3,4‐Dicyano‐2,5,6‐Trifluorophenyl Glycosides as Electron‐Deficient Fluoroarene Glycosyl Donors for Chemical Glycosylation
Authors: Khanam Ariza , Tiwari Ashwani , Ovais Mohammad , Lal Mohan , Kumar Mandal Pintu 
Published: November 2024

AbstractHere, we present 3,4‐dicyano‐2,5,6‐trifluorophenyl glycosides as bench‐stable, and reactive electron‐deficient fluoroarene based glycosyl donors that can be prepared in one‐step and be activated with catalytic amounts of TMSOTf. The glycosylation reaction conditions show tolerance towards acid/base sensitive protecting groups and have a different substrate scope with 68–89% yields. The electron‐deficient fluoroarene‐containing glycosyl donor enables the construction of O‐ and C‐glycosides using both free alcohols and silylated alcohols, as well as C‐ nucleophiles as acceptors.