bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Employing a spatio-temporal contingency table for the analysis of cork oak cover change in the Sa Serra region of Sardinia
Authors: Dettori Sandro , Filigheddu Maria Rosaria , Deplano Giovanni , Molgora Juan Escamilla , Ruiu Maddalena , Sedda Luigi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractLand cover change analyses are common and, especially in the absence of explanatory variables, they are mainly carried out by employing qualitative methods such as transition matrices or raster operations. These methods do not provide any estimation of the statistical significance of the changes, or the uncertainty of the model and data, and are usually limited in supporting explicit biological/ecological interpretation of the processes determining the changes. Here we show how the original nearest-neighbour contingency table, proposed by Dixon to evaluate spatial segregation, has been extended to the temporal domain to map the intensity, statistical significance and uncertainty of land cover changes. This index was then employed to quantify the changes in cork oak forest cover between 1998 and 2016 in the Sa Serra region of Sardinia (Italy). The method showed that most statistically significant cork oak losses were concentrated in the centre of Sa Serra and characterised by high intensity. A spatial binomial-logit generalised linear model estimated the probability of changes occurring in the area but not the type of change. We show how the spatio-temporal Dixon’s index can be an attractive alternative to other land cover change analysis methods, since it provides a robust statistical framework and facilitates direct biological/ecological interpretation.
Genome sequence analysis of an extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii indigo-pigmented strain depicts evidence of increase genome plasticity
Authors: Traglia German , Chiem Kevin , Quinn Brettni , Fernandez Jennifer S. , Montaña Sabrina , Almuzara Marisa , Mussi María Alejandra , Tolmasky Marcelo E. , Iriarte Andres , Centrón Daniela , Ramírez María Soledad 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAcinetobacter baumannii is a multidrug resistant nosocomial pathogen that shows an outstanding ability to undergo genetic exchange, thereby acquiring different traits that contribute to its success. In this work, we identified genetic features of an indigo-pigmented A. baumannii strain (Ab33405) that belongs to the clonal complex CC113B/CC79P. Ab33405 possesses a high number of genes coding for antibiotic resistance and virulence factors that may contribute to its survival, not only in the human host, but also in the hospital environment. Thirteen genes conferring resistance to different antibiotic families (trimethoprim, florfenicol, β-lactams, aminoglycosides and sulfonamide) as well as the adeIJK genes and the capsule locus (KL) and outer core locus (OCL) were identified. Ab33405 includes 250 unique genes and a significant number of elements associated with Horizontal Gene Transfer, such as insertion sequences and transposons, genomic islands and prophage sequences. Also, the indigo-pigmented uncommon phenotype that could be associated with the monooxygenase or dioxygenase enzyme coded for by the iacA gene within the iac cluster was probably conferred by insertion of a 18-kb DNA fragment into the iacG gene belonging to this cluster. The Ab33405 genome includes all type VI secretion system genes and killing assays showed the ability of Ab33045 to kill Escherichia coli. In addition, Ab33405 can modulate susceptibility antibiotics when exposed to blue light.
A Multimethod Analysis of Pragmatic Skills in Children and Adolescents With Fragile X Syndrome, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Down Syndrome
Authors: Martin Gary E. , Bush Lauren , Klusek Jessica , Patel Shivani , Losh Molly 
Published: November 2018

PurposePragmatic language skills are often impaired above and beyond general language delays in individuals with neurodevelopmental disabilities. This study used a multimethod approach to language sample analysis to characterize syndrome- and sex-specific profiles across different neurodevelopmental disabilities and to examine the congruency of 2 analysis techniques.MethodPragmatic skills of young males and females with fragile X syndrome with autism spectrum disorder (FXS-ASD,n= 61) and without autism spectrum disorder (FXS-O,n= 40), Down syndrome (DS,n= 42), and typical development (TD,n= 37) and males with idiopathic autism spectrum disorder only (ASD-O,n= 29) were compared using variables obtained from a detailed hand-coding system contrasted with similar variables obtained automatically from the language analysis program Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (SALT).ResultsNoncontingent language and perseveration were characteristic of the pragmatic profiles of boys and girls with FXS-ASD and boys with ASD-O. Boys with ASD-O also initiated turns less often and were more nonresponsive than other groups, and girls with FXS-ASD were more nonresponsive than their male counterparts. Hand-coding and SALT methods were largely convergent with some exceptions.ConclusionResults suggest both similarities and differences in the pragmatic profiles observed across different neurodevelopmental disabilities, including idiopathic and FXS-associated cases of ASD, as well as an important sex difference in FXS-ASD. These findings and congruency between the 2 language sample analysis techniques together have important implications for assessment and intervention efforts.
Statistical study of uncertainties in the diffusion rate of species on interstellar ice and its impact on chemical model predictions
Authors: Iqbal Wasim , Wakelam Valentine , Gratier Pierre 
Published: November 2018

Contact. Diffusion of species on the dust surface is a key process for determining the chemical composition of interstellar ices. On the dust surface, adsorbed species diffuse from one potential well to another and react with other adsorbed reactants, resulting in the formation of simple and complex molecules.
Aims. We study the impact on the abundances of the species simulated by the chemical codes by considering the uncertainties in the diffusion energy of adsorbed species. We aim to limit the uncertainties in the abundances as calculated by chemical codes by identifying the surface species that result in a larger error because of the uncertainties in their diffusion energy.
Methods. We ran various cases with 2000–10 000 simulations in each case and varied the diffusion energies of some or all surface species randomly. We calculated Pearson correlation coefficients between the abundances and the ratio of diffusion to binding energy of adsorbed species. We identified the species that introduce maximum uncertainty in the ice and gas-phase abundances. With these species we ran three sets, with 2000 simulations in each, to quantify the uncertainties they introduce.
Results. We present the abundances of various molecules in the gas phase and also on the dust surface at different time intervals during the simulation. We show which species produce a large uncertainty in the abundances. We sorted species into different groups in accordance with their importance in propagating uncertainty in the chemical network.
Conclusions. We show that CO, H2, O, N, and CH3 are the key species for uncertainties in the abundances, while CH2, HCO, S and O2 come next, followed by NO, HS, and CH. We also show that by limiting the uncertainties in the ratio of diffusion to binding energy of these species, we can eliminate the uncertainties in the gas-phase abundances of almost all the species.
HST/COS observations of the newly discovered obscuring outflow in NGC 3783
Authors: Kriss G. A. , Mehdipour M. , Kaastra J. S. , Rau A. , Bodensteiner J. , Plesha R. , Arav N. , Behar E. , Bianchi S. , Branduardi-Raymont G. , Cappi M. , Costantini E. , De Marco B. , Di Gesu L. , Ebrero J. , Kaspi S. , Mao J. , Middei R. , Miller T. , Paltani S. , Peretz U. , Peterson B. M. , Petrucci P.-O. , Ponti G. , Ursini F. , Walton D. J. , Xu X. 
Published: November 2018

Aims.To understand the nature of transient obscuring outflows in active galactic nuclei, we use simultaneous multiwavelength observations withXMM-Newton, NuSTAR, theHubbleSpace Telescope (HST), and the Max Planck Gesellschaft/European Southern Observatory (ESO) 2.2 m telescope triggered by soft X-ray absorption detected bySwift.Methods.We obtained ultraviolet spectra on 2016-12-12 and 2016-12-21 using the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) on HST simultaneously with X-ray spectra obtained withXMM-NewtonandNuSTAR. We modeled the ultraviolet spectra to measure the strength and variability of the absorption, and used photoionization models to obtain its physical characteristics.Results.We find new components of broad, blue-shifted absorption associated with Lyα, N V, Si IV, and C IVin our COS spectra. The absorption extends from near-zero velocities in the rest-frame of the host galaxy to −6200 km s−1. These features appear for the first time in NGC 3783 at the same time as heavy soft X-ray absorption seen in theXMM-NewtonX-ray spectra. The X-ray absorption has a column density of ∼1023cm−2, and it partially covers the X-ray continuum source. Combining the X-ray column densities with the UV spectral observations yields an ionization parameter for the obscuring gas of logξ= 1.84−0.2+0.4erg cm s−1. Despite the high intensity of the UV continuum in NGC 3783,F(1470 Å) = 8 × 10−14erg cm−2s−1Å−1>, the well known narrow UV absorption lines are deeper than in earlier observations in unobscured states, and low ionization states such as C IIIappear, indicating that the narrow-line gas is more distant from the nucleus and is being shadowed by the gas producing the obscuration. Despite the high continuum flux levels in our observations of NGC 3783, moderate velocities in the UV broad line profiles have substantially diminished.Conclusions.We suggest that a collapse of the broad line region has led to the outburst and triggered the obscuring event.
Initial mass function variations cannot explain the ionizing spectrum of low metallicity starbursts
Authors: Stanway E. R. , Eldridge J. J. 
Published: November 2018

Aims. Observations of both galaxies in the distant Universe and local starbursts are showing increasing evidence for very hard ionizing spectra that stellar population synthesis models struggle to reproduce. Here we explore the effects of the assumed stellar initial mass function (IMF) on the ionizing photon output of young populations at wavelengths below key ionization energy thresholds.
Methods. We use a custom set of binary population and spectral synthesis (BPASS) models to explore the effects of IMF assumptions as a function of metallicity, IMF slope, upper mass limit, IMF power law break mass
and sampling.
Results. We find that while the flux capable of ionizing hydrogen is only weakly dependent on IMF parameters, the photon flux responsible for the He II and O VI lines is far more sensitive to assumptions. In our current models this flux arises primarily from helium and Wolf-Rayet stars which have partially or fully lost their hydrogen envelopes. The timescales for formation and evolution of both Wolf Rayet stars and helium dwarfs, and hence inferred population age, are affected by choice of model IMF. Even the most extreme IMFs cannot reproduce the He II ionizing flux observed in some high redshift galaxies, suggesting a source other than stellar photospheres.
Conclusions. We caution that detailed interpretation of features in an individual galaxy spectrum is inevitably going to be subject to uncertainties in the IMF of its contributing starbursts. We remind the community that the IMF is fundamentally a statistical construct, and that stellar population synthesis models are most effective when considering entire galaxy populations rather than individual objects.
Thorakale und abdominale Organverletzungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Schmittenbecher Peter 
Published: November 2018

ZusammenfassungThorakale und abdominale Organverletzungen sind im Kindes- und Jugendalter selten. Thorakal stehen Lungenkontusionen ganz im Vordergrund. Rippenfrakturen treten aufgrund der Elastizität der Rippen seltener auf. Wird eine Beatmung erforderlich, gilt der Fokus der Vermeidung einer zu frühen Extubation, um ein Rebound-Phänomen mit erheblicher Verschlechterung der Gesamtsituation zu verhindern. Bei den Bauchtraumen kommen Milz-, Leber- und Nierenverletzungen am häufigsten vor. Auf der Basis eines verlässlichen CT-Gradings erfolgt die Therapie meist konservativ unter Kreislauf-Monitoring. Interventionelle Verfahren können im Einzelfall hilfreich sein (Stent, Drainage). Die Laparotomie erfolgt, wenn mehr als 40 ml Blutprodukte/kg Körpergewicht und Tag substituiert werden müssen. Für den Verlauf gibt es ein evidenzbasiertes Protokoll.
Intraoperative Imaging in Pelvic Surgery
Authors: Keil Holger , Aytac Sara , Grützner Paul Alfred , Franke Jochen 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPelvic fractures may range from highly severe, life-threatening injuries to less acute clinical entities. There are several sub-entities that are summed up as pelvic injuries. Anatomically, there are fractures of the anterior or posterior pelvic ring. Apart from these, there are fractures of the acetabulum that make up about one fifth of all pelvic injuries. The indication for surgical treatment of pelvic ring injuries depends on the type of injury, involvement of anterior and/or posterior elements of the pelvic ring, demands and the general condition of the patient. In acetabular fractures, indications depend on the dislocation of the fracture and of course also the needs of the patient and his general condition. An intraarticular step-off of more than 2 mm is usually considered as an indication for open reduction and osteosynthesis. Usually in all these injuries, a preoperative CT scan is mandatory to allow precise planning of the operative approach and technique. Intraoperatively, the surgeon should be familiar with the acquisition of the 2D standard views, including 2D imaging of the pelvic ring and the acetabulum. These consist of the anteroposterior view for both pelvic ring and acetabular osteosyntheses. For further assessment of pelvic ring treatments, inlet and outlet views are achievable by angulating the C-arm cranially and caudally. To assess aspects of the anterior and posterior column of the acetabulum, iliac oblique views are used. Here, the C-arm is rotated laterally. As evaluation of 2D views can be limited due to anatomy and superposing structures, intraoperative 3D imaging has become common in the last decade. Special C-arms allow the automatic acquisition of large numbers of projections and create CT-like views of the central volume. Although this method has significantly widened the possibilities of intraoperative imaging, some issues remain. Depending on the amount of implants placed in the imaging field, assessment can be seriously impaired due to artefacts caused by the implants. Intraoperative CT imaging promises enhanced image quality for artefacts and allows a considerably larger field of view. The use of radiation-free navigation facilitates implant placement in minimally invasive procedures like screw placement in the sacroiliacal joint or the acetabulum by visualisation of instruments and implants in a pre- or intraoperative 3D data set.
Uro mHealth: Gesundheits-Apps in der Urologie
Authors: Müller Philippe-Fabian , Dressler Franz , Miernik Arkadiusz 
Published: November 2018

ZusammenfassungDie Nutzung von Smartphones und Tablets und den darauf benutzten mHealth-Apps nimmt weltweit zu. Dies gilt ebenfalls für Gesundheits-Apps in der Urologie. Der Zugang zu Wissen, die Sammlung von Daten und die professionelle Kommunikation selbst können dadurch vereinfacht und beschleunigt werden.Das Spektrum an Gesundheits-Apps für Öffentlichkeit, Patienten, Gesundheitsberufe und dementsprechend auch Urologen ist groß. Insbesondere für Letztere entstanden in den vergangenen Jahren verschiedene, qualitativ hochwertige mHealth-Angebote. Dennoch besteht weiterhin großes Entwicklungs- und Verbesserungspotenzial und die Allgegenwärtigkeit von Gesundheits-Apps birgt auch Risiken. Beschäftigte in Gesundheitsberufen können zum Beispiel ihre privaten elektronischen Geräte in der Patientenversorgung nutzen und laufen so Gefahr, durch die Nutzung von Apps die Datenschutzrechte der Patienten zu verletzen.Es bestehen keine einheitlichen Qualitäts- oder Zertifizierungsstandards für mHealth-Apps. Die Datenhoheit liegt momentan bei den privaten, meist kommerziellen Anbietern der Apps. Politik sowie Fach- und Fördergesellschaften sind gefragt, hier Standards festzulegen und durch Finanzierung entsprechender Schlüsselprojekte Benchmarks bez. Inhalt und Qualität der Apps zu definieren.
Klotho controls the brain–immune system interface in the choroid plexus
Authors: Zhu Lei , Stein Liana R. , Kim Daniel , Ho Kaitlyn , Yu Gui-Qiu , Zhan Lihong , Larsson Tobias E. , Mucke Lennart 
Published: November 2018

Significance
Global depletion of klotho accelerates aging, whereas klotho overexpression counteracts aging-related impairments. Why klotho is expressed at much higher levels in the choroid plexus than in other brain regions is unknown. We demonstrate in mice that aging is associated with klotho depletion in the choroid plexus. Reducing klotho selectively within the choroid plexus triggered inflammation within this structure and enhanced activation of innate immune cells within an adjacent brain region following a peripheral immune challenge. In cell culture, we identified a signaling pathway by which klotho suppresses activation of macrophages. Our findings shed light on klotho functions in the choroid plexus and provide a plausible mechanism by which klotho depletion from this structure promotes brain inflammation during the aging process.
Conserved behavioral circuits govern high-speed decision-making in wild fish shoals
Authors: Hein Andrew M. , Gil Michael A. , Twomey Colin R. , Couzin Iain D. , Levin Simon A. 
Published: November 2018

Significance
To survive, animals must quickly detect and respond to predators. However, the rules wild animals use to translate sensory cues into evasion decisions remain largely unknown. We developed an automated system to present visual threat stimuli to mixed-species groups of foraging fish in a coral reef. Using hundreds of stimulus presentations to fish from nine families, we show that escape decisions are governed by a conserved set of decision-making rules that transform sensory input into evasive actions. Our methodology allows us to quantitatively analyze these rules, revealing both how they map onto previously studied neural circuits and how they function under dynamic natural conditions.
Observing Eurolects
Authors: Dilāns Gatis 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The aim of this corpus-driven study is to examine intra-linguistic comparisons between a language variety used in EU Latvian directives and Latvian legal texts. The findings of the study show that there are lexical items (Europeisms) suggesting a conventionalized type of Eurospeak, but no patterned variation at other linguistic levels. These identified lexical forms showed divergent variability from their counterparts in the national measures of transposition. The reasons for such phenomena were due to highly conventionalized standards of EU translation.
Observing Eurolects
Authors: Biel Łucja 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The chapter explores the Polish Eurolect, the largest Slavonic language in the EU. In respect of EU-rooted phenomena, the Polish Eurolect shows a high frequency of semantic Europeisms and a low overlap of lexical bundles. As regards contact-induced features, the Eurolect is subject to strong interference from EU English in the form of borrowings and calques, including punctuation, capitalisation, morphology, lexis and structure. Another type of contact-induced features are differences in the distribution of linguistic features that are triggered or suppressed as a result of contact. Intra-linguistic variation is also strongly demonstrated as register mixing. Hybrid phenomena are significantly more intense in the early phase and are reduced later due to the institutionalisation of translation process.
Observing Eurolects
Authors: Blini Lorenzo 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter aims to establish whether or not the legislative Spanish used in the European Union can be considered a different linguistic variety compared to the legislative variety used in national transposition measures. The study was carried out by performing a comparative analysis of a corpus of EU directives and the corresponding Spanish implementing measures. A quantitative approach was used along with qualitative observations in order to highlight characteristic features at several linguistic levels (lexical, morphological, morphosyntactic, syntactic, and textual). The results enable us to identify a Spanish Eurolect as a distinct linguistic variety, which tends to make use of a less marked register and more standardised patterns and contains fewer typical features of legal discourse.
Predicting Mortality in Nursing Home Residents With Dementia and Pneumonia Treated With Antibiotics: Validation of a Prediction Model in a More Recent Population
Authors: Rauh Simone P , Heymans Martijn W , van der Maaden Tessa , Mehr David R , Kruse Robin L , de Vet Henrica C W , van der Steen Jenny T 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Background
We aimed to find the best predictive model for 14-day mortality in antibiotic-treated nursing home residents with dementia and pneumonia by first applying an existing model to the recent PneuMonitor study. Second, we evaluated whether model performance improved by revising variables or adding variables related to recent changes in the care for older people.

Methods
The original prognostic model included gender, respiratory rate, respiratory difficulty, pulse rate, decreased alertness, fluid intake, eating dependency, and pressure sores. This model was applied to 380 recent pneumonia episodes in nursing home residents with dementia, updated by considering revising and/or adding variables, internally validated using bootstrapping, and transformed into a simplified risk score that can be used in clinical practice. Model performance was evaluated by Hosmer-Lemeshow statistics and calibration graphs to assess calibration; and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) to assess discrimination.

Results
The newer cohort had lower 14-day mortality and was less often dehydrated or malnourished. Median AUC of the original model over the imputed datasets was 0.76 (interquartile range: 0.76–0.77), compared to 0.80 in the old cohort. Extending the model with dehydration, bowel incontinence, increase in eating dependency and cardiovascular history, while removing pressure sores, improved AUC: 0.80 (interquartile range: 0.80–0.81) after internal validation. Calibration remained adequate (Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic: p = .67).

Conclusions
In the newer cohort with less severe illness, model performance of the existing model was adequate, but a new extended model distinguished better between residents at low and high mortality risk.