bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boolean Logic Gates Realized with Enzyme‐catalyzed Reactions – Unusual Look at Usual Chemical Reactions
Authors: Katz Evgeny 
Published: October 2018

AbstractResearch in the area of molecular computing systems, in the general framework of unconventional computing, has received high attention and resulted in rapid progress in formulating signal‐controlled switchable molecules capable to perform Boolean logic operations and basic arithmetic functions. Extension of this research to biomolecular systems allowed sophisticated computational functions much easier than using synthetic molecular and supramolecular species. The advantage of biomolecular systems comparing with synthetic molecular systems is in their complementarity and compatibility allowing easy assembling multi‐component systems from various biomolecules, thus increasing their functional complexity. While DNA‐based computing systems are promising faster computing than Si‐based electronics, at least for solving some combinatorial problems, due to massive parallel operation, enzyme‐based logic systems are less promising for computational applications in their narrow definition. However, they offer novel biosensing and bioactuation features operating in binary Yes/No format. The present review article overviews different kinds of enzyme logic gates exemplified with specific enzymatic reactions/cascades. Motivation for this research and its possible applications are discussed. The review will be helpful to researchers working in this specific area to see the comprehensive collection of logic operations performed by the enzyme reactions. The newcomers to the reviewed area will benefit from the example systems representing various logic functions systematically.
A Platform of Phenol‐Based Nitroxide Radicals as an “EPR Toolbox” in Supramolecular and Click Chemistry
Authors: Hauenschild Till , Hinderberger Dariush 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA large number (63) of well‐defined nitroxide radicals, all phenol‐based TEMPO and PROXYL esters, were synthesized using different strategies based on well‐established Steglich esterifications. All of these radicals can be used as spin probes (SPs) and spin labels (SLs) for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of supramolecular systems. Depending on the nature of the functional group(s) on each SP/SL, the synthesized nitroxide radicals serve as polyphilic molecular “toolbox” for the EPR‐spectroscopic detection and characterization of specific types of interactions, e. g. π–π interactions, sulfur‐sulfur interactions, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic and dipole‐dipole interactions, and van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions, in the presence of the selected supramolecular systems of interest (e. g. proteins, peptides). For each synthesized SP/SL the water solubility was gravimetrically determined for use in aqueous solution at pH 7.
SDN/NFV‐based handover management approach for ultradense 5G mobile networks
Authors: Gharsallah Amina , Zarai Faouzi , Neji Mahmoud 
Published: October 2018

SummaryWith the great increase of connected devices and new types of applications, mobile networks are witnessing exponential growth of traffic volume. To meet emerging requirements, it is widely agreed that the fifth‐generation mobile network will be ultradense and heterogeneous. However, the deployment of a high number of small cells in such networks poses challenges for the mobility management, including frequent, undesired, and ping‐pong handovers, not to mention issues related to increased delay and failure of the handover process. The adoption of software‐defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) technologies into 5G networks offers a new way to address the above‐mentioned challenges. These technologies offer tools and mechanisms to make networks flexible, programmable, and more manageable. The SDN has global network control ability so that various functions such as the handover control can be implemented in the SDN architecture to manage the handover efficiently. In this article, we propose a Software‐Defined Handover (SDHO) solution to optimize the handover in future 5G networks. In particular, we design a Software‐Defined Handover Management Engine (SDHME) to handle the handover control mechanism in 5G ultradense networks. The SDHME is defined in the application plane of the SDN architecture, executed by the control plane to orchestrate the data plane. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared with the conventional LTE handover strategy, the proposed approach significantly reduces the handover failure ratio and handover delay.
Cytomorphological features of cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis on ThinPrep
Authors: Patel Ami , Sung Simon , Hoda Syed A. , Westblade Lars F. , D'Alfonso Timothy , Rao Rema 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGranulomatous mastitis (GM) is an uncommon entity and challenging to distinguish from breast carcinoma, both clinically and upon imaging. Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis (CNGM) is a histologically distinct GM with clear “cystic” spaces (CS) surrounded by neutrophils and may contain Gram‐positive bacilli (such as Corynebacterium species). Cytologic features of GM, in particular CNGM, on ThinPrep (TP), are limited. We reviewed the cytological features of GM with a special focus on CNGM on TP. Ten cases with a concurrent/recent FNA and histologic diagnosis of GM or CNGM, or positive culture for Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii, were identified over an 11‐y period (2007‐2017). A double‐blinded review of the TP slides was performed by two independent cytopathologists. Data were analysed using Fisher's exact test. Six cases were histologically proven CNGM and 1 FNA only case had a positive culture for C. kroppenstedtii. Three had a histological diagnosis of GM. TP from the 7 CNGM cases demonstrated CS, including 1 case with a cellblock (CB) study showing well‐formed clear CS, while none of the non‐CNGM cases had CS (P = .01). Bacteria were identified within CS in 5 of 7 cases of CNGM. Multinucleated giant cells, granulomas, histiocytes, and neutrophils were variably observed. All histologically confirmed cases of CNGM showed distinct CS on TP. Cellblock study is a valuable adjunct to evaluate CNGM and for ancillary studies. Although our study was limited by a small sample size, our findings necessitate the need for studies with a larger cohort.
How Can We Understand Freshwater Soundscapes Without Fish Sound Descriptions?
Authors: Rountree Rodney A , Bolgan Marta , Juanes Francis 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The ecological importance of the freshwater soundscape is just beginning to be recognized by society. Scientists are beginning to apply Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) methods that are well established in marine systems to freshwater systems to map spatial and temporal patterns of behaviors associated with fish sounds as well as noise impacts on them. Unfortunately, these efforts are greatly hampered by a critical lack of data on the sources of sounds that make up the soundscape of freshwater habitats. A review of the literature finds that only 87 freshwater species have been reported to produce sounds in North America and Europe over the last 200 years, accounting for 5% of the known freshwater fish diversity. The problem is exacerbated by the general failure of researchers to report the detailed statistical descriptions of fish sound characteristics that are necessary to develop PAM programs. We suggest that publishers and editors should do more to encourage reporting of statistical properties of fish sounds. In addition, we call for research, academic, and government agencies to develop regional libraries of fish sounds to aid in PAM and anthropogenic noise impact studies.
Oxalate content of raw, wok‐fried, and juice made from bitter gourd fruits
Authors: Bong Wen‐Chun , Savage Geoffrey 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe total, soluble, and insoluble oxalate contents of fresh and wok‐fried bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) fruits were extracted and measured using HPLC chromatography. Frozen bitter gourds were imported from Vietnam, and two cultivars characteristic of bitter gourd fruits grown in India and Malaysia were grown locally in the North Island of New Zealand. The mean total oxalate contents of ripe fruits from Vietnam, India, and Malaysia were 85.90 ± 8.60 mg/100 g wet matter (WM), while the mean total oxalates fell to 88.06 ± 0.95 mg/100 g FM when the fruits were wok‐fried. The mean soluble oxalate content of the total oxalate was 54.42% of the ripe fruits and 58.14% of the wok‐fried fruits. The three cultivars of bitter gourds were processed into juice by the addition of standard ingredients and then processed through a screw press to remove excess fiber. The final juices had an overall mean value of 27.11 mg of total oxalates/100 g WM; the mean soluble oxalate content was 85.5% of the total, which was much higher than that measured in the cooked gourds (mean 70.7%).
Maternal serum uric acid concentration and pregnancy outcomes in women with pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia
Authors: Le Tam M. , Nguyen Long H. , Phan Nam L. , Le Duong D. , Nguyen Huy V.Q. , Truong Vinh Q. , Cao Thanh N. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the relationship between maternal serum uric acid levels and fetal/neonatal complications in women with pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia, and to establish a predictive threshold value.MethodsA diagnostic test and historical cohort study conducted by prospective cross‐sectional data collection on pregnant women with pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia at Hue University Hospital, Vietnam, between March 2015 and July 2017. Pre‐eclampsia was diagnosed based on ACOG criteria. Serum uric acid levels were measured by enzymatic colorimetric testing using a Cobas c 501 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Fetal complications included intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery, fetal death, and neonatal death.ResultsThere were 205 women enrolled. Serum uric acid at a cutoff of 393 μmol/L is a good predictor of fetal/neonatal complications (AUC 0.752), with 64.4% sensitivity and 79.5% specificity. High uric acid level (≥393 μmol/L) resulted in increased risk of preterm birth (OR 6.367, 95% CI 3.009–13.084), low Apgar scores (OR 5.514, 95% CI 1.877–16.198), intrauterine growth restriction (OR 7.188, 95% CI 3.592–14.382), and neonatal death (OR 7.818, 95% CI 1.614–37.867). There was no relationship between uric acid level and fetal death (OR 1.803, 95% CI 0.355–9.168).ConclusionsMaternal serum uric acid concentration is a good predictor of fetal/neonatal outcomes in women with pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia.
Auditing the appropriateness of cesarean delivery using the Robson classification among women experiencing a maternal near miss
Authors: Saleh Gargari Soraya , Essén Birgitta , Fallahian Masoumeh , Mulic‐Lutvica Ajlana , Mohammadi Soheila 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate appropriateness of cesarean delivery and cesarean delivery‐related morbidity among maternal near misses (MNMs) using the Robson ten‐group classification system.MethodsIn the present audit study, medical records were assessed for women who experienced MNM and underwent cesarean delivery at three university hospitals in Tehran, Iran, between March 1, 2012, and May 1, 2014. Local auditors assessed cesarean delivery indications and morbidity experienced. All records were re‐assessed using Swedish obstetric guidelines. Findings were reported using the Robson ten‐group classification system. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.ResultsOf the 61 women included, cesarean deliveries were more likely to be considered appropriate by local auditors compared with Swedish ones (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3–5.7). Cesarean delivery‐related morbidity was attributed to near‐miss events for 10 (16%) MNMs and was found to have aggravated 25 (41%). Of 16 women classified as Robson group 1–4, cesarean delivery‐related MNM was identified in 15 (94%), compared with 13 (43%) of 30 women in group 10. Cesarean delivery with appropriate indication was associated with very low likelihood of cesarean delivery‐related MNM (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1–0.6).ConclusionCesarean delivery in the absence of appropriate indication could be an unsafe delivery choice. Audits using the Robson classification system facilitate understanding inappropriate cesarean delivery and its impact on maternal health.
Overexpression of WNT16 Does Not Prevent Cortical Bone Loss Due to Glucocorticoid Treatment in Mice
Authors: Alam Imranul , Oakes Dana K , Reilly Austin M , Billingsley Caylin , Sbeta Shahed , Gerard‐O'Riley Rita L , Acton Dena , Sato Amy , Bellido Teresita , Econs Michael J 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTGlucocorticoids (GC) are commonly used for the treatment of a wide variety of autoimmune, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and malignancy conditions. One of the devastating side effects of GC use is osteoporotic fractures, particularly in the spine and hip. Bisphosphonates (BP) are the most commonly prescribed pharmacological agents for the prevention and treatment of GC‐induced osteoporosis (GIO). However, GIO is marked by reduced bone formation and BP serves mainly to decrease bone resorption. The WNT signaling pathway plays a major role in bone and mineral homeostasis. Previously, we demonstrated that overexpression of WNT16 in mice led to higher bone mineral density and improved bone microarchitecture and strength. We hypothesized that WNT16 overexpression would prevent bone loss due to glucocorticoid treatment in mice. To test our hypothesis, we treated adult wild‐type and WNT16‐transgenic mice with vehicle and GC (prednisolone; 2.1 mg/kg body weight) via slow‐release pellets for 28 days. We measured bone mass and microarchitecture by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) and micro‐CT, and performed gene expression and serum biochemical analysis. We found that GC treatment compared with the vehicle significantly decreased femoral areal bone mineral density (aBMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and cortical bone area and thickness in both wild‐type and transgenic female mice. In contrast, the trabecular bone parameters at distal femur were not significantly changed by GC treatment in male and female mice for both genotypes. Further, we observed significantly lower level of serum P1NP and a tendency of higher level of serum TRAP in wild‐type and transgenic mice due to GC treatment in both sexes. Gene expression analysis showed lower mRNA levels of Wnt16, Opg, and Opg/Rankl ratio in GC‐treated female mice for both genotypes compared with the sex‐matched vehicle‐treated mice. These data suggest that although WNT16 overexpression resulted in higher baseline bone mineral density and bone volume per trabecular volume (BV/TV) in the transgenic mice, this was insufficient to prevent bone loss in mice due to glucocorticoid treatment. © 2018 The Authors JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Prescriptions Are Associated With Increased Stress Fracture Diagnosis in the US Army Population
Authors: Hughes Julie M , McKinnon Craig J , Taylor Kathryn M , Kardouni Joseph R , Bulathsinhala Lakmini , Guerriere Katelyn I , Popp Kristin L , Bouxsein Mary L , Proctor Susan P , Matheny Ronald W 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

Stress fractures are common in military personnel and endurance athletes, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use is widespread in these populations. NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, which blunts the anabolic response of bone to physical activity and could therefore increase risk of stress fracture. The objective of this study was to determine whether prescribed NSAIDs were associated with stress fracture diagnoses among US Army soldiers. We also aimed to establish whether acetaminophen, an analgesic alternative to NSAIDs, was associated with stress fracture risk. A nested case-control study was conducted using data from the Total Army Injury and Health Outcomes Database from 2002 to 2011 (n = 1,260,168). We identified soldiers with a diagnosis of stress fracture (n = 24,146) and selected 4 controls per case matched on length of military service (n = 96,584). We identified NSAID and acetaminophen prescriptions 180 to 30 days before injury (or match date). We also identified soldiers who participated in basic combat training (BCT), a 10-week period of heightened physical activity at the onset of Army service. Among these individuals, we identified 9088 cases and 36,878 matched controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate incident rate ratios (RR) for stress fracture with adjustment for sex. NSAID prescription was associated with a 2.9-fold increase (RR = 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8–2.9) and acetaminophen prescription with a 2.1-fold increase (RR = 2.1, 95% CI 2.0–2.2) in stress fracture risk within the total Army population. The risk was more than 5-fold greater in soldiers prescribed NSAIDs (RR = 5.3, 95% CI 4.9–5.7) and more than 4-fold greater in soldiers prescribed acetaminophen (RR = 4.4, 95% CI 3.9–4.9) during BCT. Our results reveal an association between NSAID and acetaminophen prescriptions and stress fracture risk, particularly during periods of heightened physical activity. Prospective observational studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to support these findings before clinical recommendations can be made. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Effect of Anti-TGF-β Treatment in a Mouse Model of Severe Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Tauer Josephine T , Abdullah Sami , Rauch Frank 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heritable bone fragility disorder that is usually caused by mutations affecting collagen type I encoding genes. Recent studies in mouse models of recessive OI, Crtap-/- mice, and dominant OI, +/G610C mice, found that application of a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) neutralizing antibody 1D11 rescues the bone phenotype. In the present study, we investigated TGF-β signaling in a mouse model of severe dominant OI with a high incidence of spontaneous fractures, Col1a1Jrt/+ mice, and the effect of TGF-β neutralizing antibody 1D11 on bone phenotype in 8-week-old mice. Col1a1Jrt/+ mice had elevated TGF-β signaling in bone tissue. Treatment of Col1a1Jrt/+ mice with 1D11 was associated with increased bone length but had no significant effect on bone mass or bone mechanical properties, and no significant treatment-associated differences in serum markers of bone formation (alkaline phosphatase activity) or resorption (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) were found. Our data thus indicate that the TGF-β neutralizing antibody 1D11 is not effective in a mouse model of dominant OI with a high incidence of spontaneous fractures. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Curved planar reformatting and convolutional neural network‐based segmentation of the small bowel for visualization and quantitative assessment of pediatric Crohn's disease from MRI
Authors: Lamash Yechiel , Kurugol Sila , Freiman Moti , Perez‐Rossello Jeannette M. , Callahan Michael J. , Bousvaros Athos , Warfield Simon K. 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundContrast‐enhanced MRI of the small bowel is an effective imaging sequence for the detection and characterization of disease burden in pediatric Crohn's disease (CD). However, visualization and quantification of disease burden requires scrolling back and forth through 3D images to follow the anatomy of the bowel, and it can be difficult to fully appreciate the extent of disease.PurposeTo develop and evaluate a method that offers better visualization and quantitative assessment of CD from MRI.Study TypeRetrospective.PopulationTwenty‐three pediatric patients with CD.Field Strength/Sequence1.5T MRI system and T1‐weighted postcontrast VIBE sequence.AssessmentThe convolutional neural network (CNN) segmentation of the bowel's lumen, wall, and background was compared with manual boundary delineation. We assessed the reproducibility and the capability of the extracted markers to differentiate between different levels of disease defined after a consensus review by two experienced radiologists.Statistical TestsThe segmentation algorithm was assessed using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and boundary distances between the CNN and manual boundary delineations. The capability of the extracted markers to differentiate between different disease levels was determined using a t‐test. The reproducibility of the extracted markers was assessed using the mean relative difference (MRD), Pearson correlation, and Bland–Altman analysis.ResultsOur CNN exhibited DSCs of 75 ± 18%, 81 ± 8%, and 97 ± 2% for the lumen, wall, and background, respectively. The extracted markers of wall thickness at the location of min radius (P = 0.0013) and the median value of relative contrast enhancement (P = 0.0033) could differentiate active and nonactive disease segments. Other extracted markers could differentiate between segments with strictures and segments without strictures (P < 0.05). The observers' agreement in measuring stricture length was >3 times superior when computed on curved planar reformatting images compared with the conventional scheme.Data ConclusionThe results of this study show that the newly developed method is efficient for visualization and assessment of CD.Level of Evidence: 4Technical Efficacy: Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:1565–1576.
Citrulline Generation Test: What Does It Measure?
Authors: Mohammad Mahmoud A. , Didelija Inka C. , Stoll Barbara , Marini Juan C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe citrulline generation test (CGT) has been proposed as a tool to determine gut function. However, the increase in plasma citrulline concentration that follows a bolus dose of alanyl‐glutamine may also result from a reduction in citrulline clearance due to competition with glutamine for transport.Materials and MethodsA swine model was developed, and stable isotope tracers were used to determine the mechanism behind the increase in plasma citrulline that follows a bolus dose of alanyl‐glutamine. Plasma concentrations and enrichments were determined, and a non–steady‐state model was used to calculate rates of appearance, disappearance, and conversion.ResultsThe pig model recapitulated the increase in plasma citrulline observed in humans after a dose of alanyl‐glutamine. The dipeptide was rapidly hydrolyzed to its constitutive amino acids. Both citrulline plasma concentration and citrulline rate of appearance increased by ≈45% after the bolus dose of alanyl‐glutamine. The conversion of citrulline to arginine and the rate of appearance of arginine also increased. Glutamine contributed up to 25% ± 2% of the rate of appearance of citrulline. No changes in the rate of disappearance of citrulline were observed.ConclusionOur results indicate that a single bolus dose of alanyl‐glutamine increases plasma citrulline concentration by increasing citrulline production without any effect on citrulline disposal. Our findings strongly indicate that the CGT assesses the metabolic response of the gut and that CGT can become a useful tool to evaluate gut mass and function.