bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Searching for a charged Higgs boson with both H±W∓Z and H±tb couplings at the LHC
Authors: Cen Jian-Yong , Chen Jung-Hsin , He Xiao-Gang , Li Gang , Su Jhih-Ying , Wang Wei 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn certain new physics scenarios, a singly charged Higgs boson can couple to both fermions andW±Zat tree level. We develop new strategies beyond current experimental searches usingpp→jjH±,H±→tbat the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). With the effectiveH±W∓ZandH±tbcouplings we perform a model-independent analysis at the collision energy$$ \sqrt{s}=13 $$s=13TeV with the integrated luminosity of 3 ab−1. We derive the discovery prospects and exclusion limits for the charged Higgs boson in the mass range from 200 GeV to 1 TeV. With |FWZ|,|At| ∼ 0.5–1.0 and 300 GeV ≲$$ {m}_{H^{\pm }} $$mH±≲ 400 GeV, we point out that a discovery significance of 5σcan be achieved. The constraints and projected sensitivities are also discussed in a realistic model, i.e., the modified Georgi-Machacek model without custodial symmetry. Our proposed search would provide direct evidence for a charged Higgs bosonH±that couples toW±Zandtb, and has better sensitivity to the couplings ofH±W∓ZandH±tbthan current searches.
Safety and tolerability of moxifloxacin for the treatment of disseminated BCGitis in children
Authors: Alsuhaibani Mohammed , Felimban Ghada , Shoukri Mohamed , Alosaimi Abdullah , Almohaizeie Abdullah , AlHajjar Sami 
Published: January 2019

Background and objective:
Disseminated BCGitis is a rare but serious complication of BCG vaccine in patients with underlying primary immunodeficiency. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics containing antimycobacterial regimen have been considered in the treatment of disseminated BCGitis, but there are limited data about the dosing, safety, and tolerability of fluoroquinolone such as moxifloxacin in children. The aim of this study was to report the experience with the dosing, safety, and tolerability of moxi- floxacin in children with disseminated BCGitis.

Method:
This retrospective descriptive study included children who had been diagnosed with disseminated BCGitis and treated with an antimycobacterial regimen including moxifloxacin for more than two weeks from 2007 to 2017 at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Result:
Ten children were included: six (60.0%) were male and four (40.0%) were female. The primary diagnosis for five patients was Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD), four patients were diagnosed with severe combined immune deficiency (SCID), and the remaining patient had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The overall mean duration of moxifloxacin treatment was 10.1 months. Liver toxicity was recorded in three patients. The most common medications used with mox- ifloxacin were ethambutol and clarithromycin. Moxifloxacin serum concentration level was determined in 5 patients. No musculoskeletal side effects were reported while the patient was on moxifloxacin. The treated patients showed a different response to an antimycobacterial regimen including moxifloxacin, with mortality in two patients.

Conclusion:
Our study suggests that moxifloxacin is generally tolerated in children and might be considered in disseminated BCGitis cases. Additionally, paying attention to side effects such as liver toxicity is recommended, particularly with the use of other antimycobacterial antibiotics, which could also be hepatotoxic. A moxifloxacin-containing regimen for disseminated BCGitis showed clinical improvement in some patients in this study, although the majority presented the same clinical condition.
Risk of influenza infection with low vaccine effectiveness: the role of avoidance behaviour
Authors: Vilches Thomas N. , Jaberi-Douraki Majid , Moghadas Seyed M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractLow vaccine-effectiveness has been recognised as a key factor undermining efforts to improve strategies and uptake of seasonal influenza vaccination. Aiming to prevent disease transmission, vaccination may influence the perceived risk-of-infection and, therefore, alter the individual-level behavioural responses, such as the avoidance of contact with infectious cases. We asked how the avoidance behaviour of vaccinated individuals changes disease dynamics, and specifically the epidemic size, in the context of imperfect vaccination. For this purpose, we developed an agent-based simulation model, and parameterised it with published estimates and relevant databases for population demographics and agent characteristics. Encapsulating an age-stratified structure, we evaluated the per-contact risk-of-infection and estimated the epidemic size. Our results show that vaccination could lead to a larger epidemic size if the level of avoidance behaviour in vaccinated individuals reduces below that of susceptible individuals. Furthermore, the risk-of-infection in vaccinated individuals, which follows the pattern of age-dependent frailty index of the population, increases for older age groups, and may reach, or even exceed, the risk-of-infection in susceptible individuals. Our findings indicate that low engagement in avoidance behaviour can potentially offset the benefits of vaccination even for vaccines with high effectiveness. While highlighting the protective effects of vaccination, seasonal influenza immunisation programmes should enhance strategies to promote avoidance behaviour despite being vaccinated.
Modeling the Impact of Zooplankton Diel Vertical Migration on the Carbon Export Flux of the Biological Pump
Authors: Archibald Kevin M. , Siegel David A. , Doney Scott C. 
Published: January 2019

One pathway of the biological pump that remains largely unquantified in many export models is the active transport of carbon from the surface ocean to the mesopelagic by zooplankton diel vertical migration (DVM). Here, we develop a simple representation of zooplankton DVM and implement it in a global export model as a thought experiment to illustrate the effects of DVM on carbon export and mesopelagic biogeochemistry. The model is driven by diagnostic satellite measurements of net primary production, algal biomass, and phytoplankton size structure. Due to constraints on available satellite data, the results are restricted to the latitude range from 60°N to 60°S. The modeled global export flux from the base of the euphotic zone was 6.5 PgC/year, which represents a 14% increase over the export flux in model runs without DVM. The mean (± standard deviation, SD) proportional contribution of the DVM‐mediated export flux to total carbon export, averaged over the global domain and the climatological seasonal cycle, was 0.16 ± 0.04 and the proportional contribution of DVM activity to total respiration within the twilight zone was 0.16 ± 0.06. Adding DVM activity to the model also resulted in a deep local maximum in the oxygen utilization profile. The model results were most sensitive to the assumptions for the fraction of individuals participating in DVM, the fraction of fecal pellets produced in the euphotic zone, and the fraction of grazed carbon that is metabolized.
Reply to “Geochemical Characteristics of Anatolian Basalts: Comment on ‘Neogene Uplift and Magmatism of Anatolia: Insights from Drainage Analysis and Basaltic Geochemistry’ by McNab et al.”
Authors: McNab F. , Ball P.W. , Hoggard M. J. , White N. J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractUslular and Gençalioğlu‐Kuşcu (2018) have written a lengthy, and highly critical, comment about McNab et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GC007251) which states that our data compilation for Neogene (and Quaternary) volcanic rocks from Anatolia is selective, inconsistent, and not fit for purpose. We state for the record that our compilation is not based on analyses from the published GEOROC database. Uslular and Gençalioğlu‐Kuşcu (2018) also state that our subdivision of this database into three broad longitudinal categories is unrealistic since it does not consider the full range of different tectonic units. They conclude that our interpretation of the link between Neogene‐Quaternary volcanism and uplift of Anatolia is erroneous. We refute this rather strongly worded comment by carefully addressing the five substantive issues raised.
Predicting the Impact of Climate Change on Severe Wintertime Particulate Pollution Events in Beijing Using Extreme Value Theory
Authors: Pendergrass D. C. , Shen L. , Jacob D. J. , Mickley L. J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe use extreme value theory to develop point process statistical models relating the probability of extreme winter particulate pollution events in Beijing (“winter haze”) to local meteorological variables. The models are trained with the 2009–2017 record of fine particulate matter concentrations (PM2.5) from the U.S. embassy. We find that 850‐hPa meridional wind velocity (V850) and relative humidity successfully predict the probability for 24‐hr average PM2.5to exceed 300 μg/m3(95th percentile of the frequency distribution) as well as higher thresholds. We apply the point process models to mid‐21st century climate projections from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 model ensemble under two radiative forcing scenarios (RCP8.5 and RCP4.5). We conclude that 21st century climate change alone is unlikely to increase the frequency of severe PM2.5pollution events (PM2.5 > 300 μg/m3) in Beijing and is more likely to marginally decrease the probability of such events.
Insights on Hydrothermal‐Magmatic Interactions and Eruptive Processes at Poás Volcano (Costa Rica) From High‐Frequency Gas Monitoring and Drone Measurements
Authors: de Moor J. M. , Stix J. , Avard G. , Muller C. , Corrales E. , Diaz J. A. , Alan A. , Brenes J. , Pacheco J. , Aiuppa A. , Fischer T. P. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIdentification of unambiguous signals of volcanic unrest is crucial in hazard assessment. Processes leading to phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions remain poorly understood, inhibiting effective eruption forecasting. Our 5‐year gas record from Poás volcano, combined with geophysical data, reveals systematic behavior associated with hydrothermal‐magmatic eruptions. Three eruptive episodes are covered, each with distinct geochemical and geophysical characteristics. Periods with larger eruptions tend to be associated with stronger excursions in monitoring data, particularly in SO2/CO2 and SO2 flux. The explosive 2017 phreatomagmatic eruption was the largest eruption at Poás since 1953 and was preceded by dramatic changes in gas and geophysical parameters. The use of drones played a crucial role in gas monitoring during this eruptive period. Hydrothermal sealing and volatile accumulation, followed by top‐down reactivation of a shallow previously emplaced magma body upon seal failure, are proposed as important processes leading to and contributing to the explosivity of the 2017 eruption.
On Moisture Flux of the Indian Summer Monsoon: A New Perspective
Authors: Rao Kusuma G. , Reddy N. Narendra 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMoisture flux is the driver of the Indian summer monsoon on all space‐time scales and its accurate representation in monsoon simulation models is crucial. For the first time, the moisture flux measurements are made over India during the PRWONAM (Prediction of Regional Weather using Observational meso‐Network and Atmospheric Modelling) program. These measurements best represented low wind free convection regime (U10 < 2 m/s). Here we show moisture flux scaled linearly with appropriate near‐surface humidity and temperature differentials. The drag scaled linearly with wind speed unlike the moisture and sensible heat fluxes. The sensible heat flux scaled as “4/3” power of a near‐surface temperature differential consistent with Rao et al. (1996a, https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL02368) and Rao (2004, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BOUN.0000016495.85528.d7). A striking result is that the moisture flux is a linear function of the sensible heat flux at all wind speeds; while drag does not show any dependence on heat flux.
Estimating River Discharge With Swath Altimetry: A Proof of Concept Using AirSWOT Observations
Authors: Tuozzolo S. , Lind G. , Overstreet B. , Mangano J. , Fonstad M. , Hagemann M. , Frasson R. P. M. , Larnier K. , Garambois P.‐A. , Monnier J. , Durand M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe forthcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission will provide global measurements of the free surface of large rivers, providing new opportunities for remote sensing‐derived estimates of river discharge in gaged and ungaged basins. SWOT discharge algorithms have been developed and benchmarked using synthetic data but remain untested on real‐world swath altimetry observations. We present the first discharge estimates from AirSWOT, a SWOT‐like airborne Ka‐band radar, using 6 days of measurements over a 40‐km segment of the Willamette River in Oregon, USA. The three evaluated discharge algorithms estimated discharge with normalized root‐mean‐square errors of 10–31% when compared with in situ gage data but were sensitive to an initial estimate of mean annual discharge. Our results show that these discharge algorithms provide reliable discharge estimates on remotely sensed data at SWOT‐like spatial scales while highlighting the need for further algorithm sensitivity tests.
Reconnection With Magnetic Flux Pileup at the Interface of Converging Jets at the Magnetopause
Authors: Øieroset M. , Phan T. D. , Drake J. F. , Eastwood J. P. , Fuselier S. A. , Strangeway R. J. , Haggerty C. , Shay M. A. , Oka M. , Wang S. , Chen L.‐J. , Kacem I. , Lavraud B. , Angelopoulos V. , Burch J. L. , Torbert R. B. , Ergun R. E. , Khotyaintsev Y. , Lindqvist P. A. , Gershman D. J. , Giles B. L. , Pollock C. , Moore T. E. , Russell C. T. , Saito Y. , Avanov L. A. , Paterson W. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe report Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of reconnection in a thin current sheet at the interface of interlinked flux tubes carried by converging reconnection jets at Earth's magnetopause. The ion skin depth‐scale width of the interface current sheet and the non‐frozen‐in ions indicate that Magnetospheric Multiscale crossed the reconnection layer near the X‐line, through the ion diffusion region. Significant pileup of the reconnecting component of the magnetic field in this and three other events on approach to the interface current sheet was accompanied by an increase in magnetic shear and decrease in Δβ, leading to conditions favorable for reconnection at the interface current sheet. The pileup also led to enhanced available magnetic energy per particle and strong electron heating. The observations shed light on the evolution and energy release in 3‐D systems with multiple reconnection sites.
Warming Trends in Summer Heatwaves
Authors: Chapman S. C. , Watkins N. W. , Stainforth D. A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe frequency and severity of heatwaves is expected to increase as the global climate warms. We apply crossing theory for the first time to determine heatwave properties solely from the distribution of daily observations without time‐correlation information. We use Central England Temperature time series to quantify how the simple increased occurrence of higher temperatures makes heatwaves (consecutive summer days with temperatures exceeding a threshold) more frequent and intense. We find an overall twofold to threefold increase in heatwave activity since the late 1800's. Week‐long heatwaves that on average return every 5 years were typically below ∼28 °C and now typically exceed it. Our analysis takes as inputs average user‐specific heat wave properties. Its output pinpoints the range of temperatures for which changes in the distribution must be well resolved statistically in order to track how these heatwave properties are changing. This provides a quantitative benchmark for models used for the attribution of heat waves.
Crustal Structure in Alaska From Receiver Function Analysis
Authors: Zhang Ying , Li Aibing , Hu Hao 
Published: January 2019

AbstractNew maps of crustal thickness and Vp/Vs in Alaska and western Canada were obtained using P receiver functions recorded at 198 stations from the USArray Transportable Array and the Alaska Regional Network. Our results indicate that topography and Moho depth are correlated as crustal thickness varies from 28 to 43 km across Alaska. A thick crust occurs under the mountains in the south and north with relatively thin crust in central Alaska. The deepest crustal root beneath the Brooks Range may have lost its buoyancy based on Airy isostasy. In addition, a buoyant upper mantle is required to support the high topography in east central Alaska. Vp/Vs is determined between 1.7 and 1.8 beneath most of Alaska except a high average of 1.9 in the south central region. We attribute this high Vp/Vs to the underplating of Yakutat and Pacific oceanic crust.
Machine Learning Can Predict the Timing and Size of Analog Earthquakes
Authors: Corbi F. , Sandri L. , Bedford J. , Funiciello F. , Brizzi S. , Rosenau M. , Lallemand S. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDespite the growing spatiotemporal density of geophysical observations at subduction zones, predicting the timing and size of future earthquakes remains a challenge. Here we simulate multiple seismic cycles in a laboratory‐scale subduction zone. The model creates both partial and full margin ruptures, simulating magnitude Mw 6.2–8.3 earthquakes with a coefficient of variation in recurrence intervals of 0.5, similar to real subduction zones. We show that the common procedure of estimating the next earthquake size from slip‐deficit is unreliable. On the contrary, machine learning predicts well the timing and size of laboratory earthquakes by reconstructing and properly interpreting the spatiotemporally complex loading history of the system. These results promise substantial progress in real earthquake forecasting, as they suggest that the complex motion recorded by geodesists at subduction zones might be diagnostic of earthquake imminence.
Six‐Degree‐of‐Freedom Broadband Seismogeodesy by Combining Collocated High‐Rate GNSS, Accelerometers, and Gyroscopes
Authors: Geng Jianghui , Wen Qiang , Chen Qijin , Chang Hua 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCombining collocated high‐rate Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and accelerometers produces broadband seismogeodetic displacements. However, accelerometer data must be heavily downweighted due to their baseline errors originating primarily in instrument rotations, and therefore their contribution to seismogeodetic displacements is seriously underestimated. We further introduced a gyroscope into this classic seismogeodesy to mitigate baseline errors and formulated advanced six‐degree‐of‐freedom (6‐DOF) seismogeodesy without undervaluing accelerometer data. A shake table holding one GNSS antenna, four accelerometers, and one gyroscope was used to simulate waveforms from the 2010 Mw 7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah earthquake. We found that the displacements derived from the 6‐DOF seismogeodesy were up to 68% more accurate than those from the classic seismogeodesy over 0.04–0.4 Hz. Moreover, broadband rotations containing the permanent components were also generated, which were unachievable by integrating gyroscope data. We believe that the 6‐DOF seismogeodesy is capable of improving both source rupture studies of large earthquakes and high‐rise monitoring under strong seismic waves.
Thermospheric Weather as Observed by Ground‐Based FPIs and Modeled by GITM
Authors: Harding Brian J. , Ridley Aaron J. , Makela Jonathan J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe first long‐term comparison of day‐to‐day variability (i.e., weather) in the thermospheric winds between a first‐principles model and data is presented. The definition of weather adopted here is the difference between daily observations and long‐term averages at the same UT. A year‐long run of the Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model is evaluated against a nighttime neutral wind data set compiled from six Fabry‐Perot interferometers at middle and low latitudes. First, the temporal persistence of quiet‐time fluctuations above the background climate is evaluated, and the decorrelation time (the time lag at which the autocorrelation function drops to e−1) is found to be in good agreement between the data (1.8 hr) and the model (1.9 hr). Next, comparisons between sites are made to determine the decorrelation distance (the distance at which the cross‐correlation drops to e−1). Larger Fabry‐Perot interferometer networks are needed to conclusively determine the decorrelation distance, but the current data set suggests that it is ∼1,000 km. In the model the decorrelation distance is much larger, indicating that the model results contain too little spatial structure. The measured decorrelation time and distance are useful to tune assimilative models and are notably shorter than the scales expected if tidal forcing were responsible for the variability, suggesting that some other source is dominating the weather. Finally, the model‐data correlation is poor (−0.07 < ρ < 0.36), and the magnitude of the weather is underestimated in the model by 65%.
On the Influence of the Earth's Magnetic Dipole Eccentricity and Magnetospheric Ring Current on the Magnetopause Location
Authors: Machková A. , Němec F. , Němeček Z. , Šafránková J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe investigate the influence of two typically unconsidered parameters—Earth's magnetic dipole eccentricity and ring current—on the location of the magnetopause. Although empirical magnetopause models generally assume the Earth's magnetic field to be axially symmetric, the terrestrial magnetic dipole is shifted by as much as 500 km out of the Earth's center. Additionally, the magnetic field at the magnetopause is further modified by magnetospheric currents, most importantly by the ring current. In order to quantify the effects related to these phenomena on the magnetopause location, we compare observed magnetopause distances with model distances calculated using a model, which does not take them into account. International Geomagnetic Reference Field is used to describe the dipole eccentricity and relevant multipoles, which results in a statistically observable magnetopause displacement (≈0.2RE) at locations where the magnetic field strength increases/decreases as compared to the dipole field. Additionally, the magnetic field at the magnetopause is modified by the ring current, becoming stronger at the times of a stronger ring current. We use the corrected Dst* index to describe the ring current strength, and we demonstrate that its variation results in a change of the magnetopause stand‐off distance as large as about 0.8RE. We further use the T96 magnetic field model to estimate the total contribution of magnetospheric currents to the magnetic field at the magnetopause and their effects on the magnetopause location. We suggest empirical relations that can be used to incorporate the obtained dependences into existing empirical models of magnetopause location.
Long‐Term and Solar Cycle Variation of Galactic Cosmic Rays: Evidence for Variable Heliospheric Turbulence
Authors: Väisänen Pauli , Usoskin Ilya , Mursula Kalevi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe Sun modulates the flux of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) reaching the Earth's orbit. GCR flux has been measured by ground‐based neutron monitors (NMs) for several decades, which provides an interesting long‐term monitor of solar activity and the heliospheric magnetic field. Here we study the long‐term evolution of the power spectrum of GCR over the last six solar cycles, using the power law slope in the frequency range 5.56·10−6 to 2.14·10−6 Hz (between 50 and 130 hr). We use data from 31 neutron monitors during 1953–2016. We show that the power law slopes vary within the solar cycle, with a Kolmogorov‐type slope observed at solar minimum and a random‐walk‐type slope observed at solar maximum. This implies that the different conditions in the different phases of the solar cycle affect the scaling properties of heliospheric turbulence and, thereby, cosmic ray variability.