bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historic and Projected Economic Returns to Alternative Site Preparation Treatments: The Fayette Study
Authors: Dubois Mark R. , Glover Glenn R. , Straka Thomas J. , Sutton Matthew O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Thirty-six years of historical growth and yield data from a site preparation study were used to evaluate historic and projected economic returns to pine plantation management. The study, installed in 1958, was located in the upper Coastal Plain physiographic region of northwest Alabama. Five site preparation treatments to control hardwood competition were examined. The treatments included a check, girdling without herbicide, stem injection with herbicide, axe frilling with herbicide, and scarification with a bulldozer. Loblolly pine seedlings were planted on a 6 by 9 ft spacing resulting in 807 trees/ac. Measurements on competing vegetation and loblolly pine stand development were taken at various times from 1958 to 1994. The highest historical real rates of return achieved for the six potential rotation ages evaluated in the study were obtained for stands established using injection, axe frill, and bulldoze site preparation treatments and grown to age 13. Fluctuations in stumpage price and land value also affected returns. Rising stumpage prices in the early 1990s contributed to recovering returns approaching those realized at age 13. Using 1996 as the base year for pine plantation establishment, projected economic returns to management alternatives were evaluated using land expectation values (LEVs). Pine plantations established using either the injection, axe frill, or bulldoze site preparation treatments and grown to rotation ages of 34 or 36 yr had the highest LEVs. South. J. Appl. For. 25(2):53–59.
An Empirical Evaluation of Spatial Restrictions in Industrial Harvest Scheduling: The SFI Planning Problem
Authors: Walters Karl R. , Cox Eric S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Member companies of the American Forest and Paper Association have adopted common operating principles called the Sustainable Forestry InitiativeSM (SFI) that call for marked reductions in the size of clearcut harvest areas, greenup intervals and proximity restrictions on the harvest of adjacent areas. A commercially available hierarchical planning software suite is used to analyze the impact of the adjacency and harvest size objectives within SFI on a representative forest of the U.S. Southeast. Ten alternative, spatially feasible tactical schedules were developed for a 15 yr planning horizon and achieved 73.4 to 75.6% of the harvest volume predicted by the nonspatial strategic harvest schedule. Spatially feasible harvest levels were negatively affected by increasingly restrictive spatial parameters: the cost of increasing the greenup interval by 1 yr was at least 5% of the strategic harvest volume, and reducing the maximum allowable block size from 180 ac to 60 ac yielded a 10% reduction in harvest. The planning software has been implemented at Champion International Corporation, providing planners with a valuable tool for strategic and tactical forest planning. South. J. Appl. For. 25(2):60–68.
Economic Impact of Environmental Regulations on Southern Softwood Stumpage Markets: A Reappraisal
Authors: Sun Changyou , Kinnucan Henry W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In an earlier study Wagner, Cubbage, and Holmes (WCH) conducted an applied welfare analysis of environmental regulations in the South's forestry sector. A major finding was that southern timber producers are net beneficiaries of regulation, at least in the short run. Unfortunately, this conclusion is based on a flawed procedure for calculating the producer welfare impact of a supply shift. In addition, the study mismeasured the supply and demand shifts. In this study we present a method for applied welfare analysis that avoids these problems, yet is theoretically consistent and easier to apply. Applying the simplified method to WCH's analysis, we find that environmental regulations impose a significant cost on the South's forestry sector (timber producers and consumers alike). Still, the gains to society from an improved environment may well offset these losses. The corrected estimates in this article provide a basis for assessing such tradeoffs. South J. Appl. For. 25(3):108–115.
Impacts of Vegetation Control, Genetic Improvement and their Interaction on Loblolly Pine Growth in the Southern United States—Age 12 Results
Authors: Martin Stacey W. , Shiver Barry D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A designed study was established in the Coastal Plain of Georgia and northern Florida, and in the Piedmont of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama with the objectives of evaluating the impacts of first-generation genetic improvement and of combining genetic improvement and vegetation control on yields of loblolly pine. The two levels of competition control were either none, other than that provided by the operational mechanical site preparation, or complete competition control. Genetic treatments consisted of unimproved seed stock, bulk lot first-generation improved stock or single family first-generation improved stock. In terms of total volume, increases up to 45% (882 ft3/ac) and 39% (863 ft3/ac) were obtained from using complete vegetation control in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions, respectively. Improved genetic stock increased total volume an average of 11% (246 ft3/ac) to 16% (364 ft3/ac) in the Coastal Plain and 12% (277 ft3/ac) to 19% (445 ft3/ac) in the Piedmont for bulk lot and single families, respectively. For total volume, the effects of competition control and genetics were additive, indicating the managers should obtain the full benefit of these two treatments. In both regions, improved genetics significantly reduced the percent fusiform infection. In addition, no statistically significant differences were detected between bulk lot and single family plantings across all dependent variables. South. J. Appl. For. 26(1):37–42.
Effective Communication of Technology in Logging: A Portable Timber Bridge Example
Authors: Shiau Ren-Jye , Smith Robert L. , Shaffer Robert M. , Cesa Edward T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Communication channels for effective transfer of portable timber bridge technology to loggers were investigated within the eastern half of the United States. Loggers received most technology information by personal contact with other loggers, followed by personal contact with industry foresters. However, this study identified different preferred channels (e.g., personal contact, logger education programs, or trade shows) of receiving new technology information by loggers in different U.S. regions. Loggers indicated that the best method for transferring technology was by word of mouth (logger to logger), followed by field demonstrations. Loggers who had utilized portable timber bridge technology indicated that the most important factor in the decision was ease of operation, followed by environmental considerations. This study indicated that loggers have become aware of the benefits of utilizing portable timber bridges. However, loggers indicated that initial cost, availability of product information, and promotional efforts were the major reasons for the low utilization rate. Traditional methods, such as word of mouth (logger to logger) and field demonstrations are still effective for transferring new technology to loggers. South. J. Appl. For. 26(1):5–12.
An Assessment of First and Second Rotations Average Dominant/Codominant Height Growth for Slash Pine Plantations in South Georgia and North Florida
Authors: Rose Charles E. , Shiver Barry D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) successive rotation plantation study was established in 1978–1979 for the north Florida and south Georgia flatwoods. The second rotation duplicated the first rotation seed source, site preparation, planting method and density. The comparison between the two rotations is based on the mean dominant/codominant height differential across a range of soil types and ages. There is a significant rotation 1 minus rotation 2 mean dominant/codominant height difference across the sites for all ages. Rotation 1 is 1.9 and 5.4 ft higher for mean dominant/codominant height at ages 2 and 20. The height differential is generally more significant for the spodosol soil type than the nonspodosol soil type. Rotation 1 generally experienced more favorable precipitation, for both the amount and timing of the precipitation within a year, than rotation 2. Rotation 2 experienced drought events and high growing season average temperatures during the first two growing seasons, while rotation 1 was near normal for this period. The evidence suggests that a main contributor to the decrease in mean dominant/codominant height across the spectrum of plots and age classes is the generally less favorable climatic growing season conditions experienced by rotation 2 relative to rotation 1. South. J. Appl. For. 26(2):61–71.
Decline in Values of Slash Pine Stands Infected with Fusiform Rust
Authors: Bridgwater F.E. , Smith W.D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Losses in product values due to fusiform rust, caused byCronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp.fusiforme, were estimated from four, 25-yr-old slash pine,Pinus elliotii Engelm., plantations planted in southern Mississippi over a range of sites with different growth potential and expected rust infection levels. The percentage of infected stems ranged from 25% to 62% at age 25. The conversion-return method (Davis 1966) was used to take into account logging, transportation, and milling costs. Estimated stand values between infected and noninfected stands were compared to determine the losses in product value due to fusiform rust. Decline in estimated stand stumpage values ranged from 5.6% to 15.5% at age 25. Stand stumpage values at age 25 declined 0.26% per 1% increase in stem rust infection at both ages 5 and 25. The strong linear relationship between the percentage of stems infected at age 5 and decline in stand stumpage values provides a useful tool for land managers who need to estimate the reduction in value of slash pine stands at harvest based on rust infection at age 5. Combining this information with estimates of losses from rust-associated mortality and reduced growth of infected stems (from other studies) permits land managers to estimate the value of slash pine stands at harvest at early ages and decide among management alternatives. South. J. Appl. For. 26(3):134–139.
A Loblolly Pine Seedling-Grade by Genotype Study
Authors: South David B. , Rakestraw James L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedling grade study was established in January 1987 on a Coastal Plain site at Bellville, Georgia. The factorial study involved three seedling grades (Wakeley's Grade 1, 2, and 3) and three half-sib families (#5, 25, 56). Trees were measured at ages 8 and 13 yr. Both family and seedling grade affected survival, height, and diameter at age 8 yr. Survival among families varied by as much as 3 percentage points while there was a 10 percentage point difference between Grade 1 and Grade 2 seedlings. Only family was related to height and diameter at age 13. Volume gains from planting Grade 1 seedlings instead of Grade 3 seedlings varied by family but there were no significant interactions between family and seedling grade. Differences in height among families and among seedling grades decreased over time. At age 8, there was a 5.3 ft difference between the tallest and shortest family but by age 13, the difference declined to 3.7 ft.Overall, planting family 56 instead of family 25 resulted in an additional 645 ft3/ac by age 13. Planting Grade 1 seedlings instead of Grade 3 seedlings produced an additional 303 ft3/ac. Per acre volume differences among families were greater at age 13 than at age 8. In contrast, differences among seedling grades were about the same at age 8 and 13 yr. The overall mean annual increment (MAI) for this study was 207 ft3/ac/yr. In comparison, the MAI for Grade 1 seedlings of family 56 was 239 ft3/ac/yr. South. J. Appl. For. 26(3):153–158.
Monetary Benefits in a Southern Silvopastoral System
Authors: Husak Amanda L. , Grado Stephen C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In many regions of the United States, agroforestry has become an important land use alternative. In the South, silvopasture, which combines spatial and temporal growth of timber and livestock, is the most common form of agroforestry. An economic analysis was undertaken to demonstrate the monetary and wildlife benefits that can be accrued from a silvopastoral system in the southern United States. Wildlife-related activities as well as annual and periodic cash flows from timber and livestock sales were included in the analysis. Land expectation value (LEV), equivalent annual income (EAI), and rate of return (ROR) were compared for a silvopastoral system and four traditional southern monocultural systems. The profitability of silvopastoral systems is comparable to other land use systems. Silvopasture further provides opportunities for incorporating wildlife-related activities through hunting leases and possesses both quality and quantity of wildlife habitat not available in other systems. On average, the inclusion of hunting leases increases LEVs from 3.1 to 30.6% per acre over a range of lease and interest rates. Finally, results of this and other studies suggest that silvopasture is an environmentally and economically feasible alternative to traditional land uses. South.J. Appl. For. 26(3):159–164.
II. Early Loblolly Pine Stand Response to Tillage on the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain of Georgia: Tree Allometry, Foliar Nitrogen Concentration, Soil Bulk Density, Soil Moisture, and Soil Nitrogen Status
Authors: Will R.E. , Wheeler M.J. , Markewitz D. , Jacobson M.A. , Shirley A.M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of machine planting, disking, bedding, and bedding + subsoiling on the allometry and foliar nitrogen status of 3-yr-old loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) and soil properties were assessed for a range of sites on the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain of Georgia. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of these soil tillage practices on the mechanisms that drive stand growth differences that result from site preparation. Although tillage increased growth, the tillage treatments studied did not appear to affect plant biomass partitioning between roots and shoots or foliar nitrogen concentration. Increased available soil N, measured from a one-time estimate of available N and laboratory incubation, was not related to the observed increase in tree growth. Extractable NH4 from the soil on the slowest growing, no-till treatment trees was significantly greater than those of the other treatments. No treatment differences were found for total soil N, extractable NO3, or total N mineralized. Bulk density and soil moisture were lower on the beds and in the disk plots, the treatments with the greatest growth. Therefore, soil N availability, foliar N concentrations, and biomass partitioning did not appear to drive the tillage mediated growth differences. Rather, improved soil physical conditions likely resulted in a greater volume of soil exploited and hence, larger trees. South. J. Appl. For. 26(4):190–196.
Natural Recovery of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Cavity Trees After Hurricane Hugo
Authors: Williams Thomas M. , Lipscomb Donald J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cavity trees of red cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) were monitored on Hobcaw Forest prior to Hurricane Hugo and through April 1996. There were 194 cavity trees in 28 clusters on the forest prior to Hurricane Hugo and 194 in 28 clusters again in April 1996. During that period, 135 cavity trees died: 74 from hurricane wind, 25 from saltwater intrusion, and 36 from wind, lightning, and insects not associated with the hurricane. Five clusters of cavity trees were destroyed or went inactive, and five new clusters were produced by budding. During the period, woodpeckers established new cavities in 135 trees for a complete recovery of cavity trees that had been lost to the hurricane. This recovery occurred without use of cavity inserts, drilled cavities, or translocation of birds. Retrospective comparison of the prehurricane forest to the Private Landowner Guidelines (Costa 1992) showed that habitat met most of the parameters in those guidelines prior to the hurricane. After all hurricane-induced mortality, clusters remained active despite available forage well below the 3000 ft2 of total basal area in large pines recommended in the guidelines. In fact, two clusters were produced by budding from clusters with less than the recommended potential forage. Survival of adequate longleaf pine for new cavities appeared to be the most important factor in recovery. South. J. Appl. For. 26(4):197–206.
Tree-Length System Evaluation of Second Thinning in a Loblolly Pine Plantation
Authors: Visser Rien , Stampfer Karl 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A productivity study and system evaluation was carried out on a tree-length operation working in a second thinning of loblolly pine near Greenville, North Carolina. The average tree volume was 8.1 ft3 and the average dbh was 8.4 in. The machines studied in the system were the Tigercat 720B feller-buncher, the Tigercat 630 skidder, and the tracked loader Tigercat 245. The goal was to reduce the standing timber from 225 trees/ac down to 92. Standard time-study methodology and multivariance statistical analyses were used to capture and evaluate the data. The key productivity parameters identified for the feller-buncher was piece volume and number of trees in the bunch, and for the skidder extraction distance, average piece volume and number of bunches picked up to make a turn. The ability of the loader to process increasing number of trees as average tree volume decreased, and the increased difficulty of delimbing the larger trees resulted in no significant variance for average piece size. Productivity functions were developed for the feller-buncher and the skidder. The system evaluation discusses the productivity balance between the machines for the given range of piece size as well as potential operational improvements based on in-field observations. South. J. Appl. For. 27(2):77–82.
Growth and Yield Relative to Competition for Loblolly Pine Plantations to Midrotation—A Southeastern United States Regional Study
Authors: Miller James H. , Zutter Bruce R. , Zedaker Shepard M. , Edwards M. Boyd , Newbold Ray A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations were studied across 13 southeastern sites grown for 15 yr with near-complete control of woody, herbaceous, and woody plus herbaceous components during the first 3–5 yr. This multiple objective experiment (the COMProject) documents stand dynamics at the extreme corners of the response surface that encompasses most competition conditions common to pine plantations. This is the second of two companion reports. Merchantable pine volume after 15 yr with early, near complete competition control reached 2,350–4,415 ft3/ac by site compared to 1,132–2,965 ft3/ac on the no controls. With control of both woody and herbaceous competition, 15 yr volumes were increased by 23–121% and gains increased as hardwoods and shrubs increased on the no controls. Early woody control increased merchantable pine volume on 11 sites by 14–118%, while herbaceous control yielded somewhat less on average, a 17–50% increase on ten sites. No gains and some volume losses occurred when control of one component released severe competition from an enhanced remaining component, otherwise gains were generally additive for control of both components. Pine volume was decreased by about 1% for each 1 ft2/ac of hardwood basal area (BA) present at age 15. Annual measurements determined that culmination of current annual increment (CAI) with control of both competition components occurred in yr 8–11 at 250–470 ft3/ac/yr. CAIs for pine height, BA, and volume were decreased by about 5–27% when growing season rainfall (March–October) was less than 36 in. Mean annual increment had not culminated for any treatment at any location by yr 15 and ranged from 195–250 ft3/ac/yr with both woody and herbaceous control. Fusiform rust mainstem galls [Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme (Hedge. & Hunt) Burdsall & Snow] in high severity areas increased additively with control of both components, more so with herb control. Contrary to the widespread assumption that hardwood out-compete pine, the hardwood proportion of stand BA decreased from yr 5–15 on sites where hardwood BA in yr 5 exceeded 10 ft2. South. J. Appl. For. 27(4):237–252.
Crown-Diameter Prediction Models for 87 Species of Stand-Grown Trees in the Eastern United States
Authors: Bechtold William A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The mean crown diameters of stand-grown trees were modeled as a function of stem diameter, live-crown ratio, stand basal area, latitude, longitude, elevation, and Hopkins bioclimatic index for 87 tree species in the eastern United States. Stem diameter was statistically significant in all models, and a quadratic term for stem diameter was required for some species. Crown ratio and/or Hopkins index also improved the models for many species. Coefficients of variation from the regression solutions ranged from 18 to 35%, and model r-square values ranged from 0.15 to 0.88. Simpler models, based only on stem diameter and crown ratio, are also presented. South. J. Appl. For. 27(4):269–278.
Growth, Survival and Physiological Effects of Hexazinone and Sulfometuron Methyl Applied Overtop of Longleaf Pine Seedlings
Authors: Ramsey Craig L. , Jose Shibu 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A field study was conducted in Santa Rosa County, FL to evaluate the effects of two herbicides, hexazinone and sulfometuron methyl, on longleaf pine seedling (Pinus palustris Mill.) survival, growth, and physiological functions over a 2 yr period (2001–2002). An old-field site was planted with 1-yr-old container-grown seedlings in January 2001, and herbicides were band-applied overtop of the seedlings in April 2001. Hexazinone rates were 0.56 and 1.12 kg ai/ha, and the sulfometuron methyl rates were 0.21 and 0.42 kg ai/ha. Volumetric soil moisture was also measured in May, July, August, and October in each treatment. At the end of the first growing season (2001), survival was not improved by any of the herbicide applications. However, root collar diameter (RCD) increased for hexazinone applied at 0.56 and 1.12 kg ai/ha, and sulfometuron methyl applied at 0.42 kg ai/ha at the end of the first growing season compared to the control. At the end of the second growing season, RCD was 28.7, 30.9, 30.5, 32.1, and 33.3 mm for the control, sulfometuron methyl applied at 0.21 and 0.42 kg ai/ha, and hexazinone applied at 0.56 and 1.12 kg ai/ha, respectively. Also, the percentage of seedlings out of the grass stage at the end of the study was 72, 74, 79, 81, and 89% for the control, sulfometuron methyl applied at 0.21 and 0. 42 kg ai/ha, and hexazinone applied at 0.56 and 1.12 kg ai/ha, respectively. Foliar responses, such as net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration were measured in October 2001. There was no evidence of herbicide injury on foliar physiological functions relative to the control seedlings 6 months after treatment. During 2001, soil moisture was related to hexazinone and sulfometuron methyl application rates in May and July, but not in August or October. Averaged across May and July, soil moisture increased from 5.4% in the control to 7.6 and 7.5% in the highest hexazinone and sulfometuron methyl treatments, respectively. Based on seedling survival, growth, and herbicide costs, the most effective treatment was hexazinone applied at 0.56 kg ai/ha. South. J. Appl. For. 28(1):48–54.