bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reversible male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to energy deficit
Authors: Wong Henry K. , Hoermann Rudolf , Grossmann Mathis 
Published: March 2019

SummaryContextCalorie restriction and overtraining are increasingly seen in young men who suffer from increasing societal pressure to attain a perceived ideal male body image. The resulting energy deficit can lead to multiple endocrine consequences, including suppression of the male gonadal axis.DesignWe reviewed the literature, including two unpublished cases.ResultsWe identified 23 cases, aged median (range) 20 years (16‐33), with a body mass index of 15.9 kg/m2 (12.5‐20.5). Total testosterone was 3.0 nmol/L (0.6‐21.3), and luteinizing hormone (LH) 1.2 mIU/L (<0.2‐7.5), with 91% of cases demonstrating hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Associated findings included evidence of growth hormone resistance (increased growth hormone in 57% and low insulin‐like growth factor‐1 in 71%), hypercortisolaemia (50%) and a nonthyroidal illness picture (67%). In cases with longitudinal measurements following weight regain, serum testosterone (n = 14) increased from median [interquartile range] 3.2 nmol/L [1.9‐5.1] to 14.3 nmol/L [9.3‐21.2] (P < 0.001), and LH (n = 8) from 1.2 IU/L [0.8‐1.8] to 3.5 IU/L [3.3‐4.3] (P = 0.008).ConclusionsHypogonadotropic hypogonadism can occur in the context of energy deprivation in young otherwise healthy men and may be underrecognized. The evidence suggests that gonadal axis suppression and associated hormonal abnormalities represent an adaptive response to increased physiological stress and total body energy deficit. The pathophysiology likely involves hypothalamic suppression due to dysregulation of leptin, ghrelin and pro‐inflammatory cytokines. The gonadal axis suppression is functional, because it can be reversible with weight gain. Treatment should focus on reversing the existing energy deficit to achieve a healthy body weight, including psychiatric input where required.
Utility of experimental animal models of myasthenia gravis for the elucidation of pathogenic mechanisms and development of new medications
Authors: Mori Shuuichi , Shigemoto Kazuhiro 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMyasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease characterized by ptosis, fatigue and muscle weakness, caused by the association of pathogenic autoantibodies with postsynaptic membrane proteins at neuromuscular junctions. Although various autoantibodies have been found in sera from patients with MG, causal relationships with MG have not been shown for most antibodies. Establishment of the pathogenicity of candidate antibodies with experimental animal models of myasthenia gravis is indispensable. The pathogenicity of autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors and muscle‐specific kinase has been confirmed by active immunization with purified antigens or by passive transfer of autoantibodies from patients with MG. Furthermore, animal models of MG have shown not only the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the manifestation of muscle weakness and atrophy observed in patients with MG, but also the efficacy of novel therapies and the adverse effects of therapeutic drugs. Here, we review the contributions of animal MG models to the elucidation of the pathogenic mechanisms of MG and the development of medications for the disease.
Bringing the Kingdom to the City: Mission as Placemaking Practice amongst Kenyan Pentecostals in London
Authors: Fesenmyer Leslie 
Published: March 2019

AbstractKenyan Pentecostals in London (re)frame their migration as a “mission” to bring the United Kingdom back into the Kingdom of God. Focusing on the case of one church founded in the diaspora, this article examines how the pastor and church members try to realize this mission by exploring the kind of place they imagine God’s Kingdom to be and their efforts to create it in London. The “spatial turn” in studies of religion has followed two general trajectories, broadly referred to as the politics and the poetics of space. Studies of Pentecostal placemaking in particular have examined how Pentecostals use church‐planting as a strategy of territorialization, by which they make their presence seen and felt in specific localities, as well as how they phenomenologically “do” space. This article contributes to these discussions by elucidating a particular form of sociality as an important aspect of religious placemaking. In doing so, I argue that Pentecostal projects of self‐making and placemaking converge in what I refer to as “socializing space.” At the same time, through its focus on an independent church, the article extends our understanding of African diasporic churches beyond the well‐studied and ‐resourced transnational African Pentecostal networks and megachurches. [Pentecostalism; Placemaking; London; Kenya; African Diaspora]
A missense mutation in damage‐specificDNAbinding protein 2 is a genetic risk factor for ocular squamous cell carcinoma in Belgian horses
Authors: Knickelbein K. E. , Lassaline M. E. , Singer‐Berk M. , Reilly C. M. , Clode A. B. , Famula T. R. , Michau T. M. , Bellone R. R. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryBackgroundBelgian horses are commonly affected with ocular squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the most common cancer of the equine eye. A missense mutation in damage‐specificDNAbinding protein 2 (DDB2c.1013C>T, p.Thr338Met) has been established as a recessive genetic risk factor for ocularSCCin the Haflinger breed. A sample of Belgian horses with unknownSCCphenotype was shown to possess this variant at a similar frequency to the Haflinger breed. Retrospective studies indicate that chestnut coat colour may predispose to the development ofSCC.ObjectivesTo determine ifDDB2c.1013C>Tis a risk factor for ocularSCCin a strictly phenotyped sample of Belgian horses. To investigate associations between coat colour loci genotypes and ocularSCC.Study designRetrospective and prospective case identification, genetic investigation.MethodsGenomicDNAwas isolated from blood, hair or formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue from 25 Belgian horses with histologically confirmed ocularSCCand 18 unaffected Belgian horses. Association testing of 34 single nucleotide variants from 11 genomic loci and genotyping forDDB2c.1013C>Tand coat colour alleles were performed. Exons ofDDB2were sequenced in four cases and two controls. Associations were analysed by Chi‐square or Fisher's exact tests and relative risk was calculated.ResultsHomozygosity forDDB2c.1013C>Twas significantly associated with ocularSCC(P = 7.4 × 10−7). Seventy‐six per cent of affected horses were homozygous for the variant. Relative risk for homozygous horses developingSCCwas 4.0 (P = 1.0 × 10−4). SequencingDDB2did not identify a variant more concordant with disease phenotype. An association between disease and coat colour loci was not identified.Main limitationsPhenotyping was determined at a single timepoint. Each included horse genotyped as chestnut, so association with thisMC1Rvariant could not be investigated.ConclusionsA missense variant,DDB2c.1013C>T, p.Thr338Met, is a risk factor for ocularSCCin Belgian horses. A genetic risk test is commercially available.
Dead Sea minerals: New findings on skin and the biology beyond
Authors: Portugal‐Cohen Meital , Cohen Dror , Ish‐Shalom Eliran , Laor‐Costa Yaara , Ma'or Ze'evi 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundTherapeutic effects of Dead Sea (DS) minerals are well established, and their unique combination is analysed and reported. DS water (DSW) is a key source for DS minerals, and various studies report the capability of DSW to alleviate symptoms of different skin disorders and to contribute to skin maintenance. However, the biological mechanisms beyond reported effects are not fully understood yet.ObjectiveTo elucidate the effect of topically applied DSW via the expression of different skin biomarkers related to barrier function, homeostasis, inflammation and irritation.MethodsIn vitro skin equivalents and ex vivo human skin organ culture were used to assess the biological effects of DSW. Epidermal barrier protein expression and DSW ions transdermal penetration were analysed on skin equivalents. β‐endorphin secretion was tested on human skin organ culture. The capability of DSW to protect against skin inflammation and irritation was tested on ex vivo human skin organ culture by lipopolysaccharides and sodium dodecyl sulphate addition, respectively.ResultsTopical application of DSW encouraged the expression of the barrier‐related proteins: filaggrin, involucrin and transglutaminase, while transdermal penetration of calcium ions was not detected. Additionally, DSW application had increased skin secretion of β‐endorphin and attenuated the expression of inflammatory and irritation‐related cytokines.ConclusionsThis study reports new findings of DSW effects on skin. Signalling pathway activation is proposed as a key step that may result in a vast range of proven biological activities following skin exposure to DS minerals, and specifically DSW.
Molecular and structural characterization of a TEAD mutation at the origin of Sveinsson's chorioretinal atrophy
Authors: Bokhovchuk Fedir , Mesrouze Yannick , Izaac Aude , Meyerhofer Marco , Zimmermann Catherine , Fontana Patrizia , Schmelzle Tobias , Erdmann Dirk , Furet Pascal , Kallen Joerg , Chène Patrick 
Published: March 2019

Four TEAD transcription factors (TEAD1–4) mediate the signalling output of the Hippo pathway that controls organ size in humans. TEAD transcriptional activity is regulated via interactions with the YAP, TAZ and VGLL proteins. A mutation in the TEAD1 gene, Tyr421His, has been identified in patients suffering from Sveinsson's chorioretinal atrophy (SCA), an autosomal dominant eye disease. This mutation prevents the YAP/TAZ:TEAD1 interaction. In this study, we measure the affinity of YAP, TAZ and VGLL1 for the four human TEADs and find that they have a similar affinity for all TEADs. We quantitate the effect of the mutation found in SCA patients and show that it destabilizes the YAP/TAZ:TEAD interaction by about 3 kcal·mol−1. We determine the structure of YAP in complex with this mutant form of TEAD and show that the histidine residue adopts different conformations at the binding interface. The presence of this flexible residue induces the destabilization of several H‐bonds and the loss of van der Waals contacts, which explains why the Tyr421HisTEAD1 mutation has such a large destabilizing effect on the formation of the YAP:TEAD complex.DatabaseThe crystallographic data have been deposited at the RSCB Protein Data Bank (PDB, www.pdb.org) with the access codes: 6HIL (wtYAP:Tyr421HisTEAD1), 6HIK (wtYAP:Tyr429HisTEAD4)
Integration in a depot‐based decentralized biorefinery system: Corn stover‐based cellulosic biofuel
Authors: Kim Seungdo , Dale Bruce E. , Jin Mingjie , Thelen Kurt D. , Zhang Xuesong , Meier Paul , Reddy Ashwan Daram , Jones Curtis Dinneen , Cesar Izaurralde Roberto , Balan Venkatesh , Runge Troy , Sharara Mahmoud 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe current or “conventional” paradigm for producing process energy in a biorefinery processing cellulosic biomass is on‐site energy recovery through combustion of residual solids and biogas generated by the process. Excess electricity is then exported, resulting in large greenhouse gas (GHG) credits. However, this approach will cause lifecycle GHG emissions of biofuels to increase as more renewable energy sources (wind, solar, etc.) participate in grid‐electricity generation, and the GHG credits from displacing fossil fuel decrease. To overcome this drawback, a decentralized (depot‐based) biorefinery can be integrated with a coal‐fired power plant near a large urban area. In an integrated, decentralized, depot‐based biorefinery (IDB), the residual solids are co‐fired with coal either in the adjacent power plant or in coal‐fired boilers elsewhere to displace coal. An IDB system does not rely on indirect GHG credits through grid‐electricity displacement. In an IDB system, biogas from the wastewater treatment facility is also upgraded to biomethane and used as a transportation biofuel. The GHG savings per unit of cropland in the IDB systems (2.7–2.9 MgCO2/ha) are 1.5–1.6 fold greater than those in a conventional centralized system (1.7–1.8 MgCO2/ha). Importantly, the biofuel selling price in the IDBs is lower by 28–30 cents per gasoline‐equivalent liter than in the conventional centralized system. Furthermore, the total capital investment per annual biofuel volume in the IDB is much lower (by ~80%) than that in the conventional centralized system. Therefore, utilization of biomethane and residual solids in the IDB systems leads to much lower biofuel selling prices and significantly greater GHG savings per unit of cropland participating in the biorefinery system compared to the conventional centralized biorefineries.
Large‐sized La2O3‐TiO2 high refractive glasses with low SiO2 fraction by hot‐press sintering
Authors: Han Jianjun , Wang Zhui , Li Jianqiang , Li Xiaoyu , Li Jiangtao , He Gang , Xie Jun 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOwing to the ultrahigh refractive index, La2O3‐TiO2 glass is regarded as a promising candidate material in the field of lens, gemstones, and many other optics. However, due to its extremely low glass‐forming ability, it can only be obtained by rapid solidification processes such as melt quench or containerless solidification methods, leading to the limited size of as‐solidified products (for example, 1‐10 mm for containerless solidified sample), that are severely deferring the application of this novel high refractive glass. In this work, we aimed at preparing the larger sized bulk glasses over 10 mm, La2O3‐TiO2 glasses were successfully prepared by hot‐press sintering within the glass kinetic window. A small amount addition of SiO2 was found to effectively increase the glass‐forming ability while keeping high refractive index. When the content of SiO2 was 15 mol%, its transmittance could reach 54% at 800 nm and 72% in the infrared region (1 mm thick). Meanwhile, its refractive index could keep ultrahigh value above 2.14. And the sintering mechanism was studied according to the sintering shrinkage curve. It indicates that the plastic flow was the main mass transfer way in the densification process.
Laying new foundations for 21st century community mental health services: An Australian perspective
Authors: Williams Theresa Maureen , Smith Geoffrey Paul 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWhile there has been a significant increase in investment in community mental health in Australia since the advent of the National Mental Health Strategy in the early 1990s, there has been little guidance on service design and delivery. This has led to a growing diversity of approaches and concern about the adequacy of care with repeated calls for a system overhaul. Consumers and carers have very largely been absent from decision‐making about service design and development which has led to a system primarily designed by healthcare professionals. However, with the emergence of recovery as a core principle in mental health, it is time for consumers and carers to be centrally engaged in co‐designing services with service providers. This raises the question of whether dominant service delivery models – such as the growth of specialist teams/services, the changing balance between profession‐specific and generic case management roles in multidisciplinary teams, and the separation of inpatient from community care – will prevail. Contentious issues in these three service delivery areas are outlined to stimulate debate and highlight the pressing need for national guidance on the configuration of community mental health services. Building on the lessons learned from the first National Mental Health Strategy, we outline a proposal for a co‐designed National Framework for Community Mental Health Services to guide the delivery of care in a way which satisfies the aspirations of consumers, carers, and mental health professionals alike.
Cold sintering and microwave dielectric properties of dense HBO2‐II ceramics
Authors: Hong Wen Bin , Li Lei , Yan Han , Chen Xiang Ming 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHBO2‐II ceramics were prepared by cold sintering with 10wt% dehydrated ethanol as the transient liquid phase. When the processing temperature is 30°C, the relative density of the mechanically robust HBO2‐II ceramics increases from 77.5% to 84.5% with increasing the uniaxial pressure from 200 to 500 MPa. It changes less than 0.2% for higher pressure up to 700 MPa. Under a constant uniaxial pressure of 500 MPa, the relative density further increases to 94.7% for the processing temperature of 120°C. HBO2‐I is observed as the secondary phase when the processing temperature is 150°C. In comparison, the compacts prepared in the absence of ethanol are fragile, and the relative densities are 78.5%‐84.5% for the processing temperatures of 30‐120°C and uniaxial pressure of 500 MPa. It is indicated that ethanol promotes the densification significantly through the dissolution‐precipitation mechanism. The permittivity increases with increasing the processing temperature, while the Qf value decreases. The optimal properties with the relative density of 94.7%, εr = 4.21, Qf = 47 500 GHz, and τf = −70.0 ppm/°C were obtained in the single‐phase HBO2‐II ceramics cold sintered at 120°C under 500 MPa for 10 minutes. The relative density and Qf value are significantly higher than those of the HBO2‐II ceramic prepared by sintering the H3BO3 compact at 180°C for 2 hours (70.3% and 32 700 GHz, respectively). The results indicate that the nonaqueous solvent can also be used as the transient liquid phase for cold sintering, so that more materials that are unstable or insoluble in water can be densified by this method.
Spatial clustering, social vulnerability and risk of leprosy in an endemic area in Northeast Brazil: an ecological study
Authors: de Souza C.D.F. , Rocha V.S. , Santos N.F. , Leal T.C. , de Paiva J.P.S. , Oliveira C.C.C. , Martins‐Filho P.R.S. , Magalhães M.A.F.M. , Cuevas L.E. , Santos V.S. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundDespite the global decline in the detection of leprosy cases, its incidence has remained unchanged in certain settings and requires the determination of the factors linked to its persistence. We examined the spatial and space–time distribution of leprosy and the influence of social vulnerability on the occurrence of the disease in an endemic area of Northeast Brazil.MethodsWe performed an ecological study of all leprosy cases reported by Sergipe state, Northeast Brazil from 2001 to 2015, to examine the association of the Social Vulnerability Index and the prevalence and persistence of leprosy among the State's municipalities. Socio‐economic and leprosy surveillance information was collected from the Brazilian information systems, and a Bayesian empirical local model was used to identify fluctuations of the indicators. Spatial and space–time clusters were identified using scan spatial statistic tests and to measure the municipalities’ relative risk of leprosy.ResultsLeprosy clusters and burden of disease had a strong statistical association with the municipalities’ Social Vulnerability Index. Municipalities with a high social vulnerability had higher leprosy incidence, multibacillary leprosy and newly diagnosed cases with grade 2 disability than areas with low social vulnerability.ConclusionSocial vulnerability is strongly associated with leprosy transmission and maintenance of disease incidence. Leprosy control programmes should be targeted to the populations with high social vulnerability.
Lipschütz genital ulcer revisited: is juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of the scrotum the male counterpart?
Authors: Chen W. , Plewig G. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSince its first description as ulcus vulvae acutum by Benjamin Lipschütz in 1912, the etiopathogenesis of this peculiar genital ulcer remains incompletely understood. In his original description, two different types of genital ulcers were observed and proposed, which were not precisely defined and distinguished in most subsequent reports. The first type is characterized by acute excruciating genital ulcers of first‐time onset with self‐limited non‐recurrent course in association with gravely symptomatic systemic infections, in which a primary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection is later identified to be probably the most common aetiology. The second type of ulcer usually refers to little painful ulcers of unknown etiopathogenesis in the absence of fever or chills and with a slow torpid progression and recurrent nature. Differentiation from idiopathic aphthous ulcers is unclear. The changes of the cervicovaginal microbiota and microbiome in diseased state deserve further clarification. Acute genital ulcers associated with primary EBV infection in women have drawn attention since 1970s, while the corresponding penile ulcers in men were already known in 1950s. First presented in 1973, juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of the scrotum with an acute painful scrotal ulcer preceded by symptomatic pharyngeal infections can be considered as the male counterpart of ulcus vulvae acutum, and the future clinical survey should include primary EBV infection.
Slow cooling versus episodic fluid injections: Deciphering the Caledonian orogeny in Vestvågøy, Lofoten islands, Norway
Authors: Fournier Herbert W. , Lee James K. W. , Camacho Alfredo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe determination of the thermal (temperature–time) histories of high‐P metamorphic terranes has been commonly based on the concepts of slow cooling and closure temperatures. In this paper, we find that this approach cannot reconcile a geochronological data set obtained from the amphibolite‐facies allochthonous Leknes Group of the Lofoten islands, Norway, which reveals an extremely complex thermal history. Using detailed results from several different geochronometers such as 40Ar/39Ar, Rb–Sr and U–Pb, we show that a model invoking multiple, short‐lived thermal pulses related to hot‐fluid infiltration channelized by shear zones can reconcile this complicated data set. This model suggests that hot fluids infiltrated throughout basement shear zones and affected the overlying cold allochthon, partially resetting U/Pb rutile and titanite ages, crystallizing new zircon and produced identical 40Ar/39Ar and Rb/Sr ages in muscovite, biotite and amphibole in various rocks throughout the region. This paper shows the enormous potential of coupling laser Ar‐spot data with thermal modelling to identify and constrain the duration of short‐lived events. An optimal P–T–t history has been derived by modelling the age data from a previously dated large muscovite crystal (Hames & Andresen, 1996, Geology, 24:1005) and using Zr‐in‐rutile thermometry which is consistent with all geochronological data and geological constraints from the basement zones and allochthon cover. This tectonothermal model history suggests that there have been three episodic hot‐fluid and 40Ar‐free infiltration events, resulting in the total resetting of Ar ages during the Scandian (425 Ma) for 1 Ma at 650°C and two reheating events at 415 Ma for 400 ka at 650°C and at 365 Ma for 50 ka at 600°C, which are modelled as thermal spikes above an ambient temperature of 300°C. Independent confirmation of these parameters was provided by Pb‐diffusion modelling in rutile and titanite. The model suggests that the amphibolite facies rocks of the Leknes Group probably remained cold before being exhumed for at least 60 Ma (425–365 Ma) and successfully explains the presence of different minerals that crystallized or were totally/partially reset in the allochthon and in the basement. The migration of hot fluids for short periods of times within conduits extending through the basement and allochthon rock units is likely associated with episodic seismic activity during the Caledonian orogeny.