bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclogenesis in the Tropical Atlantic*
Authors: Dunn Gordon E. 
Published: September 2018

Summary
From the standpoint of practical forecasting the simplest method of attack on the problem of cyclogenesis in the tropical Atlantic is through katallobaric waves, which are apparently generated along the tropical front between the SW monsoon and the NE trade. Waves initiated in the Cape Verde region move within the NE and E trade toward the Antilles with a frequency of one about every 3 or 4 days. They are usually comparatively stable but are almost invariably attended by a moderate rise in the Ts inversion level. Available data are not entirely conclusive concerning the transition from stable to unstable waves but it apparently depends upon the extent of the destruction of the Ts inversion.
Microstructure Observations of Turbulent Heat Fluxes in a Warm-Core Canada Basin Eddy
Authors: Fine Elizabeth C. , MacKinnon Jennifer A. , Alford Matthew H. , Mickett John B. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAn intrahalocline eddy was observed on the Chukchi slope in September of 2015 using both towed CTD and microstructure temperature and shear sections. The core of the eddy was 6°C, significantly warmer than the surrounding −1°C water and far exceeding typical temperatures of warm-core Arctic eddies. Microstructure sections indicated that outside of the eddy the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy ε was quite low . However, at the edges of the eddy core, ε was elevated to . Three different processes were associated with elevated ε. Double-diffusive steps were found at the eddy’s top edge and were associated with an upward heat flux of 5 W m−2. At the bottom edge of the eddy, shear-driven mixing played a modest role, generating a heat flux of approximately 0.5 W m−2 downward. Along the sides of the eddy, density-compensated thermohaline intrusions transported heat laterally out of the eddy, with a horizontal heat flux of 2000 W m−2. Integrating these fluxes over an idealized approximation of the eddy’s shape, we estimate that the net heat transport due to thermohaline intrusions along the eddy flanks was 2 GW, while the double-diffusive flux above the eddy was 0.4 GW. Shear-driven mixing at the bottom of the eddy accounted for only 0.04 GW. If these processes continued indefinitely at the same rate, the estimated life-span would be 1–2 years. Such eddies may be an important mechanism for the transport of Pacific-origin heat, freshwater, and nutrients into the Canada Basin.
Diurnal Evolution of Submesoscale Front and Filament Circulations
Authors: Dauhajre Daniel P. , McWilliams James C. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe local circulation of submesoscale fronts and filaments can be partly understood through a horizontal momentum balance of Coriolis, a horizontal pressure gradient, and vertical diffusivity in a turbulent boundary layer, known as the turbulent thermal wind balance (TTW or T2W). T2W often reproduces the instantaneous relative vorticity and divergence of submesoscale circulations in open-ocean and shelf settings. However, a diurnal cycle in submesoscale vorticity and divergence is characterized by a non-T2W phasing: a maximum in divergence magnitude lags the maximum in vertical diffusivity (with vorticity lagging divergence). Here, an idealized model is used to solve the transient turbulent thermal wind (T3W) equations and to investigate the diurnal evolution of front and filament circulation in a 2D plane. Relative to a steady-state circulation, transient evolution can cause both instantaneous strengthening and a weaker diurnal average of the secondary circulation. The primary mechanisms controlling the diurnal variability exist in a 1D Ekman layer that imprints onto the 2D circulation. In midlatitudes, acceleration during separate phases of the diurnal cycle (from night to day and from day to night) is dominated by distinct inertial oscillation and vertically diffusive mechanisms, respectively. However, the manifestation of these dual accelerations is sensitive to latitude, boundary layer depth, and the strength of the forcing. A simple 1D model predicts the diurnal phasing of submesoscale divergence and vorticity in realistic primitive equation simulations of the southwestern Pacific and coastal California.
Statistical Inversion of Surface Ocean Kinematics from Sea Surface Temperature Observations
Authors: Nummelin Aleksi , Jeffress Stephen , Haine Thomas 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe sea surface temperature (SST) record provides a unique view of the surface ocean at high spatiotemporal resolution and holds useful information on the kinematics underlying the SST variability. To access this information, we develop a new local matrix inversion method that allows us to quantify the evolution of a given SST perturbation with a response function and to estimate velocity, diffusivity, and decay fields associated with it. The matrix inversion makes use of the stochastic climate model paradigm—we assume that SST variations are governed by a linear transport operator and a forcing that has a relatively short autocorrelation time scale compared to that of SST. We show that under these assumptions, the transport operator can be inverted from the covariance matrices of the underlying SST data. The accuracy of the results depends on the length of the time series, and in general the inverted properties depend on the spatial and time resolution of the SST data. Future studies could use the methodology to explore the interannual variability of SST anomalies; to estimate the scale dependency of ocean mixing; and to estimate anomaly propagation, both at the surface and in the interior. The methodology can be easily used with any gridded observations or model output with adequate time and spatial resolution, and it is not restricted to SST. The inversion code is written in Python and distributed as a MicroInverse package through GitHub and the Python Package Index.
Inconvenience versus Rationality: Reflections on Different Faces of Climate Contrarianism in Poland and Norway
Authors: Ceglarz Andrzej , Benestad Rasmus E. , Kundzewicz Zbigniew W. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
There has been increasing scientific evidence related to climate change and its attribution, impacts, and possibilities of mitigation. Yet, climate contrarianism still persists. This paper concentrates on Poland and Norway—two fossil fuel giants that represent essential differences on climate contrarianism. In Norway there is a broad social and political consensus about the attribution and importance of climate change and a motivation to undertake climate change mitigation measures, whereas in Poland the inconvenient truth on anthropogenic climate change remains particularly inconvenient. By taking a qualitative approach, this paper discusses different drivers of climate contrarianism in both countries; provides examples of contrarian attitudes present in society, media, politics, and research; and compares their role in Polish and Norwegian contexts. The findings show the difficulties in defining universal factors determining contrarian attitudes, because their understanding and weight can be different among countries and a more nuanced analysis is needed to scrutinize different national contexts. The conclusion calls for more comparative research, which would combine quantitative and qualitative approaches investigating climate contrarianism.
Bi-stretch auxetic woven fabrics based on foldable geometry
Authors: Cao Haijian , Zulifqar Adeel , Hua Tao , Hu Hong 
Published: September 2018

The fabrication of auxetic fabrics by using conventional yarns and machinery has gained extraordinary interest from researchers in recent years. However, to date this approach has only been adopted to fabricate auxetic knitted fabrics and uni-stretch auxetic woven fabrics. This paper reports a study that aimed to develop a new class of bi-stretch woven fabrics with auxetic behavior using conventional elastic and non-elastic yarns, and available weaving machinery. Bi-stretch auxetic woven fabrics were firstly designed based on a foldable geometry possessing negative Poisson’s ratio by consideration of different design parameters, including the yarn float length, the placement of tight and loose weaves, and the arrangement of elastic and non-elastic yarns in the weft direction, and then fabricated on a dobby weaving machine equipped with multiple weft supplies and a separately controlled second beam assembly attachment. The fabricated fabrics were finally tested on a tensile machine to assess their auxetic behavior in both the warp and weft directions. The results showed that the bi-stretch woven fabrics developed exhibit negative Poisson's ratio up to −0.36 and −0.27 when stretched along the warp and weft directions, respectively, and could be applied for clothing applications that require enhanced shape fit and comfort.
Analysing the effect of Mold Temperature on Foam Density and Foam Surface Texture
Authors: Abdul-Rani A.M. , Hopkinson N. , Dickens P. M. 
Published: September 2018

Polyurethane (PU) foam is molded into preheated tools and expands to fill the mold cavity. Foam parts frequently have defects such as varying density and flaws in surface texture. Although there are many possible causes uneven mold temperatures are suspected to be a leading cause of defects(1,2). Much of the work previously undertaken to reduce flexible foam molding scrap and improved quality has focused on chemical compositions, chemical reactions and materials development. This research is to investigate the effects of mold temperature on high-resilience cold-cure polyurethane foam molded parts. A specially designed airtight mold capable of holding tight temperature tolerance was used to produce standard size foam specimens at varying temperatures ranging from 30 °C to 80 °C. The specimens were kept in a controlled temperature and humidity environment for a stipulated time before analysis. The effect of mold temperature on the average foam density, density gradients and surface texture were measured. The foam specimens were weighed and measured for the overall density while Computerized Tomography was used to examine the density gradients throughout each foam specimen. 3D topographical analysis of the foam surface structure was conducted using a non-contact laser triangulation gauge. The results show that the mold temperature has an effect on the foam density and foam surface texture with specimens produced at 50 °C having the ideal texture.
Using thermochromism to simulate blood oxygenation in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Al Disi Mohammed , Alsalemi Abdullah , Alhomsi Yahya , Bensaali Fayçal , Amira Abbes , Alinier Guillaume 
Published: September 2018

Introduction: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) training programs employ real ECMO components, causing them to be extremely expensive while offering little realism in terms of blood oxygenation and pressure. To overcome those limitations, we are developing a standalone modular ECMO simulator that reproduces ECMO’s visual, audio and haptic cues using affordable mechanisms. We present a central component of this simulator, capable of visually reproducing blood oxygenation color change using thermochromism. Methods: Our simulated ECMO circuit consists of two physically distant modules, responsible for adding and withdrawing heat from a thermochromic fluid. This manipulation of heat creates a temperature difference between the fluid in the drainage line and the fluid in the return line of the circuit and, hence, a color difference. Results: Thermochromic ink mixed with concentrated dyes was used to create a recipe for a realistic and affordable blood-colored fluid. The implemented “ECMO circuit” reproduced blood’s oxygenation and deoxygenation color difference or lack thereof. The heat control circuit costs 300 USD to build and the thermochromic fluid costs 40 USD/L. During a ten-hour in situ demonstration, nineteen ECMO specialists rated the fidelity of the oxygenated and deoxygenated “blood” and the color contrast between them as highly realistic. Conclusions: Using low-cost yet high-fidelity simulation mechanisms, we implemented the central subsystem of our modular ECMO simulator, which creates the look and feel of an ECMO circuit without using an actual one.
Impact of Critical Care Transesophageal Echocardiography in Medical–Surgical ICU Patients: Characteristics and Results From 274 Consecutive Examinations
Authors: Arntfield Robert , Lau Vincent , Landry Yves , Priestap Fran , Ball Ian 
Published: September 2018

Objective: Critical care echocardiography has become an integral tool in the assessment and management of critically ill patients. Critical care transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) offers diagnostic reliability, superior image quality, and an expanded diagnostic scope to transthoracic echocardiography. Despite its favorable attributes, TEE use in North American intensive care units (ICUs) remains relatively undescribed. In this article, we seek to characterize the feasibility, indications, and clinical impact of a critical care TEE program. Design: Retrospective, observational study. Setting: Tertiary care, academic critical care program consisting of 2 hospitals in Ontario, Canada. Participants: Consecutive critical care TEE examinations on ICU patients performed between December 2012 and December 2016 Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Consecutive critical care TEE studies on ICU patients from December 1, 2012, to December 31, 2016, were reviewed. The TEEs performed on cardiac surgery patients and those without reports were excluded. Examination details, including indications, complications, examination complexity (number of views, Doppler techniques), and clinical recommendations were aggregated and analyzed. Two hundred seventy-four TEE studies were performed by 38 operators. Common indications for TEE studies were hemodynamic instability (45.2%), assessment for infective endocarditis (22.2%), and cardiac arrest (20.1%). A change in patient management was proposed following 79.5% of TEE studies. Thirty-eight percent of TEE studies were performed during evening hours or on weekends. There were no mechanical complications. Conclusions: Our observational data support intensivist-performed TEE as being safe and therapeutically influential across a broad range of indications. Our program’s demonstrated feasibility and impact may act as a model for TEE adoption in other North American ICUs.
A Comparison of Adjusted Versus Unadjusted Doses of Polymyxin B Based on Renal Function and Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Peyko Vincent , Cohen Henry 
Published: September 2018

Purpose: To determine whether or not polymyxin B needs dose adjustments based on renal function by comparing the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients whose polymyxin B doses were adjusted versus not adjusted according to renal function. Methods: This was a single-center, prospective study with a retrospective cohort taking place in an acute care community hospital. Forty-two patients treated with polymyxin B were evaluated between April 2012 and December 2015. The primary outcome was incidence of AKI at day 7 after initiation of polymyxin B therapy with secondary outcomes including microbiological cure, clinical cure, and 30-day mortality. Results: There was no difference in the incidence of AKI at day 7 in patients with polymyxin B doses adjusted according to renal function versus patients without polymyxin B dose adjustment (20.0% vs 18.2%; P = .882). There were no differences between groups in occurrence of microbiological cure, clinical cure, or 30-day mortality (27.8% vs 57.1%; P = .065, 70.0% vs 72.7%; P = .845, 40.0% vs 31.8%; P = .581, respectively). Conclusion: The results from this study support the use of polymyxin B without any dose adjustment in the setting of renal impairment.
Plasma Treatment and its Effects on the Tribological Behaviour of Basalt/Epoxy Woven Composites in a Marine Environment
Authors: Kim M.H. , Rhee K.Y. , Park S.J. 
Published: September 2018

Interfacial debonding at the fibre/matrix interface is known to cause the critical fracture of fibre-reinforced polymer composites (FRPs). Especially in a marine environment, the bonding between fibre and matrix is easily weakened by moisture absorption. In this study, a basalt woven fabric was surface-treated by atmospheric oxygen plasma to improve adhesive force at the fibre/matrix interface and its effects on the wear properties of a basalt/epoxy woven composite in a marine environment were investigated. Ball-on-disk wear tests were performed and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the wear track. The results indicated that oxygen plasma treatment of a basalt fibre reduced moisture diffusion in basalt/epoxy woven composites; while an untreated specimen took 30 days to reach maximum moisture content, similar moisture content was only observed in the oxygen plasma treated specimen after 40 days. In addition, oxygen plasma treatment of a basalt fibre improved the wear properties of the basalt/epoxy woven composite, and the wear volume of the basalt/epoxy woven composite (prior to moisture absorption) was reduced from 2.95 mm3 to 0.65 mm3. The surface treatment also appeared to cause an increase in the interfacial adhesion between the fibre and resin, thus reducing the debonding of basalt fibres on the wear surface.
Incidence and Risk Factors of Symptomatic Venous Thromboembolism Following Foot and Ankle Surgery
Authors: Richey Johanna Marie , Ritterman Weintraub Miranda Lucia , Schuberth John M. 
Published: September 2018

Background: The incidence rate of venous thrombotic events (VTEs) following foot and ankle surgery is low. Currently, there is no consensus regarding postoperative prophylaxis or evidence to support risk stratification. Methods: A 2-part study assessing the incidence and factors for the development of VTE was conducted: (1) a retrospective observational cohort study of 22 486 adults to calculate the overall incidence following foot and/or ankle surgery from January 2008 to May 2011 and (2) a retrospective matched case-control study to identify risk factors for development of VTE postsurgery. One control per VTE case matched on age and sex was randomly selected from the remaining patients. Results: The overall incidence of VTE was 0.9%. Predictive risk factors in bivariate analyses included obesity, history of VTE, history of trauma, use of hormonal replacement or oral contraception therapy, anatomic location of surgery, procedure duration 60 minutes or more, general anesthesia, postoperative nonweightbearing immobilization greater than 2 weeks, and use of anticoagulation. When significant variables from bivariate analyses were placed into the multivariable regression model, 4 remained statistically significant: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for obesity, 6.1; history of VTE, 15.7; use of hormone replacement therapy, 8.9; and postoperative nonweightbearing immobilization greater than 2 weeks, 9.0. The risk of VTE increased significantly with 3 or more risk factors ( P = .001). Conclusion: The overall low incidence of VTE following foot and ankle surgery does not support routine prophylaxis for all patients. Among patients with 3 or more risk factors, the use of chemoprophylaxis may be warranted. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective case series.
Lack of association between lysyl oxidase-like 1 polymorphism in pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma in North Indian population
Authors: Pandav Surinder Singh , Chakma Partha , Khera Alka , Chugh Neera , Gupta Parul Chawla , Thattaruthody Faisal , Seth Natasha Gautam , Raj Srishti , Kaushik Sushmita , Khullar Madhu , Ram Jagat 
Published: September 2018

Introduction:Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is commonly associated with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. The two nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs1048661 (R141L) and rs3825942 (G153D) within exon 1 of LOXL1 gene have been found to confer risk of pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma in different geographical populations. This study aims to find association between two nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma in North Indian population.Methods:North Indian subjects clinically diagnosed with pseudoexfoliation syndrome/pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and normal age-matched control were enrolled in the study. Genomic DNA was extracted and the two single-nucleotide polymorphisms of LOXL1 gene were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. The association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms with pseudoexfoliation syndrome/pseudoexfoliation glaucoma was evaluated by chi-square test.Results:A total of 30 pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, 27 pseudoexfoliation syndrome and 61 control subjects were enrolled in the study. Patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma did not show any genetic association with either single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1048661 or rs3825942.Conclusion:The study shows lack of association between LOXL1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and pseudoexfoliation in North Indian population.
The Examination of the Structure Property Relationships of Some Water-Dispersed Polyurethane Elastomers
Authors: Heath Richard , Rungvichaniwat Adisai 
Published: September 2018

Water-dispersed or latex polyurethanes (PUs) have been known for many years. However, in the last decade there has been an increased level of R&D interest into these types of polymers, with potential use as coating and adhesive materials. In part, this research has been driven by the introduction of laws and regulations intended to reduce and eliminate the use of organic solvents, and so to minimise environmental pollution. Latex or emulsion forms of PUs have been investigated because of their specific end-use properties, in particular excellent adhesion and long term barrier properties. This paper reports a study of some experimental formulations of water-dispersed polyurethanes based on tetramethylxylene diisocyanate (TMXDI), some polyesterols or polyetherols polyols and an aliphatic diamine chain extender. These have been synthesised as water dispersions, with dimethylol prioponic acid and triethylamine used as providing anionic centres and neutralising agent, respectively in the aqueous phase. Some properties of the various formulations as dispersions were determined, including particle size, surface free energy, viscosity and dispersion stability. Stable dispersions were subsequently converted into coherent, dry, thin sheet materials, which were characterised using thermal analysis and some mechanical test methods. The research has shown it is possible to produce stable water-dispersed urethane-urea copolymers, based on different molar masses of polyesterol or polyetherol precursors and TMXDI, and also where hard segment content was varied (i.e. by different ratios of combined dialcohol species to diamine). It was found that stable dispersions can be made with a broad range of internal emulsifier content in the polymer chain, that have low viscosity and low surface free energy. Particle size of the polymer dispersions was affect by emulsifier content: higher levels producing small particles. At low levels of emulsifier, the stability of the dispersions was increasingly poor, while at higher levels, viscosity increased due to small particle size and increasing coulombic effects. Stable dispersions cast into thin dry films of coherent elastomers, have good mechanical properties, similar to those of urethane-urea copolymers synthesised by water-free methods. Thermal analysis suggests that the degree of phase mixing of hard and soft segment in these polymers, parallels that reported for to urethane-urea copolymers synthesised by water-free methods.