bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cone and Seed Yields from Slash Pine Seed Orchards
Authors: Powell Gregory L. , White Timothy L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Cooperative Forest Genetics Research Program (CFGRP) initiated a slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) seed orchard management recording system (SOMRS) in 1985 to quantify cone and seed yields of slash pine orchards in the cooperative program. First, historical data were obtained from CFGRP slash pine seed orchards. Secondly, starting in 1985, cultural treatments and production yield data have been collected annually from 56 slash pine seed orchards located throughout Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. The vast majority of these orchards are intensively managed for seed production including the use of fertilizer, herbicide, and up to 10 applications of insecticide annually. From 1980 through 1990, the average seed yield from mature orchards (orchards greater than 14 yr old) was 25.1 bushels of cones, and 27.3 lb of seed/ac. For pounds per acre, orchards reach 50% and 90% of full production at ages 11 and 18 yr from grafting, respectively. The use of insecticides in slash pine seed orchards approximately doubles orchard yields. The CFGRP slash pine seed orchard management recording system (SOMRS) can aid orchard managers in determining factors that limit or promote seed production. South. J. Appl. For. 18(3):122-127.
Geographical Intensity of Southern Pine Beetle Infestations
Authors: Doggett Coleman A. , Tweed Don R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Data on the geographical distribution and frequency of multiple-tree infestations of southern pine beetle (SPB) (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) collected in North Carolina from 1960-1980 were analyzed. A Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to construct a map showing geographical distribution of SPB from 1960-1980. Beetle intensity, measured in numbers of infestations (spots)per thousand acres of host type, is shown. The authors point out that infestation intensities vary geographically. The location of pine timberland in respect to SPB hazard may dictate economic and silvicultural strategies for managing southern pines. South. J. Appl. For. 18(4): 145-146.
Estimated Economic Impacts of Environmental Regulations on Southern Softwood Stumpage Markets
Authors: Wagner John E. , Cubbage Frederick W. , Holmes Thomas P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We estimated the economic effects on southern softwood timber producers and buyers of reduced western federal timber harvests and of reduced southern private harvests caused by federal, state, and local environmental regulations. Estimates were computed using applied welfare analysis and current stumpage market conditions. A range of likely changes in southern softwood stumpage markets were analyzed. The combined effects of the environmental regulations and western set-asides are expected to result in higher stumpage prices with little significant change in available quantity supplied. The results indicated that in the short run, timber producers in aggregate (although not necessarily individually) are expected to be the initial overall beneficiaries. Timber producers would realize a net gain (in producer surplus) of about 4.8% in the pulpwood stumpage market and 2.0% in the solidwood stumpage market, while stumpage buyers would realize a net loss (in consumer surplus) of about 4.9% in each market. The estimates provide means of valuing some of the tradeoffs that must be made between protecting the environment and growing timber. South. J. Appl. For. 18(4):156-162.
Plant Community Structure and Composition in Uneven-aged Stands of Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine at Four Basal Area Levels
Authors: Tappe Philip A. , Cain Michael D. , Wigley T. Bently , Reed Derik J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of overstory pine basal area on plant community structure and composition were assessed in uneven-aged stands of loblolly and shortleaf pines (Pinus taedaL. and P. echinata Mill.) in southern Arkansas. Basal area treatments were 40, 60, 80, and 100 ft2/ac for the merchantable pine component (>3.5 in. dbh) and were maintained on a 6 yr cutting cycle using single-tree selection. Assessments of plant communities were made 10 yr after a single hardwood control treatment. The four levels of pine basal area had no effect on percent ground cover of most plants <3 ft tall, but ground cover from graminoids decreased as pine basal area increased. Vertical cover above loft height increased 33% as overstory basal area increased from 40 to 100 ft2/ac, but basal area had no effect on horizontal cover in height zones between 0 and 10ft. It is concluded that uneven-aged stands of loblolly-shortleaf pine with merchantable basal areas of from 40 to 100 ft²/ac may support similar plant species in the understory and consequently probably provide similar habitat requirements for a variety of game and nongame wildlife. South. J. Appl. For. 19(2):84-88.
Early Plant Succession in Loblolly Pine Plantations as Affected by Vegetation Management
Authors: Miller James H. , Zutter Bruce R. , Zedaker Shepard M. , Edwards M. Boyd , Newbold Ray A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A common study design has been used at 13 locations across the South to examine loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations established using four vegetation control treatments after mechanical site preparation: (a) No Control, (b) Woody Control, (c) Herbaceous Control for 4 yr, and (d) Total Control. This research, the Competition Omission Monitoring Project (COMP), is monitoring both pine growth and plant succession. During the first 8 yr, the cover of herbaceous components and prevalent genera, along with pine, woody (nonpine), and total herbaceous cover were estimated annually in September. Stem numbers and heights of arborescent and nonarborescent woody species were measured during the first 5 yr and yr 8. There were 101 prevalent genera of herbaceous plants and 76 species/genera of woody plants present on the study sites, with a core group common to most. Herbaceous cover was rapidly reestablished on No Control and Woody Control treatments, with greater than 80% cover in the first year. After the first year, herbaceous cover steadily declined on No Control plots and was sustained when woody plants were eliminated. In general grasses dominated the herbaceous layer (mainly Andropogon and Panicum spp.) with cover peaking in yr 4. Woody control increased the actual cover of both grasses and forbs, but only the relative proportion of forbs, which peaked in yr 1-2. Woody control also increased the actual cover of vines and semiwoodies (mainly nontargeted Rubus spp.) by yr 6-8, but only the relative cover of semiwoodies. Development of the pine canopy cover was similar with woody and herbaceous control, but pine heights were greater with herbaceous control. Interestingly, herbaceous control did not increase total woody cover until year 8, but the proportion of arborescent tree to nonarborescent shrub cover was increased. Most arborescent species and rootstocks became established in the first year. South. J. Appl. For. 19(3):109-126.
Regenerating Slash Pine Naturally Without Suppression
Authors: Feduccia Donald P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Following a good seedling catch, slash pine overstories were reduced to 0, 5, 10, and 20 trees per acre. Retaining 10 or 20 trees for 18 years significantly reduced reproduction height, diameter, and volume growth compared to plots with no trees. Volume increment loss was not offset by growth of the residual stand.
Financial Returns from Cultural Work in Natural Loblolly Pine Stands
Authors: Balmer William E. , Utz Keith A. , Langdon O. Gordon 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Results of two large studies in North Carolina and Virginia show that volume growth of natural stands of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) can be substantially increased through cultural practices. A corresponding increase in financial returns may also be expected if costs are reasonable and adequate markets are available. Control of competing hardwoods and precommercial thinning are keys to success. Control of large hardwoods alone doubled pine production and increased financial returns more than 200 percent. Additional treatments such as precommercial thinning and control of small hardwoods, tripled pine production above levels with no treatment and increased financial returns four to six times. The most dramatic increase occurred when the pine component of the stand was precommercially thinned and all hardwoods controlled at an early age. This more than doubled the financial returns from all the preceding steps.
Benefits and Costs of Forestry Best Management Practices in Virginia
Authors: Aust W. M. , Shaffer R. M. , Burger J. A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Benefits and costs of Virginia's forestry best management practices (BMPs) were estimated for the Mountains, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain regions using three actual nonregulatory phases and one theoretical regulatory phase of forest water quality protection. The four phases ranged from passive, nonregulatory to regulatory BMPs with increasingly restrictive provisions. As the level of regulation increased, the benefit:cost ratio decreased, indicating that costs were accruing at a proportionately greater rate than benefits. This pattern was most pronounced in the Coastal Plain region where average erosion rates were low, and substantial acreages were harvested. Results suggested that an aggressive, nonregulatory BMP program is the most efficient approach to forest water quality protection assuming that overall program compliance levels are sufficient to satisfy society's needs. South. J. Appl. For 20(1):23-29.
Eight-Year Field Performance of Pine Seedlings after Mycorrhizae Were Triadimefon-Inhibited in the Nursery
Authors: Carey W. A. , Kelley W. D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Loblolly pine seedlings were not sprayed with a fungicide or were sprayed with triadimefon (Bayleton®) at 6 oz ai/ac or with twice or four times that rate to differentially suppress mycorrhizal development. Seedlings were planted at three sites and evaluated in the eighth year after outplanting. Fusiform rust incidence and tree heights and diameters differed significantly between nursery sources and among outplanting sites, but not between triadimefon treatments. Survival did not differ between sites, nursery sources or triadimefon treatments. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1):42-44.
Chemicals Used in Southern Forest Nurseries
Authors: South David B. , Zwolinksi Janusz B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Large-scale tree planting programs have placed a tremendous pressure on nursery managers to supply unprecedented numbers of seedlings. Inclusion of chemicals into seed production regimes have made it possible for southern pine nurseries to be the most productive in the world, in terms of both output per nursery and average cost per seedling. Nursery managers in the South rely on the use of fertilizers, fumigants, and pesticides to help keep production costs low. Judicious use of fertilizers can reduce the production of cull seedlings as well as increase field growth after outplanting. It has been our experience that investing in the use of pesticides and inorganic fertilizers provides a high rate of return for the nursery manager. South. J. Appl. For. 20(3):127-135.
Point-Sampling of Tree Crowns Using Aerial Photographs for Forest Inventory
Authors: Gering Lawrence R. , May Dennis M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Aerial-photo angle-gauges were designed and constructed for developing a procedure for using variable-radius plot sampling for forest inventory of natural stands in Hardin and Wayne Counties, Tennessee. Data were obtained during the 1989 USDA Southern Forest Experiment Station survey of the forests of Tennessee, with supplemental aerial photographic measurements. Photo-based cruises of the two counties were made on 9 x 9 in. color aerial photographs (with a nominal scale of 1:4,800) taken during the fall color season. Photo cruises were compared to traditional ground-based cruises, and great differences were observed in number of trees, basal area, and merchantable volume. Evaluation of empirical diameter distributions revealed that the photo-based inventory failed to tally many of the smaller diameter trees. The development of the angle-gauge is theoretically sound, but results from its use are questionable due to differences with corresponding ground-based inventories. South. J. Appl. For. 21(1):28-36.
Machine Vision System for Quality Control Assessment of Bareroot Pine Seedlings
Authors: Wilhoit J. H. , Kutz L. J. , Vandier W. A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A PC-based multiple camera machine vision system for measuring bareroot pine seedlings has been developed for operational data collection in a forest nursery. The system was used for quality control sampling in a forest nursery for 2 lifting seasons. In tests conducted during the first lifting season measuring 100 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings, there was only moderate correlation on a seedling-by-seedling basis between manual measurements made by nursery personnel and machine vision measurements of root collar diameter, shoot height, and tap root length. Overall machine vision and manual measurement distribution results for seedling samples were in close agreement, however. A bud tip height measurement routine was added to the system after the first lifting season, and a second set of tests was conducted measuring 175 history plot seedlings. In these tests, manual measurements made by researchers correlated well with machine vision measurements of root collar diameter and tap root length. Overall sample distribution results were also in close agreement for root collar diameter, tap root length, and bud tip height. With the machine vision system, seedling samples can be measured by 1 person in approximately the same or less time than it takes 2 people to measure them manually. South. J. Appl. For. 21(2):90-96.
Forestry Education and Employment: Views from Alumni of a Southern Forestry School
Authors: Egan Andrew F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forestry alumni of the School of Forest Resources at Mississippi State University were surveyed to elicit their views on curriculum improvements and employment success in their fields of study. The Forestry major consists of two options: Forest Management and Wildlife Management. Results indicated a need for curricular improvements in communications and personnel management in both options. Forest Management Option graduates suggested a more practical orientation to the curriculum, particularly in the area of timber procurement. About two thirds (68%) of Forest Management alumni worked in private forest industry. Interestingly, more Wildlife Management Option graduates were employed in a forestry-related (50%) enterprise than in a wildlife-related enterprise (about 38%). Almost one-third (31%) of the forestry jobs held by wildlife graduates were in timber procurement. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):139-142.
Fomesafen: A Herbicide for Pine Seedbeds
Authors: South David B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tolerance of southern pines to preemergence applications of fomesafen was examined at eight nursery experiments in 1984. When sown on coarse textured soils, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var elliottii), longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) were tolerant to 0.5 kg ai/ha applied after sowing. However, a reduction in loblolly pine seedling production was observed with one test on a silt loam soil in Louisiana. The risk of injury from a preemergence application may be related to soil texture. Pine tolerance to a single postemergence treatment was tested at seven nurseries in 1985. No significant injury was observed when 0.5 kg ai/ha was applied 3 to 8 weeks after sowing loblolly pine or shortleaf pine, and no injury was observed on fall-sown eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.). When applied 1 or 2 months after sowing, loblolly pine appears tolerant to fomesafen even on silt loam soils. Injury has been observed from postemergence applications when a surfactant was used in combination with fomesafen. Preemergence applications of fomesafen are now an operational practice at several southern pine nurseries. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):143-145.
Rehabilitation of Understocked Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands—I. Recently Cutover Natural Stands
Authors: Baker James B. , Shelton Michael G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two loblolly-shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L.-P. echinata Mill.) stands were cut to stocking levels of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% to simulate recently cutover, understocked, uneven-aged stands. Number of trees ranged from 38 per acre for 10% stocking to 213 per acre for 50% stocking; comparable total basal areas were 4 and 16 ft²/ac, respectively. One stand was on a good site (site index = 90 ft at age 50), the other on a medium site (site index = 75 ft at age 50). As a rehabilitation treatment, all hardwoods 1 in. groundline diameter and larger were injected with a herbicide. At 2, 5, 10, and 15 yr after treatment, the stands were inventoried to determine: (1) rate at which the understocked stands recovered, and (2) minimum stocking levels required for successful rehabilitation.
During 15 yr of rehabilitation, the understocked stands changed dramatically, and because of rapid growth of residual pines, stocking levels, basal areas, and tree volumes increasedmarkedly. Stands having at least 20% residual stocking and 5 ft²/ac of pine basal area reached an acceptable stocking level of 60% (based on number and size of trees), or 45 ft²/ac of basal area within 15 yr. Stands at this minimum stocking threshold produced 4,600 bd ft(Doyle)/ac of sawtimber volume on the good site and 3,000 bd ft/ac of sawtimber volume on the medium site during the 15 yr period.
The study indicates that recently cutover, or damaged, understocked stands with at least 20% to 30% stocking or 5 to 10 ft²/ac of pine basal area can be rehabilitated to produce respectable sawtimber volumes. This management strategy provides a low-cost alternative to establishing a new stand at considerable cost to the landowner. South. J. Appl. For. 22(1):35-40.
A Southwide Rate Test of Azinphosmethyl (Guthion®) for Cone and Seed Insect Control in Loblolly Pine Seed Orchards
Authors: Mangini A.C. , Barber L.R. , Cameron R.S. , DeBarr G.L. , Hodge G.R. , Jett J.B. , Lowe W.L. , McConnell J.L. , Nord J. , Taylor J.W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A southwide efficacy test of reduced rates of azinphosmethyl (Guthion®) for control of seed and cone insects in loblolly pine seed orchards was conducted in 1992. In each of nine loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seed orchards, an untreated (no protection) check and two of five possible rates of Guthion® (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, or 3.0 lb ai/ac/application) were randomly assigned to three test plots. Insecticide treatments improved first-year conelet survival, second-year cone survival, sound seeds per cone, and sound seeds per conelet at nearly every rate. There was no trend of better protection with increasing rates of Guthion®. The 1.0 lb ai/ac rate was as efficacious as the EPA-registered maximum aerial rate of 3.0 lb ai/ac. Based on these results, orchard managers should consider reduced rates of Guthion® for operational cone and seed insect control programs. South. J. Appl. For. 22(2):106-110.
Implementation Monitoring of Forestry Best Management Practices for Site Preparation in South Carolina
Authors: Adams Tim O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
One hundred seventy-seven tracts in South Carolina were evaluated for compliance with site preparation Best Management Practices (BMPs). South Carolina Forestry Commission foresters evaluated compliance with BMPs in each of four categories of site preparation: (1) mechanical treatments, (2) herbicide applications, (3) prescribed burning, and (4) minor drainage. In addition, each site was evaluated for overall BMP compliance, which was based on the level of BMP compliance and evidence of off-site water quality impacts. Overall BMP compliance was 86.4%. Compliance was highest for mechanical (92.0%) and herbicide (88.3%) site preparation treatments and lowest for minor drainage (76.9%) and prescribed burning (70.4%). Eleven variables were analyzed to determine their influence on BMP compliance. Four variables were found to be significantly related to BMP compliance: (1)physiographic region, (2)proximity to streams, (3)percent slope, and (4) terrain type. The four significant variables described the increased risk involved in site preparing land that is in close proximity to streams. Noncompliance with BMPs was clearly focused on the Piedmont physiographic region where 22 of the 24 inadequate sites were located. South. J. Appl. For. 22(2):74-80.
Field and Computer Application of Mesavage and Girard Form Class Volume Tables
Authors: Parker Robert C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Mesavage and Girard form class volume tables for estimating board foot volume of standing trees remain the most widely used volume tables in the East and South even though newer, more versatile and sophisticated volume functions are available. The volume tables are being misused by foresters because the merchantability standards of the average, upper-log taper table used to derive the volume tables does not show that merchantable top diameters and form class applications require appropriate sampling and accurate measurement of form on selected trees. The original upper-log tapers, developed from averages of actual tree measurements and ocular estimates, were fitted to a regression model to smooth the inconsistencies of the table values. The resulting Mesavage and Girard "taper equation" is used to obtain upper stem diameters for trees of known Girard form class, dbh, and merchantable height. The taper equation shows that top-limit diameter increases with both tree size (dbh and height) and Girard form class, and any attempt to apply form class volume tables to a fixed-top diameter on inventory trees would produce erroneous cruise volumes. The derived taper equation can be used in an iterative procedure during computer applications to obtain single tree volumes as the sum of log segment volumes for segments of user-defined length. A hierarchy of suggested form class application options is presented along with suggestion sampling, measurement, and stratification procedures. South. J. Appl. For. 22(2):81-87.
Managing Chinese Privet for White-Tailed Deer
Authors: Stromayer Karl A. K. , Warren Robert J. , Harrington Timothy B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
After cutting forest understory Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) stands to ground level in northwestern Georgia, we assessed privet regrowth production and use by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), 1 yr post-treatment. We then assessed privet browse availability and crude protein (CP) content 2 and 3 growing seasons post-treatment on cut and uncut plots. Privet regrew vigorously and was used heavily by deer the first winter after cutting, but privet browse availability and crude protein content did not differ between cut vs. uncut plots 2 and 3 growing seasons post-treatment. Although our sample sizes were too small to demonstrate an increase in privet browse availability after cutting, this practice may be a sustainable and inexpensive way of maintaining deer forage availability, as privet often grows out of reach of deer. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4):227-230.