bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mobile Phone Sensing using the Built-in Camera
Authors: Katuk Norliza , Zakaria Nur Haryani , Ku-Mahamud Ku-Ruhana 
Published: February 2019

Modern mobile phones or smartphones have multipurpose functions apart from being used as a device for voice and text communications. They are also embedded with many useful sensors, including camera, barometer, accelerometer, and digital compass. Unlike other types of sensor, the smartphone camera has been underutilized. This paper aims to fill the gap by analyzing and reviewing the hardware and software components of smartphones and highlighting the potential uses of the smartphone camera to support human daily life activities. A simple search of research papers indexed in Google Scholar was carried out using guided terms. The papers were filtered to match the research questions for this study. Only relevant papers were analyzed and reviewed. The results of the analysis suggested that the rapid development in the smartphone hardware has extended the use of the smartphone cameras beyond personal and social photography. Consequently, applications (apps) based on smartphone cameras emerge, such as barcode readers, document digitizing tools, augmented reality, translation tools, and indoor positioning device. These apps benefit users and facilitate them in their daily life activities.
Improvements in health-related quality of life and function in middle-aged women with chronic diseases of lifestyle after participating in a non-pharmacological intervention programme: A pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Authors: Barnes Roline Y. , Jelsma Jennifer , Parker Romy 
Published: February 2019

Background: Musculoskeletal diseases consume a large amount of health and social resources and are a major cause of disability in both low- and high-income countries. In addition, patients frequently present with co-morbid chronic diseases of lifestyle. The area of musculoskeletal disease is restricted by a lack of epidemiological knowledge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.Objectives: This pragmatic randomised controlled trial assessed the benefits of a 6-week physiotherapy intervention for middle-aged women with musculoskeletal conditions compared to usual care.Method: A weekly 2-h educational programme utilising a workbook, discussion group and exercise class was presented for the intervention group, while the control group received usual care. The primary outcome was health-related quality of life. Parametric and non-parametric data were used to determine the equivalence between the groups.Results: Twenty-two participants were randomised to the intervention and 20 to the control group. The control group demonstrated no within-group improvement in health-related quality of life items, compared to significant improvements in two items in the intervention group. The change in median utility score within the intervention group was twice as large as the change in the control group. With regard to self-efficacy, the intervention group demonstrated significant within-group changes in perceived management of fatigue and discomfort.Conclusion: The positive impact of the intervention on the participants suggests that the programme should continue at the clinic in question, but should be presented at a more convenient time for participants who work, as recruitment to the study was less than anticipated. Primary health care systems in South Africa urgently need to put structures in place for effective management of the functional impact of chronic diseases of lifestyle and musculoskeletal conditions. It is time for physiotherapists and possibly other health care professionals to participate in the development of appropriate community level interventions to address the functioning and quality of life of individuals living with the diseases.
Can financial development influence economic growth: The sub-Saharan analysis?
Authors: Ncanywa Thobeka , Mabusela Karabo 
Published: February 2019

Orientation: Financial sector development in a vast majority of sub-Saharan African countries has the potential to reduce the volatility of growth.Research purpose: This article is aimed at determining the influence of financial development on economic growth in selected sub-Saharan African countries.Motivation for the study: In most of the sub-Saharan countries, financial sectors are among the world’s least developed, and the absence of deep, efficient financial markets puts major constraints on economic growth.Research approach/design and method: This article employed panel autoregressive and distributive lag model to determine the relationship between financial development and economic growth.Main findings: The results indicated that there exists a short- and a long-run relationship between financial development and economic growth in the selected countries. In the long run, bank credit to the private sector and liquid liabilities have a positive influence on economic growth, with gross domestic savings exhibiting a negative influence.Practical/managerial implications: This article makes recommendations that as financial stability, both globally and within countries, generates jobs and improves productivity, more effort should be made in ensuring an effective and sound developed financial sector system.Contribution/value-add: The financial-economic growth nexus indicate that a well-functioning financial market development can promote economic growth. However, some controversies exist as some evidence indicated that a negative or positive financial development–growth nexus exists, so there was a need to find out what is the sub-Saharan case. Furthermore, there was a need to find development regulatory and macroeconomic policies that enhance growth.
Dynamic volatility behaviour of stock markets in southern Africa
Authors: Mashamba Tafirei , Magweva Rabson 
Published: February 2019

Orientation: The behaviour of stock market return volatility and implications thereof in Southern African Development Committee (SADC).Research purpose: The main aim of this study was to examine leverage effects and volatility persistence in selected southern African stock markets.Motivation for the study: To examine the volatility of stock markets in SADC which has implications on investment risk.Research approach, design and method: The study adopted exponential generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (1.1) model using generalised error distribution and Student’s t-distribution.Main findings: Leverage effects were evidenced in Namibia and South Africa. Other nations reflected mixed results depending on the error distribution assumed. Volatility persistence was noted in all nations save for Malawi.Practical/managerial implications: Investors in Namibia and South Africa are encouraged to include leverage effects in portfolio optimisation and value-at-risk computations. Firms raising funds in these nations should be prepared to incur a risk premium as compensation to creditors for assuming high risk. As such raising capital in such nations is expected to be expensive and difficult coupled by market illiquidity, other things being equal. Except for Malawi, firms operating in other SADC nations are encouraged to hedge their operations as the level of stock market volatility is persistent and notable.Contribution/value-add: The study focused on countries that are excluded from recent studies using current models of volatility. A comparison is therefore possible at country level and using two different error distribution assumptions which concretise the results.
The unemployed and the formal and informal sectors in South Africa: A macroeconomic analysis
Authors: Burger Philippe , Fourie Frederick 
Published: February 2019

Background: At 27.2% in the second quarter of 2018 the official unemployment rate in South Africa ranks as one of the highest in the world. However, depending on whether one uses the official or broad definition of unemployed, since 2008 there are on average between 2 and 3.3 times as many unemployed people as there are people in the informal sector.Aim: This article seeks to explore empirically, using time-series data, the extent to which an increase in the number of unemployed leads to increased entry of workers into the informal sector.Method: We use a Markov-switching vector error correction model.Results: We find that such entrance is very limited, lending credence to the notion that significant entry barriers exist into the informal sector.Conclusion: From a policy point of view these results suggest the need to consider measures that will ease entrance into the informal sector.
Gender traits in relation to work versus career salience
Authors: Geldenhuys Madelyn , Bosch Anita , Jeewa Shuaib , Koutris Ioulia 
Published: February 2019

Orientation: The concepts of work- and career-role salience are used interchangeably, yet work focuses on the short-term aspect and career on the long-term aspect.Research purpose: We utilised gender traits, that is, masculinity, femininity and psychological androgyny, to find greater nuances in the salience of work versus career roles. We also set out to confirm the adapted factor structure of the revised Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI).Motivation for the study: Generally, self-reported sex is used to determine differences in role salience between men and women, as opposed to considering the gender roles people associate with.Research approach/design and method: A sample of 395 South African employees was used. Structural equation modelling and t-tests were applied.Main findings: We confirmed work- and career-role salience as distinct constructs. The factor structure of the revised BSRI holds for this study. With regard to gender traits, femininity decreased work-role salience, while psychological androgyny increased work-role salience. Masculinity had a direct effect on work-role salience while indirectly influencing career-role salience through work-role salience. Women were found to be significantly more feminine and psychologically androgynous than men.Practical/managerial implications: Utilising gender traits may have greater career guidance relevance for individuals than traditional approaches utilising differences between the sexes.Contribution/value-add: This study confirmed that work and career roles are to be viewed as separate constructs and that people may view the importance placed on work- and career-role salience differently. The study further contributes by including gender traits as a significant contributor to role salience.
Migration history in South Africa as a lens for interpreting God’s mission: Towards a challenge for churches to embrace migrants
Authors: Magezi Christopher 
Published: February 2019

This article challenges the church to embrace migrants by presenting migration history in South Africa during the era of European explorers as a lens for interpreting God’s mission. In avowing the aforementioned, it argues for migration history of the European explorers to South Africa as the way God has used in establishing the church in South Africa. However, in view of the subsequent colonialism and slave trade in South Africa that emerged from the period of European explorers, this article recognises the conception of slave trade and colonialism during the era of European explorers as an evil act. Notably, in bringing Joseph’s forced migration to Egypt as a theological lens to interpret some sinful acts that were embedded in the migration of European explorers to South Africa that also resulted in the establishment of the early church in South Africa, it contends that God’s purpose and plans are not frustrated or thwarted by human sin. God, in his grace and love to reach his remnant people with the gospel, utilises various migrations of European explorers to South Africa (regardless of how sinful they are) to advance his kingdom to South Africa. The notion of migration history in South Africa as a lens for interpreting God’s mission is utilised to challenge the churches to embrace migrants because God uses migration or migrants to advance his kingdom to all the earth. The article concludes by calling the church to embrace all migrants because humankind are usually unacquainted with the particular migrants that God is utilising to advance his kingdom.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article outlines theological research agenda for migration history in South Africa as a lens to interpret God’s mission. It considers migration history in South Africa during the era of European explorers as a tool that God used to advance his kingdom. As such, it is a theological interdisciplinary article integrating church history and mission. The contribution of this article lies in establishing the emergence of the early church in South Africa as a result of migration, which it utilises as a challenge for churches to embrace migrants.
Large-volume air sample system for measuring 34S∕32S isotope ratio of carbonyl sulfide
Authors: Kamezaki Kazuki , Hattori Shohei , Bahlmann Enno , Yoshida Naohiro 
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Knowledge related to sulfur isotope ratios of carbonyl sulfide (OCS or COS),
the most abundant atmospheric sulfur species, remains scarce. An earlier
method developed for sulfur isotopic analysis for OCS using S+
fragmentation by an isotope ratio mass spectrometer is inapplicable for
ambient air samples because of the large samples required (approx. 500 L of
500 pmol mol−1 OCS). To overcome this difficulty, herein we present a
new sampling system for collecting approximately 10 nmol of OCS from ambient
air coupled with a purification system. Salient system features are
(i) accommodation of samples up to 500 L (approx. 10 nmol) of air at
5 L min−1; (ii) portability of adsorption tubes (1∕4 in. (0.64 cm)
outer diameter, 17.5 cm length, approximately 1.4 cm3 volume) for
preserving the OCS amount and δ34S(OCS) values at −80 ∘C
for up to 90 days and 14 days; and (iii) purification OCS from other
compounds such as CO2. We tested the OCS collection efficiency of
the systems and sulfur isotopic fractionation during sampling. Results show
precision (1σ) of δ34S(OCS) values as 0.4 ‰ for
overall procedures during measurements for atmospheric samples. Additionally,
this report presents diurnal variation of δ34S(OCS) values
collected from ambient air at the Suzukakedai campus of the Tokyo Institute
of Technology located in Yokohama, Japan. The observed OCS concentrations and
δ34S(OCS) values were, respectively, 447–520 pmol mol−1 and
from 10.4 ‰ to 10.7 ‰ with a lack of diurnal variation. The
observed δ34S(OCS) values in ambient air differed greatly from
previously reported values of δ34S(OCS) = (4.9±0.3) ‰ for compressed air collected at Kawasaki, Japan, presumably
because of degradation of OCS in cylinders and collection processes for that
sample. The difference of atmospheric δ34S(OCS) values between
10.5 ‰ in Japan (this study) and ∼13 ‰ recently
reported in Israel or the Canary Islands indicates that spatial and temporal
variation of δ34S(OCS) values is expected due to a link between
anthropogenic activities and OCS cycles. The system presented herein is
useful for application of δ34S(OCS) for investigation of OCS
sources and sinks in the troposphere to elucidate its cycle.
The oceanic cycle of carbon monoxide and its emissions to the atmosphere
Authors: Conte Ludivine , Szopa Sophie , Séférian Roland , Bopp Laurent 
Published: February 2019

Abstract. The ocean is a source of atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO), a key
component for the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. It constitutes a
minor source at the global scale, but could play an important role far from
continental anthropized emission zones. To date, this natural source is
estimated with large uncertainties, especially because the processes driving
the oceanic CO are related to the biological productivity and can thus have a
large spatial and temporal variability. Here we use the NEMO-PISCES (Nucleus
for European Modelling of the Ocean, Pelagic Interaction Scheme for Carbon
and Ecosystem Studies) ocean general circulation and biogeochemistry model to
dynamically assess the oceanic CO budget and its emission to the atmosphere
at the global scale. The main biochemical sources and sinks of oceanic CO are
explicitly represented in the model. The sensitivity to
different parameterizations is assessed. In combination to the model, we
present here the first compilation of literature reported in situ oceanic CO
data, collected around the world during the last 50 years. The main processes
driving the CO concentration are photoproduction and bacterial consumption
and are estimated to be 19.1 and 30.0 Tg C yr−1 respectively with our
best-guess modeling setup. There are, however, very large uncertainties on
their respective magnitude. Despite the scarcity of the in situ CO
measurements in terms of spatiotemporal coverage, the proposed best
simulation is able to represent most of the data (∼300 points) within a
factor of 2. Overall, the global emissions of CO to the atmosphere
are 4.0 Tg C yr−1, in the range of recent estimates, but are very
different from those published by Erickson in (1989), which were the only
gridded global emission available to date. These oceanic CO emission
maps are relevant for use by atmospheric chemical models, especially to study
the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere above the remote ocean.
Estimations of rip current rescues and drowning in the United States
Authors: Brewster B. Chris , Gould Richard E. , Brander Robert W. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Rip currents are the greatest
hazard to swimmers on surf beaches, but due to a lack of consistent incident
reporting in many countries, it is often difficult to quantify the number of
rip-current-related rescues and
drowning deaths occurring along surf beaches. This study examines this
problem using rescue data reported to the United States Lifesaving
Association (USLA) by surf beach rescuers from 1997 through 2016. These data
were checked, corrected, and culled so that only data from surf beach rescue
agencies that reported the primary cause of rescue were included. Results
show that rip currents are the primary cause of 81.9 % of rescues on surf
beaches, with regional variation from 75.3 % (East Coast) to 84.7 %
(West Coast). These values are significantly higher than those previously
reported in the scientific literature (e.g., 36.5 %, 53.7 %). Using
this value as a proxy when examining overall surf beach drowning fatalities,
it is suggested that more than 100 fatal drownings per year occur due to rip
currents in the United States. However, it is clear that the United States
data would benefit by an increase in the number of lifeguard agencies which
report surf-related rescues by primary cause.
Large carbon cycle sensitivities to climate across a permafrost thaw gradient in subarctic Sweden
Authors: Chang Kuang-Yu , Riley William J. , Crill Patrick M. , Grant Robert F. , Rich Virginia I. , Saleska Scott R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Permafrost peatlands store large amounts of carbon potentially vulnerable to
decomposition. However, the fate of that carbon in a changing climate remains
uncertain in models due to complex interactions among hydrological,
biogeochemical, microbial, and plant processes. In this study, we estimated
effects of climate forcing biases present in global climate reanalysis
products on carbon cycle predictions at a thawing permafrost peatland in
subarctic Sweden. The analysis was conducted with a comprehensive
biogeochemical model (ecosys) across a permafrost thaw gradient
encompassing intact permafrost palsa with an ice core and a shallow active
layer, partly thawed bog with a deeper active layer and a variable water
table, and fen with a water table close to the surface, each with distinct
vegetation and microbiota. Using in situ observations to correct
local cold and wet biases found in the Global Soil Wetness Project Phase 3
(GSWP3) climate reanalysis forcing, we demonstrate good model performance by
comparing predicted and observed carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane
(CH4) exchanges, thaw depth, and water table depth. The simulations
driven by the bias-corrected climate suggest that the three peatland types
currently accumulate carbon from the atmosphere, although the bog and fen
sites can have annual positive radiative forcing impacts due to their higher
CH4 emissions. Our simulations indicate that projected precipitation
increases could accelerate CH4 emissions from the palsa area, even
without further degradation of palsa permafrost. The GSWP3 cold and wet
biases for this site significantly alter simulation results and lead to
erroneous active layer depth (ALD) and carbon budget estimates. Biases in
simulated CO2 and CH4 exchanges from biased climate forcing
are as large as those among the thaw stages themselves at a landscape scale
across the examined permafrost thaw gradient. Future studies should thus not
only focus on changes in carbon budget associated with morphological changes
in thawing permafrost, but also recognize the effects of climate forcing
uncertainty on carbon cycling.
Het voortbestaan van de landsadvocaat; overwegingen bij een 50-jarig bestaan
Authors: van Lochem P.J.P.M. 
Published: February 2019

Het voortbestaan van de landsadvocaat; overwegingen bij een 50-jarig bestaan
Het historische argument voor inschakeling van de landsadvocaat ligt in het gebrek aan juristen binnen de overheid. Inmiddels is een groot aantal juristen binnen de overheid werkzaam, maar de landsadvocaat is gebleven. De drie later opgekomen argumenten – het rechtstatelijke, het expertise- en het eenheidsargument – kunnen het voortbestaan van de landsadvocaat met de huidige omvangrijke inschakeling nauwelijks verklaren. Voorstellen om de rol van de landsadvocaat terug te dringen, meest uitdrukkelijk gedaan door de Visitatiecommissie Juridische functie en Wetgeving, heeft het kabinet niet gehonoreerd. Zijn deskundigheidsprestige en de steun van overheidsjuristen schragen de functie van de landsadvocaat. Niettemin lijkt plaats te zijn voor een Nederlandse variant van de attorney general.
Pressure Measurement
Authors: Große Bley W. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis article explains the principles of total pressure measurement in vacuum systems. Vacuum gauges are characterized by a great variety of physical principles to cover the whole vacuum pressure range starting at atmospheric pressure over gross vacuum, fine vacuum, and ultrahigh vacuum down to extreme high vacuum. These ranges cover about 12 decades of pressure, and there is no physical principle which could cover all of these. This article describes the different types of vacuum gauges, each using a different physical effect for specific pressure decades. In order to cover a broader range in one gauge, instruments with a combination of principles have been developed in recent years.
Leak Detection
Authors: Bley W.Große 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis article explains the purpose of leak testing in laboratories and in the manufacturing and maintenance of systems. It describes the techniques for testing components and systems for leaks. Methods for pressurized components and those used in vacuum systems are described. Simple techniques to detect gross leaks without any additional equipment and, on the other hand, the measurement of fine and ultrafine leaks with leak detectors and tracer gas are presented. The mass spectrometer helium leak detector is the most frequently used instrument for integral testing and the localization of leaks and the measurement of leakage rates. With a sniffer device it may also be used for pressurized systems and components. The importance of test leaks for the calibration of leak detectors and leak testing systems is pointed out.