bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breast Hormone Concentrations in Random Fine-Needle Aspirates of Healthy Women Associate with Cytological Atypia and Gene Methylation
Authors: Lee Oukseub , Heinz Richard E. , Ivancic David , Muzzio Miguel , Chatterton Robert T. , Zalles Carola M. , Keeney Kara , Phan Belinda , Liu Dachao , Scholtens Denise , Fackler Mary Jo , Stearns Vered , Sukumar Saraswati , Khan Seema A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSex steroid hormones contribute to breast cancer development, but data on concentrations of these within breast tissue are limited. We performed simultaneous multiparameter measurement of breast sex steroids, breast epithelial cytology, and DNA methylation in 119 healthy women (54 pre- and 65 postmenopausal) without a history of breast cancer. Random fine-needle aspiration (rFNA) of the breast was performed simultaneously with blood collection. Breast samples were analyzed by LC/MS-MS for estrone, estradiol, progesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone. Blood samples were assayed for estradiol and progesterone by immunoassay. Cytomorphology was classified using the Masood Score, and DNA methylation of eight genes was analyzed using quantitative multiplexed methylation-specific PCR, and expressed as the cumulative methylation index (CMI). Serum and breast concentrations of estradiol and progesterone showed significant correlation (Spearman r = 0.34, Padj = 0.001 and r = 0.69, Padj &lt; 0.0006, respectively). Progesterone concentration was significantly higher in the premenopausal breast (Padj &lt; 0.0008), and showed a luteal surge. Breast estrone and estradiol concentrations did not differ significantly by menopause, but androstenedione concentration was higher in the breasts of postmenopausal women (P = 0.026 and Padj = 0.208). Breast androgens were significantly correlated with breast density (Spearman r = 0.27, Padj = 0.02 for testosterone) and CMI (Spearman r = 0.3, Padj = 0.038 for androstenedione). Our data indicate that future larger studies of breast steroid hormones along with other parameters are feasible. Significant associations of breast androgen concentrations with breast density and gene methylation warrant future study. Cancer Prev Res; 11(9); 557–68. ©2018 AACR.
Brown Adipocyte-Specific PPARγ (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ) Deletion Impairs Perivascular Adipose Tissue Development and Enhances Atherosclerosis in Mice
Authors: Xiong Wenhao , Zhao Xiangjie , Villacorta Luis , Rom Oren , Garcia-Barrio Minerva T. , Guo Yanhong , Fan Yanbo , Zhu Tianqing , Zhang Jifeng , Zeng Rong , Chen Y. Eugene , Jiang Zhisheng , Chang Lin 
Published: June 2018

Objective—
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) contributes to vascular homeostasis by producing paracrine factors. Previously, we reported that selective deletion of PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) in vascular smooth muscle cells resulted in concurrent loss of PVAT and enhanced atherosclerosis in mice. To address the causal relationship between loss of PVAT and atherosclerosis, we used BA-PPARγ-KO (brown adipocyte-specific PPARγ knockout) mice.

Approach and Results—
Deletion of PPARγ in brown adipocytes did not affect PPARγ in white adipocytes or vascular smooth muscle cells or PPARα and PPARδ expression in brown adipocytes. However, development of PVAT and interscapular brown adipose tissue was remarkably impaired, associated with reduced expression of genes encoding lipogenic enzymes in the BA-PPARγ-KO mice. Thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue was significantly impaired with reduced expression of thermogenesis genes in brown adipose tissue and compensatory increase in subcutaneous and gonadal white adipose tissues. Remarkably, basal expression of inflammatory genes and macrophage infiltration in PVAT and brown adipose tissue were significantly increased in the BA-PPARγ-KO mice. BA-PPARγ-KO mice were crossbred with ApoE KO (apolipoprotein E knockout) mice to investigate the development of atherosclerosis. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed increased systemic and PVAT inflammation. Consequently, atherosclerotic lesions were significantly increased in mice with impaired PVAT development, thus indicating that the lack of normal PVAT is sufficient to drive increased atherosclerosis.

Conclusions—
PPARγ is required for functional PVAT development. PPARγ deficiency in PVAT, while still expressed in vascular smooth muscle cell, enhances atherosclerosis and results in vascular and systemic inflammation, providing new insights on the specific roles of PVAT in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease at large.
Metformin and Risk of Hypertension in Taiwanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Tseng Chin‐Hsiao 
Published: June 2018

Background
Whether metformin use may reduce hypertension risk has not been studied. This study investigated such possibility in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods and Results
Newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus during 1999–2005 were enrolled from the reimbursement database of the Taiwan's National Health Insurance and followed to December 31, 2011. Hypertension was defined either by a diagnosis or by a diagnosis plus the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers and/or calcium channel blockers. Analyses were conducted in a propensity score matched‐pair cohort of 4810 ever users and 4810 never users. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratios. Results showed that when hypertension was defined by a diagnosis, 2261 never users and 1908 ever users developed hypertension. The overall hazard ratio was 0.724 (0.681–0.769) and the hazard ratios for the first (<2.0 months), second (2.0–13.0 months) and third (>13.0 months) tertiles of cumulative duration were 0.820 (0.745–0.903), 0.692 (0.634–0.756), and 0.687 (0.630–0.749), respectively. When cumulative duration of metformin therapy was treated as a continuous variable, the hazard ratio was 0.991 (0.989–0.994) for every 1‐month increment of metformin use. When hypertension was defined by a diagnosis plus the use of antihypertensive drugs, the overall hazard ratio was 0.831 (0.771–0.895), the hazard ratios for the respective tertiles were 0.868 (0.769–0.980), 0.852 (0.767–0.946), and 0.787 (0.709–0.874), and the hazard ratio was 0.994 (0.991–0.997) for every 1‐month increment of metformin use.

Conclusions
A reduced risk of hypertension is observed in metformin users in a dose‐response pattern.
Presentation, Clinical Profile, and Prognosis of Young Patients With Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries (MINOCA): Results From the VIRGO Study
Authors: Safdar Basmah , Spatz Erica S. , Dreyer Rachel P. , Beltrame John F. , Lichtman Judith H. , Spertus John A. , Reynolds Harmony R. , Geda Mary , Bueno Héctor , Dziura James D. , Krumholz Harlan M. , D'Onofrio Gail 
Published: June 2018

Background

We compared the clinical characteristics and outcomes of young patients with myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (
MINOCA
) versus obstructive disease (myocardial infarction due to coronary artery disease [
MI
‐
CAD
]) and among patients with
MINOCA
by sex and subtype.

Methods and Results

Between 2008 and 2012, VIRGO (Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of Young AMI Patients) prospectively enrolled acute myocardial infarction patients aged 18 to 55 years in 103 hospitals at a 2:1 ratio of women to men. Using an angiographically driven taxonomy, we defined patients as having
MI
‐
CAD
if there was revascularization or plaque ≥50% and as having
MINOCA
if there was <50% obstruction or a nonplaque mechanism. Patients who did not have an angiogram or who received thrombolytics before an angiogram were excluded. Outcomes included 1‐ and 12‐month mortality and functional (Seattle Angina Questionnaire [
SAQ
]) and psychosocial status. Of 2690 patients undergoing angiography, 2374 (88.4%) had
MI
‐
CAD
, 299 (11.1%) had
MINOCA
, and 17 (0.6%) remained unclassified. Women had 5 times higher odds of having
MINOCA
than men (14.9% versus 3.5%; odds ratio: 4.84; 95% confidence interval, 3.29–7.13).
MINOCA
patients were more likely to be without traditional cardiac risk factors (8.7% versus 1.3%;
P
<0.001) but more predisposed to hypercoaguable states than
MI
‐CAD patients (3.0% versus 1.3%;
P
=0.036). Women with
MI
‐
CAD
were more likely than those with
MINOCA
to be menopausal (55.2% versus 41.2%;
P
<0.001) or to have a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (16.8% versus 11.0%;
P
=0.028). The
MINOCA
mechanisms varied: a nonplaque mechanism was identified for 75 patients (25.1%), and their clinical profiles and management also varied. One‐ and 12‐month mortality with
MINOCA
and
MI
‐
CAD
was similar (1‐month: 1.1% and 1.7% [
P
=0.43]; 12‐month: 0.6% and 2.3% [
P
=0.68], respectively), as was adjusted 12‐month
SAQ
quality of life (76.5 versus 73.5, respectively;
P
=0.06).

Conclusions

Young patients with
MINOCA
were more likely women, had a heterogeneous mechanistic profile, and had clinical outcomes that were comparable to those of
MI
‐CAD patients.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
00597922.
The Free Flow of Communication Between High and Low: The Shenbao as Platform for Yangwu Discussions on Political Reform, 1872-1895
Authors: Wagner Rudolf G. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This article studies the role played by the Shenbao 申報 between 1872 and 1895 in framing Chinese discussions of the problems of their polity and possible reforms. It challenges the narrative that such discussions only began after the loss of the war in 1895, and shows that the discussions documented by Onogawa Hidemi for the 1880s actually followed earlier Shenbao precedents. The case study presented here concerns how the lack of communication between high and low social classes was at the heart of China’s problems. The Shenbao discusses modern Western institutions such as independent newspapers and a parliament as ways to ensure such communication, and as modern developments of a political ideal that existed in the Three Dynasties (Sandai 三代). The dismantling of that ideal state reflects, in the lines of thought expressed in the Shenbao articles, the despotic nature of Chinese rule since the Qin dynasty (221-206 bce).
Ukrainian Banking Regulation: Its Challenges and Transition towards European Standards
Authors: Afanasyeva Olga , Kammel Armin J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractFor the last years, Ukraine and particulalry its financial sector were seeking to gradually apply and comply with EU standards. Latest with the signing of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement in 2014 the transition towards EU standards has a formal basis. Since then, Ukraine – with strong support from the EU – is in the process of implementing legislative and regulatory measures in order to comply with this Agreement. Against this background, this contribution wants to shed some light into Ukraine’s efforts as well as to explain some of the complexities of this process by providing an in-depth background of the current Ukrainian banking regulation, its economics and the challenges of complying with new EU standards.
Buoyant Motion of a Turbulent Thermal
Authors: Tarshish Nathaniel , Jeevanjee Nadir , Lecoanet Daniel 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
By introducing an equivalence between magnetostatics and the equations governing buoyant motion, we derive analytical expressions for the acceleration of isolated density anomalies (thermals). In particular, we investigate buoyant acceleration, defined as the sum of the Archimedean buoyancy B and an associated perturbation pressure gradient. For the case of a uniform spherical thermal, the anomaly fluid accelerates at 2B/3, extending the textbook result for the induced mass of a solid sphere to the case of a fluid sphere. For a more general ellipsoidal thermal, we show that the buoyant acceleration is a simple analytical function of the ellipsoid’s aspect ratio. The relevance of these idealized uniform-density results to turbulent thermals is explored by analyzing direct numerical simulations of thermals at a Reynolds number (Re) of 6300. We find that our results fully characterize a thermal’s initial motion over a distance comparable to its length. Beyond this buoyancy-dominated regime, a thermal develops an ellipsoidal vortex circulation and begins to entrain environmental fluid. Our analytical expressions do not describe the total acceleration of this mature thermal, but they still accurately relate the buoyant acceleration to the thermal’s mean Archimedean buoyancy and aspect ratio. Thus, our analytical formulas provide a simple and direct means of estimating the buoyant acceleration of turbulent thermals.
Projection of Landfalling–Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Eastern United States under Anthropogenic Warming
Authors: Liu Maofeng , Vecchi Gabriel A. , Smith James A. , Murakami Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLandfalling–tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall is an important element of inland flood hazards in the eastern United States. The projection of landfalling-TC rainfall under anthropogenic warming provides insight into future flood risks. This study examines the frequency of landfalling TCs and associated rainfall using the GFDL Forecast-Oriented Low Ocean Resolution (FLOR) climate model through comparisons with observed TC track and rainfall over the July–November 1979–2005 seasons. The projection of landfalling-TC frequency and rainfall under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 scenario for the late twenty-first century is explored, including an assessment of the impacts of extratropical transition (ET). In most regions of the southeastern United States, competition between increased storm rain rate and decreased storm frequency dominates the change of annual TC rainfall, and rainfall from ET and non-ET storms. In the northeastern United States, a prominent feature is the striking increase of ET-storm frequency but with tropical characteristics (i.e., prior to the ET phase), a key element of increased rainfall. The storm-centered rainfall composite analyses show the greatest increase at a radius of a few hundred kilometers from the storm centers. Over both ocean and land, the increase of rainfall within 500 km from the storm center exceeds the Clausius–Clapeyron scaling for TC-phase storms. Similar results are found in the front-left quadrant of ET-phase storms. Future work involving explorations of multiple models (e.g., higher atmospheric resolution version of the FLOR model) for TC-rainfall projection is expected to add more robustness to projection results.
Zonal SST Difference as a Potential Environmental Factor Supporting the Longevity of the Madden–Julian Oscillation
Authors: Suematsu Tamaki , Miura Hiroaki 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAn environment favorable for the development of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) was investigated by classifying MJO-like atmospheric patterns as MJO and regionally confined convective (RCC) events. Comparison of MJO and RCC events showed that even when preceded by a major convective suppression event, convective events did not develop into an MJO when large-scale buildup of moist static energy (MSE) was inhibited. The difference in the MSE accumulation between MJO and RCC is related to the contrasting low-frequency basic-state sea surface temperature (SST) pattern; the MJO and RCC events were associated with anomalously warm and cold low-frequency SSTs prevailing over the western to central Pacific, respectively. Differences in the SST anomaly field were absent from the intraseasonal frequency range of 20–60 days. The basic-state SST pattern associated with the MJO was characterized by a positive zonal SST gradient from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific, which provided a long-standing condition that allowed for sufficient buildup of MSE across the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific via large-scale low-level convergence over intraseasonal and longer time scales. The results of this study suggest the importance of such a basic-state SST, with a long-lasting positive zonal SST gradient, for enhancing convection over a longer than intraseasonal time scale in realizing a complete MJO life cycle.
Drought Variability and Trends over the Central United States in the Instrumental Record
Authors: Mo Kingtse C. , Lettenmaier Dennis P. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
We examined drought variability and trends over the last century (1916–2013) over the conterminous United States (CONUS) using observed precipitation P, temperature T, and reconstructed total moisture percentiles (TMP) and runoff from four land surface models. We used an integrated drought index (IDI), which we defined as the equally weighted mean of the 3-month standardized runoff index (SRI3) and TMP from four land surface models mapped onto a uniform probability distribution. Using a definition of drought as IDI less than 0.3 for 6 months or longer, we identified 16 drought events, which we termed great droughts that covered more than 50% of the CONUS during our study period. We examined the properties of great droughts and compared these with the 2012 event. The great droughts were located at least partially over the central United States (30°–42°N, 85°–110°W). We found that 12 of these great droughts occurred when cold sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) were located in the tropical Pacific with warm SSTAs in the North Atlantic. We also found a predominance of decreasing trends in IDI; droughts occurred less often and events were less severe as time progressed. In particular, only 2 of the 16 great droughts (2012 and 1988) occurred in the second half of the record.
Single-Doppler Velocity Retrieval of the Wind Field in a Tornadic Supercell Using Mobile, Phased-Array, Doppler Radar Data
Authors: Liou Yu-Chieng , Bluestein Howard B. , French Michael M. , Wienhoff Zachary B. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA three-dimensional data assimilation (3DVar) least squares–type single-Doppler velocity retrieval (SDVR) algorithm is utilized to retrieve the wind field of a tornadic supercell using data collected by a mobile, phased-array, Doppler radar [Mobile Weather Radar (MWR) 05XP] with very high temporal resolution (6 s). It is found that the cyclonic circulation in the hook-echo region can be successfully recovered by the SDVR algorithm. The quality of the SDVR analyses is evaluated by dual-Doppler syntheses using data collected by two mobile Doppler radars [Doppler on Wheels 6 and 7 (DOW6 and DOW7, respectively)]. A comparison between the SDVR analyses and dual-Doppler syntheses confirms the conclusion reached by an earlier theoretical analysis that because of the temporally discrete nature of the radar data, the wind speed retrieved by single-Doppler radar is always underestimated, and this underestimate occurs more significantly for the azimuthal (crossbeam) wind component than for the radial (along beam) component. However, the underestimate can be mitigated by increasing the radar data temporal resolution. When the radar data are collected at a sufficiently high rate, the azimuthal wind component may be overestimated. Even with data from a rapid scan, phased-array, Doppler radar, our study indicates that it is still necessary to calculate the SDVR in an optimal moving frame of reference. Finally, the SDVR algorithm’s robustness is demonstrated. Even with a temporal resolution (2 min) much lower than that of the phased-array radar, the cyclonic flow structure in the hook-echo region can still be retrieved through SDVR using data observed by DOW6 or DOW7, although a difference in the retrieved fields does exist. A further analysis indicates that this difference is caused by the location of the radars.
Ship Wakes in Optical Images
Authors: Liu Yingfei , Deng Ruru 
Published: June 2018

AbstractShip wakes are more distinct than the hulls and can be visually observed in optical images. In this paper the wakes of 2836 ships in 32 optical images with different resolutions are observed and summarized. The ships are divided into four types according to the hull and wake features: fishing vessels, motorboats, cargo ships, and warships. The results show that each ship type has characteristic wakes, and there are significant differences among the categories. The probabilities of occurrence of different types of wakes and their components are shown. Turbulent wakes are inevitable. The probability of occurrence of Kelvin wakes is small and less than 40%. The visibilities of internal waves that are generated by only cargo ships are very low as a result of the harsh formation conditions. Turbulent wakes should be preferentially detected. Low-resolution images are more suitable for the detection and positioning of hulls and wakes, while high-resolution images with more details are convenient for further analysis of the size, velocity, and draft of ships. The study on the cause of the formation of the features of ship wakes in optical images proves that the classification of the wakes is reasonable and that the features of wakes can be used to initially identify the type of ship.
Automatic testing system to evaluate the energy efficiency of electric storage water heaters
Authors: Yu Jianfeng , Fu Jian , Guo Feng , Xie Yaocong 
Published: June 2018

Background: The energy efficiency of electric storage water heaters is a concern for enterprises and customers because it is beneficial for energy saving. To decrease the workload of testing personnel and improve the testing efficiency, an automatic testing system for evaluating the energy efficiency performance of electric storage water heaters has been designed. Methods: The complete testing system includes a water supply subsystem, hot water outlet subsystem, hardware subsystem, and software subsystem. An application program was developed using Visual Basic to acquire the sensor data and transmit it in real time to a database server. The energy efficiency evaluating process was controlled by the application software,by combining the data acquisition technology, communication technology, and program logical control technology. Results: The designed system can run automatically and achieve reliable tests, two important parameters including the standing loss per 24 h and the hot water withdrawal rate were obtained. Conclusion: This system can be applied to evaluate the energy efficiency grades of electric storage water heaters.