bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic status and orthodontic treatment need based on the Dental Health Component
Authors: Lubis Hilda Fitria , Laturiuw Hilda Paula 
Published: January 2019

Background: The dental health component (DHC) is used to assess different malocclusions by evaluating the number of teeth, overjet, overbite and contact points of each tooth. This index is subjectively influenced by socioeconomic factors. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the overview of the socioeconomic status and orthodontic treatment need based on the DHC of State 15 Medan Junior High School students. Methods: This study represented a descriptive research featuring cross-sectional design. The subjects of this study consisted of 100 high school students. This study was conducted by making dental impressions and distributing questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted with SPSS 17.0 software using a descriptive statistical test and presented in a distribution and frequency table. Results: 89% of subjects demonstrated DHC levels of 1-2. 66.3% of subjects with parents of secondary education level had DHC grades 1-2, followed by 31.5% with parents of higher education level and 2.2% with parents of basic education level. The majority of subjects with DHC grades 1-2 had parents occupying class 2 jobs and the lowest number of students had parents holding class 4 jobs. The majority of the subjects with DHC grades 1-2 (77.5%) were of low income parents. Conclusion: The largest distribution of orthodontic treatment need based on DHC among students of State 15 Junior High School occurred at levels 1-2 which either required or did not require minor orthodontic treatment. The majority of the students with DHC grades 1-2 have parents of secondary education level, a class 2 job and a low monthly income.
Description and Distribution of Three Criconematid Nematodes from Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
Authors: Munawar Maria , Powers Thomas O. , Tian Zhongling , Harris Timothy , Higgins Rebecca , Zheng Jingwu 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Populations of Criconemoides parvus, Discocriconemella hengsungica, and Discocriconemella limitanea, isolated in Hangzhou, China from the rhizosphere soil of woody perennials were characterized morphologically and molecularly. The morphometric data of the Chinese populations were compared with populations from other regions of the world. DNA barcoding with the mitochondrial COI gene confirmed conspecificity of Chinese and Costa Rican populations of D. limitanea. Phylogenetic assessment using a near full-length 18S ribosomal DNA sequence provided weak support for a grouping of Criconemoides parvus from China and C. annulatus from western North America. The phylogenetic position of D. hengsungica from China and an unknown species of Discocriconemella from Thailand relative to D. limitanea suggests that the genus Discocriconemella is not monophyletic. The study provides the first record of D. hengsungica in China and confirms the presence of C. parvus previously reported from China. Biogeographic implications of these nematode distributions are discussed.
Characterization of Meloidogyne indica (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) Parasitizing Neem in India, with a Molecular Phylogeny of the Species
Authors: Phani Victor , Bishnoi Satyapal , Sharma Amita , Davies Keith G. , Rao Uma 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Neem is a perennial plant of family Meliaceae grown very commonly in India. During a survey in Rajasthan, India; a population of root-knot nematode was found in association with tender neem plants causing yellowing, stunting, and heavy root galling. Inspection of the perineal pattern morphology of the adult females, extracted from the galled roots, primarily led to identification of the species as Meloidogyne indica. Further, detailed morphological and morphometric illustrations of second-stage juveniles, males and females were carried out by light compound and scanning electron microscopy. Gross morphology and measurements were found consistent with the original description of M. indica infecting citrus by Whitehead (1968). The neem population was found to infect and reproduce on citrus. Additionally, evolutionary relationship was deduced by Maximum likelihood method using ITS rRNA, D2D3 expansion segment of 28S rRNA and mitochondrial COI sequences. Phylogenetic analyses based on these sequences showed sufficient divergence of M. indica to be differentiated as a unique species under the genus Meloidogyne.
First Report of Carrot Cyst Nematode Heterodera carotae in Mexico: Morphological, Molecular Characterization, and Host Range Study
Authors: Escobar-Avila Ilia Mariana , López-Villegas Edgar Óliver , Subbotin Sergei A. , Tovar-Soto Alejandro 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
During 2008 to 2016 in several nematological surveys in the Tepeaca Valley, Puebla, Mexico, carrot cyst nematode, Heterodera carotae was found parasitizing carrots, Daucus carota. The nematode was present in 61% of the sampled fields with high population densities, causing severe carrot yield losses in the Tepeaca Valley. The aim of this work was to study morphology, morphometrics, host range, and molecular characterization of the nematode. The morphological and morphometric characterization was made using light and scanning electron microscopy of the second stage juveniles, females, males and cysts, and the host range study, was performed with nine different plants from five families. The molecular identification was made by sequencing and analysing the ITS rRNA and partial COI genes. It was shown that using presently available molecular tools it is not possible to make an accurate differentiation of H. carotae from H. cruciferae. The host range test allowed to distinguish these species from each other. Our study showed that male stylet length is longer for H. carotae compared with that for H. cruciferae. This is an example of importance of combination of several methods for the correct identification of cyst nematodes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of H. carotae in Mexico.
Short-term Impacts of Tillage and Fertilizer Treatments on Soil and Root Borne Nematodes and Maize Yield in a Fine Textured Cambisol
Authors: Mashavakure N. , Mashingaidze A. B. , Musundire R. , Gandiwa E. , Muposhi V. K. , Thierfelder C. , Nhamo N. , Bere T. , Akhtar S. S. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Conservation agriculture (CA) based on the principles of minimum soil disturbance, crop residue retention, and crop rotation has been the focus of intensive research in recent years. A study was carried out to determine the effects of tillage and fertilizer on the population densities of plant-parasitic nematodes in maize. Three tillage regimes, (i) basin planting, (ii) rip line seeding, and (iii) conventional tillage, were combined with four fertilizer regimes: (i) no-fertilizer, (ii) low fertilizer rate, (iii) medium fertilizer rate, and (iv) high fertilizer rate. The experiment was arranged as a split plot in randomized complete block design, replicated three times with tillage as the main plot factor and fertilizer as the sub-plot factor. The study was conducted on fine-textured Cambisol soils at Chinhoyi University of Technology farm, Zimbabwe, over two cropping seasons between December 2014 and April 2016. Eight plant-parasitic nematode genera were observed belonging to five groups based on their feeding sites: (i) sedentary endoparasites (Meloidogyne and Rotylenchulus), (ii) migratory endoparasites (Pratylenchus), (iii) semi-endoparasites (Scutelonema and Helicotylenchus), (iv) ectoparasites (Xiphinema and Trichodorus), and (v) algal, lichen or moss feeders (Tylenchus). In both cropping seasons, semi-endoparasitic nematodes were double under rip line seeding and triple under basin planting compared to conventional tillage. Basin planting had higher plant-parasitic nematode richness than rip line seeding. Nematode densities did not have a measurable effect on maize grain yield. Maize grain yield was higher in rip line seeding (37%) and planting basins (52%) than conventional tillage during 2014/15 cropping season. On the other hand, during 2015/16 cropping season, maize grain yield was 78% and 113% higher in rip line seeding and basin planting, respectively, compared to conventional tillage. The results show that under the environmental and edaphic conditions of this specific study site, semi-endoparasitic nematodes were higher under rip line seeding and basin planting compared to conventional tillage. The authors conclude that (i) plant-parasitic nematode genera exhibited differential responses to different tillage systems but were not affected by fertilizer application, and (ii) in the present study, maize grain yield response under different tillage and fertilizer regimes was overall not related to nematode population density and composition.
Responses of Anastrepha suspensa, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, and Sensitivity of Guava Production to Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in Fruit Fly Integrated Pest Management
Authors: Heve William K. , El-Borai Fahiem E. , Johnson Evan G. , Carrillo Daniel , Crow William T. , Duncan Larry W. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Caribbean fruit fly, also known as Caribfly or Anastrepha suspensa, is a major tephritid pest of guavas. A virulent entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species was investigated to suppress the fruit-to-soil stages of Caribflies, which are also attacked by the koinobiont parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata in south Florida. The main objective was to develop a feasible and cost-effective EPN-application method for integrated pest management (IPM) of Caribfly to improve guava production. Naturally infested guavas were treated with increasing Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juvenile (IJ) concentration or rate (0, 25, 50, …, 1,600 IJs cm−2) in field trials to measure the optimum IJ rate and then examine sensitivity of producing guavas to inclusion of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in Caribfly IPM plans. Relative survival of Caribfly in treatments significantly decreased with increasing IJ rate from 0 to 100 IJs cm−2. Similarly, probability of observing large numbers of parasitoid wasps (Diachasmimorpha longicaudata) in EPN treatments significantly declined with increasing IJ rate (0–100 IJs cm−2), even though the non-target effects of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora on relative survival of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata could not be determined because of few emerging parasitoid wasps. Optimum suppression (⩾ 60%) of Caribfly was consistently achieved at 100 IJs cm−2 or 17,500 IJs fruit−1. Profitability analysis showed that Heterorhabditis bacteriophora can be included in Caribfly IPM tactics to produce guavas. Costs of EPNs in Caribfly IPM are minimized if Heterorhabditis bacteriophora is strategically applied by spot treatment of fruit. Repayment of costs of EPN-augmentation by spot treatments appears achievable by recovering 5.71% of the annual yield losses (⩾1,963 kg ha−1 ≈ US$ 8,650 ha−1), which are largely due to Caribfly infestation. Hectare-wide EPN-augmentation (or broadcasting) method requires more fruit recovery than the total annual yield losses to repay its high costs. Profitability of guava production in south Florida will not be very sensitive to marginal costs of the spot treatment method, when compared to the field-wide broadcasting of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora.
Characterization of Juvenile Stages of Bursaphelenchus crenati Rühm, 1956 (Nematoda: Aphelenchoidoidea)
Authors: Ryss Alexander Y. , Polyanina Kristina S. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In this study juvenile stages of Bursaphelenchus crenati (Sexdentati group) were distinguished based mainly on the genital primordium structure. Dauer stage juveniles were sampled under elytra of Hylesinus crenatus in galleries in bark of the wilted Fraxinus excelsior in the Voronezh region of Russia and were multiplied in laboratory cultures on the fungus Botrytis cinerea. Individual development included five stages (J1-J4 and adults) separated by molts. The first molt J1 to J2 occurred inside the egg and the J2 was at the hatching stage. Sex of juvenile stages can be identified using the morphology and size of the genital primordia and a body size of nematodes. Sex of juveniles may be identified from the J3 stage by the presence of the cloacal primordium in male juvenile and orientation of the germinal zone of the genital primordium. A tabular key to developmental stages of B. crenati is given. The body grows during molts and within each stage. The body increases rapidly after J3 stage combined with the most active cellular differentiation and elongation of the genital primordium. The dauer juveniles collected from elytra of vector beetles were similar to the third juvenile stage of the propagative generation by genital primordium structure and body size.
Samplings of Millipedes in Japan and Scarab Beetles in Hong Kong result in five new Species of Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae)
Authors: Kanzaki Natsumi , Herrmann Matthias , Yoshida Kohta , Weiler Christian , Rödelsperger Christian , Sommer Ralf J. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The authors describe five new species of Pristionchus from Japan and Hongkong. Scarab beetle samplings in Hongkong identified P. hongkongensis sp. n. and P. neolucani sp. n., representing the first beetle-associated Pristionchus species from China. Surprisingly, samplings of millipedes in Japan revealed a previously unknown association of Pristionchus nematodes with these arthropods. Specifically, the authors found three previously known Pristionchus species, P. arcanus, P. entomophagus, and P. fukushimae on Japanese millipedes. In addition, the authors found three new Pristionchus species on millipedes, which are described as P. riukiariae sp. n., P. degawai sp. n., and P. laevicollis, sp. n., the latter of which was also found on stag beetles. These species are most closely related to P. maxplancki, P. japonicus, and P. quartusdecimus and belong to the pacificus species-complex. The authors describe all species based on morphology, morphometrics, and genome-wide sequence analysis. Mating experiments indicated that all species are reproductively isolated from each other and in contrast to the species of the “pacificus species-complex sensu stricto” they do not form F1 hybrids.
Two nematodes (Nematoda: Diplogastridae, Rhabditidae) from the invasive millipede Chamberlinius hualienensis Wang, 1956 (Diplopoda, Paradoxosomatidae) on Hachijojima Island in Japan
Authors: Carta L. K. , Thomas W. K. , Meyer-Rochow V. B. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Millipedes may cause unexpected damage when they are introduced to new locations, becoming invaders that leave behind their old parasites and predators. Therefore, it was interesting to find numerous rhabditid nematodes within the gut of the invasive phytophagous millipede Chamberlinius hualienensis Wang, 1956 (Diplopoda, Paradoxosomatidae) from Hachijojima (Japan) in November, 2014. This millipede originated in Taiwan but was discovered in Japan in 1986. The nematodes were identified as juvenile Oscheius rugaoensis (Zhang et al., 2012) Darsouei et al., 2014 (Rhabditidae), and juvenile and adult Mononchoides sp. (Diplogastridae) based on images, morphometrics, and sequences of 18S and 28S rDNA. A novel short 28S sequence of a separate population of Oscheius necromenus SB218 from Australian millipedes was also included in a phylogenetic comparison of what can now be characterized as a species complex of millipede-associated Oscheius. The only other nematode associates of millipedes belong to Rhigonematomorpha and Oxyuridomorpha, two strictly parasitic superorders of nematodes. These nematode identifications represent new geographic and host associations.
Typology of Single-Industry Towns According to the Degree of Diversification of Secondary Vocational Education as an Information Base of Professional Retraining Projects
Authors: Тюличева Лидия , Tiulicheva Lidiia 
Published: January 2019

In the process of diversifying the economy of single-industry towns, a contradiction may appear between the homogeneous professional composition of the population and the need for personnel with diverse professional and qualification characteristics. Elimination of this risk lies in the field of diversification of vocational education.
The task of the study was to diagnose the degree of diversification of secondary vocational education in single-industry towns with the status of a territory of advanced socio-economic development. The definition of this characteristic was considered as the definition formed to date, one of the prerequisites for the implementation of the program for the development of single-industry towns.
The present research features the existing differences between single-industry cities with the status of territory of advanced socio-economic development in terms of the degree of diversification of secondary vocational education. The authors analyzed the mid-level training programs and programs for training skilled workers and employees that are being implemented in the 2017/18 school year. On this basis, a typology of single-industry towns was developed and proposed.
This typology can form the basis for the development of a set of strategies for the diversification of free software for single-industry towns of different types. This, in turn, will make it possible to introduce into the development program of each single-industry town a project to transform the vocational qualification structure of the population in accordance with the needs of a diversifying economy, which will increase the level of complexity of the program for developing a single-industry town as a whole.
How much data is enough? Financial optimisation of condition assessment spending to support pipeline replacement decisions
Authors: Laven Kevin , Boyle Fionn , Diemel Roel , Murray Paul 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
When facing pipeline replacement decisions, asset managers face a dilemma. Factual information about the condition of the pipelines allows better replacement decisions and capital efficiency gains. On the other hand, gathering this information is costly. Performing a cost-benefit analysis is also challenging, as the benefits are difficult to project. This paper models the financial impact of pipeline condition assessment by considering the financial risk associated with decision making errors. An economic optimization equation using the model is presented. This equation yields the Economic Assessment Level: the amount of condition information needed to minimize the total combined spending on information gathering and incorrect decisions. Case studies and examples of the impact of different levels of information gathering are presented. The results of these programs are compared with the predictions of the model, illustrating how the calculations can be used to improve capital improvement program efficiency real world situations.
Fibrinolytic Activity of Two Polypeptide Chains from Human Plasminogen#
Authors: Joison Agustín , Baiardi Gustavo , Donalisio Rocío , Gallo Federico 
Published: January 2019

Background:Plasminogen is a blood plasma glycoprotein of molecular weight about 92,000 Daltons. Physiologically, it incorporates into blood clots and after its activation by plasminogen activators to plasmin can perform a fibrinolytic function. Microplasmin is truncate polypeptide chain derivate of plasmin may be increase the fibrinolytic activity.Objective:To study the amino acid sequence of two polypeptides chains derivate to the plasminogen with fibrinolytic activity.Methods:he two polypeptides chains were prepared by isoelectric precipitation of human plasma in sodium borate buffer. The sample in a second step was subjected to affinity and ionic interchange chromatography and denaturalized electrophoresis was carried out on the sample previous heat 70ºC.Results:Two polypeptide chains of 29.000 and 35.000 Daltons by autolysis controlled were obtained with 25 UI of fibrinolytic activity in fibrin plate.Conclusion:Microplasmin was obtained with cleavage in different amino acid bounds and rearrangement of amino acids by autolysis with controlled alkaline precipitation.
One-pot Synthesis of 2-Hydroxy-1,4-Naphthoquinone (Lawsone)
Authors: Sivakumar Dhanavel , Thanusu Jayaraman , Kanagarajan Vijayakumar , Nagarajan Samuthira , Manikandan Haridoss , Gopalakrishnan Mannathusamy 
Published: January 2019

Aims and Scope:
The 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (lawsone) and 2,5-dihydroxy-1,
4-naphthoquninone (5-hydroxylawsone) are synthesized by one step process. The process involves an
inexpensive catalyst urea hydrogen peroxide and a base (t-BuOK) in alcohol for the transformation of
1-naphthol or 2,5-dihydroxynaphthalene to lawsone or its derivatives in the presences of oxygen. The process
is further directed to produce lawsone or its derivatives, with no extraneous heating to make it energetically efficient.
The synthesized compounds are analyzed by FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectral studies.

Materials and Methods:
All the raw materials were purchased from commercial suppliers and used as such
without further purification. The infrared spectra were recorded on a Thermo Nicolet-Avatar-330 FT-IR
spectrophotometer using KBr (pellets) and noteworthy absorption values (cm-1) are obtained. 1H and 13C NMR
spectra are recorded at 293K on BRUKER AMX-400 Spectrometer operating with the frequencies of 300
MHz and 75, 125 MHz respectively using DMSO-d6 as solvent.

Results:
The 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (lawsone) and 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquninone (5-
hydroxylawsone) are synthesised from 1-naphthol and 1,5-dihydorxynaphalene with urea-hydrogen peroxide as
the catalyst in basic medium and oxygen as the oxidizing agent. After purification, the formed products are
analysed by IR and NMR spectroscopy. The yield is 82% and the purity of the products is > 95%.

Conclusion:
The present study highlights the process for the manufacturing of lawsone and its derivatives
which is efficient in terms of energy needed for the activation of products from reactants. The advantages
include its cost-effective nature in terms of simple inexpensive catalyst required for the process and high yield.
The mild reaction conditions employed and the harmless by product obtained further confirm the usefulness of
this synthetic process.