bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Background Oriented Schlieren (EBOS)
Authors: Cozzi F. , Göttlich E 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The Background Orientend Schlieren (BOS) is a line of sight optical technique that exploits light refraction arising in inhomogeneous density field to visualize or either measure density gradients. The working principle of BOS is quite simple: a background patter appears distorted when observed through an optical inhomogeneous media, by comparing the distorted and undistorted images the apparent local displacement of the background pattern can be measured. The images comparison is carried out using either cross-correlation or optical flow techniques. In the framework of geometric optics and for a 2D refractive index field the measured displacements is proportional to the refractive index gradient. When applicable, the Gladstone-Dale relationship provides the link between the refractive index and the fluid density. The uncertainty in the measured displacements affects the qualitative and quantitative results extracted from BOS images. Spatial and temporal filtering techniques can reduce the uncertainty at the expenses of the spatial and the temporal resolutions. This work describes a modified BOS technique, named Enhanced BOS (EBOS), which is able to reduce the displacement uncertainty without using any spatial or temporal filter. The EBOS technique uses N undistorted images of a grey-scale background pattern taken at slightly different potions, the N reference images are paired with a single distorted background image. Eventually displacement maps obtained from the N image couples are averaged together. The mean displacement map is an improved estimate of the actual displacement field. The EBOS technique can also be used with optical flow techniques anyhow we limited our investigation to image analysis based on cross-correlation technique. The paper reports the results obtained by applying EBOS and BOS techniques to the same test case. The comparison evidence the capability of EBOS to reduce displacement uncertainty respect to BOS by using a limited number of undistorted background images. EBOS and BOS techniques achieve almost the same uncertainty when the number of particles contained in an interrogation area is high, thus EBOS is most advantageous to use when small interrogation area are required.
Non contact shape and dimension measurements by LIDAR techniques of one of the biggest Italian caverns
Authors: Radicioni F , Rossi G , Tosi G , Marsili R 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Many measurements techniques have been proposed and used for the “digitalization of things”: laser scanner, high resolution camera, depth cam, structured light 3D scanner, hyper-spectral sensor, multi-spectral cam, photo modelling, etc. In this work LIDAR measurement techniques has been applied for the digitalization of a cave room of about 180 x 120 m and a height recently discovered up to 250 m, named Abisso Ancona in the Frasassi caves, in the municipality of Genga, Ancona province, Italy.
Enhanced sensitivity of the urban heat island effect to summer temperatures induced by urban expansion
Authors: Gao Zhen , Hou Ying , Chen Weiping 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
A suitable thermal environment is important for the economy, society and public health in urban areas. However, the understanding of the relationship between the urban heat island (UHI) effect and background temperature (T-UHI) is very limited. In this study, the UHI effect induced by the urbanization of the megacity Beijing was investigated using the weather research and forecasting model. Urban expansion and heatwaves both considerably enhanced the UHI effect over urban areas in summer. The strengthened UHI effect during the heatwave period can be clearly explained by the positive sensitivity of T-UHI. The urban expansion increased the sensitivity of T-UHI from 0.0207 °C °C−1 in 2000 to 0.0569 °C °C−1 in 2010 in the daytime and from 0.0715 °C °C−1 in 2000 to 0.0995 °C °C−1 in 2010 at nighttime, thus resulting in a much stronger UHI effect mainly by increasing the difference between the latent heat flux and sensible heat flux. This enhanced sensitivity may exacerbate the urban heat stress in the situation of further urban expansion and background climate warming. Our results suggest that the sensitivity of T-UHI is a meaningful indicator to assess the urban thermal environment change and support the designing of heat mitigation strategies in urban planning.
Developing the geometrical classification of non-cylindrical folds
Authors: Haify N N 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This classification discusses most of the single and independent folds arisen in nature which are geometrically called non-cylindrical folds. This study worked on developing one of the most accurate classifications to describe the non-cylindrical folds which are presented by previous research.A new variable value was generated; it is called the factor (New) and its symbol (N). This value represents a non-planarity degree of axial surface of folds, factor (N) mathematically depends on the value of angle obtained at the side curvature of the axial surface along the extent of hinge line of folds; this angle is called factor (Wavy) and its symbol (W). Factor (N) and angle (W) were added to factors of geometrical classification of non-cylindrical folds according to previous research.The new, sophisticated, integrated and comprehensive classification was given by adding the new factor (N), where it processed the gaps and defects existed in geometrical classifications dealt with the non-cylindrical folds which have plane axial surface or non-plane axial surface, especially those folds that the classification of previous researches could not give them an accurate geometrical description as the one given by the present classification.
Quality Management to continuous improvements in process of Ready Mix Concrete production
Authors: AL-Saedi Alaa , Pasławski Jerzy , Nowotarski Piotr 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The key benefits from Ready Mix Concrete (RMC) are good quality, lower Life cycle cost, the speed of work and friendliness of environment more than the site mixed concrete, but when the quality of RMC is below threat of several causes resulting poor quality or useless concrete. We will lose all advantages of RMC that we mention before. Therefore, this study investigate the using of Quality management to improve the process of company to produc (RMC) in batching plant and study the impacts of Quality Control (QC), Quality Assurance (QA) on the company by introduce them to the process in order to make improvements on current Quality system to make it continuous improvements. The idea of the work depends on finding the relationship between the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Guide and the quality management by combining them together in process to achieve the best results as soon as possible, higher productivity, less rework, increased customers satisfaction, increased profitability and sustainability by finding company’s problems and achieving it through guidelines and instructions of PMBOK Guide also the principles, the tools and the techniques of Quality Management. In order to achieve that, we have investigated three main points: the first one is gathering information to identify the current quality system, the second is identifying and analyzing of these problems and the third is finding solutions based on the principles of management. With a view to manage the process of production, the author used many techniques and tools for management such as Flow Chart for a process, Ishikawa diagrams to define seven main group of problems, Check Sheet to the number of problems occurrence, the FMEA Analysis for thirty-five problems, 5 Whys Analysis to find sources of the problems, Solution effect Analysis to propose the possible solutions. The most important results from this study are the main reasons for the absence of management methodology in the company which is a defect in the Quality system (structure of company, procedure, and resources), lack of management experience and communication and lack interest of Total Quality Management in management methodology. The researcher found lacks in the thoughtful scientific methodology for the management in process of production, therefore the developing of the system of production in the RMC plant is to build a methodology based on a guide of Project Management Body of Knowledge 5th edition because of the maturity level of the project management knowledge areas.
Sustainability of architectural heritage elements“An Applied Study of the Basra City Corniche from the Establishment to the Present”
Authors: Markaryan Armin Sarkis , al-Zaidi Batool Moafaq 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Heritage represents the cultural and intellectual treasures of peoples. The urban heritage is an important material treasure because it represents the knowledge reached in the field of construction and urbanization. The research deals with the area of the urban heritage of the city of Basra because it represents an important architectural and architectural significance. It differs from the rest of the Iraqi cities because of its special urban construction. The area adjacent to Shatt al-Arab is identified locally as the Basra Corniche because of its urban and cultural importance heritage in the memory of people. In addition to the importance of buildings built on the Corniche, whether existing at present or not and the lack of architectural studies that dealt with the Basra Corniche and its urban character and scarcity. The gap of knowledge was the absence of architectural studies of Basra city Corniche. For this reason, the research has developed a methodology characterized by the distinction of architectural elements used in the design of the buildings located on the Corniche of Basra. Therefore, the research studies the Corniche of Basra city from the foundation to the present and clarifies the most prominent buildings there. The research assumes that the design elements are inspired by the heritage elements despite the different functional use of the building. The aim of the research is to study the design elements of the buildings on the Corniche of Basra and to show the sustainability of these architectural elements in the urban environment of Basra. A methodology has been developed to achieve the objectives, conclusions and recommendations of the research.
Short-Cut Nitrification of Iraqi Municipal Wastewater for Nitrogen Removal in a Single Reactor
Authors: Kalash Khairi R. , Kadhom Mohammed A. , Al-Furaiji Mustafa H. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Nitrogen components removal in wastewater treatment is an updated process that needs a continuous contribution of research. Traditionally, ammonium is removed by two biological ways, denitrification and nitrification. Here, it became necessary to suggest sustainable alternatives to control wastewater treatment strategies. In this work, a single reactor of high ammonium removal over nitrite process was operated, in which ammonium-oxidizing bacteria was used to convert ammonium to nitrite without sludge retention. The system was operated at aerobic conditions and a moderate temperature, at which the higher percentage of the desired ammonium oxidizer bacteria (AOB) over the undesired nitrite oxidizers bacteria (NOB) was achieved. The reactor was tested in a pilot plant scale to treat municipal wastewater with an average influent ammonium concentration value of 147.6 mg/l, flow rate 4.5 l/hr, hydraulic retention time (HRT) 24 hr, temperature 30-35 ºC, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration 3.7 mg/l, and pH range 6.0–9.0. Removal efficiencies of 65 and 90 % were achieved for ammonium and nitrite, respectively. The Single reactor system is particularly suitable for the treatment of wastewater that contains high ammonium, giving 25% savings of the required oxygen to achieve complete nitrification.
Transport Systems and the Impact of the Sustainable Activities on the Permanence of Existing Cities
Authors: Al-Zubaidy D M , Majed F A , Hassan S A 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The sustainable transport planning mechanism has recently emerged as a tool aimed at improving infrastructure interactively; integrated transport planning links transport planning and land use planning, and also coordinates the needs of both processes more effectively to seek to transform cities into an environmentally friendly place. However, it is a useful method for cities that intend to enter the future of sustainable transport, as the city can be more spectacular and sustainable if people are concerned with the concepts of urban planning. The existence of an impact relationship between intelligent transport systems and the environment through their contribution to reducing the negative effects of traffic congestion, which represents the transport infrastructure is an important social and economic cost. The planning of cities that are compatible with the environment should not be planned in a way that is specific to private transportation, but rather about the principle of public transport and the passageways. It should also move away from the trend towards urban planning that encourages the re-development of sites. The research problem, which lies in neglecting the role of a sustainable transport system in the revival of existing cities, has, in turn, put the hypothesis that the integration of sustainable urban planning with the sustainable transport system has a relationship related to activating the role of the transport system, and public transport is one of the factors of sustainability and sustainability of cities. Hence, the research is moving towards its goal of reaching clear strategies that can be used to activate the transport system to solve the problem of existing urban deterioration and to organize city planning so that we can formulate a future plan to absorb rapid growth with sustainable technologies. The second is the importance of the role of planning in activating the public transport system, in addition to the practical framework taken from the area of Victory Square in Baghdad case study to activate the sustainable public transport in Baghdad and connect the region With other transport stations to reactivate the sustainable transport system in Baghdad to solve the existing transport problems, to arrive at the research conclusions and final recommendations to achieve the research of its scientific purpose.
The Performance of Shear Strength and Volume Changes of Expansive Soils Utilizing Different Additives
Authors: Irshayyid Entesar Joudah , Fattah Mohammed Yousif 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Some clayey soils are generally classified as expansive soils which cause extensive damage to civil engineering structures due to change in its water content and the amount and type of clay size particles. Other important factors affecting the expansion behavior include the amount of non-expansive materials. This paper based on comparing two solutions to improve the soil parameters: the first solution to improve the soil with steel fiber and the second solution to improve the soil strength and volume changes with plastic waste material. Various tests conducted to study the effect of using different percentages of steel fiber and plastic waste material (4%, 8% and 12%) for each additives by dry weight of soil. The results presents that the steel fiber and plastic waste material significantly improved the soil strength and volume changes besides the physical properties of expansive clay soil which have susceptibility of swelling.
Performance of Cement Mortar Composites Reinforced with Polyvinyl Alcohol Fibers
Authors: Abbas Waleed A. , Gorgis Ikbal N. , Hussein Mahdi J. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This research studied the hybridization influence of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), in the first stage as solution and the second added fibers with PVA solution. Performance under flexural loads of cement mortar composite was studied on this basis, PVA concentration in solution used was 1% of cement weight with three PVA fiber volume fraction (1%, 2% and 3%)which were considered as the variables for constant PVA solution to cement ratio (P/C) and w/c ratio as1.6% and 30% respectively. This paper is specially concentrating on the impact of fiber volume fraction contents and their metis to deform composite. The specimens were tested under one-point load test next two days wet curing and 26daysdry curing. The testes exhibited both ductility and flexural strength of cement matrix increased when the fiber volume fraction content increased. Combination only PVA fibers with the cement mortar composite showed softening in strain behaviors, whereas its performance is brittle for PVA solution-containing specimens, but mixture of PVA fiber with PVA solution to the cement mortar composites showed strain hardening performance. PVA fibers and solution in both surface properties (hydrophilic and / or hydrophobic nature) and chemical composition improved area under the curve of the reinforced cement mortar composites at 2% volume friction of PVA fiber with PVA solution about 197%, 29% and 9.6% compare with 1%, 3% volume friction of PVA with PVA solution and 2% without solution respectively. The addition 2% of PVA fibers increased about 44% flexural strength compare to the control specimens at flow diameter 190mm and 63% compare with 3% at flow diameter130 mm. It is given away that a uniform spreading of fibers through the bulk of the composite material is vital to its outstanding workability. Finally, it was observed fraction of PVA fibers plays as a result a significant role for refining ductility of cement mortar composites.
The architectural variables (shape, function, and durability) and their impact in the architectural design to guarantee the design efficiency
Authors: Majeed Nidaa N , Oleiwi Mohammed S , Yaseen Rushdi A 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This research, by analysis, deals with the importance of durability, aesthetic, functionality, and the various opinions in this regard. These principles, with their aspects, concepts and formations, are as a deep and large sea for philosophers and thinkers. They tried to explain them and determinate them with standards and signs, despite the complexity, such the architects who proved that these principles are part and parcel from the thing, and they stuck in the mind of the recipient to embody them materially and remarkably. A field study was conducted by establishing a questionnaire and selecting a sample of architects, with various interests and experience. Then, the collected data were analysed, and the final results were extracted, in a way that enhances the importance of each variable to achieve the optimal design.
Analysis techniques for folded plate roofs and cellular bridges general review and comparisons
Authors: Al-Masoudy Baseem B , Al-Hadithy Laith K 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFolded plates have attracted profound interest in recent years because of their economic advantages and architectural appearance. In particular, their basic structural response is indeed logical enough, explicit and simple although its required numerical computation procedure is, in a little bit, boring. This type of structures have gained increasing popularity and offers more advantages than more complex structures, such as cylindrical shells, arches and right folded plate frames. Similarly, the thin-walled cellular bridge decks can be treated as a multi-folded plates structure. This study produces an overall review of the historical development of the most popular methods utilized for analysis the folded plate structures which are offered with their applications and how these methods are developed gradually. Four common methods are chosen in this paper to show their highlights of references particularizing in analysis of the above mentioned types of structure; the folded plate elasticity method (FPEM), finite element method (FEM), finite strip method (FSM) and spline finite strip method (SFSM). This investigation covers the elastic behavior, and the experimental researches on the elastic reaction of folded plate structures.
Sustainable Local Architecture as a Base to Create the Future Heritage in Contemporary Cities
Authors: Al-Shamari Haitham , Hadi Hasan , Al-Saidi Adil 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Local architecture could be seen as a group of buildings that belong and present the place and the community features. The research problem focuses on the weakness of contemporary local architecture as a main source to generate the architectural heritage. The aim of this paper is to establish a criterion for sustainable contemporary local architecture that is qualified to create the future architectural heritage. The hypothesis is that the sustainable local architecture represents the main source to create the future heritage. The case study has been conducted on Al-Mustansiriah University campus in Baghdad. It has been evaluated by a sample of 50 specialists. The research applied the statistical method (factor analysis) to interpret the data. The results demonstrate that four main factors were extracted from many variables. These factors are authenticity, popularity, utilization and durability. The first two factors form the power of community satisfaction and the second two form the power of rational solutions. These two powers are the base of creating the future heritage.
Influence of Tire Crumb Rubber on Properties of Asphalt Binders
Authors: Qasim G J , Tayh S A , Yousif R A 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
For many years, the asphalt binder has been used as the elemental material for pavement engineering. The increase in axle loads, heavy traffic, severe climate conditions and construction failures has led many researchers to seek some methods to enhance the bitumen properties. There is a wide range of applications of modifiers for bitumen in road construction. Although various kinds of modifiers have been used widely in reinforcing asphalt concrete, crumb rubber has attracted the most attention due to its high and desirable characteristics. It is realized that the well-distributed modifier can create a strong network in the internal structure of the composite, resulting in asphalt mastic that is more coherent. In the present paper, a laboratory investigation of the physical and rheological properties of various grades of asphalt binder (60-70 penetration grade, 80-100 penetration grade and PG-76 grade) modified with tire crumb rubber. The results showed improvement in physical properties of the modified asphalt binders in terms of decreasing in penetration, increasing in softening point and viscosity values. The modified bitumens exhibited enhanced rheological performance and could raise the grade of bitumen relying on the base asphalt type.