bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New A-Frame Design for SAGD-Based Heavy Oil Production
Authors: Payvar R. , Williams S. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Individual Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) wellheads experience thermally induced growth on the order of 0.5 m to 1 m and create a bending moment or side loading due to thermal expansion. This wellhead thermal growth is large enough that ball joints are usually located in the piping system adjacent to the wellhead to accommodate the required growth and reduce the stress on wellhead connections and improve long term performance.
Typical design practice is to use two uniaxial swivel joints and one multiaxial flexible joint arranged at the bottom and middle points of the A-frame respectively. This design approach requires an alignment between the wellhead and adjacent piping that sometimes can't be achieved in the field.
The new A-frame design includes just one uniaxial swivel joint arranged at one bottom end of the A-frame (piping side) and two multiaxial flexible joints arranged at the other points of the A-frame. This configuration allows for the full 3-degrees of freedom needed to accommodate vertical and horizontal misalignment between the wellhead and adjacent piping. However, the stability of new A-frame design with different nominal pipe sizes under sustained load cases need to be evaluated by pipe stress analysis. The results of analysis revealed that the new A-frame design will be stable under sustained load cases without any risk of sagging in the field. Moreover, the new A-frame design has already started to be implemented within the industry and is validated under realistic field condition.
The novelty of the new A-frame design is in the ability to handle vertical and horizontal misalignment issues between the wellhead and adjacent piping during installation, reduce the installation times, increase the reliability of operation and reduce the nozzle loads at the wellhead side.
Ammonia as Alkali for High Acid Number Oils
Authors: Southwick J. G. , Brewer M. L. , Pieterse S. G. , van Batenburg D. W. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Prior work has shown that ammonia is a useful alkali for alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) chemical floods. This paper extends the application of ammonia as alkali to high acid number oils. Ammonia as alkali seems ideal for high acid number oils as no appreciable ionic strength is generated by ammonia in solution, and the prospect for highly performing AP formulations exists (no cosurfactant required). Furthermore, the high number of moles of alkali/kg from ammonia is advantageous for the efficiency of logistics which is an especially critical factor in remote locations.
Our results show that for the specific crude oil and reservoir brine utilized in this study highly performing AP formulations are not obtained. The optimal salinity of petroleum soap from the crude oil is lower than the salinity of softened reservoir brine so a low-cost process is not possible without desalinization. Furthermore, the petroleum soaps do not generate low IFT with the soft brine, and an AP flood only recovered 7% of Sor.
With surfactants and crude oil evaluated in this paper ammonia is a suitable replacement for sodium carbonate for ASP formulations only if additional sodium chloride is added to the formulation in soft brine. Presently, the minimum amount of additional sodium chloride needed for high oil recovery is 0.5%. Economic evaluations need to be performed to determine the lowest cost option including an evaluation of logistics, (0.3% ammonia + 0.5% NaCl), or 2% sodium carbonate.
Steam Optimization Topic, Injection Rate Reduction vs. Surface Steam Quality Reduction
Authors: Al Shaibi Rashid , Al Abri Asim 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Reduction of heat injection rate is a common practice in steam flood projects to reduce fuel cost and extend project economic life. Fuel consumption reduction can be achieved either by reducing the injected mass rate at same steam quality or reducing steam quality at same mass injection rate. This paper presents literatures review on this topic, analysis and observations from field data in a major steam flooding project south of Oman. Injectors wellhead temperature and pressure was used to identify saturation status of injected fluid and correlate count of hot water injectors with changes in surface pipelines steam quality. Portable steam quality measurement units were utilized to obtain numerous surveys to analyze changes in injectors wellhead steam quality as results of field average generated steam quality. In addition, conceptual pattern simulation model was created for purpose of investigating the impact of reducing surface steam quality compared to reduction of injected mass with total injected head preserved. Results and conclusions are presented to illustrate the impact of the compared steam optimization methods. Clear correlation was observed from both, field data analysis and reservoir modeling work and produced water cut changes. Comprehensive analysis is presented to demonstrate the relation between steam quality distribution at injectors' wellheads and changes in surface injection lines average steam quality and the count of sub-saturated water injectors.
Steamflooding Heavy Oil in a Naturally Fractured Carbonate Reservoir in Sultanate of Oman: A Case Study
Authors: Malik Sanjeev , Al Balushi Mohammed , Al Salmi Salim , Al Belushi Aamer , Al Ismali Faris , Al Qassabi Fahad 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Since the discovery of the Khuff and Kahmah reservoirs at Mukhaizna field in 2010, Oxy Oman has faced a number of challenges in producing heavy oil (8000-20,000 cP) from these carbonate reservoirs. These large, low-productivity reservoirs have few analogues in the world, so Oxy has had to find our own way, pioneering new approaches to bring these reserves to market. In addition to the complicated geology of these naturally fractured, vuggy, and dolomitized carbonate reservoirs, identifying the right steam injection method and selecting the best artificial lift system were critical to the success of the project.
This paper covers the staged field development methodology, which we found to be beneficial for reducing both geological and reservoir engineering uncertainties. We will share our analysis and evaluation of various development concepts, including steamflooding, sequential steam injection, and scheduling cyclic steam stimulation across the field to optimize overall field production rates.
Our focus on data gathering and analysis has enabled us to optimize both our completion design and artificial lift selection, which has reduced downtime and lowered operating costs by nearly 50%. Persistent efforts by our engineers during the past two years have resulted in peak oil production this year – without any significant drilling activity.
Combining high-rate aerobic wastewater treatment with anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge at a pulp and paper mill
Authors: Magnusson Björn , Ekstrand Eva-Maria , Karlsson Anna , Ejlertsson Jörgen 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The activated sludge process within the pulp and paper industry is generally run to minimize the production of waste activated sludge (WAS), leading to high electricity costs from aeration and relatively large basin volumes. In this study, a pilot-scale activated sludge process was run to evaluate the concept of treating the wastewater at high rate with a low sludge age. Two 150 L containers were used, one for aeration and one for sedimentation and sludge return. The hydraulic retention time was decreased from 24 hours to 7 hours, and the sludge age was lowered from 12 days to 2–4 days. The methane potential of the WAS was evaluated using batch tests, as well as continuous anaerobic digestion (AD) in 4 L reactors in mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. Wastewater treatment capacity was increased almost four-fold at maintained degradation efficiency. The lower sludge age greatly improved the methane potential of the WAS in batch tests, reaching 170 NmL CH4/g VS at a sludge age of 2 days. In addition, the continuous AD showed a higher methane production at thermophilic conditions. Thus, the combination of high-rate wastewater treatment and AD of WAS is a promising option for the pulp and paper industry.
A Comparative Pharmacokinetic Profile of Trahydropalmatine After Oral Administration of its Monomer, Rhizoma Corydalis Alkaloid Extracts and Tong-Bi-Si-Wei-Fang to Rats
Authors: Ni Lijun , Ding Lu , Zhang Liguo , Luan Shaorong 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Tong-Bi-Si-Wei-Fang (TBSWF) is a candidate formula of Traditional Chinese
Medicine (TCM) for treating rheumatoid bone diseases, which is composed of rhizoma corydalis alkaloids,
saponins of glycyrrhiza uralensis and panax notoginseng, flavonoids of rhizoma drynariae and
glycyrrhiza uralensis.
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Objective: Trahydropalmatine (THP), the main active ingredient of rhizoma corydalis alkaloids, was
selected to study in vivo pharmacokinetics and druggability of TBSWF.

Methods:
The plasma concentration-time (C-T) profiles of THP and the pharmacokinetic property parameters
after oral administration of THP monomer, extract of corydalis alkaloids (ECA) and TBSWF
to rats, respectively were compared by a fully-validated HPLC method.

Results:
Compared to the THP monomer, the THP in TBSWF is absorbed faster, resides in the plasma
longer and has a similar apparent volume of distribution Vz/F (10~20 L/kg). Compared to THP monomer
and THP in TBSWF, the area under the concentration-time curve AUC 0-t of THP in ECA decreases
two-third; Vz/F of THP in ECA (85.02 L/kg) is significantly higher than that of THP in
TBSWF(p <0.05). Unlike THP monomer and THP in ECA, double peaks are observed in the C-T profile
of THP after oral administration of TBSWF. THP in TBSWF exhibits slow release to a certain degree.

Conclusion:
The interactions among the ingredients of TBSWF promote the adsorption and prolong the
residence time of THP in vivo, and provide an explanation for the advantages of TBSWF from the point
of pharmacokinetics.
Double Edge Sword Behavior of Carbendazim: A Potent Fungicide With Anticancer Therapeutic Properties
Authors: Goyal Karan , Sharma Ajay , Arya Ridhima , Sharma Rohit , Gupta Girish K. , Sharma Anil K. 
Published: March 2018

Background:
A number of benzimidazole derivatives such as benomyl and carbendazim have been
known for their potential role as agricultural fungicides. Simultaneously carbendazim has also been found to
inhibit proliferation of mammalian tumor cells specifically drug and multidrug resistant cell lines.

Objective:
To understand the dual role of Carbendazim as a fungicide and an anticancer agent, the study has been
planned referring to the earlier studies in literature.

Results:
Studies carried out with fungal and mammalian cells have highlighted the potential role of carbendazim in
inhibiting proliferation of cells, thereby exhibiting therapeutic implications against cancer. Because of its
promising preclinical antitumor activity, Carbendazim had undergone phase I clinical trials and is under further
clinical investigations for the treatment of cancer. A number of theoretical interactions have been pinpointed.
There are many anticancer drugs in the market, but their usefulness is limited because of drug resistance in a
significant proportion of patients. The hunger for newer drugs drives anticancer drug discovery research on a
global platform and requires innovations to ensure a sustainable pipeline of lead compounds.

Conclusion:
Current review highlights the dual role of carbendazim as a fungicide and an anticancer agent.
Further, the harmful effects of carbendazim and emphasis upon the need for more pharmacokinetic studies and
pharmacovigilance data to ascertain its clinical significance, have also been discussed.
4-aryl/heteroaryl-4H-fused Pyrans as Anti-proliferative Agents: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Singh Gurpreet , Sharma Pooja , Qayum Arem , Mahajan Girish , Mintoo M.J. , Singh Shashank Kumar , Mondhe Dilip Manikrao , Bedi P.M.S. , Jain Subheet K. , Gupta Girish Kumar 
Published: March 2018

Aims:
The current study is focused on the design and synthesis of 4-aryl/heteroaryl-4H-fused pyrans as
anti-proliferative agents. All the synthesized molecules were screened against a panel of human carcinoma cell lines.

Description:

Significant inhibition was exhibited by the compounds against HCT-116 (Colon) and PC-3 (Prostate)
cell lines while A-549 (Lung) cell lines, MiaPaCa-2 (Pancreatic) cell lines and HL-60 (Leukemia Cancer) cell lines
were almost resistant to the exposure of the test compounds. Compound FP-(v)n displayed noteworthy cytotoxicity
towards HCT-116 malignant cells with the IC50 value of 0.67 µM. It induces apoptosis as revealed by several
biological endpoints like apoptotic body formation, through DAPI staining, phase contrast microscopy and
mitochondrial membrane potential loss. Moreover FP-(v)n is a potent apoptotic inducer confirmed by cell cycle
arrest and ROS generation. The cell phase distribution studies indicate an augment from 4.94 % (control sample) to
39.68 % (sample treated with 1.5 µM compound FP-(v)n) in the apoptotic population. Compound FP-(v)n inhibits
the tumor growth in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC), Ehrlich Tumor (ET, solid) and sarcoma-180 (solid) mice
models. Additionally, it was established to be non-toxic at maximum tolerated dose of 1000 mg/kg in acute oral
toxicity in Swiss-albino mice.

Conclusion:
The current study provides an insight into anti-cancer potential of FP-(v)n, which might be valuable in
the treatment of tumor.
An Investigation of the Effects of Curcumin on the Changes in the Central Nervous System of Rats Exposed to Aroclor 1254 in the Prenatal Period
Authors: Alcigir Mehmet Eray , Dogan Halef Okan , Dikmen Begum Yurdakok , Dogan Kubra , Vural Sevil Atalay , Yilmaz Fatma Meric , Isgoren Atilla 
Published: March 2018

Background & Objective: Aroclor 1254 is a widespread toxic compound of Polychlorinated
Biphenyls (PCBs), which can create significant nervous problems. No remedies have been found to
date. The aim of this study was to reveal the damage that occurs in the central nervous system of rat
pups exposed to Aroclor 1254 in the prenatal period and to show the inhibiting effect of curcumin,
which is a strong anti-oxidant and neuroprotective substance.

Method:
The study established 3 groups of adult female and male Wistar albino rats. The rats were
mated within these groups and the offspring rats were evaluated within the group given Aroclor 1254
only (n=10) and the group was given both Aroclor 1254 and curcumin (n=10) and the control group
(n=10). The groups were compared in respect of pathomorphological damage. The immunohistochemical
evaluation was made of 8-hydroxdeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 4-hydroxynoneal (4HNE),
myelin basic protein (MBP) expressions and TUNEL reaction. The biochemical evaluation was made
of the changes in the TAS-TOS and Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE) levels. Damage was seen to have
been reduced with curcumin in the 8OHdG and TUNEL reactions, especially in the forebrain and the
midbrain, although the dosage applied did not significantly change TAS and TOS levels. Consequently,
it was understood that Aroclor 1254 caused damage in the central nervous system of the pup
in the prenatal period, and curcumin reduced these negative effects, particularly in the forebrain and
the midbrain.

Conclusion:
It was concluded that curcumin could be a potential neuroprotective agent and would be
more effective at higher doses.
Awareness among Terrace House Residents in Shah Alam towards Domestic Waste Recycling
Authors: Othman Ahmad Ridzwan , Yuhaniz Mayamin 
Published: March 2018

About thirty per cent of our domestic waste is recyclable, hence, can be sustainably processed rather than disposing through incinerators and at landfills. Waste reduction and recycling activities are no longer an option but a necessary step to achieve a healthy life style and at the same time protecting our environment. Recycling can save more energy than burning waste because its process is simple and less pollution. This research is to measure recycle knowledge and awareness level of sample residents in Shah Alam, and their priorities or supports towards sustainability. The findings will help the authority to address the issue.
ANTIOXIDANT, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION OF HIMALAYAN MEDICINAL HERBS PERISTROPHE BICALYCULATA LEAVES EXTRACT AGAINST RESPIRATORY TRACT PATHOGENS
Authors: Arya Prashant 
Published: March 2018

Objective: Evaluate the antioxidant, phytochemicals and antibacterial screening of leaves extracts of Peristrophe bicalyculata.Methods: The antibacterial activity against the respiratory tract pathogens i.e., Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 1144), Streptococcus pneumoniae (MTCC 655), Streptococcus pyogenes (MTCC 442), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 2474) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC 4030) was examined by the method agar well diffusion and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) was determined by the method of twofold serial dilution. Broad spectrum antibiotic erythromycin was used as positive control and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) used as negative control. The qualitative method was adapted for phytoconstituents screening and antioxidant activity of plant extract was examined by DPPH free radical scavenging method.Results: The results showed that the chloroform (CHF) extract has a higher degree of antibacterial potency then the other extract. The zone of inhibition showed by chloroform extract against tested bacteria ranged between 9.3±0.59 mm to 26.6±0.66 mm, respectively. MICs values were recorded between 6.25 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml against all the test organisms. Phytoconstituents analysis of P. bicalyculata extract exposed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, saponins and tannins. The methanolic extract of P. bicalyculata % inhibition of DPPH radical is up to 86.33%. The P. bicalyculata (Methanolic extract) gives best antioxidant activity than another extract.Conclusion: This investigation ropes a good answer to the use of P. bicalyculata as a natural antioxidant and in herbal medicine as a support for the development of new drugs and phytomedicine in the foundation for its use in remedial of respiratory infectious diseases.
Fuelling the Nation: Imaginaries of Western Oil in Canadian Nontheatrical Film
Authors: Jekanowski Rachel Webb 
Published: March 2018

Background Canadian nontheatrical cinema has historically positioned natural resource extraction as intrinsic to the country’s economic development and national identity. During the 1940s and 1950s in particular with the discovery of Alberta’s vast oil reserves, industrial and documentary films about oil extraction associated petroleum with nation-building and modernization.Analysis This article examines The Story of Oil (1946, produced by the National Film Board of Canada), A Mile Below the Wheat (1949, sponsored by Imperial Oil), and Underground East (1953, sponsored by Imperial Oil) as examples of such “petro-films” following the oil booms in Turner Valley and Leduc, Alberta.Conclusion and implications The author demonstrates how these texts sought to position Western oil development in relation to contemporaneous resource industries, namely wheat agriculture and ranching. These films leveraged such comparisons to other regional “fuels” to situate petroleum within pre-existing national imaginaries about Canada’s twentieth-century resource economy, and normalize the oil industry’s land-use practices and transportation infrastructures like pipelines.Contexte Historiquement, le cinéma canadien non théâtral a établi un lien intrinsèque entre l’extraction des ressources naturelles, le développement économique, et l’identité nationale du pays. Durant les années 1940 et 1950, en particulier, avec la découverte des vastes réserves de pétrole de l’Alberta, les films documentaires et industriels sur l’extraction ont associé pétrole, modernisation et construction de la nation.Analyse Cet article traite des films The Story of Oil (1946, financé par l’Office Nationale du Film du Canada), A Mile Below the Wheat (1949, financé par l’Impériale), ainsi qu’Underground East (1953, financé par l’Impériale) comme représentatifs de ces « pétro-films » qui ont suivi l’essor des industries pétrolières de Turner Valley et Leduc, Alberta.Conclusion et implications L’auteur démontre comment ces textes ont cherché à associer le développement du pétrole dans l’Ouest avec les industries contemporaines du secteur primaire : agriculture du blé et élevage. Cette comparaison avec d’autres « carburants » régionaux a permis de situer le pétrole à l’intérieur d’un imaginaire national préexistant, construit autour de l’économie canadienne des ressources primaires au vingtième siècle. Elle contribue à normaliser les pratiques d’utilisation du territoire par les industries pétrolières, et leurs infrastructures de transport comme les pipelines.
Power From the North: The Energized Trajectory of Indigenous Sovereignty Movements
Authors: Roburn Shirley 
Published: March 2018

Background In the face of proposed energy megaprojects, First Nations and Inuit in Canada have organized locally, regionally, nationally, and internationally to articulate visions for their territories, which are anchored in self-determination, cultural resurgence, and harmonious relationships between human communities, non-human ones, and the land that sustains all beings.Analysis This article explores such articulations in response to three specific proposed energy projects: the Mackenzie Valley pipeline, the Great Whale hydroelectric project, and present-day efforts to bring tar sand oil and liquid natural gas (LNG) to tidewater in Northern British Columbia.Conclusions and implications Indigenous nations have worked creatively and consistently to inflect decision-making concerning both the energy infrastructure, and the forms of governance that support it.Contexte Face aux propositions de mégaprojets énergétiques, les Premières Nations et Inuits du Canada se sont organisés localement, régionalement, nationalement et internationalement pour articuler des visions de leurs territoires ancrées dans l'autodétermination, la résurgence culturelle et les relations harmonieuses entre les communautés humaines les non-humains et la terre qui soutient tous les êtres.Analyse Inspiré par des recherches sur les ordres juridiques autochtones, cet article explore ces articulations en réponse à trois projets énergétiques précis: le projet d’olèoduc Mackenzie Valley des années 1970, le projet hydroélectrique Grande Baleine proposé pour le nord du Québec à la fin des années 1980; des efforts pour acheminer l'huile de sables bitumineux et le gaz naturel liquéfié (GNL) vers les côtes du nord de la Colombie-Britannique.Conclusion et implications Les nations autochtones ont travaillé de manière créative et constante pour influencer les décisions concernant l'infrastructure énergétique et les formes de gouvernance qui la soutiennent.Enquête Berger; Grande Baleine; Northern Gateway; Ordres Juridiques Autochtones; Hydroèlectricité, Projet de la Baie James