bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subgroup identification for precision medicine: A comparative review of 13 methods
Authors: Loh Wei‐Yin , Cao Luxi , Zhou Peigen 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNatural heterogeneity in patient populations can make it very hard to develop treatments that benefit all patients. As a result, an important goal of precision medicine is identification of patient subgroups that respond to treatment at a much higher (or lower) rate than the population average. Despite there being many subgroup identification methods, there is no comprehensive comparative study of their statistical properties. We review 13 methods and use real‐world and simulated data to compare the performance of their publicly available software using seven criteria: (a) bias in selection of subgroup variables, (b) probability of false discovery, (c) probability of identifying correct predictive variables, (d) bias in estimates of subgroup treatment effects, (e) expected subgroup size, (f) expected true treatment effect of subgroups, and (g) subgroup stability. The results show that many methods fare poorly on at least one criterion.This article is categorized under:
Technologies > Machine Learning
Algorithmic Development > Hierarchies and Trees
Algorithmic Development > Statistics
Application Areas > Health Care
Extension of positivity bounds to non-local theories: IR obstructions to Lorentz invariant UV completions
Authors: Tokuda Junsei 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe derive positivity bounds on low energy effective field theories which admit gapped, analytic, unitary, Lorentz invariant, and possiblynon-localUV completions, by considering 2 to 2 scatterings of Jaffe fields whose Lehmann-Källén spectral density can grow exponentially. Several properties of S-matrix, such as analyticity properties, are assumed in our derivation. Interestingly, we find that some of the positivity bounds obtained in the literature, such as sub-leading order forward-limit bounds, must be satisfied even when UV completions fall into non-localizable theories in Jaffe’s language, unless momentum space Wightman functions grow too rapidly at high energy. Under this restriction on the growth rate, such bounds may provide IR obstructions to analytic, unitary, and Lorentz invariant UV completions.
Freezing in response to social threat: a replication
Authors: Noordewier Marret K. , Scheepers Daan T. , Hilbert Leon P. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Freezing is an adaptive defensive response to a stressful event. Recent research suggests that freezing not only occurs in response to physical threats but also in response to social threats (e.g., angry faces; Roelofs et al. in Psychol Sci 21:1575–1581, 2010). Given the practical and theoretical importance of this finding, the current study aimed to replicate and extend it. Following the original study, we measured heart rate while participants viewed emotional faces (angry, happy, neutral). Extending the original study, we included a baseline measure and performed additional, more fine-grained analyses. Our results support the hypothesis that participants show physiological signs of freezing when looking at angry faces. Importantly, we also find this effect when comparing heart rate in the angry block to baseline levels. Interestingly, the heart rate effects are explained by deceleration in the first 30 s of the 1-min angry block, but not in the second 30 s. Like Roelofs et al., we find evidence that the effects are modulated by state anxiety, but our effects are only marginal and we do not replicate the negative correlation between heart rate and state anxiety in the angry block. In general, we thus find evidence for physiological signs of freezing in response to social threat. We discuss implications and venues for future research.
An exploratory scenario analysis of strategic pathways towards a sustainable electricity system of the drought-stricken São Francisco River Basin
Authors: Souza Júnior Clécio Barbosa , Koch Hagen , Siegmund-Schultze Marianna , Köppel Johann 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe São Francisco River Basin in Brazil’s Northeast region suffered from a serious multi-year drought, which started in 2012. This drought was characterized by long periods of water stress, variability and unpredictability of levels and flows of rivers and reservoirs, decreases in hydropower generation, and rising of conflicts between agricultural and electrical sectors. Besides, the electricity sector faced a crisis due to its dependency on hydroelectricity generation. Applying a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) can contribute to resolve such conflicts. Particular challenges are establishing transparent rules for water level management at the dams and securing electricity supply. Ultimately, identifying options to invest in sustainable power sources may positively impact the regional electricity matrix. We used Soft Systems Methodology to structure the decision-making context and set the main objectives to be considered in the MCDA. Different scenarios of reservoir management were simulated using the Soil and Water Integrated Model and Incomplete Pairwise Comparison, while bibliographic research and expert interviews led to the selection of indicators for structuring the MCDA. We present projections for hydropower generation and meeting of water demands of further users, based on two climate change projections. The driest scenario shows a reduction in hydropower generation, indicating the necessity to reconfigure the composition of electricity sources, considering economic, technical and social-environmental constraints. These elements of the structuring phase are prerequisites for the evaluation phase of the MCDA.
Immigrants in Their Parental Homeland: Half a Million U.S.-born Minors Settle Throughout Mexico
Authors: Masferrer Claudia , Hamilton Erin R. , Denier Nicole 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In the past 10 years, a historical change occurred in migration flows within North America: specifically, Mexico–U.S. migration reached zero net migration. Alongside Mexican adults returning to their homeland was an unprecedented number of U.S.-born minors. Little is known about this massive migration of U.S. citizen children. We analyze Mexican census data from 2000 to 2015 to estimate the size and characteristics of the population of U.S.-born minors residing in Mexico. Between 2000 and 2010, the population of U.S.-born minors doubled to more than half a million. The population stabilized, aged, and became longer-term Mexican residents thereafter. The large majority of U.S.-born minors are primary school–aged. Although concentrated in the northern border and traditional migrant-sending regions, U.S.-born minors are distributed throughout Mexico. The majority of U.S.-born minors live in Mexico with two Mexican-born parents, but one-third are separated from one or both parents, and most of those separated from parents reside with grandparents. We interpret these trends in reference to the determinants of Mexico–U.S. migration, transnational and mixed-status families, and the future spatial and social mobility of U.S.-born minors living in Mexico.
Hyperacute Infarct on Intraoperative Diffusion Imaging of Pediatric Brain Tumor Surgery
Authors: Saint-Martin Christine , Apuzzo Sergio , Salman Ayat , Farmer Jean-Pierre 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT:Background:Brain neoplasms are the second-most prevalent cancer of childhood for which surgical resection remains the main treatment. Intraoperative MRI is a useful tool to optimize brain tumor resection. It is, however, not known whether intraoperative MRI can detect complications such as hyperacute ischemic infarcts.Methods:A retrospective analysis of pre- and intraoperative MRIs including DWI sequence and correlation with early and 3-month postoperative MRIs was conducted to evaluate the incidence of hyperacute arterial infarct during pediatric brain tumor resection. Patient demographics, pathological type, tumor location, resection type as well as preoperative tumoral vessel encasement, evolution of the area of restricted diffusion were collected and analyzed comparatively between the group with acute infarct and the control group. Extent of the hyperacute infarct was compared to both early postsurgical and 3-month follow-up MRIs.Results:Of the 115 cases, 13 (11%) developed a hyperacute arterial ischemic infarct during brain tumor resection. Tumoral encasement of vessels was more frequent in the infarct group (69%) compared to 25.5% in the control group. Four cases showed additional vessel irregularities on intraoperative MRI. On early follow-up, the infarcted brain area had further progressed in six cases and was stable in seven cases. No further progression was noted after the first week post-surgery.Conclusions:Hyperacute infarcts are not rare events to complicate pediatric brain tumor resection. Tumoral encasement of the circle of Willis vessels appears to be the main risk factor. Intraoperative DWI underestimates the final extent of infarcted tissue compared to early postsurgical MRI.
Three-dimensional effects on the transfer function of a rectangular-section body in turbulent flow
Authors: Yang Yang , Li Mingshui , Liao Haili 
Published: June 2019

This paper investigates the influence of three-dimensional effects on the transfer function of a rectangular-section body in turbulent flow. The dimensionless factor$\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}$, as derived by Liet al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 847, 2018, pp. 768–785), is adapted to evaluate this influence. The calculation of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}$requires the spanwise influence term. For this purpose, an adapted form of the lift coherence function is derived, enabling the use of the measured lift coherence for the estimation of the spanwise influence term. Three rectangular models with different cross-sections (chord-to-depth ratios of 3, 5 and 10) are chosen for testing, and a NACA 0015 airfoil model is tested for comparison. Using the measured spanwise influence terms, the dimensionless factors of these models are then numerically calculated under different ratios of the turbulent integral scale to the chord$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$and aspect ratios$\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$. It is shown that the dimensionless factors of the rectangular models increase as$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$increase, which are similar to the dimensionless factor of the airfoil model. If$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$have suitable values, the strip theory could be applicable to the rectangular-section body. It is also found that the dimensionless factors of all the rectangular models are larger than the dimensionless factor of the airfoil model under the same parameters. The smaller the chord-to-depth ratio is, the larger the dimensionless factor is. Using the strip theory to calculate the lift response of the rectangular-section body may provide more accurate estimation. Additionally, the one-wavenumber transfer functions of these models are determined under the consideration of the three-dimensional effects. The results show that the experimental transfer functions of the rectangular models cannot be captured by the Sears function. They are larger than the Sears function at lower frequencies, while falling at a faster rate as the frequency increases. For bluff bodies with separated flow, the modified transfer function presented here appears to be an appropriate approach.
Spatial Distribution and Problems in the Interpretation of Radiocarbon Dates of the Sungir Site, Russia
Authors: Soldatova Taisiya 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTThe Upper Paleolithic open-air site Sungir is located in the central Russian Plain. The blank production of the lithic industry is characterized by parallel reduction with flakes being the main blank type. The tool assemblage has two components: archaic types (Mousterian-like) on the one hand and Upper Paleolithic types on the other. The available data does not allow for a confident determination of the chronological position of the Sungir site, nor does it enable researchers to distinguish different stages of human occupation. The horizontal distribution of the dated samples demonstrates the almost complete absence of radiocarbon (14C) dates for household features identified at the site (fireplaces, fire and ritual pits, large accumulations of bones, etc.). In addition, the vertical distribution of 14C dates in the rather thick cultural layer points to the exposure of the site to solifluction.
The Actuarial Aspects of Recent Legislation, in the United Kingdom and other Countries, on the subject of Compensation to Workmen for Accidents
Authors: Nicoll John 
Published: June 2019

The liability of the employer to compensate his employees, as well as other persons, for injuries sustained through his fault, may be traced from an early period in the world's history in the Common Law of various countries.For example, by the Jewish Law, said to have been promulgated about the year 1500 B.C., if a master were the means of causing the loss, either intentionally or unintentionally, of the eye or of the tooth of his slave, he was bound to let him go free for his eye or his tooth's sake. Again, according to the same law, if an employer allowed his ox to gore either his servant or a stranger, he was required to pay various compensations to the injured if he survived, or to his relatives in the event of the injury being followed by death.
Osculatory Interpolation by Central Differences; with an application to Life Table Construction
Authors: Buchanan James 
Published: June 2019

The new method described in Mr. King's recent paper, “On the Construction of Mortality Tables from Census Returns and Records of Deaths”, marks such a great advance on that employed in the construction of the official English Life Table, that it occurred to me that it might be worth examining whether the numerical application could not be further simplified by the use of central differences. Everett's formula (J.I.A., xxxv, 452) lends itself admirably to the construction of tables by subdivision of intervals. It involves only even central differences of each of the two middle terms of the series between which the interpolation has to be made, and, as was pointed out by the author in communicating his formula to the Journal, “each sum of three terms does double duty, serving both for “the preceding and the succeeding interval. In an extended “computation, the number of ‘sums of three terms’ to be “calculated is accordingly practically identical with the number “of intervals, and the labour of calculation is only about half “what it appears to be on the face of the formula.”The problem before us is that of fitting between consecutive pairs of a series of points a series of partial interpolation curves, which shall have the same slope and curvature at their points of junction. In what follows, the central difference notation is that introduced by Dr. W. F. Sheppard in his paper on “Central Difference Formulæ” (Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, xxxi, 449).
Whole Life Non-Profit Assurances
Authors: Cameron Finlay James 
Published: June 2019

The subject of this Paper is Whole Life Non-Profit Assurances with uniform Premiums payable throughout life.In choosing this subject for investigation, I have been influenced mainly by the following reasons :(1) This type of policy represents life assurance in one of its simplest and earliest forms. The premium and the sum assured are both fixed throughout life, save for the very slight chance of insolvency of the office causing the contract to be reduced. Also nowadays it is not uncommon to find that the surrender values and equivalent paid-up policies are guaranteed from the outset.(2) Other tables such as Whole Life by Limited Premiums, Half Premiums for first “n” years, &c., are as a rule founded on the basis of the simple whole life ordinary rates.(3) A considerable body of data derived directly from the experience of British Offices under ordinary whole life non-profit policies is available as a result of the British Offices Mortality Investigation, 1863-93.(4) In spite of the apparent simplicity of the contract, there are marked divergencies in the rates of premium charged by first-class offices and in the surrender values and equivalent paid-up policies offered by them.
Do fuel type and place of cooking matter for acute respiratory infection among Afghan children? Evidence from the Afghanistan DHS 2015
Authors: Sk Rayhan , Rasooly Mohammad Hafiz , Barua Somdutta 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn Afghanistan, acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a leading cause of under-five mortality. Previous studies on the effects of cooking fuel on ARI have only looked at the types of cooking fuel, and not the effects of the location of the cooking place. The present study aimed to assess the effects of fuel type and place of cooking on the prevalence of ARI among under-five children in Afghanistan. Descriptive statistics and multilevel logistic regression analysis were performed for 31,063 children using data from the first round of the Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey conducted in 2015. Overall, 13% of the children suffered from ARI symptoms in the 2 weeks before the survey, but this varied widely across the country. The multilevel analysis showed that, compared with households using clean cooking fuel in a separate building or outside, households using clean cooking fuel within the house and without a separate kitchen had a 32% lower risk [95% confidence interval (CI)=0.51–0.91] of having under-five children with ARI, and those using clean fuel in a separate kitchen in the house had a 17% lower risk (95% CI=0.67–1.03). On the other hand, households using polluting cooking fuel in the house without a kitchen had a 14% (95% CI=0.91–1.44) higher risk of having under-five children with ARI, and those using polluting cooking fuel in the house with a separate kitchen had a 5% (95% CI=0.85–1.30) higher risk, after adjusting for other covariates. The findings indicate that type of cooking fuel is not the only issue affecting ARI in children. Place of cooking (in a house with or without a separate kitchen versus outside) also affects the risk of ARI among under-five children. The study also found that mother’s education and occupational status, community poverty and ethnicity are other important factors affecting the prevalence of ARI in under-five children in Afghanistan.
Cold, dark, and dangerous: international cooperation in the arctic and space
Authors: Byers Michael 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article compares Russian–Western cooperation in the Arctic and Space, with a focus on why cooperation continued after the 2014 annexation of Crimea. On the basis of this comparative approach, continued cooperation is linked to the following factors: (1) the Arctic and Space are remote and extreme environments; (2) they are militarised but not substantially weaponised; (3) they both suffer from ‘tragedies of the commons’; (4) Arctic and Space-faring states engage in risk management through international law-making; (5) Arctic and Space relations rely on consensus decision-making; (6) Arctic and Space relations rely on soft law; (7) Arctic states and Space-faring states interact within a situation of ‘complex interdependence’; (8) Russia and the United States are resisting greater Chinese involvement in these regions. The article concludes with the following contribution to international relations theory: The more that states need to cooperate in a particular region or issue-area, and the more they become accustomed to doing so, the more resilient that cooperation will become to tensions and breakdowns in other regions and issue-areas. This phenomenon can be termed ‘complex and resilient interdependence’, to signify that complex independence is more than a description. It can, sometimes, affect the course of state-to-state relations.
The protective effect of neighbourhood social cohesion on adolescent mental health following stressful life events
Authors: Kingsbury Mila , Clayborne Zahra , Colman Ian , Kirkbride James B. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundExposure to stressful life events is an established risk factor for the development of adolescent mental disorder. Growing evidence also suggests that neighbourhood social environments, including strong social cohesion, could have a protective effect on mental health. However, little is known about how neighbourhood social cohesion may buffer against the effects of stressful life events on adolescent mental health. Our aim was to assess whether neighbourhood social cohesion modifies the association between stressful life events and adolescent mental health outcomes.MethodsData were drawn from a nationally-representative prospective sample of Canadian adolescents, including 5183 adolescents aged 12/13 years at T1 and 14/15 years at T2. Caregivers reported neighbourhood social cohesion at T1, and exposure to stressful life events between T1 and T2. Symptoms of mental health and behaviour problems were self-reported by adolescents at T1 and T2. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine whether the relationship between stressful life events and outcomes was modified by neighbourhood social cohesion.ResultsAssociations between stressful life events and adolescent outcomes were statistically significantly lower in neighbourhoods with greater social cohesion for: depression/anxiety (high cohesion OR = 0.98v.low cohesion OR = 3.11), suicidal ideation (ORhigh= 1.30v.ORlow= 5.25), aggression/conduct disorder (ORhigh= 1.09v.ORlow= 4.27), and property offence (ORhigh= 1.21v.ORlow= 4.21).ConclusionsGreater neighbourhood social cohesion appeared to buffer the effects of stressful life events on several domains of adolescent mental health. This potentially presents a target for public health intervention to improve adolescent mental health and behavioural outcomes.
IV.—The Glacial Deposits of Northern Pembrokeshire
Authors: Jehu T. J. 
Published: June 2019

The area embraced in this paper consists of that part of Pembrokeshire which lies to the north and north-east of St Bride's Bay. Bounded on the west by St George's Channel and on the north by Cardigan Bay, it extends to the north-east as far as the mouth of the river Teifi, near Cardigan.That part of the country which lies in the immediate neighbourhood of St David's has, through the laborious researches of the late Dr Hicks and others, become well-known to geologists, and may now be regarded as classic ground. The solid geology of this promontory has given rise to much discussion, and has, perhaps, attracted more attention than that of any other part of the Principality. The reason for this great interest is to be sought in the facts that the rocks of this area are of a very great antiquity, and that the sedimentary series contain the remains of some of the earliest organic forms yet found in the earth's crust, whilst the igneous rocks are also displayed in great abundance and variety, and present us, in the words of Sir Archibald Geikie, with “the oldest well-preserved record of volcanic action in Britain.”
The politics of land property rights
Authors: Cai Meina , Murtazashvili Ilia , Murtazashvili Jennifer 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLegal reforms that improve the security of private property rights to land have characteristics of a public good with dispersed benefits. However, nothing ensures that the state will provide property protection as a public good. Some states provide property protection selectively to powerful groups. Others are unable to provide property protection. In this paper, we argue that whether the state provides property protection as a public good, selectively, or cannot establish private property rights depends on the following features of politics: political stability, government capacity to administer and enforce private property rights, constraints on political decision-makers, and the inclusivity of political and legal institutions. We illustrate the theory using evidence from reforms that increased opportunities to privately own land in the US from the late eighteenth through nineteenth centuries, selective enforcement of land property rights in China, and the absence of credible legal rights to land in Afghanistan.