bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facile Non‐Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2‐Thioxo‐2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐one Derivatives via One‐Pot Multicomponent Reactions
Authors: Bahadorikhalili Saeed , Rahimzadeh Golnaz , Kianmehr Ebrahim , Ansari Samira , Hamedifar Haleh , Mahdavi Mohammad 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this paper, a novel method is introduced for the synthesis of 3‐substituted 2‐thioxo‐2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐one derivatives. This methodology is based on the multicomponent one‐pot reaction of isatoic anhydride, amines, chloroform and sulfur in basic conditions. The products are obtained in highest efficiency when the reaction is performed in 1,4‐dioxane as the solvent in the presence of potassium tert‐butoxide as the base. The reaction showes to be efficient and simple for the preparation of these compounds. In addition, this method is general and different aromatic or aliphatic amines are used and the desired products are isolated in high yields. A possible mechanism for the reaction is proposed, which consisted the dichlorocarbene formation under the basic conditions.
Selection of Graphite Pencil Grades for the Design of Suitable Electrodes for Stacking Multiple Single‐Inlet Paper‐Pencil Fuel Cells
Authors: Arun Ravi Kumar , Gupta Vinay , Singh Preeti , Biswas Gautam , Chanda Nripen 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe present a single‐inlet paper‐pencil based microfluidic fuel cell which works on the capillary driven fluid flow of a mixture of fuel (formic acid) and electrolyte (dilute sulfuric acid) solutions as a single entity. Different types of pencils are used to prepare the graphite electrodes to observe their effect on the fuel cell performance. The graphite electrodes are porous and act as a gas diffusion electrode which breaths in oxygen directly from the quiescent air and out CO2 from the cell. The paper fuel cell also fabricated in different dimensions and connected as cell‐stacks to enhance its performance. The paper‐pencil device generates maximum open circuit potential of ∼2.5 V in series combination and maximum current density of ∼ 82 mA cm−2 and power density of ∼ 100 mW cm−2 in parallel combination. Later, rGO−Cu/CuO nanocomposite embedded electrodes are used to observe their effect on the device performance.
Synthesis, In Vitro Anti‐Inflammatory Activity and Molecular Docking of Butyrate Benzophenone Compound
Authors: Li Yunlan , Yang Lu , Chen Xi , Niu Siqing , Ban Shurong , Feng Xiue , Li Qingshan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTwelve new butyric acid ester‐containing benzophenone compounds were synthesized by Friedel‐Crafts acylation reaction, Esterification reaction and Clemmensen reduction reaction. Biological evaluation indicated that all compounds exhibit certain anti‐inflammatory activities against Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced inflammatory in mouse macrophages (RAW264.7). In particular, a novel compound,4‐[3‐ isobutyl‐4‐methoxy‐5 ‐(pyrrolidine‐1‐carbonyl)‐phenyl]‐butyric acid ethyl ester (7 g) showed the highest anti‐inflammatory activity with the IC50 value of 18.60 ± 7.79 μM for nitric oxide (NO) which is better than that of the positive control Ibuprofen (IC50=37.6±6.9 μM ) and the positive control compound of COX‐2 inhibitor (IC50=47.2±0.4 μM ), indicating that it could be a potential candidate for further development as a anti‐inflammatory drug.
Reformatsky Reagent Promoted Acetylation of Primary and Secondary Aliphatic Alcohols Using Ethyl Acetate as an Acetyl Donor
Authors: Fujihara Rina , Nakata Kenya 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe reaction system of a Reformatsky reagent as a promoter and EtOAc as a solvent and acetyl donor was found to achieve efficient acetylation of a variety of primary and secondary aliphatic alcohols under mild conditions. The reaction can be carried out by a simple one‐pot operation and does not require heating. The reaction shows a high tolerance for various functional groups and chemoselectivity, such that the phenolic hydroxyl groups do not react. Furthermore, the reaction can be used for gram‐scale acetylation.
Enhanced Solar Conversion of CO2 to CO Using Mn‐doped TiO2 Based on Photo‐thermochemical Cycle
Authors: Deng Bowen , Xu Chenyu , Li Zheng , Huang Wenhui , Wu Qiliang , Zhang Yanwei , Ni Mingjiang , Cen Kefa 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPhoto‐thermochemical cycle (PTC) is a promising method to converting CO2 to solar fuels. To study the mechanism of CO2 reduction based on PTC, sol‐gel synthesized titanium dioxide (ST) and Mn‐doped TiO2 (MT) films were produced and applied to the PTC under simulated solar light irradiation. Commercial P25 (PT) was used as a reference. Experiments show that Mn‐doped TiO2 produced more CO than undoped TiO2 and P25. The average CO production of 1.0 wt% MT by the PTC was 32.19 μmol⋅m−2⋅h−1), 4.36 times than that of ST and 3.63 times that of PT. Various characterization methods were conducted to investigated the effect of Mn ions doping on the photoresponse and charge transfer of samples. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were also performed to verify the analysis and enhance the PTC mechanism. In conclusion, several key factors that Mn ions promote CO2 conversion have been clarified.
Overview of the toxic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in blood, liver, muscles, and brain of a Neotropical detritivorous fish
Authors: Carmo Talita L. L. , Siqueira Priscila R. , Azevedo Vinícius C. , Tavares Driele , Pesenti Emanuele C. , Cestari Marta M. , Martinez Cláudia B. R. , Fernandes Marisa N. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2‐NP) in the blood, liver, muscle, and brain of a Neotropical detritivorous fish, Prochilodus lineatus, was tested. Juvenile fish were exposed to 0, 1, 5, 10, and 50 mg L−1 of TiO2‐NP for 48 hours (acute exposure) or 14 days (subchronic exposure) to evaluate changes in hematology, red blood cell (RBC) genotoxicity/mutagenicity, liver function (reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, antioxidant responses, detoxification, and histopathology), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in muscles and brain, and Ti bioaccumulation. TiO2‐NP did not cause genetic damage to RBC, but acutely decreased white blood cells (WBC) and increased monocytes. Subchronically, RBC decreased, mean cell volume and hemoglobin increased, and WBC and lymphocytes decreased. Therefore, NP has the potential to affect immune system and increase energy expenditure, reducing the fish's ability to avoid predator and to resist pathogens. In the liver, acute exposure decreased ROS and increased glutathione (GSH) content, while subchronic exposure decreased superoxide dismutase activity and increased glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) activity and GSH content. GSH and GST seem to play an essential role in metabolizing NP and ROS, likely increasing hepatocytes' metabolic rate, which may be the cause of observed cell hypertrophy, disarrangement of hepatic cords and degenerative morphological alterations. Although most studies indicate that the kidney is responsible for metabolizing and/or eliminating TiO2‐NP, this study shows that the liver also has a main role in these processes. Nevertheless, Ti still accumulated in the liver, muscle, and brain and decreased muscular AChE activity after acute exposure, showing neurotoxic potential. More studies are needed to better understand the biochemical pathways TiO2‐NP are metabolized and how its bioaccumulation may affect fish homeostasis and survival in the environment.
On the determination of the Biot modulus of poroelastic cylinder
Authors: Dudarev Vladimir V. , Mnukhin Roman M. , Vatulyan Alexander O. , Nedin Rostislav D. , Gusakov Dmitriy V. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe paper is concerned with a problem of radial vibrations of an inhomogeneous poroelastic cylinder by means of the acoustic sounding method. We have carried out the analysis of the amplitude‐frequency characteristic of the cylinder depending on the variation law of the Biot modulus and have considered the inverse problem on the determination of this law by the available data of the amplitude‐frequency characteristic measured in a given frequency range. The solution of the inverse problem has been obtained on the basis of the iterative process constructed, when the correction to the current form of the reconstructed function was defined by the derived Fredholm integral equation of the first kind. A number of examples of the reconstruction of the variation laws of the Biot modulus are presented. The reconstruction accuracy is estimated, and the recommendations on a successful implementation of the proposed approach are provided.
Definitive Chemoradiotherapy Versus Trimodality Therapy for Resectable Oesophageal Carcinoma: Meta‐analyses and Systematic Review of Literature
Authors: Voeten Daan M. , den Bakker Chantal M. , Heineman David J. , Ket Johannes C. F. , Daams Freek , van der Peet Donald L. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundStandard therapy for loco‐regionally advanced, resectable oesophageal carcinoma is trimodality therapy (TMT) consisting of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and oesophagectomy. Evidence of survival advantage of TMT over organ‐preserving definitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT) is inconclusive. The aim of this study is to compare survival between TMT and dCRT.MethodsA systematic review and meta‐analyses were conducted. Randomised controlled trials and observational studies on resectable, curatively treated, oesophageal carcinoma patients above 18 years were included. Three online databases were searched for studies comparing TMT with dCRT. Primary outcomes were 1‐, 2‐, 3‐ and 5‐year overall survival rates. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tools for RCTs and cohort studies. Quality of evidence was evaluated according to Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation.ResultsThirty‐two studies described in 35 articles were included in this systematic review, and 33 were included in the meta‐analyses. Two‐, three‐ and five‐year overall survival was significantly lower in dCRT compared to TMT, with relative risks (RRs) of 0.69 (95% CI 0.57–0.83), 0.76 (95% CI 0.63–0.92) and 0.57 (95% CI 0.47–0.71), respectively. When only analysing studies with equal patient groups at baseline, no significant differences for 2‐, 3‐ and 5‐year overall survival were found with RRs of 0.83 (95% CI 0.62–1.10), 0.81 (95% CI 0.57–1.14) and 0.63 (95% CI 0.36–1.12).ConclusionThese meta‐analyses do not show clear survival advantage for TMT over dCRT. Only a non‐significant trend towards better survival was seen, assuming comparable patient groups at baseline. Non‐operative management of oesophageal carcinoma patients might be part of a personalised and tailored treatment approach in future. However, to date hard evidence proving its non‐inferiority compared to operative management is lacking.
Theoretical Aspects of Spinodal Decomposition in Fe-C
Authors: Kim B. , Sietsma J. , Santofimia M. J. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Carbon redistribution is known to occur during room temperature aging of Fe-C martensite. One of the proposed mechanisms in the literature by which carbon redistributes is spinodal decomposition, a thermodynamically driven reaction in which the alloy undergoes separation into carbon-rich and carbon-poor regions, giving rise to modulations in carbon concentration. Despite the substantial experimental evidence supporting the occurrence of spinodal decomposition in Fe-C, its theoretical formulation requires attention. In the present study, a theoretical framework based on the regular solution model is built for evaluating the thermodynamics of the Fe-C system, with particular emphasis on the interstitial nature of carbon atoms within the ferrite lattice. Assuming a defect-free lattice, the model explains a miscibility gap in the Fe-C system. The limitations of the current model are critically evaluated.
Educational Disparities in Adult Mortality Across U.S. States: How Do They Differ, and Have They Changed Since the Mid-1980s?
Authors: Montez Jennifer Karas , Zajacova Anna , Hayward Mark D. , Woolf Steven H. , Chapman Derek , Beckfield Jason 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Adult mortality varies greatly by educational attainment. Explanations have focused on actions and choices made by individuals, neglecting contextual factors such as economic and policy environments. This study takes an important step toward explaining educational disparities in U.S. adult mortality and their growth since the mid-1980s by examining them across U.S. states. We analyzed data on adults aged 45–89 in the 1985–2011 National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality File (721,448 adults; 225,592 deaths). We compared educational disparities in mortality in the early twenty-first century (1999–2011) with those of the late twentieth century (1985–1998) for 36 large-sample states, accounting for demographic covariates and birth state. We found that disparities vary considerably by state: in the early twenty-first century, the greater risk of death associated with lacking a high school credential, compared with having completed at least one year of college, ranged from 40 % in Arizona to 104 % in Maryland. The size of the disparities varies across states primarily because mortality associated with low education varies. Between the two periods, higher-educated adult mortality declined to similar levels across most states, but lower-educated adult mortality decreased, increased, or changed little, depending on the state. Consequently, educational disparities in mortality grew over time in many, but not all, states, with growth most common in the South and Midwest. The findings provide new insights into the troubling trends and disparities in U.S. adult mortality.
Vaccination Data When the Outbreak Happens: A Qualitative Evaluation of Oregon’s Rapid Response Tool
Authors: Osborn Andrew W. , Peters Lee R. 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTObjectiveImmunization data are vital to support responses to vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks. The Oregon Immunization Program developed a unique prototype instrument—the Rapid Response Tool (RRT)—that provides population data to local responders within 2 hours of a request. Data outputs include vaccination coverage by age group and zip code; percentages of students with nonmedical exemptions to vaccination requirements, by school; and current, comprehensive lists of local vaccination providers.MethodsThe RRT was demonstrated to staff at 7 Oregon counties and feedback was solicited via comments and a structured survey.ResultsThe RRT received strong support. Attendees identified several uses for RRT data, including outbreak response and ongoing intervention efforts, and they pointed to areas for further development.ConclusionsThe success of the RRT demonstrations illustrates that a well-populated immunization information system can contribute to preparedness work well beyond current standards. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:682–685)
Reaction to Severe Stress and Adjustment Disorders After the September 2017 Earthquakes in a Psychiatric Emergency Department in Mexico City
Authors: Fresán Ana , Robles-García Rebeca , Becerra-Palars Claudia , Muñoz-Suárez Manuel Alejandro , Rangel-Cupa Omar , Monroy-Cortés Brisa Gissel , Molina-Lopez Alejandro 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTObjectiveEarthquakes may lead to a reaction to severe stress and adjustment disorders (RSSAD). On September 7, 19, and 23, 2017, Mexico was struck by many severe earthquakes. The aim of this study was to examine whether there was an increase in the number of consultations and RSSAD in a psychiatric emergency department in Mexico City after these earthquakes.MethodsWe studied retrospectively the diagnosis and triage assessment from a Mexican psychiatric emergency department database from September 1 to November 30, 2017, and analyzed RSSAD and the number of consultations after the earthquakes.ResultsA total of 1,811 psychiatric emergency consultations were registered from the period of study. A total of 141 consultations represented RSSAD. There was a significant increase of RSSAD after the September 23, 2017, earthquake. The triage assessment revealed that the urgency of the consultations was higher immediately after the earthquakes.ConclusionNatural disasters, such as earthquakes, may trigger diverse RSSAD leading to increased emergency consultations, especially when those disasters are repetitive. Mental health professionals should be adequately trained and sensitized for possible acute disaster victims. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:686–690).
Multiple Patients With Burn Injury Induced by a Chemical Explosion Managed by Physician-Staffed Helicopters
Authors: Kondo Akihiko , Jitsuiki Kei , Osaka Hiromichi , Takeuchi Ikuto , Ishikawa Kouhei , Omori Kazuhiko , Yanagawa Youichi 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTOn December 1, 2017, the Fuji factory of Arakawa Chemical Industries exploded. Dust that formed as a byproduct from the crushing and packing process of the resin for ink exploded at the facility. The Fuji City Fire Department requested the dispatch of 2 physician-staffed helicopters (known as a doctor helicopter [DH] in Japan). The first party of emergency services established a headquarters and first-aid station. However, this area was feared to be at risk of a second explosion. Physicians performed re-triage for all 11 burned patients. Three severely injured patients were transported to emergency medical service centers either by ground ambulance or the DH without undergoing any decontamination. The physician who escorted the patient by ground ambulance complained of a headache. One of the severely injured patients was treated at a local hospital and then transported to an emergency medical service center after undergoing decontamination and intubation. Fortunately, all patients who were transported to medical facilities obtained a survival outcome. Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive incidents are rare but can be fatal for responders to these types of disaster. Therefore, all who work in these settings should be prepared and trained adequately to ensure that they have the knowledge and skill to both manage patients and protect themselves from harm. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness.2019;13:799–805)
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D fluctuations in military personnel during 6-month summer operational deployments in Afghanistan
Authors: Fallowfield Joanne L. , Delves Simon K. , Hill Neil E. , Lanham-New Susan A. , Shaw Anneliese M. , Brown Pieter E. H. , Bentley Conor , Wilson Duncan R. , Allsopp Adrian J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSoldier operational performance is determined by their fitness, nutritional status, quality of rest/recovery, and remaining injury/illness free. Understanding large fluctuations in nutritional status during operations is critical to safeguarding health and well-being. There are limited data world-wide describing the effect of extreme climate change on nutrient profiles. This study investigated the effect of hot-dry deployments on vitamin D status (assessed from 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration) of young, male, military volunteers. Two data sets are presented (pilot study, n 37; main study, n 98), examining serum 25(OH)D concentrations before and during 6-month summer operational deployments to Afghanistan (March to October/November). Body mass, percentage of body fat, dietary intake and serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured. In addition, parathyroid hormone (PTH), adjusted Ca and albumin concentrations were measured in the main study to better understand 25(OH)D fluctuations. Body mass and fat mass (FM) losses were greater for early (pre- to mid-) deployment compared with late (mid- to post-) deployment (P<0·05). Dietary intake was well-maintained despite high rates of energy expenditure. A pronounced increase in 25(OH)D was observed between pre- (March) and mid-deployment (June) (pilot study: 51 (sd 20) v. 212 (sd 85) nmol/l, P<0·05; main study: 55 (sd 22) v. 167 (sd 71) nmol/l, P<0·05) and remained elevated post-deployment (October/November). In contrast, PTH was highest pre-deployment, decreasing thereafter (main study: 4·45 (sd 2·20) v. 3·79 (sd 1·50) pmol/l, P<0·05). The typical seasonal cycling of vitamin D appeared exaggerated in this active male population undertaking an arduous summer deployment. Further research is warranted, where such large seasonal vitamin D fluctuations may be detrimental to bone health in the longer-term.
OP03 Optimizing The Use Of RWE In HTA: Lessons From The ICER Summit
Authors: Hampson Grace , Henshall Chris , Towse Adrian , Dreitlein Bill , Pearson Steven 
Published: January 2019

Introduction:Real world evidence (RWE) is changing the overall data landscape and it has potential to advance the evaluation of real world performance (comparative effectiveness) of healthcare technologies by providing a greater quantity and quality of evidence. However, many are concerned that non-randomized RWE may be substituted for RCT data and thus increase uncertainty about effectiveness. This presentation sets out the opportunities and challenges for use of RWE by payers and HTA bodies to evaluate health care technologies.Methods:Current uses, opportunities and challenges were identified via a literature review and interviews with nine experts. Interim results were discussed at the 2017 ICER Policy Summit, which brought together leaders from payer and life sciences organizations, to develop specific and actionable recommendations for the use of RWE in drug coverage and policy decision-making.Results:RWE is utilized for multiple purposes in the US and globally, including: aiding design of drug development pathways; supporting regulatory approval decisions; monitoring safety; and informing HTA assessments and payer coverage decisions. Some stakeholders see great value in RWE and want to make greater use of these data sources, including for: drug effectiveness evaluations (including supplementing network meta-analyses); innovative study designs (including pragmatic trials); real time patient monitoring; and adaptive pathways or coverage with evidence development. However, others see numerous challenges, many of which are related to the quality and reliability of RWE sources. Acceptance of an expanded future role for RWE is not universal, and payers and developers must work together to find mutually beneficial strategies for progressing the development and use of RWE.Conclusions:Specific and actionable recommendations will be presented which highlight the role that each stakeholder group can play in overcoming the challenges and realizing the potential for RWE.