bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The structured demography of open populations in fluctuating environments
Authors: Schreiber Sebastian J. , Moore Jacob L. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

At the spatial scale relevant to many field studies and management policies, populations may experience more external recruitment than internal recruitment. These sources of recruitment, as well as local demography, are often subject to stochastic fluctuations in environmental conditions. Here, we introduce a class of stochastic models accounting for these complexities, provide analytic methods for understanding their long‐term behaviour and illustrate the application of methods to two marine populations.

The population state n(x) of these stochastic models is a function or vector keeping track of densities of individuals with continuous (e.g. size) or discrete (e.g. age) traits x taking values in a compact metric space. This state variable is updated by a stochastic affine equation nt+1 = At+1nt + bt+1 where is At+1 is a time varying operator (e.g. an integral operator or a matrix) that updates the local demography and bt+1 is a time varying function or vector representing external recruitment.

When the realized per‐capita growth rate of the local demography is negative, we show that all initial conditions converge to the same time‐varying trajectory. Furthermore, when A1,A2,… and b1,b2,… are stationary sequences, this limiting behaviour is determined by a unique stationary distribution.

When the stationary sequences are periodic, uncorrelated or a mixture of these two types of stationarity, we derive explicit formulas for the mean, within‐year covariance and autocovariance of the stationary distribution. Sensitivity formulas for these statistical features are also given.

The analytic methods are illustrated with applications to discrete size‐structured models of space‐limited coral populations and continuously size‐structured models of giant clam populations.
Randomized controlled trial of intra‐articular ketorolac on pain and inflammation after minor arthroscopic knee surgery
Authors: Solheim N. , Gregersen I. , Halvorsen B. , Bjerkeli V. , Stubhaug A. , Gordh T. , Rosseland L. A. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundKetorolac is an effective non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, commonly used with local anaesthetics as part of local infiltration analgesia protocols following orthopaedic surgery. However, systemic uptake and drug action may be the major mechanism after local infiltration. The aims of this project were to study the effects of a small, systemically ineffective dose of ketorolac given intra‐articularly for post‐operative pain and also to study synovial inflammatory biomarkers. We investigated whether ketorolac affects pro‐inflammatory biomarkers in an in vitro model, as well.MethodsIn this placebo‐controlled, blind, randomized study, we analysed intra‐articular ketorolac (5 mg) in ambulatory minor knee surgery patients with moderate or severe pain (n = 44). We assessed post‐operative pain intensity (n = 44) and analysed microdialysis samples taken from knee synovial tissue every 20 min (n = 34). We also tested cyclooxygenase‐independent effects of ketorolac in synovial cells stimulated by prostaglandin E2 and chondroitin sulphate in vitro.ResultsIntra‐articular ketorolac (5 mg) administration did not reduce pain or synovial pro‐inflammatory cytokines CXCL1, IL‐8, and MCP‐1, 0–120 min after knee arthroscopy. Female gender was a risk factor for moderate or severe pain (relative risk 1.45, 95% confidence interval 1.04–2.01). Paradoxically, ketorolac increased the release of CXCL1 and IL‐8 in prostaglandin E2 and chondroitin sulphate‐stimulated synovial cells in vitro.ConclusionKetorolac prescribed at a low dose intra‐articularly does not produce any detectable analgesic effect after minor knee surgery.
Fluid accumulation during acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit
Authors: Berthelsen R. E. , Perner A. , Jensen A. K. , Jensen J.‐U. , Bestle M. H. 
Published: March 2018

IntroductionFluid therapy is a ubiquitous intervention in patients admitted to the intensive care unit, but positive fluid balance may be associated with poor outcomes and particular in patients with acute kidney injury. Studies describing this have defined fluid overload either at specific time points or considered patients with a positive mean daily fluid balance as fluid overloaded. We wished to detail this further and performed joint model analyses of the association between daily fluid balance and outcome represented by mortality and renal recovery in patients admitted with acute kidney injury.MethodWe did a retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with acute kidney injury during a 2‐year observation period. We used serum creatinine measurements to identify patients with acute kidney injury and collected sequential daily fluid balance during the first 5 days of admission to the intensive care unit. We used joint modelling techniques to correlate the development of fluid overload with survival and renal recovery adjusted for age, gender and disease severity.ResultsThe cohort contained 863 patients with acute kidney injury of whom 460 (53%) and 254 (29%) developed 5% and 10% fluid overload, respectively. We found that both 5% and 10% fluid overload was correlated with reduced survival and renal recovery.ConclusionJoint model analyses of fluid accumulation in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with acute kidney injury confirm that even a modest degree of fluid overload (5%) may be negatively associated with both survival and renal recovery.
A Multisite Intervention for Pediatric Community‐acquired Pneumonia in Community Settings
Authors: McDaniel Corrie E. , Haaland Wren , Parlaman Joshua , Zhou Chuan , Desai Arti D. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe majority of children with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) are primarily evaluated in community hospital emergency departments (EDs); however, studies on the management of pediatric CAP have largely targeted care provided in freestanding children's hospital EDs or inpatient settings. The objectives of this study were to examine whether implementation of a CAP pathway within three community hospital EDs and inpatient units improved process measures related to appropriate laboratory testing and antibiotic prescribing and to compare performance on these measures between the community hospitals and a freestanding children's hospital.MethodsThrough a multidisciplinary approach (including general emergency medicine [EM] providers, pediatric fellowship‐trained EM providers, and pediatric hospitalists), a CAP pathway was designed and implemented at three community hospitals in January and February 2016. Diagnostic and therapeutic process measures were collected using administrative data and medical record abstraction 1 year pre‐ and postintervention. Chi‐square statistics and statistical process control P‐charts were used to examine adherence to these process measures.ResultsAcross the community hospitals, 544 patients preintervention and 321 patients postintervention met inclusion criteria, with 290 children's hospital patients meeting criteria in the postintervention period. Adherence to process measures increased postintervention for appropriate laboratory testing, narrow‐spectrum antibiotic stewardship and macrolide stewardship by 10.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.7% to 16.9%), 8.3% (95% CI = 21.5% to 15.2%), and 3.1% (95% CI = –4.3% to 10.4%), respectively. Statistical process control P‐charts demonstrated special cause variation immediately after implementation of the intervention in regards to appropriate laboratory testing.ConclusionImplementation of a CAP pathway through a multisite community hospital intervention improved adherence to evidence‐based recommendations for laboratory testing and antibiotic stewardship. Similar interventions may improve the quality of care for children with CAP on a population level, as community hospitals are where these patients are seen most frequently.
Short course of grass allergen peptides immunotherapy over 3 weeks reduces seasonal symptoms in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis with/without asthma: A randomized, multicenter, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Mösges R. , Bachert C. , Panzner P. , Calderon M. A. , Haazen L. , Pirotton S. , Wathelet N. , Durham S. R. , Bonny M.‐A. , Legon T. , von Frenckell R. , Pfaar O. , Shamji M. H. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundImmunotherapy with peptide hydrolysates from Lolium perenne (LPP) is an alternative treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis with or without asthma. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of a cumulative dose of 170 μg LPP administered subcutaneously over 3 weeks.MethodsIn a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, 554 adults with grass pollen rhinoconjunctivitis were randomized (1:2 ratio) to receive 8 subcutaneous injections of placebo or 170 μg LPP administered in increasing doses in 4 visits over 3 weeks. The primary outcome was the combined symptom and medication score (CSMS) measured over the peak pollen season. Reactivity to conjunctival provocation test (CPT) and quality of life (QOL) was assessed as secondary endpoints.ResultsThe mean reduction in CSMS in the LPP vs placebo group was −15.5% (P = .041) during the peak period and −17.9% (P = .029) over the entire pollen season. LPP‐treated group had a reduced reactivity to CPT (P < .001) and, during the pollen season, a lower rhinoconjunctivitis QOL global score (P = .005) compared with placebo group. Mostly mild and WAO grade 1 early systemic reaction (ESR) were observed ≤30 minutes in 10.5% of LPP‐treated patients, whereas 3 patients with a medical history of asthma (<1%) experienced a serious ESR that resolved with rescue medication.ConclusionLolium perenne pollen peptides administered over 3 weeks before the grass pollen season significantly reduced seasonal symptoms and was generally safe and well‐tolerated.
Laparoscopic repair of large hiatal hernias: clinical outcomes of 10 years
Authors: Chen Zhen , Zhao Hongzhi , Sun Xiangyu , Wang Zhenyu 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundWhilst laparoscopic repair is the most common surgical procedure for the treatment of large hiatal hernias, knowledge of long‐term outcomes (>10 years) is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long‐term results following this approach, in particular the hernia recurrence rate and the impact of repair on quality of life (QoL).MethodsPatients were identified from a prospective database. A standardized questionnaire was used to assess symptoms and a barium swallow radiograph was performed to determine anatomy. A validated QoL measure, Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) was also applied to all patients.ResultsOf the 69 eligible patients, clinical follow‐up was available for 54 patients (78.3%). Follow‐up ranged from 72 to 185 (median: 114) months. Post‐operative heartburn and dysphagia were significantly improved, with 45 patients (83%) reporting a good or excellent result. Contrast radiology in 35 patients (65%) revealed recurrence in 12 patients (34%). Fifty‐four patients answered the GIQLI questionnaire. The mean GIQLI score was 117 (61–136). Patients with objectively documented anatomic recurrence had a QoL index of 92 (61–121) compared to an index of 122 (77–136, P < 0.01) in the non‐recurrent hernia group.ConclusionsAt mean 114 months follow‐up, laparoscopic repair of large hiatal hernias achieves effective and durable relief of symptoms, and most patients are satisfied with the outcome.
Post‐operative outcomes in older patients: a single‐centre observational study
Authors: Tang Benjamin , Green Cameron , Yeoh Aun Chian , Husain Faisal , Subramaniam Ashwin 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundImproved life‐expectancies have seen increased rates of older patients undergoing surgery worldwide. These patients are at increased risk of post‐operative complications. Australian evidence is limited regarding the association between age and post‐operative outcomes, especially rapid response calls (RRCs) as indicators of adverse outcomes. The aim was to compare the post‐operative outcomes of older patients (≥80 years) to younger patients. Specifically, 30‐day in‐hospital mortality; unplanned intensive care unit (ICU) admission; and RRC activation within 72 h post‐operatively.MethodsSingle‐centre retrospective observational study conducted over 12 months in a metropolitan Australian hospital. All adult patients (≥16 years) undergoing surgical procedures were included, excluding cardiac and obstetric/gynaecological surgeries. Patient co‐morbidities were quantified using Charlson co‐morbidity index (CCI) and American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification.ResultsSeven thousand four hundred and seventy‐nine patients met inclusion criteria, 14.5% (n = 1086) aged ≥80 years. Most procedures (65%) were elective; and general surgical procedures were most common (24.2%). Compared to younger patients, older patients had significantly higher 30‐day mortality (2.3% versus 0.2%; P < 0.001), increased post‐operative RRC rates (7.3% versus 1.2%; P < 0.001), and unplanned ICU admissions (3.2% versus 1.6%; P < 0.001). Increasing age was associated with increased risk of post‐operative RRC, unplanned ICU admission, and in‐hospital mortality (all P < 0.01), with associations remaining significant after controlling for surgery type and CCI.ConclusionOlder patients are at increased risk of adverse post‐operative outcomes, including post‐operative RRC, unplanned ICU admission, and mortality, especially if they underwent emergency procedures. This has implications for preoperative risk stratification and post‐operative management. Incidence of post‐operative RRCs may be an important indicator of post‐operative care.
Can oxytocin augmentation modify the risk of epidural analgesia by maternal age in cesarean sections?
Authors: Rossen Janne , Klungsøyr Kari , Albrechtsen Susanne , Løkkegård Ellen , Rasmussen Steen , Bergholt Thomas , Skjeldestad Finn E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIntroductionMaternal age is an established risk factor for cesarean section; epidural analgesia and oxytocin augmentation may modify this association. We investigated the effects and interactions of oxytocin augmentation, epidural analgesia and maternal age on the risk of cesarean section.Material and methodsIn all, 416 386 nulliparous women with spontaneous onset of labor, ≥37 weeks of gestation and singleton infants with a cephalic presentation during 2000–2011 from Norway and Denmark were included [Ten‐group classification system (Robson) group 1]. In this case‐control study the main exposure was maternal age; epidural analgesia, oxytocin augmentation, birthweight and time period were explanatory variables. Chi‐square test and logistic regression were used to estimate associations and interactions.ResultsThe cesarean section rate increased consistently with advancing maternal age, both overall and in strata of epidural analgesia and oxytocin augmentation. We observed strong interactions between maternal age, oxytocin augmentation and epidural analgesia for the risk of cesarean section. Women with epidural analgesia generally had a reduced adjusted odds ratio when oxytocin was used compared with when it was not used. In Norway, this applied to all maternal age groups but in Denmark only for women ≥30 years. Among women without epidural, oxytocin augmentation was associated with an increased odds ratio for cesarean section in Denmark, whereas no difference was observed in Norway.ConclusionsOxytocin augmentation in nulliparous women with epidural analgesia is associated with a reduced risk of cesarean section in labor with spontaneous onset.
Attitudes toward surrogacy among doctors working in reproductive medicine and obstetric care in Sweden
Authors: Stenfelt Camilla , Armuand Gabriela , Wånggren Kjell , Skoog Svanberg Agneta , Sydsjö Gunilla 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to investigate attitudes and opinions towards surrogacy among physicians working within obstetrics and reproductive medicine in Sweden.Material and methodsPhysicians working within medically assisted reproduction (MAR), antenatal care and obstetrics were invited to participate in a cross‐sectional nationwide survey study. The study‐specific questionnaire measured attitudes and experiences in three domains: attitudes towards surrogacy, assessment of prospective surrogate mothers, and antenatal and obstetric care for surrogate mothers.ResultsOf the 103 physicians who participated (response rate 74%), 63% were positive or neutral towards altruistic surrogacy being introduced in Sweden. However, only 28% thought that it should be publicly financed. Physicians working at fertility clinics were more positive towards legalization as well as public financing of surrogacy compared than were those working within antenatal and delivery care. The majority of the physicians agreed that surrogacy involves the risk of exploitation of women's bodies (60%) and that there is a risk that the commissioning couple might pay the surrogate mother “under the table” (82%). They also expressed concerns about potential surrogate mothers not being able to understand fully the risks of entering pregnancy on behalf of someone else.ConclusionThere is a relatively strong support among physicians working within obstetrics and reproductive medicine for the introduction of surrogacy in Sweden. However, the physicians expressed concerns about the surrogate mothers’ health as well as the risk of coercion. Further discussions about legalization of surrogacy should include views from individuals within a wide field of different medical professions and laymen.
Letter: predicting azathioprine‐associated pancreatitis in IBD—phenotype or genotype?
Authors: Teich N. , Bruns T. , Stallmach A. 
Published: March 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Wilson et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14483 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14562.
Bariatric surgery is associated with increased risk of new‐onset inflammatory bowel disease: case series and national database study
Authors: Ungaro R. , Fausel R. , Chang H. L. , Chang S. , Chen L. A. , Nakad A. , El Nawar A. , Prytz Berset I. , Axelrad J. , Lawlor G. , Atreja A. , Roque Ramos L. , Torres J. , Colombel J.‐F. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBackgroundCase series suggest a possible association between bariatric surgery and incident IBD.AimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the association between bariatric surgery and new‐onset IBD.MethodsWe first conducted a multi‐institutional case series of patients with a history of IBD and bariatric surgery. We next conducted a matched case‐control study using medical and pharmacy claims from 2008 to 2012 in a US national database from Source Healthcare Analytics LLC. Bariatric surgery was defined by ICD‐9 or CPT code. Bariatric surgery was evaluated as recent (code in database timeframe), past (past history V code) or no history. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI for new‐onset IBD, CD and UC.ResultsA total of 15 cases of IBD (10 CD, 4 UC, 1 IBD, type unclassified) with a prior history of bariatric surgery were identified. Most cases were women, had Roux‐en‐Y surgery years prior to diagnosis and few IBD‐related complications. A total of 8980 cases and 43 059 controls were included in our database analysis. Adjusting for confounders, a past history of bariatric surgery was associated with an increased risk of new‐onset IBD (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.34‐2.79). However, patients who had recent bariatric surgery did not appear to be at shorter term risk of IBD (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.58‐1.52).ConclusionNew‐onset IBD was significantly associated with a past history of bariatric surgery. This potential association needs to be confirmed in future prospective studies.
Letter: the addition of an immunosuppressant in patients with unsatisfactory response to vedolizumab—Authors' reply
Authors: Strik A. S. , D'Haens G. R. 
Published: March 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Strik et al and Macaluso et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13994 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14541.
Patterns and profiles of methylphenidate use both in children and adults
Authors: Pauly Vanessa , Frauger Elisabeth , Lepelley Magalie , Mallaret Michel , Boucherie Quentin , Micallef Joëlle 
Published: March 2018

AimThe aim of the present study was to characterize patterns of use of methylphenidate (MPH), a prescription stimulant medication recommended in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and of narcolepsy, in France, both in children and adults, over a 3‐year period.MethodsUsing the French General Health Insurance database, limited to two areas covering approximately 4 million individuals, we made up a cohort of incident MPH users between July 2010 and June 2013. Splitting them into distinct age groups (18–24, 25–49 and ≥50 years of age for adults and <6, 6–11 and 12–17 years of age for children), we established the characteristics of these populations at MPH initiation and during follow‐up according to the duration of treatment, quantities dispensed and coprescription with central nervous system (CNS) drugs.ResultsWe included a cohort of 3534 incident users, involving 30 238 dispensings of MPH, leading to an annual rate of 29 incident users per 100 000 in 2013. Children (66% of new users) were characterized by long‐term use of MPH with few comedications. The group of 25–49‐year‐old patients were dispensed MPH more frequently than other groups, had the highest mean dose and were more often coprescribed other CNS drugs. The ≥50 year‐old group was more often coprescribed antidepressants and antiparkinsonian drugs.ConclusionsOur pharmacoepidemiological study involving incident MPH users with a large number of characteristics showed different patterns of MPH use among children and adults. The results from the 25–49‐year‐old group suggested that MPH might be being used for medical conditions other than ADHD or narcolepsy in adults, and that it might be subject to misuse and/or abuse.
Circadian modulation of neuroplasticity by melatonin: a target in the treatment of depression
Authors: Valdés‐Tovar Marcela , Estrada‐Reyes Rosa , Solís‐Chagoyán Héctor , Argueta Jesús , Dorantes‐Barrón Ana María , Quero‐Chávez Daniel , Cruz‐Garduño Ricardo , Cercós Montserrat G , Trueta Citlali , Oikawa‐Sala Julián , Dubocovich Margarita L , Benítez‐King Gloria 
Published: March 2018

Mood disorders are a spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by changes in the emotional state. In particular, major depressive disorder is expected to have a worldwide prevalence of 20% in 2020, representing a huge socio‐economic burden. Currently used antidepressant drugs have poor efficacy with only 30% of the patients in remission after the first line of treatment. Importantly, mood disorder patients present uncoupling of circadian rhythms. In this regard, melatonin (5‐methoxy‐N‐acetyltryptamine), an indolamine synthesized by the pineal gland during the night, contributes to synchronization of body rhythms with the environmental light/dark cycle. In this review, we describe evidence supporting antidepressant‐like actions of melatonin related to the circadian modulation of neuroplastic changes in the hippocampus. We also present evidence for the role of melatonin receptors and their signalling pathways underlying modulatory effects in neuroplasticity. Finally, we briefly discuss the detrimental consequences of circadian disruption on neuroplasticity and mood disorders, due to the modern human lifestyle. Together, data suggest that melatonin's stimulation of neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation is beneficial to patients with mood disorders.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Recent Developments in Research of Melatonin and its Potential Therapeutic Applications. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.16/issuetoc