Adverse cardiovascular outcomes due to potential drug-drug interactions in statin therapy: a population-based study
Authors: Lai A , Kam K , Tan G M , Tam M , Chi K , So K , Chui K L , Wu E B , Chan Y S , Yan B 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Statins have been proven to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with known atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and in primary prevention. Given their unique role in ASCVD, concomitant use of statins and other medications are inevitable. Our clinicians’ duty is to identify clinically important drug-drug interactions (DDI) with statins and to minimize potential life-threatening adverse drug reactions.

Purpose
To understand the clinical relevance of statin related DDI, we aimed to analyse the prevalence and level of severity of potential statin DDI in a real-world territory-wide population-based study.

Methods
We retrospectively analysed 95278 patients (mean age 64.3±11.4, female 45.0%) prescribed simvastatin (N=56111, 59%), atorvastatin (N=33902, 36%), or rosuvastatin (N=5265, 5%) from 2013-2022 among 16 public hospitals. Covariates were balanced with 1:1 propensity score matching for patients with and without potential DDI, resulting in 35907 patients in each arm. A composite 4-point MACE (major adverse cardiovascular events) was used as the primary outcome, which included coronary revascularisation, stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and cardiovascular-related death (CV death). Cox proportional-hazard model with competing risk regression was performed to estimate adjusted hazards ratio (aHR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Secondary analyses would be focusing on adverse drug reactions in these three different statin subgroups.

Results
At 1-year follow up, subjects with potential statin related DDI have higher propensities of deranged liver function (ALT&gt;=3x ULN, 4.9% vs 3.4%; p&lt;0.001), elevated creatine kinase (CK&gt;=5x ULN, 0.9% vs 0.5%, p&lt;0.001) and deranged renal function (creatinine level &gt;=2X ULN, 0.3% vs 0.2%, p&lt;0.001) than non-DDI group. At 5-year follow up, the statin DDI group had higher incidences of MI (2.9% vs 1.9%, p&lt;0.01), stroke (4.0% vs 2.3%, p&lt;0.001) and CV death (1.7 % vs 1.5%, p=0.038). Potential DDI had most significant effect seen on simvastatin compared to other statins. Simvastatin DDI cohort had strong association with subsequent coronary vascularization (aHR 1.41, 95% CI 1.21–1.64, p&lt;0.005), MI (aHR 1.66, 95% CI 1.46–1.88, p&lt;0.005), stroke (aHR 1.95, 95% CI 1.76–2.16, p&lt;0.005), and CV-related death (aHR 1.18, 95% 1.00–1.38, p=0.05) as compared to control. Atorvastatin DDI cohort was associated with higher rates of MI (aHR 1.81, 95% CI 1.54–2.12, p&lt;0.005) and stroke (aHR 1.64, 95% CI 0.39–1.94, p&lt;0.005) than control. Rosuvastatin DDI cohort was weakly associated with higher rates of MI (aHR 1.75, 95% CI 1.02–3.01, p=0.04).

Conclusion
Potential statin related drug-drug interactions are prevalent and were associated with major adverse cardiovascular events. Our real-world data demonstrated that simvastatin related drug-drug interaction pose a significant threat to our patients with association with CV death, myocardial infarction, stroke and future coronary revascularization.4-point MACE