bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface morphology correlated with sputtering yield measurements of laser-ablated iron
Authors: Tehniat Saba , Bashir Shazia , Mahmood Khaliq , Sharif Ayesha 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIron (Fe) targets are exposed to 100 pulses of Nd: YAG laser (532 nm, 6 ns, 10 Hz) at various fluences ranging from 4.8 to 38.5 J/cm2. In order to explore the effect of background environment, targets have been exposed under vacuum as well as under five different pressures ranging from 5 to 100 Torr of various background gases like Ar, Ne, O2, and air. The sputtering yield measurements and surface modifications of laser-ablated Fe are explored by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, respectively. QCM measurements reveal that the sputtering yield of Fe is strongly affected by laser fluence, pressure and nature of gas. By increasing laser fluence, the sputtering yield initially increases due to enhanced energy deposition and then saturates due to self-regulating regime. However, with increasing pressures of background gases, the sputtering yield of Fe initially increases and then decreases. Owing to thermal conductivity, ionization potential, and mass of background gas, the sputtering yield of Fe varies in accordance with the sequence vacuum >Ar>Ne>O2> air. The SEM analysis reveals the formation of several features like laser-induced periodic surface structures, cones, cavities, channels, multiple ablative craters, and dot-like structures. The difference in the periodicity, size, and shape of features is explained on the basis of confinement and shielding effects of plasma and various energy deposition mechanisms. The surface profilometry analysis reveals that the crater depth increases with increasing the laser fluence in inert environments, while in case of reactive environments, it tends to decrease initially and afterwards it increases. X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray analyses confirm the oxide formation in case of Fe treatment in O2 and air; however, no additional phases are observed for Fe irradiation under inert environments.
The thermal structure of the anoxic trough in Lake Untersee, Antarctica
Authors: Bevington James , McKay Christopher P. , Davila Alfonso , Hawes Ian , Tanabe Yukiko , Andersen Dale T. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractLake Untersee is a perennially ice-covered Antarctic lake that consists of two basins. The deepest basin, next to the Anuchin Glacier is aerobic to its maximum depth of 160 m. The shallower basin has a maximum depth of 100 m, is anoxic below 80 m, and is shielded from convective currents. The thermal profile in the anoxic basin is unusual in that the water temperature below 50 m is constant at 4°C but rises to 5°C between 70 m and 80 m depth, then drops to 3.7°C at the bottom. Field measurements were used to conduct a thermal and stability analysis of the anoxic basin. The shape of the thermal maximum implies two discrete locations of energy input, one of 0.11 W m-2 at 71 m depth and one of 0.06 W m-2 at 80 m depth. Heat from microbial activity cannot account for the required amount of energy at either depth. Instead, absorption of solar radiation due to an increase in water opacity at these depths can account for the required energy input. Hence, while microbial metabolism is not an important source of heat, biomass increases opacity in the water column resulting in greater absorption of sunlight.
Morphology and morphometry of preantral follicles, and immunolocalization of angiogenic factors in ovarian tissue from the neotropical primateSapajus apella
Authors: Brito AB , Brito DCC , Silva W B , Rodrigues APR , Figueiredo JR , Domingues SFS , Santos RR 
Published: November 2018

SummaryOvarian biopsies from five health adult monkeys were collected by exploratory laparotomy. Preantral follicles (primordial, primary, and secondary) were classified as normal or degenerated and submitted to morphometric analysis in which granulosa cell counts and the areas of follicles, oocytes, and oocyte nuclei were measured. Ovarian fragments were also immunolabelled for the quantitative analysis of VEGFA and CD31 protein expression in the ovarian tissue and in the preantral follicles. In total, 213 preantral follicles was examined for morphometry and morphological classification. From this total, 20 (9.4%) were follicles enclosing two or more oocytes, i.e. multi-oocyte follicles (MOFs). From the 193 follicles enclosing only one oocyte, 46.3% were classified as primordial, 24,1% as transition, 23.3% as primary, and 6.3% as secondary follicles. The mean number of granulosa cells surrounding primordial, transition, primary, and secondary follicles was 9.2, 12.1, 18.7, and 45.3, respectively. Increase in oocyte diameter was observed from primary to secondary follicles, while the oocyte nucleus increased only when follicles reached the secondary stage. The expression of CD31 was strong in vessels, corpus luteum, and in normal oocytes and granulosa cells from preantral follicles at all developmental stages. Likewise, VEGFA expression was observed in vessels and preantral follicles (granulosa cells, the oocyte and the oocyte nucleus). We characterized the morphology, and morphometry and expression of angiogenic factors in normal and atretic preantral follicles fromSapajus apella. This description can support the analysis of follicular quality and survival after procedures such as transplantation and cryopreservation.
Rigged-Election Rhetoric: Coverage and Consequences
Authors: Goidel Kirby , Gaddie Keith , Goidel Spencer 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTUsing content analysis and original survey data, we investigated the news coverage and consequences of Donald Trump’s “rigged-election” claims during the 2016 presidential election. We added to previous literature by showing that the effects of such claims were highly contingent on individual partisan affiliation. Republicans and Independents who believed that the elections were rigged via voter fraud or media bias were more likely to report that they intended to vote or had already voted. Democrats and Independents who believed that Hillary Clinton would benefit from voter fraud or media bias were more likely to vote for Donald Trump.
Governing the banking system: an assessment of resilience based on Elinor Ostrom's design principles
Authors: Salter Alexander William , Tarko Vlad 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe problem of financial stability is political and institutional, rather than narrowly economic. To achieve a more resilient financial system, we need to pay attention to the incentives of actors who have the power to act discretionarily, and to the knowledge limitations of such actors in the face of substantial complexity and uncertainty. The literature on polycentric governance and institutional resilience provides key insights that the literature on financial stability has thus far neglected. We offer an analysis based on the “design principles” for robust governance institutions proposed by Nobel laureate Elinor Ostrom. We apply these principles to banking systems and explore under what conditions a banking system can be expected to discover rules that align private incentives with broader financial stability, and generate the necessary knowledge to govern such a complex system. This perspective challenges both “microprudential” and “macroprudential” approaches, which assume a monocentric financial and banking regulator.
Establishing mechanisms to clarify the fate and whereabouts of missing persons: A proposed humanitarian approach
Authors: Crettol Monique , Milner Lina , La Rosa Anne-Marie , Stockwell Jill 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article examines the different types of mechanisms which can contribute to addressing the issue of the missing, including providing answers on the fate and whereabouts of missing persons. It looks in detail at one approach that the authors have observed in the field. It argues that an approach based on humanitarian objectives which does not look into who is responsible for the disappearance, with proper management of confidential information, could be a powerful instrument for searching for and collecting relevant information on the missing in certain contexts. The article also proposes avenues for further research, with a view to enhancing the global capacity to provide meaningful answers for the missing and their families.
Breastfeeding: a key modulator of gut microbiota characteristics in late infancy
Authors: Matsuyama M. , Gomez-Arango L. F. , Fukuma N. M. , Morrison M. , Davies P. S. W. , Hill R. J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the most commonly cited factors that may have influenced infants’ gut microbiota profiles at one year of age: mode of delivery, breastfeeding duration and antibiotic exposure. Barcoded V3/V4 amplicons of bacterial 16S-rRNA gene were prepared from the stool samples of 52 healthy 1-year-old Australian children and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Following the quality checks, the data were processed using the Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology pipeline and analysed using the Calypso package for microbiome data analysis. The stool microbiota profiles of children still breastfed were significantly different from that of children weaned earlier (P&lt;0.05), independent of the age of solid food introduction. Among children still breastfed, Veillonella spp. abundance was higher. Children no longer breastfed possessed a more ‘mature’ microbiota, with notable increases of Firmicutes. The microbiota profiles of the children could not be differentiated by delivery mode or antibiotic exposure. Further analysis based on children’s feeding patterns found children who were breastfed alongside solid food had significantly different microbiota profiles compared to that of children who were receiving both breastmilk and formula milk alongside solid food. This study provided evidence that breastfeeding continues to influence gut microbial community even at late infancy when these children are also consuming table foods. At this age, any impacts from mode of delivery or antibiotic exposure did not appear to be discernible imprints on the microbial community profiles of these healthy children.
Critical Period for Weed Control in Grafted and Nongrafted Watermelon Grown in Plasticulture
Authors: Bertucci Matthew B. , Jennings Katherine M. , Monks David W. , Schultheis Jonathan R. , Louws Frank J. , Jordan David L. , Brownie Cavell 
Published: November 2018

AbstractField experiments determined the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in grafted and nongrafted watermelon [Citrullus lanatus(Thumb.) Matsum. & Nakai] grown in plasticulture. Transplant types included ‘Exclamation’ seedless watermelon as the nongrafted control as well as Exclamation grafted onto two interspecific hybrid squash (ISH) rootstocks, ‘Carnivor’ and ‘Kazako’. To simulate weed emergence throughout the season, establishment treatments (EST) consisted of two seedlings each of common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.], and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) transplanted in a 15 by 15 cm square centered on watermelon plants at 0, 2, 3, 4, and 6 wk after watermelon transplanting (WATr) and remained until the final watermelon harvest at 11 WATr. To simulate weed control at different times in the season, removal treatments (REM) consisted of two seedlings of the same weed species transplanted in a 15 by 15 cm square centered on watermelon plants on the same day of watermelon transplanting and allowed to remain until 2, 3, 4, 6, and 11 WATr, at which time they were removed. Season-long weedy and weed-free controls were included for both EST and REM studies in both years. For all transplant types, aboveground biomass of weeds decreased as weed establishment was delayed and increased as weed removal was delayed. The predicted CPWC for nongrafted Exclamation and Carnivor required only a single weed removal between 2.3 and 2.5 WATr and 1.9 and 2.6 WATr, respectively, while predicted CPWC for Kazako rootstock occurred from 0.3 to 2.6 WATr. Our study results suggest that weed control for this mixed population of weeds would be similar between nongrafted Exclamation and Exclamation grafted onto Carnivor. But the observed CPWC of Exclamation grafted onto Kazako suggests that CPWC may vary with specific rootstock–scion combinations.
Dynamical Precursors for Statistical Prediction of Stratospheric Sudden Warming Events
Authors: Jucker M. , Reichler T. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis work explores dynamical arguments for statistical prediction of stratospheric sudden warming events (SSWs). Based on climate model output, it focuses on two predictors, upward wave activity in the lower stratosphere and meridional potential vorticity gradient in the upper stratosphere, and detects large values of these predictors. Then it quantifies how many SSWs are preceded by predictor events and, inversely, how many events are followed by SSWs. This allows to compute conditional probabilities of future SSW occurrence. It is found that upward wave activity leads to important increases in SSW probability within the following 3 weeks but is less important thereafter. A weak potential vorticity gradient is associated with increased SSW probability at short lags and, perhaps more importantly, decreased SSW probability at long lags. Finally, when both predictors are considered in combination, the information gain is large on the weekly and small but significant on the intraseasonal time scale.
Next generation flow for minimally-invasive blood characterization of MGUS and multiple myeloma at diagnosis based on circulating tumor plasma cells (CTPC)
Authors: Sanoja-Flores L. , Flores-Montero J. , Garcés J. J. , Paiva B. , Puig N. , García-Mateo A. , García-Sánchez O. , Corral-Mateos A. , Burgos L. , Blanco E. , Hernández-Martín J. , Pontes R. , Díez-Campelo M. , Millacoy P. , Rodríguez-Otero P. , Prosper F. , Merino J. , Vidriales M. B. , García-Sanz R. , Romero A. , Palomera L. , Ríos-Tamayo R. , Pérez-Andrés M. , Blanco J. F. , González M. , van Dongen J. J. M. , Durie B. , Mateos M. V. , San-Miguel J. , Orfao A. ,   on behalf of the EuroFlow consortium
Published: November 2018

AbstractHere, we investigated for the first time the frequency and number of circulating tumor plasma cells (CTPC) in peripheral blood (PB) of newly diagnosed patients with localized and systemic plasma cell neoplasms (PCN) using next-generation flow cytometry (NGF) and correlated our findings with the distinct diagnostic and prognostic categories of the disease. Overall, 508 samples from 264 newly diagnosed PCN patients, were studied. CTPC were detected in PB of all active multiple myeloma (MM; 100%), and smoldering MM (SMM) patients (100%), and in more than half (59%) monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) cases (p <0.0001); in contrast, CTPC were present in a small fraction of solitary plasmacytoma patients (18%). Higher numbers of CTPC in PB were associated with higher levels of BM infiltration and more adverse prognostic features, together with shorter time to progression from MGUS to MM (p <0.0001) and a shorter survival in MM patients with active disease requiring treatment (p ≤ 0.03). In summary, the presence of CTPC in PB as assessed by NGF at diagnosis, emerges as a hallmark of disseminated PCN, higher numbers of PB CTPC being strongly associated with a malignant disease behavior and a poorer outcome of both MGUS and MM.
Accelerating water dissociation kinetics by isolating cobalt atoms into ruthenium lattice
Authors: Mao Junjie , He Chun-Ting , Pei Jiajing , Chen Wenxing , He Dongsheng , He Yiqing , Zhuang Zhongbin , Chen Chen , Peng Qing , Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong 
Published: November 2018

AbstractDesigning highly active and robust platinum-free catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction is of vital importance for clean energy applications yet challenging. Here we report highly active and stable cobalt-substituted ruthenium nanosheets for hydrogen evolution, in which cobalt atoms are isolated in ruthenium lattice as revealed by aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure measurement. Impressively, the cobalt-substituted ruthenium nanosheets only need an extremely low overpotential of 13 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH media and an ultralow Tafel slope of 29 mV dec−1, which exhibit top-level catalytic activity among all reported platinum-free electrocatalysts. The theoretical calculations reveal that the energy barrier of water dissociation can greatly reduce after single cobalt atom substitution, leading to its superior hydrogen evolution performance. This study provides a new insight into the development of highly efficient platinum-free hydrogen evolution catalysts.
In situ monitoring of molecular aggregation using circular dichroism
Authors: Zhang Haoke , Zheng Xiaoyan , Kwok Ryan T. K. , Wang Jia , Leung Nelson L. C. , Shi Lin , Sun Jing Zhi , Tang Zhiyong , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Qin Anjun , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe aggregation of molecules plays an important role in determining their function. Electron microscopy and other methods can only characterize the variation of microstructure, but are not capable of monitoring conformational changes. These techniques are also complicated, expensive and time-consuming. Here, we demonstrate a simple method to monitor in-situ and in real-time the conformational change of (R)-1,1′-binaphthyl-based polymers during the aggregation process using circular dichroism. Based on results from molecular dynamics simulations and experimental circular dichroism measurements, polymers with “open” binaphthyl rings are found to show stronger aggregation-annihilated circular dichroism effects, with more negative torsion angles between the two naphthalene rings. In contrast, the polymers with “locked” rings show a more restrained aggregation-annihilated circular dichroism effect, with only a slight change of torsion angle. This work provides an approach to monitor molecular aggregation in a simple, accurate, and efficient way.
Normal faulting and viscous buckling in the Tibetan Plateau induced by a weak lower crust
Authors: Bischoff Sarah H. , Flesch Lucy M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractFlow of weak lower crust has been invoked to reconcile observed topographic gradients, uniform elevations, slow seismic velocity, and high conductivity measured in the Tibetan Plateau, with viscosity estimates of 1016–1021 Pa·s. Here we investigate the dynamic response resulting from a range of lower crust viscosities in a 3-D lithospheric-scale geodynamic simulation of the India–Eurasia collision zone to determine bounds of physically viable lower crustal strengths. We show that thickening of the plateau is accommodated through viscous buckling of the upper crust in response to lower crustal flow for a lower crustal viscosity on the order of 1020 Pa·s. This generates two east–west trending bands of surface subsidence and dilatation consistent with observed normal faulting and estimates of vertical velocity. These results suggest viscous buckling of the upper crust, induced by lower crustal flow from gravitational pressure gradients due to high topography, is responsible for the observed extension in Tibet.
Author Correction: Misestimation of heritability and prediction accuracy of male-pattern baldness
Authors: Yap Chloe X. , Sidorenko Julia , Marioni Riccardo E. , Yengo Loic , Wray Naomi R. , Visscher Peter M. 
Published: November 2018

The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Julia Sidorenko, which was incorrectly given as Julia Sirodenko. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article. Further, the sixth sentence of the second paragraph of the Correspondence and the legend to Fig. 1 incorrectly omitted citation of work by Heilmann-Helmbach, S. et al. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Pulsed axial epitaxy of colloidal quantum dots in nanowires enables facet-selective passivation
Authors: Li Yi , Zhuang Tao-Tao , Fan Fengjia , Voznyy Oleksandr , Askerka Mikhail , Zhu Haiming , Wu Liang , Liu Guo-Qiang , Pan Yun-Xiang , Sargent Edward H. , Yu Shu-Hong 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEpitaxially stacking colloidal quantum dots in nanowires offers a route to selective passivation of defective facets while simultaneously enabling charge transfer to molecular adsorbates – features that must be combined to achieve high-efficiency photocatalysts. This requires dynamical switching of precursors to grow, alternatingly, the quantum dots and nanowires – something not readily implemented in conventional flask-based solution chemistry. Here we report pulsed axial epitaxy, a growth mode that enables the stacking of multiple CdS quantum dots in ZnS nanowires. The approach relies on the energy difference of incorporating these semiconductor atoms into the host catalyst, which determines the nucleation sequence at the catalyst-nanowire interface. This flexible synthetic strategy allows precise modulation of quantum dot size, number, spacing, and crystal phase. The facet-selective passivation of quantum dots in nanowires opens a pathway to photocatalyst engineering: we report photocatalysts that exhibit an order-of-magnitude higher photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rates than do plain CdS quantum dots.
Cobalt-catalyzed difluoroalkylation of tertiary aryl ketones for facile synthesis of quaternary alkyl difluorides
Authors: Li Chao , Cao Yi-Xuan , Wang Rui , Wang Yi-Ning , Lan Quan , Wang Xi-Sheng 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe selective incorporation of gem-difluoroalkyl groups into biologically active molecules has long been used as an efficient strategy for drug design and discovery. However, the catalytic C(sp3)-CF2 bond-forming cross-coupling reaction for selective incorporation of difluoromethylene group into diverse alkyl chains, especially more sterically demanding secondary and tertiary functionalized alkanes, still remains as a major challenge. Herein, we describe a cobalt-catalyzed difluoroalkylation of tertiary aryl ketones for facile synthesis of quaternary alkyl difluorides, which exhibited high efficiency, broad scope and mild conditions. The synthetic utility of this method is demonstrated by late-stage difluoroalkylation of donepezil, a well-known acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat the Alzheimer’s disease. Preliminary mechanistic investigations indicate that a difluoroalkyl radical is involved in a Co(I)/Co(III) catalytic cycle. This cobalt-catalyzed fluoroalkylation thus offers insights into an efficient way for the synthesis of fluoroalkylated bioactive molecules for drug discovery.
On the use of abiotic sialic acids to attenuate cell inflammation
Authors: Xue Zhongwei , Zhao Hu , Zhu Rui , Chen Congcong , Cao Hongzhi , Han Jiahuai , Han Shoufa 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSialic acid (Sia) residues on cell surface are critical for myriad cellular events such as immunity and inflammation. We herein reported the use of abiotic Sia to raise the thresholds of inflammatory cell responses. Identified from a panel of structurally diversified Sia analogs via a cell inflammation assay, Sia-2, with N-butyryl moiety at C-5, markedly lowered LPS-stimulated NF-κB activity in macrophages. Further analysis shows that Sia-2 attenuates phosphorylation of IκB and Erk1/2/p38/JNK, critical for NF-κB signaling and MAPK signaling, and lowers gene transcription of proinflammatory interleukin-6. These results support the use of abiotic Sia as promising agents to modulate cell surface Sia-pertinent cell signaling.