bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diabetes and obesity are the main metabolic drivers of peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Callaghan Brian C. , Gao LeiLi , Li Yufeng , Zhou Xianghai , Reynolds Evan , Banerjee Mousumi , Pop‐Busui Rodica , Feldman Eva L. , Ji Linong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the associations between individual metabolic syndrome (MetS) components and peripheral neuropathy in a large population‐based cohort from Pinggu, China.MethodsA cross‐sectional, randomly selected, population‐based survey of participants from Pinggu, China was performed. Metabolic phenotyping and neuropathy outcomes were performed by trained personnel. Glycemic status was defined according to the American Diabetes Association criteria, and the MetS using modified consensus criteria (body mass index instead of waist circumference). The primary peripheral neuropathy outcome was the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) examination. Secondary outcomes were the MNSI questionnaire and monofilament testing. Multivariable models were used to assess for associations between individual MetS components and peripheral neuropathy. Tree‐based methods were used to construct a classifier for peripheral neuropathy using demographics and MetS components.ResultsThe mean (SD) age of the 4002 participants was 51.6 (11.8) and 51.0% were male; 37.2% of the population had normoglycemia, 44.0% prediabetes, and 18.9% diabetes. The prevalence of peripheral neuropathy increased with worsening glycemic status (3.25% in normoglycemia, 6.29% in prediabetes, and 15.12% in diabetes, P < 0.0001). Diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 2.60, 95% CI 1.77–3.80) and weight (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02–1.18) were significantly associated with peripheral neuropathy. Age, diabetes, and weight were the primary splitters in the classification tree for peripheral neuropathy.InterpretationSimilar to previous studies, diabetes and obesity are the main metabolic drivers of peripheral neuropathy. The consistency of these results reinforces the urgent need for effective interventions that target these metabolic factors to prevent and/or treat peripheral neuropathy.
Photoinduced Proton Transfer between Photoacid and pH‐Sensitive Dyes: Influence Factors and Application for Visible‐Light‐Responsive Rewritable Paper
Authors: Zhang Ting , Sheng Lan , Liu Junning , Ju Le , Li Jianhua , Du Zhen , Zhang Weiran , Li Minjie , Zhang Sean Xiao‐An 
Published: February 2018

AbstractInk‐free printing based on rewritable paper is an efficient and environmental friendly way to reuse paper, protect resources, and save energy for sustainable development of human society. Among various kinds of rewritable media, light responsive rewritable paper (LRP) is one of the most popular research areas due to its clean and favorable noncontact writing. Visible light is more suitable for LRP for its superior penetration and much less damages to organic molecules than UV light. However, visible‐light‐responsive rewritable paper (VLRP) has only limited successes so far. Herein, a VLRP is newly designed and fabricated based on photoinduced proton transfer (PPT) between photoacid and pH‐sensitive dyes. Success of it is highly benefited from systematical investigation and in‐depth understanding on the key influence factors, such as concentration‐induced undesired isomerization, temperature, humidity, and light intensity, on the PPT and its inverse process. As‐prepared VLRP shows long‐awaited properties, such as, high color contrast and resolution, appropriate legible time of prints, excellent reversibility (>100 cycles), easiness to achieve multicolor prints, and agreeing well with environmental concept of green printing. In addition, study of influence factors on PPT in this work, to some extent, may also help people understand complex photocycle process in biosystem.
Plasmonic‐Functionalized Broadband Perovskite Photodetector
Authors: Du Bowen , Yang Wenqiang , Jiang Qiao , Shan Hangyong , Luo Deying , Li Bowen , Tang Weichen , Lin Feng , Shen Bo , Gong Qihuang , Zhu Xing , Zhu Rui , Fang Zheyu 
Published: February 2018

AbstractOrganic–inorganic hybrid perovskite photodetectors have been reported to possess superior optoelectronic properties, such as high sensitivity, ultrafast response, and capability of strongly absorbing the light in the visible range. While in the near‐infrared range, the performances of these photodetectors deteriorate seriously, originating from the weak coupling of infrared light to the perovskites. In this study, an organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite photodetector on arrays of Au nanostructures is fabricated, which exhibits a remarkable photocurrent enhancement in the visible and near‐infrared range, ascribed to the huge localized electric field induced by the surface plasmon resonance of Au nanostructures. The maximum external quantum efficiency of this photodetector is as high as about 65%, 2.5 times that on a usual Si/SiO2 substrate without Au nanostructures. Obviously, by exploiting Au nanostructures, the light harvesting ability of the photodetector breaks through the perovskite absorption edge, and extends to the near‐infrared range.
High‐Quality White OLEDs with Comparable Efficiencies to LEDs
Authors: Jeon Sohee , Lee Sunghun , Han Kyung‐Hoon , Shin Hyun , Kim Kwon‐Hyeon , Jeong Jun‐Ho , Kim Jang‐Joo 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe solid‐state lighting sources require high efficiency and high‐quality illumination at the same time. Here, highly efficient white organic light emitting diodes (WOLEDs) comparable to LEDs are demonstrated using a random vacuum nanohole array and a half‐spherical lens as internal and external light extraction layers, respectively, exhibiting the maximum external quantum efficiency of 78% and luminous efficacy of 164 lm W−1. These high efficiencies are achieved by extracting all the waveguided and substrate‐confined modes, minimizing surface plasmon polariton loss by elongating the distance from emitting dipole to reflective electrode and selection of phosphorescent dyes having high horizontal emitting dipole ratios. In addition, the WOLEDs satisfy the requirements as a high‐quality lighting source with a high color temperature of 3400 K, the color rendering index of 80, uniform emission pattern, and little variation of color with viewing angle. It is supposed that the present research reaches the ultimate goal of light extraction technology for practical applications.
Natural Light‐Scattering Nanoparticles Enable Visible through Short‐Wave Infrared Color Modulation
Authors: Kumar Amrita , Osgood Richard M. , Dinneen Sean R. , Koker Brian D. , Pang Richard , Deravi Leila F. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractColor is ubiquitous in nature; however, the ability to rapidly change color in response to environmental cues is unique to few biological systems. Cephalopods are one such system; they employ a sophisticated ensemble of optical organs that assist in adaptive coloration in different environments. While these animals have been a subject of research for decades, the photophysics underlying their color modulation is still not well understood. This is especially true in the context of their pigmentary chromatophore organs, which are considered one of the active elements of coloration. This paper describes diffuse and specular scattering originating in materials made from the nanoparticles that populate the chromatophore organs and shows for the first time how a film as few as two particle layers thick (≈1 µm) contributes to over 20% forward scattering in the visible, near‐infrared, and short‐wave infrared (SWIR) regions. The intensity of scattered light across this broad spectrum increases when films or fibers containing these nanoparticles are placed above a back‐reflecting material, suggesting a tunable feature that can be controlled under different conditions. This nano‐enhanced visible through SWIR scattering may lead to better spectral purity of reflected and back‐scattered light, illustrating an important role in color and future color‐changing materials.
Trap‐Filling‐Induced Charge Carrier Dynamics in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Hou Tianyu , Liu Fuchuan , Wang Zhiwei , Zhang Yangqian , Wei Qi , Li Bin , Zhang Shiming , Xing Guichuan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTraps, which are inevitable in organic solar cells, will result in trap‐assisted recombination, an important loss mechanism that limits device performance. Trap‐filling is an efficient approach to suppress the charge traps, and can improve charge transport and modify the electronic properties. This approach fills the defect states where traps reside by introducing additional carriers, rendering the states electronically inert. Herein, charge carrier dynamics in the prototypical system PCE10/PC71BM with/without doping at different concentrations is directly targeted by employing transient absorption spectroscopy. It is found that the charge carriers' lifetime enhances, and the recombination centers can be filled at high doping concentrations, which is beneficial for achieving high power conversion efficiency. These findings indicate that charge transport and electronic characteristics can be improved by trap‐filling, which is the key to pushing the efficiencies of organic solar cells toward theoretical limits.
A Modular Strategy to Engineer Complex Tissues and Organs
Authors: Dikina Anna D. , Alt Daniel S. , Herberg Samuel , McMillan Alexandra , Strobel Hannah A. , Zheng Zijie , Cao Meng , Lai Bradley P. , Jeon Oju , Petsinger Victoria Ivy , Cotton Calvin U. , Rolle Marsha W. , Alsberg Eben 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCurrently, there are no synthetic or biologic materials suitable for long‐term treatment of large tracheal defects. A successful tracheal replacement must (1) have radial rigidity to prevent airway collapse during respiration, (2) contain an immunoprotective respiratory epithelium, and (3) integrate with the host vasculature to support epithelium viability. Herein, biopolymer microspheres are used to deliver chondrogenic growth factors to human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) seeded in a custom mold that self‐assemble into cartilage rings, which can be fused into tubes. These rings and tubes can be fabricated with tunable wall thicknesses and lumen diameters with promising mechanical properties for airway collapse prevention. Epithelialized cartilage is developed by establishing a spatially defined composite tissue composed of human epithelial cells on the surface of an hMSC‐derived cartilage sheet. Prevascular rings comprised of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and hMSCs are fused with cartilage rings to form prevascular–cartilage composite tubes, which are then coated with human epithelial cells, forming a tri‐tissue construct. When prevascular– cartilage tubes are implanted subcutaneously in mice, the prevascular structures anastomose with host vasculature, demonstrated by their ability to be perfused. This microparticle–cell self‐assembly strategy is promising for engineering complex tissues such as a multi‐tissue composite trachea.
Enhanced Stability of Coated Carbon Electrode for Li‐O2 Batteries and Its Limitations
Authors: Bae Youngjoon , Ko Dong‐Hyun , Lee Sunyoung , Lim Hee‐Dae , Kim Yun‐Jung , Shim Hyun‐Soo , Park Hyeokjun , Ko Youngmin , Park Sung Kwan , Kwon Hyuk Jae , Kim Hyunjin , Kim Hee‐Tak , Min Yo‐Sep , Im Dongmin , Kang Kisuk 
Published: February 2018

AbstractLi‐O2 batteries are promising next‐generation energy storage systems because of their exceptionally high energy density (≈3500 W h kg−1). However, to achieve stable operation, grand challenges remain to be resolved, such as preventing electrolyte decomposition and degradation of carbon, a commonly used air electrode in Li‐O2 batteries. In this work, using in situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, it is demonstrated that the application of a ZnO coating on the carbon electrode can effectively suppress side reactions occurring in the Li‐O2 battery. By probing the CO2 evolution during charging of 13C‐labeled air electrodes, the major sources of parasitic reactions are precisely identified, which further reveals that the ZnO coating retards the degradation of both the carbon electrode and electrolyte. The successful suppression of the degradation results in a higher oxygen efficiency, leading to enhanced stability for more than 100 cycles. Nevertheless, the degradation of the carbon electrode is not completely prevented by the coating, because the Li2O2 discharge product gradually grows at the interface between the ZnO and carbon, which eventually results in detachment of the ZnO particles from the electrode and subsequent deterioration of the performance. This finding implies that surface protection of the carbon electrode is a viable option to enhance the stability of Li‐O2 batteries; however, fundamental studies on the growth mechanism of the discharge product on the carbon surface are required along with more effective coating strategies.
The functional and psychological burden of empty nose syndrome
Authors: Manji Jamil , Nayak Jayakar V. , Thamboo Andrew 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundEmpty nose syndrome (ENS) is a debilitating disorder thought to arise as a postsurgical phenomenon from excessive loss of nasal tissues. Affected patients often report a profound impact on all aspects of life, but the extent of this burden has not been quantified. We sought to determine the association of ENS with mental health and functional impairments.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was performed of individuals with ENS recruited from online ENS forums. ENS status was validated based on a positive 6‐item Empty Nose Syndrome Questionnaire (ENS6Q) score and sinus computed tomography imaging or supporting medical documentation. Subjects completed the ENS6Q, the 9‐item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9) for depression, the 7‐item Generalized Anxiety Disorder questionnaire (GAD‐7), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale for daytime somnolence (ESS), the Work Productivity and Impairment questionnaire (WPAI), and the 5‐dimension EuroQol General Health State Survey (EQ‐5D‐5L). Pearson correlation analysis was performed with α = 0.05 to determine significance.ResultsFifty‐three ENS individuals were included in the study. Overall, participants reported symptoms consistent with moderate anxiety (μ = 12.7; standard deviation [SD], 5.9) and moderately severe depression warranting treatment (μ = 17.9; SD, 6.8). Participants also noted a 62% reduction in productivity at work (n = 24) and 65% in all other activities (n = 53). ENS6Q symptom severity was correlated with more severe depression (p < 0.001), anxiety (p < 0.001), overall pain/discomfort (p = 0.002), and impairment in activities of daily living (p = 0.003).ConclusionENS individuals carry a clinically significant psychological burden and experience marked difficulties with many activities of daily living. A multimodal approach to address the tissue loss with surgery and cognitive‐behavioral therapy for the psychological burden may provide the most optimal outcome.
Effect of Cation–π Interaction on Macroionic Self‐Assembly
Authors: Luo Jiancheng , Chen Kun , Yin Panchao , Li Tao , Wan Gang , Zhang Jin , Ye Songtao , Bi Xiaoman , Pang Yi , Wei Yongge , Liu Tianbo 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA series of rod‐shaped polyoxometalates (POMs) [Bu4N]7[Mo6O18NC(CH2O)3MnMo6O18(OCH2)3CNMo6O18] and [Bu4N]7[ArNMo6O17NC(CH2O)3MnMo6O18(OCH2)3CNMo6O17NAr] (Ar=2,6‐dimethylphenyl, naphthyl and 1‐methylnaphthyl) were chosen to study the effects of cation–π interaction on macroionic self‐assembly. Diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) techniques show that the binding affinity between the POMs and Zn2+ ions is enhanced significantly after grafting aromatic groups onto the clusters, leading to the effective replacement of tetrabutylammonium counterions (TBAs) upon the addition of ZnCl2. The incorporation of aromatic groups results in the significant contribution of cation–π interaction to the self‐assembly, as confirmed by the opposite trend of assembly size vs. ionic strength when compared with those without aromatic groups. The small difference between two aromatic groups toward the Zn2+ ions is amplified after combining with the clusters, which consequently triggers the self‐recognition behavior between two highly similar macroanions.
Mesoporous activated carbon prepared from macadamia nut shell waste by carbon dioxide activation: Comparative characterisation and study of methylene blue removal from aqueous solution
Authors: Wongcharee Surachai , Aravinthan Vasantha , Erdei Laszlo , Sanongraj Wipada 
Published: February 2018

AbstractActivated carbons are the most widely used adsorbents; however, producing high‐performance mesoporous activated carbons with simple technology still remains a challenge. In this research, waste macadamia nut shell (MNS) was explored as precursor for preparing mesoporous activated carbons by carbon dioxide activation. The material characteristics of MNS‐based activated carbon (MAC) were thoroughly examined in comparison with a premium‐grade commercial activated carbon (CAC). MAC and CAC had specific surface areas of 830 and 1,299 m2 g−1, respectively. Although CAC had a predominantly microporous structure, about 74% of the pore volume of MAC is composed of mesopores. Adsorption performances were evaluated in batch experiments using methylene blue model pollutant and demonstrated 135 and 181 mg g−1 saturation capacities for MAC and CAC, respectively. Non‐linear regression found that the fractal‐like pseudo first‐order model accurately described sorption kinetics, and intraparticle diffusion was the rate‐limiting step. Among 6 established isotherm models, the Liu equilibrium model showed the best statistics. Thermodynamic analysis verified that the process was favourable and involved physisorption. These results show that valuable mesoporous activated carbons can be prepared from the biowaste MNS with simple production technology to suit environmental and industrial applications.
Synthesis of amino trimethylene phosphonic acid melamine salt and its application in flame‐retarded polypropylene
Authors: Gao Shang , Liu Gousheng 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTAmino trimethylene phosphonic acid melamine salt (MATMP) was synthesized and used as acid source and blowing agent in intumescent flame‐retarded polypropylene (PP); its compositions were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray powder diffraction. An intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system composed of MATMP, pentaerythritol (PER), and PP was tested by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94, cone calorimeter tests, and thermogravimetric analysis and compared with an ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/PER system. The results showed that MATMP had better water resistance than APP, the LOI value of PP/MATMP/PER composite can reach 30.3%, and a UL‐94 V‐0 rating can be reached at 25 wt % IFR loading. The amount of residual char of IFR MATMP/PER was 20.3 and 9.5 wt % at 400 and 600 °C, respectively. A thermooxidative degradation route and a possible flame‐retardant mechanism of IFR were proposed according to the analysis of evolved gases and residual chars. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46274.
Analysis of the foaming mechanisms of materials based on high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) crosslinked with different irradiation doses
Authors: Lopez‐Gonzalez Eduardo , Salmazo L. O. , Lopez‐Gil A. , Laguna‐Gutierrez E. , Rodriguez‐Perez M. A. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTDifferent crosslinked high‐density polyethylene based cellular polymers have been produced by a free foaming process using a chemical blowing agent. The polymer matrix was crosslinked by electron beam irradiation using different doses ranging from 25 to 175 kGy. The main aim of this work is to study the effect of the different irradiation doses on the density, cellular structure, and foaming mechanisms. Results show that irradiation doses as high as 175 kGy have to be used to obtain cellular materials with a low relative density (0.06), cell sizes of around 50 μm, and cell densities of 1.6 × 107 cells cm−3. The strain hardening of the polymer matrix increases with the irradiation dose leading to an increase of the polymer resistance to be stretched, which helps to avoid undesirable cellular degeneration processes. Irradiation doses lower than 175 kGy are not able to stabilize the cellular structure leading to foams with relative densities higher than 0.1 and degenerated cellular structures. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46276.
New Strategies in the Design of Nanomedicines to Oppose Uptake by the Mononuclear Phagocyte System and Enhance Cancer Therapeutic Efficacy
Authors: Zhou Yiming , Dai Zhifei 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe application of nanotechnology in the treatment of tumors has boomed owing to the vigorous development in cancer nanomedicine. Despite the great success achieved in this field, nanomedicine has not realized its full potential owing to a delivery barrier, the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS), which cuts off more than 95 % of the administrated nanoparticles. This results in an extremely low drug‐delivery efficacy to the tumor and leads to poor therapeutic outcomes. Moreover, the injection of excess nanoparticles also raises toxicity concerns induced by the accumulation of nanomaterials in organs, such as the liver and spleen. Therefore, a reduction in the uptake of nanomedicines by the MPS is vital to enhance the cancer therapeutic effect and decrease side effects. In this critical review, we will summarize the new strategies to reduce nanoparticle uptake by the MPS based on current knowledge of the bio–nano interaction. Further directions will also be highlighted for the development of cancer nanomedicine with a lower off‐target rate and better therapeutic outcomes.
Probing the Most Aromatic and Antiaromatic Pyrrolium Rings by Maximizing Hyperconjugation and Push–Pull Effect
Authors: Sun Tingting , Xie Qiong , Zhao Liang , Zhu Jun 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHyperconjugation, a weak interaction in organic chemistry, can have a strong effect on aromaticity, leading to the concept of hyperconjugative aromaticity, which was first proposed by Mulliken in 1939. However, most studies are limited to main group chemistry. Here we report the most aromatic and antiaromatic pyrrolium ring by maximizing the hyperconjugation caused by transition metal fragments and the push–pull effect. Our calculations reveal that the origin of the outperformance of transition metal substituents over main group ones on hyperconjugative aromaticity could be attributed to their higher highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs). Among the group 11 transition metals, a silver substituent results in the best performance. All these findings highlight the magic of the transition metal (silver) and could be particularly helpful for the design of other aromatic and antiaromatic counterparts based on a nonaromatic parent species.