bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Circular Tunnel under Seismic Motions in Clayey Soil
Authors: Hamad Ashraf , Zidan Ahmed , Adel Akl 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this paper, nonlinear response of reinforced concrete circular tunnels subjected to seismic loads in clayey soil is presented. A series of two dimensional finite element models were adopted to investigate the dynamic behavior of tunnel soil system. The influence of several parameters including ground motion intensity, soil type, tunnel depth and tunnel diameter on the tunnel response was computed. Firstly, 1D equivalent-linear viscoelastic analysis was conducted in the frequency domain to evaluate the profile of Rayleigh damping coefficients. Hence, these profiles were used in order to simulate the 2D fully coupled finite element adopting visco-elasto-plastic effective stress models for the soil. The dynamic behaviour of tunnel was presented in terms of internal forces induced in tunnel lining. The analyses indicated that in case of the stiff clay, the results of closed form solution were close enough to the 2D analysis and the earthquake effects are considerable when the tunnel is close to the bed rock. In case of medium clay deposits, the effects vary according to the tunnel dimensions. Furthermore, Soft clay soil yielded when it exposed to earthquakes of greater than 0.5g magnitude. Earthquakes of 0.25g magnitude have a slight effect on the circular tunnels located at any depth in clayey deposit, but if another time domain are used with the same beak ground acceleration value, different effects might appear.
Geoenvironmental Study of Groundwater in the Fundão Area - Portugal
Authors: Carvalho Paulo , Pais Luis , Ferreira Gomes Luis , Fernandes Joao 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The area of implementation of the Cova da Beira’s irrigation system, due to its geographical situation and its sustainable socio-economic development requires the execution of geo-environmental studies, focusing on the behaviour of a set of variables with important ecological significance. This study is aimed to characterize the distribution patterns of variables in groundwater samples and their characterization in terms of chemical quality. Hence, an exploratory data analysis was performed in order to characterize the overall sample, followed by a stage in which a multivariate analysis was carried out through a dimensionality reduction technique (analysis of main components). The study of the dynamics of natural processes, anthropic and its influence on the dispersion, fixation and (re)mobilization of chemical elements, has contributed decisively to the optimization of the diagnostic strategy and the environmental management as well.
Legal Conditions and Theoretical Basis for the Arrangement of Water-Based Areas in Polish Cities
Authors: Lysien Mariusz 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A series of diversified factors affect the arrangement of water-based areas in Poland. One of the most important elements are planning documents, such as the Act on Planning and Spatial Development, Water Law, or the Environmental Protection Law. These and other documents regulate the mutual relations between natural and cultural conditions as well as urbanized areas. At the same time, they affect the ability to conduct new investments in water areas – including those requiring the revitalization of post-industrial areas. The intense development in the last thirty years has meant that currently industrial facilities are in the city centre area. Authorities of many cities are trying to solve this problem, but it requires the application of not only interdisciplinary solutions, but also the establishment of large economic resources, without which it is impossible to restore the use of these areas. The adequate protection of the city against the effects of floods is an important issue related to the development of the water areas in the city. In this respect, there is a tendency to use expensive and ineffective methods of securing investment zones. The possibilities of water retention in flood control reservoirs are nearly five times smaller in Poland than in most other European countries. The scarce examples of polders show that this is one of the most effective methods of preventing damage caused by floods in urban areas. Such reservoirs are simultaneously valuable natural areas. In many intensively developing cities around the world, the generally accepted action is to strive to use the quays to create the signatures of cities. These places are designed to become an interesting space that people want to visit and which they want to use. Important city functions are located there, which are easily accessible due to public transport. However, it should be noted that in these spaces, their users have close contact with water. The current legal status and general public awareness (sometimes also of the city authorities) make it seem necessary to pay more attention to the comprehensive approach to the revitalization of vast water-based areas. It is important to integrate neighbouring functions and the way and quality of the arrangement of the whole area, and not just its fragment. The changes taking place in legal documents make the administrative path related to the transformation of water-based areas excessively complicated. However, it would be beneficial to specify the provisions of local spatial development plans and the general increase in coverage of plans of urban areas. The use of foreign standards seems to be valuable, where the revitalization of even vast areas is carried out in accordance with the precise assumptions. Such activities allow for creating interdisciplinary solutions, integrating numerous elements, which often leads to obtaining the synergy.
Revitalization of buildings and urban areas on the example of Gdańsk, Venice, Milano and Zabrze
Authors: Fross Klaudiusz , Guminska Anna 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Revitalizations are becoming a common activity giving new life to the abandoned buildings, districts, degraded areas, etc. The necessity of such actions results, among others, from the changing needs of users of these spaces, climate change and new technologies used. These activities are a strategic element of urban policy. They also fit into the context of sustainable development, causing a change in the value, reception and perception of degraded spaces and objects. New functions give a new quality, but also affect the neighbourhood, improve the quality of the immediate environment. They also enable the elimination of spatial conflicts, as well as the introduction of ecosystem services that reinforce the multi-range potential of these areas and facilities. During the study trips, the authors analyse in detail interesting examples of successful revitalization. The revitalizations are discussed: the factory building in Venice on the Giudecca Island (Italy), the entire quarter in the old town of Gdansk (Poland), the mine shaft in the post-industrial (mining) city of Zabrze (Poland) and housing estates with office buildings of Milano (Italy). The aim of the research was to analyse the effects of revitalization activities in these European cities. Relationships and correlations in these activities were analysed. The research also concerned the applied principles that may have an impact on the effectiveness of revitalization and its positive implementation. The quality of revitalized space and its impact on the surroundings was also analysed. Particular attention was paid to the importance of qualitative research at the revitalization programming stage. The analyses concerned various sizes and scope of the revitalization activities, i.e. from the object to the building quarter. The research results indicate the existence of universal principles of successful revitalization, which are applicable at different scales of revitalization. At the same time, the applications indicate 12 golden rules for a successful revitalization. The importance of qualitative research at the revitalization programming stage is underlined. These studies constitute the success of revitalization. Qualitative research conducted at the stage of programming activities may ensure the coherence of activities in various scales of urban space (from the object to the city’s quarters) and prevent the transmission of conflicts and problems to other urban areas.
Investigating the Effect of Urban Compactness on Energy Efficiency in Recent Urban Communities in UAE
Authors: Galal Ahmed Khaled , Hossein Alipour S. M. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Studying the effect of urban compactness on energy consumption has been the locus of research for many Western researchers since the mid 1990s. In the last few years, the UAE federal and local governments have adopted agendas for energy efficiency in all sectors of development, especially in the building and urban development sectors. As a result, a shift from the conventional sprawl urban form to a more compact urban morphology has been attempted in some recently developed neighbourhoods in the UAE but with no scientific evidence about the effect of these new and more compact urban morphologies on energy efficiency in general, and the high cooling energy demand in specific. In a humble attempt to bridge this gap, this research adopted a comparative method for investigating the effect of urban morphology on energy efficiency through comparing the effect of the conventional sprawl vs. the effect of the recent more compact urban forms on operational and cooling energy demands. The main utilized tool in this comparative investigation was the UMI (Urban Modelling Interface) simulation conducted for Al Dhaher conventionally designed neighbourhood in Al Ain city, representing the conventional sprawl urban form, and Al Ghreiba, a recently developed more compact urban community in Al Ain city as well. The results revealed that the average operational and cooling Energy Use Intensities for Al Ghreiba were higher than those recorded Al Dhaher while the opposite was expected. To justify the results, the effects of increased building density, open space/street grid pattern, and building mass configurations on urban energy consumption, have been studied. It has been evident that simply compacting the urban form to some degree seems not only insufficient in saving operational and cooling energy, but it might also result in higher energy consumption if other influential measures are not appropriately considered.
From Socialist Realism to Modernism: Józef Zbigniew Polak - a Forgotten Champion on Poland’s Architectural Post-War Map
Authors: Mazur Rafal 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The article concerns work by architect Józef Zbigniew Polak, who was the first Pole to win an international architectural competition in the Polish post-war era. As a lecturer, and graduate of the Faculty of Architecture at the Warsaw University of Technology, he continued the design school of Prof. Bohdan Pniewski. Polak’s architectural creativity can be divided into several phases, which are in turn closely connected to various developmental periods of architecture in post-war Poland. His designs and architectural realizations are often overlooked by researchers, which is among others the result of his later long-term activity in other countries.
The Influence of “Third Places” on The Quality of the Public Domain
Authors: Dudek Joanna 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The attractiveness of public spaces depends on many factors. Both physical components, functional and spatial solutions as well as the number and variety of activities of people using them are significant. However, one of the most important roles of public spaces is to enable user integration and interaction — the existence of the so-called sphere of the “public domain” by facilitating establishing relationships between people. These relationships can be varied and determined among others by the length and type of contact between people, but also by the distance between the users. The greater the possibility of a deeper relationship, the more the quality of the “public domain” increases. Certain places with specific features give such an opportunity. They are so-called “third places”. They are informal public gathering places where people can interact and socialize. Care for the high level of the “public domain” and the broadly understood attractiveness of public spaces is important because it allows to increase the inhabitants’ quality of life. This fact, in turn, may also have a direct impact on the growth of the value of a given space both in the social, economic as well as cultural and political context. This article is intended to bring closer the types of interpersonal contacts occurring in the public space as well as different ways of their qualification. Above all, the basic aim of the work is to familiarize readers with the idea of “third places” and to present the possibilities of increasing the quality of the “public domain” both inside the buildings and between them.
Accumulated Damage-based Experimental Study on Seismic Performance of HRBF500 Rebar Reinforced RC Bridge Columns
Authors: Fu Qian , Wang Xuerong , Liang Shuting 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The evolution of the damage and seismic behaviour of the reinforcement concrete (RC) bridge columns reinforced with HRBF500 rebar was investigated in this paper. Nine bridge column specimens with various strengths of longitudinal reinforcement, reinforcement ratios, axial compression ratios and stirrup ratios were tested under horizontal cyclic loading. The influences of the designed parameters of the mechanical properties such as failure mode, loading-displacement curve, skeleton curve, strength and stiffness degradation and energy dissipation were analysed in the view of damage. There are four conclusions brought by the tested results. The damage process of specimens could be divided into turn-crack development stage, damage accumulation stage and failure stage. The damage will accumulate gradually and the strength and stiffness will also be degenerated, resulting in lower ductility and energy dissipation capacity of the specimens, as the displacement amplitude increases. The failure modes are similar, with plastic hinges occurrence varying from 30 to 260 mm above the concrete bases, accompanied by the steel buckling, fractured and the concrete local crushing. The good ductility and energy dissipation capacity of the HRBF500 reinforced concrete bridge columns are illustrated by the relatively plumper shuttle-shaped hysteresis curves obtained. The damage development was faster and energy was comparably larger of the specimens under the variation of displacement amplitude cycle loading, comparing with the constant displacement amplitude cycle loading. The bearing capacity of the specimens will be certain influenced by the increased reinforcement ratios and the larger energy dissipation capacity, with more longitudinal bars. The axial compression ratio also has an important influence on the damage development of the specimens. There are not considerable increments of bearing capacity, with the increment of reinforcement ratio, however, the ductility and energy dissipation ability will be improved obviously. The laws of damage development analysed by the experimental results were shown in this paper. The seismic damage assessment and seismic damage model of this kind of structural members were established by the experimental results above.
Research on Mechanical Behaviour of High-rise Diagonal Grid Tube Structure and Case study
Authors: Fu Qian , Wang Xuerong , Dai Tao 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In order to obtain the mechanical characteristics of high-rise diagonal grid tube structure under horizontal and/or vertical loads, three types of structure model, which were diagonal grid tube structure, diagonal grid–frame tube and framed tube structure, were established by the finite element software Etabs. The laws of internal force distribution, interstory displacement, base shear and shear hysteresis effect, were analysed deeply. The results from three-model showed that compared with the framed tube structure, the diagonal grid tube structure had the larger stiffness and the shorter period. Under the horizontal seismic load, the total shear force of the diagonal grid tube structure improved 20% by that of the conventional framed tube structure, with the interlayer shear force and the interlayer displacement angle distribution keeping basically the same. The inclining column to the diagonal grid structure could enhance the lateral stiffness in its plane effectively, but hardly improve the lateral stiffness out of its plane. Then, the performance under the vertical load was also discussed. Under the action of the vertical load, the shear hysteresis effect appeared, especially for the flange inclined column. Subsequently, the feasibility of the diagonal grid tube in the engineering projects was evaluated. The finite element software ABAQUS was used to analyse the dynamic elastoplastic time history performance of a one-way oblique grid system high-rise building under rare earthquakes. The results showed that the maximum interlayer displacement of the structure was less than the limit of Chinese codes and standards, and the structure could achieve the goal of anti-seismic fortification without collapse under strong earthquakes. There was a conclusion that the diagonal grid tube could be applied as a part of the overall structure for high-rise or super-tall buildings in the zones with seismic design intensity of 7 degree.
Possibilities for Creating Public Spaces in a Small Town: Case Study
Authors: Sikora Anna 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Public spaces exist in each space which has been built. In the case of small European towns, they are usually strictly defined: and include market square, side squares and streets, which are often clearly connected with each other with regard to functions and composition. There are also municipal units, which have been created as a result of the development and expansion of residential developments located near important industrial plants (e.g. within the Central Industrial Region). These units were built in accordance with the modernist principle of a functional town in its original form and did not have traditionally defined public spaces. The article presents the history and possibilities of creating such spaces in a small industrial town based on an example of Nowa Dęba.
Test evaluating the effectiveness of hydrofugation in the protection of handmade brick walls against rainwater
Authors: Soledad Camino-Olea María , Llorente-Alvarez Álfredo , Cabeza-Prieto Alejandro , María Olivar-Parra Jose 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The soaking of rainwater into brick walls of cultural heritage can be the source of various injuries due to the processes of migration and crystallization of salts, the formation of ice inside them in rainy and cold areas, as well as the growth of organisms in humid areas. The ancient handmade bricks and the mortar used in the construction of these walls are porous materials in which water penetrates easily and is therefore very exposed to these deterioration processes. One of the most usual solution to avoid it is to apply a surface treatment by water-repellent products to prevent the entry of rainwater. The handmade bricks are orthohedrons with more or less flat faces, which do not present grooves, recesses or perforations like mechanical bricks, meaning that at the interface between brick and mortar there may be discontinuities that facilitate the entry of rainwater. The values of water absorption and brick and mortar are high, which also favours the entry of direct rainwater through the materials. The hydrophobic facade treatments are usually applied by projection on the surface of the facade and the discontinuities that the surface of the facade presents could have the result that the application of the water repellent would not be effective. For this reason, a test procedure was designed and executed on four walls built in a garden. Above them, water was projected imitating rain. The data was captured by infrared thermography and humidity probes, in order to analyse the efficiency and hydrophobicity and to study if the test method was valid.
Evaluation of the Work of a Single-Span Beam in the Cracked Section - Calculation Example
Authors: Ordon-Beska Beata , Major Maciej 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In Poland, in the last 20 years there have been large and often far-reaching changes in designing of construction works, including changes in normative regulations. Polish standards were gradually adapted to European eurocodes obligatory in European Union Member States, to be eventually replaced by publication of an identical text or by endorsement. Currently valid in Poland for the design of reinforced concrete structures Eurocode 2, part 1-1 was approved by the Polish Committee for Standardization in 2008 and eventually replaced the conflicting national standards in 2010. According to the information contained in the general provisions, it is intended to prove compliance of buildings and engineering structures with the requirements of Council Directive 89/106/EEC concerning, among other things, resistance and stability, applicable to new, designed structures. Part 1-1 EC2 concerns the design of reinforced concrete structures with the exception of plain surface bars previously used quite commonly in structural elements working under average values of loads: floor slabs or secondary beams for example. On the other hand, in point 7.3.4 of the mentioned code, containing the rules of calculations of crack width, there is a coefficient k1 taking account of the bond properties of the bonded reinforcement, permitting both ribbed and with an effectively plain surface bars. Therefore, in the presented article it was made an attempt to analytically assess the crack phenomenon of the beam with plain surface reinforcement and compare this with the results of experimental research. The calculations were made for a single-span beam with one-side tensile reinforcement only, loaded with two concentrated forces of equal values, placed symmetrically in relation to the half of the span. The presented assessment includes of the cracking moment, calculations of the spacing of cracks and the width of cracks at various load levels. The obtained results were compared with the results of experimental investigations of two beams made of the same concrete and the same rebars.