bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HOMOFOBIA E MISOGINIA NO MEDIEVO
Authors: Adaid Felipe 
Published: September 2019

O presente artigo tem por objetivo discorrer sobre as raízes da homofobia e sua possível relação com a misoginia; para tal, importa a retomada do passado na busca por respostas. Neste sentido, inicialmente se questiona a plausível relação entre os fenômenos homofóbico e misógino com a própria questãodo falocentrismo. Desta feita, este trabalho discorrerá a respeito da violência no período medieval, ou seja, no contexto histórico e econômico europeu, sobremodo no que tange os valores influenciados pela Igreja Católica e a noção do pecado e do ódio ao prazer. A pergunta, pois, que resume a pesquisa podeser formulada assim: qual a relação entre a homofobia e a misoginia no período da Idade Média, tendo em vista o falocentrismo? No que se refere ao método de pesquisa, o artigo foi elaborado por meio de revisão bibliográfica e busca de literatura, sobretudo no campo histórico e antropológico.
Teaching English to the University Students by Using â€œWall Magazineâ€ Media as a Project Based Learning
Authors: Fitria Tira Nur 
Published: September 2019

This research is to describe the implementation of Project-based Learning by using the media of wall magazine as the studentsâ€™ project in teaching English to the students of STIE AAS Surakarta. This study is descriptive qualitative research. From the result of this research, there are some steps in implementing project-based learning, they are 1) Setting the stage for students with real-life samples of the projects they will be doing. 2) Taking on the role of project designers, possibly establishing a forum for display or competition. 3) Discussing and accumulating the background information needed for their designs. 4). Negotiating the criteria for evaluating the projects. 5). Accumulating the materials necessary for the project. 6). Creating their projects. 7). Preparing to present their projects. 8). Presenting their projects. 9). Reflecting on the process and evaluating the projects based on the criteria established. By using wall magazine also bring some advantages for the students in their learning process. Project-based Learning shows the studentsâ€™ participation of their competitive work in class and gives the students opportunities to share their individual opinion and information with their group's members in order to arrange their ideas and achieve their projects. Project-based Learning creates a positive atmosphere which allows the students to be more creative in learning English
Hunger increases delay discounting of food and non-food rewards
Authors: Skrynka Jordan , Vincent Benjamin T. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
How do our valuation systems change to homeostatically correct undesirable psychological or physiological states, such as those caused by hunger? There is evidence that hunger increases discounting for food rewards, biasing choices towards smaller but sooner food reward over larger but later reward. However, it is not understood how hunger modulates delay discounting for non-food items. We outline and quantitatively evaluate six possible models of how our valuation systems modulate discounting of various commodities in the face of the undesirable state of being hungry. With a repeated-measures design, an experimental hunger manipulation, and quantitative modeling, we find strong evidence that hunger causes large increases in delay discounting for food, with an approximately 25% spillover effect to non-food commodities. The results provide evidence that in the face of hunger, our valuation systems increase discounting for commodities, which cannot achieve a desired state change as well as for those commodities that can. Given that strong delay discounting can cause negative outcomes in many non-food (consumer, investment, medical, or inter-personal) domains, the present findings suggest caution may be necessary when making decisions involving non-food outcomes while hungry.
The Optical Afterglow of GW170817: An Off-axis Structured Jet and Deep Constraints on a Globular Cluster Origin
Authors: Fong W. , Blanchard P. K. , Alexander K. D. , Strader J. , Margutti R. , Hajela A. , Villar V. A. , Wu Y. , Ye C. S. , Berger E. , Chornock R. , Coppejans D. , Cowperthwaite P. S. , Eftekhari T. , Giannios D. , Guidorzi C. , Kathirgamaraju A. , Laskar T. , Macfadyen A. , Metzger B. D. , Nicholl M. , Paterson K. , Terreran G. , Sand D. J. , Sironi L. , Williams P. K. G. , Xie X. , Zrake J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We present a revised and complete optical afterglow light curve of the binary neutron star merger GW170817, enabled by deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) F606W observations at ≈584 days post-merger, which provide a robust optical template. The light curve spans ≈110–362 days, and is fully consistent with emission from a relativistic structured jet viewed off-axis, as previously indicated by radio and X-ray data. Combined with contemporaneous radio and X-ray observations, we find no spectral evolution, with a weighted average spectral index of

〈
β
〉
=
−
0.583
±
0.013

, demonstrating that no synchrotron break frequencies evolve between the radio and X-ray bands over these timescales. We find that an extrapolation of the post-peak temporal slope of GW170817 to the luminosities of cosmological short gamma-ray bursts matches their observed jet break times, suggesting that their explosion properties are similar, and that the primary difference in GW170817 is viewing angle. Additionally, we place a deep limit on the luminosity and mass of an underlying globular cluster (GC) of L ≲ 6.7 × 103
L
⊙, or M ≲ 1.3 × 104
M
⊙, at least 4 standard deviations below the peak of the GC mass function of the host galaxy, NGC 4993. This limit provides a direct and strong constraint that GW170817 did not form and merge in a GC. As highlighted here, HST (and soon the James Webb Space Telescope) enables critical observations of the optical emission from neutron star merger jets and outflows.
The Origin of the X-Ray Emission in Two Well-aligned Extragalactic Jets: The Case for IC/CMB
Authors: Meyer Eileen T. , Iyer Adurshsiva R. , Reddy Karthik , Georganopoulos Markos , Breiding Peter , Keenan Mary 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Over the past two decades, the most commonly adopted explanation for high and hard X-ray emission in resolved quasar jets has been inverse-Compton upscattering of the cosmic microwave background (IC/CMB), which requires jets that remain highly relativistic on 10–1000 kpc scales. In more recent years various lines of observational evidence, including gamma-ray upper limits, have disfavored this explanation in favor of a synchrotron origin. While the IC/CMB model generally predicts a high level of gamma-ray emission, it has never been detected. Here we report the detection of a low-state Fermi/LAT gamma-ray spectrum associated with two jetted active galactic nuclei that is consistent with the predictions of the IC/CMB model for their X-ray emission. We have used archival multiwavelength observations to make precise predictions for the expected minimum flux in the GeV band, assuming that the X-ray emission from the kiloparsec-scale jet is entirely due to the IC/CMB process. In both sources—OJ 287 and PKS 1510−089—the minimum-detected gamma-ray flux level agrees with predictions. Both sources exhibit extreme superluminal proper motions relative to their jet power, which argues for the well-aligned jets required by the IC/CMB model. In the case of PKS 1510−089, it cannot be ruled out that the minimum gamma-ray flux level is due to a low state of the variable core that only matches the IC/CMB prediction by chance. Continued long-term monitoring with the Fermi/LAT could settle this issue by detecting a plateau signature in the recombined light curve that would clearly signal the presence of a nonvariable emission component.
A Simple Phenomenological Emergent Dark Energy Model can Resolve the Hubble Tension
Authors: Li Xiaolei , Shafieloo Arman 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Motivated by the current status of cosmological observations and significant tensions in the estimated values of some key parameters assuming the standard ΛCDM model, we propose a simple but radical phenomenological emergent dark energy model where dark energy has no effective presence in the past and emerges at later times. Theoretically, in this phenomenological dark energy model with zero degrees of freedom (similar to a ΛCDM model), one can derive that the equation of state of dark energy increases from

in the past to −1 in the future. We show that by setting a hard-cut 2σ lower bound prior for H
0 associated with a 97.72% probability from recent local observations, this model can satisfy different combinations of cosmological observations at low and high redshifts (SNe Ia, baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO), Lyα BAO, and cosmic microwave background (CMB)) substantially better than the concordance ΛCDM model with

and Δ DIC ∼ −35.38. If there are no substantial systematics in SN Ia, BAO, or Planck CMB data, and assuming the reliability of current local H
0 measurements, there is a very high probability that with more precise measurements of the Hubble constant our proposed phenomenological model rules out the cosmological constant with decisive statistical significance and is a strong alternative to explain the combination of different cosmological observations. This simple phenomenologically emergent dark energy model can guide theoretically motivated dark energy model building activities.
A Fundamental Plane for Gamma-Ray Pulsars
Authors: Kalapotharakos Constantinos , Harding Alice K. , Kazanas Demosthenes , Wadiasingh Zorawar 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We show that the γ-ray pulsar observables, i.e., their total γ-ray luminosity,

, spectral cutoff energy,

, stellar surface magnetic field, B
⋆, and spin-down power

, obey a relation of the form

, which represents a 3D plane in their 4D logspace. Fitting the data of 88 pulsars of the second Fermi pulsar catalog, we show this relation to be

, a pulsar fundamental plane (FP). We show that the observed FP is remarkably close to the theoretical relation

obtained assuming that the pulsar γ-ray emission is due to curvature radiation by particles accelerated at the pulsar equatorial current sheet just outside the light cylinder. Interestingly, the FP seems incompatible with emission by synchrotron radiation. The corresponding scatter about the FP is ∼0.35 dex and can only partly be explained by the observational errors while the rest is probably due to the variation of the inclination and observer angles. We predict also that

toward low

for both young and millisecond pulsars implying that the observed death line of γ-ray pulsars is due to

dropping below the Fermi band. Our results provide a comprehensive interpretation of the observations of γ-ray pulsars, setting requirements for successful theoretical modeling.
A Gaia-Enceladus Analog in the EAGLE Simulation: Insights into the Early Evolution of the Milky Way
Authors: Bignone Lucas A. , Helmi Amina , Tissera Patricia B. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We identify a simulated Milky Way analog in the eagle suite of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. This galaxy not only shares similar global properties as the Milky Way, but was specifically selected because its merger history resembles that currently known for the Milky Way. In particular we find that this Milky Way analog has experienced its last significant merger (with a stellar mass ratio ∼0.2) at z ∼ 1.2. We show that this merger affected both the dynamical properties of the stars present at the time, contributing to the formation of a thick disk, and also leading to a significant increase in the star formation rate of the host. This object is thus particularly suitable for understanding the early evolutionary history of the Milky Way. It is also an ideal candidate for re-simulation with much higher resolution, as this would allow addressing a plethora of interesting questions such as, for example, the specific distribution of dark matter near the Sun.
The e-Flora of South Africa – restructuring data to comply with Darwin Core standards for inclusion into the World Flora Online
Authors: Ranwashe Fhatani , Le Roux Marianne 
Published: September 2019

The e-Flora of South Africa project was initiated in 2013 by the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) in support of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC, 2011-2020). South Africa's flora consists of ca. 21,000 taxa of which more than half are endemic. South Africa will contribute a national Flora towards Target 1 of the GSPC ("To create an online flora of all known plants by 2020"). South Africa's contribution is ca. 6% of the world’s flora of which ca. 3% are endemic and therefore unique. South Africa’s electronic Flora is comprised of previously published descriptions.
South Africa’s e-Flora data forms part of the Botanical Dataset of Southern Africa (BODATSA) that is currently managed through the Botanical Research And Herbarium Management System (BRAHMS). To date, South Africa’s e-Flora data (http://ipt.sanbi.org.za/iptsanbi/resource?r=flora_descriptions) represents 19,539 indigenous taxa, 79,139 descriptions of distribution, morphological, habitat and diagnostic data, and 27,799 bibliographic records. The e-Flora data was recently published online using the Integrated Publishing Toolkit and henceforth harvested by the World Flora Online (WFO) into the portal.
A series of challenges were encountered while manipulating descriptive data from BRAHMS to be ingested by the WFO portal; from taxonomic issues to data quality issues not excluding compliance to data standards.
To contribute to the WFO portal, the taxa in BODATSA has to match with the taxa in the WFO taxonomic backbone. Once there is a match, a unique WFO taxon identifier is assigned to the taxa in BODATSA. This process presented various challenges because the WFO taxonomic backbone and the taxonomic classification system that is used by South Africa (South African National Plant Checklist) does not fully correlate. The schema used to store taxonomic data also does not agree between BRAHMS and WFO and had to be addressed.
To enable consistency for future, a detailed guideline document was created providing all the steps and actions that should be taken when publishing an e-Flora, managed in BRAHMS, to the WFO portal. The presentation will focus on matching taxonomic classifications between BRAHMS and WFO; dealing with character encoding issues and manipulating data to meet Darwin Core standards.
Ground‐penetrating radar evaluation of the ancient Mycenaean monument Tholos Acharnon tomb
Authors: Santos‐Assunçao S. , Dimitriadis K. , Konstantakis Y. , Perez‐Gracia V. , Anagnostopoulou E. , Gonzalez‐Drigo R. 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTThe assessment of cultural heritage requires high‐resolution and non‐destructive methodologies. Ground‐penetrating radar is widely applied in the inspection of historical buildings. However, some structures with curved surfaces make the radar data acquisition process difficult and consequently the following data interpretation. This paper describes a case study concerning a circular and buried Greek monument. This monument is a magnificent tomb buried with irregular stones. However, its structure and the internal stones arrangement are unknown. Therefore, a radar survey was carried out to achieve two main objectives: (i) identification of hidden elements and arrangement of the stones and (ii) detection of specific zones where further restoration and maintenance should be recommended. The methodology for the radar data acquisition involves the use of a laser scan in order to define accurately each radar line, covering all the internal surface of the tomb. Radar data processing was developed by converting Cartesian coordinates into polar coordinates. This procedure allows defining better the internal anomalies, improving the radar data interpretation. The main results of the survey were three: (i) the presence of a hidden target buried in the corridor access to the tomb; (ii) the description of the internal structure of the walls of the tomb, defining the stones arrangement and the position and depth to the keystone; and (iii) the existence of delimited zones where the signal is highly attenuated, probably due to a high salt content.
A cost‐effective 3D electrical resistivity imaging approach applied to dike investigation
Authors: Jodry Clara , Palma Lopes Sèrgio , Fargier Yannick , Côte Philippe , Sanchez Martin 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTAlthough DC electrical resistivity imaging is widely applied to dike investigation, either rapid 2D or high‐resolution 3D approaches fail to address actual needs. An intermediate electrical resistivity imaging approach referred to as “3D‐“ is introduced in this paper. The methodology is based on existing tools, and it offers useful and sufficiently reliable 3D images of the investigated structure within a cost‐effective and flexible procedure. The survey design, the model discretisation, and the thorough integration of a priori information are the main phases of this procedure. To demonstrate the benefits and limitations of this approach, it is applied to an existing stretch of embankment levee along the Loire River. A numerical study was carried out both on synthetic and real data to assess the 3D imaging capability of the approach and the influence of prior information on the inversion outputs. The important role of a priori information is shown to be even more essential here. The results demonstrate the efficiency and versatility of the 3D‐ approach for reliable and cost‐effective investigations of long dikes.
VEMI: a flexible interface for 3D tomographic inversion of time‐ and frequency‐domain electrical data in EIDORS
Authors: De Donno Giorgio , Cardarelli Ettore 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTThe aim of this work is to present a MATLAB interface called Versatile interface for Electrical data Modelling and Inversion included in the EIDORS software. The interface is able to invert 2D and 3D electrical data acquired in the time or the frequency domain, both for cylindrical and prismatic geometries. Therefore, it can be a flexible tool for inversion of both real‐ and complex‐valued resistivity tomography data acquired in the laboratory and in the field. The forward solver has been proved to be stable and accurate through a comparison with an analytical solution, whereas the inverse solution, achieved through a Gauss‐Newton routine with an optimised damping inner loop, can be performed with the help of other useful tools incorporating a priori information in the inversion process. The reliability of the Versatile interface for Electrical data Modelling and Inversion has been tested through a 3D laboratory example, where both time‐ and frequency‐domain data and two 3D field example with time‐domain data were acquired. The 3D laboratory example, simulating a shallow aquifer contaminated by a chlorinated solvent (hydrofluoroether), demonstrated the reliability of the Versatile interface for Electrical data Modelling and Inversion to detect the contaminant pathway within the physical model. Hydrofluoroether is clearly visible on phase and chargeability models, where the highest phase values are located underneath the spilling point, even though it remains undistinguishable in the resistivity and amplitude ones. Through the combined analysis of the inverted chargeability and phase models, we can reduce the degree of uncertainty in the interpretation of geophysical models. These results were also validated through comparison with the respective synthetic models simulated in a previous paper by the same authors. Real‐world tests have been performed on a closed landfill where few a priori information are available about the original design and on an industrial site contaminated by chlorinated solvents. In the former case, we reconstruct a three‐layer configuration (covering, waste and bottom liner), where the effective layering inferred from the resistivity model is confirmed by the chargeability one. In the latter case, we detect the chlorinated solvents within the deeper aquifer through a combined analysis of the resistivity and chargeability models, where the very high resistivity values are associated with high chargeability.
Facies discrimination with electrical resistivity tomography using a probabilistic methodology: effect of sensitivity and regularisation
Authors: Hermans Thomas , Irving James 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTElectrical resistivity tomography has become a standard geophysical method in the field of hydrogeology, as it has the potential to provide important information regarding the spatial distribution of facies. However, inverted electrical resistivity tomography images tend to be grossly smoothed versions of reality because of the regularisation of the inverse problem. In this study, we use a probabilistic methodology based upon co‐located measurements to assess the utility of electrical resistivity tomography to identify hydrofacies in alluvial aquifers. With this methodology, electrical resistivity tomography images are interpreted in terms of the probability of belonging to pre‐defined hydrofacies. We first analyse through a synthetic study the ability of electrical resistivity tomography to discriminate between different facies. As electrical resistivity tomography data suffer from a loss of sensitivity with depth, we find that low‐sensitivity regions are more affected by misclassification. To counteract this effect, we adapt the probabilistic framework to include the spatially varying data sensitivity. We then apply our learning to a field case. For the latter, we consider two different regularisation procedures. In contrast to the data sensitivity that affects the facies probability to a limited amount, the regularisation can affect the probability maps more considerably because it has a strong influence on the spatial distribution of inverted resistivity. We find that a regularisation strategy based on the most realistic prior information tends to offer the most reliable discrimination of facies. Our results confirm the ability of electrical resistivity tomography surveys, when properly designed, to detect facies variations in alluvial aquifers. The method can be easily extended to other contexts.