bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental Changes in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Authors: van den Anker John , Reed Michael D. , Allegaert Karel , Kearns Gregory L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEffective drug therapy to optimally influence disease requires an understanding of a drug's pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacogenomic interrelationships. In pediatrics, age is a continuum that can and does add variability in drug disposition and effect. This article addresses the many important factors that influence drug disposition and effect relative to age. What is known about the influence of maturation on the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and drug receptor dynamics are outlined. Our state of understanding of many of these factors remains in flux, however, and only with additional study will we be able to better anticipate and model drug‐response relationships across the age continuum. Being able to continuously improve our care of the ill pediatric patient while simultaneously being able to accurately determine the utility of new drugs and chemical entities in this population requires our enhanced understanding of these disposition characteristics.
Light sheet microscopy with high spatial resolution based on polarized structured illumination beam modulated by the phase mask
Authors: Nhu Levan , Wang Xiaona , Liu Yong , Kuang Cuifang , Liu Xu 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this article, we present a method to improve axial resolution and expand the field of view of conventional light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) by phase modulation of the illumination beam. We added a bisected annular binary phase mask on the illumination path to modulate the radially polarized beam. The central spot of the modulated point spread function is narrower than that of Gaussian focus, although the sidelobe energy is increased. Then, a diffraction grating is used to produce multiple copies of this illumination pattern, and these pattern copies form the light sheet. By matching the numerical apertures of illumination lens and detection lens, the sidelobes on the detection axis can be suppressed in the captured data, although they do still contribute to photobleaching and phototoxicity in the sample. The simulation results show that the proposed method effectively reduces the thickness of the light sheet by 1.3 times, and increase the length of the light sheet by two times compared with conventional LSFM.
Extended duration infusion temperatures in the tropics: 2 (EDITT2)
Authors: Perks Stephen J. , Robinson Niechole , Pain Tilley , Franklin Richard 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundStability data tested at 25°C may not be suitable for use in the tropics in the home intravenous infusions (Home‐IV) setting. A 24‐h solution temperature profile is needed to investigate medication stability in this setting.AimThis study investigated and mapped the solution temperature within the Baxter LV10 elastomeric infusor device in a tropical environment over a 24‐h period.MethodsVolunteer patients from Home‐IV clinics in two tropical Australian cities wore elastomeric infusor devices for 24 h over the summer months. Temperature devices were inserted into the solution to directly log solution temperature.ResultsSolution temperature was >25°C 79.8% of the time. Mean time to inflection (temperature stops rising and begins fluctuating) was 9.4 h (95% confidence interval (CI) 8.6–10.2), with a maximum inflection point of 14.5 h. The mean (95% CI) temperature at inflection and after inflection was 30.6°C (29.8–31.5) and 29.5°C (29.3–29.6), respectively; the 90th percentile temperature after inflection was 32.5°C. Analysis of variance revealed a significant difference of 3.1°C between air‐conditioned and non‐air‐conditioned data (F1,28 = 13.06, p = 0.001). The 90th percentile temperature after inflection for non‐air‐conditioned data was 33.1°C.ConclusionsStability studies performed at 25°C are inappropriate for tropical regions. Possible factors contributing to the higher temperatures include body and ambient room temperature. We recommend that medications are tested in 24‐h elastomeric infusor devices in three steps: (1) refrigerated for up to 7 days; (2) steady increase from refrigerated to 34°C over 9 h; and (3) maintained at 34°C for the remaining 15 h. This more accurately reflects the temperature profile experienced in warmer climates. Furthermore, Home‐IV patients should be encouraged to remain in an air‐conditioned environment, or at least indoors, over the summer months to decrease the potential for antibiotic degradation.
Effect of the neonatal early onset sepsis calculator on pharmacy‐prepared empirical antibiotics
Authors: Lebedevs Tamara , Sajogo Monica 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe Kaiser Permanente early onset sepsis (EOS) calculator was introduced in 2016 for infants who were born at ≥35 weeks gestation or more (≥35GA) at a principal referral and specialist hospital for women and newborns in Western Australia to reduce unnecessary antibiotic administration in healthy neonates.AimThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of the EOS calculator on antibiotic orders aseptically prepared by the pharmacy.MethodsThe study retrospectively compared pharmacy data over two periods, before (2015) and after (2016) implementation.ResultsAfter implementation, the number of gentamicin prefilled syringes (PFS) distributed decreased by 41.6% (1466 doses). In addition, the number of ≥35GA neonates receiving benzylpenicillin PFS decreased by 33.9% (222 neonates), and the overall rate (number of neonates receiving a benzylpenicillin PFS/occupied bed days) decreased from 2.24% to 1.48% (p < 0.0001).ConclusionThe introduction of the EOS calculator has reduced the empirical antibiotic use in ≥35GA neonates at the King Edward Memorial Hospital.
Linseed oil as a model system for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy detection of degradation products in artworks
Authors: Gomez Manuel , Reggio Daniela , Lazzari Massimo 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEarly evidence of materials decay can provide diagnostic insights to conservators and scientists enhancing the overall knowledge on art materials. Limited knowledge is available on the long‐term behavior of synthetic and natural polymers used in art. This research poses the foundations for studies on organic materials suffering from autoxidation processes, using nondestructive surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for the detection of commonly present low molecular weight degradation products. Such products are here considered molecular markers for diagnostic investigations, and SERS allows detection limits never reached before. 3D aluminum (Al)‐coated SERS substrates are optimized for in situ sampling of artifacts, testing different reference materials, sampling strategies, and instrumental conditions. Linseed oil is an organic material widely used in art, which degradation mechanisms are well‐known. Considering that many polymeric compounds follow similar degradation pathways, linseed oil seemed an excellent model material for a wider research on SERS for polymers degradation in artworks.
Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against Staphylococcus epidermidis
Authors: Awad Fathi , Wichmann Christina , Rösch Petra , Popp Jürgen 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the use of Raman spectroscopy for characterization of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) with methylene blue (MB) to Staphylococcus epidermidis. Results showed that APDT with MB (0.5, 1.5, and 3 μM) revealed significant reduction in the viability of the microorganism. Raman spectra from the treated microorganism seem to be affected by APDT compared with their respective controls, and the highest effect was observed when MB used at 3 μM. The results obtained in this study showed that APDT can have an effect on Raman spectra of bacteria.
Three‐Dimensional Printed Cardiac Models for Focused Cardiac Ultrasound Instruction
Authors: Ochoa Sebastian , Segal Jonathan , Garcia Noah , Fischer Ernest A. 
Published: September 2018

BackgroundFocused cardiac ultrasonography (FCU) is an increasingly integral component of routine medical training and practice. While various instructional methods have been described, few attempts have been made to incorporate a physical 3‐dimensional (3D) instructional aid.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine if a 3D printed heart model workshop for FCU instruction leads to equivalent structure recognition and scanning ability compared to traditional didactic FCU instruction.InterventionTwenty first‐year medical students with no point‐of‐care ultrasonography experience were randomly assigned to a traditional lecture (n = 10) or a 3D printed heart model workshop (n = 10). Written examinations at 0 and 3 months as well as image acquisition at 3 months were compared.ResultsThe median scores from the initial written structure identification in the traditional and 3D heart groups were 74% and 90%, respectively (P = 0.7). The second written exam at 3 months yielded median scores of 56% and 58% in the traditional and 3D heart groups, respectively (P = 0.8). The average scores on the image acquisition practical at 3 months were 3.3 of 5 and 2.7 of 5 (P = 0.1) in the traditional and 3D heart groups, respectively.ConclusionsUtilizing 3D heart models in an FCU workshop format results in similar skill acquisition and knowledge retention as traditional didactics. The 3D heart models are relatively inexpensive, portable, and reusable, enabling learners to practice repeatedly and at flexible intervals. The reduction in ongoing expenses and the ability to teach large groups may decrease training costs as well as the need for local faculty expertise.
Animal welfare, social license, and wildlife use industries
Authors: Hampton Jordan O. , Teh‐White Katherine 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTMany wildlife use industries are facing criticism from animal welfare groups. In some recent cases, opposition to contentious practices (e.g., kangaroo [Macropus spp.] harvesting) has achieved widespread community support and industries have lost market access or regulatory approval. The concept of social license to operate has become an important focus for many natural resource management fields, but there is ostensibly less awareness of its role in animal industries. To regard this contemporary threat to traditional wildlife management as more than inexplicable requires some delving into social sciences. We use the example of the declining harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) harvest in Canada to illustrate how poorly addressed animal welfare concerns can erode social license and decimate even ecologically sustainable wildlife use enterprises. We argue that other consumptive wildlife use industries, such as North American fur harvesting and kangaroo harvesting in Australia are at risk of loss of social license if animal welfare concerns are not addressed proactively and effectively. When faced with opposition from animal advocacy groups, many wildlife use industries have traditionally been reactive and have been reluctant to engage with stakeholders who possess seemingly irreconcilable differences. Instead, industries have often resorted to secrecy or deception, or have steadfastly defended their current approaches while attacking their critics. We suggest that a more effective approach would be for industries to proactively engage with stakeholders, establish a shared vision for how their industry should operate, and support this vision by transparently monitoring animal welfare outcomes. Proactive management of community expectations surrounding animal welfare is essential for the maintenance of social license for wildlife use enterprises. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Greater sage‐grouse vital rates after wildfire
Authors: Foster Lee J. , Dugger Katie M. , Hagen Christian A. , Budeau David A. 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTGreater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) have been subject to long‐term and continuing declines in population and habitat since European settlement of western North America. Increased wildfire activity constitutes a primary threat to the species in western portions of their range, with documented declines in wildfire‐affected populations. Following a 187,000‐ha wildfire in southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada, USA, we used global positioning system (GPS) telemetry to monitor nest initiation, nest survival, nesting habitat, and adult survival of female sage‐grouse during 2013 and 2014. We used known‐fate models in Program MARK to estimate daily nest survival and monthly adult survival in relation to temporal patterns, physiological characteristics of females, and habitat and land‐cover characteristics. We assessed habitat characteristics using geographic information system (GIS)‐derived measures of post‐fire habitat condition and land cover. Nest initiation rate following the fire was comparable to that observed in unaltered habitat. We observed nesting rates of 90% and 100% during 2013 and 2014, respectively, and renesting rates of 23% and 57% during the same years. Daily nest survival was consistently low in comparison to rates observed in concurrent studies in the region, for first nests during both years, and for second nests during 2013, but survival markedly increased for second nests during 2014. Sage‐grouse generally did not leave the fire perimeter to nest, with 64% and 73% of nests located in the fire boundary during 2013 and 2014, respectively. Approximately 27% of nests were located in burned habitat during 2013, and 20% of nests in 2014 were located in burned habitat. Adult survival varied by month, and although patterns of monthly survival were similar between years, monthly survival rates were significantly reduced from the beginning of the study through the end of the first post‐fire growing season. Our results indicate that sage‐grouse continue to use fire‐affected habitat in the years immediately following wildfire and sage‐grouse experienced lower nest survival and adult female survival than other populations during the same period. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Higher Complication Rates in Self‐Inflicted Gunshot Wounds After Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer
Authors: Sokoya Mofiyinfolu , Vincent Aurora G. , Joshi Rohan , Kadakia Sameep , Kohlert Scott , Lee Thomas S. , Saman Masoud , Ducic Yadranko 
Published: September 2018

Objectives/HypothesisMicrovascular free tissue transfer is often employed to reconstruct significant facial defects from ballistic injuries. Herein, we present our comparison of complications between self‐inflicted and non–self‐inflicted gunshot wounds after microvascular free tissue transfer.Study DesignRetrospective case review.MethodsApproval was obtained from the JPS institutional review board. We performed a retrospective review of cases of ballistic facial injuries between October 1997 and September 2017 that underwent vascularized free tissue transfer for reconstruction. Comparisons were made between self‐inflicted and non–self‐inflicted gunshot wounds after microvascular free tissue transfer. The χ2 test was used for all comparisons. P value and 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported.ResultsThere were 73 patients requiring free flap reconstruction after gunshot wounds to the face during the study period. There was a statistically significant difference in the rates of nonunion between self‐inflicted and non–self‐inflicted wounds (P = .02, 95% CI: 0.9 to 35.8) There were also no significant differences in flap failure (P = .10, 95% CI: −2.8 to 24.2), plate exposure (P = .28, 95% CI: −6.7 to 33.0), wound infection (P = .40, 95% CI: −8.9 to 31.2), scar contracture (P = .60, 95% CI: −8.1 to 25.1), and fistula formation (P = .13, 95% CI: −2.8 to 28.8) between patients with self‐inflicted and those with non–self‐inflicted wounds. Overall, complication rates were significantly higher in the self‐inflicted group compared to the non–self‐inflicted group (P < .0001, 95% CI: 32.6 to 68.6).ConclusionsPatients with self‐inflicted injuries had more complications postoperatively than those with non–self‐inflicted injuries. This is likely helpful in surgical planning and patient counseling.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 129:837–840, 2019
Hybrid Synthetic‐Biological Hydrogel System for Adipose Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Li Shue , Poche John Nicholas , Liu Yiming , Scherr Thomas , McCann Jacob , Forghani Anoosha , Smoak Mollie , Muir Mitchell , Berntsen Lisa , Chen Cong , Ravnic Dino J. , Gimble Jeffrey , Hayes Daniel J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHydrogels are promising scaffolds for adipose tissue regeneration. Currently, the incorporation of bioactive molecules in hydrogel system is used, which can increase the cell proliferation rate or improve adipogenic differentiation performance of stromal stem cells but often suffers from high expense or cytotoxicity because of light/thermal curing used for polymerization. In this study, decellularized adipose tissue is incorporated, at varying concentrations, with a thiol‐acrylate fraction that is then polymerized to produce hydrogels via a Michael addition reaction. The results reveal that the major component of isolated adipose‐derived extracellular matrix (ECM) is Collagen I. Mechanical properties of ECM polyethylene glycol (PEG) are not negatively affected by the incorporation of ECM. Additionally, human adipose‐derived stem cells (hASCs) are encapsulated in ECM PEG hydrogel with ECM concentrations varying from 0% to 1%. The results indicate that hASCs maintained the highest viability and proliferation rate in 1% ECM PEG hydrogel with most lipids formation when cultured in adipogenic conditions. Furthermore, more adipose regeneration is observed in 1% ECM group with in vivo study by Day 14 compared to other ECM PEG hydrogels with lower ECM content. Taken together, these findings suggest the ECM PEG hydrogel is a promising substitute for adipose tissue regeneration applications.
Space and time inversions of stochastic processes and Kelvin transform
Authors: Alili L. , Chaumont L. , Graczyk P. , Żak T. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractLet X be a standard Markov process. We prove that a space inversion property of X implies the existence of a Kelvin transform of X‐harmonic, excessive and operator‐harmonic functions and that the inversion property is inherited by Doob h‐transforms. We determine new classes of processes having space inversion properties amongst transient processes satisfying the time inversion property. For these processes, some explicit inversions, which are often not the spherical ones, and excessive functions are given explicitly. We treat in details the examples of free scaled power Bessel processes, non‐colliding Bessel particles, Wishart processes, Gaussian Ensemble and Dyson Brownian Motion.
Effects of Added Physical Cross‐Linkers on Mechanical Properties of Polymer Networks
Authors: Furuya Tsutomu , Yamamoto Keita , Koga Tsuyoshi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe effects of added physical cross‐linkers on the mechanical properties of polymer networks are studied by a computer simulation and a theoretical calculation. The physical cross‐linkers are modeled with small attractive particles and are adsorbed on the networks. The particle adsorption on the networks serves as sacrificial bonds and enhances the mechanical strength and the extensibility of the networks. The subchains of the networks change the conformation from collapsed states to expanded states with increasing particle content. This conformational change leads the non‐monotonic behavior of the mechanical properties of the networks. If the deformation rate is less than the inverse of the lifetime of the adsorption, the stress shows a relaxation with the conformational change of the subchains and the restructuring of inter‐subchain physical bonds via particle adsorption. In contrast, if the deformation rate is fast, the networks are deformed before the structural change, and show higher mechanical strengths.
Levodopa‐Induced Neuropathy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Romagnolo Alberto , Merola Aristide , Artusi Carlo Alberto , Rizzone Mario Giorgio , Zibetti Maurizio , Lopiano Leonardo 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTBackgroundClinical, neurophysiological, and pathological evidence suggest an association between Parkinson's disease (PD) and peripheral neuropathy (PNP), with a possible causative role of levodopa metabolic products, such as homocysteine and methylmalonic acid.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of studies reporting cases of PNP inl‐dopa‐treated PD patients indexed in PubMed between January 1990 and March 2018.ResultsWe identified 38 articles reporting cases of PNP in PD patients treated with orall‐dopa or withl‐dopa/carbidopa intestinal gel infusion (LCIG). Prevalence of PNP was 30.2% in the former group and 42.1% in the latter. Orall‐dopa was mostly associated with slowly progressive PNP, whereas LCIG showed an acute or subacute onset in 35.7% of cases. In both groups, there was an association between PNP and higherl‐dopa doses, as well as with the following biochemical alterations: increased homocysteine; reduced vitamin B12; increased methylmalonic acid; and reduced vitamin B6. A skin biopsy was performed in 181 patients, showing signs of small fibers neuropathy in 169 (93.4%). Positive, yet preliminary, results were observed in patients receiving periodic vitamin supplementation.ConclusionsOver one third of PD patients in treatment withl‐dopa may develop PNP, with a significantly higher prevalence of acute and subacute forms in those receiving LCIG. Pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear, but possibly related to a complex interplay between peripheral neurodegenerative processes andl‐dopa neurotoxic metabolites. Prospective, randomized, clinical trials are required to identify factors associated with the onset and progression of PD‐associated PNP and clarify the protective role of B‐group vitamin supplementation.