bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Biomarkers of Exposure on Switching From a Conventional Cigarette to Tobacco Heating Products: A Randomized, Controlled Study in Healthy Japanese Subjects
Authors: Gale Nathan , McEwan Mike , Eldridge Alison C , Fearon Ian M , Sherwood Neil , Bowen Edward , McDermott Simon , Holmes Emma , Hedge Andrew , Hossack Stuart , Wakenshaw Louise , Glew James , Camacho Oscar M , Errington Graham , McAughey John , Murphy James , Liu Chuan , Proctor Christopher J 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Background
Smoking is a leading cause of numerous human disorders including pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Disease development is primarily caused by exposure to cigarette smoke constituents, many of which are known toxicants. Switching smokers to modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) has been suggested as a potential means to reduce the risks of tobacco use, by reducing such exposure.

Methods
This randomized, controlled study investigated whether biomarkers of toxicant exposure (BoE) were reduced when smokers switched from smoking combustible cigarettes to using a novel (glo™/THP1.0) or in-market comparator (iQOS/THS) tobacco heating product (THP). One hundred eighty Japanese smokers smoked combustible cigarettes during a 2-day baseline period, followed by randomization to either continue smoking cigarettes, switch to using mentholated or non-mentholated variants of glo™, switch to using a non-mentholated variant of iQOS, or quit nicotine and tobacco product use completely for 5 days. Baseline and post-randomization 24-h urine samples were collected for BoE analysis. Carbon monoxide was measured daily in exhaled breath (eCO).

Results
On day 5 after switching, urinary BoE (excluding for nicotine) and eCO levels were significantly (p < .05) reduced by medians between 20.9% and 92.1% compared with baseline in all groups either using glo™ or iQOS or quitting tobacco use. Between-group comparisons revealed that the reductions in the glo™ groups were similar (p > .05) to quitting in many cases.

Conclusions
glo™ or iQOS use for 5 days reduced exposure to smoke toxicants in a manner comparable to quitting tobacco use. THPs are reduced exposure tobacco products with the potential to be MRTPs.

Implications
This clinical study demonstrates that when smokers switched from smoking combustible cigarettes to using tobacco heating products their exposure to smoke toxicants was significantly decreased. In many cases, this was to the same extent as that seen when they quit smoking completely. This may indicate that these products have the potential to be reduced exposure and/or reduced risk tobacco products when used by smokers whose cigarette consumption is displaced completely.

Clinical Trial Registrations
ISRCTN14301360 and UMIN000024988.
Ongoing clinical trials and treatment options for patients with systemic sclerosis–associated interstitial lung disease
Authors: Khanna Dinesh , Tashkin Donald P , Denton Christopher P , Lubell Martin W , Vazquez-Mateo Cristina , Wax Stephen 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSSc is a rare CTD that affects multiple organ systems, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Evidence of interstitial lung disease (ILD) is seen in ∼80% of patients with SSc. Currently there is no approved disease-modifying treatment for ILD and few effective treatment options are available. CYC is included in treatment guidelines, but it has limited efficacy and is associated with toxicity. MMF is becoming the most commonly used medication in clinical practice in North America and the UK, but its use is not universal. Newer agents targeting the pathogenic mechanisms underlying SSc-ILD, including fibrotic and inflammatory pathways, lymphocytes, cell–cell and cell–extracellular membrane interactions, hold promise for better treatment outcomes, including improved lung function, patient-related outcomes and quality of life. Here we review ongoing trials of established and novel agents that are currently recruiting patients with SSc-ILD.
Comprehensive Surveys of Bean common mosaic virus and Bean common mosaic necrosis virus and Molecular Evidence for Occurrence of Other Phaseolus vulgaris Viruses in Tanzania
Authors: Mwaipopo Beatrice , Nchimbi-Msolla Susan , Njau Paul J. R. , Mark Deogratius , Mbanzibwa Deusdedith R. 
Published: May 2018

Virus diseases are among the main biotic factors constraining common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in Tanzania. Disease management requires information on types, distribution, incidence, and genetic variation of the causal viruses, which is currently limited. Thus, a countrywide comprehensive survey was conducted. Use of a next-generation sequencing technique enabled simultaneous detection of 15 viruses belonging to 11 genera. De novo assembly resulted in many contigs, including complete or nearly complete sequences of Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), and Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV). Some viruses (for example, SBMV and Tomato leaf curl Uganda virus-related begomovirus) were detected for the first time in common bean in Tanzania. Visually assessed virus-like disease incidence ranged from 0 to 98% but reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction-based incidence of BCMV and BCMNV (7,756 samples) was mostly less than 40%. The Sanger-based nucleotide sequences encoding coat proteins of BCMV and BCMNV isolates were 90.2 to 100% and 97.1 to 100% identical to each other, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BCMV isolates were more diverse than BCMNV isolates. The information generated in this study will contribute to the development of molecular diagnostic tools and strategies for management of virus diseases nationally and internationally. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Genetic Associations With Gestational Duration and Spontaneous Preterm Birth
Authors: Zhang G. , Feenstra B. , Bacelis J. , Liu X. , Muglia L.M. , Juodakis J. , Miller D.E. , Litterman N. , Jiang P.P. , Russell L. , Hinds D.A. , Hu Y. , Weirauch M.T. , Chen X. , Chavan A.R. , Wagner G.P. , Pavličev M. , Nnamani M.C. , Maziarz J. , Karjalainen M.K. , Rämet M. , Sengpiel V. , Geller F. , Boyd H.A. , Palotie A. , Momany A. , Bedell B. , Ryckman K.K. , Huusko J.M. , Forney C.R. , Kottyan L.C. , Hallman M. , Teramo K. , Nohr E.A. , Davey Smith G. , Melbye M. , Jacobsson B. , Muglia L.J. 
Published: May 2018

(N Engl J Med. 2017;377(12):1156–1167)
Preterm birth is the leading cause of death in neonates and children above 5 years of age. Its definition, birth before 37 completed weeks of gestation, is a dichotomous trait based on a somewhat arbitrary cutoff of weeks’ gestation, rather than time of birth or a level of fetal maturity. Therefore, in the present study, the authors tested genetic associations with gestational duration (a quantitative trait) and preterm birth (a dichotomous trait), in order to identify robust associations with genetic variants consistent with a role in the timing of birth.
The Effect of IV Amino Acid Supplementation on Mortality in ICU Patients May Be Dependent on Kidney Function: Post Hoc Subgroup Analyses of a Multicenter Randomized Trial
Authors: Zhu Ran , Allingstrup Matilde J. , Perner Anders , Doig Gordon S. 
Published: May 2018

Objectives:
We investigated whether preexisting kidney function determines if ICU patients may benefit from increased (2.0 g/kg/d) protein intake.

Design:
Post hoc, hypothesis-generating, subgroup analysis of a multicenter, phase 2, randomized clinical trial. All analyses were conducted by intention to treat and maintained group allocation. Ninety-day mortality was the primary outcome.

Setting:
ICUs of 16 hospitals throughout Australia and New Zealand.

Patients:
Adult critically ill patients expected to remain in the study ICU for longer than 2 days.

Interventions:
Random allocation to receive a daily supplement of up to 100 g of IV amino acids to achieve a total protein intake of 2.0 g/kg/d or standard nutrition care.

Measurements and Main Results:
A total of 474 patients were randomized: 235 to standard care and 239 to IV amino acid supplementation. There was a statistically significant interaction between baseline kidney function and supplementation with study amino acids (p value for interaction = 0.026). Within the subgroup of patients with normal kidney function at randomization, patients who were allocated to receive the study amino acid supplement were less likely to die before study day 90 (covariate-adjusted risk difference, –7.9%; 95% CI, –15.1 to –0.7; p = 0.034). Furthermore, amino acid supplementation significantly increased estimated glomerular filtration rate in these patients (repeated-measures treatment × time interaction p = 0.009). Within the subgroup of patients with baseline kidney dysfunction and/or risk of progression of acute kidney injury, a significant effect of the study intervention on mortality was not found (covariate-adjusted risk difference, –0.6%; 95% CI, –16.2 to 15.2; p = 0.95).

Conclusions:
In this post hoc, hypothesis-generating, subgroup analysis, we observed reduced mortality and improved estimated glomerular filtration rate in ICU patients with normal kidney function who were randomly allocated to receive increased protein intake (up to 2.0 g/kg/d). We strongly recommend confirmation of these results in trials with low risk of bias before this treatment is recommended for routine care.
Same-Sex and Different-Sex Parent Families in Italy: Is Parents' Sexual Orientation Associated with Child Health Outcomes and Parental Dimensions?
Authors: Baiocco Roberto , Carone Nicola , Ioverno Salvatore , Lingiardi Vittorio 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
Seventy gay fathers through surrogacy, 125 lesbian mothers through donor insemination, and 195 heterosexual parents through spontaneous conception, all with children aged 3 to 11 years and living in Italy, were compared on children's psychological adjustment and prosocial behavior, as well as parental self-efficacy, dyadic adjustment, family cohesion, and flexibility. Associations among family structures, family processes, and child health outcomes were also tested.

Methods:
Participants were matched for child characteristics. Self-report questionnaires were administered through an online survey to the parent who identified as most involved with the child on a day-to-day basis. Multivariate analyses of variance and multiple linear regressions were conducted.

Results:
Children of gay fathers and lesbian mothers were reported as showing fewer psychological problems than children of heterosexual parents. Irrespective of the family type, girls were reported as more prosocial than boys. With respect to parental dimensions, gay fathers described themselves as more competent and satisfied with their couple relationship than did heterosexual parents; they also reported higher levels of family cohesion and flexibility than did lesbian mothers and heterosexual parents. The effect of the family type was not predictive of child health outcomes once family process variables were taken into account.

Conclusion:
Findings suggested that children with same-sex parents fare well both in terms of psychological adjustment and prosocial behavior. The present study warns policy makers against making assumptions on the basis of sexual orientation about people who are more suited than others to be parents or about people who should or should not be denied access to fertility treatments.
Measuring In-Hospital Recovery After Colorectal Surgery Within a Well-Established Enhanced Recovery Pathway: A Comparison Between Hospital Length of Stay and Time to Readiness for Discharge
Authors: Balvardi Saba , Pecorelli Nicolò , Castelino Tanya , Niculiseanu Petru , Liberman A. Sender , Charlebois Patrick , Stein Barry , Carli Franco , Mayo Nancy E. , Feldman Liane S. , Fiore Julio F. 
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND:
Hospital length of stay is often used as a measure of in-hospital recovery but may be confounded by organizational factors. Time to readiness for discharge may provide a superior index of recovery.

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this study was to contribute evidence for the construct validity of time to readiness for discharge and length of stay as measures of in-hospital recovery after colorectal surgery in the context of a well-established enhanced recovery pathway.

DESIGN:
This was an observational validation study designed according to the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist.

SETTINGS:
The study was conducted at a university-affiliated tertiary hospital.

PATIENTS:
A total of 100 consecutive patients undergoing elective colorectal resection (mean age = 65 y; 57% men; 81% laparoscopic) who participated in a randomized controlled trial were included.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
We tested a priori hypotheses that length of stay and time-to-readiness for discharge are longer in patients undergoing open surgery, with lower physical status, with severe comorbidities, with postoperative complications, undergoing rectal surgery, who are older (≥75 y), who have a new stoma, and who have inflammatory bowel disease.

RESULTS:
Median time-to-readiness for discharge and length of stay were both 3 days. For both measures, 6 of 8 construct validity hypotheses were supported (hypotheses 1 and 4–8).

LIMITATIONS:
The use of secondary data from a randomized controlled trial (risk of selection bias) was a limitation. Results may not be generalizable to institutions where patient care is not equally structured.

CONCLUSIONS:
This study contributes evidence to the construct validity of time-to-readiness for discharge and length of stay as measures of in-hospital recovery within enhanced recovery pathways. Our findings suggest that length of stay can be a less resource-intensive and equally construct-valid index of in-hospital recovery compared with time-to-readiness for discharge. Enhanced recovery pathways may decrease process-of-care variances that impact length of stay, allowing more timely discharge once discharge criteria are achieved. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A564.
Left-Sided Dominance of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancers: A Rationale for Screening Flexible Sigmoidoscopy in the Young
Authors: Segev Lior , Kalady Matthew F. , Church James M. 
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND:
National databases show a recent significant increase in the incidence of colorectal cancer in people younger than 50. With current recommendations to begin average-risk screening at age 50, these patients do not have the opportunity to be screened. We hypothesized that most of the cancers among the young would be left sided, which would create an opportunity for screening the young by flexible sigmoidoscopy.

OBJECTIVE:
This study aims to analyze the anatomic distribution of sporadic colorectal cancers in patients under the age of 50.

DESIGN:
This is a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database.

SETTING:
This study was conducted at a single high-volume tertiary referral center.

PATIENTS:
Patients under the age of 50 with colorectal cancer between the years 2000 and 2016 were included. Patients with IBD, familial adenomatous polyposis, Lynch syndrome, or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer were excluded.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
The primary outcomes measured were tumor location and stage, demographics, and family history.

RESULTS:
A total of 739 patients were included. Age range at diagnosis was 18 to 49 years; median age was 44 years. Five hundred thirty patients were between the ages of 40 and 49, 167 were between the ages of 30 and 39, 40 were between the ages of 20 and 29, and 2 were under 20. Two hundred thirty-one patients (32%) had a family history of colorectal cancer. The anatomic distribution of the cancers was: 485 rectum (65%), 107 sigmoid colon (15%), 19 descending colon (3%), and 128 right colon and transverse colon (17%). Therefore, 83% of the tumors were theoretically within the range of flexible sigmoidoscopy.

LIMITATIONS:
Referral bias favors rectal cancer.

CONCLUSION:
The combination of an increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in those under 50 years of age and the predominance of left-sided cancer suggests that screening by flexible sigmoidoscopy starting at age 40 in average-risk individuals may prevent cancer by finding asymptomatic lesions. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A579.
Predicting Survival After Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Appendix Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Aziz Omer , Jaradat Ihab , Chakrabarty Bipasha , Selvasekar Chelliah R. , Fulford Paul E. , Saunders Mark P. , Renehan Andrew G. , Wilson Malcolm S. , O’Dwyer Sarah T. 
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND:
Appendix adenocarcinomas are rare tumors with propensity for peritoneal metastasis. Cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy is an established treatment with curative intent, but, to date, studies reporting survival have been heterogeneous with regard to their patient groups (including other tumor types), interventions (not all patients receiving intraperitoneal chemotherapy), and follow-up (varying surveillance protocols).

OBJECTIVE:
The aim of this study is to quantify the impact of this intervention on survival in a homogeneous group of patients with appendix adenocarcinoma receiving standardized treatment and follow-up, and to determine the impact of prognostic indicators on survival.

DESIGN:
This is a retrospective analysis of a prospective database at a national peritoneal tumor center where all patients had their appendix pathology reviewed and management planned by a specialized peritoneal tumor multidisciplinary team.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Data were extracted on prognostic indicators including peritoneal cancer index, completeness of cytoreduction score, preoperative tumor markers, and histological features. Overall and disease event-free survival from the date of intervention were evaluated using Kaplan Meier curves and univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.

RESULTS:
A total of 65 patients underwent cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for appendix adenocarcinoma between 2005 and 2015. Median follow-up was 44.3 months. The overall survival was 55.5% and disease event-free survival was 36.1% (5-year rate). Peritoneal Cancer Index <7, complete cytoreduction score of 0, and preoperative CEA of <6 were all associated with significantly higher overall and disease event-free survival. CA19-9 <38 and CA125 <31 were not associated with a significantly higher overall or disease event-free survival.

LIMITATIONS:
The sample size was limited because of the rarity of this tumor type.

CONCLUSIONS:
This study quantifies the impact of cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy on overall and disease event-free survival for appendix adenocarcinoma, identifying key prognostic indicators that may guide treatment. It supports the referral of these rare tumors to specialist centers with appropriate expertise for initial management and follow-up. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A595.
Adipose Stromal Vascular Fraction Gel Grafting: A New Method for Tissue Volumization and Rejuvenation
Authors: Yao Yao , Cai Junrong , Zhang Pan , Liao Yunjun , Yuan Yi , Dong Ziqing , Lu Feng 
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND
The clinical outcomes of fat grafting vary and are technique-dependent. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) gel is a novel, mechanically processed fat product with high concentrations of adipose tissue–derived stem cells and other SVF cells. This study evaluated the volumization and rejuvenation effects of SVF-gel.

OBJECTIVE
This study evaluated the volumization and rejuvenation effects of SVF-gel.

METHODS
This retrospective, single-center study included 126 patients who underwent SVF-gel grafting and 78 who underwent conventional lipoinjection for various indications from March 2015 to February 2017. Patient satisfaction and secondary surgery rates were evaluated. Samples of transferred SVF-gel were harvested and examined histologically.

RESULTS
All patients showed improvements in facial augmentation and contour. Patients in the SVF-gel group experienced mild postoperative swelling and a low secondary surgery rate (10.9%). Assessment of patient-rated satisfaction on a 5-point Likert scale found that 77.3% of patients in the SVF-gel group were satisfied (54.5%) or very satisfied (22.8%) with their outcomes. By comparison, 53.8% of patients who underwent conventional lipoinjection were satisfied (48.7%) or very satisfied (5.1%). Moreover, SVF-gel showed effective antiwrinkle and skin rejuvenation effects. Hematoxylin–eosin staining showed a normal adipose tissue structure in transferred SVF-gel.

CONCLUSION
Stromal vascular fraction gel is effective for both volumization and rejuvenation, and may be superior to conventional lipoinjection for facial recontouring.
Stable Upper Eyelid after 2 Successive Tarsoconjunctival Flaps
Authors: Liu Catherine Y. , Putterman Allen M. 
Published: May 2018

Summary:
A 70-year-old male with history of multiple cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma throughout the body presented with a left lower lid margin squamous cell carcinoma. The lesion was excised via Mohs surgery elsewhere, and the defect was reconstructed with a tarsoconjunctival flap (Hughes flap). The lesion recurred, and the patient had a second Mohs surgery for excision. For reconstruction, a second tarsoconjunctival flap spanning the entire horizontal distance of the upper lid was done. The remaining 2–3 mm of upper tarsus provided good support of the upper lid. Careful planning may allow for successive tarsoconjunctival flaps if needed in the future.
Modeling the Skeleton Weight of an Adult Caucasian Man
Authors: Avtandilashvili Maia , Tolmachev Sergei Y. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The reference value for the skeleton weight of an adult male (10.5 kg) recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection in Publication 70 is based on weights of dissected skeletons from 44 individuals, including two US Transuranium and Uranium Registries whole-body donors. The International Commission on Radiological Protection analysis of anatomical data from 31 individuals with known values of body height demonstrated significant correlation between skeleton weight and body height. The corresponding regression equation, W
skel (kg) = −10.7 + 0.119 × H (cm), published in International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 70 is typically used to estimate the skeleton weight from body height. Currently, the US Transuranium and Uranium Registries holds data on individual bone weights from a total of 40 male whole-body donors, which has provided a unique opportunity to update the International Commission on Radiological Protection skeleton weight vs. body height equation. The original International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 70 and the new US Transuranium and Uranium Registries data were combined in a set of 69 data points representing a group of 33- to 95-y-old individuals with body heights and skeleton weights ranging from 155 to 188 cm and 6.5 to 13.4 kg, respectively. Data were fitted with a linear least-squares regression. A significant correlation between the two parameters was observed (r
2 = 0.28), and an updated skeleton weight vs. body height equation was derived: W
skel (kg) = −6.5 + 0.093 × H (cm). In addition, a correlation of skeleton weight with multiple variables including body height, body weight, and age was evaluated using multiple regression analysis, and a corresponding fit equation was derived: W
skel (kg) = −0.25 + 0.046 × H (cm) + 0.036 × W
body (kg) − 0.012 × A (y). These equations will be used to estimate skeleton weights and, ultimately, total skeletal actinide activities for biokinetic modeling of US Transuranium and Uranium Registries partial-body donation cases.