bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple endocrine neoplasia: an update
Authors: McDonnell Jane E. , Gild Matti L. , Clifton‐Bligh Roderick J. , Robinson Bruce G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes include MEN1, MEN2 (formerly MEN2A), MEN3 (formerly MEN2B) and the recently identified MEN4. Clinical presentations are varied and often relate to the overproduction of specific hormones. Understanding the genetics of each syndrome assists in determining screening timelines. Treatments for each manifestation are dependent on location, risk of recurrence or malignancy, hormone excess and surgical morbidity. Multidisciplinary management should include geneticists, genetic counsellors, endocrinologists and endocrine surgeons.
Troponin release after exertional vasovagal syncope
Authors: Quinn Olivia , Jardine David , Florkowski Christopher , Than Martin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTroponin release following exertional vasovagal syncope has not previously been reported. A young man was investigated after being admitted twice with exertional syncope, each time followed by a 10‐fold spike in troponin I over 24 h. Treadmill exercise tests reproduced his symptoms and demonstrated a vasovagal mechanism. During recovery, despite lying supine, he remained hypotensive for 5 min, with profound bradycardia and ST segment depression. We suspected that intense cardiovagal neural activity may have caused the troponin leak.
Management of patients with gout and achievement of target serum urate levels at a tertiary rheumatology service in Australia
Authors: Bavanendrakumar Mathuja , Robinson Philip C. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundGout is common crystal arthritis that is often managed sub‐optimally.AimsTo determine what proportion of patients treated for gout by the tertiary level rheumatology service at the Royal Brisbane Hospital between 2014 and 2018 reached target serum urate (SU) levels. Secondary aims included exploring the demographic characteristics of those who did and did not reach target.MethodThe records of patients who were treated at least once either as in inpatient or outpatient by the rheumatology service at the Royal Brisbane Hospital between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2018 were reviewed. Clinical status, treatment characteristics and outcome were recorded and analysed.ResultsThere were 129 patients who met the inclusion criteria for the study, the majority of patients were male and 39% had tophaceous gout. Fifty‐four (42%) had been intentionally discharged from clinic, 50 (85%) of those patients had reached their SU target, the remaining eight (15%) were discharged with a plan for other services to continue their therapy to reach SU target. Forty patients (31%) had ongoing follow up, with 16 (40%) of these at target and 24 (60%) not at target. Thirty‐five (27%) were not attending, five (4%) had died and 30 (23%) had failed to attend follow‐up appointments, none of these patients was at target at their last known SU level.ConclusionDespite effective therapy the number of patients treated for gout at a large public metropolitan teaching hospital reaching SU target was low. Almost one‐quarter of patients in the study discontinued contact with the clinic. The reasons for this are not clear and are likely multifactorial.
Molecular mechanism of tumour necrosis factor alpha regulates hypocretin (orexin) expression, sleep and behaviour
Authors: Zhan Shuqin , Che Pulin , Zhao Xue‐ke , Li Ning , Ding Yan , Liu Jianghong , Li Spring , Ding Karyn , Han Lynn , Huang Zhaoyang , Wu Liyong , Wang Yuping , Hu Meng , Han Xiaosi , Ding Qiang 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHypocretin 1 and hypocretin 2 (orexin A and B) regulate sleep, wakefulness and emotion. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) is an important neuroinflammation mediator. Here, we examined the effects of TNF‐α treatment on hypocretin expression in vivo and behaviour in mice. TNF‐α decreased hypocretin 1 and hypocretin 2 expression in a dose‐dependent manner in cultured hypothalamic neurons. TNF‐α decreased mRNA stability of prepro‐hypocretin, the single precursor of hypocretin 1 and hypocretin 2. Mice challenged with TNF‐α demonstrated decreased expression of prepro‐hypocretin, hypocretin 1 and hypocretin 2 in hypothalamus. In response to TNF‐α, prepro‐hypocretin mRNA decay was increased in hypothalamus. TNF‐α neutralizing antibody restored the expression of prepro‐hypocretin, hypocretin 1 and hypocretin 2 in vivo in TNF‐α challenged mice, supporting hypocretin system can be impaired by increased TNF‐α through decreasing hypocretin expression. Repeated TNF‐α challenge induced muscle activity during rapid eye movement sleep and sleep fragmentation, but decreased learning, cognition and memory in mice. TNF‐α neutralizing antibody blocked the effects of TNF‐α; in contrast, hypocretin receptor antagonist enhanced the effects of TNF‐α. The data support that TNF‐α is involved in the regulation of hypocretin expression, sleep and cognition. The findings shed some lights on the role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
Ongoing hybridization obscures phylogenetic relationships in the Drosophila subquinaria species complex
Authors: Ginsberg Paul S. , Humphreys Devon P. , Dyer Kelly A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractInferring evolutionary relationships among recently diverged lineages is necessary to understand how isolating barriers produce independent lineages. Here, we investigate the phylogenetic relationships between three incompletely isolated and closely related mushroom‐feeding Drosophila species. These species form the Drosophila subquinaria species complex and consist of one Eurasian species (D. transversa) and two widespread North American species (D. subquinaria and D. recens) that are sympatric in central Canada. Although patterns of pre‐ and post‐mating isolation among these species are well characterized, previous work on their phylogenetic relationships is limited and conflicting. In this study, we generated a multi‐locus data set of 29 loci from across the genome sequenced in a population sample from each species, and then, we inferred species relationships and patterns of introgression. We find strong statistical support that D. subquinaria is paraphyletic, showing that samples from the geographic region sympatric with D. recens are most closely related to D. recens, whereas samples from the geographic region allopatric with D. recens are most closely related to D. transversa. We present several lines of evidence that both incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow are causing phylogenetic discordance. We suggest that ongoing gene flow primarily from D. recens into D. subquinaria in the sympatric part of their ranges causes phylogenetic uncertainty in the evolutionary history of these species. Our results highlight how population genetic data can be used to disentangle the sources of phylogenetic discordance among closely related species.
Sex differences in nutrient intake can reduce the potential for sexual conflict over fitness maximization by female and male crickets
Authors: Ng Soon Hwee , Simpson Stephen J. , Simmons Leigh W. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAs females and males have different roles in reproduction, they are expected to require different nutrients for the expression of reproductive traits. However, due to their shared genome, both sexes may be constrained in the regulation of nutrient intake that maximizes sex‐specific fitness. Here, we used the Geometric Framework for nutrition to examine the effect of macronutrient and micronutrient intakes on lifespan, fecundity and cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) that signal mate quality to prospective mates in female field crickets, Teleogryllus oceanicus. In addition, we contrasted nutritional effects on life‐history traits between males and females to determine how sex differences influence nutrient regulation. We found that carbohydrate intake maximized female lifespan and protein intake influenced CHC expression, while early life fecundity (cumulative fecundity at day 21) and lifetime fecundity were dependent on both macronutrient and micronutrient intakes. Fecundity required different nutrient blends to those required to optimize sperm viability in males, generating the potential for sexual conflict over macronutrient intake. The regulation of protein (P) and carbohydrate (C) intakes by virgin and mated females initially matched that of males, but females adjusted their intake to a higher P:C ratio, 1P:2C, that maximized fecundity as they aged. This suggests that a sex‐specific, age‐dependent change in intake target for sexually mature females, regardless of their mating status, adjusts protein consumption in preparation for oviposition. Sex differences in the regulation of nutrient intake to optimize critical reproductive traits in female and male T. oceanicus provide an example of how sexual conflict over nutrition can shape differences in foraging between the sexes.
Resistance to three thrips species in Capsicum spp. depends on site conditions and geographic regions
Authors: Visschers Isabella G. S. , Peters Janny L. , Timmermans Lisa L. H. , Edwards Else , Ferrater Jedeliza B. , Balatero Conrado H. , Stratongjun Mongkol , Bleeker Petra M. , van Herwijnen Zeger , Glawe Grit A. , Bruin Jan , van Dam Nicole M. , Macel Mirka 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCapsicum species are commercially grown for pepper production. This crop suffers severely from thrips damage and the identification of natural sources of thrips resistance is essential for the development of resistant cultivars. It is unclear whether resistance to Frankliniella occidentalis as assessed in a specific environment holds under different conditions. Additionally, other thrips species may respond differently to the plant genotypes. Screening for robust and general resistance to thrips encompasses testing different Capsicum accessions under various conditions and with different thrips species. We screened 11 Capsicum accessions (C. annuum and C. chinense) for resistance to F. occidentalis at three different locations in the Netherlands. Next, the same 11 accessions were screened for resistance to Thrips palmi and Scirtothrips dorsalis at two locations in Asia. This resulted in a unique analysis of thrips resistance in Capsicum at five different locations around the world. Finally, all accessions were also screened for resistance to F. occidentalis in the Netherlands using a leaf disc choice assay, allowing direct comparison of whole plant and leaf disc assays. Resistance to F. occidentalis was only partially consistent among the three sites in the Netherlands. The most susceptible accessions were consistently susceptible, but which accession was the most resistant differed among sites. In Asia, one C. chinense accession was particularly resistant to S. dorsalis and T. palmi, but this was not the most resistant accession to F. occidentalis. Overall, resistance to F. occidentalis correlated with S. dorsalis but not with T. palmi resistance in the C. annuum accessions. Damage inflicted on leaf discs reflected damage on the whole plant level. Our study showed that identifying broad spectrum resistance to thrips in Capsicum may prove to be challenging. Breeding programmes should focus on developing cultivars suitable for growing in defined geographic regions with specific thrips species and abiotic conditions.
Cutaneous inflammation differentially regulates the expression and function of Angiotensin‐II types 1 and 2 receptors in rat primary sensory neurons
Authors: Benitez Sergio G. , Seltzer Alicia M. , Messina Diego N. , Foscolo Mabel R. , Patterson Sean I. , Acosta Cristian G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractNeuropathic and inflammatory pain results from cellular and molecular changes in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The type‐2 receptor for Angiotensin‐II (AT2R) has been involved in this type of pain. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, including the role of the type‐1 receptor for Angiotensin‐II (AT1R). Here, we used a combination of immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry, RT‐PCR and in vitro and in vivo pharmacological manipulation to examine how cutaneous inflammation affected the expression of AT1R and AT2R in subpopulations of rat DRG neurons and studied their impact on inflammation‐induced neuritogenesis. We demonstrated that AT2R‐neurons express C‐ or A‐neuron markers, primarily IB4, trkA, and substance‐P. AT1R expression was highest in small neurons and co‐localized significantly with AT2R. In vitro, an inflammatory soup caused significant elevation of AT2R mRNA, whereas AT1R mRNA levels remained unchanged. In vivo, we found a unique pattern of change in the expression of AT1R and AT2R after cutaneous inflammation. AT2R increased in small neurons at 1 day and in medium size neurons at 4 days. Interestingly, cutaneous inflammation increased AT1R levels only in large neurons at 4 days. We found that in vitro and in vivo AT1R and AT2R acted co‐operatively to regulate DRG neurite outgrowth. In vivo, AT2R inhibition impacted more on non‐peptidergic C‐neurons neuritogenesis, whereas AT1R blockade affected primarily peptidergic nerve terminals. Thus, cutaneous‐induced inflammation regulated AT1R and AT2R expression and function in different DRG neuronal subpopulations at different times. These findings must be considered when targeting AT1R and AT2R to treat chronic inflammatory pain.
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Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14737.
Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of Guillain‐Barré syndrome in Colombia
Authors: Gómez Ángela , Díaz Andrés , Carrión‐Penagos Julián , Reyes Julián , Reyes Saúl 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDespite the wide literature describing the features of Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) in different populations worldwide, Colombian data are very scarce. We aim to characterize patients with GBS in a general hospital setting in Colombia. We conducted a retrospective chart review of GBS cases managed at the Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, from 2011 to 2016. Twenty‐three patients were included. The most commonly reported symptoms were paresthesias (65%), pain (61%), proximal (22%) and distal (74%) limb weakness, and facial palsy (30%). 9% of patients had Fisher syndrome and 21% had other variants: Bickerstaff, pharyngeal‐cervical‐brachial pattern, and facial diplegia. There was a predominance of the demyelinating form (70%), with only 22% of patients presenting with the axonal variants. Our results are concordant with previous studies in Colombia.
Socio‐economic differentiation from a class‐analytic perspective: The case of smallholder tree‐crop farmers in Limpopo, South Africa
Authors: Olofsson Malin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSouth African agrarian policy aims to integrate smallholder tree‐crop farmers into high‐end value chains with growth and employment potential, generally neglecting socio‐economic differentiation amongst them. This paper aims to analyse socio‐economic differentiation amongst tree‐crop farmers in Vhembe District, Limpopo, using a class‐based analysis based on livelihood diversification and accumulation. Cluster analysis of survey data and semi‐structured interviews reveals that most tree‐crop farmers engage in petty commodity production, internally differentiated by their combination of income sources and livelihood strategies. Farmers' ability to engage in accumulation and upward class mobility is generally severely constrained by limited access to capital. Agricultural diversification offers livelihood potential but limited possibility for accumulation, whereas salaried nonfarm work offers more promising prospects for accumulation but limited livelihood opportunities. A minority demonstrated characteristics of small‐scale capitalist farmers, internally differentiated by their reliance on salaried employment or agricultural production. The findings challenge the notion of an undifferentiated class of market‐oriented smallholders.
Immediate return of fertility function following a bariatric surgery: A case report
Authors: Kongkit Jaruwan , Charoenvidhya Dhirapatara , Udomsawaengsup Suthep , Boonchaya‐anant Patchaya 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObesity in women of childbearing age is linked to lower fertility rates due to chronic oligoovulation and anovulation. Effective weight loss treatment such as bariatric surgery can improve fertility potential. However, pregnancy during the first 12 months after bariatric surgery should be avoided due to an active catabolic state and may increase the potential risk of fetal growth restriction. Here, we report a case with an immediate return of fertility function following a bariatric surgery with favorable outcomes. A 30‐year‐old woman with obesity, history of polycystic ovarian syndrome and infertility become pregnant within 2‐month period following bariatric surgery. She first recognized her pregnancy at the gestational age of 8 weeks. Micronutrient laboratory results at baseline were normal except for low 25‐OH vitamin D level of 18.7 ng/dL. She continued to lose her weight during the first trimester but was able to gain some weight during the second and third trimesters. Close fetal ultrasonography monitoring was done during each trimester. The fetal ultrasonography showed an appropriate fetal weight, a normal Doppler study and no abnormality detected in the fetus. Finally, at 36 weeks of gestation, a 2380‐g female baby was delivered successfully.
A review of recent advances in histopathological assessment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Chegini Soudeh , Mitsimponas Konstantinos , Shakib Kaveh 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSquamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common non‐cutaneous head and neck (H&N) malignancy. Referrals for suspected SCC are seen by oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) surgeons and represent the bulk of 2‐week wait referrals. The diagnosis and treatment of SCC is heavily influenced by national and international guidelines. The majority of research and funding is directed towards this condition. This has led to continuous changes to update these guidelines. However, there remain areas of controversy and conflicting evidence. This article summarises articles pertinent to pathologists between 2016 and 2018 published in the leading British OMFS journal. A total of 22 published articles relating to the histopathology of non‐cutaneous H&N SCC were selected.
Laboratory reform counteracts the WHO hepatitis C elimination strategy in Germany
Authors: Kramer Jan , Wolffram Ingmar , Früh Uli , Bätz Olaf , Berg Thomas , Wiegand Johannes 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe World Health Organization and the German government have announced an initiative to eliminate chronic hepatitis C until the year 2030. To reach this goal, one important step is adequate screening and detection of so far undiagnosed infections. The most common initial test is anti‐HCV. This parameter was extra‐budgetary reimbursed by statuary healthcare insurances in the past. However, this policy has changed after a nationwide laboratory reform which should reduce the laboratory costs of patients insured in the statuary healthcare insurances. We therefore analysed the impact of the laboratory reform on the order of anti‐HCV tests in 510 656 anonymized patient data sets before and after the initiation of the reform. The number of anti‐HCV tests declined by 9.4% in quarters I‐III 2018 in comparison with the same time period of the year 2017. The number of HBsAg tests declined by 7.4%, indicating that the reduced anti‐HCV laboratory orders are not parameter‐specific, but most likely a surrogate of the intention of the laboratory reform to generally lower the demands of blood samples and laboratory costs. Thus, the scenario is an important example, how political decisions of the medical self‐government influence the screening setting for viral hepatitis: if the current policy is not changed, the laboratory reform directly counteracts the WHO hepatitis C elimination strategy in Germany.
Neuronal clusterin expression is associated with cognitive protection in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Gregory J. M. , Elliott E. , McDade K. , Bak T. , Pal S. , Chandran S. , Abrahams S. , Smith C. 
Published: August 2019

AimsClusterin is a topologically dynamic chaperone protein with the ability to participate in both intra‐ and extacellular proteostasis. Clusterin has been shown to be upregulated in the spinal cord of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and has been shown to protect against TDP‐43 protein misfolding in animal and cell models. Previous studies have demonstrated an association between the pathological burden of TDP‐43 misfolding and cognitive deficits in ALS, demonstrating high specificity, but correspondingly low sensitivity owing to a subset of individuals with no evidence of cognitive deficits despite a high burden of TDP‐43 pathology, called mismatch cases.MethodsHypothesizing that differences in the ability to cope with protein misfolding in these cases may be due to differences in expression of protective mechanisms such as clusterin expression, we assessed the spatial expression of clusterin and another chaperone protein, HspB8, in post mortem brain tissue of mismatch cases. We employed a modified in situ hybridization technique called BaseScope, with single cell, single transcript resolution.ResultsMismatch cases demonstrated differential spatial expression of clusterin, with a predominantly neuronal pattern, compared to cases with cognitive manifestations of their TDP‐43 pathology who demonstrated a predominantly glial distribution of expression.ConclusionsOur data suggest that, in individuals with TDP‐43 pathology, predominantly neuronal expression of clusterin in extra‐motor brain regions may indicate a cell protective mechanism delaying clinical manifestations such as cognitive dysfunction.
Genetic variation influencing hemoglobin levels and risk for anemia across populations
Authors: Barrera‐Reyes Paloma K. , Tejero M. Elizabeth 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHemoglobin (Hb) concentration is the outcome of the interaction between genetic variation and environmental factors, including nutritional status, sex, age, and altitude. Genetic diversity influencing this protein is complex and varies widely across populations. Variants related to abnormal Hb or altered characteristics of the erythrocytes increase the risk for anemia. The most prevalent are related to the inherited globin abnormalities affecting Hb production and structure. Malaria‐endemic regions harbor the highest frequencies of variants associated with the most frequent monogenic diseases and the risk for nonnutritional anemia and are considered as public health problems. Variation in genes encoding for enzymes and membrane proteins in red blood cells also influence erythrocyte life span and risk for anemia. Most of these variants are rare. Interindividual variability of hematological parameters is also influenced by common genetic variation across the whole genome. Some of the identified variants are associated with Hb production, erythropoiesis, and iron metabolism. Specialized databases have been developed to organize and update the large body of available information on genetic variation related to Hb variation, their frequency, geographical distribution, and clinical significance. Our present review analyzed the underlying genetic factors that affect Hb concentrations, their clinical relevance, and geographical distribution across populations.