bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metal Aeroplane Construction
Authors: Junkers Hugo 
Published: June 2019

Before entering upon the subject of my lecture I beg to express my feelings of gratitude for the honour and appreciation of my efforts, implied in the invitation to speak on metal aeroplane construction before so eminent and learned a body as the Royal Aeronautical Society.In consideration of the general political situation I deem myself entitled to attribute to this invitation the deeper meaning of a token of amiable disposition given apart and beyond my person, from nation to nation, and to see in it an effort of renewing the ties of a genuine humanity, which is well aware of the unavoidableness of conflict and fight, but does not know hatred, and desires to extinguish the sad traces of a devastating war by hoisting the flag of peaceful competition.
On the Vortex Pair Quickly Formed by Some Aerofoils
Authors: Piercy N. A. V. 
Published: June 2019

It was suggested by Lanchester some years ago that an aerofoil immersed in a moving fluid gave rise to two trailing vortices of opposite hand, one situated near each of the extremities of span. The existence of the vortex pair has since been demonstrated in a variety of ways, of which perhaps the most striking is that due to Caldwell and Fales, who used the condensation of water vapour in a high-speed wind channel to obtain photographs. The vortex pair constitutes so important a feature in the stream behind most aerofoils that measurements capable of numerical analysis seemed desirable, and an account is given in the present Paper of some work to this end which appears capable of straightforward interpretation.It may be that the residual motion sufficiently far behind any aerofoil is a vortex pair. Similar experiments to those about to be described, however, which deal with the motion only for a few chords back, have been made with several other aerofoils of a variety of shapes having long, graded wing tips, and with some of these no distinct vortex was found. With others apparently more than one pair could exist in certain circumstances, but opportunity has not occurred to probe deeply into these interesting cases. Attention is confined to two aerofoils representative of considerable variation in a class having uniform section and angle of incidence with blunt, or square-ended, wing tips. The general nature of the results is common even with aerofoils outside this class, but the foregoing remarks will serve to indicate that exceptions are known to exist.
The Launching of Aircraft from Ships
Authors: Wackett L. J. 
Published: June 2019

As it may be necessary in the future, as it has been in the past, to launch aircraft from ships, other than aircraft carriers with large aerodrome decks, the following investigation has been carried out.It is required to find the minimum propeller thrust necessary to enable an aircraft (particularly a seaplane or flying boat) of known weight and fineness, to take off from a railway platform, on a ship steaming at given speed.
The Effect of Variable Gearing on Aeroplane Performance
Authors: Betts Annie D. 
Published: June 2019

It has been shown that considerable improvement may be made in the performance of an aeroplane by the use of an airscrew, the pitch of which can be varied. The matter was discussed by Mr. H. A. Mettam in R. and M. 577, Part II. There are, however, certain pratical drawbacks to the use of a variable pitch airscrew. Such an airscrew is expensive to construct and probably more liable to breakage or derangement in flight than the ordinary type. It also imposes on the pilot the necessity of making constant and accurate use of the variable pitch control, if the full advantages of the system are to be obtained.The present writer considered, therefore, that it might be worth while to inquire whether a similar improvement in performance could not be obtained by other and simpler means, namely, by the use of variable gearing between the engine and airscrew (the latter being of the usual fixed pitch type). The calculations have been made for the same machine as was used to illustrate R. and M. 577, the S.E.5 with Wolseley Viper engine. As in the variable pitch airscrew calculations, the weight has been increased from 1,976lbs. to 2,000lbs., thus allowing 24lbs. for the weight of the gearing.
Stalled Flying
Authors: Scott Hall S. 
Published: June 2019

Stalled flying is a subject which at the present time is occupying the thought and time of aerodynamic experts all over the world. It is still more or less in the experimental stages, but its value to flying, and more especially commercial aeronautics, is now almost universally recognised.It has hitherto been possible to fly an aeroplane at all angles of incidence from the no-lift angle up to the burble point of the aerofoil section employed for the wings. The burble point on the lift curve marks the change-over from streamline to turbulent critical airflow, and at this angle the aeroplane will stall. The machine sinks, and what is more dangerous, becomes unstable laterally so that the pilot loses power over its orientation. A spin then usually ensues.It may be as well to state here that the only way of defining the change-over point from normal to stalled conditions is by means of the stalling angle.
Supercharged Aero Engines
Authors: Pierce R. F. R. 
Published: June 2019

The main object of this paper is to show the importance of supercharging, the desirable results brought about by the process, and a consideration of the difficulties.Supercharging, as understood by aeronautic engineers, is the process whereby the output of an engine at sea level is maintained at altitudes. Forced induction, by means of a rotary blower, has however been tried on automobile engines. Only one maker, Mercedes, has so far incorporated this feature in the standard design. This practice has much to be said for it, as a small engine may be made to give a large output without running abnormally fast, or resorting to special fuel.It would be interesting to consider the application of superchargers to aero engines with this idea of obtaining large outputs from small engines. Given good design, an actual increase in horse-power for a given weight would result.
Evaluation of Regional CO2 Mole Fractions in the ECMWF CAMS Real‐Time Atmospheric Analysis and NOAA CarbonTracker Near‐Real‐Time Reanalysis With Airborne Observations From ACT‐America Field Campaigns
Authors: Chen Hans W. , Zhang Lily N. , Zhang Fuqing , Davis Kenneth J. , Lauvaux Thomas , Pal Sandip , Gaudet Brian , DiGangi Joshua P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis study systematically examines the regional uncertainties and biases in carbon dioxide (CO2) mole fractions from two of the state‐of‐the‐art global CO2 analysis products, namely, the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) real‐time atmospheric analysis from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the CarbonTracker Near‐Real‐Time (CT‐NRT) reanalysis from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), by evaluation against hundreds of hours of airborne in situ measurements from the summer 2016 and winter 2017 Atmospheric Carbon and Transport (ACT)‐America field campaigns. Both the CAMS and CT‐NRT analyses agree reasonably well with the independent ACT‐America airborne CO2 measurements in the free troposphere, with root‐mean‐square deviations (RMSDs) between analyses and observations generally between 1 and 2 ppm but show considerably larger uncertainties in the atmospheric boundary layer where the RMSDs exceed 8 ppm in the lowermost 1 km of the troposphere in summer. There are strong variations in accuracy and bias between seasons, and across three different subregions in the United States (Mid‐Atlantic, Midwest, and South), with the largest uncertainties in the Mid‐Atlantic region in summer. Overall, the RMSDs of the CAMS and CT‐NRT analyses against airborne data are comparable to each other and largely consistent with the differences between the two analyses. The current study provides uncertainty estimates for both analysis products over North America and suggests that these two independent estimates can be used to approximate regional CO2 analysis uncertainties. Both statistics are important in future studies in quantifying the uncertainties in regional CO2 mole fraction and flux estimates.
Constraints on Terminus Dynamics at Greenland Glaciers From Small Glacial Earthquakes
Authors: Olsen Kira G. , Nettles Meredith 
Published: June 2019

Many large calving events at Greenland's marine‐terminating glaciers generate globally detectable glacial earthquakes. We perform a cross‐correlation analysis using regional seismic data to identify events below the teleseismic detection threshold, focusing on the 24 hr surrounding known glacial earthquakes at Greenland's three largest glaciers. We detect additional seismic events in the minutes prior to more than half of the glacial earthquakes we study and following one third of them. Waveform modeling shows source mechanisms like those of previously known glacial earthquakes, a result consistent with available imagery. The seismic events thus do not represent a failure of the high subaerial ice cliff like that expected to trigger large‐scale calving and a marine ice‐cliff instability but, rather, rotational, buoyancy‐driven calving events, likely of the full glacier thickness. A limited investigation of the prevalence of smaller seismic events at times outside glacial‐earthquake windows identifies several additional events. However, we find that calving at the three glaciers we study—Jakobshavn Isbræ, Helheim Glacier, and Kangerdlugssuaq Glacier—often occurs as sequences of discrete buoyancy‐driven events in which multiple icebergs ranging in size over as much as three orders of magnitude are all lost within ∼30 min. We demonstrate a correlation between glacial‐earthquake magnitude and iceberg size for events with well‐constrained iceberg‐area estimates. Our results suggest that at least 10–30% more dynamic mass loss occurs through buoyancy‐driven calving at Greenland's glaciers than previously appreciated.
“Dual Disease” TgAD/GSS mice exhibit enhanced Alzheimer’s disease pathology and reveal PrPC-dependent secretion of Aβ
Authors: Qin Kefeng , Zhao Lili , Gregory Crystal , Solanki Ani , Mastrianni James A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTo address the question of cross-talk between prion protein (PrP) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we generated TgAD/GSS mice that develop amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques of AD and PrP (specifically mutated PrPA116V) plaques of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS) and compared plaque-related features in these mice to AD mice that express normal (TgAD), high (TgAD/HuPrP), or no (TgAD/PrP−/−) PrPC. In contrast to PrPC, PrPA116V weakly co-localized to Aβ plaques, did not co-immunoprecipitate with Aβ, and poorly bound to Aβ in an ELISA-based binding assay. Despite the reduced association of PrPA116V with Aβ, TgAD/GSS and TgAD/HuPrP mice that express comparable levels of PrPA116V and PrPC respectively, displayed similar increases in Aβ plaque burden and steady state levels of Aβ and its precursor APP compared with TgAD mice. Our Tg mouse lines also revealed a predominance of intracellular Aβ plaques in mice lacking PrPC (TgAD/PrP−/−, TgAD/GSS) compared with an extracellular predominance in PrPC-expressing mice (TgAD, TgAD/HuPrP). Parallel studies in N2aAPPswe cells revealed a direct dependence on PrPC but not PrPA116V for exosome-related secretion of Aβ. Overall, our findings are two-fold; they suggest that PrP expression augments Aβ plaque production, at least in part by an indirect mechanism, perhaps by increasing steady state levels of APP, while they also provide support for a fundamental role of PrPC to bind to and deliver intraneuronal Aβ to exosomes for secretion.
Overexpression of miRNA-25-3p inhibits Notch1 signaling and TGF-β-induced collagen expression in hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Genz Berit , Coleman Miranda A. , Irvine Katharine M. , Kutasovic Jamie R. , Miranda Mariska , Gratte Francis D. , Tirnitz-Parker Janina E. E. , Olynyk John. K. , Calvopina Diego A. , Weis Anna , Cloonan Nicole , Robinson Harley , Hill Michelle M. , Al-Ejeh Fares , Ramm Grant A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDuring chronic liver injury hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the principal source of extracellular matrix in the fibrotic liver, transdifferentiate into pro-fibrotic myofibroblast-like cells - a process potentially regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). Recently, we found serum miRNA-25-3p (miR-25) levels were upregulated in children with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) without liver disease, compared to children with CF-associated liver disease and healthy individuals. Here we examine the role of miR-25 in HSC biology. MiR-25 was detected in the human HSC cell line LX-2 and in primary murine HSCs, and increased with culture-induced activation. Transient overexpression of miR-25 inhibited TGF-β and its type 1 receptor (TGFBR1) mRNA expression, TGF-β-induced Smad2 phosphorylation and subsequent collagen1α1 induction in LX-2 cells. Pull-down experiments with biotinylated miR-25 revealed Notch signaling (co-)activators ADAM-17 and FKBP14 as miR-25 targets in HSCs. NanoString analysis confirmed miR-25 regulation of Notch- and Wnt-signaling pathways. Expression of Notch signaling pathway components and endogenous Notch1 signaling was downregulated in miR-25 overexpressing LX-2 cells, as were components of Wnt signaling such as Wnt5a. We propose that miR-25 acts as a negative feedback anti-fibrotic control during HSC activation by reducing the reactivity of HSCs to TGF-β-induced collagen expression and modulating the cross-talk between Notch, Wnt and TGF-β signaling.
Divergent age-dependent peripheral immune transcriptomic profile following traumatic brain injury
Authors: Hazy Amanda , Bochicchio Lauren , Oliver Andrea , Xie Eric , Geng Shuo , Brickler Thomas , Xie Hehuang , Li Liwu , Allen Irving C. , Theus Michelle H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe peripheral immune system is a major regulator of the pathophysiology associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). While age-at-injury influences recovery from TBI, the differential effects on the peripheral immune response remain unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of TBI on gene expression changes in murine whole blood using RNAseq analysis, gene ontology and network topology-based key driver analysis. Genome-wide comparison of CCI-injured peripheral whole blood showed a significant increase in genes involved in proteolysis and oxidative-reduction processes in juvenile compared to adult. Conversely, a greater number of genes, involved in migration, cytokine-mediated signaling and adhesion, were found reduced in CCI-injured juvenile compared to CCI-injured adult immune cells. Key driver analysis also identified G-protein coupled and novel pattern recognition receptor (PRR), P2RY10, as a central regulator of these genes. Lastly, we found Dectin-1, a c-type lectin PRR to be reduced at the protein level in both naïve neutrophils and on infiltrating immune cells in the CCI-injured juvenile cortex. These findings demonstrate a distinct peripheral inflammatory profile in juvenile mice, which may impact the injury and repair response to brain trauma.
Phospholipases D: making sense of redundancy and duplication
Authors: Morris Andrew J. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Why have two genes when one would suffice? Evolutionary pressure means that biology, unlike government, is generally intolerant of wasted effort. Therefore, when multiple genes exist presumably they are there to provide some benefit to the organism even if that benefit is not immediately obvious to us scientists. A recent report from Raghu and colleagues (Biosci. Rep. (2018) 38, pii: BSR20181690) [1] sheds some light on one possible reason for the existence of two Phospholipases D genes in chordates when only one is present in invertebrates.
Efficacy and adverse reaction to different doses of atorvastatin in the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus
Authors: Jiang Hua , Zheng Hong 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Background: Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a persistent metabolic disorder, is primarily characterized by insulin resistance, relative insulin deficiency and dyslipidemia. Here, we aimed to investigate whether different doses of atorvastatin (ATV) affect rats with T2DM. A total of 110 Sprague–Dawley rats were successfully established as T2DM models. Methods: First, the total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high-/low-/very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c/LDL-c/VLDL-c), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), apolipoprotein Al (ApoA1) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) levels in rat serum were analyzed. In addition, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) were also measured. Then, the incidence of adverse reactions was noted. Finally, the pathological study of liver and pancreatic tissues was performed. Results: Rats administered ATV at the doses of 40 and 80 mg/(kg·day) showed down-regulated TG, LDL-c, ApoB, CETP and RBP4 levels yet up-regulated HDL-c and ApoAl levels. Rats administered ATV at a dose of 80 mg/(kg·day) exhibited a higher incidence of adverse reactions and higher ALT and AST levels but lower BUN and Cr levels, which might affect liver and kidney function. Rats administered ATV at the doses of 40 and 80 mg/(kg·day) demonstrated significantly improved liver injury and pancreatic injury induced by T2DM. Conclusion: These data revealed that ATV could improve the lipid metabolism in T2DM rats and 40 mg/(kg·day) may serve as the optimal dose for the reduction of lipid levels and the incidence of adverse effects.
Genome survey and SSR analysis of Apocynum venetum
Authors: Li Guo-qi , Song Li-xiao , Jin Chang-qing , Li Miao , Gong Shi-pei , Wang Ya-fang 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Apocynum venetum is an eco-economic plant that exhibits high stress resistance. In the present paper, we carried out a whole-genome survey of A. venetum in order to provide a foundation for its whole-genome sequencing. High-throughput sequencing technology (Illumina NovaSep) was first used to measure the genome size of A. venetum, and bioinformatics methods were employed for the evaluation of the genome size, heterozygosity ratio, repeated sequences, and GC content in order to provide a foundation for subsequent whole-genome sequencing. The sequencing analysis results indicated that the preliminary estimated genome size of A. venetum was 254.40 Mbp, and its heterozygosity ratio and percentage of repeated sequences were 0.63 and 40.87%, respectively, indicating that it has a complex genome. We used k-mer = 41 to carry out a preliminary assembly and obtained contig N50, which was 3841 bp with a total length of 223949699 bp. We carried out further assembly to obtain scaffold N50, which was 6196 bp with a total length of 227322054 bp. We performed simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular marker prediction based on the A. venetum genome data and identified a total of 101918 SSRs. The differences between the different types of nucleotide repeats were large, with mononucleotide repeats being most numerous and hexanucleotide repeats being least numerous. We recommend the use of the ‘2+3’ (Illumina+PacBio) sequencing combination to supplement the Hi-C technique and resequencing technique in future whole-genome research in A. venetum.
A comparison of the Effect of Quadriceps Taping versus Patellar Taping on Balance and Functional Performance in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Haghighi Farzaneh Moslemi , Mahbobeh Samani , Ebrahimian Maryam , Zare Mahsa , Bostanian Mohammad Reza 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Backgrounds Osteoarthritis (OA) is primarily a disease of cartilage destruction. Knee OA is the most common type of arthritis which can be treated with kinesio taping (KT).
Purpose The current study was aimed to compare the effect of quadriceps muscle taping vs. patellar taping on balance and functional performance in patients with knee OA.
Patients and Methods 40 patients with knee OA aged from 40 to 65 years entered this interventional study. Eligible participants were randomly divided into 2 groups, the Quadriceps taping group, and patellar taping group. The balance was measured using the modified star excursion balance test (SEBT), functional reach test (FRT), and Berg balance scale test (BBST). Also, functional activity was evaluated using the step test. All variables measured before, immediately after and 24 hr after the intervention in both groups.
Results Within-group comparison in both groups showed that KT therapy improved modified SEBT, FRT and step test scores immediately after and 24 h after the intervention compared to baseline, and the difference was more significant 24 h after the intervention compared to immediately after the intervention. However, BBS score was not different in assessed times compared to baseline in both groups. The results of between-group analyses of variables showed no significant differences between the two groups in assessed times. Besides, repeated measure ANOVA showed that time significantly influenced modified SEBT, FRT, and step test. However, there was no group effect on assessed variables.
Conclusion Both quadriceps and patellar taping positively influenced balance and functional level of the patients with knee OA. Also, there is no superiority between these 2 methods.
Gastric foveolar-type adenomas endoscopically showing a raspberry-like appearance in the Helicobacter pylori-uninfected stomach
Authors: Shibagaki Kotaro , Fukuyama Chika , Mikami Hironobu , Izumi Daisuke , Yamashita Noritsugu , Mishiro Tsuyoshi , Oshima Naoki , Ishimura Norihisa , Sato Shuichi , Ishihara Shunji , Nagase Mamiko , Araki Asuka , Ishikawa Noriyoshi , Maruyama Riruke , Kushima Ryoji , Kinoshita Yoshikazu 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Background and study aims Foveolar-type adenoma is described as a very rare tumor that occurs in individuals without Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and diagnosed as adenocarcinoma in the Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma (JCGC). However, we have frequently encountered patients with foveolar-type adenoma that endoscopically resembles a hyperplastic polyp, suggesting that it has just been overlooked to date. Here, we analyzed clinicopathological characteristics of a special subtype of foveolar-type adenoma showing specific endoscopic findings.
Patients and methods From a total of 212 patients with gastric cancer resected during a 22-month period, we enrolled 14 (6.6 %) diagnosed with foveolar-type adenoma (adenocarcinoma in JCGC). HP infection status was determined by eradication history, HP serum IgG antibody level, urea breath test, and endoscopic and histological findings. All lesions were observed using white-light endoscopy and narrow-band imaging with magnification endoscopy (NBIME). Endoscopically resected lesions were histologically examined.
Results None of 14 patients had a current or past history of HP infection. All lesions were visualized on non-atrophic gastric mucosa as small reddish protrusions with fine granular surface, showing a raspberry-like appearance. NBIME showed papillary or gyrus-like microstructures with irregular capillary. Lesions were histologically diagnosed as foveolar-type adenoma showing MUC5AC-positive gastric mucin phenotype. Ki-67 was overexpressed (median labeling index 69.9 %, range 28.4 – 92.1 %), though all lesions were an intraepithelial tumor without stromal invasion. p53 over-staining was not seen in any.
Conclusions Raspberry-like lesions on non-atrophic gastric mucosa in HP-uninfected individuals should be evaluated for the possibility of a special subtype of foveolar-type adenoma.