bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
M2 macrophages and regulatory T cells in lethal prostate cancer
Authors: Erlandsson Ann , Carlsson Jessica , Lundholm Marie , Fält Anna , Andersson Sven‐Olof , Andrén Ove , Davidsson Sabina 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundProstate cancer (PCa) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in the world. Emerging evidence suggests that inflammatory cells such as M2 macrophages and regulatory T cells (Tregs) can contribute to cancer progression by suppressing the anti‐tumor immune response. This study investigated the number of CD163‐positive M2 macrophages in PCa tissue. It also investigated the correlation and interaction of M2 macrophages and Tregs.MethodsThis nested case‐control study included subjects from a cohort of men diagnosed with PCa as an incidental finding during transurethral resection of the prostate. The cases were 225 men who died from PCa, and the controls were 367 men who survived more than 10 years after PCa diagnosis without disease progression. Infiltrating CD163‐positive M2 macrophages and FOXP3/CD4‐positive Tregs in PCa tissue were identified using immunohistochemistry. The correlation and interaction of M2 macrophages and Tregs were assessed using Spearman's rank‐order correlation and a likelihood test, respectively. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for lethal PCa and macrophage counts.ResultsThe number of M2 macrophages and Tregs showed a significant correlation (P < 0.001) but no interactions. The OR for lethal PCa was 1.93 (95%CI: 1.23‐3.03) for men with high numbers of M2 macrophages. Also for cases with uncertain outcome (GS categories 3 + 4 and 4 + 3) high numbers of M2 macrophages does predict a poorer prognosis.ConclusionsOur data showed that men with high numbers of M2 macrophages in the prostate tumor environment had increased odds of dying of PCa. It is possible that M2 macrophages, together with other suppressor cells such as Tregs, promote an immunosuppressive environment.
Reasons for open conversion in robotic liver surgery: A systematic review with pooled analysis of more than 1000 patients
Authors: Gheza Federico , Esposito Sofia , Gruessner Stephan , Mangano Alberto , Fernandes Eduardo , Giulianotti Pier Cristoforo 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundConversion to open during minimally invasive liver resection has a high rate. To identify the reasons to convert could help in defining a strategy to decrease the event “conversion.”MethodsA systematic review has been performed. Our large series of robotic hepatic resections were analyzed and included in the review.ResultsFifty papers were selected and carefully evaluated in full text. Twenty‐nine were ultimately used for analysis, including all published robotic liver resections. Our series included 11 conversions out of 139 patients (7.9%). Adhesions were not a declared reason to convert. The robotic approach still had a high percentage of open conversions because of difficulties in assessing the tumor margin.ConclusionsCauses for conversion were carefully analyzed and compared with what previously described for the pure laparoscopic approach. This could be crucial in defining how to improve the performance and minimize the conversion rate.
Assisted reproductive technology in Japan: A summary report for 2016 by the Ethics Committee of the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Authors: Ishihara Osamu , Jwa Seung Chik , Kuwahara Akira , Ishikawa Tomonori , Kugu Koji , Sawa Rintaro , Banno Kouji , Irahara Minoru , Saito Hidekazu 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPurposeThe Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology started an online cycle‐based assisted reproductive technology (ART) registry system in 2007. This report presents the characteristics and treatment outcomes of ART registered for the cycles practiced during 2016.MethodsCycle‐specific information for all ART cycles implemented in participating ART facilities were collected. A descriptive analysis was conducted for the registry database of 2016.ResultsIn total, 447 790 treatment cycles and 54 110 neonates (one in 18.1 neonates born in Japan) were reported in 2016. The mean patients’ age was 38.1 years (SD = 4.5). Among the egg retrieval cycles, 104 575 of 251 399 (41.6%) were freeze‐all cycles without fresh embryo transfers (ET), while fresh ET was performed in 64 497 cycles (58.4%). A total of 187 132 frozen‐thawed ET cycles were reported, resulting in 62 432 pregnancies and 44 484 neonates born. Single ET was selected for 81.0% of fresh transfers and 82.7% of frozen cycles, resulting in singleton pregnancy/live birth rates of 97.0%/96.4% and 96.7%/96.4%, respectively.ConclusionThe total ART cycles and subsequent live births continued to increase in 2016. Single ET was performed more than 80%, and ET has shifted from using fresh embryos to frozen ones.
An engineering approach for the estimation of slewing bearing stiffness in wind turbine generators
Authors: Heras Iker , Aguirrebeitia Josu , Abasolo Mikel , Coria Ibai 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe stiffness of yaw and pitch slewing bearings has a critical influence on the structural behaviour of wind turbine generators. Thus, it is commonly required by designers for their simulations to estimate deformations and select the most suitable bearing for their working conditions in preliminary design stages. In this work, a design of experiments was carried out via finite element analysis to obtain the stiffness curves of all of the standard four‐point contact slewing bearings from the catalogues of manufacturers under radial, axial, and tilting loads. From these results, a set of simple formulas to calculate the ring deformations were adjusted. Combining them with contact deformation results obtained in previous work by the authors, a complete and efficient tool for slewing bearing stiffness estimation has been developed.
Prediction Error Minimization as a Framework for Social Cognition Research
Authors: de Bruin Leon , Michael John 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe main aim of this article is to give an assessment of prediction error minimization (PEM) as a unifying theoretical framework for the study of social cognition. We show how this framework can be used to synthesize and systematically relate existing data from social cognition research, and explain how it introduces new constraints for further research. We discuss PEM in relation to other theoretical frameworks of social cognition, and identify the main challenges that this approach to social cognition will need to address.
The “Proper Organs” for Presidential Representation: A Fresh Look at the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921
Authors: Dearborn John A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract:The presidency is now thought of as a representative institution. I argue that the idea of presidential representation, the claim that presidents represent the whole nation, influenced the political development of the institutional presidency. Specifically, I show that the idea was the assumption behind creating a national budget system in the United States. While the challenge of World War I debt prompted Congress to pass the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, the law’s design owes much to reformers’ arguments that the president lacked institutional tools to fulfill his representative role. Congress institutionalized presidential representation in budgeting by including two key components: a formal license for presidential agenda setting in the budget process and an enhanced executive organizational capacity with the Bureau of the Budget. However, the law also revealed the problems raised by attempting to provide the “proper organs” for presidential representation, which push against the written constitutional frame.
Assuming Direct Control: The Beguiling Allure of Incomes Policies in Postwar America
Authors: Milner Samuel 
Published: November 2018

Abstract:Histories of American economic policymaking after World War II often describe a “Fiscal Revolution,” in which Keynesian macroeconomic tools replaced the microeconomic regulations and reforms of the New Deal. This article challenges that narrative by demonstrating how the Keynesian economists responsible for the Fiscal Revolution relied upon incomes policies to ensure that inflation would not sabotage efforts to achieve full employment. In the 1960s, the White House Council of Economic Advisers pressed the Kennedy and Johnson administrations to enforce “wage-price guideposts” in order to realize the potential of the Fiscal Revolution. Yet incomes policies also encouraged policymakers to deflect responsibility for inflation onto the private sector’s behavior as an alternative to adopting the painful but necessary fiscal and monetary restraint. As a reliance on the microeconomic control of inflation persisted into the late 1970s, this approach ultimately undercut the Keynesians’ macroeconomic promises and prolonged the misery of stagflation.
Reassessing the History of the Community Action Program, 1963–1967
Authors: LaRochelle Ryan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract:This article reconsiders the history of the Community Action Program (CAP). I argue that the CAP is best understood as a bold attempt at administrative experimentation and reform. Using original archival materials, I show that policymakers involved the CAP’s design outlined three models of community action: coordination, collaboration, and mobilization, which communities drew upon when implementing the program. Drawing upon an original dataset of ninety-eight community action agencies (CAAs), this article provides a synthetic assessment of the CAP’s implementation. I show that while the 1967 Green Amendment curtailed the CAP’s experimental and participatory ethos, most CAAs operated relatively harmoniously with local governments and social welfare groups to fight poverty. By looking beyond the dramatic clashes between CAAs and local governments and focusing on the multiple ways in which CAAs seized upon the CAP’s experimental nature, this article provides a more balanced and comprehensive assessment of the CAP’s historical legacy.
Global Emergence of Anthropogenic Climate Change in Fire Weather Indices
Authors: Abatzoglou John T. , Williams A. Park , Barbero Renaud 
Published: November 2018

AbstractChanges in global fire activity are influenced by a multitude of factors including land‐cover change, policies, and climatic conditions. This study uses 17 climate models to evaluate when changes in fire weather, as realized through the Fire Weather Index, emerge from the expected range of internal variability due to anthropogenic climate change using the time of emergence framework. Anthropogenic increases in extreme Fire Weather Index days emerge for 22% of burnable land area globally by 2019, including much of the Mediterranean and the Amazon. By the midtwenty‐first century, emergence among the different Fire Weather Index metrics occurs for 33–62% of burnable lands. Emergence of heightened fire weather becomes more widespread as a function of global temperature change. At 2 °C above preindustrial levels, the area of emergence is half that for 3 °C. These results highlight increases in fire weather conditions with human‐caused climate change and incentivize local adaptation efforts to limit detrimental fire impacts.
The Antarctic Slope Current in a Changing Climate
Authors: Thompson Andrew F. , Stewart Andrew L. , Spence Paul , Heywood Karen J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe Antarctic Slope Current (ASC) is a coherent circulation feature that rings the Antarctic continental shelf and regulates the flow of water toward the Antarctic coastline. The structure and variability of the ASC influences key processes near the Antarctic coastline that have global implications, such as the melting of Antarctic ice shelves and water mass formation that determines the strength of the global overturning circulation. Recent theoretical, modeling, and observational advances have revealed new dynamical properties of the ASC, making it timely to review. Earlier reviews of the ASC focused largely on local classifications of water properties of the ASC's primary front. Here we instead provide a classification of the current's frontal structure based on the dynamical mechanisms that govern both the along‐slope and cross‐slope circulation; these two modes of circulation are strongly coupled, similar to the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Highly variable motions, such as dense overflows, tides, and eddies are shown to be critical components of cross‐slope and cross‐shelf exchange, but understanding of how the distribution and intensity of these processes will evolve in a changing climate remains poor due to observational and modeling limitations. Results linking the ASC to larger modes of climate variability, such as El Niño, show that the ASC is an integral part of global climate. An improved dynamical understanding of the ASC is still needed to accurately model and predict future Antarctic sea ice extent, the stability of the Antarctic ice sheets, and the Southern Ocean's contribution to the global carbon cycle.
Rift‐Parallel Strike‐Slip Faulting Near the Iceland Plate Boundary Zone: Implications for Propagating Rifts
Authors: Karson J. A. , Farrell J. A. , Chutas L. A. , Nanfito A. F. , Proett J. A. , Runnals K. T. , Sæmundsson K. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractStrongly lineated terrain outside of Iceland's active plate boundary zones is created by faults and dikes aligned with the rift zones where they formed, similar to the spreading fabric defined by abyssal hills generated at mid‐ocean ridge spreading centers. As expected, rift‐parallel normal faults and fissures dominate in the active rift zones, but in older crust to the east and west, faults with strike‐slip and oblique‐slip displacements dominate. Some areas have widespread, small‐scale, strike‐slip, and oblique‐slip faults, while others have more widely spaced, larger, strike‐slip fault zones. In most cases, the strike‐slip and oblique‐slip faults strike subparallel to nearby older dikes and normal faults assumed to indicate the orientation of the rift zones where they formed. Strike‐slip displacements overprinting normal faults and along dike margins suggest reactivation of spreading‐related zones of weakness. More complicated fault geometries and kinematics occur near the oblique rifts and the major transform fault zones. The sense of movement on the strike‐slip and oblique‐slip faults is broadly systematic with respect to the active Northern and Eastern Rift Zones supporting the interpretation that they are the result of crustal block rotations on either side of rift zones that propagate to the north and south away from the center of the Iceland hot spot. Similar fault kinematics may occur along mid‐ocean ridges and other magmatic rifts where rift propagation occurs on a range of scales.
Serpentinite‐Rich Gouge in a Creeping Segment of the Bartlett Springs Fault, Northern California: Comparison With SAFOD and Implications for Seismic Hazard
Authors: Moore Diane E. , McLaughlin Robert J. , Lienkaemper James J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAn exposure of a creeping segment of the Bartlett Springs Fault (BSF), part of the San Andreas Fault system in northern California, is a ~1.5‐m‐wide zone of serpentinite‐bearing fault gouge cutting through Late Pleistocene fluvial deposits. The fault gouge consists of porphyroclasts of antigorite serpentinite, talc, chlorite, and tremolite‐actinolite, along with some Franciscan metamorphic rocks, in a matrix of the same materials. The Mg‐mineral assemblage is stable at temperatures above 250–300 °C. The BSF gouge is interpreted to have been tectonically incorporated into the fault from depths near the base of the seismogenic zone and to have risen buoyantly to the surface where it is now undergoing right‐lateral displacement. The ultramafic‐rich composition, frictional properties, and inferred mode of emplacement of the BSF serpentinitic gouge correspond to those of the creeping traces of the San Andreas Fault identified in the SAFOD (San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth) drill hole. This suggests a common origin for creep at both locations. A tectonic model for the source of the ultramafic‐rich materials in the BSF is proposed that potentially could explain the distribution of creep throughout the northernmost San Andreas Fault system.
Pathogen-induced changes in floral scent may increase honeybee-mediated dispersal of Erwinia amylovora
Authors: Cellini Antonio , Giacomuzzi Valentino , Donati Irene , Farneti Brian , Rodriguez-Estrada Maria T , Savioli Stefano , Angeli Sergio , Spinelli Francesco 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Honeybees are well recognised for their key role in plant reproduction as pollinators. On the other hand, their activity may vector some pathogens, such as the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight disease in pomaceous plants. In this research, we evaluated whether honeybees are able to discriminate between healthy and E. amylovora-infected flowers, thus altering the dispersal of the pathogen. For this reason, honeybees were previously trained to forage either on inoculated or healthy (control) apple flower. After the training, the two honeybee groups were equally exposed to inoculated and control flowering apple plants. To assess their preference, three independent methods were used: (1) direct count of visiting bees per time frame; (2) incidence on apple flowers of a marker bacterium (Pantoea agglomerans, strain P10c) carried by foragers; (3) quantification of E. amylovora populations in the collected pollen loads, proportional to the number of visits to infected flowers. The results show that both honeybee groups preferred control flowers over inoculated ones. The characterisation of volatile compounds released by flowers revealed a different emission of several bioactive compounds, providing an explanation for honeybee preference. As an unexpected ecological consequence, the influence of infection on floral scent increasing the visit rate on healthy flowers may promote a secondary bacterial spread.
Band Gap Control in Bilayer Graphene by Co-Doping with B-N Pairs
Authors: Alattas M. , Schwingenschlögl U. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe electronic band structure of bilayer graphene is studied systematically in the presence of substitutional B and/or N doping, using density functional theory with van der Waals correction. We show that introduction of B-N pairs into bilayer graphene can be used to create a substantial band gap, stable against thermal fluctuations at room temperature, but otherwise leaves the electronic band structure in the vicinity of the Fermi energy largely unaffected. Introduction of B-N pairs into B and/or N doped bilayer graphene likewise hardly modifies the band dispersions. In semiconducting systems (same amount of B and N dopants), however, the size of the band gap is effectively tuned in the presence of B-N pairs.
Theta-gamma coupling binds visual perceptual features in an associative memory task
Authors: Köster Moritz , Finger Holger , Graetz Sebastian , Kater Maren , Gruber Thomas 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIt is an integral function of the human brain to sample novel information from the environment and to integrate them into existing representations. Recent evidence suggests a specific role for the theta rhythm (4–8 Hz) in mnemonic processes and the coupling between the theta and the gamma rhythm (40–120 Hz) in ordering and binding perceptual features during encoding. Furthermore, decreases in the alpha rhythm (8–12 Hz) are assumed to gate perceptual information processes in semantic networks. In the present study, we used an associative memory task (object-color combinations) with pictures versus words as stimuli (high versus low visual information) to separate associative memory from visual perceptual processes during memory formation. We found increased theta power for later remembered versus later forgotten items (independent of the color judgement) and an increase in phase-amplitude coupling between frontal theta and fronto-temporal gamma oscillations, specific for the formation of picture-color associations. Furthermore, parietal alpha suppression and gamma power were higher for pictures compared to words. These findings support the idea of a theta-gamma code in binding visual perceptual features during encoding. Furthermore, alpha suppression likely reflects perceptual gating processes in semantic networks and is insensitive to mnemonic and associative binding processes. Gamma oscillations may promote visual perceptual information in visual cortical networks, which is integrated into existing representations by prefrontal control processes, working at a theta pace.
Anticoagulation in Atherosclerotic Disease
Authors: Bode Christoph , Duerschmied Daniel , Al Said Samer 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe prevention of atherothrombotic events is an essential therapeutic goal in the treatment of patients with arteriosclerotic diseases. After plaque rupture, a rapidly growing thrombus can lead to acute vascular occlusion and thus heart attack, stroke or limb ischaemia. The acute therapy combines anticoagulation and platelet inhibition. However, the only available therapy so far in the primary and secondary prevention of stable patients is the platelet inhibitors aspirin and clopidogrel. Despite the use of antiplatelet therapies, including aspirin and P2Y12-receptor antagonists, some patients with artery disease continue to experience recurrent cardiovascular ischaemic events due to excessive thrombin generation beyond the acute period. As a result, studies have tested non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs), specifically the factor Xa inhibitors, either alone or in combination with antiplatelet therapy, in the management of arterial disease. For the first time, the COMPASS study investigated low-dose anticoagulation in stable coronary heart disease or peripheral arterial disease. The addition of 2 × 2.5 mg rivaroxaban to long-term aspirin therapy not only prevented cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction and stroke, but even reduced all-cause mortality by a relative 18% after a mean follow-up of 23 months. This benefit came at the expense of more gastrointestinal bleeding, which might be reduced by the addition of a proton pump inhibitor (investigations are ongoing). Interestingly, however, there was no increase in fatal or intracranial haemorrhages. Therefore, a new standard therapy for high-risk patients with atherosclerotic disease may become available in the near future.
Biological Effects of Bone Marrow Concentrate in Knee Pathologies
Authors: Strauss Eric , Shepard David , Becktell Liliya , Kennedy John , Fortier Lisa 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWith our aging population desiring to remain active, the incidence and costs associated with managing knee pain from both acute injury and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis continue to dramatically increase. Current treatment methods fall short with respect to their ability to improve the intra-articular environment and restore normal joint homeostasis. With increasing basic science and clinical evidence showing efficacy, cell-based therapies such as bone marrow concentrate (BMC) hold promise as a nonsurgical joint preserving treatment approach. BMC has inherent advantages over other treatments commonly used for various knee pathologies because it is a point-of-care orthobiologic product that uniquely and simultaneously delivers growth factors, anti-inflammatory proteins, and mesenchymal stem cells. There is increasing evidence for the use of BMC for repair of focal cartilage defects and for the treatment of generalized knee pain. However, continued high-quality studies are necessary for the clinical utility of BMC to be critically assessed with particular attention paid to appropriate patient selection, standardized aspiration, and processing and reporting of both functional and imaging-based outcomes.