bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of leaf enzymes in the detergent and textile industries: launching of a new platform technology
Authors: Kumari Uma , Singh Rahul , Ray Tui , Rana Seema , Saha Prasenjit , Malhotra Karan , Daniell Henry 
Published: April 2019

SummaryChemical catalysts are being replaced by biocatalysts in almost all industrial applications due to environmental concerns, thereby increasing their demand. Enzymes used in current industries are produced in microbial systems or plant seeds. We report here five newly launched leaf‐enzyme products and their validation with 15 commercial microbial‐enzyme products, for detergent or textile industries. Enzymes expressed in chloroplasts are functional at broad pH/temperature ranges as crude‐leaf extracts, while most purified commercial enzymes showed significant loss at alkaline pH or higher temperature, required for broad range commercial applications. In contrast to commercial liquid enzymes requiring cold storage/transportation, chloroplast enzymes as a leaf powder can be stored up to 16 months at ambient temperature without loss of enzyme activity. Chloroplast‐derived enzymes are stable in crude‐leaf extracts without addition of protease inhibitors. Leaf lipase/mannanase crude extracts removed chocolate or mustard oil stains effectively at both low and high temperatures. Moreover, leaf lipase or mannanase crude‐extracts removed stain more efficiently at 70 °C than commercial microbial enzymes (<10% activity). Endoglucanase and exoglucanase in crude leaf extracts removed dye efficiently from denim surface and depilled knitted fabric by removal of horizontal fibre strands. Due to an increased demand for enzymes in the food industry, marker‐free lettuce plants expressing lipase or cellobiohydrolase were created for the first time and site‐specific transgene integration/homoplasmy was confirmed by Southern blots. Thus, leaf‐production platform offers a novel low‐cost approach by the elimination of fermentation, purification, concentration, formulation and cold‐chain storage/transportation. This is the first report of commercially launched protein products made in leaves and validated with current commercial products.
Characterizing the Bioluminescence of the Humboldt Squid, Dosidicus gigas (d'Orbigny, 1835): One of the Largest Luminescent Animals in the World
Authors: Galeazzo Gabriela A. , Mirza Jeremy D. , Dorr Felipe A. , Pinto Ernani , Stevani Cassius V. , Lohrmann Karin B. , Oliveira Anderson G. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBioluminescence is found in a number of cephalopods, such as Watasenia scintillans and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis; however, many species remain poorly studied, including the Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas. This is the largest member of the Ommastrephidae family and grows to 2 m in length, making it one of the largest luminescent animals ever observed. Humboldt squid have small photophores all over their body that emit a brilliant blue luminescence. Using lyophilized photophores from squid caught off the coast of Chile, experiments were conducted to isolate the luciferin and protein involved in its bioluminescence. Methanolic extracts of the photophores were shown to contain dehydrocoelenterazine, and a membrane‐bound photoprotein was shown to be involved. This photoprotein was purified using ion exchange chromatography, and SDS‐PAGE showed a clean band of approximately 60 kDa. The excised band was analyzed by LC/MS, and the obtained data were compared against the transcriptome data of D. gigas, allowing us to find two gene products which displayed high coverage (>80%), the enzymes symplectin and vanin‐2, which potentially associate with light emission process in this organism. Finally, the purified photoprotein was shown to emit a blue light (470 nm) in the presence of dehydrocoelenterazine.
Characteristics and distribution of Colletotrichum species in coffee plantations in Hainan, China
Authors: Cao X. R. , Xu X. M. , Che H. Y. , West J. S. , Luo D. Q. 
Published: April 2019

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is a serious disease on a range of economically important hosts. To determine the Colletotrichum species in coffee plantations in Hainan, China, 55 isolates were obtained from Coffea arabica (arabica) and C. canephora var. robusta (robusta) in five counties. Initially, partial sequences of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were used to measure fungal genetic diversity. Then a subset of 23 isolates was selected to represent the range of genetic diversity, varieties and geographic origin for further multilocus phylogenetic analyses. These isolates belong to eight known Colletotrichum species from three Colletotrichum species complexes, including gloeosporioides (C. endophytica, C. fructicola, C. ledongense, C. siamense and C. tropicale), boninense (C. karstii), gigasporum (C. gigasporum), and one singleton species (C. brevisporum). Of these, C. siamense was isolated in all sampled counties and C. fructicola was identified in three counties. The other six species were isolated only in one or two counties. Only C. siamense and C. fructicola were isolated from arabica, whereas all eight species were isolated from robusta. Occurrence of C. brevisporum, C. endophytica, C. ledongense and C. tropicale in coffee has not been reported previously. Pathogenicity tests showed that all eight species were pathogenic to coffee leaves and fruit. In vitro tests showed that Colletotrichum isolates from coffee in Hainan were most sensitive to prochloraz, less sensitive to carbendazim, propiconazole and difenoconazole, and least sensitive to myclobutanil.
Barriers to Uptake of Postpartum Long‐Acting Reversible Contraception: Qualitative Study of the Perspectives of Ugandan Health Workers and Potential Clients
Authors: Willcox Merlin , King Emma , Fall Emma , Mubangizi Vincent , Nkalubo Julius , Natukunda Silvia , Nahabwe Haeven , Goodhart Clare , Graffy Jonathan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHealth workers have received training on delivering postpartum long‐acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) through several projects in Uganda, yet uptake still remains poor. To understand the reasons, and to gather suggestions for improving uptake, we conducted individual semi‐structured interviews with a total of 80 postpartum parents, antenatal parents, health workers, and village health teams in rural south‐west Uganda. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, translated, and analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. Specific barriers to uptake of immediate postpartum contraception for women included: the need to discuss this option with their husband, the belief that time is needed to recover before insertion of a LARC, and fear that the baby might not survive. Furthermore, social consequences of side‐effects are more serious in low‐income settings. Suggestions for improving uptake of postpartum contraception included health education by “expert users,” couples counseling during antenatal care, and improved management of side‐effects.
The Effect of Economic Vulnerability on Protest Participation in the National Football League
Authors: Niven David 
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesWhat distinguishes between National Football League (NFL) players who participated in protests during the National Anthem and those who did not? Does the finding of a personal vulnerability constraint in high‐risk activism apply to this relatively elite population?MethodsProtest participation during 2017 was determined for every NFL player, along with several variables pertaining to their performance, compensation, and the political atmosphere of their team.ResultsBivariate and multivariate tests both reveal that protest participation was far greater among players with large guaranteed contracts and among players who were well regarded for their performance.ConclusionsEconomic vulnerability ranges widely within the NFL such that players hold contracts offering guaranteed payments of anywhere between $92 million and nothing at all. The data here suggest that the personal vulnerability constraint documented in protest participation research also applies to this unique population of high‐profile people engaged in a most high‐profile protest. Documenting the existence of these constraints helps offer a more systematic foundation to our understanding of political activism behavior among athletes.
Non‐subduction origin for 3.2 Ga high‐pressure metamorphic rocks in the Barberton granitoid‐greenstone terrane, South Africa
Authors: Wang Hao , Yang Jin‐Hui , Kröner Alfred , Zhu Yu‐Sheng , Li Rui 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe occurrence of high‐pressure (HP) garnet‐bearing metamorphic rocks in the southern Barberton granitoid–greenstone terrane (BGGT), South Africa, has been proposed as a key indicator of the onset of modern plate tectonics at ca. 3.2 Ga. Here, we report new zircon/titanite U–Pb ages of garnet‐bearing HP metamorphic rocks and associated granitoids in the BGGT that argue against such an interpretation. The results show that HP metamorphism occurred synchronously with granitoid magmatism in the Stolzburg domain, the supposed subducted plate, during two episodes at 3.4 and 3.2 Ga, and that these two episodes of magmatism occurred on both sides of the assumed suture zone, a feature that cannot easily be explained by the subduction model. In contrast, the coupled magmatism and metamorphism probably resulted from partial convective overturn (PCO), another viable mechanism for production and differentiation of continental crust during early Archean.
Standing myotomy to treat fibrotic myopathy: 22 cases (2004–2016)
Authors: Noll Charlene V. , Kilcoyne Isabelle , Vaughan Betsy , Galuppo Larry D. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo report the clinical and diagnostic findings associated with fibrotic myopathy, describe the surgical procedure for standing fibrotic myotomy and report postoperative outcomes.Study designRetrospective study.Sample populationTwenty‐two horses.MethodsRecords were included if a clinical diagnosis of fibrotic myopathy was based on clinical and/or ultrasonographic examination and the horse was treated with myotomy of the affected muscle. Records were reviewed for signalment, preoperative findings, perioperative complications, and outcomes. Follow‐up also included a phone survey of owners.ResultsQuarter horses represented 14 of 22 horses in this study. Ultrasonographic examination was performed in 14 of 22 horses. The semitendinosus muscle was affected in 17 of 22 horses. Other muscles affected included the semimembranosus, gracilis, and biceps femoris. Four of the 22 horses had a diagnosis of incisional postoperative complications. Eight of 12 formerly athletic horses returned to their intended athletic use. Ten of 16 owners were satisfied with the procedure.ConclusionPrognosis for long‐term comfort after standing fibrotic myotomy was fair with appropriate rehabilitation. Ultrasonographic examination was helpful in identifying the muscles affected and aided in surgical planning.Clinical impactStanding fibrotic myotomy is a technically straightforward procedure that yields a fair outcome in horses with minimal intraoperative and/or postoperative complications.
Rotational culture and integration with amniotic stem cells reduce porcine islet immunoreactivity in vitro and slow xeno‐rejection in a murine model of islet transplantation
Authors: Zafar Ali , Lee Jou , Yesmin Shameema , Paget Michelle B. , Bailey Clifford J. , Murray Hilary E. , Downing Richard 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundPre‐transplant modification of porcine islets may improve their suitability for clinical use in diabetes management by supporting graft function and reducing the potential for xeno‐rejection. The present study investigates intra‐graft incorporation of stem cells that secrete beta (β)‐cell trophic and immunomodulatory factors to preserve function and alter immune cell responsiveness to porcine islets.MethodsIsolated porcine islets were maintained in a three‐dimensional rotational cell culture system (RCCS) to facilitate aggregation with human amniotic epithelial cells (AECs). Assembled islet constructs were assessed for functional integrity and ability to avoid xeno‐recognition by CD4+ T‐cells using mixed islet:lymphocyte reaction assays. To determine whether stem cell‐mediated modification of porcine islets provided a survival advantage over native islets, structural integrity was examined in a pig‐to‐mouse islet transplant model.ResultsRotational cell culture system supported the formation of porcine islet:AEC aggregates with improved insulin‐secretory capacity compared to unmodified islets, whilst the xeno‐response of purified CD4+ T‐cells to AEC‐bearing grafts was significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated. Transplanted AEC‐bearing grafts demonstrated slower rejection in immune‐competent recipients compared to unmodified islets.Conclusions/interpretationRotational culture enables pre‐transplant modification of porcine islets by integration with immunomodulatory stem cells capable of subduing xeno‐reactivity to CD4+ T‐cells. This reduces islet rejection and offers translational potential to widen availability and improve the clinical effectiveness of islet transplantation.
Off-label drug prescriptions in French general practice: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Drogou François , Netboute Allison , Giai Joris , Dode Xavier , Darmon David , Kassai Behrouz , Letrilliart Laurent 
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesOff-label drug prescribing is a public health and economic issue. The aim of this study was to describe off-label prescription in general practice in France, in terms of frequency and nature, and to identify its main determining factors.DesignMulticentre cross-sectional studySettingTwenty-three training general practice officesParticipantsAll the voluntary patients coming for a medical consultation or visited at home over a cumulative period of 5 days per office between November 2015 and January 2016.MethodsEleven interns, acting as observers, collected data. Two reviewers analysed the drugs prescribed by the trainers, in order to identify those prescribed off-label in terms of their indication or the age of the patient. We used a univariate, then a multivariate model, based on hierarchical mixed-effects logistic regression.ResultsAmong the 4932 drug prescriptions registered, 911 (18.5%[95% CI17.4% to 19.6%]) were off-label, of which 865 (17.6%) due to the indication of the drug and 58 (1.2%) due to the age of the patient. The prescription never mentioned the off-label use, neither was the patient informed of it, as required by the French law. With the multivariate analysis, variables contributing to off-label prescription were the number of drugs (OR=1.05 for each additional drug), the initiation of new drug therapy (OR=1.26) and the non-specific goal of the prescription (OR=1.43); the age of the patient ≤14 years (OR=1.42); the rural location of the physician’s practice (OR=1.38) and the low frequency of the visits of national health insurance representatives (OR=0.93).ConclusionAlmost one out of five drugs prescribed in French general practice was off-label. It seems necessary to better train physicians in clinical pharmacology, to provide them with more effective drug prescription software, to reinforce postmarketing surveillance and to clearly define off-label use by consensus.
Population attributable fraction of leading non-communicable cardiovascular diseases due to leisure-time physical inactivity: a systematic review
Authors: Al Tunaiji Hashel , Davis Jennifer C , Mansournia Mohammad Ali , Khan Karim M 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review was to investigate the methods used for estimating the population attributable fraction (PAF) to leisure-time physical inactivity (PI) of coronary artery diseases, hypertension and stroke in order to provide the best available estimate for PAF.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesFour electronic databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) were searched from inception to August 2018.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesThis review included prospective cohort studies, with men and women aged ≥18 years old, investigating the PAF attributable to leisure-time PI related to coronary artery diseases, hypertension and stroke.ResultsThe PAF estimates of the three studies included were 13% (3%–22%) for ‘stage-1 hypertension’ subtype incidence due to ‘non-regular exercise’; 25% (10.4%–35.8%) for ‘stage-2 hypertension’ subtype incidence due to ‘activity of daily living’ and ‘vigorous-intensity sports’; and 8.5% (1.7%–16.7%) for ‘total: fatal and non-fatal’ cardiovascular events of ‘incidence and mortality’ endpoints due to non-accumulation of 550 kcal/week (subsets not specified).ConclusionsThe PAF estimate exhibited a protective dose–response relationship between hypertension and an increased amount of energy expenditure of leisure-time PI. In order to enhance accuracy of PAF estimates, the following steps are recommended: (1) to clearly define and state the working definition of leisure-time PI and dose using a reliable and valid objective measurement tool; (2) use a clear definition of outcome subtypes and endpoints using reliable and valid objective measures; and (3) estimate PAF using modelling techniques based on prospective data and ensuring to report 95% CI.
Moderating effect of the neighbourhood physical activity environment on the relation between psychosocial factors and physical activity in children: a longitudinal study
Authors: Colabianchi Natalie , Clennin Morgan N , Dowda Marsha , McIver Kerry L , Dishman Rod K , Porter Dwayne E , Pate Russell R 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundFew studies have examined the moderating role of neighbourhood environments on the relation between psychosocial factors and physical activity, and results of these studies are mixed. This study examined this relationship in 636 fifth to seventh graders from South Carolina, USA.MethodsFrom 2010 to 2013, children and their parent/guardian completed annual self-reported surveys assessing psychosocial factors, and children wore accelerometers for 1 week each year. Neighbourhood environments were classified as supportive or non-supportive for physical activity (PA) based on in-person audits of facilities near children’s homes and windshield surveys of children’s streets. Growth curve analyses were completed to assess the moderating effect of the neighbourhood physical activity environment (NPAE) on the relation between psychosocial factors and total physical activity (TPA) over time.ResultsSignificant interactions on TPA were found for (1) time, NPAE and parent-reported parent support for PA; (2) time, NPAE and child-reported equipment in the home; (3) child-reported parental support for PA and time; (4) child-reported parental support for PA and NPAE; (5) PA self-schema and time and (6) child-reported parental encouragement and time. Parental support and a supportive NPAE were important for TPA, especially as children transitioned to middle school, whereas home equipment and a supportive NPAE were important for fifth graders’ TPA.ConclusionConsistent with the socioecological model, PA behaviour was dependent on interacting effects across levels of influence. Generally, both a supportive NPAE and positive psychosocial factors were needed to support TPA. Factors influencing PA across multiple levels should be addressed in PA interventions.
Run to the nest: A parody on the Iron Maiden song by Corotoca spp. (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)
Authors: Moreira Igor Eloi , Pires-Silva Carlos Moreno , Ribeiro Kézia Gomes , Zilberman Bruno , Bezerra-Gusmão Maria Avany 
Published: April 2019

Rove beetles belonging to the genus Corotoca (Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) are termitophiles exclusively found in nests of Constrictotermes (Isoptera: Termitidae). We observed the reproductive behavior of Corotoca melantho and C. fontesi during host (C. cyphergaster) foraging events. The reproductive behaviors of both species are similar. The variables collected for analysis were distance traveled, the time of larval deposition, nest return time, and locomotion speed. The fact that the female stops in the middle of the foraging trail to deposit the larva leads to a discussion of how its physiological or voluntary mechanisms function to determine the correct stopping time and the importance of speed when returning to the nest as a strategy to avoid predation. This study provides new information concerning the life cycle of Corotoca spp., although complete understanding of host-termitophile relationships, their evolutionary history, and the significance of viviparity will require additional studies.
Risk Factors for Acute Ischemic Stroke Caused by Anterior Large Vessel Occlusion
Authors: Hendrix Philipp , Sofoluke Nelson , Adams Matthew D. , Kunaprayoon Saran , Zand Ramin , Kolinovsky Amy N. , Person Thomas N. , Gupta Mudit , Goren Oded , Schirmer Clemens M. , Rost Natalia S. , Faber James E. , Griessenauer Christoph J. 
Published: April 2019

Background and Purpose—
Accurate prediction of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) caused by anterior large vessel occlusion (LVO) that is amendable to mechanical thrombectomy remains a challenge. We developed and validated a prediction model for anterior circulation LVO stroke using past medical history elements present on admission and neurological examination.

Methods—
We retrospectively reviewed AIS patients admitted between 2009 and 2017 to 3 hospitals within a large healthcare system in the United States. Patients with occlusions of the internal carotid artery or M1 or M2 segments of the middle cerebral artery were randomly split into 2/3 derivation and 1/3 validation cohorts for development of an anterior circulation LVO prediction model and score that was further curtailed for potential use in the prehospital setting.

Results—
A total of 1654 AIS were reviewed, including 248 (15%) with proximal anterior circulation LVO AIS. In the derivation cohort, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at the time of cerebrovascular imaging, current smoking status, type 2 diabetes mellitus, extracranial carotid, and intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis was significantly associated with anterior circulation LVO stroke. The prehospital score was curtailed to National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, current smoking status, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The areas under the curve for the prediction model, prehospital score, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score alone were 0.796, 0.757, and 0.725 for the derivation cohort and 0.770, 0.689, and 0.665 for the validation cohort, respectively. The Youden index J was 0.46 for a score of >6 with 84.7% sensitivity and 62.0% specificity for the prediction model.

Conclusions—
Previously reported LVO stroke prediction scores focus solely on elements of the neurological examination. In addition to stroke severity, smoking, diabetes mellitus, extracranial carotid, and intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis were associated with anterior circulation LVO AIS. Although atherosclerotic stenosis may not be known until imaging is obtained, smoking and diabetes mellitus history can be readily obtained in the field and represent important elements of the prehospital score supplementing National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score.