bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fired Bricks: CO2 Emission and Food Insecurity
Authors: Nath Arun Jyoti , Lal Rattan , Das Ashesh Kumar 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFired bricks are used for construction purposes over the millennia, going back to the Indus Valley Civilization. The traditional brick‐making process involves removal of agriculturally productive topsoil rich in clay and soil organic matter contents. In addition to the removal of the fertile topsoil and accelerated degradation by other processes, the traditional clay brick making process also emits CO2 and other gases into the atmosphere. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the impact of brick making in India on: (i) the magnitude of annual CO2 emission and (ii) the loss of agricultural production. Currently, 0.7 Mha (million hectare) of agricultural land is under brick kilns that produce ≈250 billion bricks annually. It is estimated that soil organic carbon lost through the firing process of 250 billion bricks is 5.58–6.12 Tg (teragram) (20.48–22.46 Tg CO2), and in conjunction with clay burning and coal combustion the process releases 40.65–42.64 Tg CO2 into the atmosphere per annum. Brick kiln also impacts quality of the exposed subsoil, and may also reduce 60–90% agronomic yield. Therefore, brick making from topsoil exacerbates food and nutritional insecurity by degrading soil quality, and increases risks of climate change through increase in gaseous emissions.
Geoarchaeology and chronostratigraphy of the Lac du Puy intraurban protohistoric wetland, Corent, France
Authors: Mayoral Alfredo , Peiry Jean‐Luc , Berger Jean‐François , Ledger Paul M. , Depreux Bruno , Simon François‐Xavier , Milcent Pierre‐Yves , Poux Matthieu , Vautier Franck , Miras Yannick 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper presents the first results of the geoarchaeological study of an unusual hilltop wetland, located within the protohistoric proto‐urban site of Corent in the French Massif Central. This small depression offers an exceptionally local sedimentary record that provided valuable data on long‐term human–environment interactions, as well as proto‐urbanization of the first millennium B.C.E. Field survey revealed a major archaeological discovery: a large ensemble of 114 Iron Age storage pits excavated in clayey deposits. The geoarchaeological analysis of stratigraphic logs and cross‐sections completed by geophysical survey and radiocarbon dating allowed us to refine the chronology of these structures. Here, we suggest these structures are probably contemporary with the Hallstatt occupation of the site (600–425 B.C.E.), consistent with the emergence at Corent of a short‐lived proto‐urban environment during this period. These investigations also allowed us to characterize the main evolution phases of the basin and the diversity of human impacts from first disturbance in the Early Neolithic to its final destruction in the Roman period. These findings highlight the nonlinear nature of the socio‐environmental interactions and the definitive shift to an “anthroposystem” as a consequence of major disturbance in the first Iron Age, centuries before the development of urban settlements in the oppida period.
Rock mass‐scale factors with an influence on tool wear in the mechanised tunnelling process in hard rock
Authors: Plinninger Ralf J. , Alber Michael , Düllmann Jan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWear to the tools used for excavate the rock mass has a significant relevance for the cost and performance of tunnel drives in hard rock. This applies in particular to mechanised tunnelling processes, where the effect of wear is an important factor for system availability. At the moment, laboratory tests and derived abrasiveness indices like the Cerchar Abrasiveness Index (CAI) or the Rock Abrasivity Index (RAI) provide the basis for evaluation of tool wear. It should however be noted that such index values can only take into account influential factors on the scale of the intact rock. Influential factors on the scale of the rock mass, for example mixed‐face conditions, unstable face conditions, blockiness or the primary and secondary stress states at the face, can also be significant for the tool wear that is actually experienced. The possible consequences of such disadvantageous effects, which for example can cause catastrophic failure of tools, can represent many times the abrasiveness of the intact rock.
Does the in‐situ stress state have an effect on tool wear in deep TBM tunnelling?
Authors: Rauch Roman , Goliasch Robert , Käsling Heiko , Thuro Kurosch 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAnalysis of wear data from a TBM tunnelling project under high overburden shows diverging wear rates on the disc cutters depending on their position in the cutterhead. The disc cutters at inner and middle positions in the cutterhead reach about twice the running distances compared with cutters fitted at pre‐gauge positions. This work shows that the construction of the cutterhead has an impact on the degree of abrasive wear, especially for the gauge positions. Moreover, the analysis shows that the in‐situ stress state correlates significantly with disc cutter wear.Working temperatures of disc cutters were also measured and analysed. In general, the measured temperatures are controlled by the transverse velocity of the disc cutters, which depends on the position of the disc cutter in the cutter head. Furthermore, there is a good correlation between the results of the analysis of disc cutter wear and the measured disc cutter temperatures. It is shown that high temperatures and high cutter wear occur at the same positions in the cutterhead.
Tool wear analysis of pressurized face TBM drives in the glacial geology of the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Gwildis Ulf Georg , Sass Ingo 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFor underground construction projects in the United States and Canada it is standard procedure to use a Geotechnical Baseline Report (GBR) to contractually define subsoil conditions. The GBR sets baselines based on which tunneling contractors develop bids and plan the works. Baseline values for soil abrasiveness are a focus especially where drives with pressurized‐face Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM) beneath the groundwater table and in unstable face conditions require changing the cutterhead tools under hyperbaric conditions or in pre‐constructed safe havens.
Several laboratory procedures exist that can be used for providing soil abrasiveness baselines in the context of the GBR. However, none of them cover all the soil characteristics that are relevant in causing tool wear. Also, other factors need to be considered for wear rate prediction. Analyzing the performance of previous TBM drives is a proven way to gain insight into the wear system behavior. This paper presents correlation analyses of geotechnical conditions, TBM operational data, and tool wear measurements from several TBM drives in the metropolitan areas of Seattle and Vancouver, B.C. These drives with earth pressure balance and slurry TBMs include various tool types and were conducted in glacial and interglacial deposits that are considered highly abrasive.
Cutter wear mechanisms in hard rock tunnel boring
Authors: Macias Francisco Javier , Nærland Jarand , Espallargas Nuria 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCutter consumption and parameters such as cutter ring wear has a great relevance in the overall excavation time and cost in hard rock tunnel boring machines (TBMs), especially in hard rock conditions. Cutter wear involves a complex tribological system that interacts also with the geologicy of the rock mass. Understanding the processes and failure mechanisms during cutter wear (e.g. modes of contact, wear, load effects) and assessing the influence of temperature on cutter ring wear processes enables new knowledge to be applied to get better cutter consumption predictions and future improvements in cutter ring development. In addition, it might be used to evaluate the suitability of the new rock abrasivity test method (Rolling Indentation Abrasion Test, RIAT) for assessing cutter ring wear.
The significance of the LCPC test as a tool for the specification of homogeneous areas
Authors: Feinendegen Martin , Ziegler Martin 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWith the revision of the German contract conditions VOB in 2015, the previously usual soil and rock classes were replaced by homogeneous areas, into which the ground is to be divided according to the condition of soil and/or rock before excavation. Numerous properties and characteristic values also have to be specified with their determined bandwidths. In the tendering process for many works in specialised civil engineering, earthworks and tunnelling, the abrasiveness now always has to be assessed and, if necessary, tested for soil using the LCPC test according to the French standard NF P18‐579. This test was originally designed to determine the abrasion and crushability of artificial aggregates and is normally carried out under conditions that are in most cases unrepresentative of the behaviour of natural (mixed grained) soils in‐situ. Transfer of the results to the contractually binding ground report required by the VOB is therefore extremely critical, as this article points out based on new investigations with the LCPC test.
Tool wear in TBM hard rock drilling – backgrounds and special phenomena
Authors: Ellecosta Peter , Käsling Heiko , Thuro Kurosch 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn hard rock TBM drilling, wear issues play a crucial role in the success of a tunnelling project. Thus, excavation tools must be selected carefully and be adapted to ground conditions. Wear‐related changes in the tools that occur over the course of the tools' operating lives must also be taken into account. This paper presents five basic types of macroscopic wear for cutter rings: (1) abrasive/normal wear, (2) tapering, (3) mushrooming, (4) brittle fracture of the cutter ring (special wear type 1) and (5) blockade of the roller bearing (special wear type 2). These basic wear types lead to distinct cutter ring shapes which allow deriving some fundamental characteristics of the interacting rock types. In addition, a microscopic analysis of the surfaces and associated metallographic sections from worn cutter tools has been performed. As a result, the tribological processes under the cutter, leading to tool wear, can be better understood. In summary, the investigations may contribute to a better understanding to make it easier to choose the proper TBM disc cutter for a distinct rock type in order to minimize the risk of tool‐related downtimes.
Kinetics of the reversible reaction of CO2(aq) with taurate in aqueous solution
Authors: Yu Hai , Yang Nan , Maeder Marcel , Feron Paul 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTaurate has potential as an absorbent for CO2 capture and is also an effective rate promoter in aqueous NH3‐based absorbents. However, the detailed mechanism involved in the reaction of CO2(aq) with taurate in aqueous solution is not available and the reaction rate and equilibrium constants for some reactions in the mechanism have not yet been determined. This limits our understanding of the role of taurate in the capture process using an NH3/taurate mixture and hinders rigorous rate‐based process simulation. In this work, we studied the reaction of taurate with CO2 in aqueous solution with added acid‐base indicators at 288.0, 298.0, 308.0, and 318.0 K. Stopped‐flow spectrophotometry was used to record absorbance of the solutions, which reflects pH changes via colored acid‐base indicators as a function of time and over the wavelength range from 400.0–700.0 nm. Through global analysis of the kinetic data from the stopped flow reactor, we determined the temperature dependence of the rate and equilibrium constants using a detailed reaction scheme including all reactions in the taurate–CO2–H2O system. We then used stopped‐flow spectrophotometry to investigate the effect of taurate on the reaction of CO2 in the mixed taurate−NH3−CO2−H2O system at 298.0 K. The mechanism for the reaction of the taurate and NH3 mixture with CO2(aq) was found to be a simple combination of two individual systems. Taurate in the mixture can significantly enhance the CO2 absorption rate and NH3 can work as a proton sink making more taurate available for CO2 and the potential reduction of NH3 loss. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of reactor geometry on dissociating CO2 and electrode degradation in a MHCD plasma reactor
Authors: Taylan Onur , Pinero Daniel , Berberoglu Halil 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper reports an experimental study on the effects of reactor geometry for dissociating carbon dioxide using a microhollow cathode discharge (MHCD) reactor, and the associated electrode degradation. A MHCD reactor consists of two hollow metal electrodes that are separated by dielectric material. The geometric reactor parameters studied were the dielectric material thickness and the diameter of the reactor hole. Dielectric thicknesses of 150, 300 and 450 μm and discharge hole diameters of 200, 400 and 515 μm were studied parametrically. The results of each parameter combination were discussed in terms of specific energy input (SEI), CO2 conversion, electrical‐to‐chemical energy conversion efficiency, and degradation rate of the electrodes. Overall, the results showed that, at constant SEI, increasing the dielectric thickness increased CO2 conversion and energy efficiency but decreased the degradation rate. Moreover, at a constant SEI, varying the hole diameter did not affect CO2 conversion or efficiency but the electrode degradation rate decreased with increasing hole diameter. The maximum efficiency observed was about 18.5% for the dielectric thickness of 450 μm, hole diameter of 400 μm, and a SEI of 0.1 eV/mol. With this reactor geometry, the maximum CO2 conversion was 17.3% at a SEI of 3.7 eV/mol. Moreover, the results showed that the rate of electrode degradation increased linearly with time at a rate ranging from 130 to 207 μm2/s, with a reactor lifetime of 13 hours at a SEI of 3.7 eV/mol. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural correlates of Openness and Intellect: Implications for the contribution of personality to creativity
Authors: Vartanian Oshin , Wertz Christopher J. , Flores Ranee A. , Beatty Erin L. , Smith Ingrid , Blackler Kristen , Lam Quan , Jung Rex E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractOpenness/Intellect (i.e., openness to experience) is the Big Five personality factor most consistently associated with individual differences in creativity. Recent psychometric evidence has demonstrated that this factor consists of two distinct aspects—Intellect and Openness. Whereas Intellect reflects perceived intelligence and intellectual engagement, Openness reflects engagement with fantasy, perception, and aesthetics. We investigated the extent to which Openness and Intellect are associated with variations in brain structure as measured by cortical thickness, area, and volume (N = 185). Our results demonstrated that Openness was correlated inversely with cortical thickness and volume in left middle frontal gyrus (BA 6), middle temporal gyrus (MTG, BA 21), and superior temporal gyrus (BA 41), and exclusively with cortical thickness in left inferior parietal lobule (BA 40), right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG, BA 45), and MTG (BA 37). When age and sex were statistically controlled for, the inverse correlations between Openness and cortical thickness remained statistically significant for all regions except left MTG, whereas the correlations involving cortical volume remained statistically significant only for left middle frontal gyrus. There was no statistically significant correlation between Openness and cortical area, and no statistically significant correlation between Intellect and cortical thickness, area, or volume. Our results demonstrate that individual differences in Openness are correlated with variation in brain structure—particularly as indexed by cortical thickness. Given the involvement of the above regions in processes related to memory and cognitive control, we discuss the implications of our findings for the possible contribution of personality to creative cognition.
Individual differences in stop‐related activity are inflated by the adaptive algorithm in the stop signal task
Authors: D'Alberto Nicholas , Chaarani Bader , Orr Catherine A. , Spechler Philip A. , Albaugh Matthew D. , Allgaier Nicholas , Wonnell Alexander , Banaschewski Tobias , Bokde Arun L.W. , Bromberg Uli , Büchel Christian , Quinlan Erin Burke , Conrod Patricia J. , Desrivières Sylvane , Flor Herta , Fröhner Juliane H. , Frouin Vincent , Gowland Penny , Heinz Andreas , Itterman Bernd , Martinot Jean‐Luc , Paillère Martinot Marie‐Laure , Artiges Eric , Nees Frauke , Papadopoulos Orfanos Dimitri , Poustka Luise , Robbins Trevor W. , Smolka Michael N. , Walter Henrik , Whelan Robert , Schumann Gunter , Potter Alexandra S. , Garavan Hugh 
Published: April 2018

AbstractResearch using the Stop Signal Task employing an adaptive algorithm to accommodate individual differences often report inferior performance on the task in individuals with ADHD, OCD, and substance use disorders compared to non‐clinical controls. Furthermore, individuals with deficits in inhibitory control tend to show reduced neural activity in key inhibitory regions during successful stopping. However, the adaptive algorithm systematically introduces performance‐related differences in objective task difficulty that may influence the estimation of individual differences in stop‐related neural activity. This report examines the effect that these algorithm‐related differences have on the measurement of neural activity during the stop signal task. We compared two groups of subjects (n = 210) who differed in inhibitory ability using both a standard fMRI analysis and an analysis that resampled trials to remove the objective task difficulty confound. The results show that objective task difficulty influences the magnitude of between‐group differences and that controlling for difficulty attenuates stop‐related activity differences between superior and poor inhibitors. Specifically, group differences in the right inferior frontal gyrus, right middle occipital gyrus, and left inferior frontal gyrus are diminished when differences in objective task difficulty are controlled for. Also, when objective task difficulty effects are exaggerated, group differences in stop related activity emerge in other regions of the stopping network. The implications of these effects for how we interpret individual differences in activity levels are discussed.
Altered brain function in persistent postural perceptual dizziness: A study on resting state functional connectivity
Authors: Lee Jin‐Ok , Lee Eek‐Sung , Kim Ji‐Soo , Lee Young‐Beom , Jeong Yong , Choi Byung Se , Kim Jae‐Hyoung , Staab Jeffrey P. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis study used resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) to investigate whole brain networks in patients with persistent postural perceptual dizziness (PPPD). We compared rsfMRI data from 38 patients with PPPD and 38 healthy controls using whole brain and region of interest analyses. We examined correlations among connectivity and clinical variables and tested the ability of a machine learning algorithm to classify subjects using rsfMRI results. Patients with PPPD showed: (a) increased connectivity of subcallosal cortex with left superior lateral occipital cortex and left middle frontal gyrus, (b) decreased connectivity of left hippocampus with bilateral central opercular cortices, left posterior opercular cortex, right insular cortex and cerebellum, and (c) decreased connectivity between right nucleus accumbens and anterior left temporal fusiform cortex. After controlling for anxiety and depression as covariates, patients with PPPD still showed decreased connectivity between left hippocampus and right inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral temporal lobes, bilateral insular cortices, bilateral central opercular cortex, left parietal opercular cortex, bilateral occipital lobes and cerebellum (bilateral lobules VI and V, and left I–IV). Dizziness handicap, anxiety, and depression correlated with connectivity in clinically meaningful brain regions. The machine learning algorithm correctly classified patients and controls with a sensitivity of 78.4%, specificity of 76.9%, and area under the curve = 0.88 using 11 connectivity parameters. Patients with PPPD showed reduced connectivity among the areas involved in multisensory vestibular processing and spatial cognition, but increased connectivity in networks linking visual and emotional processing. Connectivity patterns may become an imaging biomarker of PPPD.
Applicability of internet search index for asthma admission forecast using machine learning
Authors: Luo Li , Liao Chengcheng , Zhang Fengyi , Zhang Wei , Li Chunyang , Qiu Zhixin , Huang Debin 
Published: April 2018

SummaryObjectiveThis study aimed to determine whether a search index could provide insight into trends in asthma admission in China. An Internet search index is a powerful tool to monitor and predict epidemic outbreaks. However, whether using an internet search index can significantly improve asthma admissions forecasts remains unknown. The long‐term goal is to develop a surveillance system to help early detection and interventions for asthma and to avoid asthma health care resource shortages in advance.MethodsIn this study, we used a search index combined with air pollution data, weather data, and historical admissions data to forecast asthma admissions using machine learning.ResultsResults demonstrated that the best area under the curve in the test set that can be achieved is 0.832, using all predictors mentioned earlier.ConclusionA search index is a powerful predictor in asthma admissions forecast, and a recent search index can reflect current asthma admissions with a lag‐effect to a certain extent. The addition of a real‐time, easily accessible search index improves forecasting capabilities and demonstrates the predictive potential of search index.
Assessment of motivation levels and associated factors among the nursing staff of tertiary‐level government hospitals
Authors: Pandey Rahul , Goel Sonu , Koushal Vipin 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThe present study assessed the motivation level of nurses working in 3 highly decorated tertiary‐level government hospitals of India and also underpins the factors attributing to motivation levels. A sequential mixed‐method design was used in this study wherein 400 nurses working in 5 units of nursing care in the hospitals were enrolled based upon proportionate random stratified sampling techniques. A self‐administered questionnaire with Likert scale was developed based upon scale used by Mbindyo et al. The attributes of motivation were then categorized into external and internal attributes. For the qualitative component, participants with varied responses in quantitative data were selected and interviewed. Overall mean motivation score of the nursing staff was found 3.57 ± 0.93, which was higher for extrinsic motivational attributes (3.67 ± 0.88) as compared with intrinsic attributes (3.47 ± 0.98). The intrinsic motivational attribute of organizational commitment was rated highest followed by general motivation, conscientiousness, and self‐efficacy. Personal issues, timeliness, and burnout were prime discouraging attributes among study participants. Sociodemographic characteristics and work profile characteristics showed significant relationship with the attributes of motivation. This study underscores the significance of different attributes of motivation which needs to be considered while framing administrative strategies and policy guidelines by authorities.