bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Conditions of Equality of Statical Stability, between the Dirigibles “ Patrie ” and “ Zeppelin, ”
Authors: Castagneris Guido 
Published: June 2019

In a paper published in the Journal of the Aëronautical Society of Italy, p. 267 (1906), I explained some interesting points regarding certain constructional technical advantages, dynamic and economic, special to the systems of dirigibles, which have a cylindrical form of great length, a very much reduced midship section, and a minimum distance between the point of action of the ascensional force and the axis of the car, of which the “ Zeppelin ” shows, in practice, a very successful example.Mr. Laboccetta, in his paper, in the same Journal, page 2, 1907, when comparing certain types of dirigibles, pointed out the influence of the co-efficients of resistance to forward movement, the value of extended forms, the importance of fair shapes and lifting power, and showed the advantages of the extended shape in certain cases.
High Rates of N2 Fixation in Temperate, Western North Atlantic Coastal Waters Expand the Realm of Marine Diazotrophy
Authors: Mulholland M. R. , Bernhardt P. W. , Widner B. N. , Selden C. R. , Chappell P. D. , Clayton S. , Mannino A. , Hyde K. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDinitrogen (N2) fixation can alleviate N limitation of primary productivity by introducing fixed nitrogen (N) to the world's oceans. Although measurements of pelagic marine N2 fixation are predominantly from oligotrophic oceanic regions, where N limitation is thought to favor growth of diazotrophic microbes, here we report high rates of N2 fixation from seven cruises spanning four seasons in temperate, western North Atlantic coastal waters along the North American continental shelf between Cape Hatteras and Nova Scotia, an area representing 6.4% of the North Atlantic continental shelf area. Integrating average areal rates of N2 fixation during each season and for each domain in the study area, the estimated N input from N2 fixation to this temperate shelf system is 0.02 Tmol N/year, an amount equivalent to that previously estimated for the entire North Atlantic continental shelf. Unicellular group A cyanobacteria (UCYN‐A) were most often the dominant diazotrophic group expressing nifH, a gene encoding the nitrogenase enzyme, throughout the study area during all seasons. This expands the domain of these diazotrophs to include coastal waters where dissolved N concentrations are not always depleted. Further, the high rates of N2 fixation and diazotroph diversity along the western North Atlantic continental shelf underscore the need to reexamine the biogeography and the activity of diazotrophs along continental margins. Accounting for this substantial but previously overlooked source of new N to marine systems necessitates revisions to global marine N budgets.
An Experimental Study on Splash Functions of Natural Sand‐Bed Collision
Authors: Chen Youxing , Zhang Jie , Huang Ning , Xu Bin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe interaction between sand particles and sand bed is a key part for the study of wind‐blown sand. The splash functions obtained from experimental observations are of great significance to help us understand relevant physical processes. Due to the adoption of substitute material in experiment and immoderate assumptions in numerical simulation, the results of previous studies are still debatable. This paper experimentally studies on splash functions of natural eolian sand particles by using a self‐developed particle emission system to simulate the splash process. Based on the high‐speed photography technique, the distribution of the angle, speed, and number of the liftoff particles and its quantitative characterization are obtained. The mathematical expectations of relevant variables from this work are comparable with existing results but are quantitatively different from the measured data of substitute particles or the numerical simulated results. More importantly, the detailed statistical characteristics of the natural eolian sand splash function are also extracted from our experimental data, which are really significant for elaborative wind‐blown sand study in the future.
Calibration and Calculation of Polarization Lidar
Authors: Xian Jinhong , Sun Dongsong , Xu Wenjing , Tian Chongguo , Tan Qingzhi , Han Yuli , Yang Shaochen 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAlthough polarization lidar technology has been widely used to detect depolarized particles, many difficulties still exist in measuring accurate values for the depolarization ratio. This ratio is basically related to the difference between the optical and the electronic gain of the lidar's channels, the polarization purity of the laser pulse, and the error in the alignment between the laser's polarization plane and the polarizer. We propose here an algorithm for the calibration and calculation of polarization lidars. Numerical simulations showed that the depolarization ratio profile retrieved from the proposed algorithm agrees well with the simulated profile. The proposed algorithm no longer requires the laser source to be linearly polarized. Instead, the light polarization can be elliptical or random. During the installation process, the polarization of the detector is no longer required to be parallel or perpendicular to the polarization direction of the laser source and can be done in any direction.
Extensive 21st‐Century Woody Encroachment in South America's Savanna
Authors: Rosan Thais M. , Aragão Luiz E.O.C. , Oliveras Imma , Phillips Oliver L. , Malhi Yadvinder , Gloor Emanuel , Wagner Fabien H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWoody encroachment is occurring in all tropical savannas of the world. However, in the Brazilian savanna (the Cerrado), the extent of this phenomenon is still poorly documented. Here woody encroachment was quantified throughout the Cerrado biome and transitional ecotones using a trend analysis of the annual maximum of enhanced vegetation index obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. The associations with potential local drivers, such as fire and land use regime, were assessed using satellite data of land cover and fire regime. We found that 19% of the remaining native vegetation showed significant evidence of woody encroachment in the last 15 years and 7% exhibited degradation processes. The local factors that favored woody expansion in 19% of the biome were a decrease of fire (34%) and land use abandonment (26%). Our study highlights that local human‐associated drivers are playing a major role in woody encroachment and savanna degradation.
Toward a Combined Surface Temperature Data Set for the Arctic From the Along‐Track Scanning Radiometers
Authors: Dodd E. M. A. , Veal K. L. , Ghent D. J. , van den Broeke M. R. , Remedios J. J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSurface temperature data sets for, or including, the Arctic have been derived from various thermal infrared sensors. However, a combined, all surface temperature data set for the Arctic has not been generated previously. Here we present the first combined land, ocean, and ice surface temperature data set for the Arctic produced from Along‐Track Scanning Radiometer ‐ 2 and the Advanced Along‐Track Scanning Radiometer satellite sensors: the Along‐Track Scanning Radiometer Arctic combined Surface Temperature data set. Separate products, produced independently for each sensor and containing quantified uncertainties, together cover the period August 1995 to April 2012. Product validation, utilizing a more extensive in situ database than previous studies, shows that Along‐Track Scanning Radiometer Arctic combined Surface Temperature surface temperatures generally agree with in situ data and are similar to previous validation of input surface temperature retrievals. Biases range from −1.74 to 0.23 K over open ocean, sea ice, snow over land, and the Greenland ice sheet with higher variability over snow/ice. However, there are noticeable outliers in the validation results, particularly over Arctic land in boreal summer for Along‐Track Scanning Radiometer ‐ 2, which are likely due to cloud contamination resulting from a climatologically static snow field being used for that sensor. This study suggests that the Along‐Track Scanning Radiometer Arctic combined Surface Temperature data set presented here is a useful tool for assessment of models in the Arctic. Further work would have clear benefits including improvements to snow cover and cloud clearing to achieve a fully consistently processed, climate quality combined surface temperature data set for the Arctic region.
Spatial Distribution of Ray Craters on Callisto: Implications for Ray Retention and Impactor Sources on Jovian Satellites
Authors: Xu Luyuan , Hirata Naoyuki , Miyamoto Hideaki 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRay craters are good indicators for deciphering the most recent cratering rate and surface alteration rate on a solar system solid body. We utilize Voyager and Galileo images to examine the distribution of ray craters (D > 10 km) on Callisto. We identify a total of 57 ray craters and 279 rim deposit craters and find that ray craters (D > 25 km) on Callisto show a pronounced decreasing apex‐antapex asymmetry (i.e., crater density decreases from the center of the leading hemisphere to the center of the trailing hemisphere), which would be consistent with a heliocentric origin, but the degree of the asymmetry is much lower than the theoretical expectation for ecliptic comets. A possible explanation for this is the preferential surface alteration rate on the leading hemisphere. The retention times of ray craters on Callisto are slightly longer than those on the dark terrain of Ganymede; this is possibly because of the substantially weaker micrometeorite gardening or/and sputtering on Callisto than those on Ganymede. The slope of the size‐frequency distribution of ray craters on Callisto is shallower than that of all impact craters, which is due to the higher erasure rate for the smaller craters' rays.
SHOC2 phosphatase-dependent RAF dimerization mediates resistance to MEK inhibition in RAS-mutant cancers
Authors: Jones Greg G. , del Río Isabel Boned , Sari Sibel , Sekerim Aysen , Young Lucy C. , Hartig Nicole , Areso Zubiaur Itziar , El-Bahrawy Mona A. , Hynds Rob E. , Lei Winnie , Molina-Arcas Miriam , Downward Julian , Rodriguez-Viciana Pablo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTargeted inhibition of the ERK-MAPK pathway, upregulated in a majority of human cancers, has been hindered in the clinic by drug resistance and toxicity. The MRAS-SHOC2-PP1 (SHOC2 phosphatase) complex plays a key role in RAF-ERK pathway activation by dephosphorylating a critical inhibitory site on RAF kinases. Here we show that genetic inhibition of SHOC2 suppresses tumorigenic growth in a subset of KRAS-mutant NSCLC cell lines and prominently inhibits tumour development in autochthonous murine KRAS-driven lung cancer models. On the other hand, systemic SHOC2 ablation in adult mice is relatively well tolerated. Furthermore, we show that SHOC2 deletion selectively sensitizes KRAS- and EGFR-mutant NSCLC cells to MEK inhibitors. Mechanistically, SHOC2 deletion prevents MEKi-induced RAF dimerization, leading to more potent and durable ERK pathway suppression that promotes BIM-dependent apoptosis. These results present a rationale for the generation of SHOC2 phosphatase targeted therapies, both as a monotherapy and to widen the therapeutic index of MEK inhibitors.
Single-site glycine-specific labeling of proteins
Authors: Purushottam Landa , Adusumalli Srinivasa Rao , Singh Usha , Unnikrishnan V. B. , Rawale Dattatraya Gautam , Gujrati Mansi , Mishra Ram Kumar , Rai Vishal 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLabeling of native proteins invites interest from diverse segments of science. However, there remains the significant unmet challenge in precise labeling at a single site of a protein. Here, we report the site-specific labeling of natural or easy-to-engineer N-terminus Gly in proteins with remarkable efficiency and selectivity. The method generates a latent nucleophile from N-terminus imine that reacts with an aldehyde to deliver an aminoalcohol under physiological conditions. It differentiates N-Gly as a unique target amongst other proteinogenic amino acids. The method allows single-site labeling of proteins in isolated form and extends to lysed cells. It administers an orthogonal aldehyde group primed for late-stage tagging with an affinity tag, 19F NMR probe, and a fluorophore. A user-friendly protocol delivers analytically pure tagged proteins. The mild reaction conditions do not alter the structure and function of the protein. The cellular uptake of fluorophore-tagged insulin and its ability to activate the insulin-receptor mediated signaling remains unperturbed.
GM1 Ganglioside Modifies α-Synuclein Toxicity and is Neuroprotective in a Rat α-Synuclein Model of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Schneider Jay S. , Aras Radha , Williams Courtney K. , Koprich James B. , Brotchie Jonathan M. , Singh Vikrant 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWhile GM1 may interact with α-synuclein in vitro to inhibit aggregation, the ability of GM1 to protect against α-synuclein toxicity in vivo has not been investigated. We used targeted adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) overexpression of human mutant α-synuclein (A53T) in the rat substantia nigra (SN) to produce degeneration of SN dopamine neurons, loss of striatal dopamine levels, and behavioral impairment. Some animals received daily GM1 ganglioside administration for 6 weeks, beginning 24 hours after AAV-A53T administration or delayed start GM1 administration for 5 weeks beginning 3 weeks after AAV-A53T administration. Both types of GM1 administration protected against loss of SN dopamine neurons and striatal dopamine levels, reduced α-synuclein aggregation, and delayed start administration of GM1 reversed early appearing behavioral deficits. These results extend prior positive results in MPTP models, are consistent with the results of a small clinical study of GM1 in PD patients that showed slowing of symptom progression with chronic use, and argue for the continued refinement and development of GM1 as a potential disease modifying therapy for PD.
Nocturnal enuresis in obese children: a nation-wide epidemiological study from China
Authors: Zhang Anyi , Li Shenghui , Zhang Yiwen , Jiang Fan , Jin Xingming , Ma Jun 
Published: June 2019

AbstractChildhood obesity increases the risk of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular abnormalities, and psychological and behavioral disorders. But it is unclear whether obesity is associated with childhood nocturnal enuresis (NE). This study aimed to assess the relationship between childhood obesity and NE in a nationally representative large sample in China. Subjects were enrolled from Urumqi, Chengdu, Xi’an, Hohhot, Wuhan, Canton, Shanghai, and Harbin cities in China in November and December 2005. The survey included 20,987 children aged 5–12 years and they and their caregivers completed questionnaires. Height and weight were measured by school teachers trained in healthcare. According to the WHO child growth standards, obesity was defined as a body mass index >95th percentile of peers with the same age and gender. NE was defined as bed wetting for more than twice a week for 3 consecutive months. Demographic variables were compared among different groups. The prevalence of obesity, asthma, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depressive moods, and snoring were different between the NE and without-NE groups (P < 0.05). The raw odds ratio (OR) for NE and obesity was 1.36 (95%CI = 1.07–1.74; P = 0.013) and the adjusted OR was 1.42 (95%CI = 1.11–1.82; P = 0.005) in the multivariable analysis. When adjusting for co-occurring conditions, the results showed that asthma did not affect the risk of NE (OR = 1.42, 95%CI = 1.11–1.82; P = 0.005), but ADHD (OR = 1.41; 95%CI = 1.10–1.81; P = 0.006) and depressive moods (OR = 1.34; 95%CI = 1.07–1.76; P = 0.012) slightly weakens the association between NE in children and obesity, while snoring weakens the association between obesity and NE and the risk became non-significant (OR = 1.21; 95%CI = 0.94–1.56; P = 0.138). In conclusion, obese children were at a higher risk of incurring NE compared to non-obese children. This association was weaker in children who either snored, had ADHD, or had depressive mood.
Context dependent life-history shift in Macrodinychus sellnicki mites attacking a native ant host in Colombia
Authors: Pérez-Lachaud Gabriela , Klompen Hans , Poteaux Chantal , Santamaría Carlos , Armbrecht Inge , Beugnon Guy , Lachaud Jean-Paul 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAnt parasitoidism has been reported in seven of the 26 recognized species of the mite genusMacrodinychus(Machrodynichidae).Macrodynichus sellnicki, previously reported as a parasitoid of the invasive antNylanderia fulvain Colombia, is now reported, in the same region, as attacking a native host,Ectatommasp. 2 (E.ruidumcomplex). The mite develops within the protective silk cocoon of anEctatommapupa and waits for the emergence of the young ant before leaving the cocoon, unmolested. Overall nest prevalence was relatively high (34.6% of the 52 nests containing cocoons) but pupae prevalence was low (4.0%, n = 1401 cocoons). Mite life-history (parasite or parasitoid) was context dependent, shifting according to the intensity of the attack on a same host. Contrary to the strictly parasitoidic association ofM.sellnickiwithN.fulva, single mite attacks againstE.ruidumdid not result in host killing and solitaryM.sellnicki(78.6% of the cases) behaved as parasites. However, in 21.4% of the attacks (0.9% of all available host pupae) more than one mite was involved and behaved as parasitoids, draining the host of its internal fluids and killing it. This is the first association of a macrodinychid mite with a species of the subfamily Ectatomminae, and the first ant associated mite for which such a context dependent life-style shift is described.
Changes in the population and community structure of corals during recent disturbances (February 2016-October 2017) on Maldivian coral reefs
Authors: Pisapia C. , Burn D. , Pratchett M. S. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractClimate change is the greatest threat to coral reef ecosystems. In particular, increasing ocean temperatures are causing severe and widespread coral bleaching, contributing to extensive coral loss and degradation of coral reef habitats globally. Effects of coral bleaching are not however, equally apportioned among different corals, leading to shifts in population and community structure. This study explored variation in bleaching susceptibility and mortality associated with the 2016 severe mass bleaching in the Central Maldives Archipelago. Five dominant coral taxa (tabularAcropora,Acropora humilis,Acropora muricata,Pocilloporaand massivePorites) were surveyed in February 2016 and October 2017 to test for changes in abundance and size structure. Substantial taxonomic differences in rates of mortality were observed; the most severely affected taxa,Acropora, were virtually extirpated during the course of this study, whereas some other taxa (most notably, massivePorites) were relatively unaffected. However, even the least affected corals exhibited marked changes in population structure. In February 2016 (prior to recent mass-bleaching), size-frequency distributions of all coral taxa were dominated by larger size classes with over-centralized, peaked distributions (negatively skewed with positive kurtosis) reflecting a mature population structure. In October 2017, after the bleaching, coral populations were dominated by smaller and medium size classes, reflecting high levels of mortality and injury among larger coral colonies. Pronounced changes in coral populations and communities in the Maldives, caused by coral bleaching and other disturbances (outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish and sedimentation), will constrain recovery capacity, further compounding upon recent coral loss.
Inverted U-shaped response of a standardized extract of Centella asiatica (ECa 233) on memory enhancement
Authors: Boondam Yingrak , Songvut Phanit , Tantisira Mayuree H. , Tapechum Sompol , Tilokskulchai Kanokwan , Pakaprot Narawut 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe herb Centella asiaticahas long been considered a memory tonic. A recent review found no strong evidence for improvement of cognitive function, suggesting negative results were due to limitations in dose, standardization and product variation. We used a standardized extract ofC. asiatica(ECa 233) to study behavioral, cellular and molecular effects on learning and memory enhancement. ECa 233 (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) was given orally to normal rats twice a day for 30 days. We used the Morris water maze to test spatial learning and performed acute brain slice recording to measure changes of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, a core brain region for memory formation. Plasticity-related protein expressions (NR2A, NR2B, PSD-95, BDNF and TrkB) in hippocampus was also measured. Rats receiving 10 and 30 mg/kg doses showed significantly enhanced memory retention, and hippocampal long-term potentiation; however, only the 30 mg/kg dose showed increased plasticity-related proteins. There was an inverted U-shaped response of ECa 233 on memory enhancement; 30 mg/kg maximally enhanced memory retention with an increase of synaptic plasticity and plasticity-related proteins in hippocampus. Our data clearly support the beneficial effect on memory retention of a standardized extract ofCentella asiaticawithin a specific therapeutic range.
Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green is not a Suitable Probe for 1O2 in the Presence of Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Liu Huanhuan , Carter Philippe J. H. , Laan Adrianus C. , Eelkema Rienk , Denkova Antonia G. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA great number of fluorescent probes have been developed for detecting singlet oxygen (1O2), which is considered to be one of the most effective reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially in clinical applications. The commercially available fluorescent probe Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green (SOSG) is widely used due to its reported high selectivity to 1O2. In this study, we carried out systemic experiments to determine the activation of SOSG in the presence of ionizing radiation. The results show that the SOSG probe exhibits a pronounced fluorescence increase as a function of radiation dose delivered by gamma-rays as well as X-rays, in conditions where the formation of singlet oxygen is not expected. Furthermore, scavenger tests indicate that hydroxyl radicals may be involved directly or indirectly in the activation process of SOSG although the exact mechanism remains unknown.
Insight into the structural stability of wild-type and histidine mutants in Pin1 by experimental and computational methods
Authors: Wang Wang , Xi Lei , Xiong Xiuhong , Li Xue , Zhang Qingyan , Yang Wentao , Du Linfang 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPin1, a polypeptide proline isomerase parvulin, plays a key role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), common tumors and cancers. Two conservative histidine residues, His59 and His157, are important for maintaining the stability of the PPIase domain. Hence multiple spectral and computational techniques were performed to investigate the potential mechanism of two histidine residues. Thermal denaturation indicated that both residues His59 and His157 are not sensitive to the lower temperatures, while residue His59 is more sensitive to the higher temperatures than residue His157. Acidic denaturation suggested that influences of both residues His59 and His157 to acidic stability were the difference from Pin1-WT. ANS and RLS spectra hinted that there was no significant effect on hydrophobic change and aggregation by histidine mutations. The GndHCl-induced denaturation implied that residues His59 and His157 contributed the most to the chemical stability. MD simulations revealed that residues His59 and His157 mutations resulted in that the hydrogen bond network of the dual histidine motif was destroyed wholly. In summary, these histidine residues play an important role in maintaining the structural stability of the PPIase domain.