bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Persuasion Occur?
Authors: Bromwich David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The question whether persuasion occurs is surprisingly hard to answer. J. L. Austin provided specimens of verbal formulae that perform actions in the course of being said or by virtue of having been said, and illustrations of this kind may be found in poetry as well as in ordinary speech. But impassioned speech itself may yield effects it could never have anticipated. We can be fairly sure they will happen, but we cannot accurately predict what they will be. Examples include the complex political influence traceable to Edmund Burke’s anti-revolutionary pamphlet A Letter to a Noble Lord, and the difficulty of knowing how to judge the characters in certain novels and stories by Henry James. The ascribed intention seems to depend on the personal experience or the aesthetic refinement of the reader, and often some combination of the two.
What Are We Allowed to Say?
Authors: Bromwich David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Liberty of thought and discussion, as it came to be understood in Europe and North America, arose from the schismatic energies of the Protestant reformation and the political idealisms of the Enlightenment. The uncertain future of the principle can be estimated by the spread of demands for codified speech and the widening context of recent proposals for censorship—proposals that are often advanced in the cause of cultural identity and sensitivity. Libertarian writings by Milton and Mill are pertinent for their emphasis on the connection between free speech and “moral courage,” and for their warning against the supposition that the future course of moral progress is already known to some people. The distinction between words and actions is worth preserving, as much as the distinction between persuasion and force. Censorship presumes an innocence in the censor that can never be humanly tenable.
Feminist Dialogues
Authors: Heathcote Gina 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to the core concerns of the text, including the arguments made regarding gender law reform as a marker of feminist successes in international law, the range of feminist methodologies deployed throughout the text, and the structure of the book as a whole. The chapter reviews contemporary gender law reform, as successes and as embedding feminist tensions, to consider future feminist dialogues on international law. Chapter 1 argues for the use of intersectional feminist approaches alongside a politics of difference to embed feminist methodologies alongside feminist messages within international law. The chapter also identifies queer, crip, postcolonial, transnational, and critical scholarship that might be drawn into feminist dialogues on law.
Authority
Authors: Heathcote Gina 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines what authority is given to specific feminist actors to speak and what authority is imagined lying within the domain of legal acts. A study of the convergence of the women, peace, and security agenda and the counterterrorism agenda is offered in this chapter, as is a study of alternative sites of feminist engagement with law, from the use of protest in Uganda to the manipulation of digital spaces by Chinese feminist activists. Connecting to the larger theme of the book as a feminist dialogue, the chapter evolves into a study of how different discourses converge to give the author voice and authority, questioning whose silences that authority depends upon. The chapter draws upon Black British feminists and indigenous Australian authors to question white, Western feminist’s complicity in the production of privilege and to explore the steps that are necessary to commence feminist dialogues on international law.
Fight or flight? Potential tradeoffs between drought defense and reproduction in conifers
Authors: Lauder Jeffrey D , Moran Emily V , Hart Stephen C 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPlants frequently exhibit tradeoffs between reproduction and growth when resources are limited, and often change these allocation patterns in response to stress. Shorter-lived plants such as annuals tend to allocate relatively more resources toward reproduction when stressed, while longer-lived plants tend to invest more heavily in survival and stress defense. However, severe stress may affect the fitness implications of allocating relatively more resources to reproduction versus stress defense. Increased drought intensity and duration have led to widespread mortality events in coniferous forests. In this review, we ask how potential tradeoffs between reproduction and survival influence the likelihood of drought-induced mortality and species persistence. We propose that trees may exhibit what we call ‘fight or flight’ behaviors under stress. ‘Fight’ behaviors involve greater resource allocation toward survival (e.g., growth, drought-resistant xylem and pest defense). ‘Flight’ consists of higher relative allocation of resources to reproduction, potentially increasing both offspring production and mortality risk for the adult. We hypothesize that flight behaviors increase as drought stress escalates the likelihood of mortality in a given location.
Beyond the extreme: recovery of carbon and water relations in woody plants following heat and drought stress
Authors: Ruehr Nadine K , Grote Rüdiger , Mayr Stefan , Arneth Almut 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPlant responses to drought and heat stress have been extensively studied, whereas post-stress recovery, which is fundamental to understanding stress resilience, has received much less attention. Here, we present a conceptual stress-recovery framework with respect to hydraulic and metabolic functioning in woody plants. We further synthesize results from controlled experimental studies following heat or drought events and highlight underlying mechanisms that drive post-stress recovery. We find that the pace of recovery differs among physiological processes. Leaf water potential and abscisic acid concentration typically recover within few days upon rewetting, while leaf gas exchange-related variables lag behind. Under increased drought severity as indicated by a loss in xylem hydraulic conductance, the time for stomatal conductance recovery increases markedly. Following heat stress release, a similar delay in leaf gas exchange recovery has been observed, but the reasons are most likely a slow reversal of photosynthetic impairment and other temperature-related leaf damages, which typically manifest at temperatures above 40 °C. Based thereon, we suggest that recovery of gas exchange is fast following mild stress, while recovery is slow and reliant on the efficiency of repair and regrowth when stress results in functional impairment and damage to critical plant processes. We further propose that increasing stress severity, particular after critical stress levels have been reached, increases the carbon cost involved in reestablishing functionality. This concept can guide future experimental research and provides a base for modeling post-stress recovery of carbon and water relations in trees.
Identifying Predictors of Higher Acute Care Costs for Patients With Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury and Modeling Acute Care Pathway Redesign: A Record Linkage Study
Authors: Vaikuntam Bharat Phani , Middleton James Walter , McElduff Patrick , Connelly Luke , Pearse Jim , Stanford Ralph , Walsh John , Sharwood Lisa Nicole 
Published: March 2019

Study Design.
Record linkage study using healthcare utilization and costs data.

Objective.
To identify predictors of higher acute-care treatment costs and length of stay for patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI).

Summary of Background Data.
There are few current or population-based estimates of acute hospitalization costs, length of stay, and other outcomes for people with TSCI, on which to base future planning for specialist SCI health care services.

Methods.
Record linkage study using healthcare utilization and costs data; all patients aged more than or equal to 16 years with incident TSCI in the Australian state of New South Wales (June 2013–June 2016). Generalized Linear Model regression to identify predictors of higher acute care treatment costs for patients with TSCI. Scenario analysis quantified the proportionate cost impacts of patient pathway modification.

Results.
Five hundred thirty-four incident cases of TSCI (74% male). Total cost of all acute index episodes approximately AUD$40.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] ±4.5) million; median cost per patient was AUD$45,473 (Interquartile Range: $15,535–$94,612). Patient pathways varied; acute care was less costly for patients admitted directly to a specialist spinal cord injury unit (SCIU) compared with indirect transfer within 24 hours. Over half (53%) of all patients experienced at least one complication during acute admission; their care was less costly if they had been admitted directly to SCIU. Scenario analysis demonstrated that a reduction of indirect transfers to SCIU by 10% yielded overall cost savings of AUD$3.1 million; an average per patient saving of AUD$5,861.

Conclusion.
Direct transfer to SCIU for patients with acute TSCI resulted in lower treatment costs, shorter length of stay, and less costly complications. Modeling showed that optimizing patient-care pathways can result in significant acute-care cost savings. Reducing potentially preventable complications would further reduce costs and improve longer-term patient outcomes.

Level of Evidence: 3
Motor and Sensory Impairments of the Lower Extremities After L2 Nerve Root Transection During Total en Bloc Spondylectomy
Authors: Kato Satoshi , Murakami Hideki , Demura Satoru , Ota Takashi , Takahashi Naoki , Yoshioka Katsuhito , Shinmura Kazuya , Yokogawa Noriaki , Kawahara Norio , Tomita Katsuro , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2019

Study Design.
Retrospective study.

Objective.
The purpose of this study was to examine motor and sensory impairments of the lower extremities after L2 nerve root transection during total en bloc spondylectomy (TES) for spinal tumors.

Summary of Background Data.
At our institute, for TES at L3 to L5 lumbar levels, the nerve roots are preserved. However, at the level of L1 and L2, the vertebral resection and spinal reconstruction via a posterior approach is employed with transection of the nerve roots during dissection and resection of the vertebra.

Methods.
This study included 13 patients who had undergone TES for spinal tumors involving L2 between 2007 and 2016. Postoperative motor function of the lower extremities was quantified using the Manual Muscle Testing grade for the iliopsoas (IP) and quadriceps femoris (QF) muscles, and a grade of the modified Frankel Classification. Postoperative sensory impairment was quantified by the sites of lower extremity pain and numbness.

Results.
An initial decrease in strength of the IP and QF muscles in more than 60% of the patients, with a decline in the modified Frankel grade in 76.9%, was observed at 1-week after surgery. All patients recovered by the final follow-up, with 12 of the 13 patients walking without a gait aid. The other patient, who had undergone a bilateral dissection of L3 nerve root during TES of L2 and L3, had a mild QF muscle weakness, requiring a cane for walking. Eleven of 13 patients developed pain or numbness in the groin or thigh area after surgery, with the most common area being the anterior aspect of the thigh.

Conclusion.
Although IP and QF weakness was observed in the majority of patients who underwent bilateral transection of L2 nerve roots during TES, these deficits recovered over time and did not finally affect activities of daily living.

Level of Evidence: 4
Reporting of Organ Support Outcomes in Septic Shock Randomized Controlled Trials: A Methodologic Review—The Sepsis Organ Support Study
Authors: Bourcier Simon , Hindlet Patrick , Guidet Bertrand , Dechartres Agnès 
Published: March 2019

Objectives:
Many recent randomized controlled trials in the field of septic shock failed to demonstrate a benefit on mortality. Randomized controlled trials increasingly report organ support duration and organ support-free days as primary or secondary outcomes. We conducted a methodologic systematic review to assess how organ support outcomes were defined and reported in septic shock randomized controlled trials.

Data Sources:
MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science.

Study Selection:
We included randomized controlled trials published between January 2004 and March 2018 that involved septic shock adults and assessed organ support duration and/or organ support-free days for hemodynamic support, respiratory support, or renal replacement therapy.

Data Extraction:
For each randomized controlled trial, we extracted the definitions of organ support duration and organ support-free days. We particularly evaluated how nonsurvivors were accounted for. Study authors were contacted to provide any missing information regarding these definitions.

Data Synthesis:
We included 28 randomized controlled trials. Organ support duration and organ support-free days outcomes were reported in 17 and 15 randomized controlled trials, respectively, for hemodynamic support, 15 and 15 for respiratory support, and five and nine for renal replacement therapy. Nonsurvivors were included in the organ support duration calculation in 13 of 14 randomized controlled trials (93%) for hemodynamic support and nine of 10 (90%) for respiratory support. The organ support-free days definition for hemodynamic support, respiratory support, and renal replacement therapy was reported in six of 15 randomized controlled trials (40%), eight of 15 randomized controlled trials (53%), and six of nine randomized controlled trials (67%) reporting an organ support-free days outcome, respectively. Of these, one half assigned “0” to nonsurvivors, and the other half attributed one point per day alive free of organ support up to a predefined time point.

Conclusions:
This study highlights the heterogeneity and infrequency of organ support duration/organ support-free days outcome reporting in septic shock trials. When reported, the definitions of these outcome measures and methods of calculation are also infrequently reported, in particular how nonsurvivors were accounted for, which may have an important impact on interpretation.
Cancer cachexia, a clinical challenge
Authors: Argilés Josep M. , Busquets Sílvia , López-Soriano Francisco Javier 
Published: March 2019

Purpose of review
The aim of this article is to review the metabolic background of the cachectic syndrome and to analyze the recent therapeutic approaches designed to counteract the wasting suffered by the cancer patient with cachexia.

Recent findings
The main changes associated with the development of this multiorganic syndrome are glucose intolerance, fat depletion and muscle protein hypercatabolism. Among the most promising approaches for the treatment of cachexia include the use of ghrelin agonists, beta-blockers, beta-adrenergic agonists, androgen receptor agonists and antimyostatin peptides. The multitargeted approach seems essential in these treatments, which should include the combination of both nutritional support, drugs and a suitable program of physical exercise, in order to ameliorate both anorexia and the metabolic changes associated with cachexia. In addition, another very important aspect for the design of clinical trials for the treatment of cancer cachexia is to staging cancer patients in relation with the degree of cachexia, in order to start as early as possible, this triple approach in the course of the disease, even before weight loss can be detected.

Summary
Cancer cachexia has two main components: anorexia and metabolic alterations and both have to be taken into consideration for the treatment of the syndrome.
Immunotherapy in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: current and emerging treatments
Authors: Gupta Mohit , Kates Max , Bivalacqua Trinity J. 
Published: March 2019

Purpose of review
There is a significant unmet need for efficacious second-line treatment options for patients who have failed bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy for nonmuscle invasive urothelial carcinoma (NMIBC). Recent advances in our understanding of systemic immunotherapy have transformed the management of advanced urothelial carcinoma and have led to the development of multiple novel agents. Using this insight, these agents are now being investigated for use in NMIBC.

Recent findings
Although BCG has been used to treat high-risk NMIBC for decades, new applications of immunotherapy include the use of exogenous cytokines to boost immune response, vaccines to activate the immune system against specific tumor-associated antigens, intravesical agents that cause generalized local inflammation, and targeted antibodies against proteins on the surface of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Although most of these agents are still being investigated in clinical trials and are not yet considered standard of care, they hold significant promise in the treatment of patients with high-risk NMIBC.

Summary
The use of immunotherapy has significantly improved survival outcomes in advanced urothelial carcinoma. Based on rapid advances in our understanding of the immune system and tumor biology, these agents are also poised to alter the therapeutic landscape for NMIBC dramatically as clinical trials are completed.
New research strategies in retroperitoneal sarcoma. The case of TARPSWG, STRASS and RESAR: making progress through collaboration
Authors: van Houdt Winan J. , Raut Chandrajit P. , Bonvalot Sylvie , Swallow Carol J. , Haas Rick , Gronchi Alessandro 
Published: March 2019

Purpose of review
Retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS) is a rare disease, and until recently, its natural history and outcome were poorly understood. Recently, collaborations between individual centers have led to an unprecedented collection of retrospective and prospective data and successful recruitment to the first randomized trial as described here.

Recent findings
A debate about the beneficial role of extended surgery in RPS triggered an initial collaboration between Europe and North America, the TransAtlantic RetroPeritoneal Sarcoma Working Group (TARPSWG). This collaboration has been instrumental in harmonizing the surgical approach among expert centers, characterizing the pattern of postresection failure of the different histological subtypes, identifying new ways to stage RPS and testing the role of preoperative radiotherapy in a randomized fashion (STRASS-1 study). The collaboration has now expanded to include centers from Asia, Australia and South America. A prospective registry has been started and a new randomized trial, STRASS-2, is in preparation to analyze the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for high-grade liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma of the retroperitoneum.

Summary
Collaboration is critical to study a rare disease like RPS. Both retrospective and prospective data are useful to improve knowledge, generate hypotheses and build evidence to test, whenever possible, in clinical trials.
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Is Associated With Middle Cerebral Artery Blood Flow Velocity in Older Adults
Authors: Perdomo Sophy J. , Ward Jaimie , Liu Yumei , Vidoni Eric D. , Sisante Jason F. , Kirkendoll Kiersten , Burns Jeffrey M. , Billinger Sandra A. 
Published: March 2019

Purpose:The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of cardiovascular disease (CVD) on middle cerebral blood flow velocity (MCAv) at rest and during exercise. A secondary aim was to explore the relationship between MCAv and (1) the presence of white matter lesions (WMLs) and (2) cognitive function.Methods:We recruited individuals who were cognitively normal older adults. Cardiovascular disease risk was assessed by the Pooled Cohort atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk score. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound measured middle cerebral artery at rest and during a bout of moderate-intensity exercise. We quantified WMLs from magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive function outcomes included executive function, language, processing speed, and attention.Results:Seventy-two participants 70.1 ± 4.7 years of age completed the study protocol. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score was significantly associated with resting and exercise MCAv (P< .01) but not associated with WMLs (P> .468). We observed a significant association between resting and exercise MCAv and language processing (P= .010) but not other cognitive domains.Conclusions:In cognitively normal older adults, higher ASCVD risk score was associated with blunted resting and exercise MCAv and with lower language processing performance. These results highlight the need for CVD risk management to maintain optimal brain health.
Physical Exertion Immediately Before Early Preterm Delivery
Authors: Chahal Harpreet S. , Gelaye Bizu , Mostofsky Elizabeth , Sanchez Sixto E. , Mere Juan F. , Mercado Francisco G. , Pacora Percy , Williams Michelle A. 
Published: March 2019

Background:
Occupational exertion is associated with a higher risk of preterm delivery, although studies of leisure time activities generally document reduced risks. Less is known about the risk of preterm delivery immediately following episodes of moderate or heavy physical exertion.

Methods:
We conducted a case–crossover study of 722 women interviewed during their hospital stay for early preterm delivery, defined by a gestational age before 34 weeks, and after 20 weeks. Interviews occurred between March 2013 and December 2015 in seven hospitals in Lima, Peru.

Results:
The incidence rate ratio (RR) of early preterm delivery was 5.82-fold higher (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.29, 7.36) in the hour following moderate or heavy physical exertion compared with other times and returned to baseline in the hours thereafter. The RR of early preterm delivery within an hour of physical exertion was lower for exertion at moderate intensity (RR = 2.43; 95% CI = 1.50, 3.96) than at heavy intensity (RR = 23.62; 95% CI = 15.54, 35.91; P-homogeneity < 0.001). The RR of early preterm delivery was lower in the hour following moderate physical exertion among women who habitually engaged in physical exertion >3 times per week in the year before pregnancy (RR = 1.56; 95% CI = 0.81, 3.00) compared with more sedentary women (RR = 6.91; 95% CI = 3.20, 14.92; P-homogeneity = 0.003).

Conclusions:
Our study showed a heightened risk of early preterm delivery in the hour following moderate or heavy physical exertion.