bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generalised Model of the Effect of Different Control Measures in Reducing Health Risks from Waste Reuse†
Authors: Blumenthal U. J. , Strauss M. , Mara D. D. , Cairncross S. 
Published: May 2018

Health risks from wastewater and excreta reuse are assessed using an epidemiological definition of attributable risk instead of the presence of a microbiological hazard. Measures for health protection need not rely on total pathogen removal by waste treatment processes but may include ways to prevent direct human exposure to the wastes. The range of possible options for health protection includes: waste treatment, crop restriction, localised application methods, control of human exposure, and combinations of the different methods. A generalised model is used to show the effectiveness of each option in reducing health risks to agricultural workers and consumers of the crops grown. Three different regimes are available for rendering waste reuse ‘safe' to both workers and consumers, and several regimes are capable of reducing but not eliminating health risks. Case studies are given of the application of the model to wastewater and excreta reuse in agriculture and aquaculture in 6 different countries. The model can be used to aid decisions by planners and engineers to ensure that health protection measures are targetted towards specific exposed groups in the population, within their local context.
† The full version of this article will appear in Water Science and Technology, 2l(6/7), 567-577 (1989).
The Relationship between Water-Related Disease and Water Quality with Particular Reference to Urban Water Supply in a Developing Country*
Authors: Lloyd B. J. , Wheeler D. C. , Pardon M. 
Published: May 2018

The problems of urban water supply and water related disease in the Americas are examined in the context of population growth and geographical features. The debate concerning the transmission of potentially water-borne pathogens is discussed. The factors affecting the quality of water supply services in a large metropolitan area (Lima) are described and the epidemiological characteristics of water-related disease summarised and compared with data from Africa (Lesotho).
A water quality additive index is proposed in order to identify the level of risk for each metropolitan district. This incorporates the presence of faecal coliforms and the absence of chlorine residual. A water-related disease product index (DPI) is also proposed which incorporates the incidence of typhoid, hepatitis and diarrhoea. The indices were matched for all districts, where adequate data were available, and a strong correlation was noted. The water quality index was divided into categories (A,B,C) and it was observed that these were generally dependent upon the water supply service levels. It is concluded that disinfection control is grossly deficient in most developing countries but essential for the control of water-borne disease.
* The full version of this article will appear in Water Science and Technology, 21(6/7), 579-591 (1989).
Cyanide Transformation in Anaerobic Phenol-Degrading Methanogenic Cultures
Authors: Fedorak Phillip M. , Hrudey Steve E. 
Published: May 2018

Cyanide, which is inhibitory to methanogenesis, is a common toxic contaminant in a variety of industrial wastewaters. Among these are coal conversion and coking wastewaters which contain phenolics which are amenable to biodegradation by methanogenic consortia.
Semicontinuous anaerobic phenol-degrading cultures were exposed to a range of total cyanide concentrations from 5 to 30 mg/l (free cyanide from 0 to 18 mg/l) for a 140-day period. The higher cyanide concentrations gave longer lag periods before the onset of methane production. After methanogenesis became established, the rate of methane production in cyanide-fed cultures matched that of the cyanide-free controls. In batch cultures, free cyanide was substantially removed before the onset of methanogenesis.
Addition of 14CN− to a semicontinuous culture demonstrated that the majority of the label was transformed to a product that remained in the liguid phase. Although the product has not been identified, thin layer chromatography analysis has shown that it is not one of the following detoxification products reported for aerobic biological systems: thiocyanate, β-cyanoalanine, valine, alanine, aspartate or asparagine; nor is the product ferrocyanide or a cobalt complex.
These studies have shown that methanogenic consortia can detoxify cyanide while they continue to degrade phenol.
A Computerized Degree of Hazard Assessment for Evaluation of Wastes: An Innovative Aid to Management of Residuals
Authors: Plewa Michael J. , Minear Roger A. , Ades-McInerney Diane , Thomas David L. , Miller Gary D. 
Published: May 2018

To determine if a degree of hazard analysis could be implemented, a statistically representative sample of the Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA) Special Wastes and the non-RCRA Special Wastes manifested for disposal in 1984 in Illinois were analyzed. The term “Special Waste” includes all federally-regulated hazardous wastes as well as industrial process wastes and pollution control wastes as defined by the State of Illinois (non-RCRA wastes). A criticism of the present Illinois regulatory system is that all Special Wastes have similar requirements for applications that allow their transport and disposal. The current system does not address the different environmental and health risks posed by these waste streams. A degree of hazard evaluation of Illinois Special Waste streams was an appropriate method to determine the impact of these wastes upon the public health and environment.
To conduct a degree of hazard evaluation of Special Waste streams it is necessary to have quantitative data of high quality. The degree of hazard approach permits a distinction among Special Waste streams based on an estimate of hazard based on scientific evidence. For poorly defined mixtures a need for a set of toxicity assessment tests is clear. Such tests would need to be rapid and within reasonable economic costs. Such a hazard evaluation could be conducted in a consistently fair manner with a high degree of accuracy.
Although this study was not designed to determine how the degree of hazard analysis could be used in a regulatory sense, it does illustrate procedures that could be employed by regulators. The degree of hazard evaluation has the added benefit of being relatively rapid while reducing subjectivity in the decision-making process. Finally, the evaluation can be economically positive in that those industrial waste streams that demand more costly disposal techniques may be identified and separated from those waste streams that pose little hazard to human health and the environment.
The Degradation of Polyelectrolytes in the Environment: Insights Provided by Size Exclusion Chromatography Measurements
Authors: Soponkanaporn Teerapon , Gehr Ronald 
Published: May 2018

Using a recently developed method for analysing high molecular weight polyelectrolytes by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), the degradation due to ageing, ozone, chlorine, and biological processes, of a commercially available cationic polyelectrolyte, was investigated. These polyelectrolytes are widely used in water and wastewater treatment, and residuals discharged into drinking water or into natural water bodies could be subjected to one or more of the above-mentioned degradation processes.
In general, degradation rate increased with decreasing concentration, increasing pH, and increasing temperature. SEC measurements showed that complete degradation (ie to CO2 and other inorganic monomers) occurred only during biodegradation. Ozonation and chlorination increased degradation rates, but also produced refractory compounds. Acrylamide, one of the starting monomers of the copolymer used, was not produced during degradation, and in fact decreased in concentration during all the degradation mechanisms studied. On the other hand, chloroform was produced as a result of interaction with chlorine. At pH 9, the mass produced, 58 µg/mg polyelectrolyte, could result in substandard drinking waters if significant residual concentrations of this polyelectrolyte were chlorinated.
Changes in the Quality of the Danube River Water in the Section Smederevo-Kladovo in the Conditions of Backwater Effects
Authors: Peršić M. , Miloradov M. , Tutundžić V. , Čukić Z. 
Published: May 2018

The paper describes specific changes in the quality of the Danube river water under the conditions of backwater effects in the Hydropower Plant Djerdap I storage. The results of longterm tests in five profiles of the investigated section, at various discharges give a global view of the intensity of changes in the composition of water mass. The analysis included changes in the contents of: organic matter, oxygen regime, reduction of turbidity and changes in the composition and abundance of plankton.
The specific changes in the domain of physico-chemical and biochemical processes and changes in the biological status of the watercourse (composition and structure of plankton) at varying retention times complete the picture of short-term changes in the investigated system. Presentation of some settling effects and processes in the sediment of the storage provides an idea of some long-term changes in the conditions of backwater effects of the Danube in the investigated section.
Evaluation of Waste Water Pollution
Authors: Dular M. , Zagorc-Končan J. 
Published: May 2018

Noxiousness of waste water is directly proportional to the level of its pollution. Different methods for the evaluation of waste water pollution are used throughout the world, the most common being the experimental evaluation method. The method of establishing the charge of pollution or harmfulness of waste water differs from one country to another depending on economic and political factors.
This paper provides an overview of the evaluation of waste water pollution in individual Yugoslav republics and autonomous regions. Due to fundamental differences in methodology, the regulations do not assure an equivalent assessment of polluters throughout the country.
Based on our experimental work and experience from other authors, a methodology for the evaluation of waste water pollution for Slovenia is suggested.
Suivi du fonctionnement d'une station d'epuration associant physico-chimie et biofiltration = Metabief (France)
Authors: Pujol R. 
Published: May 2018

The sewage treatment plant of Metabief (East of France) has been monitored during three weeks in winter 1988. The treatment associates a physico-chemical treatment with a biological process of biofiltration. The first step eliminates about 60 % of the organic matter (COD and BOD). The biofliters improve the treatment removing 60 % of COD influent and 65 % of TSS. The process is efficient (N excepted) under conditions of the experiment but nitrification is limited by cold temperatures (&lt; 10°C).
Important results related to biological sludge product are presented (sludge characteristic, microscopic data, sludge production). Power consumption of biofliters represents 70 % of the total plant needs. Adequate control of washing cycles and close survey of numerous movable devices are of the utmost importance to guarantee the proper operating of biofliters.
Comparison of Various Systems for On-Site Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Fastenau Frits A. , van der Graaf Jaap H. J. M. , Martijnse Gerard 
Published: May 2018

Diffuse pollution, caused by direct discharges from individual houses, small built-up nuclei, farms, camp-sites, etc., for which connection to central wastewater treatment systems is unfeasible, may be significantly reduced by on-site treatment.
Based on a large scale research, including intensive field-research work on 14 systems of different types and sizes in a range equal to population equivalents (p.e) of 5 - 200 persons, 8 different types of system were compared. The comparison involved technological features, such as removal efficiency, reliability, operational and maintenance aspects, environmental impacts and land claims, together with economical features showing significant differences. Advantages and disadvantages of each system are highlighted to enable a selection of suitable systems to be made. When no limiting factors are present, it was found that - in general-infiltration systems (infiltration pits; infiltration trenches) have the best features for on-site treatment up to 100 p.e. For larger capacities, or when infiltration is not possible, the rotating biological contactor will be the best solution mainly because of the lower costs.
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of the Beni Suef City Wastewater Treatment Plant
Authors: Fadel Ahmed 
Published: May 2018

Many of Egypt's cities have existing treatment plants under operation that have been constructed before 1970. Almost all of these treatment plants now need rehabilitation and upgrading to extend their services for a longer period. One of these plants is the Beni Suef City Wastewater Treatment Plant. The Beni Suef WWTP was constructed in 1956. It has primary treatment followed by secondary treatment employing intermediate rate trickling filters. The BOD, COD, and SS concentration levels are relatively high. They are approximately 800, 1100, and 600 mg/litre, respectively.
The Beni Suef city required the determination of the level of work needed for the rehabilitation and upgrading of the existing 200 l/s plant and to extend its capacity to 440 l/s at year 2000 A description of the existing units, their deficiencies and operation problems, and the required rehabilitation are presented and discussed in this paper.
Major problems facing the upgrading were the lack of space for expansion and the shortage of funds. It was, therefore, necessary to study several alternative solutions and methods of treatment. The choice of alternatives was from one of the following schemes: a) changing the filter medium, its mode of operation and increasing the number of units, b) changing the trickling filter to high rate and combining it with the activated sludge process, for operation by one of several possible combinations such as: trickling filter-solids contact, roughing filter-activated sludge, and trickling filter-activated sludge process, c) dividing the flow into two parts, the first part to be treated using the existing system and the second part to be treated by activated sludge process, and d) expanding the existing system by increasing the numbers of the different process units.
The selection of the alternative was based on technical, operational and economic evaluations. The different alternatives were compared on the basis of system costs, shock load handling, treatment plant operation and predicted effluent quality.
The flow schemes for the alternatives are presented. The methodology of selecting the best alternative is discussed.
From the study it was concluded that the first alternative is the most reliable from the point of view of costs, handling shock load, and operation.
Pollutant Removal and Eutrophication in Urban Runoff Detention Ponds
Authors: Toet C. , Hvitved-Jacobsen T. , Yousef Y. A. 
Published: May 2018

A water quality model POND for eutrophication and pollutant removal in urban stormwater runoff detention ponds has been developed. The numerical simulation model is a relatively simple, one-dimensional deterministic water quality model consisting of a set of differential equations. Included are processes describing the removal and accumulation of dissolved and particulate constituents as well as processes concerning the yearly cycle of phytoplankton growth and nutrient transformations. The input to the pond is based on runoff quality data and a historical rainfall record.
The model has been used to simulate eutrophication and removal of phosphorus and heavy metals in an urban runoff detention pond. Especially the importance of the pond volume, i.e. the residence time of the runoff water in the pond, for pollutant removal and eutrophication has been analysed. Simulations were carried out based on measured runoff quality data and a 33 years of rainfall record. Dry, normal and wet years and summers were selected for the analysis.
Characterization of Solids Transferred into Sewer Trunks during Wet Weather
Authors: Chebbo G. , Musquere P. , Milisic V. , Bachoc A. 
Published: May 2018

The paper describes the choice of parameters used to characterise sewer sediments in trunk sewers. Different sampling and measurement methods are compared for a number of sites. The sampling arrangement in the BEQUIGNEAUX retention basin, situated in Bordeaux, is described as an example of the methods used.
The first results of this study are reported in terms of size, vertical settling velocity and density of suspended solids. There is also a report on the reduction in pollution obtained by settlement of solids.
Ecological Waste Treatment and Utilization Systems on Low-Cost, Energy-Saving/Generating and Resources Recoverable Technology for Water Pollution Control in China
Authors: Wang Baozhen 
Published: May 2018

Various ecological waste treatment and utilization systems (EWTUS) available in urban and rural areas in China are described, among which are land treatment and utilization systems (LTUS), eco-pond systems mainly consisting of macrohydrophytes-growing ponds, fish ponds and duck/geese ponds, and comprehensive circulation eco–systems for the treatment and utilization of wastes in rural areas, such as semi–closed eco–system in fish ponds, “rice–fish” and “rice–azolla–fish” symbiotic systems, recycling eco–systems with methane-generating digesters as central link, and comprehensive recycling eco–systems with digesters and eco–ponds as central link.
In the various EWTUS, the sewage and wastewaters and other wastes are utilized and converted into various forms of recoverable resources and/or energy, while they are being purified to good quality effluents, meeting their respective discharge standards, and hence acceptable to receiving waters.
Experimental Studies on the Purification of Wastewater in Water Peanut Ponds
Authors: Xu Hang , Yang Quanda , Liu Runfen , Ma Fang , He Jin 
Published: May 2018

Experiments on the efficiency, mechanism and hydraulic flow pattern of wastewater purification, especially the removal of N and P, in water peanut (Alternathera Philoxeroides) ponds are introduced in this paper. The results obtained show that water peanut pond advances over the symbiotic bacteria/algae systems pond and duckweed pond in removing COD, BOD5, TN, NH3–N, TP and phosphate salts at higher efficiencies. In comparison with water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes) pond, water peanut pond has higher removal efficiencies in removing BOD5, COD, TN and NH3–N and lower efficiencies in removing TP and PO43–.
The mechanism of the high pollutant removal efficiencies in the water peanut pond, which is proved through the experiments, is as follows: dominant bacteria such as Bacillus, Pseecomonas and Alcaligenes adhering to the root system of the plants help to achieve the efficient degradation of C, N and P containing matters into CO2, NH4–N and PO43−–P, which are then taken up by the roots for the growth and generation of the plants; this is the main mechanism of N and P removal from the wastewater. Due to the smaller number of nitrifying bacteria and algae existing in the pond, there will be no further concern of pH increase in the pond, hence the contribution of nitrification, denitrification, NH3release and settling of hydroxylopatite caused by the reaction of phosphate and calcium in N and P removal was negligible.
It was also determined through the experiments that the flow pattern in the rectangular water peanut pond was close to plug flow.
Model and Numerical Studies on Buoyant Jets in Crossflows: Yantai Marine Outfall System
Authors: Gu Guowei , Wei Heping , Cai Bute 
Published: May 2018

The main object of this model research is to study the dilution and diffusion of buoyant jets in crossflows. Combining with a prototype project of municipal sewerage discharge for Yantai, the model tests were taken. Froude's law was used to design the model, and an undistorted model has been adopted. The length scale is taken as l:100. Six integral control equations were deduced, with which we can calculate initial dilution, rise height and spreading width of buoyant jet in the near field.
According to model tests and calculated results of integral control equations, we suggest the essential parameters to be used in the diffuser project at Yantai.
Comparison of Aeration Equipment under Operating Conditions
Authors: Frey W. 
Published: May 2018

In the course of investigations in order to control the efficiency of aeration equipment or to judge the loading of technical activated sludge plants the oxygenation capacity under operating conditions has been evaluated. Plants for industrial as well as for domestic waste water have been investigated.
The investigations were conducted on the oxygenation characteristics - the connection between oxygenation efficiency and specific power consumption, the flexibility of aeration control and adaptability of the aeration equipment to varying demands. Besides these parameters that can be classified quantitatively, practical experiences from the operational point of view as well as the aging properties will be dealt with. Moreover criteria for the selection of compressors and pumps as well as problems of air distribution at compressed air aeration systems, with the related problems for measurements and control of air flow, will be discussed.
Application of New Coalescence Method for Treatment of Emulsified Petroleum Products Wastewater
Authors: Sedlukho Y. P. 
Published: May 2018

The problems of applying new method of coalescence of emulsified oil products on the surface of hydrophobic filtering materials during purification of oil-containing waste water are discussed. The results of some theoretical and experimental research are listed. During the research granulated polymers (polyethylene, polypropylene) and hydrophobic quartz sand were used as filtering materials.
The research reveals the fundamental processes which are occurring. The main principles of technological computation as well as those of designing installations and separate elements of installations are worked out. The paper shows that it is possible to achieve rather a high efficiency of separating water/oil emulsions if filtering materials and technological parameters are selected properly.
The paper is based on the results of recent research carried out under the guidance of the author at the Novopolotsk Polytechnic Institute.
Application of Disk Aerators to Recarbonation of Alkaline Wastewater from Wet Gasification of Carbide
Authors: Gomólka E. , Gomólka B. 
Published: May 2018

Whenever possible, neutralization of alkaline wastewater should involve low-cost acid. It is conventional to make use of carbonic acid produced via the reaction of carbon dioxide (contained in flue gases) with water according to the following equation:
Carbon dioxide content in the flue gas stream varies from 10% to 15%. The flue gas stream may either be passed to the wastewater contained in the recarbonizers, or. enter the scrubbers (which are continually sprayed with wastewater) from the bottom in oountercurrent. The reactors, in which recarbonation occurs, have the ability to expand the contact surface between gaseous and liquid phase. This can be achieved by gas phase dispersion in the liquid phase (bubbling), by liquid phase dispersion in the gas phase (spraying), or by bubbling and spraying, and mixing. These concurrent operations are carried out during motion of the disk aerator (which is a patent claim).
The authors describe the functioning of the disk aerator, the composition of the wastewater produced during wet gasification of carbide, the chemistry of recarbonation and decarbonation, and the concept of applying the disk aerator so as to make the wastewater fit for reuse (after suitable neutralization) as feeding water in acetylene generators.