bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The voluntary feed intake and weight gain of lambs given compound concentrate feeds containing rapeseed meal with a range of glucosinolate contents
Authors: Vincent Isobel C , Thompson J , Hill R 
Published: June 2019

Lambs given ad, libitum, a compound concentrate feed containing a high proportion of a high glucosinolate rapeseed meal gained weight at a significantly lower rate than similar lambs given a concentrate feed based on soyabean meal (Stedman et al, 1983). The glucosinolate content of the concentrate feed containing rapeseed meal was just over 20 µmol/g. In the experiment described here the effects on lamb weight gain and concentrate intake were determined from a range of compound feeds containing the same proportion of rapeseed meal but different glucosinolate contents, to a maximum approaching 20 µmol/g.Two rapeseed meals were used, one of low glucosinolate content (Dolar-DRSM), about 3.5 µmol/g, and the other of high glucosinolate content (autumn UK sown variety - BRSM), about 85 µmol/g. Eight compound concentrate feeds were prepared (Table 1), all containing 0.20 rapeseed meal but having calculated glucosinolate contents of 0 to 17.5 µmol/g. Their ME value was 12.5 MJ and CP 200 g/kg DM. The mineral and vitamin supplement provided 0,8 mg I/kg concentrate feed.
Optimising crop residue utilization in zimbabwe
Authors: Manyuchi B , Ncube S , Smith T 
Published: June 2019

Dry season feed for ruminants is characterised by a shortage of energy and protein. Technology for improving the utilization of crop residues may not be available because of shortages of money or inputs. Chemical treatment, supplementation and handling of stovers available in Zimbabwe has been studied.Lambs were allocated to treatment by blocking according to live weight and then randomizing within blacks. Three weeks acclimatisation was followed by intake measurement over 7 days and digestibility over 5 days.
Nutritive value of zero-tannin, white-flowered and tannin-containing, coloured-flowered field beans (vicia faba L.) for Chicks
Authors: Wareham C.N. , Wiseman J. , Cole D.J.A. 
Published: June 2019

One of the disadvantages in using field beans (Vicia faba) has been the presence of tannins which form insoluble complexes with proteins, enzymes and carbohydrates. This experiment evaluated zero-tannin, white-flowered varieties and tannin-containing, coloured-flowered ones, in terms of the utilization of energy and nitrogen by broiler chicks.A basal diet was designed to give sub-optimal levels of protein (70% of requirement, ARC 1975). The 5 bean varieties were incorporated into the basal diet at 4 rates (Table 1). Three of these were white-flowered with negligible levels of tannin (Albinette, 0.006g/kg; Blandine, 0.005g/kg; and Albatross, 0.010g/kg) and two were coloured-flowered and contained significant levels of tannins (Minden, 0.138g/kg; and Alfred, 0.113g/kg). Methionine and lysine were subsequently added in quantities sufficient to ensure they were not first limiting. The 16 diets were fed to Cobb broiler cocks of 7 days initial age (4 replicates of 2 birds per cage).
The system efficiency in mediterranean sown irrigated pastures consumed by lactating ewes
Authors: Caballero R. , Arauzo M. , Hernaíz P.J. 
Published: June 2019

A three years field experiment in practical management conditions was carried out at La Poveda Field Station with the aim of establishing the relationship between allowance and intake and estimating the overall efficiency of the grazing system.A paddock grazing management system was implemented with grazing time restricted to eight hours per day. 90, 98 and 98 lactating ewes of the Hanchega breed in its spring lambing season were used in 1985, 1986 and 1987 respectively.
Silvopastoral sheep and pine systems for small farmers in southern chile
Authors: M.P. Herve , O.A. Balocchi , R. Penaloza 
Published: June 2019

Chile's X region (40-43 degrees south), has around 1 million has. of marginal soils with forest-livestock potential use, red clay slopes being dominant, located in the coastal ranges. Subsistance agriculture with increasing erosion damage is carried out on small properties which also practice extensive livestock production with sheep and cattle.In order to study alternative land use which could benefit small peasant farmers agroforestry with sheep and pines was attempted.Two agroforestry systems using Pinus radiata D.Don and sheep were developed. System I started in 1977 planting 8 ha at 2,5 x 7m spacing. Romney ewes were introduced in 1979 initially at a stocking rate of 5/ha. Prunnings were carried out in 1980, 1984 and 1986; thinnings were done in 1982,1984 and 1986, to 7m and 200 st/ha respectively.System 2 used 20ha of conventional 2 x 2m forest planted in 1974. It was prunned and thinned in 1982,1984 and 1986 to Bm and 200 st /ha respectively and stocked initially with 4.7 Romney ewes/ha in 1983.
A comparison of an indirect and direct method for converting sire evaluations from the united states to united kingdom improved contemporary comparison equivalents - holstein friesian
Authors: Swanson G. J.T. , Bellamy Mrs H. J. 
Published: June 2019

The increasing international exchanges of semen and embryos have made it necessary to develop methods for converting bull and cow evaluations from the scale in the country of export to the scale in the country of import. Methods were Initially recommended by the International Dairy Federation (IDF, 1983) and latterly by the International Bull Evaluation Service (Interbull),(Philipsson et al, 1986).The Interbull recommended methods were compared using United Kingdom (UK) data and one, known as the Goddard method was selected for routine use (Swanson, Bellamy and Oliver, 1988). These methods dealt with direct comparisons whereby progeny test evaluations for the same bulls were available In the two countries for which a conversion was required. In situations where this information is not available or is limited, an indirect conversion involving a third country may be calculated.
Relationships between growth performance and feeding pattern of pigs using electronic feeding stations
Authors: Bampton P. R. 
Published: June 2019

The technology to measure individual feed consumption of pigs in groups using electronic feeders is a recent development. As well as providing information on total feed consumption and consequently feed efficiency it is also possible to examine feeding behaviour under normal social conditions (ad libitum feeding in groups). Changes in feeding behaviour over a performance test are of particular interest to determine if growing pigs increase consumption by larger meals, more frequent feeding or a combination of both.Selection for high lean growth rate may lead to changes in both feeding behaviour and duration of feeding which could have undesirable side effects in a genetic selection programme. Increased feeding activity may lead to aggression and lost efficiency of feed conversion due to greater activity.
Bacterial pathogens in animal feed and their control
Authors: Hinton M. , Mead G.C. 
Published: June 2019

Many tens of thousands of tonnes of manufactured feed are consumed by farm animals each year and yet the incidence of infectious diseases contracted from this source is extremely low.The potential disease hazards include, in alphabetical order, anthrax, botulism, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, foot and mouth disease, listeriosis, Newcastle disease (pigeon paramyxovirus infection), salmonellosis, swine fever and swine vesidular disease. The control of each of these diseases involves a number of different procedures, including the appropriate handling and treatment of the feed, the use of suitable management techniques on the farm, the vaccination of susceptible stock and either the treatment or slaughter of infected animals, or those animals in contact with them.Several of the diseases (foot and mouth disease, swine fever and swine vesicular disease) have been eradicated from the U.K. while others (anthrax and botulism) occur only infrequently. On the other hand, the presence of salmonellas in feed does constitute a continuing problem since, although organisms do not usually cause disease in animals consuming the feed, they may ultimately cause gastroenteritis in people who either handle or consume meat derived from the animals concerned.
The effect of enzyme supplementation of a wheat/barley-based starter diet on nutrient faecal digestibility in early weaned piglets
Authors: Inborr Johan , Graham Hadden 
Published: June 2019

The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the effect of adding a multi-enzyme product to a diet based on wheat, barley and soybean meal on faecal nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in early-weaned piglets.A total of 36 pigs, weaned between 21 and 25 days of age, were assigned on weight and litter origin basis to two dietary treatments and placed in flat-deck pens of 6 pigs each. The design of the pens allowed total collection of urine and faeces separately.
Grazing system, behaviour and milk production in dairy cattle
Authors: Ian Horrell  , Matthews Lindsey , Murray Pearce  , Arnold Bryant  
Published: June 2019

Over recent years, the system of grazing management most commonly adopted by dairy producers has tended to oscillate between various forms of strip-grazing, on the one hand, and set-stocking, on the other. While arguments in favour of strip-grazing mainly revolve around the ease of grassland management, many of those for set-stocking are essentially behavioural -greater space for the cattle and, hence, less competition, aggression, and spoiling of localised areas of pasture. A current development in the southern hemisphere, ‘fast-rotation’ grazing, attempts to combine the merits of both systems. In this, the herd is given a fresh area each day, but a much larger one than in strip grazing, resulting in less close grazing and (given the same overall land allocation) a much quicker rotation over the total grassland.This project, part of a larger one evaluating other aspects of the system, was designed to determine the effects a fast-rotation system, versus strip-grazing, on grazing, competition and aggression, and on the incidence and distribution of other basic activities.
Feeding behaviour of pigs in groups monitored by a computerised feeding system
Authors: Young R.J. , Lawrence A.B. 
Published: June 2019

Recently computerised pig feeding has attracted interest from pig breeding companies, to improve selection. Testing has in the past been carried out on Individually housed pigs, whereas on commercial farms pigs are group housed and correlations between these two environments can be poor. Practically this problem can be solved by group housing pigs with an electronic feeding station. This system allows one pig to feed at a time and records each pigs Identity and the amount of food consumed, making the selection environment similar to conditions found on commercial farms. This paper presents results showing the strong effect of social factors on the feeding behaviour of Individual growing pigs In such a system.The subjects were 30 male and 30 female Large White X Landrace pigs (Cotswold Pig Development Co. Ltd, Lincoln UK), divided Into six groups of ten, balanced for sex and initially body weight (mean starting and finishing weight 32.1 vs 68.5kg) within a pen but not between pens. Measurements of feeding behaviour (see below) were continuously monitored for an average of 38 days, by one electronic feeding station (Feed Intake Recording Equipment, developed by Hunday Electronics Ltd.) In each pen. The pigs were fed on a standard pelleted grower diet.
Spatial Preferences of farrowing sows
Authors: Petchey A M 
Published: June 2019

To satisfy stringent welfare criteria a farrowing pen must meet the sows’ needs for freedom of movement and allow her to exhibit most normal behaviours.Pens must be designed which provide adequate space for the loose housed farrowing sow but which have additional features to promote high standards of pig care. The sow should not be left to farrow indiscriminately within the pen but must be provided with an enriched environment to satisfy both her needs and those of the piglets. Within the pen the sow requires a suitable nest site and material to manipulate immediately pre-farrowing. These features can only be provided when it becomes known what the sows’ find desirable. In previous work it was shown that sows’ preferred to build their nests and farrow within a cubicle rather than in a corner or against a straight but open wall and that sows exhibit intensive nest building activity in the 14 hours before farrowing. In this trial the objective was to determine the farrowing sows’ response to an arrangement of parallel walls spaced 0.55, 0.95 and 1.35 m apart. The rationale behind the measurements was that they approximated to the body width, height and length of a generalised sow. Information about the sows’ response to such a wall arrangement would be useful if pens with walk-through nests were being designed.
The effects of lairage time on the blood profile of slaughtered pigs
Authors: Warriss P.D. , Anil M.H. , Brown S.N. , Fordham D.P. , Rodway R.G. , Warkup C.C. 
Published: June 2019

After transport to the slaughter plant, pigs may be kept in lairage for up to 24h before being killed. This facilitates smooth, continuous operation of the slaughterline and, it is commonly believed, allows the animals to rest and so recover from the stress of transport. We have tested this latter belief by examining indices of stress in blood collected at slaughter from pigs kept in lairage for various times.A total of 320 LW x (LW x LR) pigs (89 kg) of both sexes were used. They were killed in ten batches. Prior to slaughter they were transported for 2h (80 km) at a stocking density of 0.52 m2 per 100 kg live weight. On arrival at the IFR-Bristol slaughterhouse the pigs were killed either as soon as practicable after unloading off the transporter (Oh lairage), after 3h in lairage or after holding in lairage overnight (21h). Half the pigs held overnight were fed in lairage (in the late afternoon), half were not. At slaughter therefore, pigs in the four different lairage treatment groups had been subjected to food withdrawal periods of 3, 6, 16 and 24h.
Energy source and protein level in supplements to silage for finishing store lambs
Authors: Bastiman B , Marsden S 
Published: June 2019

The proposed reduction in lamb variable premium payments could well lead to fewer lambs being sold as stores, with more being finished on the farms of origin. On upland farms such lambs are likely to be finished indoors to reduce competition at grass with ewes being flushed. Many farms now have accommodation for housing ewes for 3 months prior to lambing, and such housing can easily be used to finish lambs prior to housing the ewes. On grassland farms finishing is likely to be based on silage which, represents a relatively cheap, home-grown feed. However, lamb performance on silage alone is likely to be inadequate and unpredictable, so that in most cases supplementary feeding will be requited. Type of supplement is likely to have important influences on both physical and financial performance.The 144 Scottish Blackface wether lambs used for this trial were selected from a group of 455 lambs bought in the open market on 29 September 1989. The lambs were run at grass until selection for the trial on 27 November when the 144 selected lambs were drawn out and introduced to compound feed.
The voluntary intake and digestibility by sheep of grass silages treated with different silage inoculants
Authors: Rooke J A , Kafilzadeh F 
Published: June 2019

The selection of lactic acid bacteria for use as silage additives is normally based upon their ability to dominate the silage fermentation and not upon benefits in animal performance. The object of this study was to investigate whether two lactic acid bacteria selected for fermentation characteristics would support the same animal performance as an established silage inoculant.On 5 June 1989, first cut, predominantly perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was ensiled direct with no wilting in plastolene silos of 2 tonne capacity. The herbage was harvested with a precision chop forage harvester and the following additive treatments were applied: None, control (C); Formic acid (Add-F, BP Nutrition, 850g/kg; 3 litres/tonne), (F); inoculant E. (Ecosyl, ICI Pic, 106Lactobacillus plantarum /g): inoculant A, (Pediococcus sp, 10 /g); inoculant B (L. plantarum 106 /g). The silages were fed to 6 wether sheep (Suffolk x Halfbred), initial live-weight, 40.1 kg (s.d. 2.22kg). Because the silages were unstable aerobically and restricted quantities of each silage were available, all sheep were fed the silages in the same (random) order.
Effects of supplementary hay in the diet of concentrate fed early weaned lambs
Authors: Vipond J E , FitzSimons J , Lewis M , Horgan G 
Published: June 2019

Early weaned lambs have been successfully reared to slaughter on ad libitum concentrate diets for many years, mainly in systems involving out of season lamb production where high market prices offset the comparatively high feed costs. In these systems maximum growth rates are required to enable lambs to reach acceptable slaughter weights before market prices fall.Feeding systems may be based on whole cereals supplemented with small, high protein pellets, a technique developed from Rowett studies (Orskov et al, 1974) or home made blends of processed cereals and by-products or proprietary concentrates. Component selection Is a common problem with diets based on whole grains and although this can largely be overcome by correct feeder design this incurs considerable expense. Diet selection can be reduced by processing grain (eg on farm rolling) or by pelleting. Cereal processing and pelleting however can have deleterious effects on rumen function as described by Orskov (1973), the effects being attributed to both inadequate saliva production and reduced rumen surface stimulation by roughage.
Response of fast growing lambs to compound protein level
Authors: Blake J S , Brigstocke T D A , Kenyon P J 
Published: June 2019

Reduction of the financial support by the EC to sheep farmers has highlighted the need for lamb fattening diets which can adjust the rate of lamb growth, depending on market needs. A trial was run at BOCM SILCOCK Development Unit, Barhill using 144 Texel and Suffolk x Mule lambs, with a mean start weight of 18.6 ± 0.50 kg (mean ± SE). Lambs were divided into 24 pens and allocated one of four compound diets (Diets A, B, C or D). The diets were designed to be isoenergetic with an estimated energy of 11.4 MJ ME/kg DM and contained 138, 172, 206 and 250 g crude protein/kg DM. Protein levels were increased by increasing soya bean meal inclusion from 0 to 25% and reducing barley and wheat levels.Formulations and actual analysis are shown in Table 1. Lambs were bedded on barley straw refreshed daily, with compound diets and water available ad-lib.
A study of premature wool loss in sheep
Authors: Clark J E , Roden J A , Macpherson O , English P R 
Published: June 2019

Premature loss of wool from fleece casting prior to shearing is a problem in some sheep genotypes, in particular in the North Country Cheviot. The reasons for this ocurrence are not fully understood, but it is believed that it is due to a complex of factors including heredity, nutritional and managerial (stress) practices, the wool growth cycle, and physiological parameters such as pregnancy. Prolonged stress is reported to be particularly important in the case of wool slip in ewes which are housed and shorn (Morgan et al, 1986).The present study aimed to investigate the incidence of visible fleece casting in the North Country Cheviot (NCC), Scotch Halfbred (HB) (Border Leicester x NCC), and Border Leicester (BL), which has no history of premature wool loss. The study was implemented on 8 commercial farms in Scotland, and links between key productive parameters and wool loss were studied, and an attempt to identify fleece types most liable to cast was also made.
A sheep health survey of lowground purchasers of breeding sheep in grampian & the borders of scotland
Authors: Alexander A W , Burgess G , English P R , Macdonald D C , MacPherson O 
Published: June 2019

The Highlands and Islands Development Board (HIDB) is developing a strategy for the production and marketing of high health breeding sheep. With HIDB support, farmers in the North of Scotland have formed a co-operative to produce and market high health status sheep. The co-op (the Highlands and Islands Sheep Health Association) has over 800 members with a total of 300,000 breeding ewes. Members' flocks are monitored by the Scottish Veterinary Investigation Service for Enzootic Abortion of Ewes (EAE) and for vaccination against the Clostridial Diseases and Pasteurella. To guide HIDB strategy a postal survey was undertaken of lowground breeding sheep purchasers in Grampian and Borders.The objectives were to determine, firstly, lowground breeding sheep purchasers' attitudes, opinions and practices when buying breeding sheep; secondly, their management of sheep health; thirdly, their experience of EAE, its prevention and control; and fourthly, their awareness of sheep health schemes and interest in purchasing high health status sheep.
The effects of ensiling molassed sugarbeet feed with grass on dairy cow performance
Authors: Davies O D , Perrott G 
Published: June 2019

Silage effluent is a major contributor to farm pollution incidents in the United Kingdom. In 1987, silage effluent was responsible for 26% of all farm pollution cases reported, and 437. Of farm associated water pollution incidents that resulted in prosecution.A practical solution to this problem could be to incorporate absorbent materials into the grass at ensiling. Several absorbent materials have been tested, some being based on fibrous bi-products. Of those tested, chopped barley straws proved the most effective (Offer an Al-Rwidah 1989) however this material lowered silage quality and also reduced the weight of grass that could be stored in a given silo by 78%. Molassed sugarbeet feed (MSBF), a feed high in digestible fibre which has been widely incorporated into ruminant diets as an energy source, was less absorbent but improved silage quality and reduced grass storage weight for a given silo by only 27%.
Compensatory growth in mashona steers of two ages grazing natural pasture in zimbabwe
Authors: Manyuchi B. , Smith T. 
Published: June 2019

Cattle not fed a supplement on dry season grazing lose weight. The magnitude of this loss and the extent of recovery during the subsequent wet season were measured in Mashona steers.Mashona steers aged 8 and 20 months at the outset (groups A and B respectively) were used. Within each group (n = 50) steers were fed cottonseed meal (CSM, 250g per 100kg live-weight) or not fed CSM during the dry season.
Dietary effects of energy and crude protein content on lactation and intake in dairy cattle
Authors: Wood Bethan L , Roberts D J , Hunter E A 
Published: June 2019

Efficient utilization of silage diets depends upon the nutritional value of the forage and the amount eaten by the animals. However, even good quality silage is usually supplemented with energy concentrates (principally cereal based) to provide sufficient dietary energy for a high producing dairy cow. This experiment was therefore designed to examine two concentrate energy sources (starch and sugar) at two levels of crude protein on animal production, using the sugar based concentrate (molaferm 20) as a true silage supplement.A 3 x 4 week changeover design based on Latin squares, the experiment was conducted with 18 individually fed Autumn calving dairy cows, on average 77 days calved. The animals were second lactation or more and commenced their experimental period at least six weeks postpartum, with the preceding 2 weeks being used as a covariance period. Cows were blocked according to current milk yield, liveweight and lactation number and from these randomly assigned to 6 treatment groups.