bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prioritize diversity or declining species? Trade-offs and synergies in spatial planning for the conservation of migratory birds in the face of land cover change
Authors: Wilson S , Schuster R. , Rodewald A.D. , Bennett J.R. , Smith A.C , La Sorte F.A. , Verburg P.H. , Arcese P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractStemming biodiversity loss requires strategic conservation guided by well-articulated and achievable targets, whether they be proactive (e.g., protect diverse places) or reactive (e.g., protect threatened species). Both types of targets can be effective, but there are trade-offs, especially for broadly-distributed ecosystems or taxa, such as migratory species, a group for which conservation has been challenged by limited knowledge of distributions throughout the annual cycle. We combined novel spatiotemporal distribution models with population trend data to first examine focal areas for the conservation of Neotropical migratory birds (n=112 species) during the non-breeding period in the Western Hemisphere based on a proactive approach (highest diversity) versus a reactive approach (strongest declines) to conservation. For the focal areas, we then assessed the extent of recent anthropogenic impact, protected area status and projected future changes in land cover using three shared socioeconomic pathways (Sustainability=SSP1, Business-as-usual=SSP2, Regional nationalism=SSP3). Spatial priorities were strikingly different when targeting areas of high species diversity, emphasizing southern Mexico and northern Central America, versus areas with more severe declines across species, emphasizing the Andean cordilleras of South America. Only a fraction of the non-breeding region (1.4%) met targets for diversity and decline, mostly in southern Central America. Current levels of protection were similar for the two targets. Areas prioritized to conserve high species diversity have experienced less recent anthropogenic impact than areas prioritized for decline but are predicted to experience more rapid land conversion to less suitable open, agricultural landscapes in the next three decades under both an SSP1 and SSP2 scenario. Only the SSP3 scenario projected similar conversion rates for the two targets. Our findings indicate how even within taxa, efficient conservation efforts will depend on the careful consideration of desired targets combined with reliable predictions about the locations and types of land cover change under alternative socioeconomic futures.
Allosteric network in Ube2T drives specificity for RING E3 catalysed ubiquitin signals
Authors: Chaugule Viduth K , Arkinson Connor , Toth Rachel , Walden Helen 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn eukaryotes, DNA damage repair is implemented by a host of proteins that are coordinated by defined molecular signals. One such signal that transpires during the Fanconi Anemia (FA) - interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair pathway is the site-specific monoubiquitination of FANCD2 and FANCI proteins by a large, multi-protein FA core complex. The mechanics for this exquisitely specific monoubiquitin signal has been elusive. Here we show FANCL, the RING E3 module of the FA core complex, allosterically activates its cognate E2 Ube2T for monoubiquitination by a mechanism distinct from the typical RING-based catalysis. FANCL triggers intricate re-wiring of Ube2T’s intra-residue network thus activating the E2 for precision targeting. This network is intrinsically regulated by conserved gates and loops which can be engineered to yield Ube2T variants that enhance FANCD2 ubiquitination by ~30-fold without compromising on target specificity. Finally, we also uncover allosteric networks in other ubiquitin E2s that can be leveraged by RING E3 ligases to drive specific ubiquitination.
Liposome-based transfection enhances RNAi and CRISPR-mediated mutagenesis in non-model nematode systems
Authors: Adams Sally , Pathak Prachi , Shao Hongguang , Lok James B. , Pires-daSilva Andre 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNematodes belong to one of the most diverse animal phyla. However, functional genomic studies in nematodes, other than in a few species, have often been limited in their reliability and success. Here we report that by combining liposome-based technology with microinjection, we were able to establish a wide range of genomic techniques in the newly described nematode genusAuanema. The method also allowed heritable changes in dauer larvae ofAuanema, despite the immaturity of the gonad at the time of the microinjection. As proof of concept for potential functional studies in other nematode species, we also induced RNAi in the free-living nematodePristionchus pacificusand targeted the human parasiteStrongyloides stercoralis.
Genome wide association with quantitative resistance phenotypes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals novel resistance genes and regulatory regions
Authors: Farhat Maha R , Freschi Luca , Calderon Roger , Ioerger Thomas , Snyder Matthew , Meehan Conor J , Jong Bouke de , Rigouts Leen , Sloutsky ALex , Kaur Devinder , Sunyaev Shamil , Soolingen Dick van , Shendure Jay , Sacchettini Jim , Murray Megan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDrug resistance is threatening attempts at tuberculosis epidemic control. Molecular diagnostics for drug resistance that rely on the detection of resistance-related mutations could expedite patient care and accelerate progress in TB eradication. We performed minimum inhibitory concentration testing for 12 anti-TB drugs together with Illumina whole genome sequencing on 1452 clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates. We then used a linear mixed model to evaluate genome wide associations between mutations in MTB genes or noncoding regions and drug resistance, followed by validation of our findings in an independent dataset of 792 patient isolates. Novel associations at 13 genomic loci were confirmed in the validation set, with 2 involving noncoding regions. We found promoter mutations to have smaller average effects on resistance levels than gene body mutations in genes where both can contribute to resistance. Enabled by a quantitative measure of resistance, we estimated the heritability of the resistance phenotype to 11 anti-TB drugs and identify a lower than expected contribution from known resistance genes. We also report the proportion of variation in resistance levels explained by the novel loci identified here. This study highlights the complexity of the genomic mechanisms associated with the MTB resistance phenotype, including the relatively large number of potentially causative or compensatory loci, and emphasizes the contribution of the noncoding portion of the genome.
A high resolution view of adaptive events
Authors: Mei Han , Arbeithuber Barbara , Cremona Marzia A. , DeGiorgio Michael , Nekrutenko Anton 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCoadaptation between bacterial hosts and plasmids often involves a small number of highly reproducible mutations. Yet little is known about the underlying complex dynamics that leads to such a single “correct” solution. Observing mutations in fine detail along the adaptation trajectory is necessary for understanding this phenomenon. We studied coadaptation betweenE. coliand a common artificial plasmid, pBR322, in a continuous turbidostat culture. To obtain a high resolution picture of early adaptive events, we used a highly sensitive duplex sequencing strategy to directly observe and track mutations with frequencies undetectable with conventional methods. The observed highly reproducible trajectories are governed by clonal interference and show rapid increases in the frequencies of beneficial mutations controlling plasmid replication followed by a profound diversity crash corresponding to the emergence of chromosomal variants. To the best of our knowledge our study represents the first comprehensive assessment of adaptive processes at a very fine level of resolution. Our work highlights the hidden complexity of coadaptation, and provides an experimental and theoretical foundation for future studies.
In silico investigation of coding variants potentially affecting the functioning of the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in schizophrenia
Authors: Tsavou Antonia , Curtis David 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundSeveral lines of evidence support the hypothesis that impaired function of the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) might be involved in the aetiology of schizophrenia. NMDAR is activated by phosphorylation by Fyn and there is also some evidence to suggest that abnormalities in Fyn functionality could also be involved in susceptibility to schizophrenia. In a recent weighted burden analysis of exome sequenced schizophrenia cases and controls we noted modest statistical evidence for an enrichment of rare, functional variants in FYN, GRIN1 and GRIN2B in schizophrenia cases.AimsTo test the plausibility of the hypothesis that schizophrenia susceptibility might be associated with genetic variants predicted to cause impaired functioning of NMDAR, either directly or indirectly through impairment of the kinases which phosphorylate it.MethodIn an exome sequenced sample of 4225 schizophrenia cases and 5834 controls rare variants occurring in genes for the NMDAR subunits and for the kinases acting on it were annotated. The counts of disruptive and damaging variants were compared between cases and controls and the distribution of amino acids affected by damaging variants were visualised in ProteinPaint and the RCSB Protein Data Bank. Special attention was paid to tyrosine residues subject to phosphorylation.ResultsThere was no suggestion that abnormalities of the serine-threonine kinases or of Src were associated with schizophrenia. 3 cases and no controls had a disruptive variant in GRIN2A and 2 cases and no controls had a disruptive variant in FYN. 14 cases and 3 controls had damaging variants in FYN and all the variants in controls affected amino acid residues in the N-terminal region outside of any known functional domains. By contrast, 10 variants in cases affected amino acids in functional domains and in the 3D structure of Fyn two of the amino acid substitions, A376T and Q517E, were adjacent to each other. 8 cases and 1 control had damaging variants in GRIN1 but there was no obvious pattern with respect to particular functional domains being affected in this or other genes. A single case had a variant in GRIN2A affecting a well-supported phosphorylation site, Y943C, and three cases had a variant which produce an amino acid change, T216S, which lies two residues away from two adjacent well-supported phosphorylation sites in FYN. Aside from this, there was no suggestion that tyrosine phosphorylation sites in Fyn or NMDAR were affected.ConclusionsThe numbers of variants involved are too small for firm conclusions to be drawn. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that about 0.5% of subjects with schizophrenia have disruptive or damaging genetic variants which could plausibly impair functioning of NMDAR directly or indirectly through impairing Fyn function.
The neural dynamics of novel scene imagery
Authors: Barry Daniel N. , Barnes Gareth R. , Clark Ian A. , Maguire Eleanor A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractRetrieval of long-term episodic memories is characterised by synchronised neural activity between hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), with additional evidence that vmPFC activity leads that of the hippocampus. It has been proposed that the mental generation of scene imagery is a crucial component of episodic memory processing. If this is the case, then a comparable interaction between the two brain regions should exist during the construction of novel scene imagery. To address this question, we leveraged the high temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate the construction of novel mental imagery. We tasked male and female humans with imagining scenes and single isolated objects in response to one-word cues. We performed source level power, coherence and causality analyses to characterise the underlying inter-regional interactions. Both scene and object imagination resulted in theta power changes in the anterior hippocampus. However, higher theta coherence was observed between the hippocampus and vmPFC in the scene compared to the object condition. This inter-regional theta coherence also predicted whether or not imagined scenes were subsequently remembered. Dynamic causal modelling of this interaction revealed that vmPFC drove activity in hippocampus during novel scene construction. Additionally, theta power changes in the vmPFC preceded those observed in the hippocampus. These results constitute the first evidence in humans that episodic memory retrieval and scene imagination rely on similar vmPFC-hippocampus neural dynamics. Furthermore, they provide support for theories emphasising similarities between both cognitive processes, and perspectives that propose the vmPFC guides the construction of context-relevant representations in the hippocampus.Significance statementEpisodic memory retrieval is characterised by a dialogue between hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). It has been proposed that the mental generation of scene imagery is a crucial component of episodic memory processing. An ensuing prediction would be of a comparable interaction between the two brain regions during the construction of novel scene imagery. Here, we leveraged the high temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography (MEG), and combined it with a scene imagination task. We found that a hippocampal-vmPFC dialogue existed, and that it took the form of vmPFC driving the hippocampus. We conclude that episodic memory and scene imagination share fundamental neural dynamics, and the process of constructing vivid, spatially coherent, contextually appropriate scene imagery is strongly modulated by vmPFC.
Effects of environmental factors on corrosion behavior of high-silicon cast iron in Shanxi soil medium
Authors: Ding De , Zhang Yue , Yu Xiaobing , Fang Benling , Guo Jipu , Li Jun , Liu Lei , Du Cuiwei 
Published: September 2018

Purpose
High-silicon cast iron has excellent corrosion resistance in some specific medium. But the effects of pH value, chloride concentration and soil moisture content on corrosion behavior are still unknown. This study aims to provide reference for the application of high-silicon cast iron in different environments.

Design/methodology/approach
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization curves were used to investigate the corrosion mechanism and rate. The morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The chemical compositions of the corrosion products were detected by energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.

Findings
When the solution is acidic, the corrosion of high-silicon cast iron is more serious. When the chloride concentration is 0.1 per cent, the corrosion rate of high-silicon cast iron is the largest. A passive film is formed on the surface to prevent the corrosion reaction with the increasing of chloride concentration. The corrosion rate is the largest when water content is 15 per cent, and the corrosion is the lightest when water content is 30 per cent.

Originality/value
This study provides support for the selection of high-silicon cast iron as grounded material.
Effect of micro arc oxidation on micro – structure and electrochemical corrosion performance of cold sprayed aluminum coating
Authors: Jing Zhang , Dejun Kong 
Published: September 2018

Purpose
To improve the electrochemical corrosion resistance of cold sprayed Al coating.

Design/methodology/approach
A cold sprayed aluminum (Al) coating fabricated on S355 structural steel was oxidized using a micro arc oxidation (MAO). The electrochemical corrosion and impedance spectroscopy were tested to investigate its corrosion performance.

Findings
The MAO film is primarily α-Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3, which increases its density and surface quality. The corrosion potential is positively shifted by 0.2 V, and the electrochemical impedance is significantly increased.

Originality/value
A cold sprayed Al coating on S355 steel was first oxidized using a MAO. The effects of MAO on the microstructure of Al coating were investigated to analyze its electrochemical corrosion behavior.
Guidance law to control impact time constraining the seeker’s field of view?
Authors: Hu Jian , Cui Naigang , Bai Yuliang , Geng Yunhai 
Published: September 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a novel guidance law that is able to control the impact time while the seeker’s field of view (FOV) is constrained.Design/methodology/approachThe new guidance law is derived from the framework of Lyapunov stability theory to ensure interception at the desired impact time. A time-varying guidance gain scheme is proposed based on the analysis of the convergence time of impact time error, where finite-time stability theory is used. The circular trajectory assumption is adopted for the derivation of accurate analytical estimation of time-to-go. The seeker’s FOV constraint, along with missile acceleration constraint, is considered during guidance law design, and a switching strategy to satisfy it is designed.FindingsThe proposed guidance law can drive missile to intercept stationary target at the desired impact time, as well as satisfies seeker’s FOV and missile acceleration constraints during engagement. Simulation results show that the proposed guidance law could provide robustness against different engagement scenarios and autopilot lag.Practical implicationsThe presented guidance law lays a foundation for using cooperative strategies, such as simultaneous attack.Originality/valueThis paper presents further study on the impact time control problem considering the seeker’s FOV constraint, which conforms better to reality.
How to make the library smart? The conceptualization of the smart library
Authors: Cao Gaohui , Liang Mengli , Li Xuguang 
Published: September 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to clearly conceptualize the idea of the smart library and propose a holistic approach to building smart libraries, in accordance with recent practices and state-of-the-art technologies.

Design/methodology/approach
Drawing on an extensive review of existing literature and practice about library construction, this paper distinguishes between similar types of smart library and divides the concepts associated with smart library building into three dimensions: technology, service and human.

Findings
Traditional libraries can transform to smart libraries by strategic design and implementation of advanced technologies, such as cloud computing, data mining and artificial intelligence, but they also need to consider service building, user cultivation and librarian training.

Originality/value
Aligning to the three main dimensions of smart libraries (technology, service and human), this study clarifies the concept of the smart library and offers strategic principles: integration of infrastructures, construction of service and human learning. It provides guidelines and directions for public and academic libraries committed to becoming smart libraries.
Measurement and analysis of winding thickness variations in sectional warping process
Authors: Eren Recep , Celik Ozge , Suvari Fatih , Koksal Seyit Ali 
Published: September 2018

Purpose
Sectional warping is the most widely used warp preparation process in weaving. Winding all warp sections with the same length and same tension is a key factor for a good quality warp preparation. It is required that winding thickness (increase in radius due to warp winding) remains the same within and between warp sections. The purpose of this paper is to investigate winding thickness variations within and between warp sections, which can lead to quality problems in woven fabrics.

Design/methodology/approach
A measurement system is developed and then an experimental investigation into winding thickness variations is carried out. Winding thickness is measured with respect to number of drum revolutions using a laser sensor with 20 microns resolution. The number of drum revolutions and drum angular position are measured by an incremental encoder. Both sensors are mounted on an industrial sectional warping machine. A real-time software written in C programming language collects and records the data for all sections of warp with respect to drum number of revolutions and then results are evaluated to determine winding thickness variations.

Findings
Results show that warp sheet thickness starts with a higher value and it decreases up to around 30 drum revolutions and then it remains constant or decreases very slightly which can be considered as insignificant from practical point of view. Warp sheet thickness (i.e. thickness of one warp layer) fluctuates within each section up to 10 percent CV with five drum revolutions average warp sheet thickness. There are also warp sheet thickness variations between warp sections up to 3 mm.

Originality/value
Considering the short of practical research results on winding thickness variations in the literature, results of this study will be an original contribution to understanding winding thickness variation level. Also, results presented in this paper can be used to develop control algorithms for thickness control in sectional warping machines.
From servants to spokesmen
Authors: Branchik Blaine J. , Foster Davis Judy 
Published: September 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to track how African-American or black male advertising models are viewed by male consumers within the context of dramatic ongoing cultural and legal change. It provides broader implications for other ethnic minorities.

Design/methodology/approach
A content analysis of black male advertising images culled from over 60 years of issues of two male-targeted magazines assesses these changes. The analysis contextualizes the imagery in African-American history and general media portrayals periodized into seven historical phases.

Findings
Results indicate that the number of black male advertising representations has exploded in the past 30 years from virtual invisibility to over 20 per cent of all male ad images. Roles have migrated from representations of black ad models as servants and porters to a wide range of images of black men in professional contexts. However, black males, relative to white males, are disproportionately presented in ads as athletic figures and celebrities and rarely depicted in romantic situations.

Research limitations/implications
This research focuses on two popular male-targeted publications, thereby limiting its scope. Relatively few black male images (relative to white male images) are to be found in print advertisements in these publications.

Practical implications
This research assists business practitioners as they create business and marketing strategies to meet the needs of an ever more diverse marketplace.

Social implications
The disproportionately large number of black male depictions as athletes and sports celebrities is indicative of remnant racism and minority stereotyping in American society.

Originality/value
This research builds upon work done by Kassarjian (1969, 1971) on black advertising images. Its originality stems from a specific focus on male models as viewed by male consumers, the addition of historic context and periodization to this history and the updating of past research by almost half a century.