bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of Suspended Particles and Associated Metals in Groundwater under Natural Gradient Flow Conditions*
Authors: Ronen D. , Magaritz M. , Amiel A. J. 
Published: May 2018

Microscale Eulerian variations in the flux, mineralogical composition and size of suspended particles have been found in a contaminated sandy aquifer under natural gradient flow conditions () during an 8 month study period. Particle variability has been detected along a 16 m saturated section of the aquifer at a scale of centimeters and meters in the vertical and horizontal dimensions, respectively. The average concentration of particles in groundwater varied between 1 to 70 mg/l. The particles were primarily composed of CaCO3 (11% to 57%), quartz (7% to 39%) and clays (8% to 43%). Most of the particles were within the 140 to 3,000 nm size range with size modes varying from 310 to 660 nm. The large amounts of suspended particles are considered to be related to high inputs of dissolved organic carbon into groundwater from sewage effluents which have been used for agricultural irrigation since the early 1960's. As a result of organic matter biodegradation in the saturated zone, anoxic conditions developed and the pCO2 content of groundwater increased dramatically. It is postulated that part of the carbonate cement of the rocks dissolved and detrital CaCO3, quartz and clay were released as colloidal particles. In the prevailing anoxic conditions of groundwater at the study site (DO &lt; 1 mg/l) colloidal stability is enhanced by organic matter coating of particles. The transport of metals associated with suspended particles in the saturated zone and the interaction of these particles in the aquifer environment have been ascertained through a comparison of the distribution coefficient of 17 elements as a function of depth.
*Contribution No. 61, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research, The Weizmann Institute of Science.
The Underestimated Importance of Dark Carbon Fixation to Primary Productivity in Lake Kinneret
Authors: Herzig Ronny , Butow Barbara 
Published: May 2018

The rates of light and dark 14CO2 fixation by natural phytoplankton communities in Lake Kinneret were studied in situ and in vivo in the laboratory. Dark fixation (DF) contributed an important part of the total primary productivity in Lake Kinneret.
In addition, it was found that during the dark period the relative amount of fixed inorganic carbon depends upon the sampling depth and season.
The DF contribution of the dominant phytoplankton species in Lake Kinneret (Peridinium gatunense) was found to be between 3-30% of the total light carbon fixation (LF). Carbon uptake was dependent on the light history of the cells. DF and LF in photosynthetic bacteria was found to be equivalent. A time course of carbon uptake by Peridinium showed that DF increased with time.
MOUSETRAP — A DETERMINISTIC SEWER FLOW QUALITY MODEL
Authors: Crabtree R. , Garsdal H. , Gent R. , Mark O. , Dórge J. 
Published: May 2018

Recent research into the behaviour of sediments and associated pollutants in sewers has formed the foundation for a dynamic pollutograph-based sewer flow quality simulation model called MOUSETRAP. This is a new component to the MOUSE sewer system hydraulic modelling package. MOUSETRAP has been developed by an international consortium of sewer model developers and users to predict short term variations in sewer flow quality and sediment transport in response to storm events. MOUSETRAP is composed of a series of modules to represent: the quality of surface run off; sediment and pollutant transport, erosion and deposition within pipes; and the biological and chemical processes within the sewer system. By representing the current understanding of real sewer sediments, this new tool gives the user the capability to simulate storm event pollutographs incorporating first foul flush phenomena.
The paper describes the basis of the new MOUSETRAP modules. Results of initial theoretical testing and pilot study applications are presented to illustrate the model's capabilities and potential for use in the management of urban wastewater discharges.
HCB Load on Suspended Solids and in Sediments of the River Rhine
Authors: Keller M. 
Published: May 2018

At the ICPR monitoring station Koblenz (Rhine-km 590.3) the load of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) on suspended solids has been measured for several years. In addition, sediments from impoundments on the Upper Rhine were analysed for HCB. The results show that the HCB load on suspended solids in the river Rhine has decreased to nearly half the initial value between 1985 and 1991. The still relatively high HCB concentrations amounting in average to 40 µg/kg on the suspended solids sampled at Koblenz can only be explained by recalling that sediments in the impoundments and in other contaminated sites of the Upper Rhine constitute a historic HCB storage, which contributes to the HCB load on suspended solids through remobilization during flood events.
With regard to future trend monitoring activities for HCB in suspended solids, a minimum sampling interval of 14 days is recommended.
Accidental Spills – Frequency, Importance, Control, Countermeasures
Authors: Malle Karl-Geert 
Published: May 2018

Since pollution of the Rhine has been greatly reduced by the construction of sewage treatment plants, the significance of accidents for water quality has become obvious. Most accidents are of only local importance, but after an incident in 1969 the water for fighting the Sandoz warehouse fire caused the second long distance death of fish in the river in 1986.
Many waterworks are effectively protected from pollution surges by a bank filtration for the water. Waterworks with direct water intake shut their intakes down temporarily when a pollution wave is flowing past.
Both wastewater discharges and the river Rhine are continuously and carefully monitored. Rapidly responding biological tests and screening processes are being used to an increasing extent. A well equipped water protection police service is an additional important control element.
Safety during transport and transfer of goods by ship is controlled by the regulations on transporting hazardous goods on the Rhine. Special care and safety measures are taken for loading and unloading of ships. Routine cost-free bilge emptying is an important contribution to water protection too.
Accidental pollution incidents with cooling water discharges or from the outlet from treatment plants can occur from the bank. Rapid recognition and elimination of faults are essential for cooling water protection.
PRODUCTION DEPENDENT SPECIFIC DATA OF PAPER MILL WASTEWATERS: INFORMATION FOR TREATMENT AND REUSE
Authors: Möbius Christian H. , Cordes-Tolle Maria 
Published: May 2018

Specific data on paper mill wastewaters, especially ratios of BOD, COD and TOC as weU as specific loads of these parameters in mechanically treated production wastewater of paper mills, depend strongly on the type of paper produced in the mill. These data and the respective correlations are known from previous research of the authors. The selection of suitable wastewater treatment processes, which are state of the art or best available technology (BAT) in the paper industry, depends on the type of wastewater characterized by these specific data. Minor or major parts of the wastewater - depending on the type of paper produced - can be reused in the production prior to external treatment.
When the proportion of water reused prior to external treatment tends to be high, due to anoxic degradation in the internal circuits the type of dissolved organics may change. This can be easily detected by calculation of the BOD/COD ratio. For a certain system, the specific amount of water needed depends on the intensity of use for production, compared with other, not production dependent, uses. This may be detected by a calculation given here.
When no discharge to the sewer is suitable, the excess amount has to be treated biologically for discharge to surface water or for further reuse. Treatment processes discussed are: activated sludge treatment, anaerobic treatment followed by activated sludge treatment, high capacity trickling filter followed by activated sludge treatment, aerobic submerged biofilters, low capacity trickling filters. Advanced treatment processes are combined with these processes, when BAT is required. For reuse of the biologically treated water, for all types of treatment except biofilters, a sand filter or similar equipment has to be added.
CHROMIUM REMOVAL AND RECOVERY FROM TANNERY WASTES: LABORATORY INVESTIGATION AND FIELD EXPERIENCE ON A 10 m3/d DEMONSTRATION PLANT
Authors: Petruzzelli Domenico , Tiravanti Giovanni , Santori Mario , Passino Roberto 
Published: May 2018

After extensive laboratory investigation of an ion exchange based process for selective removal, separation and recovery of Cr(III), AI(III) and Fe(III) from tannery wastes (spent chrome baths and leather washing waters), a 10 m3/d mobile pilot plant was assembled to demonstrate technical reliability and economic feasibility of the process.
The IERECHROM (Ion Exchange REmoval of CHROMium) process is based on a weak electrolyte carboxyl resin, able to remove the metals from the liquid effluent followed by selective separation and recovery during a regeneration step. The resin is regenerated with alkaline hydrogen peroxide brines (0.15 M H2O2, 1M NaCl, O.1M NaOH, pH ≈ 11) through an internal oxidation of chromic species to chromate, whereas aluminium is co-eluted after hydrolysis as aluminate ion. Ferric species are not released by the resin in these conditions and are easily regenerated by subsequent acidic elution (1M H2SO4). Aluminate is thus separated from chromate ion in the alkaline spent regeneration eluate by pH adjustment to 8.5 and precipitation of aluminum hydroxide.
In this paper the basic principles of the process are reported and the promising data obtained with a 10 m3/d mobile demonslration plant running at a tannery site in the Naples area.
The Toxicity of Organic Concentrates to Photobacterium Phosphoreum of River Meuse Water in the Stretch between Remilly (France) and Keizersveer (The Netherlands)
Authors: Polman H. J. G. , de Zwart D. 
Published: May 2018

Organic concentrates of River Meuse water were tested for toxicity with a five minutes test (Microtox*) on luminescent bacteria (Photobacterium phosphoreum). Over the year 1992, the surface water was sampled six times at seven stations in the stretch between Remilly (France) and Keizersveer (The Netherlands).
Unfiltrated water samples were concentrated by neutral adsorption on XAD resin followed by elution with acetone. The measured toxicity is expressed as the concentration factor causing 20% reduction in bacterial luminescence after five minutes of exposure (EC20,5). The observed toxicity is transformed into a so called pT-value, pT=10log(EC20,5/100), relating toxicity to acceptability criteria.
Along the river, the toxicity attributable to organic pollution did not reach environmentally acceptable levels. The toxicity in the French and Belgian parts of the river increased gradually to a maximum toxicity generally observed near the industrial centre Liège. In the Dutch stretch, the organic toxicity generally decreased as a consequence of lower pollutant input, pollutant degradation, or pollutant adsorption to newly formed particulates.
EMERGING TRENDS IN ELECTRICAL ENERGY USAGE AT CANADIAN (ONTARIO) MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES AND STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Authors: Evans B. , Laughton P. 
Published: May 2018

The province of Ontario is Canada's most populous province with over 8 million residents out of a total population of 27 million. The Province is situated in the eastern portion of North America and stretches from 41°N to 50° N. All the Great Lakes fall within Ontario's boundaries and the Province is estimated to have over 280,000 lakes. The area along Lake Ontario is home to 5 million of the residents who are serviced by 11 large sewage treatment plants. The remaining 403 treatment plants are scattered throughout the province. with an average size of 20 000 m3/d.
Ontario Hydro commissioned a study of the wastewater treatment plants to identify the main power users at the various types of sewage treatment plants, as well as potential areas within each plant where significant energy savings could be generated. By using this information, Ontario Hydro hoped to assess the potential to reduce the load and identify any electrical efficiency improvements, fuel switching and load shifting opportunities that may exist as well as the impact of environmental regulations on power saving initiatives.
It was found that several major opportunities existed. These included:■ that up to 25% of power currently used can be reduced by introducing energy efficient measures■ of all the unit operations in wastewater treatment plants, aeration accounts for 42% of the power usage, influent and effluent pumping - 20%, and dewatering - 6%. Of this influent and effluent pumping, specifically influent represented the best target area as significant aeration system upgrade had already taken place.
Nitrogen and phosphorus in the Vistula River, Poland -- changes from source to mouth
Authors: Sundblad Karin , Tonderski Andrzej , Rulewski Jacek 
Published: May 2018

Nitrogen and phosphorus concentration data representing samples collected once a month for nine months at 13 locations along the Vistula River are considered in a preliminary discussion of the sources of the nutrients transported to the Baltic Sea. Concentrations in relation to flow data indicated substantial differences between subbasins. Based on those differences, on the area-specific nutrient loss for a six-month period and on the wastewater discharge in each subbasin, four regions could be recognized in the river basin: i) the southern region with a large impact of point sources, ii) the south central region, where diffuse sources seemed to be of major importance, iii) the north central region with a combined effect of point and diffuse sources, and retention in two reservoirs, iv) the northern region where point sources seemed to be the dominating source, at least for phosphorus.
Our results illustrate the importance of differences in phosphorus retention between the basins. Long-term retention along the course of the river, particularly in the two reservoirs, must be estimated to allow proper source apportionment in the Vistula basin. Concentration decreases in the Wloclawek Reservoir varied between 44 and 68% for P, and 11 to 37% for N, in the months with significant retention. In some months, however, concentrations increased, indicating a release of nutrients.
Field evaluation of perox-pure™ chemical oxidation technology
Authors: Topudurti Kirankumar , Keefe Michael , Wooliever Patrick , Lewis Norma 
Published: May 2018

This paper presents the field evaluation results for an advanced chemical oxidation technology developed by Peroxidation Systems, Inc., of Tucson, Arizona. The technology, known as the perox-pure™ technology, was evaluated under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation program at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Site 300 in Tracy, California, in September 1992.
The perox-pure™ technology uses ultraviolet radiation and hydrogen peroxide to oxidize dissolved organic compounds in water. At the LLNL site, this technology was evaluated in treating groundwater contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOC) including trichloroethene (TCE); tetrachloroethene (PCE); 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA); 1,1-dichloroethane (DCA); and chloroform. The perox-pure™ system generally produced an effluent that contained TCE, PCE, and DCA at levels below detection limits, and TCA and chloroform at levels slightly above detection limits. The system achieved maximum removal efficiencies of greater than 99.9, 98.7, and 95.8 percent for TCE, PCE, and DCA, respectively. The system also achieved removal efficiencies of up to 92.9 and 93.6 percent for TCA and chloroform, respectively. The treatment system effluent met California drinking water action levels and federal drinking water maximum contaminant levels for all VOCs at the 95 percent confidence level. Cost analysis indicated that the groundwater remediation cost for a 50-gallon per minute perox-pure™ system would range from $7 to $11 per 1,000 gallons, depending on contaminated groundwater characteristics. Of this total cost, the perox-pure™ system direct treatment cost would range from $3 to $5 per 1,000 gallons.
Rate-Capacity Characterization of Wastewater for Nutrient Removal Processes
Authors: Henze Mogens , Holm Kristensen Gert , Strube Rune 
Published: May 2018

The detailed composition of wastewater has significant impact on the biological wastewater treatment processes. The carbon sources present govern the oxygen uptake rate, the rate of denitrification and the biological phosphorus uptake rate.
In this paper, the respiration rate determinations used for the bi- or tri-substrate determinations are coupled to removal capacity in order to develop rate-capacity diagrams, that gives a fuller picture of the wastewater and its influence on the biological processes. The directly degradable carbon source gives high reaction rates, but the concentration and thus the capacity can be very limited. In such a case the overall obtainable removal rate is of more interest than the peak rate.
The rate-capacity diagrams are shown for raw, primary settled and primary precipitated wastewater, characterized by detailed investigations of the respiration rates obtainable. It shows the effect of pretreatment not only on the total concentrations in the pre-treated wastewater, but also in the rate-capacity curves for biological denitrification. The rate-capacity curves are in practice coupled to the design and operation of the treatment plant. These two factors determine whether the carbon sources in the influent wastewater are used for denitrification (or biological phosphorus removal), for oxidation with oxygen or for sludge production.
The Microthrix parvicella Puzzle
Authors: Eikelboom Dick H. 
Published: May 2018

Nowadays the excessive growth of many filamentous bacteria in activated sludge plants can be controlled by the application of so-called selectors. In the Netherlands, about 80 selectors have been constructed at full scale plants so far. However, selectors are frequently not very effective for controlling bulking if M. parvicella is dominating the sludge population. As M. parvicella has also been frequently observed in nutrient removal plants, the development of control strategies for this bacterium has become very urgent.
From the substantial information on the occurrence of and attempts to control M. parvicella collected during the last decade, several main conclusions can be drawn.The development of M. parvicella in Dutch treatment plants shows a very distinctive seasonal rhythm, the population reaching its maximum size in early spring.Foaming in Dutch treatment plants is usually caused by M. parvicella.M. parvicella and Actinomycetes spp. seem to compete for the same ecological niche in treatment plants.By comparing the population size of M. parvicella as a function of various modifications in the activated sludge process, it is concluded that this bacterium grows better in so-called carrousel systems than in other extended aeration plants.M. parvicella causes severe bulking in carrousels fed with presettled sewage.The impact/usefulness of selectors for controlling M. parvicella seems to decrease as the overall sludge load of the plant increases.
This information is presented to start a discussion about possibilities to solve the M. parvicella puzzle.
Integrated Approach for Biofilm Characterisation and Biomass Activity Control
Authors: Lazarova V. , Pierzo V. , Fontvielle D. , Manem J. 
Published: May 2018

Biofilm activity control is an important requirement for the successful operation of biofilm reactors for wastewater treatment. Widely used parameters for biofilm characterisation are the biofilm thickness and total dry weight. These characteristics are, however, not sufficient to describe biofilm activity. Understanding of the physiological behaviour of the fixed biomass needs improved analytical methods and procedures. Direct application of known methods for free biomass characterisation to biofilm analysis is not always possible and is not well studied and developed.
In this paper an integrated approach is proposed for representative estimation of biofilm activity, by means of appropriate analytical methods to control biofilm dynamics and wastewater treatment process performance. The relevance of this approach is tested using different nitrifying biofilms.
Experience from More than Twenty Years of Operation of a Comprehensive Hazardous Waste Management System (Kommunekemi/Chemcontrol)
Authors: Vestergaard Niels K. 
Published: May 2018

Denmark started development of its national hazardous waste management system in 1971,and since then the system has been continuously developed as a result of technical and political changes.
This paper describes the development of this national registration, collection and treatment system for oil-and chemical wastes, seen from an operator's point of view.
Development in waste amount is presented and commented on based on the corresponding political and legal actions taken due to the increased environmental concern in the country.
Trends in development of alternative treatment and recycling facilities resulting from technological developments and economical incentives are mentioned.
Sediment accumulation in a series of four pilot-scale stabilization ponds
Authors: Ghrabi A. , Ferchichi M. 
Published: May 2018

Settling and accumulation of sediments have been measured on the bottom of the facultative and three maturation ponds of a series of pilot-scale stabilization ponds. The mean deposition rate in the facultative pond showed that the attempt to establish a short-term sedimentation by in situ measurements failed. The rates were largely overestimated and the values calculated from the sediment accumulated in a long-term are closer to the reality. The sediment depth increase rates are 5 cm/year for the facultative pond and 1.3 cm/year for second and third maturation ponds. In the last maturation pond it is 1.6 cm/year.
The rate of sediments deposit (volatile solids) in the first pond can be estimated by an at−b equation.
Treatment of Wastewater from Flue Gas Cleaning
Authors: Vendrup Michael , Sund Christina 
Published: May 2018

Wet scrubber systems for flue gas treatment, giving rise to a production of wastewater contaminated with heavy metals, are used at many coal-fired power stations in Europe, the USA and Japan.
In order to remove the heavy metals from the wastewater, chemical precipitation with hydroxide and sulphide is applied. Results from two full-scale plants are given.
Due to strict regulations for landfilling of waste contaminated with heavy metals, the amount of sludge must be minimised. Different techniques to meet this requirement are described.
Biological post-treatment to reduce the nitrogen content of the wastewater will apparently be a need in the future, and pilot-scale testing is presently being carried out to determine the basic operation rules for a full-scale plant.