bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ustekinumab Exposure-outcome Analysis in Crohn’s Disease Only in Part Explains Limited Endoscopic Remission Rates
Authors: Verstockt Bram , Dreesen Erwin , Noman Maja , Outtier An , Van den Berghe Nathalie , Aerden Isolde , Compernolle Griet , Van Assche Gert , Gils Ann , Vermeire Séverine , Ferrante Marc 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background and Aims
Ustekinumab, an anti-IL12/23p40 monoclonal antibody, has been approved for Crohn’s disease [CD]. Real-life data in CD patients receiving ustekinumab intravenously [IV] during induction, followed by subcutaneous [SC] maintenance, are lacking. We assessed efficacy of ustekinumab and studied exposure-response correlations.

Methods
We performed a prospective study in 86 CD patients predominantly refractory or intolerant to anti-tumour necrosis factor agents and/or vedolizumab. All received ustekinumab 6 mg/kg IV induction, with 90 mg SC every 8 weeks thereafter. Endoscopic response (50% decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score for CD [SES-CD] at Week 24), endoscopic remission [SES-CD ≤2], and clinical remission [daily stool frequency ≤2.8 and abdominal pain score ≤1] were assessed at weeks 4,8,16, and 24. Further serial analyses included patient-reported outcomes [PRO2], faecal calprotectin [fCal], and ustekinumab serum levels.

Results
SES-CD decreased from 11.5 [8.0–18.0] at baseline to 9.0 [6.0–16.0] at week [w]24 [p = 0.0009], but proportions of patients achieving endoscopic response [20.5%] or endoscopic remission [7.1%] were low. Clinical remission rates were 39.5% at w24. After IV induction, fCal dropped from baseline [1242.9 μg/g] to w4 [529.0 μg/g] and w8 [372.2 μg/g], but increased again by w16 [537.4 μg/g] and w24 [749.0 μg/g]. A clear exposure-response relationship was observed, both during induction and during maintenance therapy, with different thresholds depending on the targeted outcome.

Conclusions
In this cohort of refractory CD patients, ustekinumab showed good clinical remission rates but limited endoscopic remission after 24 weeks. Our data suggest that higher doses may be required to achieve better endoscopic outcomes.
Graded reader comprehension questions and item discrimination analysis
Authors: Ramonda Kris , Sevigny Paul 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Although the benefits of extensive reading are well known, very little research has investigated the validity of assessment tools to measure general comprehension of graded readers. To address this, quizzes were authored for 42 level 2 Penguin graded readers and administered to 166 students over a semester. Item facility for high-scorers and low-scorers was calculated for the 168 question items from the 42 graded readers, and the resulting item discrimination (ID) score was used to categorize and group quiz items with shared structural and content-based features. The results showed that certain question types tend to be more effective for measuring comprehension of graded readers than others.
Populism and Foreign Policy: The Case of India
Authors: Plagemann Johannes , Destradi Sandra 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhat kind of foreign policy do populists execute once in power? Based on the existing literature, we conceptualize populism as a set of ideas whose two core elements are anti-elitism and antipluralism. From this we develop a set of hypotheses regarding both substantive aspects of foreign policy as well as foreign policy–making processes of populist leaders in government. An analysis of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's foreign policy record serves as a first plausibility probe of our hypotheses. We find that our concept of populism carries most explanatory value in the procedural aspects of foreign policy making as well as in its communication, less so in those aspects relating to the goals or substance of foreign policy. Whereas foreign policy under Modi's populist leadership is highly centralized and personalized, the traditional foreign policy establishment, including most notably the Ministry of External Affairs, has lost some of its previous authority. Engaging the Indian diaspora abroad emerged as another characteristic of populist foreign policy making. By contrast, the case of India does not confirm our hypothesis regarding a preference of bilateralism over multilateralism, nor does populism necessarily preclude investing in global public goods.
Making Universal Influenza Vaccines: Lessons From the 1918 Pandemic
Authors: Morens David M , Taubenberger Jeffery K 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe year 2018 marked the 100th anniversary of the deadliest event in human history. In 1918–1919, pandemic influenza spread globally and caused an estimated 50–100 million deaths associated with unexpected clinical and epidemiological features. The descendants of the 1918 virus continue to circulate as annual epidemic viruses causing significant mortality each year. The 1918 influenza pandemic serves as a benchmark for the development of universal influenza vaccines. Challenges to producing a truly universal influenza vaccine include eliciting broad protection against antigenically different influenza viruses that can prevent or significantly downregulate viral replication and reduce morbidity by preventing development of viral and secondary bacterial pneumonia. Perhaps the most important goal of such vaccines is not to prevent influenza, but to prevent influenza deaths.
Women or Leaders? Practices of Narrating the United Nations as a Gendered Institution
Authors: Bode Ingvild 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe United Nations has been an important forum for promoting women's rights, but women are still underrepresented at the most senior levels of its leadership. This points to persistent obstacles in reaching gender parity at the UN, despite the organization's overt commitment to this objective. Situated in feminist institutionalist insights, I argue that the institutionalization of gender inequality through practices in the UN as a gendered institution can account for continued barriers to women leadership. This makes contributions to feminist institutionalist literature in international relations by taking it to the individual microlevel. Gendered practices sustain, inform, and manifest themselves in four interconnected processes that reinforce gendered divisions of subordination: positional divides, symbols and imagery, everyday interactions, and individual identity (based on Acker 1990, 146–47; Scott 1986). These processes and their practices become accessible through the narrative analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with senior women leaders at the UN. By recognizing their narratives as valid forms of insight into the study of the UN, this approach recognizes women leaders’ agency as opposed to portraying them as numbers only.
Inflammation status in HIV-positive individuals correlates with changes in bone tissue quality after initiation of ART
Authors: Lerma-Chippirraz E , Pineda-Moncusí Marta , González-Mena A , Soldado-Folgado Jade , Knobel H , Trenchs-Rodríguez M , Díez-Pérez A , Brown Todd T , García-Giralt N , Güerri-Fernández R 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe mechanisms behind ART-induced bone changes in HIV-infected patients are poorly known. We aimed to analyse changes in inflammatory and bone markers in HIV after tenofovir disoproxil fumarate initiation, and the associations with changes in the bone strength parameters.MethodsHIV-positive participants starting tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based ART underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (QDR 4500 SL®, Hologic, Waltham, MA, USA) for bone mineral density (BMD), a microindentation test (OsteoProbe®, Active Life Scientific, Santa Barbara, CA, USA) for bone quality [bone material strength index (BMSi)] and phlebotomy at baseline and 48 weeks after ART. A panel of inflammatory biomarkers and bone turnover markers were measured by ELISA. HIV-negative controls underwent identical procedures once. Values are expressed as medians and IQRs, and non-parametric tests were used to perform the analysis.ResultsTwenty HIV-infected individuals and 20 HIV-negative control individuals were matched in terms of age and gender. HIV individuals showed higher levels of inflammatory markers. We found no differences in bone turnover markers. HIV-positive individuals presented lower BMSi values at baseline compared with controls [86 (83–90) versus 89 (88–93), respectively; P = 0.034]. We found no difference in BMD (at either of the sites evaluated). BMSi tended to increase with treatment. IL-1β at baseline was positively correlated with changes in BMSi after ART (rho = 0.564, P = 0.014). Baseline levels of sclerostin tended to be negatively correlated with changes in BMSi (rho = −0.402, P = 0.097). We found a negative correlation between time since HIV diagnosis and changes in BMSi (rho = −0.466, P = 0.04).ConclusionsWe observed a correlation between changes in bone quality and the inflammatory environment in HIV-positive individuals. Moreover, among the underlying mechanisms we highlight the Wnt pathway as having a potentially significant role in ART bone quality recovery.
Gender, Violence, and Justice in Colonial Assam: The Webb Case, c. 1884
Authors: Wright Ashley 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In 1884, Charles Webb, a European employee of a steam transportation company in Assam, sexually assaulted and killed Sukurmani, a woman who had left Bengal with her family to work on a tea plantation. The district magistrate dismissed most of the charges against Webb, assessing only a modest fine for wrongful confinement, and, though the case was appealed and brought to the attention of the viceroy, ultimately this verdict was upheld. The Webb case, as it became known in the Indian press, galvanized public opinion in India, as discussion of the case overlapped with discussion of the controversial Ilbert Bill of the previous year. This article traces the Webb case as it made its way through the courts and newspapers, arguing that a close study of this case reveals the ways that hierarchies of race, class, caste, and gender were constructed and were manifest in daily life. This article further argues that the treatment of the Webb case by the courts and later by the vernacular press indicates that sexual violence was a central element in nineteenth-century contests over colonial rule in India.
The origin of the red-sequence galaxy population in the EAGLE simulation
Authors: Correa Camila A , Schaye Joop , Trayford James W 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT
We investigate the evolution in colour and morphology of the progenitors of red-sequence galaxies in the EAGLE cosmological hydrodynamical simulation. We quantify colours with u* − r* intrinsic magnitudes and morphologies with a measure of the stellar kinematics. The time when galaxies moved on to the red sequence depends on their morphology. Disc-type galaxies tend to have become red during the last 3 Gyr, while elliptical-type galaxies joined the red sequence earlier, with half the sample already being red 5 Gyr ago. The time-scale, τGreen, of colour transition through the ‘green valley’ depends weakly on the galaxy’s morphological type. Elliptical-type galaxies cross the green valley slightly faster (τGreen ≈ 1 Gyr) than disc-type galaxies (τGreen ≈ 1.5 Gyr). While τGreen is similar for central and satellite galaxies, for satellites τGreen decreases with increasing stellar mass to host-halo mass ratio. Coupled with our finding that galaxies tend to become green after becoming satellites, this indicates that satellite-specific processes are important for quenching red-sequence galaxies. The last time central, elliptical-type red-sequence galaxies left the blue cloud is strongly correlated with the time the luminosity of the central black hole peaked, but this is not the case for discs. This suggests that active galactic nuclei (AGNs) feedback is important for quenching ellipticals, particularly centrals, but not for discs. We find only a weak connection between transformations in colour and morphology.
Mitogenomes Uncover Extinct Penguin Taxa and Reveal Island Formation as a Key Driver of Speciation
Authors: Cole Theresa L , Ksepka Daniel T , Mitchell Kieren J , Tennyson Alan J D , Thomas Daniel B , Pan Hailin , Zhang Guojie , Rawlence Nicolas J , Wood Jamie R , Bover Pere , Bouzat Juan L , Cooper Alan , Fiddaman Steven R , Hart Tom , Miller Gary , Ryan Peter G , Shepherd Lara D , Wilmshurst Janet M , Waters Jonathan M 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The emergence of islands has been linked to spectacular radiations of diverse organisms. Although penguins spend much of their lives at sea, they rely on land for nesting, and a high proportion of extant species are endemic to geologically young islands. Islands may thus have been crucial to the evolutionary diversification of penguins. We test this hypothesis using a fossil-calibrated phylogeny of mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from all extant and recently extinct penguin taxa. Our temporal analysis demonstrates that numerous recent island-endemic penguin taxa diverged following the formation of their islands during the Plio-Pleistocene, including the Galápagos (Galápagos Islands), northern rockhopper (Gough Island), erect-crested (Antipodes Islands), Snares crested (Snares) and royal (Macquarie Island) penguins. Our analysis also reveals two new recently extinct island-endemic penguin taxa from New Zealand’s Chatham Islands: Eudyptes warhami sp. nov. and a dwarf subspecies of the yellow-eyed penguin, Megadyptes antipodes richdalei ssp. nov. Eudyptes warhami diverged from the Antipodes Islands erect-crested penguin between 1.1 and 2.5 Ma, shortly after the emergence of the Chatham Islands (∼3 Ma). This new finding of recently evolved taxa on this young archipelago provides further evidence that the radiation of penguins over the last 5 Ma has been linked to island emergence. Mitogenomic analyses of all penguin species, and the discovery of two new extinct penguin taxa, highlight the importance of island formation in the diversification of penguins, as well as the extent to which anthropogenic extinctions have affected island-endemic taxa across the Southern Hemisphere’s isolated archipelagos.
Governing for Health
Authors: Baum Fran 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Governing for Health makes the argument that it is vital that governments and international agencies govern in the interests of protecting the environment and promoting human health and equity. A healthy society results from the organized efforts of every sector in society to promote health in all activities. The book examines how this can be done in the fiscal, health service, education, urban planning, environment, and local government sectors. It also promotes the crucial role of civil society in advocating for the health of people and the environment. The importance of the work of each sector to health is described, and the ways in which that work can be made more health promoting are examined. Each chapter contains practical examples of changes that can be made if governing for health is privileged. A key message of the book is that in the last decades economic considerations have come to dominate public decision-making so that governing for profit has been the single-minded aim of governments. The book argues passionately that new priorities are required that see all sectors governing for the needs of people and the environment rather than for short-term profits. The book also contains a chapter directed to politicians, suggesting a manifesto for well-being. It concludes by distilling the messages of the book into six central messages for governing for health, and ends with a plea that hope and courage should dominate decision-making.
Creating an Ecologically Sustainable World to Support Environmental and Human Health
Authors: Baum Fran 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains the impact of environmental threats on human health, considers the urgency for action in a context of disputed politics, argues the need for an ecosystems perspective, and assesses policy action in the areas of global warming (climate change), renewable energy, sustainable food and water, and the need for humans to reconnect to nature and land. It argues that the earth’s ecosystem is greatly threatened by human activity and that industrialization has ravaged the natural environment to the point that soon it may no longer support human life. Consequently, the case is made for radical change toward an ecosystems view to maintain a safe operating space for humanity. The importance of renewable energy, sustainable food and water supplies, restoring nature, and protecting biodiversity are seen as vital to human health.
In Person
Authors: Margulies Ivone 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In Person: Reenactment in Postwar and Contemporary Cinema delineates a new performative genre based on replay and self-awareness. The book argues that in-person reenactment, an actual person reenacting her past on camera, departs radically from other modes of mimetic reconstruction. In Person theorizes this figure’s protean temporality and revisionist capabilities, and it considers its import in terms of social representativity and exemplarity. Close readings of select, historicized examples define an alternate, confessional-performative vein to understand the self-reflexive nature of postwar and post-Holocaust testimonial cinemas. The book contextualizes Zavattini’s proposal that in neorealism everyone should act his own story in a sort of anti-individualist, public display (Love in the City and We the Women). It checks the convergence between verité experiments, a heightened self-critique in France, and the reception of psychodrama in France (Chronicle of a Summer and The Human Pyramid) in the late 1950s. And, through Bazin, it reflects on the quandaries of celebrity biopics: how the circularity of the star’s iconography is checked by her corporeal limits (Sophia: Her Own Story and the docudrama Torero!). In Person traces a shift from the exemplary and transformative ethos of 1950s reenactment toward the unredemptive stance of contemporary reenactment films such as Lanzmann’s Shoah, Zhang Yuan’s Sons, and Andrea Tonacci’s Hills of Chaos. It defines continuities between verité testimony (Chronicle and Moi un Noir) and later parajuridical films such as The Karski Report and Rithy Panh’s S21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine, suggesting the power of co-presence and in-person actualization for an ethics of viewership.
Neorealist Reenactment as Postwar Pedagogy
Authors: Margulies Ivone 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the Italian cinema contexts for Cesare Zavattini’s radical reconception of the notion of the nonprofessional actor—that everyone acts his or her life on camera—during the waning of neorealism. Pedinamento, closely tracking an event, and film-lampo, the investigation film, are analyzed as a transition from neorealist precepts to a verité focus on named individuals who turn their lives into exemplary narratives. Episodes from Love in the City (1953)—Zavattini and Maselli’s The Story of Caterina and Antonioni’s Attempted Suicides—are analyzed in their articulation of narrative of self-revision. A complementary omnibus project We the Women (1953) on famous stars’ everyday existence suggests the ways early 1950s reenactment engages thematically with the star system (e.g., Guarini’s Contest: 4 Actresses; 1 Hope, Franciolini’s Alida Valli) and with questions of authenticity and theatricality. In-person reenactment leads to modern cinema hybrids mixing acting and self-presentation (e.g., Visconti’s take on Magnani, Rossellini’s on Bergman).
Celebrity Reenactment, Biopic, and the Mortal Body
Authors: Margulies Ivone 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes two stars’ biopics from the 1950s: Carlos Velo’s Torero! on bullfighter Luis Procuna and Sophia: Her Own Story (1980) featuring the famous Loren playing herself and her mother in a TV biopic. The chapter analyzes the constraints posed to celebrity self-reenactment: how different temporal orders: of biology (the star’s aging body), the recurrent circuitry of star iconography, and the flexible order of aesthetic representation balance precariously in these narratives. Taking the cue from André Bazin’s analysis on bullfighting and death in the cinema, this chapter analyzes the specific roles of archival footage and of reenactment in star biopics. In particular, it looks at how reenactment’s temporal indeterminacy contrasts with documentary images of bullfights. The chapter situates Velo’s work within Mexican experiments with ciné-verdad as well as Zavattini’s international influence in these efforts in 1950s Mexico.
Senseless Mimesis
Authors: Margulies Ivone 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the second-to-last sequence of scenes in Serras da Desordem as indicative of the unredemptive quality of contemporary reenactment films. The conclusion relates the cold analytical record of the realities at the reservation of the Awá Guajá Indians to the perverse ethnography of Jean Rouch (Les Maitres Fous) and Luis Bunuel (Las Hurdes), where a purposeful indeterminacy regarding time and chronology, a stasis, and a foregrounded repetition and circularity imply a critical view that has none of the prospects of transformation proper to modern neorealist and verité reenactment. Framed by Serras’ relentless fragmentation, this sequence’s dry look suggests the power of reenactment to destabilize all documentary record.
Time . . . and How We Study It
Authors: Riess Jones Mari 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter surveys a number of the popular experimental designs used to study people’s perception (or estimation) of time. This includes descriptions of paradigms that present isolated pairs of time intervals for people to compare as well as experimental designs that require people to anticipate certain target onsets in various contexts. In this respect, it distinguishes between designs that require people to respond to time and those designs that require people to use time. Also discussed are paradigms that record driven rhythms in the form of cortical oscillations. Concepts of attending, anticipatory attending, and temporal expectancy are also introduced in this chapter.
Parallelism
Authors: Riess Jones Mari 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The ability to “keep time” refers to the momentary tracking of a dynamic environmental event; sometimes our natural tendencies for “keeping” time are apparent, while the underlying synchronies of attending may be less obvious. This chapter has three goals. The first is to demonstrate a parallelism between the production of an event (e.g., a spoken phrase or sentence) and one’s expectancy or perception of that event. Expressing such parallels requires specifying underlying factors in production and expectancies, such as the attractors and referent oscillation responsible for producing a tempo curve. The second goal is to propose the respective roles of voluntary and involuntary factors that figure into these expressions. The third goal is to present readers with a sample of studies that embody parallelism.
Musical Melodies
Authors: Riess Jones Mari 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter has three major sections. The first section introduces musical scales together with psychological implications. The second section focuses on theory and research surrounding musical tonality. The third section presents issues surrounding the perception of melodic contours. A number of theories are explored, some including Gestalt concepts, as well as concepts based on dynamic attending theory (DAT). The latter theory is shown to address attending to both musical tonality and contour. In general, percepts of tonal melodies lend themselves to DAT interpretations based on attractor profiles, whereas melodic contour perceptions can be explained in terms of exogenous entrainment to a changing frequency.