bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous Versus Discontinuous Ultra‐High‐Pressure Systems for Food Sterilization with Focus on Ultra‐High‐Pressure Homogenization and High‐Pressure Thermal Sterilization: A Review
Authors: Sevenich Robert , Mathys Alexander 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHigh‐pressure thermal sterilization (HPTS) and ultra‐high‐pressure homogenization (UHPH) are two emerging sterilization techniques that have not been implemented in the food industry yet. The two technologies apply different acting principles as HPTS uses isostatic pressure in combination with heat whereas UHPH uses dynamic pressure in combination with shear stress, cavitation, impingement, and heat. Both technologies offer significant benefits in terms of spore inactivation in food production with reduced thermal intensity and minimized effects on sensory and nutritional profiles. These benefits have resulted in relevant research efforts on both technologies over the past few decades. This state of the art of the discontinuous HPTS‐based and the continuous UHPH‐based sterilization concepts are assessed within this review. Further, various basic principles and promising future preservation applications of HPTS and UHPH for food processing, that are also applicable in the pharmaceutical, biochemical, and biotechnological sectors, are summarized. In addition, the applications and limitations of these technologies in terms of optimizations needed to overcome the identified challenges are emphasized.
An uneasy alliance: a nesting association between aggressive ants and equally fierce social wasps
Authors: Servigne Pablo , Orivel Jérôme , Azémar Frédéric , Carpenter James , Dejean Alain , Corbara Bruno 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAlthough the Neotropical territorially dominant arboreal antAzteca chartifexForel is very aggressive towards any intruder, its populous colonies tolerate the close presence of the fierce polistine waspPolybia rejecta(F.). In French Guiana, 83.33% of the 48P. rejectanests recorded were found side by side with those ofA. chartifex. This nesting association results in mutual protection from predators (i.e., the wasps protected from army ants; the ants protected from birds). We conducted field studies, laboratory‐based behavioral experiments and chemical analyses to elucidate the mechanisms allowing the persistence of this association. Due to differences in the cuticular profiles of the two species, we eliminated the possibility of chemical mimicry. Also, analyses of the carton nests did not reveal traces of marking on the envelopes. Because ant forager flows were not perturbed by extracts from the wasps’ Dufour's and venom glands, we rejected any hypothetical action of repulsive chemicals. Nevertheless, we noted that the wasps “scraped” the surface of the upper part of their nest envelope using their mandibles, likely removing the ants’ scent trails, and an experiment showed that ant foragers were perturbed by the removal of their scent trails. This leads us to use the term “erasure hypothesis.” Thus, this nesting association persists thanks to a relative tolerance by the ants towards wasp presence and the behavior of the wasps that allows them to “contain” their associated ants through the elimination of their scent trails, direct attacks, “wing‐buzzing” behavior and ejecting the ants.
Impact of Listeria Inoculation and Aerated Steam Sanitization on Volatile Emissions of Whole Fresh Cantaloupes
Authors: Forney Charles F. , Fan Lihua , Bezanson Gregory S. , Ells Timothy C. , LeBlanc Denyse I. , Fillmore Sherry 
Published: April 2018

AbstractRapid methods to detect bacterial pathogens on food and strategies to control them are needed to mitigate consumer risk. This study assessed volatile emissions from whole cantaloupe melons (Cucumis melo) as an indicator of Listeria contamination and in response to steam vapor decontamination. Cantaloupe were inoculated with Listeria innocua, a nonpathogenic surrogate for L. monocytogenes, then exposed to 85 °C steam for 240 s (4 min) followed by rapid chilling and storage for 0, 7, 10, or 14 days at 4, 7, or 10 °C. Volatile emissions from whole melons were collected on Carbopack B/Carboxen 1000 headspace collection tubes and analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectroscopy following thermal desorption. Introduction of L. innocua to cantaloupe rind resulted in a reduction of aromatic compound emission. However, this response was not unique to Listeria contamination in that steam vapor treatment also reduced emission of these compounds. As well, steam vapor treatment diminished the number of viable Listeria and indigenous microflora while causing physiological injury to melon rind. Heat treatment had no significant effects on flesh firmness, color, titratable acidity, or soluble solids, but the production of typical aroma volatiles during postharvest ripening was inhibited. No unique volatile compounds were detected in Listeria contaminated melons. While changes in volatile emissions were associated with Listeria inoculation, they could not be differentiated from heat treatment effects. Results indicate that volatile emissions cannot be used as a diagnostic tool to identify Listeria contamination in whole cantaloupe melons.Practical ApplicationThe detection of pathogen contamination on fresh produce is a continuing challenge. Using a nondestructive screening method, the presence of surrogate Listeria innocua on fresh whole cantaloupes was shown to alter the emissions of aromatic volatiles from whole cantaloupes. However, these altered emissions were not found to be unique to Listeria spp. and therefore cannot be used as a definitive indicator of Listeria contamination.
Evaluation of Chilling Injury in Mangoes Using Multispectral Imaging
Authors: Hashim Norhashila , Onwude Daniel I. , Osman Muhamad Syafiq 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCommodities originating from tropical and subtropical climes are prone to chilling injury (CI). This injury could affect the quality and marketing potential of mango after harvest. This will later affect the quality of the produce and subsequent consumer acceptance. In this study, the appearance of CI symptoms in mango was evaluated non‐destructively using multispectral imaging. The fruit were stored at 4 °C to induce CI and 12 °C to preserve the quality of the control samples for 4 days before they were taken out and stored at ambient temperature for 24 hr. Measurements using multispectral imaging and standard reference methods were conducted before and after storage. The performance of multispectral imaging was compared using standard reference properties including moisture content (MC), total soluble solids (TSS) content, firmness, pH, and color. Least square support vector machine (LS‐SVM) combined with principal component analysis (PCA) were used to discriminate CI samples with those of control and before storage, respectively. The statistical results demonstrated significant changes in the reference quality properties of samples before and after storage. The results also revealed that multispectral parameters have a strong correlation with the reference parameters of L*, a*, TSS, and MC. The MC and L* were found to be the best reference parameters in identifying the severity of CI in mangoes. PCA and LS‐SVM analysis indicated that the fruit were successfully classified into their categories, that is, before storage, control, and CI. This indicated that the multispectral imaging technique is feasible for detecting CI in mangoes during postharvest storage and processing.Practical ApplicationThis paper demonstrates a fast, easy, and accurate method of identifying the effect of cold storage on mango, nondestructively. The method presented in this paper can be used industrially to efficiently differentiate different fruits from each other after low temperature storage.
Interactions of Dihydromyricetin, a Flavonoid from Vine Tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) with Gut Microbiota
Authors: Fan Li , Zhao Xinyuan , Tong Qing , Zhou Xiya , Chen Jing , Xiong Wei , Fang Jianguo , Wang Wenqing , Shi Chunyang 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDihydromyricetin (DMY) is the main bioactive constituent in vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata), which was predominantly distributed in the gastrointestinal tract and showed poor oral bioavailability. Our aim was to systematically investigate the interactions of DMY with gut microbiota. Through the metabolism study of DMY by fecal microflora in vitro, it was found that DMY could be metabolized into three metabolites by fecal microflora via reduction and dehydroxylation pathways, and the dehydroxylation metabolite was the dominant one. Meanwhile, in order to consider the influence of gut microbiota metabolism on the pharmacokinetics of DMY, the pharmacokinetics of DMY in control and pseudo‐germ‐free rats were compared. It was shown that area under the curve (AUC) could only slightly increase, however, peak concentration (Cmax) could significantly increase in the pseudo‐germ‐free rats compared with the control rats, which indicated the gut microbiota metabolism played an important role in the pharmacokinetics of DMY. In addition, the long‐term influence of DMY on gut microbiota composition by using 16S rRNA pyrosequencing was further investigated. And it was found that DMY could markedly alter the richness and diversity of the gut microbiota and modulate the gut microbiota composition. The present findings will be helpful for the future development and clinical application of DMY.Practical ApplicationThe gut microbiota plays an important role in the pharmacokinetics of flavonoids. As well, the long‐term supplements of flavonoids could alter the gut microbiota composition in turn. The study aims to clarify the mutual interaction of DMY with gut microbiota, which may lead to new information with respect to the mechanism study and clinical application of DMY.
Storage Stability of Dietary Nitrate and Phenolic Compounds in Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) and Arugula (Eruca sativa) Juices
Authors: Corleto Karen A. , Singh Jashbir , Jayaprakasha G. K. , Patil Bhimanagouda S. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNitrate and polyphenols from the diet may enhance the production and bioavailability of nitric oxide, a radical signaling molecule critical for cardiovascular health. Understanding the stability of these bioactives in beetroot and arugula juices is important for their functions. In this study, the stability of nitrate and phenolics in beetroot and arugula juices was measured for 32 days at different temperatures (25, 4, −20, and −80 °C). The levels of nitrate were measured by reversed‐phase HPLC and initial levels were found to be 4965.34 ± 72.69 μg/mL for beetroot and 6310.20 ± 24.79 μg/mL for arugula. Interestingly, nitrate degradation started within 24 hr at 25 °C and after 4 days at 4 °C. At −20 °C and −80 °C, nitrate levels remained stable for one month. Total phenolics and free radical scavenging activity varied significantly during storage conditions. Beetroot juice at 25 °C, significant decrease in total phenolics and antioxidant activity was observed, whereas at 4, −20 and −80 °C, the levels remained relatively stable. By contrast, arugula juice at 25 and 4 °C, an increase in total phenolics and antioxidant activity were observed after one month. Furthermore, UPLC‐HR‐QTOF‐MS analysis demonstrated that flavonoid glucosides were converted to their aglycones and lower phenolics, resulting in higher total phenolics and antioxidant activity during storage. In conclusion, beetroot and arugula juices required frozen conditions for long‐term storage to prevent degradation of nitrate and to maintain their nutritional value.Practical ApplicationBeetroot and arugula juices have health‐beneficial compounds such as nitrate and phenolics. Understanding the proper storage conditions can allow consumers to make informed choices that can help fresh juices to maintain their health promoting properties.
Shelf Life Extension of Tomato Paste Through Organoleptically Acceptable Concentration of Betel Leaf Essential Oil Under Accelerated Storage Environment
Authors: Basak Suradeep 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis study was attempted with two objectives: (1) to find an acceptable concentration of betel leaf essential oil (BLEO) based on sensory evaluation that can be employed in tomato paste; (2) to evaluate the effect of the acceptable concentration of BLEO in the paste during accelerated storage under 89 ± 1.2% RH at 39 ± 1 °C. Linguistic data obtained from sensory evaluation of tomato paste treated with 4 different concentrations of BLEO were analyzed using fuzzy logic approach. The organoleptically acceptable concentration was determined to be 0.25 mg/g of BLEO in tomato paste. The effect of the selected concentration of BLEO on different physicochemical and microbial attributes of tomato paste during accelerated storage was studied. Untreated tomato paste was found to have 12% less total antioxidant capacity than treated paste at the end of storage. Based on a*/b* value in CIELAB color space, the BLEO treated paste efficiently extended the shelf life by 14 days with respect to untreated paste samples under accelerated storage conditions. BLEO comes with a tag contributing to green consumerism, and its application as food preservative is no less than a value addition to the product.Practical ApplicationsEssential oil is considered to have promising potential as an alternative food preservative, and its use is practically possible if they could overcome the sensory barrier, while retaining the preservative potency. The importance of identifying the sensory attributes for commercial success of essential oil treated food product was considered in this study. It contributes to the potency of organoleptically acceptable concentration of BLEO in shelf life extension of tomato paste under accelerated storage conditions. At industrial level, the estimated shelf life of treated tomato paste can be increased by incorporating more hurdles alongside BLEO.
Correlation Between Acetogenin Content and Antiproliferative Activity of Pawpaw (Asimina triloba [L.] Dunal) Fruit Pulp Grown in Korea
Authors: Nam Jin‐Sik , Park Seo‐Yeon , Lee Hyo‐Jeong , Lee Seon‐Ok , Jang Hye‐Lim , Rhee Young Ha 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPawpaw (Asimina triloba [L.] Dunal) is widely cultivated in Korea for its fruit, which contains bioactive compounds, such as acetogenins. In this study, we investigated the acetogenin content and antiproliferative activity of pawpaw fruit pulp against various cancer cell lines and evaluated the relationship between these two variables at different maturation stages. Unripe fruit had higher antiproliferative activity than ripe fruit, and the activity level depended on acetogenin content. In addition, the presence of specific acetogenins was related to inhibition of certain cancer cell types. The unripe fruit methanol and ethanol extracts (URFM and URFE, respectively) that were rich in acetogenins strongly inhibited the growth of HT‐1080, HeLa, and AGS cells by >50% at concentrations of less than 115 μg/mL. These findings indicate that URFM and URFE have therapeutic potential for the treatment of cancer, and our study establishes a basis for further mechanistic studies of the antiproliferative activity of pawpaw fruit. However, it is necessary to further study the anticancer activity of acetogenins from pawpaw fruit using in vivo activity approaches.Practical ApplicationPawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains acetogenins that can inhibit the growth of cancer cells. In our study, we demonstrate that the antiproliferative activity is higher in unripe than in ripe fruit and depends on acetogenin content. Our results indicate that the extract of unripe pawpaw fruit has value not only as a functional food, but has therapeutic potential for the treatment of cancer as a naturally derived substance that may be less toxic than conventional chemotherapy drugs.
A Water Allocation Decision‐Support Model and Tool for Predictions in Ungauged Basins in Northeast British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Chapman Allan R. , Kerr Ben , Wilford David 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPressures on water resources due to changing climate, increasing demands, and enhanced recognition of environmental flow needs result in the need for hydrology information to support informed water allocation decisions. However, the absence of hydrometric measurements and limited access to hydrology information in many areas impairs water allocation decision‐making. This paper describes a water balance‐based modeling approach and an innovative web‐based decision‐support hydrology tool developed to address this need. Using high‐resolution climate, vegetation, and watershed data, a simple gridded water balance model, adjusted to account for locational variability, was developed and calibrated against gauged watersheds, to model mean annual runoff. Mean monthly runoff was modeled empirically, using multivariate regression. The modeled annual runoff results are within 20% of the observed mean annual discharge for 78% of the calibration watersheds, with a mean absolute error of 16%. Modeled monthly runoff corresponds well to observed monthly runoff, with a median Nash–Sutcliffe statistic of 0.92 and a median Spearman rank correlation statistic of 0.98. Monthly and annual flow estimates produced from the model are incorporated into a map‐ and watershed‐based decision‐support system referred to as the Northeast Water Tool, to provide critical information to decision makers and others on natural water supply, existing allocations, and the needs of the environment.
Contrasting results from GWAS and QTL mapping on wing length in great reed warblers
Authors: Hansson Bengt , Sigeman Hanna , Stervander Martin , Tarka Maja , Ponnikas Suvi , Strandh Maria , Westerdahl Helena , Hasselquist Dennis 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA major goal in evolutionary biology is to understand the genetic basis of adaptive traits. In migratory birds, wing morphology is such a trait. Our previous work on the great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) shows that wing length is highly heritable and under sexually antagonistic selection. Moreover, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping analysis detected a pronounced QTL for wing length on chromosome 2, suggesting that wing morphology is partly controlled by genes with large effects. Here, we re‐evaluate the genetic basis of wing length in great reed warblers using a genomewide association study (GWAS) approach based on restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) data. We use GWAS models that account for relatedness between individuals and include covariates (sex, age and tarsus length). The resulting association landscape was flat with no peaks on chromosome 2 or elsewhere, which is in line with expectations for polygenic traits. Analysis of the distribution of p‐values did not reveal biases, and the inflation factor was low. Effect sizes were however not uniformly distributed on some chromosomes, and the Z chromosome had weaker associations than autosomes. The level of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the population decayed to background levels within c. 1 kbp. There could be several reasons to why our QTL study and GWAS gave contrasting results including differences in how associations are modelled (cosegregation in pedigree vs. LD associations), how covariates are accounted for in the models, type of marker used (multi‐ vs. biallelic), difference in power or a combination of these. Our study highlights that the genetic architecture even of highly heritable traits is difficult to characterize in wild populations.
Orthodontic thermoformed retainers: a two‐arm laboratory study into post‐fabrication outcomes
Authors: Doğramacı EJ , Chubb DWR , Rossi‐Fedele G 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundRetainers are commonly used to maintain post‐orthodontic occlusion stability. We aimed to determine post‐fabrication thickness and thinning rate of thermoformed retainers.MethodsForty‐eight retainers were fabricated from polyethylenterepthalat‐glycol copolyester or polypropylene blanks, using vacuum‐ or pressure‐thermoforming. Retainer thickness was measured at multiple locations.ResultsThinning rate had a broad range: the mid‐labial incisor region of 1 mm polyethylenterepthalat‐glycol copolyester pressure‐thermoformed mandibular retainers had the greatest thinning rate (68.25 ± 8.26%) and smallest mean post‐fabrication thickness (0.32 ± 0.08 mm). Polyethylenterepthalat‐glycol copolyester retainers were 0.11 mm thinner than polypropylene (P=0.0222), and polypropylene retainers were 0.21 mm thicker, when pressure‐thermoformed (P<0.0001). The interaction of manufacturing method and material used, and tooth type, explained over a third of the variability in the post‐fabrication thickness of these retainers. Maxillary retainers made from 1 mm blanks were 0.04 mm thicker in the incisor region compared with the molar region (P=0.0492).ConclusionsThermoformed retainers do no thin uniformly against individual teeth and have variable intra‐ and inter‐arch post‐fabrication thicknesses. There is no clear benefit in using a specific type of thermoforming machine or material for increasing post‐fabrication thickness or reducing thinning rate. Blank thickness and tooth morphology influence these outcomes.
Natural fertility, infertility and the role of medically assisted reproduction: The knowledge amongst women of reproductive age in North Queensland
Authors: Cheung Nicole K. , Coffey Anne , Woods Cindy , de Costa Caroline 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundThe demand for medically assisted reproduction continues to increase, with more women encountering challenges with fertility. Due to misconceptions and gaps in knowledge, women are often unaware of the risks related to delayed childbearing. Lack of understanding of natural fertility, infertility and the role of medically assisted reproduction can lead to emotional suffering and changes in family plans.AimsTo assess the understanding and knowledge that women of reproductive age in North Queensland have regarding natural fertility, infertility and the role of medically assisted reproduction.Materials and MethodsData were collected from 120 women (30 nurses, 30 teachers, 30 university students and 30 Technical and Further Education students) via the distribution of a structured questionnaire. Participants were surveyed in person about their personal plans and opinions, knowledge about natural fertility, infertility and medically assisted reproduction, and their preferred source of information.ResultsParticipants demonstrated suboptimal knowledge levels throughout all sections of the questionnaire, in particular when asked about medically assisted reproduction. When asked to identify their main source of information, ‘friends and family’ was the most popular choice.ConclusionsResults from this North Queensland study add to the existing international literature, highlighting the widespread nature of the problem. Without adequate understanding of natural fertility, the risks of infertility, and the role and limitations of medically assisted reproduction, women make uninformed decisions. Development of local reproductive health education programs need to be instigated in response.