bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Porous Palladium Nanomeshes with Enhanced Electrochemical CO2‐into‐Syngas Conversion over a Wider Applied Potential
Authors: Wu Jun , Xie Ying , Ren Zhiyu , Du Shichao , Meng Huiyuan , Zhao Lei , Wang Xiuwen , Wang Guiling , Fu Honggang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractElectrochemical conversion of CO2 into syngas, which can be used directly in the classical petroleum industrial processes, provides a powerful approach for achieving the recycling of anthropogenic carbon. Pd has previously been reported to be capable of converting CO2 into syngas with various CO/H2 ratios, but only at limited applied potential, which is mainly attributed to fewer active sites exposed toward electrocatalysis. Herein, high‐performance Pd nanomeshes (NMs) assembled with branch‐like Pd nanoparticles were designed and synthesized by using a simple interface‐induced self‐assembly strategy; these NMs could catalyze CO2‐into‐syngas conversion with a high current density in a wide applied potential range from −0.5 to −1.0 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode). Further evidence validated that the enhanced activity of the Pd NMs was not only caused by the crosslinked network structure accelerating electron transport, but also by the greater number of edge and/or corner active sites exposed on the surface of the NMs, which facilitated CO2 adsorption, CO2.− formation, COOH* stabilization, and CO generation. Under optimal operating conditions, Pd NMs could balance two competing reactions: CO2 reduction and hydrogen evolution. The resultant syngases with the ideal and tunable CO/H2 ratio between 0.5:1 and 1:1 could be used directly for methanol synthesis and Fischer–Tropsch reactions.
Tree shape‐based approaches for the comparative study of cophylogeny
Authors: Avino Mariano , Ng Garway T. , He Yiying , Renaud Mathias S. , Jones Bradley R. , Poon Art F. Y. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCophylogeny is the congruence of phylogenetic relationships between two different groups of organisms due to their long‐term interaction. We investigated the use of tree shape distance measures to quantify the degree of cophylogeny. We implemented a reverse‐time simulation model of pathogen phylogenies within a fixed host tree, given cospeciation probability, host switching, and pathogen speciation rates. We used this model to evaluate 18 distance measures between host and pathogen trees including two kernel distances that we developed for labeled and unlabeled trees, which use branch lengths and accommodate different size trees. Finally, we used these measures to revisit published cophylogenetic studies, where authors described the observed associations as representing a high or low degree of cophylogeny. Our simulations demonstrated that some measures are more informative than others with respect to specific coevolution parameters especially when these did not assume extreme values. For real datasets, trees’ associations projection revealed clustering of high concordance studies suggesting that investigators are describing it in a consistent way. Our results support the hypothesis that measures can be useful for quantifying cophylogeny. This motivates their usage in the field of coevolution and supports the development of simulation‐based methods, i.e., approximate Bayesian computation, to estimate the underlying coevolutionary parameters.
Formation of textured Al thin film on periodic microswelling structure fabricated on silicone rubber surface to realize superhydrophobicity
Authors: Okoshi Masayuki 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPeriodic microswelling structure was fabricated on silicone rubber by the 193‐nm ArF excimer laser induced photodissociation of silicone; subsequent deposition of Al thin film on the sample surface significantly improved the superhydrophobicity. To discuss the improvement, Al thin film was deposited on a flat slide glass, silicone rubber, and silicone resin substrates. Under a scanning electron microscope, textured structure of Al thin film was found only on the silicone rubber. As a result, contact angle of water on the sample with the textured Al indicated to be approximately 165°, compared with the case of 155° before Al deposition.
Identifying the trajectory of social milestones 15‐20 years after epilepsy surgery: Realistic timelines for postsurgical expectations
Authors: Coleman Honor , McIntosh Anne , Wilson Sarah J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectivePatients often undertake epilepsy surgery with the expectation that it will lead to improvements in their social situation. Short‐ to medium‐term research consistently points toward improvements in social outcomes; however, no study has mapped out postsurgical social timelines, particularly for longer‐term (>15 years) outcomes.MethodsWe recruited 39 patients who had undergone anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) for drug‐resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) between 1994 and 2002. The cohort (24 females) had a median age of 49 years (range 38‐67), age of habitual seizure onset was 9.5 years (range 0.5‐29 years), and age at surgery was 31 years (range 20‐53). Patients were followed up for a median of 18.4 years postsurgery (IQR = 4.4). Using data obtained from semistructured interviews, we conducted a comprehensive qualitative analysis of patients' self‐reported postsurgical social trajectories. Self‐report questionnaires were used to assess mood and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) at the time of interview.ResultsThere was a common sequence of social milestone achievement, spanning 20 years postsurgery. Typically, patients first (re)gained their license, then attempted educational and vocational gains, followed by establishing long‐term relationships and finally a family unit. Rare, intermittent seizures postsurgery did not appear to have detrimental effects on social trajectories. Those who experienced a reduction in seizures showed increased likelihood of attaining social milestones compared to those with ongoing seizures.SignificanceAchieving social milestones after epilepsy surgery may take considerably longer than patients are expecting prior to surgery. The pattern of social milestone outcome resembled a process of psychosocial development. These findings have important implications for presurgical counseling and postsurgical rehabilitation.
SUDEP in patients with epilepsy and nonepileptic seizures
Authors: Verducci Chloe , Friedman Daniel , Devinsky Orrin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe report 13 SUDEP cases in the North American SUDEP Registry with both psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) and epileptic seizures (ES) among a consecutive series of 231 cases (excluding epileptic encephalopathies). On average, cases of PNES + ES died at a younger age (23 ± 11 years) than the ES‐only cohort (30 ± 14 years), and died an average of 3 years after PNES diagnosis. We found no statistically significant confounding cardiac, respiratory, or psychiatric comorbidities and equal rates of anti‐seizure medication adherence, although there was a trend for higher rates of psychiatric disorders in the PNES group. Our findings confirm that patients with comorbid ES and PNES can die from SUDEP and that there may be a high‐risk period after the diagnosis of PNES is made in patients with comorbid ES. Such patients should be closely monitored and provided with coordinated care of both their epilepsy and psychiatric disorder(s).
Olfactory function in focal epilepsies: Understanding mesial temporal lobe epilepsy beyond the hippocampus
Authors: Espinosa‐Jovel Camilo , Toledano Rafael , Jiménez‐Huete Adolfo , Aledo‐Serrano Ángel , García‐Morales Irene , Campo Pablo , Gil‐Nagel Antonio 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSeveral lines of research have linked olfactory regions with the pathophysiology of focal epilepsies. Among those regions, the piriform cortex represents the major part of the primary olfactory cortex. According to these data, we raised the hypothesis that in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis exists an interictal dysfunction of olfactory processing that could be more significant compared to patients with extra‐hippocampal focal epilepsy and healthy controls. This could be the consequence of a dysfunctional epileptogenic network that extends beyond the hippocampus and affects other structures, including the piriform cortex. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the olfactory function with the Sniffin' Sticks test in 32 patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis, 30 patients with extra‐hippocampal focal epilepsy, and 22 healthy controls. Compared to the other study groups, patients with temporal lobe epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis showed a basal olfactory dysfunction characterized by an impairment in odor discrimination and odor identification. We also found that high seizure frequency had a strong correlation with the evaluated olfactory tasks. Our results are consistent with neuroimaging and neuropathological data that establish a link between olfactory regions and the pathophysiology of temporal lobe epilepsy.
Improvement of rhizobium‐soybean symbiosis and nitrogen fixation under drought
Authors: Kibido Tsholofelo , Kunert Karl , Makgopa Matome , Greve Michelle , Vorster Juan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe symbiotic interaction between soybean plants and rhizobacteria can be severely affected by drought, which results in a reduction in symbiotic nitrogen fixation and ultimately decreased yields. The aim of our research was to determine whether symbiotically efficient rhizobia that can better tolerate soil water deficits can improve nodule performance in plants subjected to drought. Firstly, rhizobial strains were selected that exhibited differences in tolerance to salt (NaCl) or water deficit (PEG 6000). Sinorhizobium fredii strain SMH12 showed the highest tolerance to these treatments while Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens strain WB74‐1 showed the lowest tolerance. Greenhouse‐grown Prima 2000 soybean plants were then inoculated with either SMH12 or WB74‐1 and subjected to two water deficit regimes. Different nodule and plant growth traits were determined, including nodule number, dry weight, water potential, and the accumulation of malondialdehyde and ureide. Plants inoculated with SMH12 had significantly more nodules under water deficit conditions than those inoculated WB74‐1, despite having lower root and shoot biomass. SMH12‐inoculated plants had higher nodule water potentials and lower malondialdehyde contents than the WB74‐1‐inoculated plants. These results demonstrate that inoculation of soybean plants with the more water deficit‐tolerant S. fredii strain improved nodule characteristics when plants were grown under water deficit conditions. However, these improved nodule characteristics do not always directly translate into better plant growth.
Ecohydrologic separation alters interpreted hydrologic stores and fluxes in a headwater mountain catchment
Authors: Cain Molly R. , Ward Adam S. , Hrachowitz Markus 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRecent studies have demonstrated that compartmentalized pools of water preferentially supply either plant transpiration (poorly mobile water) or streamflow and groundwater (highly mobile water) in some catchments, a phenomenon referred to as ecohydrologic separation. The omission of processes accounting for ecohydrologic separation in standard applications of hydrological models is expected to influence estimates of water residence times and plant water availability. However, few studies have tested this expectation or investigated how ecohydrologic separation alters interpretations of stores and fluxes of water within a catchment. In this study, we compare two rainfall‐runoff models that integrate catchment‐scale representations of transport, one that incorporates ecohydrologic separation and one that does not. The models were developed for a second‐order watershed at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest (Oregon, USA), the site where ecohydrologic separation was first observed, and calibrated against multiple years of stream discharge and chloride concentration. Model structural variations caused mixed results for differences in calibrated parameters and differences in storage between reservoirs. However, large differences in catchment storage volumes and fluxes arise when considering only mobile water. These changes influence interpreted residence times for streamflow‐generating water, demonstrating the importance of ecohydrologic separation in catchment‐scale water and solute transport.
How preferential flow delivers pre‐event groundwater rapidly to streams
Authors: Worthington Stephen R.H. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGroundwater often accounts for a substantial fraction of flood hydrographs, but the processes responsible for this have been unclear. However, many aquifers have preferential flow and this explains how aquifers can be so responsive. In bedrock aquifers, weathering enhances the connectivity and apertures along the most efficient flow paths and hence enhances the permeability. This results in celerities and velocities of the preferential flow in these dual‐porosity aquifers that are two to three orders of magnitude higher than if the aquifers behaved as single‐porosity media. The celerities have been determined from artificial and natural flood pulses, from tidal lags, and from pumping tests. Preferential‐flow velocities have been calculated from tests using applied tracers. Celerities in bedrock aquifers are typically one to two orders of magnitude faster than velocities. The ubiquitous preferential flow in aquifers provides an additional explanation, besides groundwater ridging, for the rapid release of groundwater to streams during storm events.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic bladder tumor with divergent behavior in a patient with spinal cord injury
Authors: Tsuboi Ichiro , Maruyama Yuki , Sadahira Takuya , Wada Koichiro , Ando Nobuyoshi , Mitsui Yosuke , Nishiyama Yasuhiro , Arata Ryoji , Araki Motoo , Nasu Yasutomo , Ono Noriaki 
Published: May 2019

IntroductionAn inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the bladder is rare. Some urothelial carcinoma with sarcomatoid changes may mimic an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor.Case presentationA 76‐year‐old man with indwelling urinary catheters because of a spinal cord injury presented with gross hematuria. Transurethral electrocoagulation and a resection were performed. A T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging showed a tumor and hematoma in the bladder diverticulum that pathologically resembled an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. This lesion was then removed en bloc by partial cystectomy. Histology showed a squamous cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid changes. After 4 months, a computed tomography showed the lesion had expanded outside the skin adjacent to the bladder.ConclusionSome cases of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors have a malignant course. Urologists therefore need to be aware of the possibility of rare cases of malignant bladder myofibroblasts.
Recent advances on organic‐inorganic hybrid perovskite photodetectors with fast response
Authors: Zhao Yan , Li Chenglong , Shen Liang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn the last decade, optoelectronic devices based on organic‐inorganic hybrid perovskite (OIHP) materials, which have unique advantages of direct bandgap, large absorption coefficient, low density of defects, long charge carrier lifetime, diffusion length, and solution processability, have traveled with traditional inorganic semiconductor devices. The state‐of‐the‐art OIHP photodetectors have contributed a comparable performance with Si and III‐V compound semiconductor based photodetectors. Large amount of efforts have been focused on improving sensitivity, broadening detection spectra, enlarging linear dynamic range. However, few reports emphasized the important parameter of response speed. In this review, we summarize the progress and applications of OIHP photodetectors with fast response. Based on photovoltaic and photoconductive‐type OIHP photodetectors, the working principle and key factors on determining response speed are systematically mentioned. Then, the research progress of response speed, which is composed of resistance‐capacitance (RC) time constant and charge carrier transit time is discussed in detail. Subsequently, considering the intrinsic flexibility of perovskite materials, we briefly discuss the flexible photodetectors. Finally, an outlook and potential rules for designing fast‐response OIHP photodetectors are further proposed.
Large‐area high quality PtSe2 thin film with versatile polarity
Authors: Jiang Wei , Wang Xudong , Chen Yan , Wu Guangjian , Ba Kun , Xuan Ningning , Sun Yangye , Gong Peng , Bao Jingxian , Shen Hong , Lin Tie , Meng Xiangjian , Wang Jianlu , Sun Zhengzong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) materials have attracted increasing attention for their outstanding structural and electrical properties. However, for mass‐production of field effect transistors (FETs) and potential applications in integrated circuits, large‐area and uniform 2D thin films with high mobility, large on‐off ratio, and desired polarity are needed to synthesize firstly. Here, a transfer‐free growth method for platinum diselenide (PtSe2) films has been developed. The PtSe2 films have been synthesized with various thicknesses in centimeter‐sized scale. Typical FET made from a few layer PtSe2 show p‐type unipolar, with a high field‐effect hole mobility of 6.2 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an on‐off ratio of 5 × 103. The versatile semimetal‐unipolar‐ambipolar transition in synthesized PtSe2 films is also firstly observed as the thickness thinning. This work realizes the large‐scale preparation of PtSe2 with prominent electrical properties and provides a new strategy for polarity's modulation.
Systems Engineering Principles and Hypotheses
Authors: Watson Michael D. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTThe INCOSE Systems Engineering Principles Action Team has put forth a set of principles and hypotheses to articulate the basic concepts that guide systems engineering. The team based this work on a review of various sources of systems postulates, principles, and hypotheses identified in literature. They focused on the multi‐year work of the NASA Systems Engineering Research Consortium looking at the work of Ludwig Boltzmann and his postulates on gas distributions as an early example of how to characterize the interactions of complex systems. The INCOSE Systems Engineering Principles Action Team review has distilled the earlier works to the 15 principles and three hypotheses stated in this article. The principles define the domain of systems engineering as well as the system aspects and system influences that are of concern to the systems engineer. The hypotheses contain some of the seeds of a holistic mathematical basis for systems engineering.
Systems Engineering: Cracking the Code of Digital Transformation
Authors: Peterson Troy 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTWhile complex systems transform the landscape, the systems engineering discipline is also experiencing a transformation to a model‐based discipline. In alignment with this, the International Council on systems engineering (INCOSE) is strategically accelerating this transformation by building a broad community that promotes and advances model‐based methods to manage the high rate of change and complexity of systems today. This paper addresses contextual drivers for transformation, describes INCOSE activities aligned with accelerating the transformation, and makes the case that model‐based systems engineering can help businesses crack the code of Digital Transformation as it pertains to innovation.
Controlling Costs and Margins of Engineered Systems
Authors: Zhu Haifeng 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTDesigning systems with adaptability in mind is useful in dealing with today's dynamic changes in technologies, markets, and user demands. This article summarizes recent work on adaptability studies for engineered systems. We first present the adaptability concept for engineered systems, and the evaluation of missions/requirements needed for this concept. We then review the improved design process and design methods for systems to achieve high adaptabilities. Finally, we show the potential impact of adaptability to procurement methods and risk management. We use a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) example to illustrate these processes and methods that help maximize mission performance, reduce cost, and increase competitive advantages for a manufacturing product.
Structuring the Problem Space for Model‐Based Systems Engineering
Authors: Wrigley J. Craig 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTSystems engineering is evolving from a largely text‐based endeavour towards a more graphical and model‐based approach. While modelling of the structural aspects of a system is well developed, the modelling of requirements is still evolving. This paper proposes a traceable method for transforming textual functional requirements or business activities into required behaviours and proposes a multiscale approach to refining the behavioural descriptions into “atomic” behavioural requirements which can be satisfied either by existing systems or which can form the basis for development of new subsystems.
Unified reciprocity of dithiophosphate by dichalcogenophosph(in)ate ligands on copper hydride nanoclusters via ligand exchange reaction
Authors: Lin Po‐Yu , Li Dai‐Ying , Ho Feng‐Hsien , Liao Jian‐Hong , Barik Subrat Kumar , Liu C. W. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA structural study of ligand exchange on chalcogen‐passivated copper nanoclusters is far less developed. Herein, we report the synthesis of polyhydrido copper nanoclusters [Cu20H11{Se2P(O
iBu)2}9] (2) passivated by Se‐donor ligands via ligand replacement reaction on [Cu20H11{S2P(O
iPr)2}9] (1) with NH4[Se2P(O
iBu)2]. In parallel to the synthesis of 2, cluster [Cu20H11{S2P(CH2CH2Ph)2}9] (4) was produced by the ligand exchange reaction on a new derivative of 1, that is [Cu20H11{S2P(O
nPr)2}9] (3). Solid state structures of both clusters 2 and 4 were unequivocally established by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies and cluster 4 epitomizes exceptional case to preserve both the shape and size of the nanocluster during the course of ligand exchange. Structurally precise cluster 2 is the second example where the copper hydride nanocluster is stabilized by Se‐donor ligands. The anatomy of 2 can be visualized as a twisted cuboctahedral Cu13 core, two triangular faces of which are capped by a Cu6 cupola and a single Cu atom along the C3 rotational axis.