bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Design of Thin Finite Wings in Incompressible Flow
Authors: Hancock G. J. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryA method is developed for designing thin finite wings with prescribed lift distributions. Particular attention is given to wings which, at a certain optimum angle of incidence, have zero loading along the whole leading edge. It is suggested that such a wing will have a greater range of lift coefficient for low drag than other wings with the same plan form.On the basis of the linearised theory a formula, relating the wing surface to the pressure distribution over the surface, is deduced which differs from the usual potential relationship by avoiding the difficulty of the non-uniform convergence with respect to the normal distance away from the wing surface singularities. The surface integral which is developed includes a regular singularity and a definite limiting process.
Early Thoughts on the Jet Flap
Authors: Stratford B. S. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryAn historical sketch shows how the basic ideas of the jet flap were evolved. The exploratory work included the prediction that lift would be induced on an aerofoil by a two-dimensional jet deflected from the trailing edge, and that the magnitude of the total lift would be of the order of four times the direct jet lift. The prediction was confirmed experimentally and a first quantitative theory evolved. Meanwhile the hypothesis was put forward that, ideally, the forward thrust on the aerofoil would be independent of the deflection angle of the jet.This paper is the first of a series of papers that will describe the development and present state of knowledge of the jet flap.
On a Class of Laminar Viscous Flows Within One or Two Bounding Cones
Authors: Morgan A. J. A. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe class of incompressible axially-symmetric laminar viscous flows considered are exact invariant (similarity) solutions of the Navier- Stokes equations. The functional forms of the velocity components are deduced by group-theoretic arguments. The system of governing partial differential equations is reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations and these in turn are reduced to a single first order non-linear ordinary differential equation for the dimensionless tangential velocity component. The general solution of this equation is obtained in terms of hypergeometric functions.The classes of laminar viscous flows bounded by a right conical surface or by right inner and outer conical surfaces with a common apex obtainable from the previously mentioned (similar) solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation are studied. Suction/injection velocities (inversely proportional to the distance from the apex) normal/parallel to the conical boundaries are admissible for the classes of flows considered. If the flow is bounded by impermeable conical surfaces, then it is shown that these solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation imply that it must be identically quiescent.When the bounding cones are not impermeable, closed solutions for the single-cone case are found in terms of elementary functions. A numerical example of such a flow, with fluid injected normal to the conical boundary, is given. Such a simplification of the hypergeometric functions entering into the problem, however, cannot be achieved in the two-cone case.
Shear Flow Through a Cascade
Authors: Hawthorne W. R. , Armstrong W. D. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryWhen a flow with a non-uniform velocity passes through a cascade, the blades impose on each layer of the flow local pressure changes which are roughly proportional to the dynamic head in the layer. This results in local pressure differences which, within the blade passages, produce rotational secondary flows and which also cause overall spanwise accelerations and displacements. These effects are analysed for frictionless flow by treating the blade row as an actuator plane whose outlet angle is determined by the secondary velocities in the blade passages.At low outlet angles or large deflections the secondary flows effectively control the downstream flow angles. When the outlet angle is large the displacement effect can result in downstream flow angles of opposite sign to those induced by the secondary flow alone.Measurements on cascades with small spanwise variations induced in the approaching stream confirm the main predictions of the first order theory.
An Energy Approach to Climb Performance Estimation of a Turbo-Jet Transport Aircraft
Authors: Tamboli Ramchandra B. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe climb performance of a turbo-jet transport aircraft is considered, using the concept of the energy height. The analytical formulae used in evaluating the time needed, distance covered and fuel consumed during climb under various conditions are developed. It is concluded that the application of this energy approach method to the climb performance estimation of a turbojet transport aircraft will prove satisfactory from the points of view both of the accuracy of the results and of saving some of the considerable time needed for the climb calculation by the conventional method. A numerical example is given to illustrate the usefulness, applicability and flexibility of this method.
The Treatment of Sub-standard Lives in Practice
Authors: Perks Wilfred 
Published: June 2019

Has it ever really been proved that the lives that we call under-average are under average? It would be very interesting indeed to have an investigation not of individual impairments, but of a block of lives that are rated-up, except, perhaps, the very heavily rated-up cases, just to see whether their mortality is really higher than of those we take at ordinary rates.The purpose of this paper is to provide a basis for a discussion on the treatment of proposals for life assurance on sub-standard lives. To assist in this discussion a body of mortality data in respect of the sub-standard lives of a particular office is presented. The data relate to ordinary life assurances issued in this country subject to a diminishing lien. In the light of these data certain suggestions are made regarding the relative financial importance of the extra mortality of impaired lives in modem conditions. Apart from this statistical material, there is little that is new or original in the paper, although it is hoped that the author's relatively simple outlook on the subject may be of general interest and of assistance to students. The paper is concerned with the actuarial and practical aspects of the subject rather than with the medical aspects.
Legal Aspects of OEEC
Authors: Szuldbzynski Jan 
Published: June 2019

The OEEC meeting in Paris in March, 1952, was a turning point for the organisation. Its original function of allocating Marshall Aid having virtually ended, the member-States have had to decide to restrict their activities to the left-over functions concerning intra-European trade and payments or to develop into an effective instrument for co-ordinating European economy.Initially in the report of September 22, 1947, submitted to the U.S. by the Conference of the sixteen original member-States, the OEEC was described as temporary and limited to the four-year period of U.S. help. In its constitution, however, the elaboration and execution of a joint recovery programme is considered to be only “an immediate task.” The chief aim of the organisation is to be the “achievement of a sound European economy through the economic co-operation of its members” —and this is certainly a function of a permanent character. The general undertaking of the signatories to “work in close co-operation in their economic relations with one another” also suggests a more permanent association.At the decisive meeting of March 29, 1952, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr. Butler, declared that it was on OEEC foundations “that we must build and rely for the future.” He also expressed the view that it was more imperative than ever that Europe should resolutely devise collective measures of self-help.After a review of the new position, the following three primary purposes have been named for keeping the organisation alive: — (1) to raise European production, (2) to eliminate external trade deficits, particularly with the dollar zone, and (3) to help stabilise the internal finances of member-States.
TAKING THE MEASURE OF CHANGING LABOUR MOBILIZATION AT THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION IN THE WAKE OF THE EU SOVEREIGN DEBT CRISIS
Authors: Kilpatrick Claire 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis analysis investigates changing mobilization at the ILO in response to the labour and social rights shock created by EU and IMF demands in the EU sovereign debt crisis (Crisis Europe or euro-crisis). Mobilization means the purposeful use of legal norms and institutions by social movements and civil society groups to advance identified policy goals. It can be contrasted with the use of legal norms and institutions by individuals or entities to settle disputes affecting them. After introducing relevant features of euro-crisis and the ILO, the article develops an analysis that measures changing mobilization at the ILO during euro-crisis. It then shows how such an analysis makes two key contributions: first, to our understanding of the ILO and, second, to how we approach mobilization. First, by viewing the ILO as a rights mobilization structure, it shows the vitality and interest of doubted or neglected ILO supervision and complaints mechanisms. Five elements are underlined: the ILO is more than existing literature assumes; it questions the depiction of the ILO as a ‘toothless tiger’; the sharp divide between unions and NGOs is overstated; certain institutional design features make the ILO a good venue for transnational mobilization; the ILO is not transparent in terms of access to documents relevant to mobilization and compares poorly in this respect with UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies. Second, by setting it against existing literature, it is shown how measuring mobilization is distinctive within the broader human rights mobilization scholarship. The most important insights it introduces are: rejecting the assumption that mobilization inevitably follows a significant rights shock such as euro-crisis; addressing the puzzles of union ‘mobilization’ and motivation; operationalizing measurement of mobilization against the backdrop of venue choices; considering how to deal with an international organization which is both a mobilization venue and an engaged actor.
Grain and straw yield interactions in barley cultivar mixtures
Authors: Newton A. C. , Guy D. C. , Hackett C. A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCultivar mixtures of winter barley and spring barley, together with their component monocultures, were grown in field trials to assess the effect of cultivar combinations on both straw and grain yield. The overall grain yields for all trials were significantly higher for the cultivar mixtures than for the corresponding component monocultures. Also, significant decreases in rhynchosporium disease severity for cultivar mixtures were recorded for most non-fungicide treatments. The size of these responses was often significantly correlated with the component number of the mixtures. The amount of straw produced in mixtures was sometimes changed significantly, but not always in a positive direction and it was only correlated with increasing mixture component number in two environments. No correlation of straw yield potential of cultivars with performance in mixtures was found. Cultivar × cultivar mixture × environment interactions appeared to affect the relative yield of grain and straw differentially and therefore it was not possible to predict the effect of mixtures on the harvest index.
The Combined Use of Nematicidal Soil Fumigants and Solubilized Chemicals
Authors: Peters B. G. 
Published: June 2019

1. The first experiment showed that there is a considerable loss of DD vapour from the surface layer of soil, and that this loss is only moderately reduced by using a water seal or a non-gas-tight seal of foil. The effect of this is to leave a residue of potato root-eelworm “survivors” in the top 2 inches of soil and so to make DD less effective than it would be if the loss could be prevented.2. The second experiment showed that the survivors could be dealt with by treating the soil surface with a micellar solution of p-m cresol, solubilized by the method of Staniland and Stone. It also established the fact that the two treatments behave independently at all levels: there was no interaction between them.
The Meaning of the Cellular Jail in Post-Independence India
Authors: DOBSON JULIA SOPHIE 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn April 2014, the Cellular Jail, Andaman Islands, was submitted to the UNESCO World Heritage Site Tentative List for India. The image of the colonial jail, depicted on coins, stamps, and first day covers, symbolizes both the suffering and heroic struggle of India's freedom fighters. Considering how international, national, and local state forces have attempted to ‘freeze’ the meaning of the Cellular Jail, this article questions what has been excluded or obscured from collective memory. Furthermore, it explores the relationship between contending political wills and the symbol of the Cellular Jail through a particular focus on recent struggles between Hindu and secular nationalists over its appropriation. By considering the production of the symbol of the Cellular Jail, this article challenges the narratives at the heart of modern nation-building and demonstrates their intrinsic instability.
Morphological and taxonomic studies on mammalian trypanosomes
Authors: Hoare Cecil A. , With a Statistical Analysis by J. W. Trevan  
Published: June 2019

The present revision of the morphology, taxonomy and affinities of trypanosomes causing Surra in the Old World was undertaken in order to determine the status of the diverse geographical and hostal strains, the exact relation of which toTrypanosoma evansiand allied species was hitherto a subject of controversy. The material for this study was represented by thirty strains from diverse mammalian hosts and various countries, extending from Morocco to the Philippines.One of the problems dealt with is the occurrence of polymorphism inT. evansi. When single samples of typical (monomorphic) strains from naturally infected animals were examined, only negligible numbers of stumpy forms (0·05–0·40 %) were found in a minority of cases. But in strains kept under continuous observation for several years the proportion of stumpy forms occasionally rose higher (2–25%), while one strain exhibited a remarkable and persistent degree of polymorphism in the course of 17 years, the proportion of stumpy forms—including numerous posteronuclear ( = posterior-nuclear) ones—fluctuating from 0 to 60%. It was shown that—as in the case of theBruceigroup—the length distributions in polymorphic samples ofT. evansicould be statistically resolved into distinct curves, corresponding to the three morphological components (stumpy, intermediate, slender).
Attenuated vagally-mediated heart rate variability at rest and in response to postural maneuvers in patients with generalized anxiety disorder
Authors: Chang Hsin-An , Fang Wen-Hui , Wan Fang-Jung , Tzeng Nian-Sheng , Liu Yia-Ping , Shyu Jia-Fwu , Chang Tieh-Ching , Huang San-Yuan , Chang Chuan-Chia 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundAltered heart rate variability (HRV), an index of autonomic nervous system function, has been reported in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), but the results have been mixed. Thus, the present study, using a large sample size and better methodology, aims to examine whether GAD is associated with impaired HRV, both at rest and in response to posture challenges.MethodsIn total, 1832 participants were recruited in this study, consisting of 682 patients with GAD (including 326 drug- and comorbidity-free GAD patients) and 1150 healthy controls. Short-term HRV was measured during the supine-standing-supine test (5-min per position). Propensity score matching (PSM), a relatively novel method, was used to control for potential confounders.ResultsAfter PSM algorithm, drug- and comorbidity-free GAD patients had reductions in resting (baseline) high-frequency power (HF), an index for parasympathetic modulation, and increases in the low-frequency/HF ratio (LF/HF), an index for sympathovagal balance as compared to matched controls. Furthermore, the responses of HF and LF/HF to posture changes were all attenuated when compared with matched controls. Effect sizes, given by Cohen's d, for resting HF and HF reactivity were 0.42 and 0.36–0.42, respectively.ConclusionsGAD is associated with altered sympathovagal balance, characterized by attenuation in both resting vagal modulation and vagal reactivity, with an almost medium effect size (Cohen's d ≈ 0.4), regardless of medication use or comorbidity status.
Remarks on the Black Cloaks of the Ephebes
Authors: Maxwell-Stuart P.G. 
Published: June 2019

In a remarkably interesting paper on the Black Hunter and the Athenian ephebeia, Vidal-Naquet has given one or two examples of the use ofblackordarknessin connection with the ephebes. Whereas I think the main points of his argument sound, in these details there may be some misunderstanding about which I should like to make a brief comment.We are told by Xenophon: ‘οἱ οὖν περὶ τὸν Θηεραμένη παρεσκεύασαν ἀνθρώπους μέλανα ἱμάτια ἔχοντας καὶ ἐν χρῷ κεκαρμένους πολλοὺς ἐν ταύτῇ τῇ ἑορτῇ, ἴνα πρὸς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν ἤκοιεν, ὡς δὴ συγγενεῖς ὄντες τῶν ἀπολωλότων.’ The appearance of these men in black at a festival where the processionists at least, according to Istros, wore their finest clothes, is certainly odd at first glance, but I do not think we are entitled to draw Vidal-Naquet's conclusion that they had the appearance of ephebes.
Droit et souveraineté à l'aube du XXIe siècle
Authors: Morin Jacques-Yvan 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe author explores the relationship between the concept of sovereignty and international law. First, he examines this theme in its changing historical context, particularly the subordination of law to sovereignty by Hegel and the nineteenth-century positivists, and the various attempts by Kelsen and others in the twentieth century to assert the primacy of international law. He then examines the stress laid upon sovereignty as a means of obtaining a more just international economic order by states of the Third World. The implications of bilateral and multilateral agreements that grant broad powers to financial and economic international institutions are also examined to determine their impact upon the sovereignty of less developed countries. The author also examines the implications of the extensive practice of treaty-making and the adoption of rules and standards within a range of Specialized Agencies of the United Nations. He also traces the gradual development of the European Economic Community from free trade area to European union as envisaged by the Single European Act, under which the sovereignty of member states is steadily giving way. In the final analysis, the author concludes that sovereignty is a relative concept. It is not sovereignty itself which is impeding the development of a true community of states but rather the many economic, social, political, and psychological conflicts which impede the development of common values uniting the whole international community.
L'évolution des rapports entre le droit canadien et le droit international un demi-siècle après l'affaire des conventions internationales de travail
Authors: De Mestrall A.L.C. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis article reviews the suggestion implicit in two recent obiter dicta of the Supreme Court of Canada and the widely held view in English Canada that the Labour Conventions Reference was wrongly decided, and that parliament should have exclusive jurisdiction to implement any treaty. It is argued that reversal of this rule would constitute a fundamental change in the nature of the Canadian federal system; is not warranted by any functional argument and has never been requested by the principal interested party, namely the government of Canada. It is also argued that the only proper way to make such a change is by way of formal constitutional amendment. Given the existence of a host of treaties covering every imaginable field of human conduct, a blank cheque to parliament to implement any treaty would in effect constitute one of the most major changes of the Constitution in our hutory. Among the problems considered is that of the extreme fluidity of the concept of a treaty in international law. The author suggests that other avenues exist for the expansion of federal legislative jurisdiction to implement treaties in the field of international trade if this is necessary.
Maxwell Cohen at Eighty: International Lawyer, Educator, and Judge
Authors: MacDonald R. St. J. 
Published: June 2019

SommaireDepuis plus d'un demi-siècle, Maxwell Cohen figure parmi les plus brillants membres de la communauté des juristes internationaux au Canada. Cette description de sa vie et de son œuvre nous place dans le contexte de la société canadienne du vingtième siècle et fait état de son rôle d'éducateur, de savant, de practicien, co-président de la Commission mixte internationale et juge ad hoc à la Cour internationale de justice. Le présent article décrit également l’importance de son rôle de commentateur des relations canado-américaines.