bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gradients in the taxonomic composition of different microbial systems: comparison between biofilms for advanced waste treatment and lake sediments
Authors: Röske I. , Röske K. , Uhlmann D. 
Published: May 2018

The application of in situ hybridization with group specific oligonucleotide probes detected by epifluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy was tested to identify spatial gradients in the distribution of bacteria in biofilms of plug flow reactors and in the bottom sediment layer of a drinking water reservoir. The two tubular biofilm reactors were fed with the effluent from a full scale biological wastewater treatment plant to which were added the chlorophenols whole degradation was being investigated. One was operated as a continuous-flow reactor and the other as a sequencing batch reactor.
The vertical gradients in the microbial colonization of the sediment were analyzed by means of glass slides exposed to the sediment.
In the biofilms of both reactors the beta-Proteobacteria dominated. The Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group and the Gram-positive bacteria were also abundant. Only small amounts of gamma-bacteria could be detected. This is contrary to findings using traditional cultivation methods. Unlike the biofilms in the reactor, the bacterial Aufwuchs on the glass slides in the sediment presented a surprising diversity of morphological types and size classes of bacteria.
Impact of catalytic ozonation on the removal of a chelating agent and surfactants in aqueous solution
Authors: Vel Leitner N. Karpel , Gombert B. , Legube B. , Luck F. 
Published: May 2018

The present work consisted in the study of the oxidation yield induced by catalysts during ozonation of sodium gluconate, toluene sulfonic acid and Triton X100 in dilute aqueous solution (TOC ≈ 8 mg C/L). Two operating conditions have been used to demonstrate the enhancement brought about by catalytic ozonation: continuous filtration experiments and batch tests.
Dynamic filtration experiments have been performed on catalysts previously saturated to simulate the behavior of the catalyst over a long period of use.
Batch experiments which allowed us to distinguish the part due to adsorption, ozonation and catalytic effect were carried out on three catalysts with intent to test their efficiency.
Consolidation theory applied to the capillary suction time (CST) apparatus
Authors: Huisman M. , van Kesteren W.G.M. 
Published: May 2018

The Capillary Suction Time-method was introduced in 1967, and was designed for establishing the dewaterability of sludge samples. The CST-test was developed as an alternative to the more cumbersome filtration tests using vacuum pumps.
Over the years, extensive research has been conducted on models describing the dewatering process in this apparatus. Most of these models have been based on traditional filtration theory, comprising an assumed average cake filtration resistance. An alternative theory which has not been investigated in this respect before is the large-strain consolidation model proposed by Gibson (1967).
When this particular consolidation theory is applied to the CST-apparatus, it can be shown that from measurements with the CST-test, conducted on a series of samples of a certain sludge or soil with different initial void ratios (or water contents), the coefficient of consolidation of the soil can be deduced. The benefits of this approach are multifold. By describing the dewatering of a sludge with the consolidation theory, e.g. in a lagoon, filter press, centrifugal pumps and so forth, the dry matter content can be predicted with respect to time using the coefficient of consolidation found with the CST-test. Also, the influence of polyelectrolytes added to the sludge to improve the dewaterability can be measured quantitatively as an increase of the coefficient of consolidation.
Pilot remediation of sediment from the petroleum harbour in Amsterdam
Authors: Hakstege A. L. , van Geldermalsen L. A. 
Published: May 2018

The Petroleum harbour project is the third pilot remediation, which was carried out within the framework of POSW (the national development programme for treatment processes of polluted sediments). The main objectives of the pilot remediation are:– to demonstrate the biological treatment of dredged materials on a practical scale;– to gain knowledge and experience for the future remediation of the total Petroleum harbour.
A strict tender procedure was carefully executed in order to select the most effective and ‘state of the art’ biodegradation technology. The selected remediation chain was a combination of ‘standard’ soil treatment technology and newly developed biotechnology. The contaminated sediments were separated by hydrocyclones, then the sand fraction was cleaned by froth flotation, and the fines were treated in a continuous flow reactor consisting of a cascade of 4 bioreactor tanks. A belt press was used for dewatering the fines. Dredging, biotechnological treatment and the effects of the remediation on the environment were monitored in detail. The quality of the treated sand fraction complied with the Dutch standards for re- use and was actually applied in a project of Rijkswaterstaat. Biodegradation resulted in a substantial decrease of the oil and PAH's contents, but due to the lack of breakdown of a few high-molecular PAH's, the quality requirements of the contract were not achieved. For less heavily polluted sediments and soils the applied biotechnology may be more effective. The results of the project show that biodegradation in bioreactors on a large scale is feasible. Furthermore useful information was gathered for the future remediation of the Petroleum harbour. It is concluded that the two main objectives of the project have been attained. Finally some recommendations for the future clean-up of the Petroleum harbour are given.
Drinking water supply through reverse osmosis desalination plants in Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Ansari M. H. , Kelkar P. S. , Hasan M. Z. , Paramasivan R. 
Published: May 2018

The population in Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu State (India) faces potable water scarcity throughout the year in general and acute drinking water problems in lean periods of the year. To mitigate this problem, eleven reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plants were installed in problem villages in the district. General performance of these eleven plants and in-depth evaluation of two plants was undertaken to focus attention on the physico-chemical quality of water at various stages of treatment, present status with respect to operation and management (O & M) financial implications and overall management in a rural situation.
The study indicated that performance of these RO plants was satisfactory in removing high TDS, though the efficiency deteriorated with time. The average utilization of these RO plants since their installation was 46% as compared to the design capacity, mainly due to non-availability of power in rural areas, time lapsed in repairs of pumps, and non-availability of spares. The average capital cost/m3 and O & M cost/m3 of product water from these eleven plants works out to Rs. 27.40 and Rs. 44.50 respectively; when plants are utilized as per the design capacity. These costs are high and not affordable by the rural population. The RO plants were socially acceptable since the population was satisfied with the treated water quality.
Impact of the volume of rain water on the operating constraints for a treatment plant
Authors: Dormoy T. , Tisserand B. , Herremans L. 
Published: May 2018

The new regulations require an increased amount of treatment of stormwater and a reduction of pollution loads discharged into the natural surroundings to be considered.
Drainage systems therefore and particularly wastewater treatment plants should be sized correctly to cope with these peaks. Using a simulation software of wastewater treatment plant with activated sludge, such as SIMBAD, enables us to check that planned structures are appropriate in relation to the effluent quality requirements laid down, and to fix the most appropriate operating procedures. Operating constraints on a plant for treating stormwater are not negligible. It is advisable to allow for increased sludge production, O2 requirements and also sludge quality (fermentability).
Retrofitting of intermittent decanted extended aeration (IDEA) plant for enhanced biological phosphorus removal
Authors: Chong Robert W. , Flinders Alan , Krogh Carmel , Battye-Smith Warwick , Emmanual Angelo 
Published: May 2018

The Intermittent Decanted Extended Aeration (IDEA) process developed over 30 years ago by the then NSW Department of Public Works (DPW) provided substantial cost savings over the continuous activated sludge process. This is achieved by combining the process of aeration and sludge settlement in a single tank.
The first IDEA plant was constructed at Adelong, NSW, in 1965. Since then over 100 plants have been built by DPW and Department of Land and Water Conservation (DLWC) for communities of a few hundred people to large regional centres serving over 50,000 people.
This paper presents the latest development of incorporating enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in the IDEA process. The retrofitting of 3 IDEA plants (capacity ranging from 4000 to 55000 persons) for EBPR is discussed. Different innovative and low cost solutions of incorporating conventional EBPR technology to the single tank IDEA plant are presented. Operational data including plant loading, effluent quality and sludge handling are also discussed.
Impact of metals bioleaching on the nutrient value of biological nutrient removal biosolids
Authors: Shanableh Abdallah , Ginige Pushpa 
Published: May 2018

The biosolids industry in Australia is evolving around the beneficial use of biosolids as a resource. Phosphorus rich biosolids from biological nutrient removal (BNR) facilities are highly desirable for land application. However, the accumulation of toxic heavy metals and industrial organic contaminants may render the biosolids unsuitable for land application. The presence of toxic heavy metals has been identified by Local Authorities in Australia as a major constraint limiting the beneficial use of biosolids. The potential of off-site contamination due to the migration of nutrients is also a major concern especially when applying biosolids to acidic agricultural land. Accordingly, the relevant environment protection and conservation agencies are involved in either developing or finalising guidelines to control the beneficial use of biosolids products.
Metals bioleaching is a process achieved through bio-acidification. Bio-acidification of biosolids prior to land application can be used to dissolve and remove a significant fraction of the heavy metals content of the product. However, the process also reduces the nutrients content of the resource. Bio-acidification of Loganholme (Queensland) BNR biosolids dissolved 76% of the total phosphorus and 38% of the TKN. The heavy metals solubilisation results reached 50% for Cr, 79% for Ni, 45% for Zn, 24% for Cu, 30% for Cd, and 82% for Pb.
Relationship Between the Maximum Standing Crop of Musty-Odor Producing Algae and Nutrient Concentrations in the Southern Basin Water of Lake Biwa
Authors: Nakanishi M. , Hoson T. , Inoue Y. , Yagi M. 
Published: May 2018

In order to make clear the growth characteristics of musty-odor producing algae (Oscillatoria tenuis, Phormidium tenue and Anabaena macrospora), we examined the correlation between the maximum growth number (MGN) of each alga and nutrient concentrations, with the unialgal culture method using a 0.45μm pore size membrane-filtered lake water. We found that the MGN of Lake Biwa water was limited by soluble phosphorus concentration.
In order to verify the results, we examined out the relation between the maximum standing crop (MSC) of musty-odor producing algae in the southern basin of Lake Biwa and nutrient concentrations of our 12-year (1983-1994) observation data. The MSC of P. tenue showed a positive correlation with the N:P ratio. On the other hand, The MSC of O. tenuis showed a strong positive correlation with the phosphorus concentration, and a positive correlation with the iron and soluble phosphorus concentration, but a strong negative correlation with the N:P ratio. When the phosphorus concentration is over 0.030 mg/l, O. tenuis will probably be over 10 filaments/mL. The optimum N:P ratio range was 10 to 20.
Field testing CFD-based predictions of storage chamber gross solids separation efficiency
Authors: Stovin Virginia R. , Saul Adrian J. , Drinkwater Andrew , Clifforde Ian 
Published: May 2018

The use of computational fluid dynamics-based techniques for predicting the gross solids and finely suspended solids separation performance of structures within urban drainage systems is becoming well established. This paper compares the result of simulated flow patterns and gross solids separation predictions with field measurements made in a full size storage chamber.
The gross solids retention efficiency was measured for six different storage chambers in the field and simulations of these chambers were undertaken using the Fluent computational fluid dynamics software. Differences between the observed and simulated flow patterns are discussed. The simulated flow fields were used to estimate chamber efficiency using particle tracking. Efficiency results are presented as efficiency cusps, with efficiency plotted as a function of settling velocity. The cusp represents a range of efficiency values, and approaches to the estimation of an overall efficiency value from these cusps are briefly discussed. Estimates of total efficiency based on the observed settling velocity distribution differed from the measured values by an average of ±17%. However, estimates of steady flow efficiency were consistently higher than the observed values. The simulated efficiencies agreed with the field observations in identifying the most efficient configuration.
Micropollutants in the Danube River Basin
Authors: Literáthy P. , László F. 
Published: May 2018

Monitoring programmes in river basins usually include monitoring heavy metals and selected organic micropollutants in water and sediment. Several survey results revealed contamination of the water resources in the Danube river basin. Besides those chemicals, for which regulations already exist, there are other compound classes, e.g., aromatic sulfonates, complexing agents and breakdown products that have not been considered in the past due to the lack of data on their occurrence. Such chemicals may well be relevant to water pollution, to drinking water supplies, particularly those using surface water intakes, or bankside filtered water, because of their large production volumes, persistence and polarity, although information is limited on their effects.
Harmonisation of micropollutant monitoring tools is a major goal of the international co-operation in the Danube river basin. Heavy metals, petroleum and selected chlorinated hydrocarbons are on the list of determinands. Development of analytical methods for screening and quantifying organic micropollutants resulted in: (a) information on naphthalene-sulfonates in the river water in the Hungarian Danube reach, and (b) application of fluorescence spectroscopy for screening polar and non-polar aromatic compounds. It has been concluded that the fluorescence technique and the AOX determination provide appropriate screening for both polar and non-polar aromatic compounds, and chlorinated hydrocarbons, respectively.
Model of spring runoff quantity and quality for urban watersheds
Authors: Bartošová Alena , Novotny Vladimir 
Published: May 2018

Use of deicing chemicals to provide traffic safety during winter causes water quality problems for urban receiving waters. High chloride content from deicing salt changes partitioning between adsorbed and dissolved metals, increasing the dissolved (toxic) metal fraction in snowmelt. Abrasives generate large loads of suspended solids.
A model was developed to evaluate the impact of snow removal and road deicing practices on water quality of urban receiving waters. The model was calibrated using data from the Lincoln Creek watershed (Milwaukee, Wisconsin), and verified on 30th Ave. watershed (Edmonton, Alberta). The watersheds differ in winter weather pattern as well as in winter road maintenance. Road salt is used exclusively in Milwaukee to maintain road safety while sand-salt mixture is applied in Edmonton.
The quantitative part of the model is based on heat balance theory and describes the processes of snowpack formation, snow melting, infiltration, and runoff formation. The qualitative part calculates the accumulation of pollutants (atmospheric deposition, traffic emission, and deicing chemical application) in snowpack and resulting quality of snowmelt runoff. The mobility of pollutant in the snowpack is determined by partitioning to particulates and ice crystals. The results of simulation for chlorides, suspended solids, and lead are presented.
Treatment of metals-contaminated wastewaters by use of natural zeolites
Authors: Ouki S. K. , Kavannagh M. 
Published: May 2018

This paper assesses the potential of natural zeolite utilization as a low-cost in exchange material for heavy metals removal. Two natural zeolites, clinoptilolite and chabazite, have been evaluated with respect to their selectivity and removal performance for the treatment of effluents contaminated with mixed heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni and Co). The effects of relevant parameters such as chemical treatment, metals concentration, pH, and presence of competing ions were examined. The results showed that the received zeolites contained exchangeable K, Ca and Na ions, but exposing them to concentrated NaCl solutions converted them to a homoionic state in the Na form which improved their exchange capacity. Clinoptilolite and chabazite exhibited different selectivity profiles for all metals studied except for Pb for which both zeolites performed exceptionally well.
The results also showed that chabazite exchange capacity is superior to that of clinoptilolite mainly due to the higher Al substitution of Si which provides chabazite with a negative framework favourable to higher exchange capability. The pH was found to have an effect on metal removal as it can influence both the character of the exchanging ions and the zeolite itself. Overall, the removal mechanism was controlled by ion exchange and precipitation was proven negligible.
Scaling During Evaporation of Acidic Bleach Plant Filtrates
Authors: Järvinen Risto , Lievo Petri , Kiiskilä Erkki 
Published: May 2018

The potential danger of heat surface scaling during the evaporation of acidic bleach plant filtrates is discussed. The results of ECF and TCF filtrate evaporation tests are presented. The purity of condensates is analyzed and their potential use to replace fresh raw water in bleached pulp washing is evaluated.
No severe scaling was observed on the heat surfaces. The precipitation seems to happen for the most part in situ in the liquid phase. This means, however that the evaporator should be designed so that it tolerates suspended matter in the evaporated liquid. When the pH of the filtrate is properly adjusted the purity of the condensates meets, after slight stripping, the requirements set for the wash water of bleached pulp.
Quality of Anaerobic Compost from Paper Mill and Municipal Solid Wastes for Soil Amendment
Authors: Poggi-Varaldo H. M. , Trejo-Espino J. , Fernández-Villagómez G. , Esparza-García F. , Caffarel-Méndez S. , Rinderknecht-Seijas N. 
Published: May 2018

Our previous work has shown the technical and economic feasibility of the solid substrate anaerobic digestion (DASS) of municipal and non-hazardous industrial solid wastes. However, the anaerobic compost (AnC) quality for direct application as a soil amender or other alternative uses are issues that have received scarce attention. This research aimed at reviewing the advances made by our Group in two areas: anaerobic compost quality determination, and its post-treatment by aerobic composting. A factorial experiment 4×2×2 was run. The factors were feedstock type (4 mixtures of food waste, FW, and lignocellulosic fraction, LG: 100%FW, 67%FW-33%LG, 33%FW-67%LG and 100%LG or FS1, FS2, FS3 and FS4 respectively), temperature (35°C and 55°C), and mass retention time (MRT, 16 and 23 days). The LG fraction consisted of paper mill sludge cake. Anaerobic compost from DASS reactors operated at 23 day/35°C) was fed to lab scale semi-continuous aerobic composters (5 day and 10 day MRT, 35°C and 55°C).
The AnC coming from feedstocks with increasing proportion of LG fraction (FS3 and FS4) gave the lowest chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), volatile organic acids (VOA) and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations in the extract and the highest germination indices (GI). The AnC from thermo- digesters showed a lower quality than those from mesophilic reactors (presumably associated to higher contents of VOA and TAN in the extracts), while AnC from digesters at 23 day-MRT had a better quality than those from reactors operated at 16-day-MRT. Overall, AnC generated in reactors fed with FS3 and FS4, at 35°C and 23 day-MRT showed the highest quality. Heavy metal concentrations in all the AnC were lower than the maximum levels indicated in USA and European compost quality standards. However, high total oxygen uptake (UAD), moderate-to-high concentrations of VOA and GIs under 60% indicated that the AnC was not suitable for direct use as a soil improver. Regarding the aerobic post-composting, operation at longer MRT (10 day) and 55°C gave aerobic composts of better quality than those coming from 5 day-MRT composters. Aerobic post-composting caused considerable reductions of TAN, VOA, UAD, immediate oxygen demand rate, and increased compost GI up to approximately 100%.
Biosludge Incineration in a Recovery Boiler
Authors: Harila P. , Kivilinna V.-A. 
Published: May 2018

An activated sludge process is an effective tool against effluent emissions in a pulp mill. It has only a few features which can be regarded deficiences. One of them is that effluent treatment of a modern pulp mill creates some 10-20 tonnes dry solids of biosludge per day. This sludge is difficult to burn due to its high moisture content. The most common way is to mix biosludge with primary sludge, to dewater the mixture in presses and finally to burn it in a solid fuel boiler. This type of sludge treatment incurs rather high costs and does not produce any net energy. Also combustion emissions vary depending on the boiler type.
The Metsä-Botnia Kemi Pulp Mill was the first mill in the world to burn biosludge in a recovery boiler. The system start-up was in 1993 and it has been in operation ever since.
Mechanically dewatered biosludge is mixed with weak black liquor and concentrated in a conventional evaporation plant equipped with a pressurized superconcentrator unit. In a modern recovery boiler, firing conditions are well controlled and monitored. Better emission control than in most bark fired boilers is achieved.
Accumulation of nonprocess elements, corrosion, plugging, scaling and some other operational problems were expected. A lot of experience has been gathered during the years of operation and reviewed in this presentation. The achieved benefits of the system are discussed.
Disposal of biosludge in a recovery boiler offers an economically and environmentally attractive alternative. Probably the best evidence from this is the fact that Metsä-Botnia has applied the same process solution in the recent reconstruction of the recovery departments at the Jouteno Mill.