bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’inﬂuence de la précollecte des ordures ménagères sur la qualité de la salubrité dans le District d’Abidjan (Côte-d’Ivoire)
Authors: Yao-Kouassi Quonan Christian , GOHOUROU Florent 
Published: April 2018

In Abidjan, as in the rest of Côte-d'Ivoire, garbage collection is more needed in neighborhoods as an activity to ensure its survival or a supplementary income. Two effects combine to explain the rise of these informal jobs by young people or Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). On the one hand, the constant increase in the working population affected by mass unemployment. On the other hand, the impotence of companies committed by local authorities to ensure the pre-collectiveness of garbage. How does this new social practice determine the areas of cleanliness and model household waste collection practices?The reflection proposed here is based on a survey of 300 households in the communes of Cocody and Yopougon. It aims to analyze the effectiveness of the informal precollect in the district of Abidjan. The results of our survey reveal that the pecuniary logic of the precollectors leads to the amplification of the inequalities of access to the service of collection of waste and exposure to its nuisances. Finally, the study also shows that some precollectors contribute to the movement of waste, one of the consequences of which is the proliferation of wild dumps in the district.
À Abidjan, comme dans le reste de la Côte-d’Ivoire, la collecte des ordures s’impose davantage dans les quartiers comme une activité pour s’assurer sa survie ou un revenu complémentaire. Deux effets se conjuguent pour expliquer la montée en puissance de ces emplois informels exercés par des jeunes ou des petites et moyennes entreprises (PME). D’une part, l’accroissement constant de la population active touchée par le chômage de masse. D’autre part, l’impuissance des sociétés commises par les autorités locales pour assurer la précollecte des ordures. Comment cette nouvelle pratique sociale détermine les espaces de propreté et modèle les pratiques des ménages en matière de collecte des déchets ?La réflexion proposée ici s’appuie sur une enquête de 300 ménages dans les communes de Cocody et Yopougon. Elle vise à analyser l’efficacité de la précollecte informelle dans le district d’Abidjan. Les résultats de notre enquête révèlent que les logiques pécuniaires des précollecteurs conduisent à l’amplification des inégalités d’accès au service de collecte des déchets et d’exposition à ses nuisances. Enfin, l’étude atteste aussi que certains précollecteurs contribuent au déplacement des déchets, dont l’une des conséquences est la prolifération des décharges sauvages dans le district.
Learning to forecast, risk aversion, and microstructural aspects of financial stability
Authors: Biondo Alessio Emanuele 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper presents a simulative model of a financial market, based on a fully operating order book with limit and market orders. The heterogeneity of traders is characterized not only with regards to their trading rules, but also by introducing a behavioral individual risk aversion and a learning ability influencing the process of expectations formation. Results show that individual learning may play a role in stabilizing the aggregate market dynamics, whereas the risk aversion has, counterintuitively, the opposite effect.
Education in Mexico, Central America and the Latin Caribbean
Authors: Posner C. M. , Martin Christopher , Elvir Ana Patricia 
Published: April 2018

Education in Mexico, Central America and the Latin Caribbean examines the development and practice of education in México, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panamá. The chapters, written by local experts, provide an overview of the structure, aims and purposes of education in each of these ten countries with very different socio-economic backgrounds. The authors present curriculum standards, pedagogy, evaluation, accountability and delivery, discussing both how the formal systems are structured and how they actually function. The volume explores the origins of proposed reforms and their implementation, emphasising the distinctiveness of each country and attempting to locate new practices that could lead to better education.
Including a comparative introduction to the issues facing education in the region as a whole and guides to available online datasets, this book is an essential reference for researchers, scholars, international agencies and policy-makers.
Nothing Has Been Done Before
Authors: Loss Robert 
Published: April 2018

Is there such a thing today as music that's meaningfully new? In our contemporary era of remixing and retro styles, cynics and romantics alike cry “It's all been done before” while record labels and media outlets proclaim that everything is new. Coded into our daily conversations about popular music, newness as an artistic and cultural value is too often taken for granted.
Nothing Has Been Done Before instigates a fresh debate about newness in American pop, rock ‘n’ roll, rap, folk, and R&B made since the turn of the millennium. Utilizing an interdisciplinary approach that combines music criticism, philosophy, and the literary essay, Robert Loss follows the stories of a diverse cast of musicians who seek the new by wrestling with the past, navigating the market, and speaking politically. The transgressions of Bob Dylan's “Love and Theft”. The pop spectacle of Katy Perry's 2015 Super Bowl halftime show. Protest songs against the war in Iraq. Nothing Has Been Done Before argues that performance heard in a historical context always creates a possibility for newness, whether it's Kendrick Lamar's multi-layered To Pimp a Butterfly, the Afrofuturist visions of Janelle Monáe, or even a Guided By Voices tribute concert in a local dive bar.
Provocative and engaging, Nothing Has Been Done Before challenges nothing less than how we hear and think about popular music—its power and its potential.
Isotopic constraints on heterogeneous sulfate production in Beijing haze
Authors: He Pengzhen , Alexander Becky , Geng Lei , Chi Xiyuan , Fan Shidong , Zhan Haicong , Kang Hui , Zheng Guangjie , Cheng Yafang , Su Hang , Liu Cheng , Xie Zhouqing 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Discerning mechanisms of sulfate formation during fine-particle pollution (referred to as haze hereafter) in Beijing is important for understanding the rapid evolution of haze and for developing cost-effective air pollution mitigation strategies. Here we present observations of the oxygen-17 excess of PM2.5 sulfate (Δ17O(SO42−)) collected in Beijing haze from October 2014 to January 2015 to constrain possible sulfate formation pathways. Throughout the sampling campaign, the 12-hourly averaged PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 16 to 323 µg m−3 with a mean of (141  ±  88 (1σ)) µg m−3, with SO42− representing 8–25 % of PM2.5 mass. The observed Δ17O(SO42−) varied from 0.1 to 1.6 ‰ with a mean of (0.9  ±  0.3) ‰. Δ17O(SO42−) increased with PM2.5 levels in October 2014 while the opposite trend was observed from November 2014 to January 2015. Our estimate suggested that in-cloud reactions dominated sulfate production on polluted days (PDs, PM2.5  ≥  75 µg m−3) of Case II in October 2014 due to the relatively high cloud liquid water content, with a fractional contribution of up to 68 %. During PDs of Cases I and III–V, heterogeneous sulfate production (Phet) was estimated to contribute 41–54 % to total sulfate formation with a mean of (48  ±  5) %. For the specific mechanisms of heterogeneous oxidation of SO2, chemical reaction kinetics calculations suggested S(IV) ( =  SO2 ⚫ H2O + HSO3−  +  SO32−) oxidation by H2O2 in aerosol water accounted for 5–13 % of Phet. The relative importance of heterogeneous sulfate production by other mechanisms was constrained by our observed Δ17O(SO42−). Heterogeneous sulfate production via S(IV) oxidation by O3 was estimated to contribute 21–22 % of Phet on average. Heterogeneous sulfate production pathways that result in zero-Δ17O(SO42−), such as S(IV) oxidation by NO2 in aerosol water and/or by O2 via a radical chain mechanism, contributed the remaining 66–73 % of Phet. The assumption about the thermodynamic state of aerosols (stable or metastable) was found to significantly influence the calculated aerosol pH (7.6  ±  0.1 or 4.7  ±  1.1, respectively), and thus influence the relative importance of heterogeneous sulfate production via S(IV) oxidation by NO2 and by O2. Our local atmospheric conditions-based calculations suggest sulfate formation via NO2 oxidation can be the dominant pathway in aerosols at high-pH conditions calculated assuming stable state while S(IV) oxidation by O2 can be the dominant pathway providing that highly acidic aerosols (pH  ≤  3) exist. Our local atmospheric-conditions-based calculations illustrate the utility of Δ17O(SO42−) for quantifying sulfate formation pathways, but this estimate may be further improved with future regional modeling work.
The distribution of methylated sulfur compounds, DMS and DMSP, in Canadian subarctic and Arctic marine waters during summer 2015
Authors: Jarníková Tereza , Dacey John , Lizotte Martine , Levasseur Maurice , Tortell Philippe 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. We present seawater concentrations of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and
dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) measured across a transect from the
Labrador Sea to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago during summer 2015. Using an
automated ship-board gas chromatography system and a membrane-inlet mass
spectrometer, we measured a wide range of DMS (∼ 1 to 18 nM)
and DMSP (∼ 1 to 150 nM) concentrations. The highest DMS and
DMSP concentrations occurred in a localized region of Baffin Bay, where
surface waters were characterized by high chlorophyll a (chl a)
fluorescence, indicative of elevated phytoplankton biomass. Across the full
sampling transect, there were only weak relationships between DMS(P), chl a
fluorescence and other measured variables, including positive relationships
between DMSP : chl a ratios and several taxonomic marker pigments, and
elevated DMS(P) concentrations in partially ice-covered areas. Our high
spatial resolution measurements allowed us to examine DMS variability over
small scales (< 1 km), documenting strong DMS concentration gradients
across surface hydrographic frontal features. Our new observations fill in an
important observational gap in the Arctic Ocean and provide additional
information on sea–air DMS fluxes from this ocean region. In addition, this
study constitutes a significant contribution to the existing Arctic DMS(P)
dataset and provides a baseline for future measurements in the region.
Controls on fault zone structure and brittle fracturing in the foliated hanging wall of the Alpine Fault
Authors: Williams Jack N. , Toy Virginia G. , Massiot Cécile , McNamara David D. , Smith Steven A. F. , Mills Steven 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Three datasets are used to quantify fracture density, orientation, and fill in the foliated hanging wall of the Alpine Fault: (1) X-ray computed tomography (CT) images of drill core collected within 25 m of its principal slip zones (PSZs) during the first phase of the Deep Fault Drilling Project that were reoriented with respect to borehole televiewer images, (2) field measurements from creek sections up to 500 m from the PSZs, and (3) CT images of oriented drill core collected during the Amethyst Hydro Project at distances of  ∼  0.7–2 km from the PSZs. Results show that within 160 m of the PSZs in foliated cataclasites and ultramylonites, gouge-filled fractures exhibit a wide range of orientations. At these distances, fractures are interpreted to have formed at relatively high confining pressures and/or in rocks that had a weak mechanical anisotropy. Conversely, at distances greater than 160 m from the PSZs, fractures are typically open and subparallel to the mylonitic or schistose foliation, implying that fracturing occurred at low confining pressures and/or in rocks that were mechanically anisotropic. Fracture density is similar across the  ∼  500 m width of the field transects. By combining our datasets with measurements of permeability and seismic velocity around the Alpine Fault, we further develop the hierarchical model for hanging-wall damage structure that was proposed by Townend et al. (2017). The wider zone of foliation-parallel fractures represents an outer damage zone that forms at shallow depths. The distinct < 160 m wide interval of widely oriented gouge-filled fractures constitutes an inner damage zone. This zone is interpreted to extend towards the base of the seismogenic crust given that its width is comparable to (1) the Alpine Fault low-velocity zone detected by fault zone guided waves and (2) damage zones reported from other exhumed large-displacement faults. In summary, a narrow zone of fracturing at the base of the Alpine Fault's hanging-wall seismogenic crust is anticipated to widen at shallow depths, which is consistent with fault zone flower structure models.
Open Praxis, volume 10 issue 2
Authors: Gil-Jaurena (ed.), various authors Inés 
Published: April 2018

For a fifth consecutive year, Open Praxis has partnered with the Open Education Consortium for the publication of selected papers among those presented in the 2018 Open Education Global Conference, held in Delft (The Netherlands) from 24 to 26 of April, 2018. After the peer-review process, seven papers were accepted for publication.
Diseño de rúbricas para la enseñanza superior del Grabado
Authors: Soto Calzado Inocente 
Published: April 2018

<p>Los estudios artísticos han luchado desde sus inicios con la pretendida subjetividad de su enjuiciamiento, un supuesto que ha entorpecido su desarrollo como enseñanza reglada. La disciplina de las Bellas Artes necesita de la utilización de nuevos métodos pedagógicos para su avance educativo. Como parte de ese diseño conceptual que posibilite una mejor enseñanza, la rúbrica es un sistema de evaluación que permite juzgar las competencias propias de toda materia del Espacio Europeo de Enseñanza Superior a partir de la fijación de unos criterios. Con ella se detalla la labor analizada, concretándose al máximo el proyecto común de enseñanza-aprendizaje, y se proporcionan unos indicadores de corrección o incorrección del proceso de gran utilidad para el alumno como guía práctica. Continúa con la tradición de la crítica aplicada a la educación artística. Su presentación visual en forma de tabla con correspondencias y lecturas verticales y horizontales colabora a una rápida comprensión de lo expuesto, permitiendo y demandando el uso de otras herramientas. Su redacción incorpora el lenguaje propio de la materia, buscando su conocimiento y entendimiento. Facilita la práctica de la autoevaluación, y una metaevaluación desarrolla y ajusta el sistema de valoración, buscando una continua retroalimentación. </p>
Insights from a massive open online course (MOOC) for medical education (2014-2018)
Authors: Robinson Robert 
Published: April 2018

Background

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are technological innovations have been successfully applied in a wide variety of disciplines to deliver quality online education. These courses are an area of intense focus of educational research. Preliminary studies have shown MOOCs to be effective means of delivering medical education. This study reports data on course completion rates and the geographic reach of a MOOC designed for medical education.

Methods

A online course designed as for a 4th year medical school elective was opened as a free to take MOOC in August, 2014. The course is offered in English with subtitles via Udemy.com. Data regarding completion rates were obtained from the course management interface of the MOOC, data regarding the geographic reach of the course was obtained from Google Analytics. All data is anonymous, aggregated, and studied retrospectively.
The intended course audience was fourth year medical students in the United States, but enrollment was open to all.

Results

MOOC enrollment reached 5,586 students by February, 2018. Completion rates were low (5%), with 8% completing 50% or more of the MOOC. 80% of students did not complete a single course element.
Students enrolled from 161 different countries based on localization by Google Analytics. The most common countries students enrolled from were the United States (46%), India (6%), the United Kingdom (4%), Egypt (2.5%), Canada (2.5%), Australia (2%), China (2%), Germany (1.5%), Brazil (1.5%), and Saudi Arabia (1.5%).

Conclusions

Course enrollment included 5,586 students from 161 different countries. Course completion rates were low, but consistent with other scientific MOOCs designed for high level audiences that are open for public enrollment. These results also show the potential global reach of a MOOC. These factors of high enrollment, low course completion, but global reach are unique challenges for medical educators who deliver content via MOOC technology. Further study is needed to further define the role of MOOCs in medical education.
Metabolism of hydrogen gases and bile acids in the gut microbiome
Authors: Hylemon Phillip B. , Harris Spencer C. , Ridlon Jason M. 
Published: April 2018

The human gut microbiome refers to a highly diverse microbial ecosystem, which has a symbiotic relationship with the host. Molecular hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are generated by fermentative metabolism in anaerobic ecosystems. H2 generation and oxidation coupled to CO2 reduction to methane or acetate help maintain the structure of the gut microbiome. Bile acids are synthesized by hepatocytes from cholesterol in the liver and are important regulators of host metabolism. In this Review, we discuss how gut bacteria metabolize hydrogen gases and bile acids in the intestinal tract and the consequences on host physiology. Finally, we focus on bile acid metabolism by the Actinobacterium Eggerthella lenta. Eggerthella lenta appears to couple hydroxyl group oxidations to reductive acetogenesis under a CO2 or N2 atmosphere, but not under H2. Hence, at low H2 levels, E. lenta is proposed to use NADH from bile acid hydroxyl group oxidations to reduce CO2 to acetate.
Utilizing DNA for functionalization of biomaterial surfaces
Authors: Scharnweber Dieter , Bierbaum Susanne , Wolf‐Brandstetter Cornelia 
Published: April 2018

DNA sequences are widely used for gene transfer into cells including a number of substrate surface‐based supporting systems, but due to its singular structure property profile, DNA also offers multiple options for noncanonical applications. The special case of using DNA and oligodeoxyribonucleotide (ODN) structures for surface functionalization of biomedical implants is summarized here with the major focus on (a) immobilization or anchoring of nucleic acid structures on substrate surfaces, (b) incorporation of biologically active molecules (BAM) into such systems, and (c) biological characteristics of the resulting surfacesin vitroandin vivo. Sterilizations issues, important for potential clinical applications, are also considered.
Atomic and Molecular Layer Deposition of Hybrid Mo–Thiolate Thin Films with Enhanced Catalytic Activity
Authors: MacIsaac Callisto , Schneider Joel R. , Closser Richard G. , Hellstern Thomas R. , Bergsman David S. , Park Joonsuk , Liu Yunzhi , Sinclair Robert , Bent Stacey F. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA synthetic route toward hybrid MoS2‐based materials that combines the 2D bonding of MoS2 with 3D networking of aliphatic carbon chains is devised, leading to a film with enhanced electrocatalytic activity. The hybrid inorganic–organic thin films are synthesized by combining atomic layer deposition (ALD) with molecular layer deposition (MLD) using the precursors molybdenum hexacarbonyl and 1,2‐ethanedithiol and characterized by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the resultant material properties are probed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction. The process exhibits a growth rate of 1.3 Å per cycle, with an ALD/MLD temperature window of 155–175 °C. The hybrid films are moderately stable for about a week in ambient conditions, smooth (σRMS ≈ 5 Å for films 60 Å thick) and uniform, with densities ranging from 2.2–2.5 g cm−3. The material is both optically transparent and catalytically active for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), with an overpotential (294 mV at −10 mA cm−2) superior to that of planar MoS2. The enhancement in catalytic activity is attributed to the incorporation of organic chains into MoS2, which induces a morphological change during electrochemical testing that increases surface area and yields high activity HER catalysts without the need for deliberate nanostructuring.
Stable Cycling of Phosphorus Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries through Chemical Bonding with Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile
Authors: Hu Ye , Li Bing , Jiao Xingxing , Zhang Chaofan , Dai Xiaohan , Song Jiangxuan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSodium‐ion batteries are attracting increasing interests as a promising alternative to lithium‐ion batteries due to the abundant resource and low cost of sodium. Despite phosphorus (P) has extremely high theoretical capacity of 2595 mAh g−1, its wide application for sodium‐ion battery is highly hampered by its fast capacity fading and low Coulombic efficiency as a result of large volume change upon cycling. Herein, a robust phosphorus anode with long cycle life for sodium‐ion battery via hybridization with functional conductive polymer is presented. To this end, the polyacrylonitrile is first dehydrogenated by sulfur via a facile thermal treatment, forming a conductive main chain embedded with C–S–S moieties. This functional conductive polymer enables the formation of PS bonds between phosphorus and functional conductive matrix, leading to a robust electrode that can accommodate the large volume change upon substantial volume change in cycling. Consequently, this hybrid anode delivers a high capacity of ≈1300 mAh g−1 at a current density of 520 mA g−1 with high Coulombic efficiency (>99%) and good cycling performance (91% capacity retention after 100 cycles).
Iron‐Catalyzed Reductive Amination of Aldehydes in Isopropyl Alcohol/Water Media as Hydrogen Sources
Authors: Petricci Elena , Santillo Niccolò , Castagnolo Daniele , Cini Elena , Taddei Maurizio 
Published: April 2018

AbstractReductive amination can be carried in i‐PrOH/H2O as hydrogen sources using commercially available iron carbonyl complexes. Within an aqueous alkaline environment, a hydridocarboferrate is formed and its reducing potential is exploited for hydrogenation of the imine (or iminium ion) obtained in situ from aldehydes or ketones, and primary or secondary amines in almost equimolar ratio. This completely sustainable and hydrogen‐free process proceeds at 100 °C using Fe3(CO)12 as catalyst precursor under convectional heating while Fe2(CO)9 gave better results when the reaction was carried out under MW dielectric heating. Both enolizable and non‐enolizable aldehydes may be successfully employed in reactions with aliphatic and aromatic amines.magnified image