bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Progress on Photomultiplication Type Organic Photodetectors
Authors: Miao Jianli , Zhang Fujun 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPhotodetectors as a significant unit of intelligent optoelectronic systems have stimulated immense attention from multidisciplinary areas. Photomultiplication (PM) is desirable for sensitive photodetectors with strong detection capability of weak light, which can further simplify the photo‐detection systems without pre‐amplifier circuit. For organic photodetectors (OPDs), PM phenomenon cannot be realized by utilizing the principle of avalanche effect or impact ionization as in inorganic materials, stemming from organic semiconductor materials with large exciton binding energy and disordered structure. In this review, the recent progress on PM type OPDs is comprehensively summarized from the perspective of device physics and material science. Charge tunneling injection induced by interfacial traps becomes the mainstream working mechanism for obtaining PM phenomenon. A series of PM type OPDs was achieved by utilizing interfacial blocking layer and introducing trap states into active layer or interfacial layer. The filter‐free PM type narrowband OPDs are realized by combining the concept of charge injection narrowing with the mechanism of PM. Meanwhile, further development on this hot topic is proposed and fully discussed, including multifunctional OPDs, organic–inorganic hybrid photodetectors, and photodetector systems.
A parametric cut size prediction model for a turbo air classifier
Authors: Yu Y. , Liu J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA new parametric cut size prediction model is put forward based on the simplified single particle motion rule. According to analysis of the inner flow field of a turbo air classifier and Lagrangian equation of particle motion, the particle's trajectory in the annular region is calculated and simulated using MATLAB. Since particles with different sizes have different trajectories in the same flow field, the cut size of a turbo air classifier can also be obtained. The simulated results show the cut size increases by widening the annular region and it decreases by narrowing the annular region. Talc powder classification experiments are carried out to verify this cut size prediction model. The calculated cut sizes using the proposed prediction model are in agreement with the experimental results. A new way to predict cut size is put forward, which provides a theoretical guidance to optimize operational parameters and the structure of the turbo air classifier.
In vitro analysis of a microwave sensor for noninvasive glucose monitoring
Authors: Sethi Waleed Tariq , Issa Khaled , Ashraf Muhammad Ahmed , Alshebeili Saleh 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn this article, we present in vitro analysis for a microwave sensor proposed for noninvasive glucose monitoring. The sensor is a microstrip‐fed rectangular slot with a dielectric resonator having an elliptical shape resembling a human thumb. It has been demonstrated experimentally and by simulations that the microwave sensor is capable of detecting variations in glucose concentrations (40‐400 mg/dL) by observing shifts in the sensor's resonant frequencies. A Debye model is first developed to predict permittivity and loss tangent values of given glucose concentrations. Knowledge of such values is essential to facilitate simulation of glucose sensor. The simulations and measuremental results show similar behaviors with respect to resonances in the frequency band of interest, which makes the proposed microwave sensor a potential and convenient choice for noninvasive glucose monitoring.
Consumer return policies in competitive markets: An operations perspective
Authors: Huang Tingliang , Ren Hang , Chen Ying‐Ju 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe recent literature argues that offering consumer returns, such as money‐back guarantees (MBGs), reduces quality differentiation in competitive markets. We show that this argument does not hold in general. We propose a new certainty‐equivalent approach, which shows that offering product returns only changes the two firms' marginal costs without affecting their quality differentiation. Our proposed approach directly reveals that asymmetry of salvage values may overturn the recent finding that MBGs help the low‐quality firm. Since MBGs only lead to marginal cost reductions, we show that each firm should adopt MBGs in equilibrium irrespective of the competitor's choice. We then examine the role of offering consumer returns in determining the firms' competitive product strategies. We demonstrate that offering MBGs does not directly affect the quality differentiation choices, and discuss the impacts of production technology and consumer valuation.
Analysis of condensed tannins in Populus spp. using reversed phase UPLC‐PDA‐(−)esi‐MS following thiolytic depolymerisation
Authors: Rubert‐Nason Kennedy F. , Lindroth Richard L. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIntroductionCondensed tannins (CTs) are proanthocyanidin heteropolymers that are widely distributed among plants. Their biochemical properties are determined by molecular structure (e.g. polymer size, hydroxylation, stereochemistry). In Populus, genetically and environmentally‐determined CT concentrations have been related to ecological effects, while the potential role of CT molecular structure has received little attention.ObjectiveEvaluate CT polymerisation, major constituent monomers, stereochemistry and overall content in Populus tremuloides foliage using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and mass spectrometry (UPLC‐PDA‐(−)esi‐MS) detection following thiolytic depolymerisation of the CTs.MethodologyCTs were extracted from dried foliage of six P. tremuloides genotypes into methanol and thiolytically depolymerised into constituent monomers. Calibration standards were prepared by thiolysis of CT mixtures isolated from P. tremuloides foliage on Sephadex LH‐20, followed by preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).ResultsPopulus tremuloides CTs contained predominantly repeating subunits of three putative stereoisomers each of catechin and gallocatechin. Linear calibrations for standards of these subunits and their thioethers (purities 44–87%, UPLC‐(−)esi‐MS) were generally stable over the course of 10 months. CT polymer size, hydroxylation, stereochemistry and concentrations differed among genotypes.ConclusionThis thiolysis‐UPLC‐PDA‐(−)esiMS method was optimised for analysis of CT polymer size, hydroxylation, stereochemistry, and total concentration in Populus foliage. It revealed significant variation in each of these properties among P. tremuloides genotypes, and will facilitate evaluation of how environmental factors affect CT molecular structures.
From reading strategy instruction to student reading achievement: The mediating role of student motivational factors
Authors: Huang Jing , Chen Gaowei 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis study investigated the associations among reading strategy instruction, student motivational factors (i.e., attitudes toward reading, reading self‐concept, and motivation to read), gender, and reading achievement. The analyses were conducted using the Hong Kong sample (students at Level 1, n = 3,875 and teachers at Level 2,
n = 133) from the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study 2011 through multilevel structural equation modeling. The results showed that, first, the relation between the frequency of reading strategy instruction and student reading achievement was mediated by student attitudes toward reading. Second, the frequency of reading strategy instruction was significantly related to student attitudes toward reading and motivation to read and student attitudes toward reading was significantly associated with reading achievement. Finally, girls had more positive attitudes toward reading, more positive reading self‐concept, higher motivation to read, and higher reading achievement than boys. These findings may shed light on how teachers should arrange their reading strategy instruction to interplay with student attitudes toward reading and motivation to read and to help improve reading achievement.
Multivariate process incapability vector
Authors: Ganji Zainab Abbasi 
Published: December 2018

AbstractProcess capability indices evaluate the capability of the processes in satisfying customer's requirements. This paper introduces a superstructure multivariate process incapability vector for multivariate normal processes and then, compares it with four recently proposed multivariate process capability indices to show its better performance. In addition, the effects of two modification factors are investigated. Also, bootstrap confidence intervals for the first component of the proposed vector are obtained. Furthermore, real manufacturing data sets are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed vector.
Parallel data transmission for navigation satellite network with agility link
Authors: Zhao Yue , Yi Xianqing , Hou Zhenwei , Zhang YaoHong , Li Chong 
Published: December 2018

SummaryThe topology of the navigation satellite network with agility link evolves with chain‐building slots periodically. The navigation data are transmitted in a “store, carry and forward” manner without requiring end‐to‐end paths. Thus, the navigation satellite network with agility link can be considered as a deterministic delay tolerant network (DTN). The data transmission of navigation satellite network is limited by chain‐building slot and bandwidth. To utilize network transmission link and communication bandwidth fully, this paper proposed an algorithm called parallel data transmission for the navigation satellite network with agility link. Based on the network characteristics, the algorithm is designed with polling pattern of link establishment and formulated as parallel data transmission problem based on deterministic scheduling DTN. Then, we design the method based on Dynamic Game from the view of data, while the Dynamic Programming method is proposed referring to Linear Programming–based method for optimization. Finally, the results were compared with three methods using the standard network routing metrics and showed that the proposed algorithm is better than the existing methods.
Inclusive Talk: Weaving Fiction Discussions Across the School Day
Authors: Coakley‐Fields Mary R. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe author presents findings from a yearlong study of the ways an inclusive fourth‐grade teacher and her students talked about reading outside of formal reading lessons. Findings indicated that across the school day, especially during informal moments, students narrated connections and disconnections between their experiences and realistic fiction read‐aloud books the class had read together. These improvised spoken narratives created opportunities for students’ inclusion and affirmation in the social space of the classroom as they helped students know each other as readers and people outside of labels, levels, and assessment instruments. Using children's literature as a point of reference, this pattern of dialogue honored students’ life experiences and interests while supporting ongoing reflection, community building, and interpretation strategies.
Comparison of various approaches to design wind‐PV rural electrification projects in remote areas of developing countries
Authors: Domenech Bruno , Ferrer‐Martí Laia , Pastor Rafael 
Published: December 2018

Nowadays, around 1.1 billion people in rural and remote areas of developing countries remain without electricity. Stand‐alone projects that combine the wind and photovoltaic generation technologies as well as microgrids and individual supplies for the distribution network are an adequate strategy to reach such isolated regions. However, the design of electrification projects is complex, having to define the best combination of generation and distribution technologies, under a challenging social context and tight technoeconomic resources. In order to ease decision‐making, several tools have been developed in the literature and are here reviewed, grouped into three main categories: optimization processes, aiming to minimize project costs subject to technical constraints, through exact or heuristic algorithms; multicriteria processes, using different methods to select the best among a set of predefined scenarios according to economic, technical, social, and environmental criteria; and systematized tools, that have been developed to provide user‐friendly interface for their larger dissemination in different regions and contexts. Hence, this paper aims to provide researchers and practitioners an analysis of the advantages and limitations of approaches used over the last decade when addressing the designing of wind and/or photovoltaic electrification projects for extremely poor and isolated areas in developing countries, as well as some areas for further research.This article is categorized under:

Concentrating Solar Power > Systems and Infrastructure
Photovoltaics > Systems and Infrastructure
Wind Power > Systems and Infrastructure
Energy Infrastructure > Economics and Policy
Integrating molecular networks with genetic variant interpretation for precision medicine
Authors: Capriotti Emidio , Ozturk Kivilcim , Carter Hannah 
Published: December 2018

More reliable and cheaper sequencing technologies have revealed the vast mutational landscapes characteristic of many phenotypes. The analysis of such genetic variants has led to successful identification of altered proteins underlying many Mendelian disorders. Nevertheless the simple one‐variant one‐phenotype model valid for many monogenic diseases does not capture the complexity of polygenic traits and disorders. Although experimental and computational approaches have improved detection of functionally deleterious variants and important interactions between gene products, the development of comprehensive models relating genotype and phenotypes remains a challenge in the field of genomic medicine. In this context, a new view of the pathologic state as significant perturbation of the network of interactions between biomolecules is crucial for the identification of biochemical pathways associated with complex phenotypes. Seminal studies in systems biology combined the analysis of genetic variation with protein–protein interaction networks to demonstrate that even as biological systems evolve to be robust to genetic variation, their topologies create disease vulnerabilities. More recent analyses model the impact of genetic variants as changes to the “wiring” of the interactome to better capture heterogeneity in genotype–phenotype relationships. These studies lay the foundation for using networks to predict variant effects at scale using machine‐learning or algorithmic approaches. A wealth of databases and resources for the annotation of genotype–phenotype relationships have been developed to support developments in this area. This overview describes how study of the molecular interactome has generated insights linking the organization of biological systems to disease mechanism, and how this information can enable precision medicine.This article is categorized under:

Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Translational Medicine
Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling
Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models
Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods
Magmatism and metallogeny of the Early Earth as a reflection of its geologic evolution
Authors: Kuzmin M.I. , Yarmolyuk V.V. , Kotov A.B. , Goryachev N.A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The paper is focused on the evolution of the Earth starting with the planetary accretion and differentiation of the primordial material (similar in composition to CI chondrites) into the core and mantle and the formation of the Moon as a result of the impact of the Earth with a smaller cosmic body. The features of the Hadean eon (ca. 4500–4000 Ma) are described in detail. Frequent meteorite–asteroid bombardments which the Earth experienced in the Hadean could have caused the generation of mafic/ultramafic primary magmas. These magmas also differentiated to produce some granitic magmas, from which zircons crystallized. The repeated meteorite bombardments destroyed the protocrust, which submerged into the mantle to remelt, leaving refractory zircons, indicators of the Early Earth’s geologic conditions, behind.
The mantle convection that started in the Archean could possibly be responsible for the Earth’s subsequent endogenous evolution. Long-living deep-seated mantle plumes could have promoted the generation of basalt–komatiitic crust, which, thickening, could have submerged into the mantle as a result of sagduction, where it remelted. Partial melting of the thick crust, leaving eclogite as a residue, could have yielded tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) melts. TTG rocks are believed to compose the Earth’s protocrust. Banded iron bodies, the only mineral deposits of that time, were produced in the oceans that covered the Earth.
This environment, recognized as LID tectonics combined with plume tectonics, probably existed on the Earth prior to the transitional period, which was marked by a series of new geologic processes and led to a modern-style tectonics, involving plate tectonics and plume tectonics mechanisms, by 2 Ga. The transitional period was likely to be initiated at about 3.4 Ga, with the segregation of outer and inner cores, which terminated by 3.1 Ga. Other rocks series (calc-alkaline volcanic and intrusive) rather than TTGs were produced at that time. Beginning from 3.4–3.3 Ga, mineral deposits became more diverse; noble and siderophile metal occurrences were predominant among ore deposits. Carbonatites, hosting rare-metal mineralization, could have formed only by 2.0 Ga. From 3.1 to 2.7 Ga, there was a period of “small-plate” tectonics and first subduction and spreading processes, which resulted in the first supercontinent by 2.7 Ga. Its amalgamation indicates the start of superplume–supercontinent cycles.
Between 2.7 and 2.0 Ga, the D″ layer formed at the core–mantle interface. It became a kind of thermal regulator for the ascending already tholeiitic mantle plume magmas. All deep-seated layers of the Earth and large low-velocity shear provinces, called mantle hot fields, partially melted enriched EM-I and EM-II mantles, and the depleted recent asthenosphere mantle, which is parental for midocean-ridge basalts, were finally generated by 2 Ga. Therefore, an interaction of all Earth’s layers began from that time.
The oldest (~1.9 Ga) metadolerites of the southern Siberian craton: age, petrogenesis, and tectonic setting
Authors: Donskaya T.V. , Gladkochub D.P. , Mazukabzov A.M. , Denyszyn S. , Pisarevsky S.A. , Motova Z.L. , Demonterova E.I. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Geological, geochronological, and isotope-geochemical studies of the metadolerites of the Angaul complex, widespread in the Urik–Iya graben of the southern Siberian craton, were carried out. The metadolerites forming separate conformal bodies (sills) among the metasandstones of the Ingash Formation were studied in detail. U–Pb zircon (SHRIMP) dating of metadolerites yielded an age of 1913 ± 24 Ma, and U–Pb baddeleyite (ID-TIMS) dating of these rocks yielded an age of 1914.0 ± 1.7 Ma. Thus, the date of 1914 ± 2 Ma can be taken as the most precise age estimate for the studied rocks. The metadolerites of the Angaul complex correspond in chemical composition to the normal-alkaline tholeiitic basalts. Metadolerites are differentiated rocks with mg# of 36 to 58. They show fractionated REE patterns: (La/Yb)n = 1.2–3.5. All metadolerites, independently of their mg# value, have low contents of Nb (1.6–10.2 ppm) and show well-pronounced negative Nb–Ta anomalies in multielement patterns (Nb/Nb* = 0.19–0.54). The metadolerites are characterized by positive εNd(T) values ranging from 0.4 to 5.2, which correlate well with their SiO2 content and mg# value. The isotope-geochemical parameters of the metadolerites of the Angaul complex indicate that fractional crystallization, along with the assimilation of the host rocks (AFC), might have been the main process during the formation of the most differentiated metadolerites. The geochemical characteristics of metadolerites with the maximum mg# values of 57–58 and εNd(T) = 5.2 suggest that the parental mantle source of the metadolerites resulted from mixing of predominant depleted mantle material with the subcontinental-lithosphere material. Intrusion of the dolerites of the Angaul complex, as well as the deposition of the sedimentary strata of the Ingash Group, took place at the Paleoproterozoic stage of intracontinental extension caused by the collapse of the orogen resulted from the collision of the Biryusa block with the Tunguska superterrane in the southern Siberian craton.
Isotopic-geochemical evidence for crustal contamination of eclogites in the Kokchetav subduction-collision zone
Authors: Shatsky V.S. , Skuzovatov S.Yu. , Ragozin A.L. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This paper reports isotopic and geochemical studies of eclogites from the western ultrahigh pressure (UHP) and eastern high-pressure (HP) blocks of the Kokchetav subduction–collision zone. These HP and UHP eclogites exhumed in two stages: (1) The rocks of the western block metamorphosed within the field of diamond stability (e.g., Kumdy-Kol and Barchy); (2) In contrast, the metamorphic evolution of the eastern block reached the pressure peak within the stability field of coesite (e.g., Kulet, Chaglinka, Sulu-Tyube, Daulet, and Borovoe). The eclogites vary widely in the ratios of incompatible elements and in the isotope ratios of Nd (143Nd/144Nd = 0.51137–0.513180) and Sr (87Sr/86Sr = 0.70393–0.78447). The Sulu-Tyube eclogites display isotope-geochemical features close to N-MORB, while those from the other sites are compositionally similar to E-type MORB or island arc basalts (IAB). The model ages TNd(DM) of eclogites vary between 1.95 and 0.67 Ga. The Sulu-Tyube eclogite yields the youngest age; it has the values of εNd(T) (7.2) and 87Sr/86Sr (0.70393) close to the depleted mantle values. The crustal input to the protolith of the Kokchetav eclogites is evident on the εNd(T)–86Sr/87Sr and εNd(T)–T plots. The eclogites make up a trend from DM to country rocks. Some eclogites from the Kulet, Kumdy-Kol, and Barchy localities display signs of partial melting, such as high Sm/Nd (0.65–0.51) and low (La/Sm)N (0.34–0.58) values. The equilibrium temperatures of these eclogites are higher than 850 °C. The geochemical features of eclogites testify to the possibility of the eclogite protolith formation in the tectonic setting of passive continental rift margin subducted to depths over 120 km.
Volcanism of the southern part of the Sredinny Range of Kamchatka in the Neogene–Quaternary
Authors: Volynets A.O. , Pevzner M.M. , Tolstykh M.L. , Babansky A.D. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Based on the geochemical characteristics of the Miocene–Quaternary volcanic rocks of the Sredinny Range of Kamchatka, we divide it into northern and southern provinces; the latter comprises the “eastern”, “western”, and “central” flanks. We present new data on the composition of Neogene–Quaternary volcanic rocks in the southern part of the Sredinny Range of Kamchatka: Khangar and Icha volcanic massifs and Mt. Yurtinaya on the “western” flank, Bystrinsky and Kozyrevsky Ridges on the “eastern” flank, and Anaunsky Dol and Uksichan massif located in between. We show systematic differences in the composition of rocks from the “western” and “eastern” flanks. During the Neogene, a typical island-arc volcanism took place within the “eastern” flank. Quaternary volcanic rocks of this area have both island-arc and within-plate geochemical features. We propose to call rocks of this type hybrid rocks. Within the “western” flank, hybrid volcanism has been manifested since the Neogene, while typical island-arc rocks are not found. Magma generation processes on the “western” flank of the Sredinny Ridge are influenced by an enriched mantle source; the effect of fluid is less pronounced here as compared to the rocks of the “eastern” flank, where it is clearly traced.