bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quasi-static ensemble variational data assimilation: a theoretical and numerical study with the iterative ensemble Kalman smoother
Authors: Fillion Anthony , Bocquet Marc , Gratton Serge 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The analysis in nonlinear variational data assimilation is the solution of a non-quadratic minimization. Thus, the analysis efficiency relies on its ability to locate a global minimum of the cost function. If this minimization uses a Gauss–Newton (GN) method, it is critical for the starting point to be in the attraction basin of a global minimum. Otherwise the method may converge to a local extremum, which degrades the analysis. With chaotic models, the number of local extrema often increases with the temporal extent of the data assimilation window, making the former condition harder to satisfy. This is unfortunate because the assimilation performance also increases with this temporal extent. However, a quasi-static (QS) minimization may overcome these local extrema. It accomplishes this by gradually injecting the observations in the cost function. This method was introduced by Pires et al. (1996) in a 4D-Var context. We generalize this approach to four-dimensional strong-constraint nonlinear ensemble variational (EnVar) methods, which are based on both a nonlinear variational analysis and the propagation of dynamical error statistics via an ensemble. This forces one to consider the cost function minimizations in the broader context of cycled data assimilation algorithms. We adapt this QS approach to the iterative ensemble Kalman smoother (IEnKS), an exemplar of nonlinear deterministic four-dimensional EnVar methods. Using low-order models, we quantify the positive impact of the QS approach on the IEnKS, especially for long data assimilation windows. We also examine the computational cost of QS implementations and suggest cheaper algorithms.
Ground thermal and geomechanical conditions in a permafrost-affected high-latitude rock avalanche site (Polvartinden, northern Norway)
Authors: Frauenfelder Regula , Isaksen Ketil , Lato Matthew J. , Noetzli Jeannette 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. On 26 June 2008, a rock avalanche detached in the northeast facing slope of Polvartinden, a high-alpine mountain in Signaldalen, northern Norway. Here, we report on the observed and modelled past and present near-surface temperature regime close to the failure zone, as well as on a subsequent simulation of the subsurface temperature regime, and on initial geomechanical mapping based on laser scanning. The volume of the rock avalanche was estimated to be approximately 500 000 m3. The depth to the actual failure surface was found to range from 40 m at the back of the failure zone to 0 m at its toe. Visible in situ ice was observed in the failure zone just after the rock avalanche. Between September 2009 and August 2013, ground surface temperatures were measured with miniature temperature data loggers at 14 different localities, close to the original failure zone along the northern ridge of Polvartinden and on the valley floor. The results from these measurements and from a basic three-dimensional heat conduction model suggest that the lower altitudinal limit of permafrost at present is at 600–650 m a.s.l., which corresponds to the upper limit of the failure zone. A coupling of our in situ data with regional climate data since 1958 suggests a general gradual warming and that the period with highest mean near surface temperatures on record ended four months before the Signaldalen rock avalanche detached. A comparison with a transient permafrost model run at 10 m depth, representative for areas where snow accumulates, strengthen these findings, which are also in congruence with measurements in nearby permafrost boreholes. It is likely that permafrost in and near the failure zone is presently subject to degradation. This degradation, in combination with the extreme warm year antecedent to the rock failure, is seen to have played an important role in the detaching of the Signaldalen rock avalanche.
The challenges for good practice in police-facilitated restorative justice for female offenders
Authors: Larsson Birgit , Schofield Gillian , Biggart Laura 
Published: April 2018

The challenges for good practice in police-facilitated restorative justice for female offenders
This article reports on the uses of police-led restorative justice (RJ) for female offenders by one constabulary in England from 2007 to 2012. The study consisted of (1) quantitative analysis of administrative police data on 17,486 participants, including 2,586 female offenders, and (2) qualitative analysis of twelve narrative interviews with female offenders sampled from the database. Quantitative data demonstrated that the majority of female offenders committed low-level offences and that the majority of participants experienced street RJ. Female offenders reported mixed experiences with RJ in qualitative interviews. On the whole, women did not understand what RJ was, leading to complications as many felt their victims were mutually culpable. Some felt that the police forced them to apologise and treated them like criminals while others felt the police gave them a second chance. The study raises questions about what the police can bring to RJ in relation to vulnerable women.
Adult reparation panels and offender-centric meso-communities: an answer to the conundrum
Authors: McStravick Darren J. 
Published: April 2018

Adult reparation panels and offender-centric meso-communities: an answer to the conundrum
The community paradigm is continually cited as an important influence within restorative practices. However, this influence has not been sufficiently clarified. This article seeks to answer this conundrum by identifying a novel meso-community of care, concern and accountability that has been emerging as part of adult reparation panel procedures. This offender-centric community consists of traditionally secondary justice stakeholders led by criminal justice representative professionals including police officers and probation officials. It also includes lay volunteers and reparation programme officials dependent on state funding and cooperation. Professionalised panellists have led the development of surrogate familial bonds with offenders through the incorporation of a welfare ethos as part of case discourses. This care and concern approach has increased opportunities within case agreements for successful reintegration and rehabilitation. However, this article also acknowledges some concerns within panel processes in that, by attempting to increase accountability for harms caused, there is a danger that panellists are blurring the restorative lines between rehabilitation and genuine restoration and reparation.
Multimycotoxin Analysis by LC-MS/MS in Cereal Food and Feed: Comparison of Different Approaches for Extraction, Purification, and Calibration
Authors: Solfrizzo Michele , Gambacorta Lucia , Bibi Rita , Ciriaci Martina , Paoloni Angela , Pecorelli Ivan 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Twelve different approaches commonly used for the simultaneous LC tandem MS (MS/MS) determination of mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone) were tested in cereals and feed materials. They comprised different extraction solvents, types of cleanup [solid-phase extraction, QuEChERS, and immunoaffinity (IMA)], and calibration approaches (external or matrix-matched). The percentage of mycotoxins with acceptable recovery, according to Regulation (EC) No. 401/2006, ranged from 9 to 100%. The approach giving the highest percentage of acceptable results was selected and further tested for corn, rice, and feed spiked at three different mycotoxin levels (low, medium, and high). The method is based on extraction with MeOH–water (70 + 30, v/v) and cleanup with two multiantibody IMA columns. For corn and rice spiked at low mycotoxin levels, a significant matrix effect was observed and was compensated by using 13C calibration. At higher mycotoxin levels (medium and high), matrix effects were negligible as no significant differences were observed for the majority of recovery results calculated by 13C calibration and external calibration. Although the proposed method still needs improvement in terms of accuracy and, to a lesser extent, precision, it was successfully tested with four proficiency tests in buckwheat, corn, rice, and feed, giving acceptable z-scores for 97% (34 out of 35) of results.
Les alternatives à la détention des mineurs en conflit avec la loi en Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Isimat-Mirin Patricia Myriam 
Published: April 2018

Méconnue des sociétés traditionnelles précoloniales où le fauteur de trouble est puni, soit par l’amende, les châtiments corporels pour les violations aux règles coutumières bénignes, soit banni ou exécuté pour les infractions graves, la justice des mineurs en Afrique de l’Ouest en général, et dans les anciens territoires coloniaux français en particulier, a été développée avec l’installation progressive de l’administration judiciaire coloniale.
À la veille des indépendances de ces territoires dans les années 1960, des centres de rééducation sont installés, sous l’impulsion des lois progressistes nées de la Libération de 1945, sans toutefois promouvoir une politique hardie de mesures alternatives à la détention. Si le souffle positif de l’Indépendance de ces territoires en 1960 a maintenu ces structures rééducatives en état de fonctionnement, elles ont rapidement été secouées dès les années 1980 par le vent impétueux des programmes d’ajustement structurel promus par les institutions de Bretton Woods; faute de moyens humains et financiers, elles ont rapidement périclité comme toutes les autres mesures sociales, le développement économique étant prioritaire.
Enfin, l’évolution de la société à partir des années 2000 a permis de relancer la réflexion sur les mesures alternatives à la détention des mineurs bien que de gros efforts restent nécessaires comme le souligne la présente note sur la situation en Côte d’Ivoire. Un processus a été lancé en 2015 pour la mise en oeuvre de telles mesures sur l’ensemble du territoire national et suit son cours.
Compte-rendu de L’éthique clinique : pour une approche relationnelle dans les soins, 2014, Hubert Doucet, Paramètres, Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal
Authors: Roigt Delphine 
Published: April 2018

Dans son livreL’éthique clinique : pour une approche relationnelle dans les soins, Hubert Doucet propose une approche de l’éthique clinique qui intègre diverses perspectives théoriques et pratiques, notamment celle du philosophe Paul Ricoeur. Il développe un argumentaire pour une vision relationnelle de la pratique de l’éthique clinique, une éthique des soignants qui, selon ses mots, « doit se construire à partir de l’expérience de la maladie et s’adapter à la personne malade ».
Improving physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep in COPD: perspectives of people with COPD and experts via a Delphi approach
Authors: Lewthwaite Hayley , Effing Tanja W. , Lenferink Anke , Olds Tim , Williams Marie T. 
Published: April 2018

Background
Little is known about how to achieve enduring improvements in physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB) and sleep for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study aimed to: (1) identify what people with COPD from South Australia and the Netherlands, and experts from COPD- and non-COPD-specific backgrounds considered important to improve behaviours; and (2) identify areas of dissonance between these different participant groups.

Methods
A four-round Delphi study was conducted, analysed separately for each group. Free-text responses (Round 1) were collated into items within themes and rated for importance on a 9-point Likert scale (Rounds 2–3). Items meeting a priori criteria from each group were retained for rating by all groups in Round 4. Items and themes achieving a median Likert score of ≥7 and an interquartile range of ≤2 across all groups at Round 4 were judged important. Analysis of variance with Tukey’s post-hoc tested for statistical differences between groups for importance ratings.

Results
Seventy-three participants consented to participate in this study, of which 62 (85%) completed Round 4. In Round 4, 81 items (PA n = 54; SB n = 24; sleep n = 3) and 18 themes (PA n = 9; SB n = 7; sleep n = 2) were considered important across all groups concerning: (1) symptom/disease management, (2) targeting behavioural factors, and (3) less commonly, adapting the social/physical environments. There were few areas of dissonance between groups.

Conclusion
Our Delphi participants considered a multifactorial approach to be important to improve PA, SB and sleep. Recognising and addressing factors considered important to recipients and providers of health care may provide a basis for developing behaviour-specific interventions leading to long-term behaviour change in people with COPD.
Collagen overlays can inhibit leptin and adiponectin secretion but not lipid accumulation in adipocytes
Authors: Christian Sherri L. , Pallegar Nikitha K. , Brown Robert J. , Viloria-Petit Alicia M. 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundWhite adipose tissue (WAT) is essential for energy storage as well as being an active endocrine organ. The secretion of adipokines by adipocytes can affect whole body metabolism, appetite, and contribute to overall health. WAT is comprised of lipid-laden mature adipocytes, as well as immune cells, endothelial cells, pre-adipocytes, and adipose-derived stem cells. In addition, the presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in WAT can actively influence adipocyte differentiation, growth, and function. Type I collagen is an abundant fibrous ECM protein in WAT that is secreted by developing adipocytes. However, the extent and overall effect of Type I collagen on adipokine secretion in mature adipocytes when added exogenously has not been established.MethodsWe characterized the effects of Type I collagen overlays prepared using two different buffers on adipocyte physiology and function when added at different times during differentiation. In addition, we compared the effect of collagen overlays when adipocytes were cultured on two different tissue culture plastics that have different adherent capabilities. Triglyceride accumulation was analyzed to measure adipocyte physiology, and leptin and adiponectin secretion was determined to analyze effects on adipokine secretion.ResultsWe found that collagen overlays, particularly when added during the early differentiation stage, impaired adipokine secretion from mature adipocytes. Collagen prepared using PBS had a greater suppression of leptin than adiponectin while collagen prepared using HANKS buffer suppressed the secretion of both adipokines. The use of CellBind plates further suppressed leptin secretion. Triglyceride accumulation was not substantially impacted with any of the collagen overlays.DiscussionAdipokine secretion can be selectively altered by collagen overlays. Thus, it is feasible to selectively manipulate the secretion of adipokines by adipocytesin vitroby altering the composition or timing of collagen overlays. The use of this technique could be applied to studies of adipokine function and secretionin vitroas well as having potential therapeutic implications to specifically alter adipocyte functionalityin vivo.
Parental engagement in preventive parenting programs for child mental health: a systematic review of predictors and strategies to increase engagement
Authors: Finan Samantha J. , Swierzbiolek Brooke , Priest Naomi , Warren Narelle , Yap Marie 
Published: April 2018

Background
Child mental health problems are now recognised as a key public health concern. Parenting programs have been developed as one solution to reduce children’s risk of developing mental health problems. However, their potential for widespread dissemination is hindered by low parental engagement, which includes intent to enrol, enrolment, and attendance. To increase parental engagement in preventive parenting programs, we need a better understanding of the predictors of engagement, and the strategies that can be used to enhance engagement.

Method
Employing a PRISMA method, we conducted a systematic review of the predictors of parent engagement and engagement enhancement strategies in preventive parenting programs. Key inclusion criteria included: (1) the intervention is directed primarily at the parent, (2) parent age >18 years, the article is (3) written in English and (4) published between 2004–2016. Stouffer’s method of combining p-values was used to determine whether associations between variables were reliable.

Results
Twenty-three articles reported a variety of predictors of parental engagement and engagement enhancement strategies. Only one of eleven predictors (child mental health symptoms) demonstrated a reliable association with enrolment (Stouffer’s p < .01).

Discussion
There was a lack of consistent evidence for predictors of parental engagement. Nonetheless, preliminary evidence suggests that engagement enhancement strategies modelled on theories, such as the Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour, may increase parents’ engagement.

Systematic review registration
PROSPERO CRD42014013664.
A construção do perfil do professor e a mediação didática lúdica no Ensino Fundamental II
Authors: D'Ávila Cristina M , Popoff Sandra Constantin 
Published: April 2018

RESUMO
O artigo traz resultados de pesquisa realizada em 2016 com professores que tiveram uma história de vida marcada pela leitura literária e estabelecem mediações de leitura em ambiente escolar no ensino fundamental II. A pesquisa foi realizada com uma professora e um professor de escolas públicas, uma em Salvador e outra em Feira de Santana, mediante abordagem fenomenológica utilizando história de vida, com o auxilio dos instrumentos: observação participante, entrevista narrativa e texto autobiográfico. Os professores participantes da pesquisa são licenciados em Biologia e Matemática. A ludicidade como premissa fundante da experiência com a leitura literária na vida dos sujeitos foi investigada, assim como, a sua expressão lúdica foi observada nas mediações didáticas e partilhas espontâneas de saber literário. Os conceitos que permitiram uma análise sensível da realidade estudada foram encontrados em Luckesi (1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2016), Brougère (1998, 2002), Maffesoli (1998, 2001), Callois (1990), d’Ávila (2007, 2009, 2008, 2014, 2016), Zilbermann (1988, 2005, 2008), Durand (1997) dentre outros. Concluiu-se que o perfil lúdico do docente, enquanto impulso inicial do sujeito, mediante contínuas experiências afetivas com a leitura literária, concretiza um perfil profissional, que, por sua vez, influencia a forma e a qualidade das mediações didáticas.
The Generation of Saturn's Aurora at Lower Latitudes by Electrostatic Waves
Authors: Tripathi Arvind K. , Singhal Rajendra P. , Singh Onkar N. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn the present paper we have modeled diffuse auroral emissions, which have been observed at lower latitudes as compared to the main auroral arc at Saturn. It is generally accepted that these emissions are generated by precipitation of hot population of magnetospheric electrons on the closed field lines. We have considered the pitch angle diffusion by electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic waves as the mechanism to diffuse trapped electrons into the atmospheric loss cone. Electrons are thereby precipitated into the atmosphere and excite the neutral atmospheric constituents producing auroral emissions. Calculation of ultraviolet emission intensities has been performed at two L‐shells 5.35 and 7.0. Observed hot electron distribution functions and observed electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic wave characteristics have been used in the study. Intensities of Lyman‐alpha emission from excitation of atomic H and Lyman‐alpha produced from dissociative excitation of H2 have been calculated, obtaining the values 20.1 R (1.8 R) and 1.6 kR (0.29 kR), respectively, for both L‐shells 7.0 (5.35).Further, intensities of Lyman and Werner bands of H2 are also calculated. These have the values 7.50 kR (1.43 kR) and 7.52 kR (1.49 kR), respectively, for L‐shells 7.0 (5.35). It is observed that the volume excitation rates of these four excitations peak at an altitude of about 2,000 km. From the range‐energy relation in H2 gas it is estimated that the electrons producing these excitations should have energies less than about 250 eV.
Platelets
Authors: Gallant Reid C , Wang Yiming , Ni Heyu 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Platelets are small anucleate blood cells that are produced by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, and also likely in the lungs. Due to their small size relative to other circulating blood cells, platelets are displaced from the center of vessels and circulate close to the vessel wall. This position near the vessel wall allows platelets to rapidly respond to vascular injuries and contribute to hemostasis, the physiological process that stops bleeding. Following vascular damage, exposure of subendothelial matrix proteins to the blood initiates the first wave of hemostasis: platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation. Activated platelets also play important roles in secondary hemostasis by binding coagulation factors and enhancing cell‐based thrombin generation at sites of vessel injury. Beyond hemostasis, platelets have been demonstrated by recent studies to play critical roles in a range of biological processes including inflammation, immune regulation, atherosclerosis, lymphatic vessel development, angiogenesis, liver regeneration, and tumor metastasis.

Key Concepts

Platelets are small, versatile blood cells that are produced by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

Platelets circulate in the blood for 7–10 days before being cleared.

The most well‐appreciated role of platelets is their role in haemostasis.

Abnormalities in platelet number and function can cause either bleeding or thrombotic disorders.

Platelets have been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes including inflammation, immune regulation, atherosclerosis, angiogenesis and lymphatic vessel development, liver regeneration and tumour metastasis.
Vertebrate Herbivory and Its Ecosystem Consequences
Authors: Oksanen Lauri , Olofsson Johan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHerbivory is a process where animals obtain energy and nutrients from vegetative plant parts (leaves, stems, etc.). Herbivory is called grazing, browsing or folivory, depending on the size of the herbivore and the type of plant tissue consumed. The consumption is actually performed by microbes in the digestive system. The role of the animal is to prepare the material and to provide a good environment for the microbes. This requires specialisations, making herbivores a distinct animal group. Vertebrate herbivory can change forests to heathlands or grasslands and influence the composition and species richness of the herbaceous vegetation. By maintaining open habitats, herbivorous vertebrates can increase the fraction of solar radiation reflected back to the space, especially at high latitudes and altitudes. Thus, vertebrate herbivory can also counteract global warming.Key ConceptsHerbivory is the collective term for consumption of plants or vegetative plant parts by animals.Browsing is utilisation of woody plants by animals, normally referring to vertebrates.Grazing is utilisation of herbaceous plants by animals, referring to vertebrates and big, mobile invertebrates.Folivory is utilisation of photosynthetic plant tissues by small animals, normally referring to relatively immobile insect larvae.Heathland, in narrow sense, refers to treeless vegetation, dominated by ericaceous plants; in broad sense, it refers to all kinds of vegetation dominated by prostrate dicotyledonous plants.Grassland is treeless vegetation dominated by plants belonging to the families Poaceae (grasses), Cyperaceae (sedges and their relatives) or Juncaceae (rushes and woodrushes).