bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An ethical evaluation of the legal status of foetuses and embryos under Chinese law
Authors: Raposo Vera Lúcia , Ma Zhe 
Published: July 2019

AbstractUnder Chinese law, the juridical status of the embryo and the foetus is unclear, mainly because the existing legislation can be subject to diverse interpretations due to its ambiguous language. Lack of clarity with the law has led to different understandings amongst Chinese legal scholars. However, although there has been no consensus, there has been a clear tendency to deprive embryos and foetuses of legal status or personhood, thereby excluding them from entitlement to fundamental rights, an understanding reinforced by the Confucian view of the beginning of life. It is expected that in the near future the Chinese courts will face issues involving embryos and foetuses more often, such as disputes over in vitro embryos. The lack of legal precedent could result in contradictory resolutions, therefore, the law should clarify the legal status of embryos and foetuses and accord to prenatal life special respect and treatment.
Eviction is not a disaster
Authors: Day Jennifer , Wewerinke‐Singh Margaretha , Price Susanna 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMotivationShould the process of forcibly evicting people from customary land be classified as a “disaster”? Some international organizations and governments are integrating processes on forced eviction of urban residents into policies that are primarily designed to manage displacements due to climate change and disasters—such as Vanuatu’s 2018 National Policy on Climate Change and Disaster‐Induced Displacement.PurposeThis article contextualizes the classification of evictions as “disasters.” We argue that evictions are not disasters and should not be so classified. We make these arguments from an empirical position, based on community response to the declaration of eviction as disaster, and also from the perspective of international law.Approach and MethodsOur data come from the following sources:Communities: We use a storytelling method to interview around 100 women and men. The policy: We review the language of the Vanuatu policy in the context of international guidance on displacement generally and on forced eviction specifically. Public records: We use court records and newspaper reporting to understand claims of government, land claimants and survivors. Policy‐makers: A limited number of unofficial conversations with policy‐makers inform this work.FindingsUrban forced evictions should not be treated as “disasters” in policy on forced displacement. Our interviewees identify the equation of eviction and “disaster” as one that removes the agency of the government to protect their human rights. The evidence presented here suggests that the Government of Vanuatu does not have sufficient powers to intervene in some forced evictions from customary land. This raises critical questions about whether the government will be able to fulfil the promises made in the policy and in its obligations under international law relating to displacement.Policy ImplicationsClassifying forced evictions together with land conflicts, infrastructure and development as potential “crises,” and so “disastrous,” as the Vanuatu policy does, creates a new set of challenges that must now be managed as the policy is operationalized. This includes serious consideration of how countries that take this path will fulfil their obligations to protect against, avoid and minimize displacement, in the context of customary land, and meet other international policy standards, in order to ensure no one is left worse off nor denied the benefit of development opportunity. This is a timely issue for peer countries. Right now, other Pacific countries, like the Solomon Islands, are looking to Vanuatu’s example to develop internal displacement policies of their own.
Co‐occurrence patterns and morphological similarity of semiaquatic insects (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha) in streams of Eastern Amazonia
Authors: Guterres Alana P.M. , Cunha Erlane J. , Godoy Bruno S. , Silva Rogério R. , Juen Leandro 
Published: July 2019

1. To understand how the semiaquatic bug communities are shaped, it was first verified whether there was a pattern of co‐occurrence between species. It was subsequently tested whether the pattern found was related to environmental variables. Lastly, it was verified whether morphological divergence between species was present in the morphological and functional traits selected.2. A pattern of species co‐occurrence was found in the studied assemblage, related to both environmental variables and interspecific biological interactions. Pairs of species with negative, positive, and random co‐occurrence were found. Traits related to predation competition, sexual competition, and interaction with the environment showed significant morphological divergence.3. Therefore, more than one process defines species co‐occurrence patterns in semiaquatic bug communities. It is suggested that environmental influence is related to species microhabitat preference. On the other hand, the morphological divergence found is related to competition and sharing of food resources.
A major symbiont shift supports a major niche shift in a clade of tree‐killing bark beetles
Authors: Six Diana L. 
Published: July 2019

1. One small clade of bark beetles, out of thousands of species worldwide, has shifted from using phloem to using a combination of phloem and outer bark, or to completely using outer bark.2. The shift to outer bark has been accompanied by a shift to non‐typical bark beetle mutualist fungi in Entomocorticium (Basidiomycota) and Ceratocystiopsis (Ascomycota).3. This study compared the growth and metabolic capabilities of fungi associated with a nearly phloem‐independent species, Dendroctonus brevicomis, with those of mutualist fungi of Dendroctonus ponderosae, a completely phloem‐colonising beetle in a sister clade associated with more typical Ascomycota in Grosmannia and Ophiostoma.4. Only the basidiomycete associated with D. brevicomis could degrade cellulose and lignin, whereas both the ascomycete and basidiomycete could grow in outer bark. Ascomycetes associated with D. ponderosae could not degrade cellulose or lignin or grow in outer bark.5. Beetles and fungi in these mutualisms may best be considered as co‐niche constructors. For niche construction, one organism must modify a resource in a way that enhances its fitness while also influencing fitness of other organisms using the resource. Here, the beetles kill the tree, transport the fungi into the tree, and modify the woody substrate for use by the fungi. They have also evolved mycangia to ensure vertical dissemination of the fungi. In turn, the fungi modify tree tissues and provision nutrients to the host and have evolved traits that support their acquisition and transport by the beetle host in mycangia.
For a fistful of pesetas? The political economy of the army in a nonconsolidated democracy: the Second Spanish Republic and Civil War (1931–9)
Authors: La Parra‐Pérez Álvaro 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article focuses on the importance of military factionalism in a nonconsolidated democracy: the Spanish Republic (1931–9). It builds a new micro‐dataset for over 11,000 officers during the Spanish Civil War (1936–9) to study how professional and economic interests created divisions within the military and influenced officers’ allegiances during the war. Results confirm that distributional conflicts influenced officers’ decisions in Republican‐controlled territories: officers who gained from military reforms in the years before the civil war and those with more rapid promotions in the months predating the war were more likely to remain loyal to the government. This article also explores the behavioural determinants of officers’ propensity to rebel and finds that hierarchy mattered, as senior officers influenced subordinates’ choices of side.
An Orthodox Perspective on the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification
Authors: Vidovic Julija 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn 1999, the Roman Catholic Church and the Lutheran World Federation signed the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, one of the main points at issue at the time of the 16th‐century Reformation. This article seeks to offer an Orthodox perspective on the Joint Declaration, through presenting an “Orthodox” approach to the doctrine of justification as the doctrine is set out in the text of the Joint Declaration. The article then discusses how this approach is reflected in the three international and regional dialogues between the Orthodox Church and the churches of the Reformation that took place almost simultaneously with the dialogue leading to the Lutheran–Catholic Joint Declaration.
Between Hospitality and Hostility
Authors: Anaya Jiménez Lani 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMigration has been a global phenomenon since the beginning of humankind. But despite its ordinariness, migration is a complex issue. The arrival of refugees in another country might have significant social, economic, political, cultural, and religious repercussions for both the migrants and the host societies. In 2015, many refugees, mainly from the Middle East and the North African region, fled to Europe. Migration has become a subject of research in social sciences and, recently, in social ethics and theology. An ethical dilemma arises around the refugee crisis and the relationships between the host countries and guest communities: What is the relevance of the ethics of hospitality in a climate of political radicalization and hostility toward the “other”? This paper studies social ethical perspectives of hospitality and hostility toward refugees in the context of Sweden.
Board diversity reforms: Do they matter for EU bank performance?
Authors: Arnaboldi Francesca , Casu Barbara , Kalotychou Elena , Sarkisyan Anna 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe examine the impact of governance reforms related to board diversity on the performance of European Union banks. Using a difference‐in‐difference approach, we document that reforms increase bank stock returns and their volatility within the first 3 years after their enactment. The type of reform matters, with quotas increasing return volatility. The effectiveness of reforms depends on a country's institutional environment. The impact of reforms on return volatility is found to be beneficial in countries more open to diversity, with common law system and with greater economic freedom. Finally, reforms play a bigger role in banks that have ex ante less heterogeneous boards.
Father Reflections on Doing Family in Stepfamilies
Authors: Pylyser Charlotte , De Mol Jan , Loeys Tom , Buysse Ann 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveTo explore fathers' experiences as biological parents in father–stepmother families.BackgroundBiological parents play an important role in the formation and development of stepfamily relationships, but little is known about fathers in stepfamilies.MethodIn‐person interviews were conducted with 10 Belgian fathers. Interviews were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.ResultsThree themes emerged from the data: (a) reflecting on children's experiences and transitions, (b) pursuing a shared family understanding, and (c) innovating new ways of doing fatherhood and family. The first theme centers on fathers' concerns about the impact family transitions may have on their children. The second theme centers on fathers' pursuit of a shared understanding that clarifies family roles and expectations within the stepfamily. The last theme addresses the creativity of these fathers as they co‐construct new stepfamily and fatherhood identities in the absence of culturally ascribed norms.ConclusionGiven their connecting role as parent and partner, biological fathers in stepfamilies are key to the formation and development of a new family narrative.Findings contribute to family practitioners' understanding of how fathers experience stepfamily life.
The fracture process in quasi‐brittle materials simulated using a lattice dynamical model
Authors: Birck Gabriel , Rinaldi Antoniox , Iturrioz Ignacio 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe damage process in quasi‐brittle materials is characterized by the evolution of a micro‐crack field, followed by the joining of micro‐cracks, stress localization and crack instability. In network models, masses are lumped at nodal points which are interconnected by one‐dimensional elements with a bilinear constitutive relation, considering the energy consistency during the simulated process. In order to replicate the material imperfections, to render a realistic behaviour in damage localization, the model has not only random elastic and rupture properties, but also a geometric perturbation. In the present paper 2D plates with different levels of brittleness are simulated. The numerical results are presented in terms of global stress vs strain diagram, final network configuration, energy balance during the process and as geometric damage evolution. Therefore, the predictive potential of the lattice discrete element model to capture fracture processes in quasi‐brittle materials is demonstrated.
Carbon isotopic composition of lipid biomarkers from an endoevaporitic gypsum crust microbial mat reveals cycling of mineralized organic carbon
Authors: Jahnke Linda L. , Des Marais David J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMicrobial mats that inhabit gypsum deposits in ponds at Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur, Mexico, developed distinct pigmented horizons that provided an opportunity to examine the fixation and flow of carbon through a trophic structure and, in conjunction with previous phylogenetic analyses, to assess the diagenetic fates of molecular δ13C biosignatures. The δ13C values of individual biomarker lipids, total carbon, and total organic carbon (TOC) were determined for each of the following horizons: tan‐orange (TO) at the surface, green (G), purple (P), and olive‐black (OB) at the bottom. δ13C of individual fatty acids from intact polar lipids (IPFA) in TO were similar to δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the overlying water column, indicating limited discrimination by cyanobacteria during CO2 fixation. δ13CTOC of the underlying G was 3‰ greater than that of TO. The most δ13C‐depleted acetogenic lipids in the upper horizons were the cyanobacterial biomarkers C17 n‐alkanes and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Bishomohopanol was 4 to 7‰ enriched, relative to alkanes and intact polar fatty acids (IPFA), respectively. Acyclic C20 isoprenoids were depleted by 14‰ relative to bishomohopanol. Significantly, ∆[δ13CTOC − δ13C∑IPFA] increased from 6.9‰ in TO to 14.7‰ in OB. This major trend might indicate that 13C‐enriched residual organic matter accumulated at depth. The permanently anoxic P horizon was dominated by anoxygenic phototrophs and sulfate‐reducing bacteria. P hosted an active sulfur‐dependent microbial community. IPFA and bishomohopanol were 13C‐depleted relative to upper crust by 7 and 4‰, respectively, and C20 isoprenoids were somewhat 13C‐enriched. Synthesis of alkanes in P was evidenced only by 13C‐depleted n‐octadecane and 8‐methylhexadecane. In OB, the marked increase of total inorganic carbon δ13C (δ13CTIC) of >6‰ perhaps indicated terminal mineralization. This δ13CTIC increase is consistent with degradation of the osmolyte glycine betaine by methylotrophic methanogens and loss of 13C‐depleted methane from the mat.
Exploratory research on outcomes for individuals missing through dementia wandering in Japan
Authors: Kikuchi Kazunori , Ijuin Mutsuo , Awata Shuichi , Suzuki Takao 
Published: July 2019

AimTo clarify the factors related to outcomes of individuals missing through dementia wandering.MethodsWe carried out binary logistic regression analysis with 160 family members of missing persons (88 survivors, 72 decedents).ResultsLiving alone at the point of going missing (OR 13.45, 95% CI 1.12–161.56), being found within the local area (OR 6.36, 95% CI 2.26–17.88), and a long period between going missing and being found (OR 6.14, 95% CI 3.14–12.00) were significantly related with death.ConclusionsEarly detection of missing persons is essential in preventing dementia wandering‐related deaths. The time taken to locate missing dementia patients who lived alone was longer, relative to that of those who lived with others, and this increased the risk of death. Furthermore, the locations where the deceased were located tended to be local, rather than distant areas. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 902–906.
Factors predicting vancomycin therapy outcomes in hemodialysis outpatients and the role of the nephrology stewardship pharmacist
Authors: El Nekidy Wasim S. , El‐Masri Maher M. , Ghazi Islam M. , Soong Derrick 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundVancomycin is the default antibiotic to treat methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hemodialysis (HD) units. Current guidelines recommend a vancomycin trough range of 15 to 20 mg/L for serious infections. Data regarding the clinical success of these recommendations are scarce in HD patients.PurposeThe purpose of this studies is to evaluate the treatment outcomes of vancomycin in HD patients.MethodsA retrospective chart review of HD outpatients who received parenteral vancomycin for suspected or documented MRSA infections in a community hospital in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Stepwise binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the independent predictors of the treatment outcomes.ResultsOf 77 HD patients, 113 vancomycin treatment courses were identified. The unadjusted bivariate comparisons suggested that there was no difference between treatment success and failure groups in terms of: mean loading dose (1663.6 ± 451.9 mg vs. 1614.3 ± 471 mg, P = 0.621), mean pre‐HD concentration after loading dose (12.78 ± 4.4 mg/L vs. 13.34 ± 4.5 mg/L, P = 0.601), and mean maintenance dose (1012.1 ± 108 mg vs. 1069.7 ± 227 mg, P = 0.093). The groups were, however, different on their mean pre‐HD drug concentration after maintenance dose (15.99 ± 4.6 mg/L vs. 19.9 ± 5.8 mg/L, P = 0.002). The adjusted logistic regression results, however, suggested that the type of infection was the only independent predictor of vancomycin success (OR = 11.07; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.2–38.48). Specifically, patients treated for bacteremia were 11 times more likely to experience cure as compared with diabetic foot infection and/or osteomyelitis. Similarly, those with skin and soft tissue infections were 10.7 times more likely to experience cure than those with diabetic foot infection and/or osteomyelitis (OR = 10.7; 95% CI = 3.63–31.58).ConclusionThe suggested vancomycin pre‐HD concentration in the guidelines did not predict the treatment outcomes. Patients with bacteremia and/or skin or soft tissue infections were more likely to achieve clinical cure than patients with diabetic foot/osteomyelitis infections.
Extraoral plasmablastic lymphomas in a high human immunodeficiency virus endemic area
Authors: Meer Shabnum , Perner Yvonne , McAlpine Ewen D , Willem Pascale 
Published: July 2019

AimsPlasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) occurs mainly in immunocompromised individuals, usually secondary to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It classically occurs intraorally, but has been described in extraoral locations. The aim of this study was to define the immunophenotype and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) status in a large single‐centre cohort of extraoral PBL (EPBL) in South Africa, a high‐prevalence HIV setting.Methods and resultsThis retrospective study of 45 EPBLs included patients' age, gender, race, HIV status, and site. Cases were reviewed histologically, and classified morphologically as pure plasmablastic or plasmablastic with plasmacytic differentiation, and assessed immunohistochemically with antibodies against CD45, CD20, CD79a, PAX5, CD138, MUM1/IRF4, BLIMP1, VS38c, Ki67, bcl‐6, CD10, cyclin D1, and human herpesvirus‐8, by the use of standard automated procedures. EBV was assessed by the use of chromogenic in‐situ hybridisation. Tumours were assessed with a fluorescence in‐situ hybridisation (FISH) MYC break‐apart probe. Twenty‐seven PBLs showed pure plasmablastic morphology, and 18 showed plasmacytic differentiation. The male/female ratio was 1.5:1. The anus was the favoured extraoral site (31.1%), followed by lymph nodes (15.6%). All 29 patients with known HIV status were HIV‐positive. The immunohistochemical profile recapitulated that reported for oral PBLs and EPBLs in HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative patients. EBV was positive in 92.5% of PBLs. FISH analysis showed MYC rearrangement in 48% of cases.ConclusionThis study showed a strong association of EPBLs with HIV and EBV infection, similarly to the previously described oral PBL. The strong EBV association together with other clinicopathological parameters and an immunohistochemical profile that includes CD45, CD20, MUM1/IRF4, CD138 and Ki67 may be used in distinguishing PBL from diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma and plasma cell myeloma.
On the Vicarious Humanity of Christ
Authors: Crisp Oliver D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn the recent literature there has been a spate of essays, articles and books discussing the question of whether Christ had a ‘fallen’ human nature. This article offers a new argument for the conclusion that Christ had a fallen but not sinful human nature that was ‘healed’ of its fallenness at the moment of assumption by the Word – what we shall call, the vicarious humanity of Christ view. This account concedes to the defender of Christ's ‘fallen’ humanity that his human nature is generated in a fallen state (and immediately cleansed of fallenness in the act of assumption). And it concedes to the defender of Christ's sinlessness the claim that Christ is without sin from the first moment of incarnation. This represents an important via media in the contemporary debate about this vexed christological topic.
Over‐expression of p190RhoGEF enhances B‐cell activation and germinal center formation in T‐cell‐dependent humoral immune responses
Authors: Jeong Ji Hye , Ha Yun Jung , Choi So‐Yeon , Kim Jee‐Hae , Yun Yungdae , Lee Jong Ran 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPreviously, we reported induced expression of the p190 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (p190RhoGEF, ARHGEF28) following CD40 stimulation of B cells isolated from mouse spleen. We also reported that p190RhoGEF and a downstream effector molecule RhoA are required for B‐cell differentiation, especially for the induction of the plasma cell (PC) differentiation. This study investigates the role of p190RhoGEF in B‐cell biology in vivo, using p190RhoGEF transgenic (TG) mice that overexpress a wild‐type full gene in B cells. Immunization of these mice with T‐cell‐dependent antigen showed that populations of germinal center B cells and PCs were significantly increased in TG mice. Furthermore, similar results were shown in recombination activating 1 (Rag1) knockout mice that were reconstituted with B cells isolated from TG mice in combination with T cells isolated from littermate control mice. Analyses of isotype class switching and transcription factors involved in a germinal center reaction and PC differentiation also supported the findings from the cellular responses. These results suggest that p190RhoGEF may play a role in the stage of PC differentiation during T‐cell‐dependent humoral immune responses.