bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Restorative Justice as a Tool to Address Violence Against Women? An Assessment of the Italian Case in Light of the Practice of International Monitoring Bodies
Authors: Ollino Alice , Pertile Marco 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This article examines the use of restorative justice (RJ) as an alternative to traditional retributive justice in addressing violence against women (VAW) in the Italian legal system. Amidst a broad crisis of retributive justice characterised by its abstract conceptualisation of retribution, restorative justice offers a personalised approach to repairing the harm between victim and offender. However, the implementation of RJ in VAW cases poses significant risks, including secondary victimisation, exposure to physical and psychological harm, and potential manipulation by offenders seeking to exploit RJ processes. This debate has been particularly pronounced in Italy following the adoption of the “Cartabia reform”, and previous legislation on mediation in family law. Against this background, the first part of the article analyses how international bodies such as the CEDAW Committee and GREVIO have assessed Italy’s international obligations under CEDAW and the Istanbul Convention in relation to alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. After providing an overview of VAW in Italy and the country’s interactions with international monitoring bodies, the article discusses the concept of RJ in the context of VAW, followed by a comparative analysis of GREVIO’s interpretation of the concept of “mandatory mediation”. The second part of the article focuses on Italian alternative dispute resolution methods and the “Cartabia reform”. The authors argue that, while RJ measures may be beneficial in some contexts, in the specific case of VAW they could worsen the situation if not properly managed. In particular, mandatory RJ could mislead society into seeing women as mere participants in solving the problem thus ignoring their victimhood and leading to their secondary victimisation. Rather, response to VAW in Italy should include risk analysis, funding for anti-violence centres, appropriate training for the judiciary and police, and educational policies to challenge gender stereotypes and foster cultural change.
The Recent Italian Response to Migration: Everything must Change so that Everything can Stay the Same?
Authors: Mussi Francesca 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In 2022, more than 100,000 migrants reached Italy, almost a 60% rise compared with the previous year. In response to such a massive increase in the number of arrivals, in 2023, Italy undertook a wealth of initiatives in the field of migration management. On the one side, the Government enacted several decree-laws addressing a wide range of migration-related issues. On the other side, the Prime Minister concluded a bilateral Protocol with Albania to establish two detention centres on Albanian territory, placed under Italian jurisdiction and financed by Italy, for the processing of international protection applications as well as for carrying out return operations for those who do not qualify. This contribution takes stock of the recent developments of the Italian practice related to the control of migration flows, assessing the main initiatives undertaken by the Government in 2023 from an international law standpoint, with a view to verifying if a real shift in Italian migration policy has been enacted. It is submitted that, despite some significant novelty in the practice concerning bilateral cooperation with third States, Italy’s overall approach seems to be characterised by a questionable continuity with the past.
An Analysis of the Interpretation of the Territorial Requirement in Investment Treaties by Arbitral Tribunals and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
Authors: Castro de Figueiredo Roberto 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This article analyses the interpretation by arbitral tribunals of investment treaties’ provisions on the territoriality of the investment and its consistency with the general rule of interpretation of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The first section focuses on the decisions rendered in Bayview and Canadian Cattlemen, where the tribunals inferred the existence of a territorial requirement not expressed in NAFTA’s Chapter Eleven. The second section deals with the decisions rendered in Fedax, Abaclat and Ambiente Ufficio, where the tribunals decided that, in cases concerning financial transactions, it was not necessary for the investment to be actually made in the territory of the respondent State even if the investment treaty expressly required the investment to made in the territory of the State. The article concludes that the tribunals misapplied the general rule of interpretation of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaty in these cases.
Conflicts between International Climate Law and Investment Arbitration: A Proposed Exception to the Full Reparation Standard without Moving the Goalposts
Authors: Wortmann Claudia 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
State responsibility is a foundational aspect of public international law that ensures, inter alia, that States pay compensation pursuant to the full reparation standard where they breach international standards of protection owed to foreign investors. Concerns about the application of the full reparation standard include the diminishing of regulatory power of States and the advent of ‘crippling’ or excessive compensation awards. In this article I argue that compensation awards may be reduced to the extent that a State policy is explicitly aimed at complying with international climate law. I argue that Article 55 of the ILC Articles allows for an exception to the full reparation standard, thereby limiting the amount of compensation payable. The Article 55 exception would allow tribunals to consider international climate law in awarding compensation, and avoiding claims of ‘moving the goalposts’ by retrospectively raising climate law defences for State breaches of investment protection standards.
Early Dynastic Votives as Source for Late Middle Kingdom Iconography: An Archaeological Discovery at the Time of the Pharaohs?
Authors: Miniaci Gianluca 
Published: November 2024

The material culture of the late Middle Kingdom is marked by an increased presence of figurines in different materials, pooled together by a common range of forms, types, and iconographic or stylistic motifs. The subjects and variety of these figurines do not find any precedent in the recent past, while – unexpectedly – the closest comparanda go back to the early/mid-third millennium BC, in the votive material of the so-called Early Dynastic temples with a gap of over half a millennium. The figurines from the Early Dynastic Period overlap with the corpus of the Middle Kingdom to a considerable and unexpected extent, so much that they could be possibly considered their forerunners or, indeed, their prototypes. During the late Middle Kingdom, royal initiatives to preserve and restore Early Dynastic sites and structures are well documented. This practice may have led to the rediscovery and absorption (by copying and reinventing) of earlier images and motifs into contemporary material production, as might be the case of the late Middle Kingdom figurines. [Formula: see text]
A Socioecological Framing of the Experiences of Caregivers of Children With Cerebral Palsy in South Africa Post COVID-19
Authors: Adams Skye , Moosa Aneesah , Bhorat Razina 
Published: November 2024

Background Post COVID-19, caregivers of children with cerebral palsy in South Africa face unique challenges. Methods A qualitative exploratory approach was used. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 14 caregivers of children with cerebral palsy in Gauteng, South Africa. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using thematic analysis. Results Lockdown restrictions have had lasting effects on families’ routines and events, reshaping their internal and external functioning. The pandemic introduced new challenges, such as increased physical pain due to the child's weight gain, persistent emotional distress, and a lack of social and governmental support. Conclusion Post COVID-19, it is crucial to develop innovative support mechanisms for children with cerebral palsy and their caregivers, focusing on comprehensive health services, robust social support, and targeted interventions to address the ongoing and new challenges faced by these families.
Safety of Breastfeeding During Favipiravir Therapy: A Case Study
Authors: Wada Yuka Sano , Saito Jumpei , Yamamoto Wakako , Maegawa Yuka , Kamiya Taro , Mizuno Katsumi 
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Favipiravir is a known anti-influenza agent that has been used globally, especially during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This drug has been important for treating influenza and other emerging infectious diseases, although it was ultimately proven to be ineffective for COVID-19. Currently, no studies have reported the human-milk transfer of favipiravir at doses of 1,600–3,600 mg/day in the treatment of diseases, including COVID-19. Main Issue: A 38-year-old mother gave birth at 38 gestational weeks because of severe respiratory distress caused by COVID-19. Considering her illness and the inadequate information available on the safety of favipiravir in breastfeeding, she chose formula feeding for her infant. However, she still provided human milk and blood samples for the analysis of drug concentrations. Management: Five concentrations of favipiravir in the mother’s milk and four in maternal blood were measured (3.0–80.9 and 3.5–78.4 μg/ml, respectively). Metabolites of favipiravir were not measured. The relative infant dose was 15.2%. The favipiravir concentration in human milk was as high as 80.9 μg/ml at 1.3 hours after the medication was given, when maternal blood levels are considered to be at their highest; however, favipiravir concentration was low in human milk immediately before medication administration (5.9–9.7 μg/ml). Conclusion: Breastfeeding is not contraindicated in mothers undergoing favipiravir therapy and would be safer immediately before medication. Avoiding feeding at the peak time (1.3 hours after medication) minimizes infant exposure.
Covariate-adjusted response-adaptive designs for semiparametric survival models
Authors: Mukherjee Ayon , Jana Sayantee , Coad Stephen 
Published: November 2024

Covariate-adjusted response adaptive (CARA) designs are effective in increasing the expected number of patients receiving superior treatment in an ongoing clinical trial, given a patient’s covariate profile. There has recently been extensive research on CARA designs with parametric distributional assumptions on patient responses. However, the range of applications for such designs becomes limited in real clinical trials. Sverdlov et al. have pointed out that irrespective of a specific parametric form of the survival outcomes, their proposed CARA designs based on the exponential model provide valid statistical inference, provided the final analysis is performed using the appropriate accelerated failure time (AFT) model. In real survival trials, however, the planned primary analysis is rarely conducted using an AFT model. The proposed CARA designs are developed obviating any distributional assumptions about the survival responses, relying only on the proportional hazards assumption between the two treatment arms. To meet the multiple experimental objectives of a clinical trial, the proposed designs are developed based on an optimal allocation approach. The covariate-adjusted doubly adaptive biased coin design and the covariate-adjusted efficient-randomized adaptive design are used to randomize the patients to achieve the derived targets on expectation. These expected targets are functions of the Cox regression coefficients that are estimated sequentially with the arrival of every new patient into the trial. The merits of the proposed designs are assessed using extensive simulation studies of their operating characteristics and then have been implemented to re-design a real-life confirmatory clinical trial.
Preliminary Evaluation of a Mobile Application-based Tool to Aid Early Detection of Critical Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Sasikumar Navaneetha , Alawani Sujata , Teli Akkatai , Parameshwarannair Priya , D’souza Sylvia , Kattula Anusha , Sastry Usha Mandikal Kodanda Rama , B Harapriya , Raghavannair Sureshkumar , Kumar Raman Krishna 
Published: November 2024

Background This study reports the preliminary results of a mobile application (APP)-based tool to aid early detection of critical congenital heart disease (CCHD). The tool is formulated to assist neonatologists/paediatricians in bedside diagnosis by asking a series of clinical and echocardiography-based questions, leading to a conclusion. The study was done with paediatric cardiologists themselves to ascertain the validity of the algorithms. Methods Consecutive patients with CCHD seen by the participating paediatric cardiologists during the period January 2021 to June 2022 formed the subjects for the study. The routine evaluation and management of the patients were carried out as usual. Later, the treating paediatric cardiologists applied the clinical scenario and echo findings to the ‘Echo Integrated Diagnostic Tool’ of the ‘Smiling Heart APP’. The APP tool performance was recorded. Concurrence between diagnoses made by the two approaches was assessed using kappa statistics. Performance of the APP tool across the spectrum of CHDs was assessed using Fisher’s exact test. Results Out of 69 patients, correct diagnosis was reached by the APP tool in 62 (89.86%). In the rest, (7/69; 11.6%), which mostly comprised of rare diseases, an urgent paediatric cardiology opinion was suggested. The APP tool-based diagnosis was highly accurate, with a kappa value of 1, P < .001 in duct-dependent systemic and pulmonary circulations. In non duct dependent lesions requiring urgent surgery as well as non-urgent surgery, there was substantial agreement, kappa value of 0.723 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.549-0.897) and 0.740 (95% CI: 0.575-0.905), respectively. Performance of the APP tool did not vary significantly across the four spectrum of CCHDs (Fisher’s exact test, P value .565). Conclusions The APP tool is promising as a bedside aid in diagnosis of common CCHDs and has the potential to bridge the gap in early detection.
Red Rice DE 40 Alleviates High-fat Diet-induced Hyperlipemia by Lowering Lipid Profiles in Rats
Authors: Kalona Patrick A. , Sundaresan Uma , Muthiah Chellappandian , Ganesan Ariharasivakumar 
Published: November 2024

Background Hyperlipidaemia is characterised by an abnormal increase in one or more lipids in plasma, and is a major contributor to obesity, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke if they are not treated promptly. Objectives In this study, we intended to discover the therapeutic actions of Red Rice DE 40 (RR DE 40) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced rats. Materials and Methods The experimental rats were fed with HFD for 90 days to initiate the hyperlipidaemia and subsequently treated with 250 and 500 mg/kg of RR DE 40 from 60th to 90 days. The body weight of the rats was measured regularly. After the scarification, the blood, liver, and adipose tissue specimens were collected for biochemical assays. The liver and adipose tissues were weighed properly. The levels of haematological indices were counted using a haemocytometer. The levels of biochemical markers and liver marker enzymes were assessed using standard methods. The levels of lipid profiles were determined by standard methods. The excised liver and adipose tissues were analysed microscopically by histopathological analysis. Results RR DE 40 treatment effectively decreased the body weight gain in the HFD-induced rats. The liver and adipose tissue weight was also reduced by the RR DE 40 treatment. The changes in the haematological parameters such as RBC, WBC, Hb, monocytes, lymphocytes, and polymorphs were modulated by the RR DE 40 treatment on EG-induced rats. The levels of total protein, albumin, glucose, and urea and activities of SGOT and SGPT were substantially decreased by the RR DE 40 treatment. The RR DE 40 treatment also diminished the status of TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL in the HFD-treated rats. The findings of histopathological analysis also witnessed the therapeutic effects of RR DE 40. Conclusion The findings of this work highlighted that RR DE 40 is effective in HFD-induced hyperlipidaemia, probably due to its lipid-lowering potential. Hence, it may be used for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia-associated diseases.
Changing Pattern of Substance Abuse in Patients Attending a Regional Psychiatric Rehabilitation Center at Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ibrahim Yasir A. , Hussain Shalam Mohamed , Syeda Ayesha Farhana , Farghly Ahmed Mohamed , Nasr Muhammed Hassan , Alsaadi Rana Salem , Alharbi Khalid Abdullah A. 
Published: November 2024

Background and Objectives The aim of this study was to record the prevalence and the characteristics of substance abusers from the year 2007 to 2017 and also to find the most prevalent form of substance abuse and association, if any, between the abusers and their demographic characteristics. Materials and Methods Descriptive and retrospective medical record review included patients of substance abuse attending a rehabilitation center in Buraidah from January 2007 to December 2017. A majority of 5,639 patients (63.6%) belonged to the age group of 31–50 years. Twenty-five and thirty-nine percent patients had secondary and higher education, respectively. Notably, more than half of them were unemployed. The commonly abused single drugs were amphetamine (40%), cannabis (11%), and alcohol (7%). High school goers’ cases have continuously spiked over the years. Substance abuse over the years from 2007 to 2017 was above 11% in 2007 and 2015. From 2009 to 2014, it was between 8 and 10%. However, the number of cases reported dropped to below 9% from 2016 onward. Amphetamine saw a downfall except peaking in 2010 and 2015. On the other hand, there was no substantial jump in the abuse of alcohol and cannabis over the years, but an increasing use from 2015 onward was visible. There was also a gradual rise over the years in the abuse of polysubstance (more than three drugs). Conclusion There is a growing trend in the use of polysubstance and the combination of two substances. There is a high incidence of drug abuse in high schoolers and also in patients in the age groups of 10–30 years.
Utilization of a Perioperative Care Pathway for Pediatric Alveolar Bone Grafting: A Quality Improvement Initiative
Authors: Cawthorn Thomas R. , Baykan Altay , Hartley Rebecca L. , Smith Miller , Robertson Kevin , Hardcastle Nina , Spencer Adam O. , Fraulin Frankie O.G. , Harrop A. Robertson 
Published: November 2024

Objective To develop, implement, and evaluate a standardized perioperative care pathway for pediatric patients undergoing alveolar bone grafting from the anterior iliac crest. Design A historical control group of 40 patients was reviewed retrospectively and compared to a prospectively collected treatment group of 40 patients who were treated with the new pathway. Setting Tertiary-level academic pediatric hospital between 2018 and 2021. Patients Pediatric patients with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate undergoing alveolar bone grafting. Intervention A perioperative clinical care pathway was specifically designed for patients undergoing alveolar bone grafting from the anterior iliac crest. The pathway involved standardization of perioperative care, ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia for both surgical sites, and scheduled postoperative analgesia. Main outcome measures (1) Length of hospital stay; (2) opioid consumption postoperatively; and (3) volume of oral intake in the first 24 h postoperatively. Data was analyzed via comparison of means (Student's t-test for continuous data and Chi-square test for categorical data) and control chart analysis. Results Compared to the control group, patients in the treatment group had lower mean length of stay (26.8 vs 37.8 h, p < .001), lower mean morphine consumption postoperatively (8 vs 34 mcg/kg, p = .008), and a higher proportion of patients not requiring any postoperative opioid use (80% vs 50%, p = .005). Conclusions Implementation of a standardized clinical care pathway for pediatric patients undergoing alveolar bone grafting from the anterior iliac crest is feasible and was associated with significant reductions in postoperative length of stay and postoperative opioid requirements.
Sex differences in treatment strategies for pulmonary embolism in older adults: The SERIOUS-PE study of RIETE participants and US Medicare beneficiaries
Authors: Bikdeli Behnood , Leyva Hannah , Muriel Alfonso , Lin Zhenqiu , Piazza Gregory , Khairani Candrika D , Rosovsky Rachel P , Mehdipour Ghazaleh , O’Donoghue Michelle L , Madridano Olga , Lopez-Saez Juan Bosco , Mellado Meritxell , Diaz Brasero Ana Maria , Grandone Elvira , Spagnolo Primavera A , Lu Yuan , Bertoletti Laurent , López-Jiménez Luciano , Jesús Núñez Manuel , Blanco-Molina Ángeles , Gerhard-Herman Marie , Goldhaber Samuel Z , Bates Shannon M , Jimenez David , Krumholz Harlan M , Monreal Manuel 
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Sex differences exist in risk factors and comorbidities of older adults (aged ⩾ 65 years) with pulmonary embolism (PE). Clinically relevant sex-based treatment disparities for PE have not been adequately addressed. The few existing show conflicting results due to small sample size (type II error) and suboptimal methods (overreliance on p-value, which may detect differences of small clinical relevance). Methods: We assessed sex differences in anticoagulation and advanced therapies for PE in older adults, utilizing data from Registro Informatizado Enfermedad TromboEmbolica (RIETE), a large PE registry with predominant participation from Europe, and data from US Medicare beneficiaries. We prespecified a standardized difference (SRD) > 10% as clinically relevant. RIETE included 33,462 (57.7% female) and Medicare included 102,391 (55.0% female) older adults with PE. Results: In RIETE, there were no overall sex differences in the use of anticoagulation (median: 181 vs 180 days, SRD < 1%), fibrinolysis (SRD < 3%), thrombectomy (SRD < 2%), or inferior vena cava (IVC) filters (SRD: 4.4%). However, fibrinolytic therapy (systemic or catheter-based) was less often used in female than male patients with intermediate-risk PE (8.0% vs 12.1%, SRD: 13.6%). No sex differences were noted with advanced PE therapies in Medicare beneficiaries. In unadjusted analyses, fibrinolysis and IVC filter placement were more frequent in Medicare than RIETE participants regardless of sex ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: In a predominantly European PE registry and a US study of older adults, there were no overall sex differences in anticoagulation patterns or advanced therapy utilization. Future studies should determine if sex disparities in fibrinolytic therapy for intermediate-risk PE and greater use of advanced therapies in US older adults correlate with clinical outcomes.