bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sludge Management at the Middlesex County Utilities Authority
Authors: Jacobs Allan , Silver Mary 
Published: May 2018

The Middlesex County Utilities Authority (MCUA) currently disposes of sewage sludge at a 106 mile site in the New York Bight. In accordance with New Jersey State law, the ocean disposal of sewage sludge must terminate by March 17, 1991. In 1988 the MCUA initiated a land-based sludge management study to investigate the alternatives that are implementable by this deadline. This study included the evaluation of 24 alternatives, each of which included dewatering and subsequent disposal/reuse. It concluded that dewatering followed by chemical fixation represents a cost-effective, environmentally responsible, implementable reuse alternative for MCUA sludge management.
A pilot study was undertaken to evaluate chemical fixation of MCUA dewatered sludge. The program included constructing test plots at the MCUA operated landfill, and collecting and evaluating data on the physical, chemical, and biological properties. These analyses were intended to determine the acceptability of using chemically fixed MCUA sludge as a supplement to conventional soil for daily and intermediate landfill cover.
With the success of the pilot studies and the State's approval, the design of dewatering and chemical fixation facilities for approximately 192 dry tons per day was initiated early in 1989. This paper presents an overview of the sludge management and pilot studies and the facility design.
Characteristics of Sewage Sludge Affecting Dewatering by Belt Press Filter
Authors: Hashimoto M. , Hiraoka M. 
Published: May 2018

Dewatering characteristics of sewage sludge were determined by conditioning the sludge with the most effective cationic polyelectrolyte studied, and dewatering using a belt press filter. The characteristics of sludges (16 mixed, and 8 anaerobically digested) were measured for 33 factors affecting dewaterability. The correlations of sludge factors with sludge dewaterability were investigated.
The results revealed the following. A factor affecting the gravitational filterability of conditioned sludge is the suspended solids concentration of raw sludge. A factor affecting the moisture content of dewatered sludge cake is viscosity of the sludge adjusted to 4.0 % of suspended solids concentration. Factors affecting the viscosity are the intrinsic viscosity of alkaline extracts, the ratio of (VSS-Fiber)/SS : Ash/SS : Fiber/SS, and the charge density of sludge particles. A factor affecting the extension degree of dewatered sludge cake is the charge density of sludge particles. Factors affecting the amount of residual solids on the filter cloths are the charge density of sludge particles and the fibrous substances content of sludge. As for polyelectrolytes, a highly cationized polyelectrolyte is effective to lower the moisture content, the extension degree and the amount of residual solids on filter cloths. And a factor affecting the required dosage of a polyelectrolyte is anionic substances content in the liquid of raw sludge.
Open-Pore Sintered Glass as a High-Efficiency Support Medium in Bioreactors: New Results and Long-Term Experiences Achieved in High-Rate Anaerobic Digestion
Authors: Breitenbücher K. , Siegl M. , Knüpfer A. , Radke M. 
Published: May 2018

An open-pore sintered glass material (SIRAN) was developed for the immobilization of slow growing microorganisms. Due to the excellent properties of the inert carrier, e.g. porosity, pore size distribution, surface area, which can be adjusted individually to the applications, good system efficiencies are possible. Thus in the field of anaerobic digestion significant high COD removal rates are achievable.
The open-pore structure of the carrier offers surface areas up to 90.000 m2/m3 to be colonized by active biomass. Compared to conventional support media, the use of open-pore carriers results in high start-up and steady-state performance at high process stability.
The fixed bed loop reactor guarantees economical process solutions if open-pore sintered glass raschig rings are applied. Granules and beads have been proven in fluidized bed reactor systems, maintaining COD loading rates of 206 kg/m3 · d by treating evaporator condensates from pulp industry.
The paper describes main characteristics of the carrier, treatability studies with pilot plants, scale-up and experiences with full-scale installations at production site using SIRAN carriers.
Treatment of Leather and Fur Wastewater by a Rotating Biological Contactor
Authors: Zao-yan Yang , Zhen-san Fan 
Published: May 2018

The operation of a leather and fur wastewater treatment plant has been stable for 8 years. The volumetric loading was 85 to 110 l/m2.d, and the BOD loading and COD loading of the influent to the rotating biological contactor (RBC) were 15 to 20 g/m2.d and 50 to 65 g/m2.d respectively. Analyses have shown that the BOD5, COD, suspended solids (SS), S2−, and Cr3+ removals were 87.8, 77.4, 84.8, 93.6, and 81.0%, respectively.
Several factors were considered in the design and performance of this leather and fur wastewater treatment plant. The pretreatment stage has a great influence on the operation of the RBC. The performance of the pre-aeration tank and primary clarifier regarding both BOD and COD removal approached 50%, therefore the organic loading of the RBC was reduced. However, shock flows of limewash waste from the workshop decreased the efficiency of the RBC. The high pH in the liquid film on the discs caused CaCO3 to precipitate and settle as scale on the surfaces of the discs. As the pH increased, NH3 stripping in the liquid film increased, and care had to be taken regarding proper room ventilation when the wastewater pH was high. Due to the high concentrations of organic matter and poorly biodegradable matter in the leather and fur wastewater, the rotational speed of the RBC must be increased compared with municipal wastewater treatment to ensure adequate aeration and to prevent blockages. In practice, the RBC linear velocities were between 25 to 30 m/min.
Industrial-Scale Applications of Fixed Biomass on the Mediterranean Seaboard. Design, Operating Results
Authors: Gilles P. 
Published: May 2018

The technology that consists of treating sewage on submerged granular filters is now far beyond the stages of research and testing on pilot units. Fifteen or so full-scale facilities are in operation in France using, as a biological treatment stage, the fixed biomass technology as realised by the Biocarbone process, particularly for the treatment of sewage from built-up areas along the seaboard. These are cases where the advantages of this technique can be put to decisive use.
The Mediterranean seaboard is an ideal site for this technology. Cases in point are the waterworks of Sanary Bandol (pop.60,000) and Perpignan (pop.160,000), that have been in operation for two years and one year respectively. Waterworks in Monaco (pop.100,000) and Antibes (pop.170,000) will be commissioned in 1989 using the same technology.
Results obtained during intensive controls show that the fixed biomass, designed with a suitable industrial technology, is capable of producing in routine conditions, on full industrial-scale plant, a very good quality effluent. (COD : 70 mg/l, TSS : 20 mg/l) for pollutant loads in the order of 8 kg COD/m3 day. It enables the fluctuations in the daily flow-rate and pollution load of the influent to be absorbed.
The units currently being built are examples of what can be done in compact roofed facilities incorporating a fixed biomass treatment stage, with the objective of reaching a no-nuisance level.
Biologically Intensified Filtration (Dual-Media Dry Bed Filter) for Advanced Waste Water Treatment
Authors: Kraft A. , Seyfried C. F. 
Published: May 2018

In this paper, the dry filtration process is described. In the experimental part, the results of tests on the semi-technical scale are presented. Additionally to the determination of material parameters and characteristics of different filter materials, their back wash characteristics are examined. The biofilm on the filter material desired in wastewater technology causes a reduction of 20% of the necessary back wash velocity. On the other hand, mixing phenomena in dual-media filters were increasingly observed. The tests concerning nitrification performance showed that the dry filtration system is an extraordinarily efficient process. Volumetric degradation performances of up to 1.5 kg NH4-Nel/m3d were achieved. Volumetric load and filter velocity turned out to be decisive measurement parameters.
In the second part of this paper a dry bed filter plant on a large- technical scale of a municipal wastewater treatment plant is presented. The plant is described, operating results are discussed and operating problems are discussed
Operational Behaviour of an Industrial Fixed Bed Reactor for Biomethanation of Alcohol Slops from Different Crops
Authors: Weiland P. , Thomsen H. 
Published: May 2018

Distillery slops from a multicrop ethanol plant are difficult to treat anaerobically, because the composition and load changes throughout the year due to processing of different sugar-and starch-containing crops. For achieving high COD removal efficiencies and good process stabilities at medium strength loading rates, a two-phase anaerobic treatment process with a fixed-bed reactor for biomethanation was developed and tested in pilot-scale. On the basis of these experiments a full-scale unit with 1,800 m3 reactor volume was erected, which has been in operation for more than one year.
The fixed-bed reactor is operated with COD loads up to 10 kg COD/m3d at hydraulic retention times of about 5 days. A variety of highly concentrated slops can be treated successfully with COD removals from 85 % to over 90 %. The fixed-bed reactor withstood sudden changes in wastewater strength and composition and is able to handle hydraulic overloads. Operational data from the industrial unit show that the performance and reliability of the fixed-bed reactor is much better than a conventional contact system, which was operated in a parallel run in the same scale. The results show, that the application of fixed-bed reactors can be recommended for a wide variety of high-strength wastewaters with low suspended solids contents.
Pilot-Scale Experiments on Anaerobic Treatment of Wastewater from a Fish Processing Plant
Authors: Balslev-Olesen P. , Lynggaard-Jensen A. , Nickelsen Claus 
Published: May 2018

From November 1985 to May 1988, experiments with anaerobic treatment of wastewater from a fish cannery were carried out at the Water Quality Institute (WQI) at Aarhus, Denmark. An anaerobic fixed filter (AF) reactor and an anaerobic fluidized bed (AFB) reactor were used for the pilot-scale experiments. The reactors were monitored and controlled by a microcomputer.
The aim of the experiments was to determine the biogas yield from COD reduction and to show the efficiency of the reactor as a function of the following operation parameters: Volumetric organic load, 3–15 kg COD/(m3·day); temperature, 30–35°C, pH (control of); salinity, 1–4%.
Operational data are presented, including start-up after stand-by periods of varying lengths, from one day to three months. Both reactors showed excellent capability of handling load variations and were capable of quick start-up and high efficiency even after long stand-by periods.
Sewage Treatment for Small Local Authorities: Choice of Process and Recent Trends in France
Authors: Racault Y. , Vachon A. 
Published: May 2018

France has a large number of small rural waste treatment plants. A fairly wide range of technologies suitable for small local authorities has been developed in recent years. The choice of process is now based on a detailed analysis of the limitations imposed by local conditions, with particular regard to those involving the quality objectives for the receiving environment. The main processes used are presented, together with the design basis generally applied.
An overview is presented of the situation of France's small treatment plants, through an analysis of a sample of 976 plants with a capacity of less than 2000 inhabitant-equivalents in 11 mainly rural departments covering 13% of France surface area. The distribution of the processes used and the evolution of the choices adopted are analyzed with regard to the size of the plants. The activated sludge process, widely used in all size classes ten years ago, has been gradually replaced by extensive processes, essentially where the capacity is less than 800 inhabitant-equivalents. In some departments, local practices have a great influence over the choice of process.
Dewatering of Sludge by Natural Methods
Authors: Marklund S. 
Published: May 2018

Drying fron a free water surface and from a waste activated sludge was studied In three separate experimental arrangements. Evaporation in a closed chamber with a surface area of 1.0 m2 was studied with temperatures between 20 and 60°C and air flows between 75 and 300 m3/hour. The rate of evaporation varied between 351 and 746 gram/m2 hour. The efficiency varied between 11 and 20%. To increase the efficiency the air-liquid area has to be enlarged.
Evaporation from two pilot sludge drying beds was studied in an open air test lasting four months. One similar bed was tested in a controlled environment. The results showed that above a critical moisture content between 600 and 1100% evaporation from sludge equals the rate of evaporation from a free water surface. Below the critical moisture level the rate decreases rapidly.
Further work should be directed towards full-scale tests with covered drying beds. Special attention should be drawn to methods to improve the drying rate during the falling rate period, to two phase drying and to the evaluation of a combined dewatering system with sludge freeze drying in winter season and sludge drying in summer season.
Raising the Standard of Operation of Small Sewage Works
Authors: Dakers J. L. , Cockburn A. G. 
Published: May 2018

Thames Water operates about 400 sewage works in the catchment area of the River Thames, over half of these serve populations of less than 2000. These small works are mainly biological filter works but also include oxidation ditches and reed beds. Most of these works discharge to the headwaters of salmonid rivers which are used as drinking water sources and therefore have to meet high standards including in many cases full nitrification and low suspended solids.
The paper describes the consent standards set for the works. Currently a number of small works do not meet these standards so Thames Water has committed itself to having all works operating within standards by 1992.
There are a number of reasons for failure which include, overloading due to increase in population and water use, trade effluent discharges, and operational problems. Small works may also fail to meet their standards because they are unmanned apart from infrequent maintenance visits, and thus any plant failure may go unnoticed for some days.
Thames Water is adopting a two fold strategy to overcome these problems. Firstly, so that operational problems may be identified quickly a simple cost effective system of automation and telemetry is being installed and secondly, to overcome operational and facility deficiencies, a Project Management team has been set up to identify the causes of failure, to prioritise remedial work, to recommend alternative operational strategies, if appropriate, to design and build extensions or new works if appropriate, and, if remedial works cannot be built quickly enough, to install temporary plant to ensure compliance with effluent standards.
Upgrading for Biological Nitrogen Removal – Some Full-Scale Experiences from Sweden
Authors: Andersson Bengt , Rosén Björn 
Published: May 2018

Nitrogen removal is now required by the Swedish parliament. The new requirements will be valid before 1995 and in some cases before 1992. A comprehensive development program, mostly in full scale at about 35 municipal sewage treatment plants, has been started to meet the new demands. In order to co-ordinate all activities, a National Nitrogen Project with representatives from authorities and municipalities has been formed.
The general ambition is to meet the demand by process development, using existing volumes rather than to invest in civil works. A Swedish concept has appeared, which in most cases has served as a guideline for the development program. The basic principles are to decrease the load on the biological process by pre-precipitation, to utilize the remaining organic content in the wastewater in a pre-denitrification system, to increase the active biomass in the biological system and to use a two-sludge system with post-denitrification.
In this paper, some experiences from the activities in Sweden are discussed and exemplified with results mainly from Falkenberg, Malmö and Norrköping. The treatment plant in Falkenberg was the first to introduce biological nitrogen removal in Sweden. A pre-denitrification system has been in operation since May 1983 with good results. Comprehensive full-scale and pilot tests are in operation at the Sjölunda and Klagshamn sewage treatment plants in Malmö. Special interests have been paid to studies on different applications of fixed film technology. The plant in Norrköping is operated with pre-precipitation followed by combined pre- and post-denitrification.
Urban Storm-Induced Discharge Impacts: US Environmental Protection Agency Research Program Review
Authors: Field R. , Pitt R. E. 
Published: May 2018

Fecal coliform bacteria (and pathogens), high flow rates, sediment, toxic heavy metals and organic pollutants are most commonly associated with urban receiving water problems. Most beneficial uses have been shown to be adversely affected by urban runoff, including shell fish harvesting, fish and aquatic life propagation, drinking water supplies, aesthetics and recreation. Most of the problems occur over long periods of time and are not associated with individual runoff events, making cause and effect relationships difficult to study.
The Storm and Combined Sewer Program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has sponsored several long-term research projects to investigate these problems, along with data reviews to identify urban runoff problems from available information. Current research efforts are stressing sources and controls for toxicants in urban runoff.
Long-Term Simulation of Pollutant Loads in Treatment Plant Effluents and Combined Sewer Overflows
Authors: Durchschlag A. 
Published: May 2018

As a result of urbanization, the pollutant discharges from sources such as treatment plant effluents and polluted stormwaters are responsible for an unacceptable water quality in the receiving waters.In particular, combined sewer system overflows may produce great damage due to a shock effect. To reduce these combined sewer overflow discharges, the most frequently used method is to build stormwater storage tanks.
During storm water runoff, the hydraulic load of waste water treatment plants increases with additional retention storage. This might decrease the treatment efficiency and thereby decrease the benefit of stormwater storage tanks. The dynamic dependence between transport, storage and treatment is usually not taken into account. This dependence must be accounted for when planning treatment plants and calculating storage capacities in order to minimize the total pollution load to the receiving waters.
A numerical model will be described that enables the BOD discharges to be continuously calculated. The pollutant transport process within the networks and the purification process within the treatment plants are simulated. The results of the simulation illustrate; a statistical balance of the efficiency of stormwater tanks with the treatment plant capacity and to optimize the volume of storm water tanks and the operation of combined sewer systems and treatment plants.
Development, Calibration and Further Data Requirements of the Sewer Flow Quality Model Mosqito
Authors: Payne J. A. , Moys G. D. , Hutchings C. J. , Henderson R. J. 
Published: May 2018

MOSQITO is the initial version of a sever flow quality model being developed by Hydraulics Research Ltd and the Water Research Centre as part of the UK River Basin Management programme.
MOSQITO I simulates the time-varying behaviour of suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, ammoniacal nitrogen and hydrogen sulphide on catchment surfaces and in sewer systems. The model produces discharge pollutographs for these determinands which can be used as input to a river water quality model.
MOSQITO consists of four sub-models which represent washoff from catchment surfaces, foul water inflow, pollutant behaviour in pipes and channels, and pollutant behaviour in ancillary structures within drainage systems. These sub-models are linked to the flow simulation model incorporated in the WALLRUS package which is the latest computer implementation of the Wallingford Procedure.
The rationale behind the model, its structure and its operational basis have been discussed elsewhere (Moys and Henderson, 1988) and are therefore described briefly so that emphasis can be placed on the aspects which follow.
Calibration and verification of the model are being carried out using data from a variety of experimental catchments in the UK. These catchments have been selected to exhibit a wide range of characteristics and include separate and combined sewer systems.
Results of the calibration work are presented together with illustrations of the performance of the various sub-models and the overall model.
Treatment of p-Cresol with a Recirculating UASB Reactor Using the Concept of Kinetic Control
Authors: Hwang Ping-Chih , Cheng Sheng-Shung 
Published: May 2018

A series of batch Biochemical Methane Potential(BMP) tests and an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed (UASB) bioreactor were conducted to investigate the biodegradability of p-cresol.The inhibition of microbes caused by substrate accumulation due to shock loading, recirculating pump turn-off and thermal shock were also studied. The results showed that the microbial activity was inhibited or even poisoned in the high concentration range(1000mg/L) of p-cresol.
However, the volumetric loading of the reactor could be maintained relatively high at 8.0 kgCOD/m3·day, if the recirculation of effluent was used to maintain the substrate concentration in the reactor within a suitable range. The concept of so-called kinetic control was proved to be a critical strategy for the treatment of the inhibitory substrate. The results of shock loading, recirculation cessation and thermal shock tests all showed that the concentration control in the reactor would be of vital importance for the treatment of inhibitive compounds with biological processes, and the critical concentration of the highest degradation rate could be estimated with a modified Haldane equation derived from the batch BMP data.