bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NITROGEN RELATIONS IN A SWEET CORN/WHITE CLOVER LIVING MULCH CROPPING SYSTEM
Authors: Altier Lee S. , Wien H. Christian 
Published: February 2019

In a two-year field experiment, sweet corn was intercropped with a perennial cover of white clover. The clover was suppressed after corn emergence by rototilling. The nitrogen exchange between the corn, clover, and soil was closely monitored. Soil sampling indicated the rate and amounts of mineralization of nitrogen from soil organic matter and clover. Fertilizer labelled with 15-N was used to assess contributions of nitrogen from the various sources.Results from 1989 showed little nitrogen benefit to the corn from the clover. Content of 15-N in the corn indicated that non-fertilizer nitrogen uptake was similar in monocropped and intercropped corn treatments. Corn yields were correlated with the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied.
THE ROLE OF BORON IN FLOWERING AND FRUIT SET
Authors: Brown Patrick H. , Ferguson Louise , Picchioni Geno 
Published: February 2019

The uptake and distribution of foliar and soil applied boron has been followed in a seven year old pistachio orchard by utilizing 10B isotope dilution techniques and ICP-MS determination. In conjunction with these uptake studies, in-vivo and in-vitro measurements of pollination and fruit set have been used to determine the role of boron in flowering and fruit set.Foliar applications of boron (1, 2.5 and 5 kg/400 l) resulted in improved fruit set when compared to control trees receiving no supplemental B even when tissue B levels in these control trees appeared adequate (>60 μg/g dwt). Results indicate that B applied to male trees in the late dormant phase (february) is effective in enhancing in-vitro pollen germination by as much as 50%. Movement of B into flower buds and fruit clusters was verified using 10B techniques thus demonstrating the potential usefulness of this technique in correcting incipient B deficiency. A possible role of B in the flowering and fruiting process is discussed.
TRELLISING TO IMPROVE MANUAL HARVEST EFFICIENCY AND TO ENABLE MECHANICAL HARVEST OF RUBUS FOR FRESH FRUIT MARKETS..
Authors: Stiles Herbert D. 
Published: February 2019

Three different “shift-trellises” were designed to localize the fruiting zone and to separate it-from vegetative structures. This allows efficient manual harvests by making berries more visible and easier to reach. It improves the quality of manual harvest conditions by reducing human contact with thorns (i.e., prickles).Better definition of the fruiting zone's dimensions and location, important factors in mechanical harvesting, is possible with these systems. One system allows horizontal placement of the fruiting zone as in the Lincoln Canopy System, but with an inverted orientation of the fruiting shoots. Inverted orientation of fruiting shoots will shorten the distance to the mechanical harvester's collector surface. This changed juxtaposition among trellis components, floricanes and fruiting shoots will eliminate most obstacles against which berries might impinge during their fall to the collector surface. A new kind of agitator may be required to effect fruit removal in this system.
A LONG-DAY GENE FOR FLOWERING TIME IN LACTUCA
Authors: Ryder Edward J. 
Published: February 2019

Genes for flowering time appear to be relatively common in lettuce and other Lactuca species. These include previously described major genes Ef-1 an Ef-2, other genes of discrete effect and genes acting in a quantitative manner. Our goals in studying the flowering time phenomenon are: 1)describe the inheritance of the traits, 2) establish their relationship to each other, and 3) elucidate their evolutionary significance.The PI 175735 (L. serriola) is an accession with narrow leaves, spines and anthocyanin. Its flowering time is daylength related; it is early flowering under long days and late flowering under short days. It was crossed with the late flowering line C-2-1-1, which is homozygous for both late alleles in the Ef system. The F1 is late under short days and early under long days. The F2 population and F3 families were grown under long day conditions in the greenhouse, Segregation in the F2 was 3 early: 1 late. Among F3 families from early plants, segregation was 1 homozygous early: 2 segregating. Within segregating families, the ratio was again 3:1. The evidence suggests a single gene with earliness dominant.
EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHTING AND GENOTYPE ON FERTILITY OF PELARGONIUM × DOMESTICUM
Authors: Stuart Mary , Hanniford Glenn 
Published: February 2019

Cultivars of the clonally propagated Pelargonium × domesticum are generally limited in fertility which impeeds the development of improved cultivars. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of supplemental high intensity discharge (HID) lighting upon flowering and seed set and to screen a number of cultivars and breeding lines for fertility.Plants were provided one of three supplemental HID lighting treatments: 1) Control (no HID). 2) HID from sunrise to sunset (times adjusted weekly). 3) HID for 16 hours daily. As they became available, 14 flowers per plant were emasculated and pollinated with pollen which had been bulked from approximately 20 unrelated plants.Plants given 16 hour HID tended to be more compact and flower earlier than control plants. There were large differences between cultivars in fruit development and seed set with 83-11-3 and Elsie Hickman being among the most fertile and Grand Slam one of the poorest.
SMALL FRUIT ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Dale Adam 
Published: February 2019

Genetic variation in the architecture of berry crops will be reviewed. Examples will be given where changes in plant architecture have given increased yields, stabilized yields and improved fruit quality in strawberry, raspberry, highbush blueberry and currants.Red raspberry will be emphasised as recent research on the architecture of the fruiting cane has enabled breeding strategies, based on plant architecture, to be developed.
IMPROVED HOST PLANT RESISTANCE BY MODIFICATION OF PLANT CHEMICAL CUES ASSOCIATED WITH HELIOTHIS ZEA HOST PLANT SELECTION FOR OVIPOSITION
Authors: Juvik John A. 
Published: February 2019

Heliothis zea (Boddle) is one of agriculture's worst insect pests. Reduction in crop productivity and costs for insecticidal control of this cosmopolitan pest cost U.S. agriculture many millions of dollars annually. The sesquiterpenes (+)-E-å-santalen-12-oic and (+)-E- endo- β–bergamoten-12-oic acids isolated from hexane leaf extracts of the wild tomato species, Lycopersicon hirsutum, have been shown to attract and stimulate oviposition by female H. zea. Extracts from other host plants (tobacco, corn, and cotton) also possess attractant/oviposition stimulant activity to female H. zea. Studies are underway to assess the potential use of these and other phytochemicals for the control or monitoring of population levels of H. zea in tomato, corn and cotton fields.The isolation and structural identification of insect pest oviposition stimulants in horticultural crop species can provide valuable information to plant breeders involved in developing cultivars with improved insect host plant resistance. This information could be used to develop cultivars lacking the chemical cues used by insects for host plant location and recognition. Risks of public exposure to toxic insecticides through consumption of agricultural produce and polluted ground water emphasize the critical need for the development of crop genotypes with improved best plant resistance as a supplementary method of insect pest management in agricultural ecosystems.
YARD WASTE REDUCTION PROGRAMS
Authors: Knoop William E. , Colbaugh Phillip F. 
Published: February 2019

An urban educational program titled “Don't Bag It” having as its' goal the reduction of the solid waste flow to landfills, was initiated in Ft. Worth the spring of 1988. The program, using media methods and volunteer demonstrators, teaches homeowners how to manage lawns without bagging grass clippings.Very favorable program results have encouraged the spread of the program to 25 other Texas cities and the distribution of the program across the country:
WATER-USE TRENDS AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE U. S., 1950-85
Authors: Solley Wayne 
Published: February 2019

Water use in the United States increased from 1950 to 1980 and decreased from 1980 to 1985, on the basis of estimates compiled at 5-year intervals by the U.S. Geological Survey. Total withdrawals of freshwater and saline water during 1985 were 1,510 million cubic meters per day, a rate more than double that estimated for 1950 and 10 percent less than that estimated for 1980. For most categories, the rate of increase in water use declined from 1970 to 1975 and from 1975 to 1980. Withdrawals for thermoelectric-power generation and irrigation, the two largest categories of use, were 13 and 6 percent, respectively, less during 1985 than during 1980. The combined total for industrial, commercial, and mining water use during 1985 was 25 percent less than during 1980--the lowest combined estimate for these categories since the compilations began in 1950. The decrease in water use during 1985 compared to 1980 can be attributed to the following important factors:Streamflow generally was more plentiful during 1985 than during 1980 because of more rainfall; this reduced the dependence on ground water in many areas and the need to irrigate in some areas.The economic slowdown, improved plant efficiencies, depressed commodity prices, and new technologies that require less water decreased the requirements for industrial and irrigation water.Enhanced awareness by the general public to water resources and conservation programs in many States probably reduced water demands.
INTERACTIVE VIDEO FOR LEARNING LANDSCAPE TREES
Authors: Pellett N. E. , Elvin D. W. 
Published: February 2019

Repetitive exposure to plant morphology and characteristics is necessary for students to learn to identify woody landscape plants. We developed a computer operated video program which will supplement what students learn in outdoor labs and in lecture.
The interactive video tutorial allows the computer integration of script with control of a large collection of video images that come from 35 mm slides, video images, photographs, drawings and actual plant specimens. We have tried the less expensive still video floppy technology (Kodak SV7500 Still Video Multidisk Recorder) and the Write-Once laser disc technology (Panasonic TQ-3031F Optical Disc Recorder). Both systems have advantages, but the latter offers more options at a much higher cost. Motivation for use of the program comes from self tests and the possibility to review visual examples.
COMPARATIVE WINTER INSULATING VALUE OF SEVERAL SNOW DEPTHS, STRAW AND PLASTIC MULCHES
Authors: Boyce Bertie 
Published: February 2019

Treatments, applied in one meter square wooden frames, were snow at 7.6, 15.2 and 30.5 cm deep, straw at 11 mT/ha, straw at 2.2 mT/ha, straw at 2.2 mT/ha covered with clear polyethylene, clear polyethylene and no mulches. The frames were covered during storms to exclude unwanted snow and keep mulching materials dry. Temperatures below the mulches were recorded throughout two winters.
Temperatures under 30.5 cm of snow did not go below -3°C when exposed soil surface temperatures were -22°. Temperatures below 11 mT/ha of straw and 2.2 mT/ha straw plus polyethylene were comparable to temperatures below 15.2 cm of snow. Straw at 2.2 mT/ha provided about the same protection as 7.6 cm of snow cover while clear polyethylene alone provided little insulation.
MAKING A GOOD TELEVISION/VIDEO PROGRAM
Authors: Perry Leonard P. 
Published: February 2019

Many have been involved with broadcast television, and others will be, and most have been involved with video production either at home or work. As a powerful educational and motivational tool for teaching, research and extension, it deserves more and improved use.
Opportunities will be discussed for broadcast television, with a short video presentation of examples, including regular shows, periodic features or interviews, “live” call-ins, or tips using video or slides. Video production will be covered in more depth including general tips, technical aspects such as formats and equipment, and artistic aspects which make the difference between just filming and producing a quality production. Covered will be basics of lighting, audio, camera use, and editing--the real key to a professional quality production.
XERISCAPE: A NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Welsh Douglas F. 
Published: February 2019

Xeriscape, water conservation through creative landscaping, offers a viable alternative to traditional landscapes which require high inputs of water and labor. Xeriscape is not cactus and rock gardening; but, quality landscaping combining beautiful, function, and water efficiency.
Xeriscape is based on horticulturally sound principles, including: good design, through soil preparation, practical turf areas, appropriate plant selection, efficient watering techniques, mulching and proper maintenance.
Green plant and water industries across the nation have recognized Xeriscape as a proactive, education tool to curb excess water-use by the public and private sectors. In an era where water may become the limiting factor in economic growth for many regions of the nation, Xeriscape may truly be the state-of-the-art.
A METHOD TO MEASURE SULFUR-CONTAINING VOLATILES IN ONIONS USING A GAS CHROMATOGRAPH.
Authors: Yoo Kil Sun , Pike Leonard M. 
Published: February 2019

A 50 g sample taken as a horizontal section from the mid-height of an onion bulb was blended with 100 g water for 1 min in a closed plastic mason jar. A 0.5 ml of a headspace sample was drawn and injected into a Perkin Elmer 8500 GC equipped with FPD for detection of sulfur compounds. The major volatiles tentatively identified in onion were thiopropanal S-oxide, methyl propyl disulfide, dipropyl disulfide, and propyl allyl disulfide.
We observed significant variation of peak pattern and height depending on position in a bulb, among bulbs within variety, and between varieties. These results seemed to comply well with taste test. There were no significant correlations between total peak height and bulb weight, soluble solids, or pyruvate concentration in juice extract. Our investigation suggested that this procedure provided better understanding and measurement of onion pungency than pyruvate analysis.
A STUDY OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN SWEETPOTATOES
Authors: Newell Lavetta L. , Garner James O. 
Published: February 2019

In two experiments, 16 sweetpotato genotypes (Ipomoea batatas L.) were evaluated for drought tolerance using the detached-leaf water loss method. Dry weight loss was also determined. Difference in the rate of leaf water loss over a 48 hour period were found. `Vardaman' had the greatest amount of dry weight loss and the least amount of water loss. No relationship between dry weight loss and water loss was found.
When measuring chlorophyll fluorescence using two sweetpotato genotypes, `Vardaman' had a higher rate of photosynthetic transport activity.
ORGANIC MATTER INCORPORATION AND IRRIGATION RATES FOR BEDDING PLANTS
Authors: Lohr Virginia I. , Pearson-Mims Caroline H. 
Published: February 2019

The effect of organic matter addition and irrigation rates on the growth of bedding plants was found to vary with species. Marigold and sweet alyssum were field-grown with or without added peat moss under normal or 50 percent reduced irrigation. Regardless of organic matter treatment, marigolds with reduced irrigation were shorter than those with normal irrigation. Under normal irrigation, adding organic matter had no effect on height. Under reduced irrigation, incorporating organic matter was beneficial to marigolds: plants in these plots were 10% taller than plants under reduced irrigation without added organic matter. Sweet alyssum, a relatively drought-tolerant plant, was wider under reduced than under normal irrigation. It did not benefit from added organic matter: plants grown with added organic matter were 17% narrower than those without added organic matter, regardless of irrigation level. Blanket recommendations to add organic matter to conserve water should be avoided.
ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Knox Gary W. , Gilman Edward F. , Brown Sydney Park 
Published: February 2019

Environmental Landscape Management (ELM) is an extension education program developed to promote resource conservation and environmental protection through appropriate landscape design and maintenance practices. Use of ELM practices by Florida home owners and landscape professionals will conserve energy and water, recycle yard wastes, and reduce inputs of fertilizers and pesticides. Site analysis and appropriate landscape design and plant selection are inherent components of ELM. Guidelines for ELM integrate irrigation, fertilization, pest control, recycling of yard wastes and other cultural practices to result in a holistic approach to landscape management. Five videos, 3 slide sets, 20 newspaper releases, and a 45-page booklet, The Florida Environmental Landscape Guide, have been produced to support ELM. This information also will be available on CD-ROM in each county extension office.
ESTIMATING FERTILIZER NEEDS FOR LOWBUSH BLUEBERRIES: LEAF OR SOIL SAMPLES?
Authors: Smagula John M. 
Published: February 2019

Concentrations of nutrient elements in randomly selected soil samples taken at a 3-inch depth or the depth of the surface organic pad correlated poorly (R2= < 0.34) with leaf nutrient concentrations randomly selected from the same fields. Average leaf N concentrations in 74 of 79 fields sampled were above the 1.6% standard, while leaf P was below the 0.125% standard in 62 of the 79 fields. Leaf K, Ca, and Mg concentrations were above the standards 0.400%, 0.270%, and 0.130%, respectively in all fields. The average depth of the organic pad was 2.23 cm, ranging from 0 to 10.16 cm. Seventy five percent of the fields had organic pads 0.127-2.54 cm thick and 20% greater than 2.54 cm.
In an attempt to improve correlations, leaves within a 0.01M2 quadrat were sampled from 110 clones in 10 commercial blueberry fields and leaf nutrient concentrations compared with nutrient concentrations in 3-inch soil samples taken directly beneath the quadrat. The strongest correlation was between soil Mn and leaf Mn (r2= o.59). Leaf samples, although more expensive than soil samples, appear to be a better indicator of lowbush blueberry fertilizer requirements than soil samples.
LOCALLY OBTAINED WATERMELON TRANSPLANTS OUTPERFORM FLORIDA TRANSPLANTS IN ARKANSAS FIELD TRIALS
Authors: Teague Tina Gray 
Published: February 2019

Four week old watermelon (cv. Royal Sweet) transplants were obtained from long distance (FL) and local (AR) commercial transplant growers and set in plots in a commercial watermelon field near Leachville AR. Transplants (plugs) from AR (Burton's Inc., Tupelo, AR) were grown in inverted pyramid, Todd Flats (model 100A; 5/8″ length X 1/2″ width X 3″ height) (Speedling Inc., Sun City, FL). FL transplants (LaBelle Plant World, LaBelle, FL) were grown in 1.5″ square cells, 2″ deep. All transplants were delivered 15 April and set on 16 April. Transit time for local transplants was < 2 hrs, and plants were delivered in original flats. FL transplants were shipped on 14 April and were in transit ca. 28 hrs. They had been pulled from trays and were shipped in cardboard boxes. Plot size was 6 beds, 53.3m long with treatments arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. Bed spacing was 2.9m with between plant spacing of 1.5m. Data were subjected to ANOVA with mean separation by LSD.
Plots were harvested 3, 8, 15 and 22 July. Total number of fruit produced from plots planted with AR transplants was greater than FL treatment plots in the first 3 of 4 harvests; significantly higher total cumulative yield was observed with AR compared to FL transplants (45,115 and 35,172 kg ha-1, respectively). Increases in-yield and earliness resulted in an increase in gross profit of $1225 ha-1 for local transplants (based on national price data from that time period). No differences in average weights of fruit were observed for any harvests. Results indicate that Mid-South watermelon producers could benefit from utilizing locally grown transplants if plants are of comparable quality to those available from distant suppliers.
CONTROLLING HEIGHT AND FLOWERING IN HYPOESTES PHYLLOSTACHYA
Authors: Wang Chi , Grueber Kevin L. 
Published: February 2019

Control of plant height and flowering are two major problems associated with the production of Hypoestes phyllostachya Bak. (polka-dot plant). In seed-propagated cultivars, sprays of ancymidol (A-Rest), chlormequat (Cycocel), paclobutrazol (Bonzi), and uniconazole (Sumagic) were effective in inhibiting shoot growth and internode elongation at 100, 1000, 33, and 10 mg·l-1, respectively. Daminozide (B-Nine), even at 6000 mg·l-1, was ineffective compared to untreated controls. Ethephon (Florel) was effective in retarding plant growth at 500 mg·l-1, but at 1500 mg·l-1 resulted in leaf distortion and horizontal shoot growth.
H. phyllostachya was determined to be a quantitative (facultative) short day plant. Seed-propagated plants with 16 or more nodes flowered regardless of photoperiod, but flowering was more rapid under short days (SD) than under long days (LD). Application of ethephon significantly inhibited shoot elongatioo and number of flower buds formed and also increased the incidence of flower bud abortion. In seed-propagated plants, 500 mg·l-1 ethephon did not adversely affect flowering when applied at any time during the first seven weeks after the start of SD. At 1500 or 2500 mg·l-1, ethephon applied at any time during the first five weeks after the start of SD maximized the number of vegetative buds and minimized the number of viable flower buds. When applied more than six weeks after SD began, ethephon did not promote the formation of vegetative axillary buds but did promote flower bud abortion.
FIELD TESTS EVALUATING PRE- AND POST-PLANT NITROGEN FERTILIZER PROGRAMS FOR MUNG BEAN PRODUCTION
Authors: Murray Mike , Young Carrie 
Published: February 2019

Field tests were conducted in commercial mung bean (Vigna radiata) fields in 1986, 1987, and 1989. The objective of these tests were to: determine optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates; evaluate preplant, postemergence or split applications of nitrogen; and develop data to utilize petiole sampling as an analytic technique to quantify plant nitrogen status.
Seed yields were significantly increased two of the three years by the addition of nitrogen fertilizers. Over three years, the addition of 40-120 pounds of nitrogen per acre resulted in an average seed yield increase of 14-37 percent, compared to an untreated control. Maximum yields were obtained with eighty pounds of nitrogen per acre. Within specific rates, there was a trend for preplant or split applications to result in the greatest yield increases.
Petiole nitrate levels did not appear to be a reliable indicator of plant nitrogen status, with wide differences between rates in different years. An average for the three-year test, six weeks after crop emergence, was 1270 ppm for the control and 2340 ppm for treatments receiving 80 pounds of nitrogen per acre.