bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumption‐Based Emissions of African Countries: An Analysis of Decoupling Dynamics and Drivers
Authors: Wang Jieyu , Shan Yuli , Xu Jinghang , Li Ruoqi , Zhao Congyu , Wang Shaojian 
Published: November 2024

AbstractFormulating equitable climate policies should not overlook the challenges faced by less developed regions. African countries are at a crucial stage of economic development and deeper integration into global trade. Therefore, understanding their carbon footprints (i.e., consumption‐based CO2 emissions) is essential for crafting a sustainable development pathway for Africa and developing comprehensive and fair climate policies. Here, we investigate consumption‐based CO2 emissions in 55 African economics using a new Multi‐Regional Input‐Output model called “EMERGING” for 2015–2019; we also analyze the impacts of global trade participation on emissions, the decoupling status of emissions and economic, and hidden influencing factors. Results show that 65% of African countries experienced rapid growth in consumption‐based emissions, with an average annual growth rate of 6.4%. Significantly, 87% of African countries are net emissions importers, predominantly attributed to their trade relations with other developing countries (i.e., South‐South trade), a condition characterizing 68% of all trade interactions; The embodied carbon in imports is primarily concentrated in the transportation, petroleum refining, metal products, and machinery sectors. The decoupling analysis indicates that 15 countries strongly decoupled from production‐based carbon emissions, and 14 from consumption‐based; however, only 9 have concurrently achieved decoupling in both domains of emissions. Optimizing the carbon emission efficiency of final demand, particularly within the tertiary sector, is a key for successful decoupling and emissions reduction. The findings provide essential insights from consumption‐based emissions that could guide more effective, targeted climate policies contributing to the mitigation of climate impacts and fostering sustainable development in African nations.
Substantial Increase in Sub–Daily Precipitation Extremes of Flooding Season Over China
Authors: Wang Yujie , Song Lianchun , Shen Pengke , Yang Yan 
Published: November 2024

AbstractUnderstanding sub‐daily precipitation extremes (SPEs) can provide scientific insights for taking effective measures to mitigate climate risks. Leveraging gauge observations at hourly precipitation in 2,312 meteorological stations and extreme sub‐daily precipitation indices (ESPIs), we investigate the changes of SPEs in flooding season of 1971–2022 in China. On country scale, the occurrences and intensity of SPEs have significantly increased and even accelerated since the 21st century, suggesting increases in 2010s by 15%–38% compared with that in 1970s. The SPE risks for 20‐year and 50‐year return‐period increased by 2–4 and 8–20 times in 2001–2022 compared with that in 1971–2000, respectively. Over 80% stations are found to have positive trends in all ESPIs. On regional scale, seven sub‐regions experienced significant increases in ESPIs with larger magnitudes in the East China. The enlarged 500‐hPa geopotential height, 700‐hPa pseudoequivalent potential temperature, 700‐hPa specific humidity, saturated vapor pressure and urbanization ratio may be bonded to more SPEs.
Energy Conversion Associated With Anomalous Magnetic Topology Sublayers in the Inner Low‐Latitude Boundary Layer
Authors: Zhong Ping , Zhong Zhihong , Zhou Meng , Pang Ye , Song Liangjin , Deng Xiaohua 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe low‐latitude boundary layer (LLBL) is a crucial region for the transfer of mass, momentum, and energy between the solar wind and the planetary magnetosphere. However, the processes of energy conversion within this layer are not well understood. In this study, the anomalous magnetic topology sublayers (AMTSs) within Earth's inner LLBL are investigated during the local reconnection inactive period, using data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. We present the first in situ observations showing that these AMTSs lead to significant energy conversion within the inner LLBL. The electron populations in AMTSs are dominated by either the magnetospheric or magnetosheath populations, creating a substantial electron temperature gradient between these sublayers. This temperature gradient, in turn, generates non‐ideal electric fields through the pressure gradient term. Our findings improve the understanding of dynamics in the planetary LLBL, highlighting the importance of AMTSs in the energy conversion process.
Near‐Real‐Time Identification of the Source of Ionospheric Disturbances
Authors: Maletckii B. , Astafyeva E. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe ionosphere is characterized by a large number of disturbances generated in response to a wide range of phenomena, including natural hazards, space weather and man‐made events. Identification of the origin of ionospheric disturbances (ID), especially in real or near‐real‐time (NRT), is an extremely difficult task, and it is one of the most interesting fundamental scientific questions. In this paper we present, for the first time, an approach for an automatic and NRT‐compatible detection and recognition of the source of ionospheric disturbances in time series of total electron content (TEC) measured by the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) method. The main idea is (a) to analyze main characteristics (such as spatio‐temporal features and frequency content) of ID generated by known sources, and (b) in NRT, to rapidly examine ID's features, and, based on this information, recognize their source. Currently, our database contains TEC data series with response to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes, explosions, rocket launches, equatorial plasma bubbles and geomagnetic storms. Our developments are important for the future assessment of natural hazards from the ionosphere, and also for NRT Space Weather nowcast and applications. Also, our work presents important information about the physical properties of ID of different origins.
Extremes and Short‐Term Fluctuations in Coastal Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia
Authors: Damien Pierre , Bianchi Daniele , Kessouri Faycal , McWilliams James C. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn Eastern boundary upwelling systems, such as the California Current System (CCS), seasonal upwelling brings low oxygen and low pH waters to the continental shelf, causing ocean acidification and hypoxia (OAH). The location, frequency, and intensity of OAH events is influenced by a combination of large‐scale climatic trends, seasonal changes, small‐scale circulation, and local human activities. Here, we use results from two 20‐year long submesoscale‐resolving simulations of the Northern and Southern U.S. West Coast (USWC) for the 1997–2017 period, to describe the characteristics and drivers of OAH events. These simulations reveal the emergence of hotspots in which seasonal declines in oxygen and pH are accompanied by localized short‐term extremes in OAH. While OAH hotspots show substantial seasonal variability, significant intra‐seasonal fluctuations occur, reflecting the interaction between low‐ and high‐frequency forcings that shape OAH events. The mechanisms behind the seasonal decreases in pH and oxygen vary along the USWC. While remineralization remains the dominant force causing these declines throughout the coast, physical transport partially offsets these effects in Southern and Central California, but contributes to seasonal oxygen loss and acidification on the Northern Coast. Critically, the seasonal decline is not sufficient to predict the occurrence and duration of OAH extremes. Locally enhanced biogeochemical rates, including shallow benthic remineralization and rapid wind‐driven transport, shape the spatial and temporal patterns of coastal OAH.
Vapor Pressure Deficit Controls the Extent of Burned Area Over the Himalayas
Authors: Khadke Leena , Ghosh Subimal 
Published: November 2024

AbstractGlobally, increasing occurrences of forest fires are major threats to the ecosystem. The rich forests in the Himalayas also suffer from high incidents of forest fires in the pre‐monsoon summer months, March to June. Research studies are limited in identifying the meteorological factors governing the spatiotemporal distribution of forest fires. Using three satellite‐based data sets of monthly burned area (BA) for March to June, we found higher BA in the Eastern Himalayas (EH) compared to the Central (CH) and Western Himalayas (WH). Using statistical methods, we found Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) to be the most dominating variable controlling BA in the Himalayas. Precipitation, soil moisture and temperature, with their relative variability, control VPD that governs the interannual and intraseasonal variations of BA. Our results imply that a good forecast of VPD will facilitate alert generation for the Himalayan forest fires.
On the Multiscale Processes Leading to an Extreme Gust Wind Event in East China: Insights From Radar Wind Profiler Mesonet Observations
Authors: Chen Tianmeng , Guo Jianping , Guo Xiaoran , Zhang Yang , Xu Hui , Zhang Da‐Lin 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn this study, a record‐breaking surface gust wind event of over 45 m s−1, which occurred in the coastal region of East China during the early evening hours of 30 April 2021, is examined. The dynamical characteristics of this event is explored by using a high‐resolution mesonet comprised of eight radar wind profilers (RWPs), surface observations, radar and satellite data. Observational analyses show the development of several cloud clusters ahead of the axis of a midlevel trough with pronounced baroclinicity, and the subsequent organization into a comma‐shaped squall system with a leading convective line over land and a trailing stratiform region moved offshore. The latter is embedded by a mesovortex with intense northerly rear inflows descending to the surface, accounting for the generation of the gusty winds. Results indicate the different roles of multi‐scale processes in accelerating the surface winds to extreme intensity. Specifically, the large‐scale baroclinic trough provides intense background rear inflows that are enhanced by the formation of the mesovortex, while moist downdrafts in the rear inflows account for the downward transport of horizontal momentum, leading to the generation of intense cold outflows and gusty winds close to the leading convective line. Despite the lack of sufficient observations for quantitative analysis, this study provides a qualitative analysis that offers valuable insights into the dynamics of extreme gusty winds. Moreover, the above results underscore the value of RWP mesonet observations in enhancing our understanding of extreme wind events and in improving the nowcasting and prediction efforts in the future.
The Impact of Temperature on the Adiabaticity and Coverage of a Single Shallow Cumulus Cloud
Authors: Huang Kang‐En , Wang Minghuai , Rosenfeld Daniel , Zhu Yannian , Ouyang Xiaoran 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe uncertainty of climate projection is significantly related to warm cloud feedback, which involves a complex interplay of various mechanisms. However, it is hard to unentangle temperature's impact on a single cloud with experiments, since the cloud dynamics always covary with environmental thermodynamical conditions. In this study, we investigate a simulated single shallow cumulus cloud's response to temperature using two perturbation methods, namely “uniform” and “buoyancy‐fixed”, the latter of which keeps the buoyancy profile unchanged in temperature perturbation. High‐resolution large eddy simulations show that uniform warming significantly increases cloud buoyancy, reducing cloud adiabaticity. If buoyancy is fixed, warming only reduces cloud area, leaving adiabatic fraction almost unchanged. Such a response can be explained by the Clausius‐Clapeyron effect with an idealized 1D diffusion model, showing that warming increases the cloud‐environment absolute humidity difference more than the increase in cloud liquid water content, resulting in a faster loss in both cloud coverage and total liquid water solely by lateral mixing. The responses of cloud coverage and total liquid water counteract, making adiabatic fraction insensitive to temperature change. Our work shows that the cloud adiabatic fraction's response to temperature is sensitive to the perturbed structure of the boundary layer, and the cloud coverage reduction by diffusion acts as a positive cloud feedback mechanism in addition to the adjustment processes of the boundary layer.
Germline BRCA1/2 status and chemotherapy response score in high-grade serous ovarian cancer
Authors: Morgan Robert D. , Wang Xin , Barnes Bethany M. , Spurgeon Laura , Carrot Aurore , Netto Daniel , Hasan Jurjees , Mitchell Claire , Salih Zena , Desai Sudha , Shaw Joseph , Winter-Roach Brett , Schlecht Helene , Burghel George J. , Clamp Andrew R. , Edmondson Richard J. , You Benoit , Evans D. Gareth R. , Jayson Gordon C. , Taylor Stephen S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Background
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) can be treated with platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and delayed primary surgery (DPS). Histopathological response to NACT can be assessed using Böhm’s chemotherapy response score (CRS). We investigated whether germline BRCA1/2 (gBRCA1/2) genotype associated with omental CRS phenotype.

Methods
A retrospective study of patients with newly diagnosed FIGO stage IIIC/IV HGSOC prescribed NACT and tested for gBRCA1/2 pathogenic variants (PVs) between September 2017 and December 2022 at The Christie Hospital. The Cox proportional hazards model evaluated the association between survival and key clinical factors. The chi-square test assessed the association between CRS3 (no/minimal residual tumour) and gBRCA1/2 status.

Results
Of 586 eligible patients, 393 underwent DPS and had a CRS reported. Independent prognostic factors by multivariable analysis were gBRCA1/2 status (PV versus wild type [WT]), CRS (3 versus 1 + 2), surgical outcome (complete versus optimal/suboptimal) and first-line poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1/2 inhibitor maintenance therapy (yes versus no) (all P < 0.05). There was a non-significant trend for tumours with a gBRCA2 PV having CRS3 versus WT (odds ratio [OR] = 2.13, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.95–4.91; P = 0.0647). By contrast, tumours with a gBRCA1 PV were significantly less likely to have CRS3 than WT (OR = 0.35, 95%CI 0.14–0.91; P = 0.0291).

Conclusions
Germline BRCA1/2 genotype was not clearly associated with superior omental CRS. Further research is required to understand how HGSOC biology defines CRS.
An allosteric inhibitor of RhoGAP class-IX myosins suppresses the metastatic features of cancer cells
Authors: Kyriazi Despoina , Voth Lea , Bader Almke , Ewert Wiebke , Gerlach Juliane , Elfrink Kerstin , Franz Peter , Tsap Mariana I. , Schirmer Bastian , Damiano-Guercio Julia , Hartmann Falk K. , Plenge Masina , Salari Azam , Schöttelndreier Dennis , Strienke Katharina , Bresch Nadine , Salinas Claudio , Gutzeit Herwig O. , Schaumann Nora , Hussein Kais , Bähre Heike , Brüsch Inga , Claus Peter , Neumann Detlef , Taft Manuel H. , Shcherbata Halyna R. , Ngezahayo Anaclet , Bähler Martin , Amiri Mahdi , Knölker Hans-Joachim , Preller Matthias , Tsiavaliaris Georgios 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAberrant Ras homologous (Rho) GTPase signalling is a major driver of cancer metastasis, and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), the negative regulators of RhoGTPases, are considered promising targets for suppressing metastasis, yet drug discovery efforts have remained elusive. Here, we report the identification and characterization of adhibin, a synthetic allosteric inhibitor of RhoGAP class-IX myosins that abrogates ATPase and motor function, suppressing RhoGTPase-mediated modes of cancer cell metastasis. In human and murine adenocarcinoma and melanoma cell models, including three-dimensional spheroid cultures, we reveal anti-migratory and anti-adhesive properties of adhibin that originate from local disturbances in RhoA/ROCK-regulated signalling, affecting actin-dynamics and actomyosin-based cell-contractility. Adhibin blocks membrane protrusion formation, disturbs remodelling of cell-matrix adhesions, affects contractile ring formation, and disrupts epithelial junction stability; processes severely impairing single/collective cell migration and cytokinesis. Combined with the non-toxic, non-pathological signatures of adhibin validated in organoids, mouse and Drosophila models, this mechanism of action provides the basis for developing anti-metastatic cancer therapies.
Emergent biaxiality in chiral hybrid liquid crystals
Authors: Wu Jin-Sheng , Lázaro Marina Torres , Mundoor Haridas , Wensink Henricus H. , Smalyukh Ivan I. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractBiaxial nematic liquid crystals are fascinating systems sometimes referred to as the Higgs boson of soft matter because of experimental observation challenges. Here we describe unexpected states of matter that feature biaxial orientational order of colloidal supercritical fluids and gases formed by sparse rodlike particles. Colloidal rods with perpendicular surface boundary conditions exhibit a strong biaxial symmetry breaking when doped into conventional chiral nematic fluids. Minimization of free energy prompts these particles to orient perpendicular to the local molecular director and the helical axis, thereby imparting biaxiality on the hybrid molecular-colloidal system. The ensuing phase diagram features colloidal gas and liquid and supercritical colloidal fluid states with long-range biaxial orientational symmetry, as supported by analytical and numerical modeling at all hierarchical levels of ordering. Unlike for nonchiral hybrid systems, dispersions in chiral nematic hosts display biaxial orientational order at vanishing colloid volume fractions, promising both technological and fundamental research utility.
Autoinflammatory patients with Golgi-trapped CDC42 exhibit intracellular trafficking defects leading to STING hyperactivation and ER stress
Authors: Iannuzzo Alberto , Delafontaine Selket , El Masri Rana , Tacine Rachida , Prencipe Giusi , Nishitani-Isa Masahiko , van Wijck Rogier T. A. , Bhuyan Farzana , de Jesus Rasheed Adriana A. , Coppola Simona , van Daele Paul L. A. , Insalaco Antonella , Goldbach-Mansky Raphaela , Yasumi Takahiro , Tartaglia Marco , Meyts Isabelle , Delon Jérôme 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMost autoinflammatory diseases are caused by mutations in innate immunity genes. Previously, four variants in the RHO GTPase CDC42 were discovered in patients affected by syndromes generally characterized by neonatal-onset of cytopenia and auto-inflammation, including hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and rash in the most severe form (NOCARH syndrome). However, the mechanisms responsible for these phenotypes remain largely elusive. Here, we show that the recurrent p.R186C CDC42 variant, which is trapped in the Golgi apparatus, elicits a block in both anterograde and retrograde transports. Consequently, it favours STING accumulation in the Golgi in a COPI-dependent manner. This is also observed for the other Golgi-trapped p.*192 C*24 CDC42 variant, but not for the p.Y64C and p.C188Y variants that do not accumulate in the Golgi. We demonstrate that the two Golgi-trapped CDC42 variants are the only ones that exhibit overactivation of the STING pathway and the type I interferon response, and elicit endoplasmic reticulum stress. Consistent with these results, patients carrying Golgi-trapped CDC42 mutants present very high levels of circulating IFNα at the onset of their disease. In conclusion, we report further mechanistic insights on the impact of the Golgi-trapped CDC42 variants. This increase in STING activation provides a rationale for combination treatments for these severe cases.
Single cell and spatial transcriptomics highlight the interaction of club-like cells with immunosuppressive myeloid cells in prostate cancer
Authors: Kiviaho Antti , Eerola Sini K. , Kallio Heini M. L. , Andersen Maria K. , Hoikka Miina , Tiihonen Aliisa M. , Salonen Iida , Spotbeen Xander , Giesen Alexander , Parker Charles T. A. , Taavitsainen Sinja , Hantula Olli , Marttinen Mikael , Hermelo Ismaïl , Ismail Mazlina , Midtbust Elise , Wess Maximilian , Devlies Wout , Sharma Abhibhav , Krossa Sebastian , Häkkinen Tomi , Afyounian Ebrahim , Vandereyken Katy , Kint Sam , Kesseli Juha , Tolonen Teemu , Tammela Teuvo L. J. , Viset Trond , Størkersen Øystein , Giskeødegård Guro F. , Rye Morten B. , Murtola Teemu , Erickson Andrew , Latonen Leena , Bova G. Steven , Mills Ian G. , Joniau Steven , Swinnen Johannes V. , Voet Thierry , Mirtti Tuomas , Attard Gerhardt , Claessens Frank , Visakorpi Tapio , Rautajoki Kirsi J. , Tessem May-Britt , Urbanucci Alfonso , Nykter Matti 
Published: November 2024

AbstractProstate cancer treatment resistance is a significant challenge facing the field. Genomic and transcriptomic profiling have partially elucidated the mechanisms through which cancer cells escape treatment, but their relation toward the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains elusive. Here we present a comprehensive transcriptomic landscape of the prostate TME at multiple points in the standard treatment timeline employing single-cell RNA-sequencing and spatial transcriptomics data from 120 patients. We identify club-like cells as a key epithelial cell subtype that acts as an interface between the prostate and the immune system. Tissue areas enriched with club-like cells have depleted androgen signaling and upregulated expression of luminal progenitor cell markers. Club-like cells display a senescence-associated secretory phenotype and their presence is linked to increased polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell (PMN-MDSC) activity. Our results indicate that club-like cells are associated with myeloid inflammation previously linked to androgen deprivation therapy resistance, providing a rationale for their therapeutic targeting.
Predicting cell type-specific epigenomic profiles accounting for distal genetic effects
Authors: Murphy Alan E. , Beardall William , Rei Marek , Phuycharoen Mike , Skene Nathan G. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractUnderstanding how genetic variants affect the epigenome is key to interpreting GWAS, yet profiling these effects across the non-coding genome remains challenging due to experimental scalability. This necessitates accurate computational models. Existing machine learning approaches, while progressively improving, are confined to the cell types they were trained on, limiting their applicability. Here, we introduce Enformer Celltyping, a deep learning model which incorporates distal effects of DNA interactions, up to 100,000 base-pairs away, to predict epigenetic signals in previously unseen cell types. Using DNA and chromatin accessibility data for epigenetic imputation, Enformer Celltyping outperforms current best-in-class approaches and generalises across cell types and biological regions. Moreover, we propose a framework for evaluating models on genetic variant effect prediction using regulatory quantitative trait loci mapping studies, highlighting current limitations in genomic deep learning models. Despite this, Enformer Celltyping can also be used to study cell type-specific genetic enrichment of complex traits.