bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multidisciplinary care in nonmalignant central airway obstruction
Authors: Murgu Septimiu , Urrutia-Royo Blanca , Ntiamoah Prince , Dutau Hervé 
Published: November 2024

Purpose of review
The management of histologically benign central airway obstruction (CAO) is complex. Published studies have focused on the diagnostic approaches and therapeutic options provided by specific specialties, but there has been no focus on multidisciplinary management of this disease. Our objective is to review the current diagnostic and therapeutic modalities available for managing nonmalignant CAO from a multidisciplinary perspective involving otolaryngology, thoracic surgery and interventional bronchoscopists.

Recent findings
For benign airway strictures, management is via medical and endoscopic therapy with surgical resection reserved for complex and recurrent stenoses. There is evidence and growing interest in intralesional corticosteroid injection in treating inflammation and potentially preventing recurrence. Airway specialists from distinct disciplines use different laser types, dilating balloons and anesthesia methods to manage benign CAO. Recent studies have demonstrated substantial improvements in patient breathlessness and quality of life following therapeutic airway interventions, highlighting the evolving landscape in this cross-disciplinary field.

Summary
Nonmalignant CAO, arising from various mechanical, inflammatory, and infectious etiologies, poses significant morbidity and mortality risks. Current treatments include endoscopic resection, dilation, stent placement, and surgical resection which are selected based on lesion's complexity, extent, operability and patient's symptoms and goals. A multimodal and multidisciplinary approach to patient care could offer the best outcomes.
Sinus mucocele leads to unilateral proptosis in an infant patient with cystic fibrosis: a literature review and a case report study
Authors: Lashkarbolouk Narges , Mazandarani Mahdi , Biazar Parastou , Shahkar Lobat 
Published: November 2024

Introduction and importance:
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a widespread life-shortening recessive genetic disease and can present with sinus mucocele. Sinus mucocele is a rare condition, with limited prevalence data on unilateral proptosis.

Case presentation:
The authors present a case of a 19-month-old boy with CF who experienced worsening proptosis and exotropia in his right eye. A brain and orbit MRI revealed diffuse polypoid mucosal thickening, possible dense fungal deposit, deformity of the mid face, especially on the right side, with more prominent bulging of medical and inferior walls of the right lobe, a right ethmoidal mucocele causing ocular globe displacement, medial rectus compression, and optic nerve. An examination of the eye fundus showed disc edema and vascular congestion. Endoscopic sinus surgery successfully drained the mucocele, and treatment with antibiotics and corticosteroids led to symptom improvement and resolution of proptosis within 3 weeks.

Clinical discussion:
Mucoceles represent an uncommon complication associated with CF in pediatric patients. Consequently, any child presenting with this issue should undergo evaluation for CF. Investigating this infrequent condition’s underlying mechanisms and consequences may improve treatment approaches and outcomes for those impacted.

Conclusion:
Sinus mucocele with unilateral proptosis in CF patients is uncommon, and endoscopic sinus surgery appears to be an effective cure for this complication, even in the pediatric population at high risk, like CF patients.
Predictors of HIV seroconversion in Botswana
Authors: Cui Yifan , Moyo Sikhulile , Pretorius Holme Molly , Hurwitz Kathleen E. , Choga Wonderful , Bennett Kara , Chakalisa Unoda , San James Emmanuel , Manyake Kutlo , Kgathi Coulson , Diphoko Ame , Gaseitsiwe Simani , Gaolathe Tendani , Essex M. , Tchetgen Tchetgen Eric , Makhema Joseph M. , Lockman Shahin 
Published: November 2024

Objective:
To identify predictors of HIV acquisition in Botswana.

Design:
We applied machine learning approaches to identify HIV risk predictors using existing data from a large, well characterized HIV incidence cohort.

Methods:
We applied machine learning (randomForestSRC) to analyze data from a large population-based HIV incidence cohort enrolled in a cluster-randomized HIV prevention trial in 30 communities across Botswana. We sought to identify the most important risk factors for HIV acquisition, starting with 110 potential predictors.

Results:
During a median 29-month follow-up of 8551 HIV-negative adults, 147 (1.7%) acquired HIV. Our machine learning analysis found that for females, the most important variables for predicting HIV acquisition were the use of injectable hormonal contraception, frequency of sex in the prior 3 months with the most recent partner and residing in a community with HIV prevalence of 29% or higher. For the small proportion (0.3%) of females who had all three risk factors, their estimated probability of acquiring HIV during 29 months of follow-up was 34% (approximate annual incidence of 14%). For males, nonlong-term relationships with the most recent partner and community HIV prevalence of 34% or higher were the most important HIV risk predictors. The 6% of males who had both risk factors had a 5.1% probability of acquiring HIV during the follow-up period (approximate annual incidence of 2.1%).

Conclusion:
Machine learning approaches allowed us to analyze a large number of variables to efficiently identify key factors strongly predictive of HIV risk. These factors could help target HIV prevention interventions in Botswana.

Clinical Trials Registration:
NCT01965470
Brief Report: Cystatin C Provides Substantially Higher Glomerular Filtration Rate Estimates Than Creatinine in a Subset of Black People With HIV on Current Antiretroviral Regimens
Authors: Dominguez-Dominguez Lourdes , Hamzah Lisa , Fox Julie , Vincent Royce P. , Post Frank A. 
Published: November 2024

Background:
In African populations, estimated glomerular filtration rate by cystatin C (eGFRcys) is better aligned with gold-standard GFR measurements than eGFR by creatinine (eGFRcr). Moreover, eGFRcys is unaffected by the effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on tubular secretion and may thus provide better estimates of GFR in people with HIV on ART.

Setting:
Observational cohort study of people of African ancestry living with suppressed HIV RNA on ART in London, United Kingdom.

Methods:
Cross-sectional analysis of 360 paired serum creatinine and cystatin C measurements. Participants whose eGFRcys substantially (>10%) exceeded eGFRcr were identified, and factors associated with this outcome were identified in logistic regression analysis.

Results:
The median age of participants was 52 years, 56% were women, and 82% born in Africa or the Caribbean. The eGFRcys substantially exceeded eGFRcr in 42% of participants in the overall cohort, and in 68% of those with eGFRcr 45–75 mL/min/1.73 m2. In multivariable analysis, a higher eGFRcr was associated with lower odds (0.59 [0.50, 0.68] per 10 mL/min/1.73 m2 increase) of eGFRcys substantially exceeding eGFRcr; a higher BMI was also associated with this outcome, while ART regimens inhibiting tubular secretion of creatinine were not predictive. Of the 22 participants with eGFRcr 45–60 mL/min/1.73 m2, 16 (73%) had eGFRcys >60 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Conclusions:
We report substantially higher eGFRcys than eGFRcr in a subset of people of African ancestry with suppressed HIV, particularly among those with eGFRcr 45–75 mL/min/1.73 m2. In this population, eGFRcys provides clinically useful information irrespective of ART regimen.
The Impact of Operative Video Review versus Annotation on Training in Endoscopic Pituitary Surgery: A Preclinical Randomised Controlled Study
Authors: Burrows Emalee J. , Starup-Hansen Joachim , Khan Danyal Z. , Koh Chan Hee , Hussain Maryam , Booker James , Stoyanov Danail , Marcus Hani J. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractObjectiveThis study evaluated the effect of active operative video annotation on surgical education, specifically focusing on implementability, knowledge acquisition, skill development, and confidence.BackgroundResident duty hour restrictions necessitate more efficient surgical training, as steep learning curves in many procedures may result in residents completing training without gaining enough experience to perform them safely. Video annotation of operative videos, involving labeling of instruments and steps, might offer a secure and risk-free environment to improve surgical learning.MethodsA preclinical randomized controlled trial was conducted with novice neurosurgeons from multiple centres. Participants were assigned to annotate real-life operative videos or to the control group, who performed passive video review. At baseline and then following either video annotation or video review, both groups completed a simulated pituitary adenoma resection on a validated high-fidelity physical simulator and were assessed using knowledge quizzes, a modified Global Rating Scale (mGRS), and confidence surveys. Participants also completed an implementability questionnaire.ResultsFourteen participants completed the study. Psychometric surveys indicated 100% agreement on feasibility, acceptability, and appropriateness in the annotation group, significantly higher than the review group (p<0.001). Procedural knowledge score changes were significantly higher in the annotation group compared to the video review group (1.71, 95% CI: 0.19-3.41, p= 0.0479). The annotation group also significantly improved their operative performance from baseline, with mean mGRS increasing by 5.14 (95% CI: 2.36-7.93, p=0.004) versus 2.57 (95% CI: -1.30-6.44) (p=0.16) in the video review group. Confidence improved significantly in both groups (<0.05), with no significant difference between groups.ConclusionsActive video annotation is a feasible and acceptable tool for enhancing surgical education. It led to a higher change in knowledge score compared to passive video review and also improved skills and confidence from baseline, suggesting its suitability for integration into surgical training programs. Its impact, however, on real-world surgical performance and patient outcomes requires further study.
Acute Triclosan Exposure Alters Mitochondrial Form and Function inXenopus laevisTadpoles, Including the Developing Brain
Authors: Thompson Alex H , Thompson Christopher K 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMitochondrial health is critical for normal brain development, and mitochondrial toxicants impair energy production and induce mitophagy, resulting in network fission. This can substantially impact cellular and molecular pathways essential for brain development. Recent studies have shown that triclosan, a once widely used antibacterial and antifungal agent, acts as a mitochondrial uncoupler. However, the impact of triclosan on mitochondrial function in the developing brain has yet to be thoroughly investigated. We performed a series of experiments designed to assess the effects of triclosan on mitochondrial form and function in the developingXenopus laevistadpole brain. We injected tadpole brains with TMRM, a fluorescent reporter of mitochondrial membrane potential. After two hours, we imaged the brain using high-resolution confocal microscopy to obtain a baseline level of TMRM fluorescence, then immediately treated tadpoles with either triclosan (10uM, 5uM, 1uM, 0.5uM 0.1uM), FCCP (0.5uM), or control, and then continued imaging the brain once every five min for 30 min. We found that 10uM triclosan significantly decreased TMRM fluorescence in mitochondria in the end feet of radial glial cells in ∼ 15-20 min; lower concentrations operated over a longer time course. We also observed that mitochondrial networking was disrupted as they underwent fission. We also measured metabolic function in vivo in whole tadpoles using an XF Seahorse Flux Analyzer, acutely exposing tadpoles to either triclosan (30uM, 10uM, 1uM) or control. Triclosan immediately increased oxygen consumption rates dose-dependently, suggesting mitochondrial uncoupling. These results show that triclosan has the capacity to impair mitochondrial form and function in developing neural tissue.
Lineage Detector: Efficient Tool for Detecting New SARS-Cov-2 Lineages
Authors: Zou Xu 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTSince the novel virus of SARS-Cov-2’s emergence, it continues to mutate at significant speed. The mutation speed and diversity of the virus has reached a level that is hard to be analysed purely via human tracing even with the help of UShER trees.We create an open-sourced tool ofLineage Detector, an automated tool that helps highlight the most important lineages of interest on Usher trees.Lineage Detectorcan highlight the most interesting SARS-CoV-2 branches for manual investigation and reduce the work of volunteer variant hunters to 8 ∼ 10%, greatly improve their efficiency.Since its release, it has helped the identification, proposal and designation process of more than 100 SARS-CoV-2 variants.
The association of objectively and subjectively measuredmodifiablelifestyle factors with internalizing problems: The role of genetic confounding and shared method variancebias
Authors: Zhang Yingzhe , Choi Karmel , Frach Leonard , Robinson Elise , Ge Tian , Pingault Jean-Baptiste , Tiemeier Henning 
Published: November 2024

AbstractBackgroundSleep duration and physical activity have been associated with internalizing problems, such as depression, in observational studies. However, genetic confounding and measurement error may introduce bias. We assessed genetic confounding in the associations of sleep duration and physical activity with internalizing problems using both device-based and questionnaire assessments to estimate shared genetic risk across different assessment methods in adolescents.MethodsIn this preregistered study embedded in the Adolescents Brain Cognitive Development cohort, we included unrelated European adolescents with both self-reported and Fitbit-measured sleep duration devices data (N = 2283) and data on moderate to vigorous physical activity (days/week, N = 2772). Adolescents had a mean age of 12-year-old (SD = 0.65), with roughly 48% female. The internalizing problem scores were derived from self-reports of the Brief Problem Monitor A genetic sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess genetic confounding by combining polygenic scores and molecular-based heritability estimates of internalizing problems.ResultsLonger sleep duration was associated with lower internalizing problems using both self-reported (-0.15-SD, 95% CI, -0.19 to -0.11-SD) and objective (-0.10-SD, 95% CI, -0.15 to -0.06-SD) assessments. More frequent moderate/vigorous physical activity was associated with lower internalizing problems using both self-reported (-0.09-SD 95% CI, -0.13 to -0.05-SD) and device-based (-0.06-SD, 95% CI, -0.09 to -0.01-SD) assessments. A higher internalizing polygenic score was associated with more internalizing problems and shorter self-reported sleep duration but not device-based assessed sleep duration. Substantial genetic confounding (81%) was found between self-reported sleep duration and internalizing problems, predominantly among boys. No clear evidence of genetic confounding was found in the association between device-based measured sleep duration and internalizing problems. Similarly, no genetic confounding was observed for measures of physical activity in relation to internalizing problems.ConclusionThe observed negative relationship between reported child sleep duration and internalizing problems may be partly due to genetic confounding, particularly among boys. This genetic influence likely captured some measurement error (i.e., shared method variance) in associations where exposure and outcome were assessed by self-reports. Observational studies relying on self-reports may overestimate the impact of adolescent sleep duration on internalizing problems, especially among boys. Questionnaire assessment of physical activity was less impacted.
Aeromedical Retrieval of Critically Ill Pulmonary Embolism Patients: A Protocol for a Retrospective Cohort Study of 10 Years in New South Wales
Authors: Vlok Ruan , Rassam Yousif , Partyka Christopher 
Published: November 2024

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary embolism is a common, time critical condition care requiring multidisciplinary care. Interhospital transport is a high-risk period in the patients’ care, but offers an opportunity for expedited risk stratification, resuscitation and transport to definitive care. Patients who require interhospital transfer to specialist centres for pulmonary embolism management have worse outcomes. Despite this, literature surrounding the medical retrieval practice and experience of pulmonary embolism is limited.MethodsA retrospective cohort study over a 10-year period from January 2014-September 2024 from the database of a high-volume aeromedical retrieval service in New South Wales, Australia will be performed. The study aims to describe the experience in this service in the care of critically ill pulmonary embolism patients requiring interhospital transport.
Evaluating the Etiology of Metallic Taste During Head and Neck Cancer Treatments: A Study of Facial and Glossopharyngeal Nerve Interactions
Authors: Buiret Guillaume , Hélène Brignot , Chantal Septier , Gilles Feron , Thierry Thomas-Danguin 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTMetallic Taste (MT) is frequently described during head and neck cancer treatments but very little is known about its etiologies. One hypothesis to explain the MT is the removal of facial nerve inhibition on the glossopharyngeal nerve. Indeed, the decrease of taste afferents mediated by the facial nerve (anterior two-thirds of the tongue) due to cancer or its treatments, would reveal those mediated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (posterior one-third of the tongue) and thus lead to MT perception. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of this hypothesis.Selective supraliminar taste tests on the tip and the base of the tongue were regularly performed on 44 patients with head and neck cancers before, during, and after their treatment. Sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and MT were tested. Patients were grouped based on whether they reported experiencing MT or not.12 patients complained about MT (27.2%), always during the treatment phase. Most of them (83.3%) were treated by surgery and radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy. Supraliminar tastes were altered in every patient, especially during the treatment phase. Test results showed that perceived intensity was significantly reduced in patients reporting MT for salt, sweet and sour. This was observed more on the base of tongue than on the tip of the tongue. MT was significantly linked with mucositis (p=0.027) but with neither candidiasis (p=0.38) nor salivary flow (p=0.63).The hypothesis of removal of facial nerve inhibition on the glossopharyngeal nerve cannot explain MT in head and neck cancer.
Etomidate as an Effective Alternative Method of Euthanizing Adult Zebrafish (Danio Rerio)
Authors: Schwartz K , Byrd K , Huss M , Jampachaisri K , Sharp P , Pacharinsak C 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWe assessed the efficacy of etomidate in euthanizing adult zebrafish. The aims of this study were to investigate: 1) the efficacy of 2 concentrations and 2) the effects at 2 densities. Aim 1-Fish (n=10 fish/group) were immersed in either 6 mg/L (Eto-6) or 10 mg/L (Eto-10) etomidate. Aim 2– either 5 or 10 fish were immersed in Eto-6. Tanks were video recorded and scored by two blinded observers. The parameters monitored included: 1) loss of righting reflex (LORR); 2) undulation cessation; 3) cessation of operculation (COO); and 4) loss of startle reflex. After the 30 minute immersion, fish were transferred to recovery tanks and monitored once every 5 minutes for 60 minutes. Results – Aim 1, the time to undulation cessation, COO, and loss of startle reflex was significantly shorter in the Eto-10 group and there was no difference in LORR. Aim 2, the time to LORR and undulation cessation was significantly shorter in the 5 fish/L group and there was no significant difference in time to COO or loss of startle reflex. No aversive behaviors were noted and fish in all groups were effectively euthanized by 30 minutes. This study indicates that Eto-6 or Eto-10 effectively euthanizes adult zebrafish.
The Cryo-EM structure of TRPC1 and TRPC5 heterotetramer
Authors: Chen Yixiang , Che Tong , Cheng Xinyu , Yang Xiaoqiang , Fu Ying , Zhang Wei , Lv Sijia , Yang Tingting , Peng Qi , Nan Weiwei , Wan Shuangyan , Hua Yaoguang , Li Juncheng , Wu Xiaoyun , Hu Han , Zhang Yuting , Liu Yinzhen , Yang Mingxing , Zeng Shuqi , Li Jian , Xiong Bing , Zhang Jin 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIon channel heteromers display distinct electrophysiological and ligand-binding properties, allowing precise modulation of cellular functions in specific tissues. Among the TRPC subtypes, the TRPC1/4/5 heteromers are the most abundant isoform in the human brain and represent a primary target for treating anxiety and depression. However, the structural organization of TRPC1/4/5 heteromers remain unclear, limiting the advancement of research on these channels. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of TRPC1/5 heterotatramer at a resolution of 2.84 Å. It consists of an asymmetric structure with three TRPC5 subunits and one TRPC1 subunit. Further structural and functional analysis revealed that the TRPC1 subunit contributes to an asymmetrical ion conduction pathway, a characteristic that differentiates it from TRPC5 homomers. The unique features of the TRPC1 pore loop and its interface interactions with TRPC5 were shown to play crucial roles in modulating the ion conduction properties and gating mechanisms of the heteromeric complex. In addition, we identified key residues within the gating regions that influence channel activation and ion permeability, elucidating the structural basis for the functional divergence between the TRPC1/C5 heterotetramer and TRPC5 homotetramer. Notably, TRPC5 residues were found to dominate gating mechanisms, underscoring the complex interplay between subunit composition and functional outcomes in TRPC channels. Our findings provide novel insights into the structural and functional dynamics of TRPC1/C5 heteromers, paving the way for targeted therapeutic strategies in TRPC5-related disorders.