bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Forest Structure Associated with Oak Decline in Severely Impacted Areas of Northern Arkansas
Authors: Heitzman Eric , Grell Adrian , Spetich Martin , Starkey Dale 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four mature northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.)–white oak (Quercus alba L.) stands in the Boston Mountains of northern Arkansas were studied to describe the vegetation dynamics of forests heavily impacted by oak decline. Northern red oak was the species most susceptible to decline. Across the four stands, 51–75% of red oak density (trees/ha) was dead or dying, as was 40–70% of the red oak basal area. Red oak damage occurred across a range of tree sizes. Healthy red oak had low populations of red oak borer (Enaphalodes rufulus Haldeman), and dead/dying red oak supported large numbers of borers. Impacts on white oak were less severe and generally limited to smaller trees. Decline had changed what once were red oak-dominated stands to more mixed forests of white oak, hickory (Carya spp.), red oak, blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L.). Understory trees and seedlings were predominantly blackgum, red maple, hickory, black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.), and sassafras (Sassafras albidum [Nutt.] Nees). However, well-developed red and white oak advance regeneration was present in all stands. It is unclear if the death of overstory trees will favor the regeneration of nonoaks, or whether oak regeneration will successfully recruit within canopy gaps created by this disturbance.
Opportunity Costs of Managing for Wildlife Habitat in the North Central Hills Region of Mississippi
Authors: Barlow Rebecca , Grado Stephen , Miller Darren , Grebner Donald 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nonmarketed forest outputs need to be quantitatively measured and valued to project monetary gains and losses associated with varying these outputs relative to timber production. Of particular importance to many landowners is the quantity and value of timber production forgone relative to the creation or maintenance of wildlife habitat. We used scenario planning and a geographic information system to estimate potential monetary gains or losses for the North Central Hills region in Mississippi by manipulating timber growing stock to produce more or less habitat for northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and eastern wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris). As expected, timber management–only scenarios, which maximized net present value (NPV), produced higher equivalent annual income values per hectare and allocated fewer habitat hectares for all wildlife species versus managing for wildlife habitat quality. Inclusion of fee hunting reduced cost differences between NPV only and improved wildlife habitat management scenarios. Simulations comparing management regimes maximizing NPV and optimizing wildlife habitat resulted in quantitative measures, which will be useful for land managers evaluating tradeoffs inherent in multiple-use management.
Assessment of Compliance of Forestry Best Management Practices in West Virginia
Authors: Wang Jingxin , McNeel Joseph , Goff William , Milauskas Steve 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The compliance of forestry best management practices (BMP) was assessed based on 116 randomly selected sites harvested between November 2003 and March 2004 in West Virginia. Landowners were contacted to gain permission for site visits according to the random list. The landowners also were interviewed to identify their knowledge and satisfaction about the harvest and BMP. Four checklists were used to assess 29 BMPs on haul roads, skid trails, landings, and in streamside management zones (SMZ). A general increasing trend in BMP compliance was noted in this statewide BMP assessment with an overall BMP compliance of 74%. Results also indicated that the BMP compliances averaged 81% on haul roads, 68% on skid trails, 80% on landings, and 55% in SMZs.
Chipping Whole Trees for Fuel Chips: A Production Study
Authors: Mitchell Dana , Gallagher Tom 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A time and motion study was conducted to determine the productivity and cost of an in-woods chipping operation when processing whole small-diameter trees for biomass. The study removed biomass from two overstocked stands and compared the cost of this treatment to existing alternatives. The treatment stands consisted of a 30-year-old longleaf pine stand and a 37-year-old loblolly pine stand. In the longleaf pine stand, 71% of the trees removed were less than 5 in. dbh. In the loblolly pine stand, approximately 81% of the stems removed were less than 5 in. dbh. The harvesting system consisted of conventional ground-based harvesting equipment and a three-knife chipper that processed the biomass into fuel chips. The average production time to fill a chip van was 24.61 minutes. The chip moisture content averaged 94.11% (dry basis). Using machine rates and federal labor wage rates, the in-woods cost of producing fuel chips was $9.18/green ton (gt). The cost of the biomass chipping operation ($15.18/gt), including transportation, compared favorably to existing alternative treatments of cut-and-pile or mulching.
2001 Economic Impacts of the Forest Products Industry in the South
Authors: Tilley Bart , Munn Ian A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The economic impacts of the forest products industry in the South on state and regional economies were estimated using the Impact Analysis for Planning (IMPLAN) System, an input–output model. Economic impacts were characterized by the (1) direct effects of these industries through their own output, employment, value added, and total and personal income and (2) associated economic multipliers that illustrate the magnitude of the ripple effect direct effects have on the rest of the economy. Direct effects and social accounting matrix multipliers for 2001 are presented by sector (i.e., lumber and wood products, paper and allied products, and wood furniture) for the 13 southern states individually and the region as a whole.
Changes in Georgia's Logging Workforce, 1987–2007
Authors: Baker Shawn A. , Greene W. Dale 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We have conducted a survey of Georgia's logging contractors every 5 years for a period of 20 years (1987–2007). These data provide a useful measure to assess changes in the contractor workforce over this time period. The average weekly production of logging firms has increased 83% since 1987. A moderate increase (approximately 15%) in representation of fully mechanized logging crews has been followed by increased investments in crews of this type but declining marginal returns on investment. Average production per man-hour worked has increased over 50%. No distinct changes in landownership patterns or average harvest acreages were noted. Implementation of best management practices increased steadily through the years and is now over 95%. Lost time accidents have decreased 90%.Financial concerns and finding suitable employees continue to be among the key problems listed by respondents. Increases in average owner age and a distinct shift in the distribution of ages throughout the population of firm owners are issues of concern for the future.
Characterization of Fuel before and after a Single Prescribed Fire in an Appalachian Hardwood Forest
Authors: Loucks Elizabeth , Arthur Mary A. , Lyons Jessi E. , Loftis David L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Improved understanding of how fuel loads and prescribed fire interact in Appalachian hardwood forests can help managers evaluate the impacts of increased use of prescribed fire in the region. The objective of this study was to characterize fuel loads before and after a single late-winter/early spring prescribed fire and after autumn leaf fall. A repeated measures split-plot design was used to examine dead and down fuels by treatment, sampling time, and landscape position. Preburn mean fuel mass was 40.5 Mg/ha with the duff (Oea) comprising the largest component (19.5 Mg/ha; 48%), followed by large (more than 7.6 cm in diameter) downed logs (9.6 Mg/ha; 24%). Fuel mass was similar across landscape positions; however, duff depth was greater on subxeric compared with intermediate and submesic landscape positions. Burning reduced litter mass (Oi; P < 0.001)and duff depth (P = 0.01). Changes in woody fuels (1-, 10-, 100-, and 1,000-hour) and duff mass were not statistically significant. Post–leaf fall fuel masses did not differ from preburn masses. Thus, a single prescribed burn did not accomplish significant fuel reduction. However, significant declines in duff depth and fuel bed continuity may limit the spread of fire beyond leaf fall and increase potential for soil erosion. This study contributes to the dialogue regarding the use of fire in the Appalachian forest region and impacts on fuel loads.
Applying Spatial Analysis Techniques to Assess Tennessee Urban Forests
Authors: Bridges Christopher A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Although the social, economic, and ecological benefits of urban forests have been well-documented, fewer efforts have been made to conduct landscape level assessments of urban forest canopy. This technical note describes how spatial analysis techniques were used to evaluate urban forest canopy cover in 133 municipal urban areas across Tennessee. Municipalities were compared based on participation in the Tree City USA program. Although urban forests vary greatly, results indicated that cities participating in this community forestry initiative exhibit higher levels of urban forest canopy cover. The integration of geographic information systems and remote sensing data presents new opportunities for community foresters to efficiently and effectively monitor urban ecosystems and formulate appropriate policy responses that can help to ensure forest sustainability across the urban–rural interface.
Predicting Diameter Distributions for Young Longleaf Pine Plantations in Southwest Georgia
Authors: Jiang Lichun , Brooks John R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Parameter prediction equations for the Weibull distribution function were developed based on four percentile functions and a parameter recovery method for longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) in Southwest Georgia. Four percentiles were expressed as functions of stand-level characteristics based on stepwise regression and seemingly unrelated regression. Using a percentile-based parameter recovery method (PCT), estimated diameter distributions were obtained from available stand-level variables. The PCT method was also compared with a cumulative distribution function (CDF) regression method. The PCT method produced consistently better goodness-of-fit statistics than the CDF method. The results indicate that diameter distribution in longleaf pine stands can be successfully characterized with the Weibull function.
Occurrence of Carpenter Ants in Ozark Forests in Relation to Prescribed Fire and Stand Variables
Authors: Verble Robin M. , Stephen Fred M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fire is a natural abiotic disturbance agent that is important in determining the vegetation patterns observed in many hardwood forests. Although natural fire was suppressed through much of the 20th century, in the late 20th century, fire was reintroduced into many ecosystems in the form of prescribed burning. The effects of fire on insect populations are not well understood. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of prescribed fire, tree species, and tree size on black carpenter ant abundance and distribution. The effects of prescribed fire, tree species group, and tree dbh on black carpenter occurrence were studied using a presence–absence baited test on 3,556 trees in the oak–hickory forests of the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas. Trees were distributed over unburned areas and areas burned in the dormant seasons of 2005, 2006, and 2007. Black carpenter ants occurred most frequently at baits on large red oaks and least frequently at baits on small hickories, suggesting that they preferentially forage on certain tree species and sizes. Occurrence of black carpenter ants varied by fire treatment. Habitat alterations are likely to be a cause of ant occurrence patterns in oak–hickory forests, but additional studies are necessary to understand the mechanism behind this trend.
Predicting the Probability of Landowner Participation in Conservation Assistance Programs: A Case Study of the Northern Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee
Authors: Kaetzel Brandon R. , Hodges Donald G. , Houston David , Fly J. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Financial incentive programs offer one means of encouraging landowners to manage forests in the face of increasing development pressures. Using data collected in a 2005 survey by the University of Tennessee's Human Dimensions Lab of 1,462 woodland landowners on the Tennessee Northern Cumberland Plateau (Cumberland, Fentress, Morgan, and Scott counties), models were developed to predict landowner enrollment in such programs. The probability of landowner enrollment was calculated using logistic regression. Results reveal that a significant positive relationship exists between amount of land owned and conservation aid program enrollment. Also, there is a positive relationship between receiving information from government agencies or foresters and conservation aid program enrollment. Increasing enrollment in conservation aid programs will depend on targeting landowners with information from government agencies and providing opportunities to talk to a forester. More research on landowner demographics is necessary to create models that more accurately predict probability of landowner enrollment in conservation aid programs.
A New Whole-Stand Model for Unmanaged Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations in East Texas
Authors: Coble Dean W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A new compatible whole-stand growth-and-yield model to predict total tree cubic-foot volume per acre yield (outside and inside bark) was developed for unmanaged loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) plantations in East Texas. This model was compared with the noncompatible whole-stand model of Lenhart (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15-2127">Lenhart, 1996</xref>, Total and partial stand-level yield prediction for loblolly and slash pine plantations in east Texas, South. J. Appl. For. 20(1):36–41) and the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15-2127">Lenhart (1996)</xref> model refit to current data. For the two species, all three models were evaluated with independent observed data. The model developed in this study outperformed both Lenhart models in prediction of future yield and basal area per acre for all age classes combined and by 5-year age classes. The Lenhart models consistently overestimated yield and basal area per acre. All three models predicted surviving trees per acre similarly. An example is also provided to show users how to use the new whole-stand model.
Assessment of Stream Management Zones and Road Beautifying Buffers in Georgia Based on Remote Sensing and Various Ground Inventory Data
Authors: Lowe Roger C. , Cieszewski Chris J. , Liu Shangbin , Meng Qingmin , Siry Jacek P. , Zasada Michał , Zawadzki Jaroslaw 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stream management zones (SMZs) and road beautifying buffers (RBBs) are voluntary in Georgia and have an unknown extent and impact on the state's forest production. We describe analyses of these buffers, including an estimation of their potential areas and volumes, and their distributions in different forest cover types under an assumption of their full implementation. We base this analysis on Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus imagery and various sources of ancillary data, such as those from the Georgia Gap Analysis Program, the Forest Inventory and Analysis large-scale forest survey, and various industrial forest ground inventories. We considered stream data classified into trout, perennial, and intermittent streams, which we combined with elevation and slope information to assess buffer widths consistent with Georgia's Best Management Practices rules. Our results indicate that minimum width 12.2-m SMZ buffers would occupy about 4.01% of the total forested area in Georgia and would cover about 4.32% of the state's volume. The area of the wider, 30.5-m SMZ buffers would cover about 8.65% of the total forested area in Georgia and would cover about 9.27% of the state's total volume. The minimum-width 12.2-m RBBs would occupy about 3.64% of the total forested area in Georgia and would cover about 3.52% of the state's volume. The area of the wider, 30.5-m RBBs would occupy almost 8.68% of the total forested area in Georgia and would cover about 8.40% of the state's total volume.
Biomass Equations for Hardwood Resprouts in Fire-Maintained Pinelands in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Robertson Kevin M. , Ostertag Thomas E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The ability to estimate plant biomass is important for a wide range of ecological and land-management applications. Species-specific allometric equations for estimating plant biomass still have not been established for hardwood seedling and sapling resprouts in southeastern US Coastal Plain upland pine forests managed with frequent fire. We developed equations to estimate leaf, woody, and total biomass from stem diameter at the base for plants with diameters ranging from 0.1 to 3.3 cm for 14 species of hardwoods commonly found in this forest type. Between 21 and 53 plants per species were measured, collected, and weighed to calculate best-fit regression equations. Fitness indices for equations predicting total biomass ranged from 0.80 to 0.96 among species and was 0.83 for all species combined. Equations were generally very similar among species. Equations were most similar among species that are relatively fire tolerant and typically occupy relatively xeric sites, which had lower levels of leaf and woody biomass per stem diameter at higher diameters. These equations provide reliable estimates of understory hardwood stem biomass for common species in Coastal Plain upland pine forests managed with prescribed burning.
A Height–Diameter Curve for Longleaf Pine Plantations in the Gulf Coastal Plain
Authors: Leduc Daniel , Goelz Jeffery 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tree height is a critical component of a complete growth-and-yield model because it is one of the primary components used in volume calculation. To develop an equation to predict total height from dbh for longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) plantations in the West Gulf region, many different sigmoidal curve forms, weighting functions, and ways of expressing height and diameter were explored. Most of the functional forms tried produced very similar results, but ultimately the form developed by Levakovic was chosen as best. Another useful result was that scaling diameters by the quadratic mean diameter on a plot and height by the average height of dominant and codominant trees in the target stand resulted in dramatically better fits than using these variables in their raw forms.
Characterization of Foliar Macro- and Micronutrient Concentrations and Ratios in Loblolly Pine Plantations in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Albaugh Janine M. , Blevins Leandra , Allen H. Lee , Albaugh Timothy J. , Fox Thomas R. , Stape José L. , Rubilar Rafael A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Foliar nutrient concentration data collected from pretreatment foliage samples in regional trials extending across the southeastern United States provided a large data set useful for characterizing baseline loblolly pine nutrition for the native range of this species. The range and distribution of the foliar nutrient concentrations and their ratios to nitrogen (N) were characterized using descriptive statistics and frequency distributions. Data were collected from a total of 2,663 measurement plots from 110 studies. Manganese (Mn) was the most variable element (coefficient of variation [CV] = 52%), and N exhibited the least variability (CV = 11%). Nitrogen, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), copper (Cu), and the ratios P:N, K:N, calcium (Ca):N, Mg:N, S:N, and zinc (Zn):N were normally distributed. Calcium, Mn, Zn, boron (B), and the ratios Mn:N, B:N, and Cu:N were significantly non-normal, with positively skewed distributions. Baseline N, P, and S concentrations and the P:N and S:N ratios were considered potentially limiting to growth, as only the upper quartile of studies achieved the currently accepted adequate values for loblolly pine. Boron could be interpreted as being in sufficient supply or potentially limiting to growth, depending on the adequate value used for comparison. The remaining elements and their ratios to N were within the range of sufficiency reported for other conifers. Target concentrations for S and B and their ratios to N require further investigation, as the recommended values for loblolly pine may be too high.
Urbanization Effects on Timberland by Ownership Class: A Modified Multinomial Logit Analysis
Authors: Nagubadi Rao V. , Zhang Daowei 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this study, a modified multinomial logit approach is used to examine the determinants of timberland by ownership class using county level data in Georgia from 1972 to 2000. We model timberland use by private industry ownership and nonindustrial private forestland ownership, in addition to agriculture, urban uses, and other land uses. Urbanization and other socioeconomic variables have different levels of influence on timberland ownership classes, private forest industry, and nonindustrial private forestland owners. The findings may have implications for land use modeling and projections.
Stand-Level Growth and Yield Component Models for Red Oak–Sweetgum Forests on Mid-South Minor Stream Bottoms
Authors: Schultz Emily B. , Iles J. Clint , Matney Thomas G. , Ezell Andrew W. , Meadows James S. , Leininger Ted D. , Booth W. Cade , Jeffreys J. Paul 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Greater emphasis is being placed on Southern bottomland hardwood management, but relatively few growth and yield prediction systems exist that are based on sufficient measurements. We present the aggregate stand-level expected yield and structural component equations for a red oak (Quercus sectionLobatae)-sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) growth and yield model. Measurements from 638 stand-level observations on 258 distinct permanent growth and yield plots collected in 1981, 1988, 1994, and 2006 in minor stream bottoms in Mississippi and Alabama provided data for model development. Equations for average height of dominant and codominant red oaks, trees/ac, arithmetic mean diameter, quadratic mean diameter, and volume were selected on the basis of significance of independent variables, coefficient of determination, index of fit, and biological validity assessment. These models produce expected average yields for combined species or species groups in naturally developing stands and provide an average baseline for individuals managing their lands for the red oak–sweetgum complex. Models will be integrated with log grade volume and diameter distribution models that are in concurrent development to produce a growth and yield system capable of comparing management alternatives on a financial basis.