**원인 없는 작용만 하는 마음**Bhikkhu Bodhi & Allan R. Bomhard (2007). A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma. Charleston Buddhist Fellowship. p.36.
Mehm Tin Mon (2015). The Essence of Buddha Abhidhamma. Third edition. Mehm Tay Zar Mon, Mya Mon Yadanar Literature. p.39.
Bhikkhu Bodhi & Allan R. Bomhard (2007). A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma. Charleston Buddhist Fellowship. p.36.





16. Five-sense-door adverting consciousness accompanied by equanimity; as is
17. Mind-door adverting consciousness;
18. Smile-producing consciousness accompanied by joy.
These three are the rootless functional types of consciousness.
Bhikkhu Bodhi & Allan R. Bomhard (2007). A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma. Charleston Buddhist Fellowship. pp.36~37.
Guide to §10
 The remaining three
types of consciousness among the ahetuka are not karmic results. They belong to the
category called “,” rendered here as “functional” to indicate that they perform tasks
that do not have any karmic potency. Such types of consciousness are neither the cause
of . Within this category, three types of consciousness are
rootless ( 

단지 작용만 하는 마음에는 원인 없는, 즉 뿌리가 없는, 즉 3불선근도 3선근도 없는 마음도 있고, 원인 있는 즉 뿌리가 있는 즉 3선근이 있는 마음도 있는데 이 3가지의 마음은 전자의 "원인 없는" 마음에 해당한다. 

기본적으로, 뿌리(3선근과 3불선근)가 없는 것은 업(선업과 악업)을 쌓는 원인이 되지 않고 반대로 뿌리가 있는 것은 업을 쌓는 원인이 된다. 그런데 뿌리가 있으면서 업을 쌓지 않는 것이 있는데 그것은 붓다나 아라한이 선한 행위를 할 때 함께하는 마음이다. 붓다나 아라한의 선한 행위는 거기에 3선근이 있지만 후유를 낳을 어떠한 단서 즉 어떠한 갈애도 없기 때문에 그 행위가 끝나면 업을 쌓지 않고 바로 소멸한다.Bhikkhu Bodhi & Allan R. Bomhard (2007). A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma. Charleston Buddhist Fellowship. p.43.

Whereas the eight wholesome sense-sphere cittas arise in worldlings
(), they do not arise in Buddhas and Arahants, who have
transcended the cycle of  and future becoming in the realms of rebirth. However,
in Buddhas and Arahants, there arise eight types of consciousness that are their exact
counterparts. These are called “,” because they
merely perform their functions without leaving any karmic deposit. Because a Buddha or
an Arahant has eradicated all traces of ignorance (), the causes
of rebirth, there is no way his good actions could generate future results. They merely
arise, accomplish some function, and then fall away without residue.
, “functional consciousness” or “karmically inoperative consciousness,” is the name
for such states of consciousness that are neither karmically wholesome (), nor unwholesome
(. Thus are also called
all those worldly mental states in the Arahant that are accompanied by two or three noble roots , being karmically neutral in an Arahant and corresponding to the karmically
wholesome states of a non-Arahant, as well as the rootless joy-producing () mindconsciousness-
element of an Arahant; further, that mind-element () that performs the function
of adverting () that
performs the function of deciding () and adverting to the mental object. The last-named two
elements, of course, occur in all beings.
), it belongs to the group of “karmically
neutral consciousness” ( (fourth revised edition [1980]), pp. 103—104.
Mehm Tin Mon (2015). The Essence of Buddha Abhidhamma. Third edition. Mehm Tay Zar Mon, Mya Mon Yadanar Literature. p.41.
)
and noble persons with the exception of  perform meritorious
deeds such as  (meditation).

of past lives. They function as  (rebirth consciousness),
 (death
consciousness) in human beings and devas in their present lives.
 arise in arahants when they perform meritorious
deeds.  have no attachment to anything. They expect no
rewards from their wholesome deeds. So their  are just
functional and will not bear any  붓다나 아라한의 선하지도 불선하지도 않는 행위는 그 자체가 무기이므로 업을 쌓지 않는다. 붓다나 아라한이 불선한 행위를 하는 경우는 없다. 이런 이유로, 작용만 하는 마음 중에는 3불선근이라는 원인이 있는 마음은 없다. 

원인 없는 작용만 하는 마음은 다음의 분류 또는 체계에 속한다.

## 오문전향의 마음과 의문전향의 마음
상좌부의 아비담마에 따르면 오문전향(五門轉向)의 마음과 의문전향(意門轉向)의 마음은 인식과정에서 필요한 작용만 하는 마음이다. 이 두 마음의 명칭은 '전향' 이후의 마음의 흐름을 대상으로 향하게 하는 작용을 하는 것에 초점을 맞추어 붙여진 것이다. 오문전향의 마음은 의근 즉 '18계 중 의계'에 속한 유형의 마음이고, 의문전향의 마음은 의식 즉 제6의식 즉 '18계 중 의식계'에 속한 유형의 마음이다. 의근과 의식은 7심계에 속한다.

감각적 대상, 즉, 6경 중 색경(색깔모양)성경(소리)향경(냄새)미경(맛)촉경(감촉)의 5경에 속한 대상인 경우 인식과정에서 오문전향의 마음과 의문전향의 마음이 둘 다 작용한다. 감각적 대상이 5근 앞에 나타났을 때 오문전향의 마음이 일어나서 이후의 마음의 흐름을 그 감각적 대상으로 향하게 한다. 예를 들어, 시각적 대상(색경)이 눈(안근) 앞에 나타나면 오문전향의 마음이 일어나서 다음 찰나에 발생할 안식을 그 대상으로 향하게 한다. 그리고 이 경우, 즉, 인식대상이 감각적 대상인 경우, 인식과정의 이후 단계들 중 하나에서 발생하는 의문전향의 마음은 '의문전향의 마음'이라 불리지 않고 '결정하는 마음'이라는 다른 이름으로 불린다. 즉, 이 인식과정의 이 단계에서 작용하는 의식 즉 제6의식이 대상에 대해 전향의 작용을 하는 것이 아니라 대체적인 판단을 내리는 작용을 하기에 의문전향의 마음이라 부르지 않고 결정하는 마음이라 부른다.Bhikkhu Bodhi & Allan R. Bomhard (2007). A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma. Charleston Buddhist Fellowship. p.37~38.
 When an
external sense object impinges on one of the five physical sense organs, before the
appropriate sense consciousness can arise — for example, eye-consciousness seeing a
form —, another consciousness must have arisen first. This consciousness is the fivesense-
door adverting consciousness (), which has the function of
adverting ( to whatever object is presenting itself at one of the five sense doors
(). This consciousness does not see, hear, smell, taste, or touch the object. It
simply turns to the object, thereby enabling the sense consciousness to arise in immediate
succession.
 This is the turning of the mind towards an object. Āvajjana forms the first stage in the process of
consciousness. When an object of the five physical senses is involved, it is called “five-sense-door
adverting consciousness” (); in the case of a mental object, “mind-door adverting
consciousness” ( (fourth revised edition [1980]), pp. 30—31.
 A single unit of sense perception , being conditioned through a sense
organ and its corresponding object, forms in reality an extremely complex process, in which all the single
phases of consciousness follow one another in rapid succession, performing their respective functions, for
example:
“As soon as a visible object has entered the range of vision, it acts on the sensitive eye-organ
() takes
place.
“As soon, however, as subconsciousness is broken off, the functional mind element, grasping the
object and breaking through the subconscious stream, performs the function of ‘adverting’ () the
mind towards the object.
“Immediately thereupon, there arises at the eye-door, and based upon the sensitive eye-organ, the
eye-consciousness, while performing the function of ‘seeing’ ()…
“Immediately thereafter, there arises the mind-element, performing the function of ‘receiving’
() the object of that consciousness…
“Immediately thereafter, there arises…the mind-consciousness element, while ‘investigating’
() the object received by the mind-element…
“Immediately thereafter, there arises the functional, rootless mind-consciousness-element,
accompanied by indifference, while performing the function of ‘determining’ () the object…
“Now, if the object is large, then immediately afterwards there flash forth six or seven ‘impulsive
moments’ () or twelve unwholesome
() classes of consciousness.
“Now, if, at the end of the impulsive moments, the object at the five-sense doors is very large and
at the mind-door clear, then there arises, once or twice, one of the eight root-accompanied -resultant
classes of consciousness of the sense-sphere, or one of the three rootless -resultant mindconsciousness-
elements… Because this consciousness, after the vanishing of the impulsive moments,
possesses the faculty continuing with the object of the subconsciousness, taking the object of the
subconsciousness as its own object, thereby, it is called ‘registering’ .” 
), or
of “determining” (); if very weak, only an excitation of the subconsciousness takes place.

The process of the inner, or mind, consciousness, that is, without participation of the five physical
senses, is as follows: in the case that the mind-object entering the mind-door is distinct, then it passes
through the stages of “adverting at the mind-door” (), “the impulsive stage,” and “the
registering stage,” before finally sinking into the subconscious stream. Cf, Nyanatiloka,  (fourth revised edition [1980]), pp. 227—228.
Mehm Tin Mon (2015). The Essence of Buddha Abhidhamma. Third edition. Mehm Tay Zar Mon, Mya Mon Yadanar Literature. pp.37~38.

 are given the following symbols and
names.

1 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ cakkhuviññāṇaṁ
eye-consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
2 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ sotaviññāṇaṁ
ear-consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
3 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ ghānaviññāṇaṁ
nose-consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
4 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ jivhāviññāṇaṁ
tongue-consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
5 Dukkha-sahagataṁ kāyaviññāṇaṁ
body-consciousness accompanied by painful feeling.
6 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ sampaṭicchana-cittaṁ
receiving consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
7 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ santīraṇa-cittaṁ
investigating-consciousness accompanied by indifference.

Of the seven cittas mentioned above, the first five are known as
 that are conscious of the five senses.
The last two, i.e., , represent
two connecting stages in the process of cognition (awareness of
an object).
For example, when a visible object appears in the eye, a series of
consciousness has to arise and perish in order to see the object. First
 (five-door directing consciousness) directs the consciousness
stream towards the object. Then  (eye consciousness)
sees the object and transmits it to the next consciousness.
 (receiving consciousness) receives the sense
object. Then  (investigating consciousness) investigates the
sense object. Then  (mind-door directing consciousness)
determines the sense object whether it is good or bad. We are
aware of the sense object roughly at this stage.
Similarly, when an audible voice strikes the eardrum, a series of
consciousness, i.e., ,
, etc., has to arise and perish before we
can hear the voice.
 are essential for cognition
of the senses at the five sense-doors .

정신적 대상, 즉, 6경 중 법경(존재현상)에 속한 대상인 경우 인식과정에서 오문전향의 마음은 작용하지 않고 의문전향의 마음만 작용한다. 즉, 정신적 대상이 의근 앞에 나타났을 때 의문전향의 마음(제6의식)이 일어나서 이후의 마음의 흐름을 그 정신적 대상으로 향하게 한다.

## 인식과정
오문전향의 마음과 의문전향의 마음은 새로운 선업(유익한 업)이나 불선업(해로운 업)을 만들지 않고 인식과정에서 작용만 하는 마음이다.

감각적 대상의 인식과정, 즉, 전5식의 대상 즉 색경성경미경향경촉경이 해당하는 근 즉 안근이근비근설근신근 앞에 나타날 때의 인식과정 중 초기 6단계는 아비담마에 따르면 다음과 같다. 초기 6단계를 통해 그 감각적 대상을 대략적으로 인식하며, 그 감각적 대상을 세부적으로 명확히 인식하기까지에는 이후 여러 단계가 더 진행된다.Bhikkhu Bodhi & Allan R. Bomhard (2007). A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma. Charleston Buddhist Fellowship. p.37~38.
 When an
external sense object impinges on one of the five physical sense organs, before the
appropriate sense consciousness can arise — for example, eye-consciousness seeing a
form —, another consciousness must have arisen first. This consciousness is the fivesense-
door adverting consciousness (), which has the function of
adverting ( to whatever object is presenting itself at one of the five sense doors
(). This consciousness does not see, hear, smell, taste, or touch the object. It
simply turns to the object, thereby enabling the sense consciousness to arise in immediate
succession.
 This is the turning of the mind towards an object. Āvajjana forms the first stage in the process of
consciousness. When an object of the five physical senses is involved, it is called “five-sense-door
adverting consciousness” (); in the case of a mental object, “mind-door adverting
consciousness” ( (fourth revised edition [1980]), pp. 30—31.
 A single unit of sense perception , being conditioned through a sense
organ and its corresponding object, forms in reality an extremely complex process, in which all the single
phases of consciousness follow one another in rapid succession, performing their respective functions, for
example:
“As soon as a visible object has entered the range of vision, it acts on the sensitive eye-organ
() takes
place.
“As soon, however, as subconsciousness is broken off, the functional mind element, grasping the
object and breaking through the subconscious stream, performs the function of ‘adverting’ () the
mind towards the object.
“Immediately thereupon, there arises at the eye-door, and based upon the sensitive eye-organ, the
eye-consciousness, while performing the function of ‘seeing’ ()…
“Immediately thereafter, there arises the mind-element, performing the function of ‘receiving’
() the object of that consciousness…
“Immediately thereafter, there arises…the mind-consciousness element, while ‘investigating’
() the object received by the mind-element…
“Immediately thereafter, there arises the functional, rootless mind-consciousness-element,
accompanied by indifference, while performing the function of ‘determining’ () the object…
“Now, if the object is large, then immediately afterwards there flash forth six or seven ‘impulsive
moments’ () or twelve unwholesome
() classes of consciousness.
“Now, if, at the end of the impulsive moments, the object at the five-sense doors is very large and
at the mind-door clear, then there arises, once or twice, one of the eight root-accompanied -resultant
classes of consciousness of the sense-sphere, or one of the three rootless -resultant mindconsciousness-
elements… Because this consciousness, after the vanishing of the impulsive moments,
possesses the faculty continuing with the object of the subconsciousness, taking the object of the
subconsciousness as its own object, thereby, it is called ‘registering’ .” 
), or
of “determining” (); if very weak, only an excitation of the subconsciousness takes place.

The process of the inner, or mind, consciousness, that is, without participation of the five physical
senses, is as follows: in the case that the mind-object entering the mind-door is distinct, then it passes
through the stages of “adverting at the mind-door” (), “the impulsive stage,” and “the
registering stage,” before finally sinking into the subconscious stream. Cf, Nyanatiloka,  (fourth revised edition [1980]), pp. 227—228.
Mehm Tin Mon (2015). The Essence of Buddha Abhidhamma. Third edition. Mehm Tay Zar Mon, Mya Mon Yadanar Literature. pp.37~38.

 are given the following symbols and
names.

1 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ cakkhuviññāṇaṁ
eye-consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
2 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ sotaviññāṇaṁ
ear-consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
3 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ ghānaviññāṇaṁ
nose-consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
4 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ jivhāviññāṇaṁ
tongue-consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
5 Dukkha-sahagataṁ kāyaviññāṇaṁ
body-consciousness accompanied by painful feeling.
6 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ sampaṭicchana-cittaṁ
receiving consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
7 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ santīraṇa-cittaṁ
investigating-consciousness accompanied by indifference.

Of the seven cittas mentioned above, the first five are known as
 that are conscious of the five senses.
The last two, i.e., , represent
two connecting stages in the process of cognition (awareness of
an object).
For example, when a visible object appears in the eye, a series of
consciousness has to arise and perish in order to see the object. First
 (five-door directing consciousness) directs the consciousness
stream towards the object. Then  (eye consciousness)
sees the object and transmits it to the next consciousness.
 (receiving consciousness) receives the sense
object. Then  (investigating consciousness) investigates the
sense object. Then  (mind-door directing consciousness)
determines the sense object whether it is good or bad. We are
aware of the sense object roughly at this stage.
Similarly, when an audible voice strikes the eardrum, a series of
consciousness, i.e., ,
, etc., has to arise and perish before we
can hear the voice.
 are essential for cognition
of the senses at the five sense-doors .

정신적 대상의 인식과정, 즉, 정신적 대상이 의근 즉 '18계 중 의계' 앞에 나타날 때의 초기 2단계는 다음과 같다. 이후 그 정신적 대상을 세부적으로 명확히 인식하기까지에는 여러 단계가 더 진행된다.

## 미소 짓는 마음
미소 짓는 마음은 욕계에 존재하는 붓다나 아라한에게서만 일어나는 것으로, 그들이 증득한 깨달음으로 인해 깨달음 이전에는 고(苦)와 집(集)이였던 욕계의 사물에 의해 더 이상 휘둘리지 않는 상태에 도달함에 따라 욕계의 대상에 대해 즐거운 정신적 느낌[喜受]과 더불어 미소 짓는 마음이다.Bhikkhu Bodhi & Allan R. Bomhard (2007). A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma. Charleston Buddhist Fellowship. p.38.
 This is a citta peculiar to
Arahants, including Buddhas and Pacceka Buddhas, who are also types of Arahants. Its
function is to cause Arahants to smile about sense-sphere phenomena. According to the
Abhidhamma, Arahants may smile with one of five cittas — the four beautiful sensesphere
functional  (참고: 염화미소)

## 평온과 기쁨
불교에 따르면, 모든 마음은 반드시 느낌과 함께한다. 

오문전향의 마음은 감각적 대상이 나타났을 때만 일어나는 마음으로, 감각적 대상에 대해 전향의 작용만 하는 마음이기에 평온 즉 불고불락수(괴롭지도 즐겁지도 않은 느낌)와 함께한다.

의문전향의 마음은 감각적 대상의 경우, 판단하는 작용을 하는 마음인데 이 때의 판단이란 대상이 괴로운 것인지, 즐거운 것인지 또는 괴롭지도 즐겁지도 아닌지에 대한 판단이 내려지는 것을 말한다. '판단을 한다'는 것은 이제야 판단한다는 것이므로, 즉, 아직 판단이 내려지기 이전의 상태이므로 평온 즉 불고불락수와 함께한다. 정신적 대상의 경우, 의문전향의 마음은 전향의 작용만 하는 마음이기에 평온 즉 불고불락수(괴롭지도 즐겁지도 않은 느낌)와 함께한다.

미소 짓는 마음은 깨달음을 증득한 붓다나 아라한이 이제는 욕계의 대상을 정신적 괴로움 즉 우수가 아닌 정신적 즐거움과 더불어 미소 짓는 것이므로 정신적 즐거운 느낌 즉 기쁨 즉 희수와 함께한다.