This module provides a number of basic mathematical operations.

]]

local yesno, getArgs -- lazily initialized

local p = {} -- Holds functions to be returned from #invoke, and functions to make available to other Lua modules.
local wrap = {} -- Holds wrapper functions that process arguments from #invoke. These act as intemediary between functions meant for #invoke and functions meant for Lua.

--
Helper functions used to avoid redundant code.

local function err(msg)
	-- Generates wikitext error messages.
	return mw.ustring.format
end

local function unpackNumberArgs(args)
	-- Returns an unpacked list of arguments specified with numerical keys.
	local ret = {}
	for k, v in pairs(args) do
		if type(k) == 'number' then
			table.insert
		end
	end
	return unpack(ret)
end

local function makeArgArray(...)
	-- Makes an array of arguments from a list of arguments that might include nils.
	local args = {...} -- Table of arguments. It might contain nils or non-number values, so we can't use ipairs.
	local nums = {} -- Stores the numbers of valid numerical arguments.
	local ret = {}
	for k, v in pairs(args) do
		v = p._cleanNumber(v)
		if v then
			nums[#nums + 1] = k
			args[k] = v
		end
	end
	table.sort(nums)
	for i, num in ipairs(nums) do
		ret[#ret + 1] = args[num]
	end
	return ret
end

local function fold
	-- Use a function on all supplied arguments, and return the result. The function must accept two numbers as parameters,
	-- and must return a number as an output. This number is then supplied as input to the next function call.
	local vals = makeArgArray(...)
	local count = #vals -- The number of valid arguments
	if count == 0 then return
		-- Exit if we have no valid args, otherwise removing the first arg would cause an error.
		nil, 0
	end
	local ret = table.remove
	for _, val in ipairs(vals) do
		ret = func
	end
	return ret, count
end

--
Fold arguments by selectively choosing values (func should return when to choose the current "dominant" value).

local function binary_fold
	local value = fold((function if func then return a else return b end end), ...)
	return value
end

--
random

Generate a random number

Usage:

function wrap.random(args)
	local first = p._cleanNumber(args[1])
	local second = p._cleanNumber(args[2])
	return p._random
end

function p._random
	math.randomseed(mw.site.stats.edits + mw.site.stats.pages + os.time + math.floor(os.clock * 1000000000))
	-- math.random will throw an error if given an explicit nil parameter, so we need to use if statements to check the params.
	if first and second then
		if first <= second then -- math.random doesn't allow the first number to be greater than the second.
			return math.random
		end
	elseif first then
		return math.random(first)
	else
		return math.random
	end
end

--
order

Determine order of magnitude of a number

Usage:

function wrap.order(args)
	local input_string = (args[1] or args.x or '0');
	local input_number = p._cleanNumber(input_string);
	if input_number == nil then
		return err('order of magnitude input appears non-numeric')
	else
		return p._order(input_number)
	end
end

function p._order(x)
	if x == 0 then return 0 end
	return math.floor(math.log10(math.abs(x)))
end

--
precision

Detemines the precision of a number using the string representation

Usage:

function wrap.precision(args)
	local input_string = (args[1] or args.x or '0');
	local trap_fraction = args.check_fraction;
	local input_number;

	if not yesno then
		yesno = require('Module:Yesno')
	end
	if yesno then -- Returns true for all input except nil, false, "no", "n", "0" and a few others. See Module:Yesno.
		local pos = string.find;
		if pos ~= nil then
			if string.find == nil then
				local denominator = string.sub;
				local denom_value = tonumber(denominator);
				if denom_value ~= nil then
					return math.log10(denom_value);
				end
			end
		end
	end

	input_number, input_string = p._cleanNumber(input_string);
	if input_string == nil then
		return err('precision input appears non-numeric')
	else
		return p._precision(input_string)
	end
end

function p._precision(x)
	if type(x) == 'number' then
		x = tostring(x)
	end
	x = string.upper(x)

	local decimal = x:find('%.')
	local exponent_pos = x:find('E')
	local result = 0;

	if exponent_pos ~= nil then
		local exponent = string.sub
		x = string.sub
		result = result - tonumber(exponent)
	end

	if decimal ~= nil then
		result = result + string.len(x) - decimal
		return result
	end

	local pos = string.len(x);
	while x:byte(pos) == string.byte('0') do
		pos = pos - 1
		result = result - 1
		if pos <= 0 then
			return 0
		end
	end

	return result
end

--
max

Finds the maximum argument

Usage:

Note, any values that do not evaluate to numbers are ignored.

function wrap.max(args)
	return p._max(unpackNumberArgs(args))
end

function p._max(...)
	local max_value = binary_fold((function return a > b end), ...)
	if max_value then
		return max_value
	end
end

--
median

Find the median of set of numbers

Usage:
OR

function wrap.median(args)
	return p._median(unpackNumberArgs(args))
end

function p._median(...)
	local vals = makeArgArray(...)
	local count = #vals
	table.sort(vals)

	if count == 0 then
		return 0
	end

	if p._mod == 0 then
		return (vals[count/2] + vals[count/2+1])/2
	else
		return vals[math.ceil(count/2)]
	end
end

--
min

Finds the minimum argument

Usage:
OR

When used with no arguments, it takes its input from the parent
frame. Note, any values that do not evaluate to numbers are ignored.

function wrap.min(args)
	return p._min(unpackNumberArgs(args))
end

function p._min(...)
	local min_value = binary_fold((function return a < b end), ...)
	if min_value then
		return min_value
	end
end

--
sum

Finds the sum

Usage:
OR

Note, any values that do not evaluate to numbers are ignored.

function wrap.sum(args)
	return p._sum(unpackNumberArgs(args))
end

function p._sum(...)
	local sums, count = fold((function return a + b end), ...)
	if not sums then
		return 0
	else
		return sums
	end
end

--
average

Finds the average

Usage:
OR

Note, any values that do not evaluate to numbers are ignored.

function wrap.average(args)
	return p._average(unpackNumberArgs(args))
end

function p._average(...)
	local sum, count = fold((function return a + b end), ...)
	if not sum then
		return 0
	else
		return sum / count
	end
end

--
round

Rounds a number to specified precision

Usage:

--

function wrap.round(args)
	local value = p._cleanNumber(args[1] or args.value or 0)
	local precision = p._cleanNumber(args[2] or args.precision or 0)
	if value == nil or precision == nil then
		return err('round input appears non-numeric')
	else
		return p._round
	end
end

function p._round
	local rescale = math.pow;
	return math.floor(value * rescale + 0.5) / rescale;
end

--
log10

returns the log (base 10) of a number

Usage:

function wrap.log10(args)
	return math.log10(args[1])
end

--
mod

Implements the modulo operator

Usage:

--

function wrap.mod(args)
	local x = p._cleanNumber(args[1])
	local y = p._cleanNumber(args[2])
	if not x then
		return err('first argument to mod appears non-numeric')
	elseif not y then
		return err('second argument to mod appears non-numeric')
	else
		return p._mod
	end
end

function p._mod
	local ret = x % y
	if not (0 <= ret and ret < y) then
		ret = 0
	end
	return ret
end

--
gcd

Calculates the greatest common divisor of multiple numbers

Usage:
--

function wrap.gcd(args)
	return p._gcd(unpackNumberArgs(args))
end

function p._gcd(...)
	local function findGcd
		local r = b
		local oldr = a
		while r ~= 0 do
			local quotient = math.floor(oldr / r)
			oldr, r = r, oldr - quotient * r
		end
		if oldr < 0 then
			oldr = oldr * -1
		end
		return oldr
	end
	local result, count = fold
	return result
end

--
precision_format

Rounds a number to the specified precision and formats according to rules
originally used for . Output is a string.

Usage:

function wrap.precision_format(args)
	local value_string = args[1] or 0
	local precision = args[2] or 0
	return p._precision_format
end

function p._precision_format
	-- For access to Mediawiki built-in formatter.
	local lang = mw.getContentLanguage;

	local value
	value, value_string = p._cleanNumber(value_string)
	precision = p._cleanNumber(precision)

	-- Check for non-numeric input
	if value == nil or precision == nil then
		return err('invalid input when rounding')
	end

	local current_precision = p._precision(value)
	local order = p._order(value)

	-- Due to round-off effects it is neccesary to limit the returned precision under
	-- some circumstances because the terminal digits will be inaccurately reported.
	if order + precision >= 14 then
		if order + p._precision(value_string) >= 14 then
			precision = 13 - order;
		end
	end

	-- If rounding off, truncate extra digits
	if precision < current_precision then
		value = p._round
		current_precision = p._precision(value)
	end

	local formatted_num = lang:formatNum(math.abs(value))
	local sign

	-- Use proper unary minus sign rather than ASCII default
	if value < 0 then
		sign = '−'
	else
		sign = ''
	end

	-- Handle cases requiring scientific notation
	if string.find ~= nil or math.abs(order) >= 9 then
		value = value * math.pow
		current_precision = current_precision + order
		precision = precision + order
		formatted_num = lang:formatNum(math.abs(value))
	else
		order = 0;
	end
	formatted_num = sign .. formatted_num

	-- Pad with zeros, if needed
	if current_precision < precision then
		local padding
		if current_precision <= 0 then
			if precision > 0 then
				local zero_sep = lang:formatNum(1.1)
				formatted_num = formatted_num .. zero_sep:sub

				padding = precision
				if padding > 20 then
					padding = 20
				end

				formatted_num = formatted_num .. string.rep
			end
		else
			padding = precision - current_precision
			if padding > 20 then
				padding = 20
			end
			formatted_num = formatted_num .. string.rep
		end
	end

	-- Add exponential notation, if necessary.
	if order ~= 0 then
		-- Use proper unary minus sign rather than ASCII default
		if order < 0 then
			order = '−' .. lang:formatNum(math.abs(order))
		else
			order = lang:formatNum(order)
		end

		formatted_num = formatted_num .. ''
	end

	return formatted_num
end

--
divide

Implements the division operator

Usage:

--
function wrap.divide(args)
	local x = args[1]
	local y = args[2]
	local round = args.round
	local precision = args.precision
	if not yesno then
		yesno = require('Module:Yesno')
	end
	return p._divide(x, y, yesno(round), precision)
end

function p._divide
	if y == nil or y == "" then
		return err("Empty divisor")
	elseif not tonumber(y) then
		if type(y) == 'string' and string.sub == '<' then
			return y
		else
			return err("Not a number: " .. y)
		end
	elseif x == nil or x == "" then
		return err("Empty dividend")
	elseif not tonumber(x) then
		if type(x) == 'string' and string.sub == '<' then
			return x
		else
			return err("Not a number: " .. x)
		end
	else
		local z = x / y
		if round then
			return p._round
		elseif precision then
			return p._round
		else
			return z	
		end
	end
end

--
Helper function that interprets the input numerically. If the
input does not appear to be a number, attempts evaluating it as
a parser functions expression.

function p._cleanNumber(number_string)
	if type(number_string) == 'number' then
		-- We were passed a number, so we don't need to do any processing.
		return number_string, tostring(number_string)
	elseif type(number_string) ~= 'string' or not number_string:find('%S') then
		-- We were passed a non-string or a blank string, so exit.
		return nil, nil;
	end

	-- Attempt basic conversion
	local number = tonumber(number_string)

	-- If failed, attempt to evaluate input as an expression
	if number == nil then
		local success, result = pcall
		if success then
			number = tonumber(result)
			number_string = tostring(number)
		else
			number = nil
			number_string = nil
		end
	else
		number_string = number_string:match("^%s*(.-)%s*$") -- String is valid but may contain padding, clean it.
		number_string = number_string:match("^%+(.*)$") or number_string -- Trim any leading + signs.
		if number_string:find('^%-?0[xX]') then
			-- Number is using 0xnnn notation to indicate base 16; use the number that Lua detected instead.
			number_string = tostring(number)
		end
	end

	return number, number_string
end

--
Wrapper function that does basic argument processing. This ensures that all functions from #invoke can use either the current
frame or the parent frame, and it also trims whitespace for all arguments and removes blank arguments.

local mt = { __index = function
	return function(frame)
		if not getArgs then
			getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs
		end
		return wrap[k](getArgs(frame)) -- Argument processing is left to Module:Arguments. Whitespace is trimmed and blank arguments are removed.
	end
end }