num_pages: 352
description: In an age when the nature of reality is complicated daily by advances in bioengineering cloning and artificial intelligence it is easy to forget that the ever-evolving boundary between nature and technology has long been a source of ethical and scientific modern anxieties about the possibility of artificial life and the dangers of tinkering with nature more generally were shared by opponents of alchemy long before genetic science delivered us a cloned sheep named Dolly.In Promethean Ambitions  William R. Newman ambitiously uses alchemy to investigate the thinning boundary between the natural and the artificial. Focusing primarily on the period between 1200 and 1700 Newman examines the labors of pioneering alchemists and the impassionedand often negativeresponses to their efforts. By the thirteenth century Newman argues alchemy had become a benchmark for determining the abilities of both men and demons representing the epitome of creative power in the natural world. Newman frames the art-nature debate by contrasting the supposed transmutational power of alchemy with the merely representational abilities of the pictorial and plastic artsa dispute which found artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Bernard Palissy attacking alchemy as an irreligious fraud. The later assertion by the Paracelsian school that one could make an artificial human beingthe homunculusled to further disparagement of alchemy but as Newman shows the immense power over nature promised by the field contributed directly to the technological apologetics of Francis Bacon and his followers. By the mid-seventeenth century the famous father of modern chemistry Robert Boyle was employing the arguments of medieval alchemists to support the identity of naturally occurring substances with those manufactured by chymical means.In using history to highlight the art-nature debate Newman here shows that alchemy was not an unformed and capricious precursor to chemistry; it was an art founded on coherent philosophical and empirical principles with vocal supporters and even louder critics that attracted individuals of first-rate intellect. The historical relationship that Newman charts between human creation and nature has innumerable implications today and he ably links contemporary issues to alchemical debates on the natural versus the artificial.
language: English
title: Promethean Ambitions: Alchemy and the Quest to Perfect Nature
publisher: University of Chicago Press