पशु-कल्याण एवं पशु-अधिकारों की समयरेखा

यह पृष्ठ पशु कल्याण एवं पशु अधिकार के इतिहास में सम्पन्न महत्वपूर्ण घटनाओं के बारे में है।

विहंगम अवलोकन

 काल  वर्णन14000–1000 ईसापूर्व  मानव ने पशुओं को पालतू बनाना आरम्भ किया। सबसे पहले कुत्ते को पालतू बनाया गया। 8500 ईसापूर्व से 1000 ईसापूर्व तक  बिल्ली, भेड़, बकरी, गाय, सूकर, मुर्गा, गदहा, घोड़ा, ऊँट, मधुमक्खी, बतख आदि को पालतू बनाया जा चुका था। 1000 ईसापूर्व –700 ई वैदिक धर्म, जैन, और बौद्ध आदि सभी भारतीय धर्मों ने अहिंसा का उपदेश दिया। उनका मानना था कि किसी भी प्राणी से हिंसा नहीं करना श्रेष्ठ आचरण है। इन धर्मों के अधिकांश लोगों ने मांस खाना तथा पशुओ की बलि देना छोड़ दिया। जैन लोग तो इस बात का विशेष ध्यान रखते थे कि किसी भी प्रकार से किसी जीव को कष्ट न दिया जाय। यहूदी, ईसाई और इस्लाम इनकी अपेक्षा पशुओं की कम चिन्ता करते थे किन्तु वहाँ भी पशुओं के साथ 'मानवीय' व्यवहार करने के लिए कुछ न कुछ नियम थे। A number of ancient Greek and Roman philosophers advocate for vegetarianism and kindness toward animals. The ancient Indian philosopher Valluvar (1st century BCE) writes an exclusive chapter on moral vegetarianism in his work Tirukkural, insisting strictly on a plant-based diet, with separate chapters on ahimsa (or non-harming) and non-killing. Vivisection for scientific and medical purposes begins in ancient Greece. Under the influence of Buddhism, a ban on meat-eating is instated in Japan.1600–1800Philosophers take up the question of animals and their treatment, some arguing that they are sentient beings who deserve protection. The first modern animal protection laws are passed in Ireland and the Massachusetts Bay Colony.1800–1914British Parliament passes the first national animal protection legislation, and the first animal protection and vegetarian organizations form in the U.S. and U.K.. The American and British anti-vivisection movements grow in the late 19th century, culminating in the Brown Dog affair and declining sharply thereafter. The Japanese taboo against meat-eating dies out under the Meiji Restoration.1914–1966The use of animals grows tremendously with the beginning of intensive animal agriculture in the 1920s and the increasing role of animal experimentation in science and cosmetics. Media coverage of animal abuses spurs concern over animal welfare in the U.S. and U.K., and helping bring about the first federal animal welfare legislation in the U.S. The theoretical possibility of in vitro animal products is recognized.1966–Consumption of intensively farmed animal products booms worldwide, with global meat production rising from approximately 78 million tons in 1963 to 308 million tons in 2014. In the US and Europe, books, documentaries, and media coverage of controversies surrounding animal cruelty boost the animal rights and welfare movements, while destructive direct actions by groups like the Animal Liberation Front draw public rebuke and government crackdown. Research on in vitro animal products gains traction, resulting in the first in vitro meats. Beginning in the late 1980s, Europe takes the lead in animal welfare reform. In the West and some other countries, public interest in animal welfare, animal rights, and plant-based diets increases significantly.

विस्तृत समयरेखा

 वर्ष  घटना  देशया क्षेत्र530 ईसापूर्व यूनानी दार्शनिक पाइथागोरस, यूनानी और रोमन दार्शनिकों में सबसे पहला दार्शनिक था जिसने कहा कि पशुओं में भी आत्मा (soul) होता है। उसने शाकाहार का पक्ष लिया।alt=Flag of Greece|60x60px269 ईसापूर्व - 232 ईसापूर्व  भारत के महान सम्राट अशोक ने बौद्ध धर्म को अंगीकार कर लिया। उसने राजाज्ञा दी की प्रजा शाकाहार का पालन करे तथा वन्य जन्तुओं और घरेलू जन्तुओं की रक्षा की जाय। alt=Flag of India|60x60pxप्रथम शताब्दीGreek medical researcher and philosopher Galen's experiments on live animals help establish vivisection as a widely used scientific tool.alt=Flag of Greece|60x60px675Japanese Emperor Tenmu, a devout Buddhist, bans eating meat (with exceptions for fish and wild animals).alt=Flag of Japan|60x60pxEarly 1600s Philosopher and scientist René Descartes argues that animals are machines without feeling, and performs biological experiments on living animals.alt=Flag of France|60x60px1635 The Parliament of Ireland passes "An Act against Plowing by the Tayle, and pulling the Wooll off living Sheep", one of the first known pieces of animal protection legislation.alt=Flag of Ireland|60x60px1641 Regulations against “Tirranny or Crueltie” toward domestic animals are included in the Massachusetts Body of Liberties.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1687The Japanese ban on eating meat, which had waned with the arrival of Portuguese and Dutch missionaries, is reintroduced by the Tokugawa shogunate. Killing animals is also prohibited.alt=Flag of Japan|60x60px1780 In An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation philosopher Jeremy Bentham argues for better treatment of animals on the basis of their ability to feel pleasure and pain, famously writing, "The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?"60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1822 Led by Richard Martin, British Parliament passes the "Act to Prevent the Cruel and Improper Treatment of Cattle".60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1824 Richard Martin, along with Reverend Arthur Broome and abolitionist Member of Parliament William Wilberforce, founds the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (now the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals), the world's first animal protection organization.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1824Early vegan and anti-vivisectionist Lewis Gompertz publishes Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes, one of the first books advocating for animal rights.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1830sLewis Gompertz leaves the SPCA to found the Animals' Friend Society, opposing all uses of animals which are not for their benefit.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1835 Britain passes its first Cruelty to Animal Act after lobbying from the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, expanding existing legislation to protect bulls, dogs, bears, and sheep, and prohibit bear-baiting and cock-fighting.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1847The term "vegetarian" is coined and the Vegetarian Society is founded in Britain. 60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1859Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species is published, demonstrating that humans are the evolutionary descendants of non-human animals.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1866The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is established.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1866 onwardsUnder the Meiji Restoration and renewed contact with the West, the Japanese taboo against meat-eating is actively discouraged by the government. Meat-eating soon becomes the norm.alt=Flag of Japan|60x60px1875Frances Power Cobbe founds the National Anti-Vivisection Society in Britain, the world's first anti-vivisection organization.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1876After lobbying from anti-vivisectionists, Britain passes the Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876, the first piece of national legislation to regulate animal experimentation.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1877Anna Sewell's Black Beauty, the first English novel to be written from the perspective of a non-human animal, spurs concern for the welfare of horses. Although the book is now considered a children's classic, Sewell originally wrote it for those who worked with horses. She said "a special aim was to induce kindness, sympathy, and an understanding treatment of horses".Victorian fiction and the cult of the horse by Gina M. Dorré. p. 95. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. (2006). . In many respects the book can be read as a guide to horse husbandry, stable management and humane training practices for colts. It is considered to have had an effect on reducing cruelty to horses; for example, the use of bearing reins, which are particularly painful for a horse, was one of the practices highlighted in the novel, and in the years after the book's release the reins became less popular and fell out of favor.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1892Social reformer Henry Stephens Salt publishes Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress, an early exposition of the philosophy of animal rights.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1903The Brown Dog affair brings anti-vivisection to the forefront of public debate in Britain; the debate lasted till 1910.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1906J. Howard Moore publishes The Universal Kinship, which advocates for the ethical consideration and treatment of all sentient beings, based on Darwinian principle of shared evolutionary kinship and a universal application of the Golden Rule.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1923Intensive animal farming begins when Celia Steele raises her first flock of chickens for meat.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1933Nazi Germany introduced the law Reichstierschutzgesetz (Reich Animal Protection Act).alt=Flag of Germany|60x60px1944Donald Watson coins the word "vegan" and founds The Vegan Society in Britain.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United KingdomEarly 1950sWillem van Eelen recognizes the possibility of generating meat from tissue culture.alt=Flag of the Netherlands|60x60px1955The Society for Animal Protective Legislation (SAPL), the first organization to lobby for humane slaughter legislation in the US, is founded.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1958The American Humane Slaughter Act is passed.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1960Indian parliament passes its first national animal welfare legislation, The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act.alt=Flag of India|60x60px1964The Hunt Saboteurs Association is founded in England to sabotage hunts and oppose bloodsports.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1964Ruth Harrison's Animal Machines, which documents the conditions of animals on industrial farms, helps to galvanize the animal movement in Britain.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1964Largely due to the outcry following Animal Machines, British Parliament forms the Brambell Committee to investigate animal welfare. The Committee concludes that animals should be afforded the Five Freedoms, which consist of the animal's freedom to “have sufficient freedom of movement to be able without difficulty to turn around, groom itself, get up, lie down, [and] stretch its limbs.”60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1966Following public outcry over the cases of Pepper and other mistreated animals, the American Animal Welfare Act is passed. This legislation sets minimum standards for handling, sale, and transport of dogs, cats, nonhuman primates, rabbits, hamsters, and guinea pigs, and instates conservative regulations on animal experimentation.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1970Animal rights activist Richard Ryder coins the term "speciesism" to describe the devaluing of nonhuman animals on the basis of species alone.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1971The United States Department of Agriculture excludes birds, mice, and rats - which make up the vast majority of animals used in research - from protection under the Animal Welfare Act.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1971Animals, Men and Morals: An Inquiry into the Maltreatment of Non-humans is published which argued explicitly in favour of animal liberation/animal rights.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1974Ronnie Lee and Cliff Goodman of the Band of Mercy, a militant group founded by former members of the Hunt Saboteurs Association, are jailed for firebombing a British animal research center.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1974The Council of Europe passes a directive requiring that animals be rendered unconscious before slaughter.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px1974Henry Spira founds Animal Rights International after attending a course on animal liberation given by Peter Singer.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1975Peter Singer publishes Animal Liberation, whose depictions of the conditions of animals on farms and in laboratories and utilitarian arguments for animal liberation are to have a major influence on the animal movement.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1976The European Convention for the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes, which mandates that animals be kept in conditions meeting their “physiological and ethological needs”, is passed.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px1976Released from prison, Ronnie Lee founds the Animal Liberation Front in Britain, which soon spreads to the US.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1976–1977Under the leadership of Henry Spira, Animal Rights International leads a successful campaign to end harmful experiments performed on cats at the American Museum of Natural History.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1980A campaign by Animal Rights International opposing Draize tests performed on rabbits by the cosmetics company Revlon results in Revlon making a $250,000 grant to Rockefeller University to research alternatives to animal experimentation. Several other major cosmetics companies soon follow suit.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1980Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco found People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA).alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1981–1983The Silver Spring monkey controversy begins when Alex Pacheco's undercover investigation of Edward Taub's monkey research laboratory results in Taub's arrest for animal cruelty. Taub is later convicted on six counts of inadequate veterinary care, which is then overturned on the grounds that state animal welfare laws do not apply to federally-funded experiments.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1984Tom Regan publishes The Case for Animal Rights, a highly influential philosophical argument that animals have rights (as opposed to Peter Singer's utilitarian case for animal liberation).alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1990PETA and the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine end their highly publicized legal battle over the Silver Spring monkeys, failing to gain custody of the animals.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1992Switzerland becomes the first country to include protections for animals in its constitution. alt=Flag of Switzerland|60x60px1997The European Union's Protocol on Animal Protection is annexed to the treaty establishing the European Community. The Protocol recognizes animals as "sentient beings" (rather than mere property) and requires countries to pay "full regard to the welfare requirements of animals" when making laws regarding their use.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px1998The EU passes the Council Directive 98/58/EC Concerning the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes, which is based on a revised Five Freedoms: freedom from hunger and thirst; from discomfort; from pain, injury, and disease; from fear and distress; and to express normal behavior.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px1999Willem van Eelen secures the first patent for in vitro meat.alt=Flag of the Netherlands|60x60px1999European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC is legislation passed by the European Union on the minimum standards for keeping egg laying hens which effectively bans conventional battery cages.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px2000–2009Bans on fur farming are instituted in the United Kingdom, Austria, Netherlands, Switzerland, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px2001The European Court of Justice issues a conservative interpretation of the 1997 Protocol on Animal Protection in the Jippes case, stating that the law did not create new protections for animals but only codified existing ones.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px2006Veal crates become illegal in the EU.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px2008Spain passes a non-legislative measure to grant non-human primates the right to life, liberty, and freedom from use in experiments. However, this requires further action by the government to become formal law, which has not been taken.alt=Flag of Spain|60x60px2008California passes a ballot measure requiring that a chicken "be able to extend its limbs fully and turn around freely". This has been described as a ban on battery cages, but battery cages giving 116 square inches per hen are allowed under the law.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px2009In 2009, Bolivia became the first country to ban all animal use in circuses.2010Gary Yourofsky's YouTube lecture on veganism and factory farming entitled "Best Speech You Will Ever Hear" is translated into Hebrew, and goes viral in Israel. The speech helps drive a surge in Israeli interest in veganism and animal rights.alt=Flag of Israel|60x60px2010EU Directive 2010/63/EU is the EU legislation "on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes" and is one of the most stringent ethical and welfare standards worldwide.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px2011–2016After undercover investigations spark public outrage over animal abuse on industrial farms, several American states introduce "ag-gag" laws in an effort to criminalize such investigations.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px2012The EU's ban on battery cages goes into effect. Furnished cages are still allowed, however.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px2012A group of prominent scientists issue the Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness, which states that “the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness. Nonhuman animals, including all mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including insects and octopuses, also possess these neurological substrates.”60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom2013The EU bans testing cosmetics on animals.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px2013The Nonhuman Rights Project files the first-ever lawsuits on behalf of chimpanzees, demanding courts grant them the right to bodily liberty via a writ of habeas corpus. The petitions are denied and the cases move on to appellate courts.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px2013The UK legislation to protect animals in research, The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, is amended to protect "...all living vertebrates, other than man, and any living cephalopod." Previously, the only protected invertebrate was the common octopus.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom2014India becomes the first country in Asia to ban testing cosmetics on animals as well as imports of animal-tested cosmetics.alt=Flag of India|60x60px2015In a survey of Israelis, 8% of respondents identify as vegetarian and 5% as vegan (up from 2.5% vegetarians in 2010), making Israel the country with the highest percentage of vegans.alt=Flag of Israel|60x60px2015New Zealand passes the Animal Welfare Amendment Bill, stating animals like humans are sentient beings.alt=Flag of New Zealand|60x60px2015–2016Following major public backlash prompted by the 2013 film Blackfish, SeaWorld announces it will end its controversial orca shows and breeding program.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px2015–2016In the U.S., a number of major egg buyers and producers switch from battery-cage to cage-free eggs.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px2016Cellular agriculture company Memphis Meats announces the creation of the first in vitro meatball.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px2018On December 20, 2018, the federal Dog and Cat Meat Trade Prohibition Act was signed into law as part of the 2018 Farm Bill, making it now illegal to slaughter a dog or cat for food in the United States, with exceptions for ritual slaughter.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px2019A proposal to ban factory farming in Switzerland achieves 100,000 signatures, forcing a nationwide ballot on the issue.alt=Flag of Switzerland|60x60px2019On October 12, 2019, California bans the sale and manufacture of most animal fur, with some exceptions such as for cowhide or religious observances, effective January 1, 2023.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px2020In January 2020, an employment tribunal in Britain rules that ethical veganism is a "philosophical belief" and therefore is protected in law. This is the first time an employment tribunal in Britain ruled this. This is in regards to vegan Jordi Casamitjana, who states he was fired by the League Against Cruel Sports due to his ethical veganism.https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-5098135960x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom2020On July 2, 2020, a referendum launches on improving legislation for animals in France, organized through the collaboration of 25 French animal rights and welfare organizations, including L214 and CIWF.alt=Flag of France|60x60px

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