OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the value of cardiovascular tests to diagnose @entity1163 in @entity1 with apparent treatment-resistant @entity302 and to assess the extent of misdiagnosis of @entity302 in @entity1 . BACKGROUND: Adult studies have shown that up to 35% of @entity302 may have been misdiagnosed. These @entity1 may have @entity65 , with @entity910 due to @entity12807 , which may be difficult to differentiate from @entity302 . Studies in @entity1 are lacking. METHODS: Thirty-one @entity1 (12 male, mean age 10.07 +/- 5 years [range 4 to 17]) who were previously diagnosed with @entity302 were studied. Inclusion criteria were continued attacks despite adequate anticonvulsant drug treatment (n = 17) or possible @entity302 on the basis of clinical grounds (n = 14). Each @entity1 underwent a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), an orthostatic test and carotid sinus massage during continuous ECG and blood pressure monitoring. Ten @entity1 had Holter monitoring. RESULTS: An alternative diagnosis was found in 19 @entity1 (61.3%), including 8 (47%) of 17 patients taking anticonvulsant medications. Nine @entity1 (29%) developed profound @entity551 or @entity1168 during orthostatic test, confirming the diagnosis of @entity907 . Seven @entity1 (22.5%) had @entity1162 ( @entity1162 ). Two (6.4%) had significant ECG pauses during carotid sinus massage. In these two @entity1 episodes of prolonged @entity1168 correlated precisely with @entity410 by Holter recording, was noted. One @entity1 (3.2%) developed psychogenic symptoms during the orthostatic test. CONCLUSION: A simple, non-invasive cardiovascular evaluation may identify an alternative diagnosis in many @entity1 with apparent @entity302 and should be considered early in the management of @entity1 with @entity410 episodes.

All XXXX are not @entity302 : many have a cardiovascular cause.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient'] @entity12807 :: ('MESH:D002534', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral hypoxia'] @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['convulsive', 'seizures'] @entity907 :: ('MESH:D019462', 'Disease') :: ['vasovagal syncope'] @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['abnormal movements'] @entity1163 :: ('MESH:D013575', 'Disease') :: ['convulsive syncope'] @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy', 'epileptics'] @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['LQTS', 'long Q-T syndrome'] @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension'] @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia'] @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular syncope']
@entity410 :: (MESH:D012640,Disease) :: ['seizures']
