The terms opiate and opioid are often used interchangeably. Opiates are medications derived from opium poppy such as @entity1286 and @entity10425 , while opioids refer to opium-like substances including endogenous substances such as endorphins, as well as exogenous synthetic drugs that interact with opioid receptors. The generic term    Opioid    (including opiates and opioids) is therefore the preferred term for use throughout this report. In Canada, the prescription of opioids for @entity158 management increased by about 50% between 2000 and 2004. The increase in prescribing of opioids has been associated with increase in misuse, abuse, diversion, and opioid-related @entity1445 that are accompanied by increasing emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and @entity204 . In 2008, the prevalence of any use of opioid @entity158 relievers in general population in Canada was 21.6%. In 2011, the rate was decreased to 16.7%. There was an almost 250% increase in the number of emergency visits in Ontario related to narcotics withdrawal, @entity1445 , intoxication, harmful use and other related diagnoses from 2005   2006 to 2010   2011. Given the current rate of opioid @entity1445 and harms associated with opioid use, stepwise approaches to prescribing, which progress from non-opioids to weak opioids and finally strong opioids such as hyrdomorphone if @entity158 persists, have been proposed. As such, there is a growing need for clinical evidence and guidance for the use of stepwise approaches for the prescription of opioid for non- @entity5 @entity158 management in the emergency department and in-hospital setting.

Stepwise Approach for the Prescription of Opiates for XXXX : A Review of Clinical Evidence and Guidelines

@entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain'] @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine'] @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['deaths'] @entity1445 :: ('MESH:D062787', 'Disease') :: ['overdoses', 'overdose'] @entity10425 :: ('MESH:D003061', 'Chemical') :: ['codeine']
@entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Non-Cancer Pain']
