OBJECTIVE: To assess whether late surfactant treatment in extremely low gestational age (GA) newborn @entity1 requiring ventilation at 7-14  days, who often have surfactant @entity942 , safely improves survival without @entity2107 ( @entity2107 ). STUDY DESIGN: Extremely low GA newborn @entity1 (GA  <=28 0/7  weeks) who required mechanical ventilation at 7-14  days were enrolled in a randomized, masked controlled trial at 25 US centers. All @entity1 received inhaled @entity842 and either surfactant (calfactant/Infasurf) or sham instillation every 1-3  days to a maximum of 5 doses while intubated. The primary outcome was survival at 36  weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) without @entity2107 , as evaluated by physiological @entity26 /flow reduction. RESULTS: A total of 511 @entity1 were enrolled between January 2010 and September 2013. There were no differences between the treated and control groups in mean birth weight (701      164  g), GA (25.2      1.2  weeks), percentage born at GA <26  weeks (70.6%), race, sex, severity of @entity358 at enrollment, or comorbidities of prematurity. Survival without @entity2107 did not differ between the treated and control groups at 36  weeks PMA (31.3% vs 31.7%; relative benefit, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.75-1.28; P  =  .89) or 40  weeks PMA (58.7% vs 54.1%; relative benefit, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.92-1.27; P  =  .33). There were no between-group differences in serious adverse events, comorbidities of prematurity, or severity of @entity358 to 36  weeks. CONCLUSION: Late treatment with up to 5 doses of surfactant in ventilated premature @entity1 receiving inhaled @entity842 was well tolerated, but did not improve survival without @entity2107 at 36 or 40  weeks. Pulmonary and neurodevelopmental assessments are ongoing. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01022580.

Randomized Trial of Late Surfactant Treatment in Ventilated Preterm @entity1 Receiving Inhaled XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants'] @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen'] @entity2107 :: ('MESH:D001997', 'Disease') :: ['bronchopulmonary dysplasia', 'BPD'] @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung disease'] @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide'] @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['deficiency and dysfunction']
@entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['Nitric Oxide']
