The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) constituents of the gram-negative bacterial wall are among the most potent activators of @entity32 . In the current study, we examined the effect of subcutaneous injection of @entity526 LPS on leukocyte influx into the normal and injured brain using endogenous peroxidase (EP). Normal brain parenchyma does not contain granulocytes and this does not change after indirect trauma, in facial axotomy. However, systemic injection of 1 mg LPS led to a gradual appearance of EP-positive parenchymal granulocytes within 12 h, with a maximum at 1-4 days after injection. @entity2652 (day 14) led to a further 50-300% increase in granulocyte number. Of the five @entity19 strains tested in the current study, four--Balb/C, FVB, C57Bl/6, and C3H/N--showed vigorous granulocyte influx (60-90 cells per 20-microm section in axotomized facial nucleus, 20-40 cells per section on the contralateral side). The influx was an order of magnitude lower in the SJL @entity19 . The peroxidase-positive cells were immunoreactive for neutrophil antigen 7/4 and alpha M beta 2 integrin, were negative for @entity9271 (monocytes) and @entity5168 (T cells), and could be prelabeled by subcutaneous injection with @entity34156 ( @entity53922 ), confirming their origin as blood-borne granulocytes. All RITC-positive cells were @entity9271 negative. This influx of granulocytes was accompanied by a disruption of the blood-brain barrier to albumin and induction of the cell adhesion molecule @entity8024 on affected blood vessels. Transgenic deletion of @entity8024 led to a more than 50% reduction in the number of infiltrating granulocytes compared to litter-matched wild-type controls, in normal brain as well as in axotomized facial motor nucleus. In summary, systemic injection of LPS leads to invasion of granulocytes into the @entity19 brain and a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier to blood-borne cells and to soluble molecules. Moreover, this mechanism may play a pathogenic role in the etiology of @entity693 and in severe @entity2348 .

Systemic LPS injection leads to granulocyte influx into normal and injured brain: effects of XXXX deficiency.

@entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation'] @entity2652 :: ('MESH:D005148', 'Disease') :: ['Facial axotomy'] @entity34156 :: ('CHEBI:60604', 'Chemical') :: ['rhodamine B isothiocyanate'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse'] @entity5168 :: ('12501(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['CD3'] @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial sepsis'] @entity9271 :: ('114737(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IBA1'] @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis'] @entity8024 :: ('15894(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['ICAM-1'] @entity53922 :: ('CHEBI:60609', 'Chemical') :: ['RITC'] @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']
@entity8024 :: (15894(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['ICAM-1']
