UNASSIGNED: Infections of plants by multiple viruses are common in nature and may result in synergisms in pathologies. Several environmental factors influence plant-virus interactions and act on virulence and host defense responses. Mixed @entity1800 may be more frequent under environmental conditions associated with global warming. Here, we address how changes in the two main parameters behind global warming, @entity544 concentrations ([ @entity3158 ]) and temperature, may affect virulence of @entity415 virus X ( @entity41058 )/potyvirus-associated synergism compared with single infections in Nicotiana benthamiana. Elevated [ @entity3158 ] resulted in attenuated virulence of single infection by @entity41058 , which correlated with a lower accumulation of virus. In contrast, virulence of @entity41058 /potyvirus-associated synergism was maintained at elevated [ @entity3158 ]. On the other hand, elevated temperature decreased markedly both virulence and virus titers in the @entity281 . We also show that the HR-like response elicited by transient coexpression of @entity41058 P25 together with the potyviral helper component-proteinase protein was significantly enhanced by elevated temperature, whereas it was reduced by elevated [ @entity3158 ]. Both proteins are main pathogenicity determinants in @entity41058 -associated synergisms. These findings indicate that, under environmental conditions associated with global warming, virulence of @entity41058 /potyvirus-associated synergisms is expected to vary relative to single infections and, thus, may have pathological consequences in the future.

Effects of Elevated @entity3158 and Temperature on Pathogenicity Determinants and Virulence of XXXX virus X/Potyvirus-Associated Synergism.

@entity3158 :: ('D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['CO2'] @entity41058 :: ('12183', 'Species') :: ['PVX'] @entity415 :: ('4113', 'Species') :: ['Potato'] @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infections'] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['synergistic infection'] @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']
@entity415 :: (4113,Species) :: ['Potato']
