PURPOSE: To collect data on primary treatment decision and follow-up in @entity1 with diagnosed, histologically confirmed localized (T1a-T2c/N0/M0) @entity263 ( @entity263 ) for up to 5  years in a prospective observational non-interventional study. METHODS: @entity1 were non-randomly allocated to one of the five treatment strategies: hormone therapy, active surveillance, radiation, operation, or watchful waiting. RESULTS: A total of 3169 @entity1 were included by 259 participating sites; 2957 @entity1 had at least one follow-up visit. 54.8  % of @entity5 at baseline were staged as T1c, 38  % as T2a-T2c, and 7.1  % as T1a or T1b (missing: 0.2  %). 38.9, 32.6 and 26.6  % of @entity1 were classified as low risk, intermediate risk, and high risk according to d'Amico, respectively (missing: 1.8  %). 56.6  % of @entity1 underwent prostatectomy as primary therapy, 16.4  % received radiation, 6.9  % HT, 15.8 and 4.3  % decided for @entity5427 or WW. Mean follow-up was 28.4  months. Progression rates were between 8.6  % (RT) and 33.1  % ( @entity5427 ). CONCLUSION: Whereas RP remains the main treatment option of localized @entity263 , active surveillance appears to become an accepted and selectively employed treatment option. Careful selection of @entity1 is documented by the highest proportion of @entity1 with low risk (82.5  %), PSA density <0.2  ng/ml/ml (77.5  %), T1 staging (83.6  %), Gleason score  <=6 (92.5  %),  <=2 positive biopsies (79.4  %), and lowest mean PSA (5.8  ng/ml) in the @entity5427 group. The relatively high progression rate in the @entity5427 group has to be considered in the context of treatment changes; 71/155 @entity1 had a documented change of treatment and 62 of them with a follow-up period of >3  months.

HAROW: the first comprehensive prospective observational study comparing treatment options in XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients'] @entity5427 :: ('MESH:D017204', 'Disease') :: ['AS'] @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'PCa'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']
@entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['localized prostate cancer']
