BACKGROUND: Burn @entity1 can incur high rates of hospital-acquired @entity281 . The mechanism of antibiotic exposure on inducing infection vulnerability has not been determined. This study aimed to examine the effects of antibiotic treatment on host defense mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN: First we treated C57/BL6 @entity19 with combined antibiotic treatment after 30% to 35% total body surface area burn. Animals were sacrificed at 48 hours after sham or thermal injury treatment. Bacterial counts in intestinal lumen and mucosa were measured. Next, we treated animals with or without oral dead @entity526 or @entity794 supplementation to stimulate Toll-like receptor in the intestinal mucosa. Toll-like receptor 4, antibacterial protein expression, nuclear factor (NF)-kB DNA-binding activity, and bacteria-killing activity in the intestinal mucosa; intestinal permeability; bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes; @entity3274 translocation; @entity650 in the blood; and phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages, were assessed. RESULTS: Thermal injury increased microflora and NF-kB DNA-binding activity of the intestine. Systemic antibiotic treatment decreased gut microflora and increased bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes, intestinal permeability, and @entity650 levels in the blood. Antibiotic treatment also decreased bacteria-killing activity in intestinal mucosa and phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages. Oral dead @entity526 and @entity794 supplementation induced NF-kB DNA-binding activity, Toll-like receptor 4, and antibacterial protein expression of the intestinal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together with the fact that dead bacteria reversed antibiotic-induced @entity3274 translocation and intestinal and pulmonary defense impairment, we conclude that combined antibiotic treatment results in systemic host defense @entity73 through the decrease in intestinal flora. We suggest that dead bacteria supplementation could induce nondefensin protein expression and reverse antibiotic-induced gut and lung defense @entity73 @entity1 .

Dead bacteria reverse antibiotic-induced host defense XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity650 :: ('3569', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin-6'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impairment in burns', 'impairment in burn'] @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus', 'S aureus'] @entity3274 :: ('573', 'Species') :: ['K pneumoniae', 'Klebsiella pneumoniae'] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections'] @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E coli']
@entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['impairment in burns']
