The extensive use of invasive procedures and of long-term @entity4258 prophylaxis in the management of cirrhotic @entity1 may have influenced the epidemiology of @entity2348 in @entity82 . We conducted a prospective evaluation of all @entity2348 diagnosed in @entity1 with @entity82 in a Liver Unit between April 1998 and April 2000. A total of 405 @entity1 presented 572 @entity2348 in 507 admissions. @entity298 was the most frequent @entity281 (138 cases). Gram-positive cocci were responsible for 53% of total @entity2348 in the study, being the main bacteria isolated in @entity580 (59%). @entity1 requiring treatment in an intensive care unit and those submitted to invasive procedures presented a higher rate of @entity281 caused by gram-positive cocci (77% vs. 48%, P <.001 and 58% vs. 40%, P <.02, respectively). Fifty percent of culture-positive spontaneous @entity298 in @entity1 on long-term @entity4258 administration (n = 93) and 16% in @entity1 not receiving this therapy (n = 414) were caused by @entity1536 -resistant gram-negative bacilli, P =.01. The rate of culture-positive spontaneous @entity298 caused by @entity206 - @entity207 -resistant gram-negative bacilli was also very high in @entity1 on long-term @entity4258 administration (44% vs. 18%, P =.09). In conclusion, @entity281 caused by gram-positive cocci have markedly increased in @entity82 . This phenomenon may be related to the current high degree of instrumentation of cirrhotic @entity1 . @entity1536 -resistant spontaneous @entity298 constitutes an emergent problem in @entity1 on long-term @entity4258 prophylaxis, with @entity799 not being a valid alternative.

XXXX in @entity82 : epidemiological changes with invasive procedures and @entity4258 prophylaxis.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients'] @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis'] @entity4258 :: ('MESH:D009643', 'Chemical') :: ['norfloxacin'] @entity799 :: ('MESH:D015662', 'Chemical') :: ['trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole'] @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infections'] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections'] @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial infections'] @entity207 :: ('MESH:D013420', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfamethoxazole'] @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial peritonitis', 'Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis'] @entity206 :: ('MESH:D014295', 'Chemical') :: ['trimethoprim'] @entity1536 :: ('CHEBI:23765', 'Chemical') :: ['Quinolone', 'quinolone']
@entity2348 :: (MESH:D001424,Disease) :: ['Bacterial infections']
