UNASSIGNED: @entity1527 , the etiological agent of @entity1526 , induces a persistent inflammatory response. Macrophages are a first line cell phenotype involved in the clearance of @entity281 . Upon parasite uptake, these cells increase inflammatory mediators like NO, TNF-a, IL-1b and IL-6, leading to parasite killing. Although desired, inflammatory response perpetuation and exacerbation may lead to tissue damage. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-dependent nuclear transcription factors that, besides regulating lipid and @entity1735 metabolism, have a significant anti-inflammatory effect. This is mediated through the interaction of the receptors with their ligands. PPARy, one of the PPAR isoforms, has been implicated in macrophage polarization from M1, the classically activated phenotype, to M2, the alternatively activated phenotype, in different models of @entity209 and @entity281 . In this study, we show for the first time that, besides PPARy, PPARa is also involved in the in vitro polarization of macrophages isolated from @entity1527 -infected @entity19 . Polarization was evidenced by a decrease in the expression of NOS2 and proinflammatory cytokines and the increase in M2 markers like Arginase I, Ym1, @entity3913 receptor and TGF-b. Besides, macrophage phagocytic activity was significantly enhanced, leading to increased parasite load. We suggest that modulation of the inflammatory response by both PPARs might be due, at least in part, to a change in the profile of inflammatory macrophages. The potential use of PPAR agonists as modulators of overt inflammatory response during the course of @entity1526 deserves further investigation.

Treatment in vitro with PPARa and PPARy ligands drives M1-to-M2 polarization of macrophages from XXXX -infected @entity19 .

@entity1527 :: ('5693', 'Species') :: ['Trypanosoma cruzi', 'T. cruzi'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate'] @entity1526 :: ('MESH:D014355', 'Disease') :: ["Chagas' disease"] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection'] @entity3913 :: ('MESH:D008358', 'Chemical') :: ['mannose'] @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic disorders']
@entity1527 :: (5693,Species) :: ['T. cruzi']
