BACKGROUND: Working long hours might have adverse health effects, but whether this is true for all socioeconomic status groups is unclear. In this meta-analysis stratified by socioeconomic status, we investigated the role of long working hours as a risk factor for @entity164 2 @entity6 . METHODS: We identified four published studies through a systematic literature search of PubMed and Embase up to April 30, 2014. Study inclusion criteria were English-language publication; prospective design (cohort study); investigation of the effect of working hours or overtime work; incident @entity6 as an outcome; and relative risks, odds ratios, or hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs, or sufficient information to calculate these estimates. Additionally, we used unpublished individual-level data from 19 cohort studies from the Individual- @entity1 -Data Meta-analysis in Working-Populations Consortium and international open-access data archives. Effect estimates from published and unpublished data from 222   120 @entity1 and @entity1 from the USA, Europe, Japan, and Australia were pooled with random-effects meta-analysis. FINDINGS: During 1  7 million @entity1 -years at risk, 4963 individuals developed @entity6 (incidence 29 per 10   000 @entity1 -years). The minimally adjusted summary risk ratio for long (>= 55 h per week) compared with standard working hours (35-40 h) was 1  07 (95% CI 0  89-1  27, difference in incidence three cases per 10   000 @entity1 -years) with significant heterogeneity in study-specific estimates (I(2)=53%, p=0  0016). In an analysis stratified by socioeconomic status, the association between long working hours and @entity6 was evident in the low socioeconomic status group (risk ratio 1  29, 95% CI 1  06-1  57, difference in incidence 13 per 10   000 @entity1 -years, I(2)=0%, p=0  4662), but was null in the high socioeconomic status group (1  00, 95% CI 0  80-1  25, incidence difference zero per 10   000 @entity1 -years, I(2)=15%, p=0  2464). The association in the low socioeconomic status group was robust to adjustment for age, sex, @entity28 , and physical activity, and remained after exclusion of shift workers. INTERPRETATION: In this meta-analysis, the link between longer working hours and @entity164 2 @entity6 was apparent only in individuals in the low socioeconomic status groups. FUNDING: Medical Research Council, European Union New and Emerging Risks in Occupational Safety and Health research programme, Finnish Work Environment Fund, Swedish Research Council for Working Life and Social Research, German Social Accident Insurance, Danish National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Academy of Finland, Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment (Netherlands), Economic and Social Research Council, US National Institutes of Health, and British Heart Foundation.

Long working hours, socioeconomic status, and the risk of incident @entity164 2 XXXX : a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from 222   120 individuals.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Participant', 'person', 'men'] @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity'] @entity164 :: ('MESH:D017827', 'Disease') :: ['type'] @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']
@entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']
