UNASSIGNED: Preterm birth is a major risk factor for cerebral complications, such as @entity548 or @entity5719 , which lead to lifelong @entity245 . @entity519 / @entity63 , @entity32 , @entity871 , and prematurity itself contribute to the extent of impaired neurodevelopment. Preterm birth leads to disruption of the placental supply of @entity172 and @entity1420 . Postnatally, the plasma levels of @entity172 and @entity1420 drop 100-fold. Preterm @entity1 are deprived of the placental supply of these hormones for up to sixteen weeks. Thus, supplementation of @entity53 and @entity1420 to mimic intrauterine conditions may potentially improve a premature @entity1  s extrauterine development and help protect the brain against @entity16 . However, preliminary clinical studies did not find improved outcomes except for a trend towards less @entity306 . The decrease in @entity172 and @entity1420 concentrations is accompanied by persistent, high postnatal production of fetal zone @entity230 , mainly @entity2494 , which serve as precursors for maternal @entity172 synthesis during pregnancy. This commentary will combine knowledge from endocrinology, pharmacology, and neonatology to explain the discrepancies between promising animal models and clinical findings. Most important targets will be classical and non-classical @entity172 receptors, which interact differently-not only with @entity172 but also with fetal zone @entity230 . The fetal zone is unique among @entity1 and higher primates. Therefore, a clearly defined model is required to study the role of sex @entity230 and their receptors before further clinical studies begin.

Role of sex @entity230 and their receptors in @entity1 preterm XXXX : Impacts on future treatment strategies for cerebral development.

@entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'estrogens'] @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation'] @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'infants', 'infant'] @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage'] @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia'] @entity871 :: ('MESH:D018496', 'Disease') :: ['hyperoxia'] @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone'] @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological complications'] @entity2494 :: ('MESH:D003687', 'Chemical') :: ['dehydroepiandrosterone'] @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['neurodevelopmental deficits'] @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol'] @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['Hypoxia'] @entity5719 :: ('MESH:D007969', 'Disease') :: ['periventricular leukomalacia'] @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids'] @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral palsy']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']
