The health impact of environmental pollution resulting from the industrial use of @entity1355 can be assessed in three ways. First, there are the direct epidemiological surveys. These indicate that domestic exposure has been responsible for cases of @entity2 and radiological changes in family contacts of @entity1355 workers. Exposure in the neighborhood of @entity17110 mines and factories has also resulted in cases of @entity2615 but no similar evidence exists for chrysotile or amosite. Neither air nor water pollution has been directly incriminated as a cause of either respiratory or digestive @entity5 . Second, a few attempts have been made to extrapolate from exposure response findings in industrial cohorts. For several reasons, even for @entity2 , this approach is dubious: the observed gradients have a 100-fold range in slope; the equivalences of dust, fiber and gravimetric measures are largely guesswork; and the carcinogenic potential of mineral fibers, particularly for the pleura, varies enormously with fiber type and/or dimensions. No adequate exposure-response observations have been made for @entity2615 . A third approach makes use of the differing incidence of @entity2615 in @entity1 and @entity1 . Data from several countries indicate that, until the 1950s (i.e., 30-40 years after significant industrial use of @entity1355 began), the rates were similar in both sexes. Since then, the incidence in males has risen steeply--in the U.S. and U.K. at about 10% per annum. In females, on the other hand, there has been little or no convincing increase. These data suggest that the "background" level of @entity2615 in both sexes is and has been about 2 per million per annum and that--as at least some @entity2615 cases in females are directly or indirectly attributable to occupational exposure--there is little room left for any contribution from the general environment. It is recommended that @entity2615 surveillance, backed by appropriate epidemiological inquiries, offers an effective method of monitoring the health impact of @entity1355 air pollution.

Health implications of environmental exposure to XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'men'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies'] @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer', 'mesothelioma and possibly lung cancer'] @entity2615 :: ('MESH:D008654', 'Disease') :: ['mesothelioma'] @entity17110 :: ('MESH:D017638', 'Chemical') :: ['crocidolite'] @entity1355 :: ('MESH:D001195', 'Disease') :: ['asbestos']
@entity1355 :: (MESH:D001195,Disease) :: ['asbestos']
