BACKGROUND: High dairy/milk intake has been associated with a low risk of @entity164 2 @entity6 observationally, but whether this represents a causal association is unknown. OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that high milk intake is associated with a low risk of @entity164 2 @entity6 and of @entity28 , observationally and genetically. DESIGN: In 97,811 individuals from the Danish general population, we examined the risk of incident @entity164 2 @entity6 and of @entity28 by milk intake observationally and by @entity290 @entity24327 genotype [polymorphism ( @entity41843 ) upstream from the @entity290 ( @entity290 ) gene], where TT and TC genotypes are associated with @entity290 persistence and CC with nonpersistence. RESULTS: Observationally for any compared with no milk intake, the HR for @entity164 2 @entity6 was 1.10 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.24; P = 0.11), whereas the OR for @entity28 was 1.06 (1.02, 1.09; P = 0.002). Median milk intake was 5 glasses/wk (IQR: 0-10) for @entity290 TT/TC persistence and 3 (0-7) for CC nonpersistence. Genetically for @entity290 TT/TC persistence compared with CC nonpersistence, the OR was 0.96 (0.86, 1.08; P = 0.50) for @entity164 2 @entity6 and 1.06 (1.00, 1.12; P = 0.04) for @entity28 . In a stratified analysis for @entity164 2 @entity6 , corresponding values in those with and without milk intake were 0.88 (0.76, 1.03; P = 0.11) and 1.35 (1.07, 1.70; P = 0.01) (P-interaction: 0.002), whereas no gene-milk interaction on @entity28 was found. For a 1-glass/wk higher milk intake, the genetic risk ratio for @entity164 2 @entity6 was 0.99 (0.93, 1.06), and the corresponding observational risk was 1.01 (1.00, 1.01). For @entity28 , the corresponding values were 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) genetically and 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) observationally. CONCLUSIONS: High milk intake is not associated with a low risk of @entity164 2 @entity6 or @entity28 , observationally or genetically via @entity290 persistence. The higher risk of @entity164 2 @entity6 in @entity290 -persistent individuals without milk intake likely is explained by collider stratification bias.

Milk intake is not associated with low risk of XXXX or @entity28 : a Mendelian randomization study in 97,811 Danish individuals.

@entity290 :: ('3938', 'Gene') :: ['LCT', 'lactase'] @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['overweight-obesity'] @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes'] @entity41843 :: ('rs4988235', 'SNP') :: ['rs4988235'] @entity24327 :: ('c|SUB|C|-13910|T', 'DNAMutation') :: ['-13910 C/T'] @entity164 :: ('MESH:D017827', 'Disease') :: ['type']
@entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']
