UNASSIGNED: @entity615 affects most adults, causes disability for some, and is a common reason for seeking healthcare. In the United States, opioid prescription for @entity1643 has increased, and opioids are now the most commonly prescribed drug class. More than half of regular opioid users report back @entity158 . Rates of opioid prescribing in the US and Canada are two to three times higher than in most European countries. The analgesic efficacy of opioids for @entity615 is inferred from evidence in other @entity12761 conditions. Opioids do not seem to expedite return to work in injured workers or improve functional outcomes of @entity615 in primary care. For @entity615 , systematic reviews find scant evidence of efficacy. Randomized controlled trials have high dropout rates, brief duration (four months or less), and highly selected @entity1 . Opioids seem to have short term analgesic efficacy for @entity615 , but benefits for function are less clear. The magnitude of @entity158 relief across chronic non- @entity5 @entity158 conditions is about 30%. Given the brevity of randomized controlled trials, the long term effectiveness and safety of opioids are unknown. Loss of long term efficacy could result from drug tolerance and emergence of @entity1931 . Complications of opioid use include addiction and @entity1445 related mortality, which have risen in parallel with prescription rates. Common short term side effects are @entity1142 , @entity390 , sedation, and increased risk of falls and @entity174 . Longer term side effects may include @entity308 and @entity250 . Screening for high risk @entity1 , treatment agreements, and urine testing have not reduced overall rates of opioid prescribing, misuse, or @entity1445 . Newer strategies for reducing risks include more selective prescription of opioids and lower doses; use of prescription monitoring programs; avoidance of co-prescription with sedative hypnotics; and reformulations that make drugs more difficult to snort, smoke, or inject.

Opioids for XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain'] @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression'] @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['hyperalgesia'] @entity390 :: ('MESH:D009325', 'Disease') :: ['nausea'] @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer'] @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['acute back pain', 'Back pain', 'chronic back pain'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain'] @entity12761 :: ('MESH:D059787', 'Disease') :: ['acute pain'] @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation'] @entity1445 :: ('MESH:D062787', 'Disease') :: ['overdose'] @entity250 :: ('MESH:D012735', 'Disease') :: ['sexual dysfunction']
@entity1643 :: (MESH:D017116,Disease) :: ['low back pain']
