@entity2 is the leading cause of @entity5 in the United States, with an average five-year survival rate of 15 percent. Smoking remains the predominant risk factor for @entity2 . @entity2 are categorized as @entity4153 or @entity4153 (e.g., @entity420 , @entity957 , @entity152 ). These categories are used for treatment decisions and determining prognosis. Signs and symptoms may vary depending on @entity5 type and extent of @entity3 . The diagnostic evaluation of @entity1 with suspected @entity2 includes tissue diagnosis; a complete staging work-up, including evaluation of @entity3 ; and a functional @entity1 evaluation. Histologic diagnosis may be obtained with sputum cytology, thoracentesis, accessible lymph node biopsy, bronchoscopy, transthoracic needle aspiration, video-assisted thoracoscopy, or thoracotomy. Initial evaluation for @entity3 relies on @entity1 history and physical examination, laboratory tests, chest computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and tissue confirmation of mediastinal involvement. Further evaluation for @entity3 depends on the clinical presentation. Treatment and prognosis are closely tied to the type and stage of the @entity5 identified. For stages I through IIIA @entity4153 , surgical resection is preferred. Advanced @entity4153 is treated with a multimodality approach that may include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and palliative care. Chemotherapy (combined with radiotherapy for limited disease) is the mainstay of treatment for @entity4153 . No major organization recommends screening for early detection of @entity2 , although screening has interested researchers and physicians. Smoking cessation remains the critical component of preventive primary care.

XXXX : diagnosis and management.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient'] @entity4153 :: ('MESH:D018288', 'Disease') :: ['small cell carcinoma', 'non-small cell carcinoma'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer-related death'] @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma'] @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Lung cancer', 'Lung cancers', 'lung cancer'] @entity152 :: ('MESH:D018287', 'Disease') :: ['large cell carcinoma'] @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases', 'metastatic disease'] @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']
@entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['Lung cancer']
