UNASSIGNED: @entity8324 continues to be one of the most challenging stone diseases. During the latest decades our knowledge of the molecular basis of @entity8324 has expanded. Today 160 different mutations in the @entity32372 gene and 116 in the @entity15007 gene are listed. The full implications of type A, B or AB status are not yet fully understood but may have implications for prognosis, management and treatment. Despite better understanding of the molecular basis of @entity8324 the principles of recurrence prevention have remained essentially the same through decades. No curative treatment of @entity8324 exists, and @entity1 will have a life long risk of stone formation, repeated surgery, @entity8 and quality of life. Therapy to reduce stone formation is directed towards lowering urine @entity1434 concentration and increasing @entity1434 solubility. Different molecules that could play a role in promoting nucleation and have a modulating effect on @entity1434 solubility may represent new targets for @entity8324 research. Investigation of newer @entity1432 -containing drugs with fewer adverse effects is also warranted. Determining @entity1434 capacity may be an effective tool to monitor the individual @entity1 's response. Compliance in cystinuric @entity1 concerning both dietary and pharmacological intervention is poor. Frequent clinical follow-up visits in dedicated centres seem to improve compliance. Cystinuric @entity1 should be managed in dedicated centres offering the complete range of minimal invasive treatment modalities, enabling a personalized treatment approach in order to reduce risk and morbidity of multiple procedures.

How should @entity1 with XXXX stone disease be evaluated and treated in the twenty-first century?

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient'] @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['impaired renal function'] @entity8324 :: ('MESH:D003555', 'Disease') :: ['cystinuria', 'Cystinuria'] @entity32372 :: ('6519', 'Gene') :: ['SLC3A1'] @entity15007 :: ('11136', 'Gene') :: ['SLC7A9'] @entity1432 :: ('CHEBI:29256', 'Chemical') :: ['thiol'] @entity1434 :: ('MESH:D003553', 'Chemical') :: ['cystine']
@entity1434 :: (MESH:D003553,Chemical) :: ['cystine']
