BACKGROUND: In @entity32 , @entity2290 ( @entity2290 ) and its receptor ( @entity10431 ) play an important role in fibrinolysis and in activation and @entity6722 of neutrophils and lymphocytes. Moreover, the @entity2290 / @entity10431 system is involved in processes that affect turnover of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The aim of this study was to determine the local and systemic release of @entity10431 , and the expression of @entity2290 and @entity10431 in renal tissues during acute renal allograft rejection. METHODS: Blood, urine, and tissue samples were collected from 33 @entity1 diagnosed with acute allograft rejection and from 14 transplant @entity1 without rejection. From 10 healthy volunteers, blood and urine were collected as a control. In urine and blood samples, the levels of @entity10431 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunostaining and in situ hybridization for @entity2290 and @entity10431 were performed on renal biopsies. RESULTS: @entity10431 was detectable at low levels in serum and urine of healthy volunteers and was increased in nonrejecting allograft recipients. Serum and urine levels of @entity10431 were higher in transplant recipients with rejection compared to nonrejectors. The urine and serum levels of @entity10431 correlated with the renal function. Immunostaining and in situ hybridization showed an up-regulation of both @entity2290 and @entity10431 in rejection biopsies. Nonrejected grafts displayed no expression of @entity2290 and @entity10431 by immunostaining, or of @entity10431 by in situ hybridization. @entity2290 was detected in a limited number of tubular epithelial cells by in situ hybridization. During rejection, lymphocytes as well as tubular epithelial cells showed @entity2290 and @entity10431 expression. In the vascular types of rejection, strong expression of @entity2290 was also seen in the entire vessel wall, while @entity10431 was expressed by the endothelium. CONCLUSION: This study shows that (1) @entity2290 and @entity10431 are up-regulated during acute renal allograft rejection; (2) @entity10431 levels in urine and serum correlate with serum @entity1011 levels, and (3) @entity2290 and @entity10431 are produced by inflammatory cells, tubular epithelium, and vascular endothelium during acute renal allograft rejection.

Expression of XXXX and its receptor during acute renal allograft rejection.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation'] @entity6722 :: ('MESH:C565534', 'Disease') :: ['chemotaxis'] @entity10431 :: ('5329', 'Gene') :: ['uPAR'] @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine'] @entity2290 :: ('5328', 'Gene') :: ['urokinase plasminogen activator', 'uPA']
@entity2290 :: (5328,Gene) :: ['urokinase plasminogen activator']
