To update the evidence on the association between smoking and mortality, we analyzed data from a population-based prospective study in Japan. In total, 19950 @entity1 and 21534 @entity1 aged 40 - 59 who reported their smoking history and had no serious disease at baseline survey were followed. During 1990 - 1999, 1014 @entity1 and 500 @entity1 died. Smokers were associated with an unhealthy lifestyle. Relative risks (RRs) for selected cause of death due to smoking were slightly attenuated by adjusting for possible confounding factors. Age- and area-adjusted RRs of male current smokers compared with never smokers were 1.66 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.40, 1.95) for all causes, 1.69 (1.31, 2.18) for all @entity5 , 1.67 (1.20, 2.34) for all @entity262 , and 1.63 (1.24, 2.15) for other causes, while those of females were 2.03 (1.52, 2.73), 2.06 (1.35, 3.15), 2.99 (1.75, 5.11), 1.31 (0.69, 2.51), respectively. After adjusting for multivariate variables, the corresponding RRs of male smokers were 1.55 (1.29, 1.86), 1.61 (1.20, 2.15), 1.41 (0.97, 2.03), and 1.61 (1.17, 2.19), against 1.89 (1.36, 2.62), 1.83 (1.14, 2.95), 2.72 (1.45, 5.07), and 1.39 (0.71, 2.73) for females. Twenty-two percent of death from all causes, 25% of all @entity5 , and 17% of all @entity204 , could be attributed to cigarette smoking in males, and 5%, 4%, and 11% in females, respectively. Cumulative dose as indicated by pack-years was clearly associated with @entity5 death. These findings provided information as to the quantitative risk for @entity204 due to smoking among middle-aged Japanese @entity1 and @entity1 , and showed that the elevated risk was not explained by the unhealthy lifestyle of smokers.

Smoking and risk of @entity204 among middle-aged Japanese: ten-year follow-up of the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study on XXXX and cardiovascular diseases (JPHC Study) cohort I.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'men'] @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['circulatory system disease deaths', 'premature death'] @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['circulatory system disease'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer']
@entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']
