To investigate @entity2204 gene--environment interaction effects on plasma lipid concentrations, we conducted a cross-sectional study in a Mediterranean Spanish population consisting of 396 @entity1 and 513 @entity1 aged 18 to 66 years. The frequency of the epsilon 4 variant was 0.071 (95% confidence interval 0.059, 0.082), confirming the lower frequency of this allele in Southern Europe. In general, the carriers of the epsilon 2 variant had lower concentrations (P <.05) of total and low-density lipoprotein @entity165 (LDL-C), carriers of the epsilon 3 variant had intermediate concentrations, and carriers of the epsilon 4 variant had higher concentrations (P <.05) in both sexes, even after multivariate adjustment for age, body mass index, @entity167 consumption, @entity286 smoking, physical activity, marital status, and education. However, when the homogeneity of allelic effects according to environmental factors was tested, significant interaction terms were found. In @entity1 , an important interaction between @entity167 consumption and the @entity2204 polymorphism in determining LDL-C concentrations was found (P <.003). LDL-C concentrations in female drinkers with the epsilon 2 variant were significantly lower (P <.014) than in nondrinkers with the epsilon 2 variant. Likewise, in female drinkers with the epsilon 4 variant, LDL-C concentrations were also significantly (P <.010) lower than in nondrinkers with the epsilon 4 variant. Moreover, in female drinkers, LDL-C concentrations did not differ between carriers of the epsilon 4 and the epsilon 3 variants, and in nondrinkers, LDL-C concentrations did not differ between carriers of the epsilon 2 and the epsilon 3 variants. We also found a statistically significant interaction effect (P <.001) between the @entity2204 polymorphism and physical activity in determining high-density lipoprotein @entity165 concentrations in @entity1 . Our results indicate that environmental factors are important modulators of the effect of the @entity2204 polymorphism on plasma lipid concentrations.

Environmental factors modulate the effect of the XXXX genetic polymorphism on plasma lipid concentrations: ecogenetic studies in a Mediterranean Spanish population.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'men'] @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco'] @entity2204 :: ('348', 'Gene') :: ['APOE'] @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol'] @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']
@entity2204 :: (348,Gene) :: ['APOE']
