Local anesthetics are widely used during the perioperative period, even in @entity1 with preexisting @entity8 . However, local anesthetics have been shown to cause cell death in multiple cell lines, including @entity1 kidney proximal tubule cells. We questioned whether local anesthetics potentiate @entity8 after @entity63 -reperfusion (I/R) injury in vivo. @entity35 were implanted with subcutaneous miniosmotic pumps that continuously delivered @entity3303 (2 mg.kg-1.h-1), @entity1341 (0.4 mg.kg-1.h-1), @entity6513 (1 mg.kg-1.h-1), or saline vehicle, and 6 h later the @entity35 were subjected to 30 min of @entity8 or to sham operation. Renal function was assessed by measurement of plasma @entity1011 at 24 and 48 h after @entity8 in the presence or absence of chronic infusions of local anesthetics and correlated to histological changes indicative of @entity39 . The degree of renal apoptosis was assessed by three methods: 1) DNA fragmentation detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase @entity1885 - @entity1977 nick-end labeling staining, 2) DNA laddering detected after agarose gel electrophoresis, and 3) morphological identification of apoptotic tubules at the corticomedullary junction. We also measured the expression of the proinflammatory markers @entity1590 and @entity1505 . Continuous local anesthetic infusion with @entity8 resulted in an increased magnitude and duration of @entity8 compared with the saline-infused I/R group. Additionally, both apoptotic and @entity8 as well as inflammatory changes were significantly potentiated in local anesthetic-treated @entity35 kidneys. Local anesthetic infusion alone without I/R injury had no effect on renal function. We conclude that local anesthetics potentiated @entity8 after I/R by increasing @entity39 , apoptosis, and @entity32 .

Local anesthetics worsen renal function after @entity63 -reperfusion injury in XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients'] @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation'] @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal injury', 'renal ischemia', 'renal I/R injury', 'renal disease', 'renal dysfunction', 'necrotic renal cell death'] @entity1885 :: ('MESH:D001710', 'Chemical') :: ['biotin'] @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia'] @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis'] @entity1505 :: ('24835(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['TNF-alpha'] @entity1977 :: ('CHEBI:17625', 'Chemical') :: ['dUTP'] @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine'] @entity6513 :: ('MESH:D013748', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracaine'] @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine'] @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Rats', 'rats', 'rat'] @entity1590 :: ('25464(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['ICAM-1']
@entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']
