All forms of life maintain a reducing environment (homeostasis) within their cells. Perturbations in the normal redox state can lead to an oxidative environment which has deleterious effects, especially in health. In biological systems, metabolic activities are dependent mainly on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce @entity855 . In the process of oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as @entity26 in redox reactions and often results to the generation of reactive species. Reactive @entity26 species consist of a class of radical and non-radical @entity26 derivatives. The imbalance between the reactive @entity26 species and antioxidant defence systems leads to oxidative burden and hence, damage biological molecules. Antioxidants help to prevent or fix the deleterious effects of reactive species. @entity599 is an important element in biological systems. This atom is usually integrated into proteins as the redox-active @entity462 residue and in molecules such as @entity2041 , @entity14688 and @entity17092 which are vital antioxidant molecules and are therefore essential for life. This review covers the role of @entity599 containing antioxidant systems in oxidative environments.

Potential Role of XXXX -Containing Antioxidant Systems in Highly Oxidative Environments.

@entity17092 :: ('2745', 'Gene') :: ['glutaredoxin'] @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine'] @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen'] @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione'] @entity14688 :: ('7295', 'Gene') :: ['thioredoxin'] @entity599 :: ('MESH:D013455', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfur', 'Sulfur'] @entity855 :: ('MESH:D000255', 'Chemical') :: ['ATP']
@entity599 :: (MESH:D013455,Chemical) :: ['Sulfur']
