Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are a diverse group of materials finding increasing use in manufacturing, computing, food, pharmaceuticals, and biomedicine due to their very small size and exceptional properties. Health and safety concerns for ENMs have forced regulatory agencies to consider preventive measures and regulations for workers' health and safety protection. Respiratory system @entity137 from inhalable ENMs is the most important concern to health specialists. In this review, we focus on similarities and differences between conventional microparticles (diameters in mm and  m), which have been previously studied, and nanoparticles (sizes between 1 and 100 nm) in terms of size, composition, and mechanisms of action in biological systems. In past decades, respirable particulate matter (PM), asbestos fibers, crystalline @entity7182 , and various amorphous dusts have been studied, and epidemiological evidence has shown how dangerous they are to @entity1 health, especially from exposure in working environments. Scientific evidence has shown that there is a close connection between respirable PM and pulmonary oxidative stress through the generation of reactive @entity26 species (ROS) and reactive @entity1568 species (RNS). There is a close connection between oxidative stress in the cell and the elicitation of an inflammatory response via pro-inflammatory gene transcription. Inflammatory processes increase the risk for @entity2 . Studies in vitro and in vivo in the last decade have shown that engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) at various doses can cause ROS generation, oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory gene expression in the cell. It is assumed that ENPs have the potential to cause acute @entity2 in @entity1 . The situation regarding chronic exposure at low doses is more complicated. The long-term accumulation of ENPs in the respiratory system cannot be excluded. However, at present, exposure data for the general public regarding ENPs are not available.

Potential @entity137 and safety evaluation of nanomaterials for the respiratory system and XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human'] @entity7182 :: ('MESH:D017640', 'Chemical') :: ['silicate'] @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity'] @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen'] @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen'] @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer', 'respiratory diseases and probably lung cancer']
@entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']
