Five cases of @entity7411 have been studied. These included three @entity17317 , one monocephalus diprosopus (prosop = face), and one dicephalus dipus dibrachus. The @entity17317 were conjoined only from the upper thorax to the umbilicus with a normal foregut. These three cases shared a single complex multiventricular heart, one with a four chambered heart with one atrium and one ventricle belonging to each twin with complex venous and arterial connection; two had a seven chambered heart with four atria and three ventricles. The mono-cephalus diprosopus twins had a single heart with @entity215 . The dicephalus twins had two separate axial skeletons to the sacrum, two separate hearts were connected between the right atria with a shared inferior vena cava. Thoracopagus twinning is associated with @entity299 . The cardiac anlagen in cephalopagus or diprosopus are diverted and divided along with the entire rostral end of the @entity2085 and result in two relatively normal shared hearts. However, in @entity17317 the single heart is multiventricular and suggests very early union with fusion of the cardiac anlagen before significant differentiation. Cardiac morphogenesis in @entity7411 therefore appears to depend on the site of the conjoined fusion and the temporal and spatial influence that determines morphogenesis as well as abnormally oriented embryonic axes.

XXXX : morphogenesis of the heart and a review.

@entity2085 :: ('MESH:D020964', 'Disease') :: ['embryonic disc'] @entity7411 :: ('MESH:D014428', 'Disease') :: ['conjoined twins'] @entity215 :: ('MESH:D013771', 'Disease') :: ['tetralogy of Fallot'] @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['complex cardiac malformations'] @entity17317 :: ('MESH:D004200', 'Disease') :: ['thoracopagus twins']
@entity7411 :: (MESH:D014428,Disease) :: ['Conjoined twins']
