UNASSIGNED: The best-known @entity1897 are those affecting the large, myelinated motor and sensory fibers. These have well-established immunological causes and therapies. Far less is known about the somatic and autonomic "small fibers"; the unmyelinated C-fibers, thinly myelinated A-deltas, and postganglionic sympathetics. The small fibers sense @entity158 and itch, innervate internal organs and tissues, and modulate the inflammatory and immune responses. Symptoms of small-fiber @entity16 include @entity1118 and itch, @entity1109 , @entity4 , and skin color, temperature, and sweating changes. @entity305 ( @entity305 ) also causes cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and urological symptoms, the neurologic origin of which often remains unrecognized. Routine electrodiagnostic study does not detect @entity305 , so skin biopsies immunolabeled to reveal axons are recommended for diagnostic confirmation. Preliminary evidence suggests that dysimmunity causes some cases of small-fiber @entity16 . Several @entity792 , including Sj  gren and celiac, are associated with @entity158 and distal axonopathy, and some @entity1 with "idiopathic" @entity305 have evidence of organ-specific dysimmunity, including serological markers. Dysimmune @entity305 first came into focus in @entity1 and teenagers as they lack other risk factors, for example @entity6 or toxic exposures. In them, the rudimentary evidence suggests humoral rather than cellular mechanisms and complement consumption. Preliminary evidence supports efficacy of corticosteroids and immunoglobulins in carefully selected @entity1 and adult @entity1 . This paper reviews the evidence of immune causality and the limited data regarding immunotherapy for small-fiber-predominant @entity4494 , regional @entity16 ( @entity158 ), and distal @entity305 . These demonstrate the need to develop case definitions and outcome metrics to improve diagnosis, enable prospective trials, and dissect the mechanisms of small-fiber @entity16 .

Immunotherapy Prospects for Painful XXXX and Ganglionopathies.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients'] @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes'] @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edema'] @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy'] @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['sensory impairment'] @entity305 :: ('MESH:D011115', 'Disease') :: ['Small-fiber polyneuropathy', 'SFPN'] @entity4494 :: ('MESH:D045888', 'Disease') :: ['ganglionitis'] @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral neuropathies'] @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'complex regional pain syndrome', 'painful small-fiber ganglionopathy'] @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']
@entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['Small-fiber Sensory Neuropathies']
