Importance: Although adults with @entity161 have a significantly increased risk of premature mortality, sample size limitations of previous research have hindered the identification of the underlying causes. Objective: To describe overall and cause-specific mortality rates and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for adults with @entity161 compared with the US general population. Design, Setting, and @entity1 : We identified a national retrospective longitudinal cohort of @entity1 with @entity161 20 to 64 years old in the Medicaid program (January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2007). The cohort included 1   138   853 individuals, 4   807   121 years of follow-up, and 74   003 @entity204 , of which 65   553 had a known cause. Main Outcomes and Measures: Mortality ratios for the @entity161 cohort standardized to the general population with respect to age, sex, race/ethnicity, and geographic region were estimated for all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Mortality rates per 100   000 @entity1 -years and the mean years of potential life lost per @entity204 were also determined. Death record information was obtained from the National Death Index. Results: Adults with @entity161 were more than 3.5 times (all-cause SMR, 3.7; 95% CI, 3.7-3.7) as likely to die in the follow-up period as were adults in the general population. @entity65 had the highest mortality rate (403.2 per 100   000 @entity1 -years) and an SMR of 3.6 (95% CI, 3.5-3.6). Among 6 selected @entity5 , @entity2 had the highest mortality rate (74.8 per 100   000 @entity1 -years) and an SMR of 2.4 (95% CI, 2.4-2.5). Particularly elevated SMRs were observed for @entity1030 (9.9; 95% CI, 9.6-10.2) and @entity55 (7.0; 95% CI, 6.7-7.4). Accidental @entity204 (119.7 per 100   000 @entity1 -years) accounted for more than twice as many @entity204 as suicide (52.0 per 100   000 @entity1 -years). Nonsuicidal substance-induced @entity204 , mostly from @entity285 or other drugs, was also a leading cause of @entity204 (95.2 per 100   000 @entity1 -years). Conclusions and Relevance: In a US national cohort of adults with @entity161 , excess @entity204 from cardiovascular and @entity1576 implicate modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, including especially @entity286 use. @entity204 directly attributable to @entity285 or other drugs highlight threats posed by @entity734 . More aggressive identification and management of cardiovascular risk factors, as well as reducing @entity286 use and @entity734 , should be leading priorities in the medical care of adults with @entity161 .

Premature Mortality Among Adults With XXXX in the United States.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Participants', 'person'] @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco'] @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['influenza and pneumonia'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers'] @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer'] @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia'] @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory diseases'] @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease'] @entity285 :: ('D000431', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol'] @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['Excess deaths', 'death', 'deaths'] @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['substance abuse'] @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiovascular disease']
@entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['Schizophrenia']
