The consensus statement from the American @entity158 Society and American Academy of @entity158 Medicine states that the undertreatment of @entity158 is unjustified [6]. It has been suggested that opioid therapy can be used effectively to treat @entity158 in a subset of @entity1 [26], and this is becoming more acceptable [3]. Providing sustained analgesia is an important aspect of therapy, and medications should be administered on an around-the-clock basis, because regular administration of doses maintains a constant level of drug in the body and helps prevent recurrence of @entity158 . Ideal treatment for persistent @entity158 is a long-acting opioid administered around the clock to prevent baseline @entity158 , with the use of short-acting opioids as supplemental agents for @entity158 . Controlled-release formulations can lessen the inconvenience associated with around-the-clock administration of short-acting opioids. Sustained analgesia also can be achieved with transdermal @entity3575 , which combines a strong opioid with a 72-hour release profile and the benefits of a parenteral route, avoiding first-pass metabolism. Controlled-release formulations of @entity1286 and @entity1288 are available in the United States, and @entity10748 preparations are being reviewed for approval. Clinical experience with these formulations and transdermal @entity3575 indicates that these agents are equally effective in controlling @entity158 . Studies have demonstrated improved quality of life with the transdermal route and with controlled-release @entity1286 and @entity1288 . Because of patch reapplication every 72 hours, the transdermal route also enhances compliance. Use of an opioid without the need for oral or intravenous administration and the opportunity to improve compliance are among the advantages of the transdermal route in clinical practice. The nurse has an important role in the management of @entity1 receiving long-acting opioids for chronic @entity158 , Facilitation of the conversion from short-acting to long-acting opioids may be the initial step. Individualization of therapy to determine which route and product best suits the @entity1 's needs and lifestyle can be accomplished through a comprehensive nursing assessment. Titration of dose along with institution of a short-acting opioid for break-through @entity158 may require frequent interventions that a nurse familiar with the @entity1 can provide. Prevention and management of opioid-related adverse events are essential for effective opioid therapy. Providing @entity1 and family education regarding administration, monitoring, and management of opioid therapy is an important nursing role. Lastly, documentation of @entity158 level, functional status, and opioid-related adverse events is required for each contact with the @entity1 , to make this information available to all who assist in the management of the @entity1 's @entity158 . @entity1118 is an experience that affects all aspects of a @entity1 's life. Effective @entity158 management with long-acting opioids may help the @entity1 to focus on the positive aspects of life, decreasing the focus on @entity158 .

The use of long-acting opioids in XXXX management.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient'] @entity10748 :: ('MESH:D004091', 'Chemical') :: ['hydromorphone'] @entity1288 :: ('MESH:D010098', 'Chemical') :: ['oxycodone'] @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['noncancer pain', 'breakthrough pain', 'Pain', 'pain'] @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic noncancer pain'] @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']
@entity1118 :: (MESH:D059350,Disease) :: ['chronic pain']
