@entity851 ( @entity2533 , - @entity32994 ) are potent stimulators of bone formation and have been shown to regulate chondrocyte, osteoblast, and osteoclast formation and function. However, the distribution of the different isoforms and their signaling receptors in @entity1 bone in vivo has not previously been reported. Using samples of normal (neonatal rib) and pathological (osteophytic) developing @entity1 bone, we have investigated the expression of the different TGF-beta isoforms and their signaling receptors (TGF-betaRI and RII) at the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein levels by in situ hybridization and immunolocalization to establish the sites of TGF-beta production and their possible sites of action during @entity1 bone development in vivo. All three TGF-beta isoforms and the receptors were detected at sites of endochondral and intramembranous ossification. At sites of endochondral ossification, @entity6474 was detected in all zones of the cartilage, with the highest expression seen in the @entity1184 and mineralizing zones. @entity1934 was detected in proliferative and @entity1184 zone chondrocytes, while @entity2533 expression was restricted to the proliferative and upper @entity1184 zones. TGF-betaRI and RII exhibited similar distributions with maximum expression in the @entity1184 and mineralizing zones in the neonatal rib but in the resting/proliferative zone in the developing osteophyte. At sites of intramembranous ossification @entity1934 was the most widely distributed isoform and showed both matrix- and cell-associated staining. @entity69640 were expressed almost exclusively at sites of mineralization. These observations demonstrate that the different TGF-beta isoforms and their receptors exhibit distinct but overlapping patterns of expression, and support the hypothesis that they are involved in the regulation of endochondral and intramembranous ossification during @entity1 bone development in vivo.

Expression and distribution of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms and their signaling receptors in growing XXXX bone.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human'] @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['Transforming growth factors type beta'] @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic'] @entity69640 :: ('7042;7040', 'Gene') :: ['TGF-beta2 and -beta1'] @entity32994 :: ('10242;1934', 'Gene') :: ['beta2, and -beta3'] @entity2533 :: ('7040', 'Gene') :: ['TGF-beta1'] @entity1934 :: ('7043', 'Gene') :: ['TGF-beta3'] @entity6474 :: ('7042', 'Gene') :: ['TGF-beta2']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']
