UNASSIGNED: @entity295 is a leading cause of mortality in intensive care units, and is more common in the geriatric population. The control of hyperinflammation has been suggested as a therapeutic approach in @entity295 , but to date clinical trials utilizing this strategy have not lead to an effective treatment. In addition to hyperinflammation, @entity1 with @entity295 often experience a state of immunosuppression, which serves as an important determinant for increased morbidity and mortality. We previously used aged animals to demonstrate the effectiveness of combined treatment with @entity1 ghrelin (Ghr) and @entity1 @entity2124 ( @entity2124 ) in improving organ injury and survival in septic animals. Here, we hypothesized that combined treatment with Ghr and @entity2124 could improve immune function in septic aged animals. Male 24-month-old @entity35 were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) for @entity295 induction. @entity1 Ghr (80nmol/kg BW) plus @entity2124 (50 g/kg BW) or vehicle (normal saline) was administrated subcutaneously at 5h after CLP. The ex vivo production of @entity310 , @entity650 and @entity688 to LPS-stimulation, as well as @entity310 , @entity650 , @entity688 and @entity379 production to anti-CD3/anti- @entity1361 antibody-stimulation, in splenocytes isolated 20h after CLP, was significantly decreased compared to production of these cytokines in splenocytes from sham animals. The production of cytokines from splenocytes isolated from septic animals that received the combined treatment, however, was significantly higher than from those isolated from vehicle-treated septic animals. Combined treatment prevented the loss of splenic @entity11264 (+) and CD8(+) T cells in septic aged @entity35 , and reduced lymphocyte apoptosis. Combined treatment also inhibited an increase in the regulatory T cell (Treg) population and expression of the immune co-inhibitory molecule PD-1 in the spleens of septic aged @entity35 . In contrast, expression of HLA-DR was increased after combined treatment with Ghr and @entity2124 . Based on these findings, we conclude that co-administration of Ghr and @entity2124 is a promising therapeutic tool for reversing immunosuppression caused by @entity295 in the geriatric population. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Immune and Metabolic Alterations in @entity130 and @entity295 - edited by Raghavan Raju.

Therapeutic effect of @entity1 ghrelin and @entity2124 : Attenuation of immunosuppression in septic aged XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'Human'] @entity650 :: ('3569', 'Gene') :: ['IL-6'] @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis', 'Sepsis'] @entity310 :: ('7124', 'Gene') :: ['TNF-a'] @entity11264 :: ('24932(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['CD4'] @entity2124 :: ('2688', 'Gene') :: ['GH', 'growth hormone'] @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-y'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rats'] @entity688 :: ('3586', 'Gene') :: ['IL-10'] @entity1361 :: ('940', 'Gene') :: ['CD28'] @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Trauma']
@entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']
