UNASSIGNED: When challenged with a variety of inflammatory threats, multiple systems across the body undergo physiological responses to promote defense and survival. The constellation of @entity221 , @entity448 , and @entity1295 is known as the acute illness response, and represents an adaptive behavioral and physiological reaction to stimuli such as @entity281 . On the other end of the spectrum, @entity3085 is a deadly and clinically challenging syndrome involving @entity448 , @entity1295 , and @entity2057 . Both of these processes are governed by inflammatory mediators including cytokines, chemokines, and immune cells. Though the effects of @entity3085 can be partially explained by direct effects of disease processes on wasting tissues, a growing body of evidence shows the central nervous system (CNS) also plays an essential mechanistic role in @entity3085 . In the context of inflammatory stress, the hypothalamus integrates signals from peripheral systems, which it translates into neuroendocrine perturbations, altered neuronal signaling, and global metabolic derangements. Therefore, we will discuss how hypothalamic @entity32 is an essential driver of both the @entity697 , and why this organ is uniquely equipped to generate and maintain @entity32 . First, we will focus on the role of the hypothalamus in acute responses to dietary and infectious stimuli. Next, we will discuss the role of cytokines in driving homeostatic disequilibrium, resulting in @entity2057 , @entity448 , and @entity353 . Finally, we will address mechanisms and mediators of @entity32 , including endothelial cells, chemokines, and peripheral leukocytes.

The central role of hypothalamic XXXX in the @entity697 .

@entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['chronic inflammation', 'chronic hypothalamic inflammation', 'inflammation'] @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute illness response and cachexia'] @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss'] @entity3085 :: ('MESH:D002100', 'Disease') :: ['cachexia'] @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia'] @entity1295 :: ('MESH:D005221', 'Disease') :: ['fatigue'] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection'] @entity2057 :: ('MESH:D009133', 'Disease') :: ['muscle wasting'] @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['fever']
@entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']
