Phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of @entity731 . @entity15580 ( @entity15580 ) is highly expressed in vascular SMCs in the experimental arteriosclerotic neointimal area as well as in cultured SMCs, suggesting that increased expression of the @entity15580 gene is related to the phenotypic alteration of vascular SMCs. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms and to identify the essential DNA sequences in @entity15580 gene expression, a genomic clone containing over 8 kilobases of the 5'-flanking region of the @entity1 @entity15580 gene has been isolated. Sequence analysis revealed that a number of putative regulatory elements including unusual tandem repeated AP-2-like sequences were observed in the 5'-flanking region. Primer extension and ribonuclease protection analyses revealed that transcription of the @entity1 @entity15580 gene starts from two major regions. Promoter analysis using deletion constructs in @entity1 cells, highly producing @entity15580 transcripts, showing that the region (from - 33 to + 13 relative to the transcription start point) had a potential promoter activity suggested that the region from -33 to + 13, containing a @entity7391 -rich stretch composed of four CTTTTT-repeated sequences, is sufficient for the proximal promoter activity. Moreover, three distinct DNA sequences surrounding the transcription start site (P1, from -60 to -33; P2, from + 14 to +40; P3, from +41 to +66) were revealed to be functional as a cis-acting positive enhancer, and a nuclear protein(s) from the @entity1 cells was demonstrated to specifically bind to the sequences, respectively. However, promoter analysis has shown that the P2 and P3 sequences could not activate the @entity1 @entity15580 promoter in a synergistic manner. On the basis of deoxyribonuclease I footprinting analysis showing that a DNA element from +48 to +60 within the P3 sequence is preferentially protected, the P3 sequence appears to contain a potential regulatory element involved in @entity15580 gene expression. The present study demonstrated the structure of the 5'-regulatory region of the @entity1 @entity15580 gene and multiple cis-acting positive sequences closely located around the transcription start points with an important role in regulation of @entity1 @entity15580 gene expression.

Isolation and characterization of the 5'-flanking regulatory region of the XXXX natriuretic peptide receptor C gene.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human'] @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis'] @entity15580 :: ('4883', 'Gene') :: ['Natriuretic peptide receptor-C', 'NPR-C'] @entity7391 :: ('MESH:C030986', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrimidine']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']
