UNASSIGNED: @entity1 with @entity161 smoke cigarettes at a higher rate than the general population. We hypothesized that a factor in this comorbidity is sensitivity to the reinforcing and reinforcement-enhancement effects of nicotine. Phencyclidine ( @entity7678 ) was used to model behavioral changes resembling negative symptoms of @entity161 in @entity35 . Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in @entity35 have been used to measure emotional states, with 50   kHz USVs indicating positive states and 22   kHz USVs indicating negative states. Total and categorized numbers of 22 and 50   kHz USVs and USVs during a visual stimulus (e.g. a potential measure of reinforcement-enhancement) were examined in @entity35 following injection of @entity7678 (2.0   mg/kg) and/or nicotine (0.2 or 0.4   mg/kg) daily for 7 days. @entity7678 was then discontinued and all @entity35 received nicotine (0.2 and 0.4   mg/kg) and @entity7678 (2.0   mg/kg) on three challenge days. @entity7678 acutely decreased 50   kHz vocalizations, whereas repeated nicotine potentiated rates of vocalizations, with similar patterns during light presentations. @entity35 in the @entity7678 and nicotine combination groups made more 50   kHz vocalizations compared with @entity35 in the control groups on challenge days. We conclude that @entity7678 may produce a reward deficit, which is shown by decreased 50   kHz USVs, and behaviors post- @entity7678 exposure may best model the comorbidity between @entity161 and nicotine.

Effects of the phencyclidine model of XXXX and nicotine on total and categorized ultrasonic vocalizations in @entity35 .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients'] @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Rats', 'rats'] @entity7678 :: ('MESH:D010623', 'Disease') :: ['PCP']
@entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']
