Previous studies have demonstrated the existence of a subset of B lymphocytes, regulatory B cells (Bregs), which modulate immune function. In this study, in vivo and in vitro experiments were undertaken to elucidate the role of these Bregs in controlling neuroinflammation following viral @entity75 . We used multicolor flow cytometry to phenotype lymphocyte subpopulations infiltrating the brain, along with in vitro cocultures to assess their anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory roles. This distinctive subset of @entity6440 (+) @entity776 (hi) @entity6689 (+) B cells was found to infiltrate the brains of chronically infected animals, reaching highest levels at the latest time point tested (30 d postinfection). B cell-deficient Jh(-/-) @entity19 were found to develop exacerbated neuroimmune responses as measured by enhanced accumulation and/or retention of CD8(+) T cells within the brain, as well as increased levels of microglial activation (MHC class II). Conversely, levels of @entity3744 (+) regulatory T cells were found to be significantly lower in Jh(-/-) @entity19 when compared with wild-type (Wt) animals. Further experiments showed that in vitro-generated @entity1618 -secreting Bregs (B10) were able to inhibit cytokine responses from microglia following stimulation with viral Ags. These in vitro-generated B10 cells were also found to promote proliferation of regulatory T cells in coculture studies. Finally, gain-of-function experiments demonstrated that reconstitution of Wt B cells into Jh(-/-) @entity19 restored neuroimmune responses to levels exhibited by infected Wt @entity19 . Taken together, these results demonstrate that Bregs modulate T lymphocyte as well as microglial cell responses within the infected brain and promote @entity1961 (+) @entity3744 (+) T cell proliferation in vitro.

Infiltrating Regulatory B Cells Control Neuroinflammation following Viral XXXX .

@entity776 :: ('12479(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['CD1d'] @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain infection'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity1618 :: ('16153(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IL-10'] @entity1961 :: ('12504(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['CD4'] @entity6689 :: ('12507(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['CD5'] @entity3744 :: ('20371(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Foxp3'] @entity6440 :: ('12478(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['CD19']
@entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['Brain Infection']
