Despite a large number of rear-end collisions on the road and a high frequency of @entity7125 reported, the mechanism of @entity7125 is not completely understood. One of the reasons is that the injury is not necessarily accompanied by obvious tissue damage detectable by X-ray or MRI. An extensive series of biomechanics studies, including @entity130 , neck kinematics, facet capsule ligament mechanics, @entity130 and @entity130 , were undertaken to help elucidate these whiplash @entity130 and gain a better understanding of cervical @entity158 . These studies provide the following evidences to help explain the mechanisms of the @entity7125 : (1) @entity7125 are generally considered to be a soft tissue injury of the neck with symptoms such as @entity4048 and @entity2693 , @entity425 , @entity1296 , @entity10 and @entity2414 , etc. (2) Based on kinematical studies on the cadaver and volunteers, there are three distinct periods that have the potential to cause @entity9389 . In the first stage, flexural @entity85 is observed along with a @entity393 ; in the second stage, the cervical spine assumes an S-shaped curve as the lower vertebrae begin to extend and gradually cause the upper vertebrae to extend; during the final stage, the entire neck is extended due to the extension moments at both ends. (3) The in vivo environment afforded by rodent models of @entity130 for linking mechanics, nociception and behavioral outcomes. Experimental findings have examined strains across the facet joint as a mechanism of @entity7125 , and suggested a capsular strain threshold or a vertebral distraction threshold for whiplash-related injury, potentially producing @entity4048 . (4) Injuries to the facet capsule region of the neck are a major source of post-crash @entity158 . There are several hypotheses on how @entity7125 may occur and three of these injuries are related to strains within the facet capsule connected with events early in the impact. (5) There are several possible @entity130 to correlate with the duration of symptoms during reconstructions of actual crashes. These results form the biomechanical basis for a hypothesis that the facet joint capsule is a source of @entity4048 and that the @entity158 may arise from large strains in the joint capsule that will cause @entity158 receptors to fire.

Biomechanics of XXXX .

@entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory loss'] @entity9389 :: ('MESH:D019838', 'Disease') :: ['injury to the neck'] @entity7125 :: ('MESH:D014911', 'Disease') :: ['whiplash-associated injury', 'Whiplash injuries', 'whiplash injuries', 'whiplash injury'] @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['shoulder weakness'] @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['loss of cervical lordosis'] @entity4048 :: ('MESH:D019547', 'Disease') :: ['neck pain'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'facet pain'] @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness'] @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['deformation of the neck'] @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache'] @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injury mechanisms', 'injury epidemiology', 'injury criteria', 'injury offers particular utility'] @entity2693 :: ('MESH:C566112', 'Disease') :: ['stiffness']
@entity7125 :: (MESH:D014911,Disease) :: ['whiplash injury']
