BACKGROUND: Because the injured joint has an actively inflammatory environment, the survival and repair potential of cartilage grafts may be influenced by inflammatory processes. Understanding the interactions of those processes with the graft may lead to concepts for pharmacologic or surgical solutions allowing improved cartilage repair. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We asked whether the maturation level of cartilaginous tissues generated in vitro by expanded @entity1 articular chondrocytes (HACs) modulate (1) the spontaneous production of cytokines and (2) the response to @entity1356 . METHODS: Twelve pellets/donor prepared with monolayer-expanded HACs (n = 6 donors) were evaluated at six different culture times for mRNA expression (n = 72) and spontaneous baseline release of @entity2842 , @entity687 , and transforming growth factor (TGF)-b1 (n = 72). We cultured 24 pellets/donor from each of four donors for 1 or 14 days (defined as immature and mature, respectively) and exposed the pellets to @entity1356 for 3 days. @entity2842 , @entity687 , @entity2533 , and @entity3334 and @entity1550 were quantified in pellets and culture supernatants. RESULTS: By increasing culture time, the spontaneous release of @entity687 and @entity2842 decreased (12.0- and 5.5-fold, respectively), whereas that of @entity2533 increased (5.4-fold). As compared with immature pellets, mature pellets responded to @entity1356 by releasing lower amounts of @entity3334 (2.9-fold) and @entity1550 (1.7-fold) and increased levels of @entity687 , @entity2842 , and @entity2533 (1.5-, 5.0-, and 7.5-fold, respectively). @entity687 and @entity2842 promptly returned to baseline on withdrawal of @entity1356 . CONCLUSIONS: Our observations suggest more mature cartilaginous tissues are more resistant to @entity1356 exposure and can activate chemokines required to initiate tissue repair processes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The implantation of more mature cartilaginous tissues might provide superior graft survival and improve/accelerate cartilage repair.

Engineered cartilage maturation regulates cytokine production and XXXX response.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human'] @entity3334 :: ('4312', 'Gene') :: ['MMP-1', 'metalloprotease (MMP)-1'] @entity1356 :: ('3553', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin (IL)-1b', 'IL-1b'] @entity1550 :: ('4322', 'Gene') :: ['MMP-13'] @entity2842 :: ('6347', 'Gene') :: ['MCP-1', 'monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1'] @entity2533 :: ('7040', 'Gene') :: ['TGF-b1'] @entity687 :: ('3576', 'Gene') :: ['IL-8']
@entity1356 :: (3553,Gene) :: ['interleukin-1b']
