UNASSIGNED: Previous receptor binding studies suggest @entity935 function is altered in the basal ganglia circuitry in task-specific @entity3519 , a condition characterized by contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles while performing specific tasks. @entity935 plays a role in reward-based learning. Using fMRI, this study compared 31 right-handed @entity3520 @entity1 to 35 controls in reward-based learning of a probabilistic reversal-learning task. All subjects chose between two stimuli and indicated their response with their left or right index finger. One stimulus response was rewarded 80%, the other 20%. After contingencies reversal, the second stimulus response was rewarded in 80%. We further linked the @entity1633 / @entity39287 -TaqIa polymorphism, which is associated with 30% reduction of the striatal @entity935 receptor density with reward-based learning and assumed impaired reversal learning in A  + subjects. Feedback learning in @entity1 was normal. Blood- @entity26 level dependent (BOLD) signal in controls increased with negative feedback in the insula, rostral cingulate cortex, middle frontal gyrus and parietal cortex (pFWE  <  0.05). In comparison to controls, @entity1 showed greater increase in BOLD activity following negative feedback in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (BA32). The genetic status was not correlated with the BOLD activity. The Brodmann area 32 (BA32) is part of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) that plays an important role in coordinating and integrating information to guide behavior and in reward-based learning. The dACC is connected with the basal ganglia-thalamo-loop modulated by dopaminergic signaling. This finding suggests disturbed integration of reinforcement history in decision making and implicate that the reward system might contribute to the pathogenesis in @entity3520 .

Altered brain activation in a reversal learning task unmasks adaptive changes in cognitive control in XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity3520 :: ('MESH:D020821', 'Disease') :: ["writer's cramp"] @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine', 'Dopamine'] @entity39287 :: ('255239', 'Gene') :: ['ANKK1'] @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen'] @entity3519 :: ('MESH:D004421', 'Disease') :: ['dystonia'] @entity1633 :: ('1813', 'Gene') :: ['DRD2']
@entity3520 :: (MESH:D020821,Disease) :: ['writer's cramp']
