@entity150 ranks among the top ten most common @entity5 worldwide. Approximately 80% of the disease is superficial (limited to @entity5932 ) at the time of presentation. However, the majority of these @entity5 recur and 15-20% progress into muscle-invasive disease. Cystoscopic surveillance of the urinary bladder remains the standard of care to identify these recurrences on follow-up. Not only is this an invasive procedure, but the sensitivity of cystoscopy can be as low as 70%, so there can be up to 30% of @entity5 that are missed. Urinary cytology, with recognized limitations, has been used as an adjunct to this procedure, pending discovery of alternate urinary biomarkers. In the past decade there has been tremendous advancement in producing urinary biomarkers for @entity150 research, reflecting advancements in genomics and proteomics. An ideal biomarker should be able to replace cystoscopic examination and be cost effective. Unfortunately, most of the identified protein or molecular biomarkers have failed this test. This article critically appraises the status of these urinary biomarkers in @entity150 , in addition to highlighting some of the difficulties in this research area.

Potential of urinary biomarkers in early XXXX diagnosis.

@entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'tumors'] @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['Carcinoma of urinary bladder', 'urinary bladder cancer'] @entity5932 :: ('MESH:C565008', 'Disease') :: ['mucosa and lamina propria']
@entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']
