UNASSIGNED: Pinellia ternata (PT) is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine. The raw material has a throat-irritating @entity137 that is associated with the PT lectin (PTL). PTL is a monocot lectin isolated from the tubers of PT, which exhibits @entity19 peritoneal acute inflammatory effects in  vivo. The present study aimed to investigate the pro-inflammatory effect of PTL on macrophages. PTL (50    g/ml)  -stimulated macrophages enhanced the chemotactic activity of neutrophils. PTL (50, 100, 200 and 400    g/ml) significantly elevated the production of cytokines [ @entity5 @entity39 factor  -a  ( @entity637 ) , @entity635 and @entity777 ]. PTL (25, 50 and 100    g/ml) induced intracellular reactive @entity26 species (ROS) overproduction. PTL also caused transfer of @entity1992 from the macrophage cytoplasm to the nucleus and activated the nuclear factor  -kB (NF  -kB) signaling pathway. Scanning electron microscope images revealed severe cell swelling and membrane integrity defection of macrophages following PTL (100    g/ml) stimulation, which was also associated with @entity32 . PTL had pro  -inflammatory activity, involving induced neutrophil migration, cytokine release, ROS overproduction and the activation of the NF-kB signaling pathway, which was associated with the activation of macrophages.

Pinellia ternata lectin exerts a pro-inflammatory effect on macrophages by inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the activation of the nuclear factor-kB signaling pathway and the overproduction of reactive XXXX species.

@entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation'] @entity1992 :: ('19697(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['p65'] @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity'] @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor'] @entity635 :: ('16176(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin (IL)  -1b'] @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen'] @entity777 :: ('16193(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IL  -6'] @entity637 :: ('21926(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['TNF-a']
@entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']
