Breast-conserving surgery is now commonly used to treat @entity0 . While mastectomy has been the traditional treatment for @entity513 in situ, it is felt to be excessive in most cases. A great effort has been made to identify pathobiological characteristics of DCIS that can be used to identify @entity1 best suited for wide local excision vs. wide local excision and breast irradiation. Mastectomy and conservative surgery plus irradiation offer a similar outcome in @entity1 with early stage invasive @entity0 . Radiotherapy has not been shown to improve survival but is able to reduce significantly the rate of local recurrence, which is regarded as a very undesirable outcome. There is still controversy concerning the necessity of irradiation of the breast in all @entity1 . Analysis of predictors of outcome cannot identify a subgroup of @entity1 with a very low risk for local breast recurrence who might not require radiation therapy. In @entity0 @entity1 XRT has a beneficial effect not only on locoregional but also on systemic recurrences. Radiotherapy has to be integrated for a pre- or postoperative consolidation in new treatment concepts for locally advanced @entity0 which use primary chemotherapy and immediate or subsequent breast radiation. Radiation of internal mammary chain and supraclavicular fossa after conservative surgery does not lead to an increase in clinically important skin or @entity358 . Its role is being evaluated in current multicentre studies.

[Target volume and indications of radiotherapy in XXXX ].

@entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinoma'] @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary complications'] @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'premenopausal, node-positive breast cancer']
@entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast carcinoma']
