Repeated exposure to social stress can precipitate the development of @entity74 including @entity308 and comorbid @entity65 . While a major @entity2483 often encompasses physical interactions, purely psychological stressors (i.e. witnessing a traumatic event) also fall under the scope of social stress. The current study determined whether the acute stress response and susceptibility to stress-related consequences differed based on whether the stressor consisted of physical versus purely @entity6100 . Using a modified resident-intruder paradigm, male @entity35 were either directly exposed to repeated social defeat stress (intruder) or witnessed a male @entity35 being defeated. @entity65 , @entity146 , and inflammatory cytokines in plasma and the stress-sensitive locus coeruleus were compared between intruder, witness, and control @entity35 . Surprisingly intruders and witnesses exhibited nearly identical increases in mean arterial pressure and heart rate during acute and repeated stress exposures, yet only intruders exhibited stress-induced @entity943 . Furthermore, re-exposure to the stress environment in the absence of the resident produced robust pressor and tachycardic responses in both stress conditions indicating the robust and enduring nature of social stress. In contrast, the long-term consequences of these stressors were distinct. Intruders were characterized by enhanced inflammatory sensitivity in plasma, while witnesses were characterized by the emergence of @entity308 -like @entity4270 , transient @entity101 and plasma levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase. The current study highlights that while the acute cardiovascular responses to stress were identical between intruders and witnesses, these stressors produced distinct differences in the enduring consequences to stress, suggesting that witness stress may be more likely to produce long-term @entity65 and comorbid @entity146 while exposure to physical stressors may bias the system towards sensitivity to inflammatory disorders.

Physical versus psychological social stress in male XXXX reveals distinct cardiovascular, inflammatory and behavioral consequences.

@entity6100 :: ('OMIM:300082', 'Disease') :: ['psychological social stress'] @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression', 'depressive'] @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increases in systolic blood pressure'] @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['behavioral anhedonia'] @entity4270 :: ('MESH:D059445', 'Disease') :: ['anhedonia'] @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['psychosocial disorders'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'rats'] @entity2483 :: ('MESH:C566443', 'Disease') :: ['component of social stress'] @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias'] @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular dysfunction', 'cardiovascular disease', 'Cardiovascular parameters']
@entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']
