CONTEXT: Several treatment interventions can reduce complications of @entity164 2 @entity6 , but their relative cost-effectiveness is not known. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness of intensive glycemic control (relative to conventional control), intensified @entity101 control, and reduction in serum @entity165 level for @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity1 : Cost-effectiveness analysis of a hypothetical cohort of individuals living in the United States, aged 25 years or older, who were newly diagnosed as having @entity164 2 @entity6 . The results of the United Kingdom Prospective @entity6 Study (UKPDS) and other studies were used to create a model of disease progression and treatment patterns. Costs were based on those used in community practices in the United States. INTERVENTIONS: Insulin or @entity4136 therapy for intensive glycemic control; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or beta-blocker for intensified @entity101 control; and @entity8673 for reduction of serum @entity165 level. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. Costs (in 1997 US dollars) and QALYs were discounted at a 3% annual rate. RESULTS: The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for intensive glycemic control is  41 384 per QALY; this ratio increased with age at diagnosis from  9614 per QALY for @entity1 aged 25 to 34 years to  2.1 million for @entity1 aged 85 to 94 years. For intensified @entity101 control the cost-effectiveness ratio is - 1959 per QALY. The cost-effectiveness ratio for reduction in serum @entity165 level is  51 889 per QALY; this ratio varied by age at diagnosis and is lowest for @entity1 diagnosed between the ages of 45 and 84 years. CONCLUSIONS: Intensified @entity101 control reduces costs and improves health outcomes relative to moderate @entity101 control. Intensive glycemic control and reduction in serum @entity165 level increase costs and improve health outcomes. The cost-effectiveness ratios for these 2 interventions are comparable with those of several other frequently adopted health care interventions.

Cost-effectiveness of intensive glycemic control, intensified @entity101 control, and serum XXXX level reduction for @entity164 2 @entity6 .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS'] @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension'] @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes'] @entity164 :: ('MESH:D017827', 'Disease') :: ['type'] @entity4136 :: ('CHEBI:26831', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfonylurea'] @entity8673 :: ('MESH:D017035', 'Chemical') :: ['pravastatin'] @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']
@entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['cholesterol']
