@entity2407 ( @entity2407 ) is a reversible vasospastic response of the extremities to cold or emotion, and can be the first manifestation or may be present before the development of an overt @entity785 ( @entity785 ). The disturbance of the balance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction is not limited to the peripheral microcirculation of the skin, but it is also observed in other organs, such as the @entity2194 . We aimed to examine the @entity3193 ( @entity3193 ), the macular thickness and @entity4494 cell complex (GCC) average in thirty consecutive @entity1 , without visual symptoms, classified as primary @entity2407 (pRP), @entity2407 secondary to suspected @entity785 , and overt @entity785 . All the @entity1 underwent rheumatologic and ophthalmologic examination, capillaroscopy, test for anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-dsDNA, and anti-extractable nuclear antigens. Ophthalmologic examination included: best corrected visual acuity; slit lamp biomicroscopy; intraocular pressure measurements, fundus examination, and Spectral Domain-Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) with enhanced depth imaging scan system. Twenty-seven healthy subjects similar for gender and age were analyzed. In pRP, @entity3193 was significantly thinner than controls in the outer nasal and temporal regions. In secondary @entity2407 , the inner and outer nasal areas were significantly thinner than controls. In @entity785 , the central, inner inferior, inner nasal, inner superior, outer temporal, outer inferior, and outer nasal regions were significantly thinner than controls. A decreasing trend of central foveal thickness was noted. All the @entity1 had GCC average significantly lower than controls. A thinning of choroidal and macular thickness, as well as of GCC was observed in @entity1 with pRP and becomes more severe and extensive in @entity2407 secondary to suspected @entity785 and overt @entity785 . To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze the choroidal features using SD-OCT in @entity2407 . These data may be clinically useful in suggesting an early involvement of ocular microcirculation with significant reduction of choroidal perfusion.

Choroidal impairment and macular thinning in XXXX with @entity785 : The acute study.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal plexus of the eye'] @entity4494 :: ('MESH:D045888', 'Disease') :: ['ganglion'] @entity2407 :: ('MESH:D011928', 'Disease') :: ["Raynaud's phenomenon", 'RP'] @entity3193 :: ('MESH:D015862', 'Disease') :: ['CT', 'choroidal thickness'] @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['systemic sclerosis', 'SSc']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']
