@entity164 2 @entity6 has been identified as a risk factor for @entity195 ( @entity195 ) and @entity191 ( @entity191 ). In the brains of @entity1 with @entity195 and @entity191 , insulin signaling is impaired. This finding has motivated new research that showed good effects using drugs that initially had been developed to treat @entity6 . Preclinical studies showed good neuroprotective effects applying insulin or long lasting analogues of incretin peptides. In transgenic animal models of @entity195 or @entity191 , analogues of the incretin @entity6757 prevented neurodegenerative processes and improved neuronal and synaptic functionality and reduced the symptoms of the diseases. @entity527 load and synaptic loss as well as @entity73 had been prevented in transgenic @entity195 @entity19 models, and dopaminergic loss of transmission and motor function has been reversed in animal models of @entity191 . On the basis of these promising findings, several clinical trials are being conducted with the first encouraging clinical results already published. In several pilot studies in @entity195 @entity1 , the nasal application of insulin showed encouraging effects on cognition and biomarkers. A pilot study in @entity191 @entity1 testing a @entity8142 agonist that is currently on the market as a treatment for @entity164 2 @entity6 (exendin-4, Byetta) also showed encouraging effects. Several other clinical trials are currently ongoing in @entity195 @entity1 , testing another @entity6757 analogue that is on the market (liraglutide, Victoza). Recently, a third @entity8142 agonist has been brought to the market in Europe (Lixisenatide, Lyxumia), which also shows very promising neuroprotective effects. This review will summarise the range of these protective effects that those drugs have demonstrated. @entity6757 analogues show promise in providing novel treatments that may be protective or even regenerative in @entity195 and @entity191 , something that no current drug does.

Drugs developed for treatment of @entity6 show protective effects in XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['Amyloid plaque'] @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse'] @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment'] @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'PD'] @entity164 :: ('MESH:D017827', 'Disease') :: ['type', 'Type'] @entity6757 :: ('100125288', 'Gene') :: ['GLP-1'] @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease"] @entity8142 :: ('2740', 'Gene') :: ['GLP-1 receptor']
@entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases']
