This is a retrospective review of 81 @entity1 with extracranial @entity2758 of the head and neck who presented to the @entity455 Program in Boston over the last 20 years. This study focused on the natural history and effectiveness of treatment. The male to female ratio was 1:1.5. @entity2758 occur in anatomic patterns. Sixty-nine percent occurred in the midface, 14 percent in the upper third of the face, and 17 percent in the lower third. The most common sites were cheek (31 percent), ear (16 percent), nose (11 percent), and forehead (10 percent). @entity22588 was apparent at birth in 59 percent of @entity1 (82 percent in @entity1 , 44 percent in @entity1 ). Ten percent of @entity1 noted onset in childhood, 10 percent in adolescence, and 21 percent in adulthood. Eight @entity1 first noted the @entity600 at puberty, and six others experienced exacerbation during puberty. Fifteen @entity1 noted appearance or expansion of the @entity600 during pregnancy. Bony involvement occurred in 22 @entity1 , most commonly in the maxilla and mandible. In seven @entity1 , the bone was the primary site; in 15 other @entity1 , the bone was involved secondarily. @entity2758 were categorized according to Schobinger clinical staging: 27 percent in stage I (quiescence), 38 percent in stage II (expansion), and 38 percent in stage III (destruction). There was a single @entity1 with stage IV @entity600 (decompensation). Stage I lesions remained stable for long periods. Expansion (stage II) was usually followed by @entity158 , @entity548 , and @entity1066 (stage III). Once present, these symptoms and signs inevitably progressed until the @entity600 was resected. Resection margins were best determined intraoperatively by the @entity548 pattern of the incised tissue and by Doppler. Subtotal excision or proximal ligation frequently resulted in rapid progression of the @entity2758 . The overall cure rate was 60 percent, defined as radiographic absence of @entity2758 . Cure rate for small @entity600 was 69 percent with excision only and 62 percent for extensive @entity600 with combined embolization-resection. The cure rate was 75 percent for stage I, 67 percent for stage II, and 48 percent for @entity5 . Outcome was not affected significantly by age at treatment, sex, Schobinger stage, or treatment method. Mean follow-up was 4.6 years.

XXXX of the head and neck: natural history and management.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men'] @entity22588 :: ('MESH:C564415', 'Disease') :: ['A vascular anomaly'] @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['Vascular Anomalies'] @entity2758 :: ('MESH:D001165', 'Disease') :: ['Arteriovenous malformations', 'arteriovenous malformation'] @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage III malformations'] @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration'] @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations', 'malformation'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain']
@entity2758 :: (MESH:D001165,Disease) :: ['Arteriovenous malformations']
