UNASSIGNED: Physical inactivity is an important contributor to skeletal @entity425 , @entity170 , and @entity353 in @entity1030 . However, the effects of physical inactivity, in interaction with smoking, on lung, muscle, and bone are poorly understood. To address this issue, male @entity19 were randomly assigned to an active (daily running), moderately inactive (space restriction), or extremely inactive group (space restriction followed by hindlimb suspension to mimic bed rest) during 24 weeks and simultaneously exposed to either cigarette smoke or room air. The effects of different physical activity levels and smoking status and their respective interaction were examined on lung function, body composition, in vitro limb muscle function, and bone parameters. Smoking caused @entity2415 , reduced food intake with subsequent loss of body weight, and fat, lean, and muscle mass, but increased trabecular bone volume. Smoking induced @entity121 @entity194 , which did not result in force impairment. Moderate inactivity only affected lung volumes and compliance, whereas extreme inactivity @entity55 , lowered body and fat mass, induced fiber @entity194 with soleus @entity121 , and reduced exercise capacity and all bone parameters. When combined with smoking, extreme inactivity also aggravated @entity55 and @entity2415 , and accelerated body and muscle @entity353 . This study shows that extreme inactivity, especially when imposed by absolute rest, accelerates lung damage and @entity32 . When combined with smoking, extreme inactivity is deleterious for muscle bulk, bone, and lungs. These data highlight that the consequences of physical inactivity during the course of @entity1030 should not be neglected.

Interaction between Physical Activity and Smoking on Lung, Muscle, and Bone in XXXX .

@entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation'] @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss'] @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['lung inflammation', 'increased lung inflammation'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis'] @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscle weakness'] @entity2415 :: ('MESH:D004646', 'Disease') :: ['emphysema'] @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['atrophy'] @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease'] @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle fiber', 'muscle dysfunction']
@entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Mice']
