INTRODUCTION: Renal allograft loss in the long term may be due to the death of a @entity1 with a functioning graft or to @entity740 . One of the most important factors in the development of @entity740 is drug nephrotoxicity. The term nephrotoxicity comprises two distinct forms of @entity8 : acute and chronic. Immunosuppressive drugs, and in particular calcineurin inhibitors, have a variety of side effects including nephrotoxicity. The nephrotoxicity associated with calcineurin inhibitors is well known; this association has also been described for the newer agents. METHODS: We reviewed a large number of recent studies that attempted to reduce the @entity137 of immunosuppressive regimens. RESULTS: A number of low- @entity137 protocols have been developed. Encouraging results have been obtained with regimens that reduce or eliminate nephrotoxicity-inducing calcineurin inhibitors and with regimens that reduce or eliminate @entity230 , which are responsible for many diseases that may lead to the death of the @entity1 , even with a functioning graft. CONCLUSION: All immunosuppressive drugs may be nephrotoxic, even if they act through different mechanisms. Combining different drugs at low dosage would therefore seem the best solution. It is not yet clear which regimens will be the most effective from the point of view of maximizing @entity1 and graft survival, minimizing rejection, and minimizing adverse events.

[Low- XXXX immunosuppressive therapy in renal transplant].

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient'] @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal injury'] @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity'] @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic allograft nephropathy'] @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']
@entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']
