@entity1 who experience inflicted @entity1545 (shaken-impact syndrome) present with @entity3439 , @entity1010 , and @entity1276 , pathologic features that are suggestive of multiple incidences of @entity131 . To develop a clinically relevant model of inflicted @entity1545 in @entity1 , the skulls of anesthetized 11-day-old @entity35 pups were subjected to one, two, or three successive mild impacts. While skull fractures were not observed, a single impact to the intact skull resulted in @entity548 in the subcortical white matter, and double or triple impacts led to hemorrhagic tissue tears at 1 day postinjury. Whereas the singly impacted brain did not exhibit overt damage at 7 days, two impacts resulted in an enlarged ventricle and white matter @entity194 ; three impacts to the brain led to similar pathology albeit at 3 days postinjury. By 7 days, cortical @entity194 was observed following three impacts. Reactive astrocytes were visible in the deep cortical layers below the impact site after two impacts, and through all cortical layers after three impacts. Swellings were observed in intact axons in multiple white matter tracts at 1 day following single impact and progressed to axonal disconnections by 3 days. In contrast, double or triple impacts resulted in axonal disconnections by 1 day postinjury; in addition, three impacts led to extensive @entity21 in the dorsolateral thalamus by 3 days. Calpain activation was observed in axons in subcortical white matter tracts in all brain-injured animals at 1 day and increased with the number of impacts. Despite these pathologic alterations, neither one nor two impacts led to acquisition deficits on the Morris water maze. While indicative of the graded nature of the pathologic response, these data suggest that repetitive mild @entity1545 in the immature @entity35 results in pathologic features similar to those following inflicted @entity1545 in @entity1 .

Basic science; repetitive mild XXXX in immature @entity35 exacerbates traumatic axonal injury and axonal calpain activation: a preliminary report.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'Infants'] @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injuries', 'brain injury'] @entity3439 :: ('MESH:D006408', 'Disease') :: ['subdural hematoma'] @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['brain trauma'] @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['ventriculomegaly'] @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['petechial hemorrhages'] @entity1010 :: ('MESH:C566985', 'Disease') :: ['brain atrophy'] @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['atrophy'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat'] @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['axonal injury']
@entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['non-contusive brain trauma']
