UNASSIGNED: The @entity95 is widely used in experimental cardiac physiology, but the neuroanatomy of the @entity95 heart remains insufficiently examined. This study aimed to ascertain the architecture of the intrinsic nerve plexus in the walls and septum of @entity95 cardiac ventricles. In 51 @entity95 hearts, a combined approach involving: (i) histochemical acetylcholinesterase staining of intrinsic neural structures in total cardiac ventricles; (ii) immunofluorescent labelling of intrinsic nerves, nerve fibres (NFs) and @entity528 ( @entity528 ); and (iii) transmission electron microscopy of intrinsic ventricular nerves and NFs was used. Mediastinal nerves access the ventral and lateral surfaces of both ventricles at a restricted site between the root of the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The dorsal surface of both ventricles is supplied by several epicardial nerves extending from the left dorsal ganglionated nerve subplexus on the dorsal left atrium. Ventral accessing nerves are thicker and more numerous than dorsal nerves. @entity528 are rare on the conus arteriosus and the root of the pulmonary trunk. The number of ventricular @entity528 ranged from 11 to 220 per heart. Four chemical phenotypes of @entity528 within ventricular ganglia were identified, i.e. ganglionic cells positive for @entity1877 acetyltransferase ( @entity4268 ), neuronal @entity842 synthase (nNOS), and biphenotypic, i.e. positive for both @entity4268 /nNOS and for @entity4268 / @entity4149 hydroxylase. Clusters of small intensely fluorescent cells are distributed within or close to ganglia on the root of the pulmonary trunk, but not on the conus arteriosus. The largest and most numerous intrinsic nerves proceed within the epicardium. Scarce nerves were found near myocardial blood vessels, but the @entity1562 contained only a scarce meshwork of NFs. In the endocardium, large numbers of thin nerves and NFs proceed along the bundle of His and both its branches up to the apex of the ventricles. The endocardial meshwork of fine NFs was approximately eight times denser than the myocardial meshwork. Adrenergic NFs predominate considerably in all layers of the ventricular walls and septum, whereas NFs of other neurochemical phenotypes were in the minority and their amount differed between the epicardium, @entity1562 and endocardium. The densities of NFs positive for nNOS and @entity4268 were similar in the epicardium and endocardium, but NFs positive for nNOS in the @entity1562 were eight times more abundant than NFs positive for @entity4268 . Potentially sensory NFs positive for both calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P were sparse in the @entity296 , but numerous in epicardial nerves and particularly abundant within the endocardium. Electron microscopic observations demonstrate that intrinsic ventricular nerves have a distinctive morphology, which may be @entity1897 after their access into the ventricular wall. In conclusion, the @entity95 ventricles display complex structural organization of intrinsic ventricular nerves, NFs and ganglionic cells. The results provide a basic anatomical background for further functional analysis of the intrinsic nervous system in the cardiac ventricles.

Innervation of the XXXX cardiac ventricles.

@entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial layer'] @entity4268 :: ('8063', 'Species') :: ['ChAT'] @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbit'] @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['attributed to remodelling of the peripheral nerves'] @entity1877 :: ('MESH:D002794', 'Chemical') :: ['choline'] @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide'] @entity1562 :: ('MESH:D017682', 'Disease') :: ['myocardium'] @entity4149 :: ('D014443', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine'] @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['NS', 'Intrinsic ventricular NS', 'neuronal somata']
@entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']
