Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) used in fertility clinics include @entity52 ( @entity52 ) and @entity6847 ( @entity6847 ), followed by embryo transfer into the biological or a surrogate mother. Over 1,000,000 liveborn offspring--an estimated 1 in 150 United States newborns--have been produced worldwide by ART since 1978. @entity52 appears to produce healthy @entity1 in singleton pregnancies, though concerns remain regarding preterm deliveries, multiple pregnancies, as well as the longer-term consequences of all ART procedures. Clinical studies remain difficult to interpret and subject to confounding variables, as developmental problems may be due to a parent's reproductive conditions rather than, or in addition to, an ART procedure. Also, because of expense and time commitments, the United States ART clinical population is not fully representative of society diversities. This socio-economic skewing might compensate for negative effects, masking small, or modest @entity851 . Embryo splitting (ES), an ART procedure used only with animals, can produce genetically identical offspring. ES involves dividing four- to eight-cell embryos into separate blastomeres and implanting them into empty zona pellucida, followed by embryo transfer. Although these ART techniques have produced nonhuman primate offspring, there has been no research on behavioral safety. Here, we report the first study of behavioral development by @entity2608 @entity1 produced through ES, @entity6847 , and @entity52 . We assessed neonatal reflexes, self-feeding ability, recognition memory, object concept attainment, simple discrimination learning and reversal, and learning set (LS) acquisition. Although the sample sizes are small, we found no overall ART group delayed development. Surprisingly, the ES and @entity6847 monkeys appeared to be accelerated in attaining age milestones involving sensory-motor behaviors and a difficult Well Hiding object concept task. We conclude that macaque monkeys may provide an excellent model for the study of early @entity1 development by offspring of parents with conditions requiring ART pregnancies, as well as a model for the behavioral study of genetic-environment interactions using identical twins produced by ES.

Neonatal behavior and @entity1 cognitive development in XXXX produced by assisted reproductive technologies.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human', 'infants'] @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus macaques'] @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['developmental deficits'] @entity6847 :: ('MESH:C567467', 'Disease') :: ['intracytoplasmic sperm injection', 'ICSI'] @entity52 :: ('MESH:C566179', 'Disease') :: ['IVF', 'in vitro fertilization']
@entity2608 :: (9544,Species) :: ['rhesus macaques']
