OBJECTIVE: @entity1063 (NE) was measured in synovial fluid of @entity130 @entity1 and sympathetic nerve fibers were detected in healthy and osteoarthritic (OA) joint tissues indicating that cartilage pathophysiology might be influenced by sympathetic neurotransmitters. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mostly unknown role of NE in OA chondrocyte metabolism and inflammatory responses. METHODS: Articular cartilage was received after total knee replacement surgery from OA @entity1 . Expression of adrenergic receptors (AR) and @entity4149 hydroxylase (TH) was tested with end point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry. 3-dimensional (3D) cell cultures were employed to analyze effects of NE on chondrocyte cell metabolism and the expression of interleukins (ILs), matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases (TIMPs), glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen II under non- and inflammatory conditions. Chondrocyte monolayer cultures were used to specify AR subtypes, to analyze cell cycle distribution and to determine @entity2661 in cell culture supernatants. RESULTS: AR subtypes and TH were detected in chondrocytes, whereas NE was not released in measurable amounts. 10(-6)  M NE reversed @entity1356 induced changes in @entity687 , @entity1550 , GAG and collagen II expression/production indicating for @entity2162 signaling. Additionally, NE caused cell cycle slow down and decreased proliferation via @entity2162 signaling. 10(-8)  M NE increased the number of proliferating cells and induced apoptosis via a1-AR signaling. CONCLUSIONS: NE affects chondrocytes from OA cartilage regarding inflammatory response and its cell metabolism in a dose dependent manner. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) may have a dual function in OA pathology with preserving a stable chondrocyte phenotype via @entity2162 signaling and OA pathogenesis accelerating effects via a-AR signaling.

XXXX modulates osteoarthritic chondrocyte metabolism and inflammatory responses.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity2162 :: ('154', 'Gene') :: ['b-AR'] @entity1356 :: ('3553', 'Gene') :: ['IL-1b'] @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['trauma'] @entity1550 :: ('4322', 'Gene') :: ['MMP-13'] @entity687 :: ('3576', 'Gene') :: ['IL-8'] @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines'] @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['Norepinephrine'] @entity4149 :: ('D014443', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']
@entity1063 :: (MESH:D009638,Chemical) :: ['Norepinephrine']
