UNASSIGNED: To examine the available literature and summarize what is known about chronic @entity99 . We reviewed PubMed/MEDLINE through March 2015. We developed a MEDLINE search strategy using PubMed medical subject heading terms chronic @entity99 , hepatotoxicity, @entity99 , @entity82 and @entity409 . We reviewed the reference list of included articles to identify articles missed in the database search. @entity7009 from drugs is more common than once thought with prevalence as high as 18% based on large national registries. @entity1 with @entity1448 , age  <=65  years, and a long latency period (>365  days) are at increased risk. Of the most common drugs associated with @entity99 , antibiotics ( @entity10188 , @entity799 , @entity4580 ) are most likely to cause @entity8638 . The presence of autoantibodies is common with chronic DILI, however, it is not diagnostic nor is it specific to autoimmune-like @entity99 . Immunosuppressive therapy may be necessary for individual cases of autoimmune-like @entity99 where cessation of the drug alone does not result in resolution of injury, however, the lowest dose should be used for the shortest duration with careful attention to the development of side effects. The effectiveness of treament of @entity99 with @entity288 or @entity10055 remains unclear. Cases of drug-induced @entity1560 , nodular regenerative @entity1373 and peliosis @entity99 are less common subtypes of chronic @entity99 that deserve special consideration. A high degree of clinical suspicion is required for the diagnosis of chronic @entity99 and should be suspected in any @entity1 with liver associated enzyme abnormalities that persist out past 6  months of initial presentation. Treatment with drug removal and/or immunosuppressive therapy appears to be effective for the majority of cases. More study into pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine may aid in predicting which @entity1 will go on to develop chronic @entity99 .

XXXX induced by drugs: a systematic review.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient'] @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis'] @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['fatty liver'] @entity799 :: ('MESH:D015662', 'Chemical') :: ['trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole'] @entity10055 :: ('MESH:D014580', 'Chemical') :: ['ursodiol'] @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['chronic liver disease'] @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia'] @entity4580 :: ('MESH:D017963', 'Chemical') :: ['azithromycin'] @entity7009 :: ('MESH:D056487', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic liver injury'] @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['cholestatic injury'] @entity10188 :: ('MESH:D019980', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin-clavulanic acid'] @entity8638 :: ('MESH:D020208', 'Disease') :: ['chronic injury'] @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis', 'drug-induced liver injury', 'liver injury', 'cholestatic liver injury'] @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']
@entity7009 :: (MESH:D056487,Disease) :: ['Chronic liver injury']
