BACKGROUND: In sub-Saharan Africa, little is known about the damage to respiratory health caused by biomass smoke and @entity286 smoke. We assessed the prevalence of @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) and related risk factors in a rural region of Uganda. METHODS: We did this prospective observational cross-sectional study in rural Masindi, Uganda. We randomly selected @entity1 above the age of 30 years from 30 villages. Trained local health-care workers asked validated questionnaires and administered spirometry to @entity1 . We defined @entity1030 as FEV1:FVC less than the lower limit of normal. We calculated prevalence of @entity1030 and tested its association with risk factors. FINDINGS: Between April 13, and Aug 14, 2012, we invited 620 @entity1 to participate, of whom 588 provided acceptable spirometry and were analysed. Mean age was 45 years (SD 13  7); 297 (51%) were @entity1 . 546 (93%) were exposed to biomass smoke. The prevalence of @entity1030 was 16  2% (15  4% in @entity1 , 16  8% in @entity1 ). Prevalence was highest in @entity1 aged 30-39 years (17 [38%] of 45 @entity1 , 20 [40%] of 50 @entity1 ). 20 (44%) of 45 @entity1 with @entity1030 were current smokers (mean age 40 years, SD 7  5), 11 (24%) were former smokers (mean age 49 years, SD 11  0); four [8%] of 50 @entity1 were current smokers (mean age 52 years, SD 18  1), nine (18%) were former smokers (mean age 64 years, SD 16  2). Mean Clinical @entity1030 Questionnaire score was 0  81 (SD 0  78), mean Medical Research Council dyspnoea score was 1  33 (SD 0  65); 28 (30%) of 95 @entity1 had had one or more exacerbations past 12 months. @entity1030 was associated with wheeze (odds ratio 2  17, 95% CI 1  09-4  34; p=0  028) and being a former smoker (1  96, 1  07-3  59; p=0  029). INTERPRETATION: In this rural district of Uganda, @entity1030 starts early in life. Major risk factors were biomass smoke for both sexes and @entity286 smoke for @entity1 . In addition to high smoking prevalence in @entity1 , biomass smoke could be a major health threat to @entity1 and @entity1 in rural areas of Uganda. FUNDING: International Primary Care Respiratory Group.

Prevalence of XXXX and associated risk factors in Uganda (FRESH AIR Uganda): a prospective cross-sectional observational study.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'patients', 'people', 'men'] @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco'] @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['COPD', 'chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']
@entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']
