UNASSIGNED: Agricultural chemical inputs have been considered as a risk factor for the global declines in amphibian populations, yet the application of agricultural fungicides has increased dramatically in recent years. Currently little is known about the potential @entity137 of fungicides on the embryos of amphibians. We studied the effects of ten commonly used fungicides (four strobilurins, two SDHIs, two @entity5627 , @entity18389 and folpet) on @entity24799 embryos. Lethal and teratogenic effects were respectively examined after 48  h exposure. The median lethal concentrations (LC50s) and the median teratogenic concentrations (TC50s) were determined in line with actual exposure concentrations. These fungicides except two @entity5627 showed obvious lethal effects on embryos; however LC50s of four strobilurins were the lowest and in the range of 6.81-196.59   g/L. Strobilurins, SDHIs and @entity18389 induced severe @entity600 in embryos. Among the ten fungicides, the lowest TC50s were observed for four strobilurins in the range of 0.61-84.13   g/L. The teratogenicity shared similar dose-effect relationship and consistent phenotypes mainly including microcephaly, @entity4182 , somite segmentation and narrow fins. The findings indicate that the developmental @entity137 of currently-used fungicides involved with ecologic risks on amphibians. Especially strobilurins are highly toxic to amphibian embryos at  g/L level, which is close to environmentally relevant concentrations.

Strong lethality and teratogenicity of strobilurins on XXXX embryos: Basing on ten agricultural fungicides.

@entity24799 :: ('8364', 'Species') :: ['Xenopus tropicalis'] @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity'] @entity4182 :: ('MESH:D017496', 'Disease') :: ['hypopigmentation'] @entity18389 :: ('MESH:C108339', 'Chemical') :: ['fludioxonil'] @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations'] @entity5627 :: ('MESH:D014230', 'Chemical') :: ['triazoles']
@entity24799 :: (8364,Species) :: ['Xenopus tropicalis']
