UNASSIGNED: @entity263 is the most frequently diagnosed @entity5 in @entity1 and the second highest contributor of male @entity5 mortality. The crude extract of Euphorbia formosana (CEEF) has been used for treatment of different diseases but the cytotoxic effects of CEEF on @entity1 @entity5 cells have not been reported. The purpose of the present experiments was to determine effects of CEEF on cell cycle distribution and induction of apoptosis in DU145 @entity1 @entity263 cells in vitro. Contrast-phase microscope was used for examining cell morphological changes. Flow cytometric assays were used for cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, reactive @entity26 species, and @entity141 production and mitochondria membrane potential (    m ). Western blotting was used for examining protein expression of cell cycle and apoptosis associated proteins. Real-time PCR was used for examining mRNA levels of @entity15418 , AIF, and @entity17836 . Confocal laser microscope was used to examine the translocation of AIF, @entity17836 , and cytochrome in DU145 cells after CEEF exposure. CEEF-induced cell morphological changes, decreased the percentage of viable cells, and induced S phase arrest and apoptosis in DU145 cells. Furthermore, CEEF promoted RAS and @entity141 production and reduced     m levels. Real-time QPCR confirmed that CEEF promoted the mRNA expression of @entity9189 , AIF and @entity17836 and we found that AIF and @entity17836 and @entity4674 were released from mitochondria. Taken together, CEEF-induced cytotoxic effects via ROS production, induced S phase arrest and induction of apoptosis through caspase-dependent and independent and mitochondria-dependent pathways in DU245 @entity5 cells.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2015.

Crude extract of Euphorbia formosana induces apoptosis of DU145 @entity1 XXXX cells acts through the caspase-dependent and independent signaling pathway.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'men'] @entity9189 :: ('836;842', 'Gene') :: ['caspase-3 and -9'] @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'Prostate cancer'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'malignancy'] @entity4674 :: ('54205', 'Gene') :: ['cytochrome c'] @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen'] @entity15418 :: ('836;841;842', 'Gene') :: ['caspase-3, -8, and -9'] @entity17836 :: ('2021', 'Gene') :: ['Endo G'] @entity141 :: ('CHEBI:29108', 'Chemical') :: ['Ca(2+)']
@entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']
