BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity1313 are the most frequent solid @entity5 in @entity1 and the most frequent radiotherapy indications in paediatrics, with frequent late effects: cognitive, osseous, visual, auditory and hormonal. A better protection of healthy tissues by improved beam ballistics, with particle therapy, is expected to decrease significantly late effects without decreasing local control and survival. This article reviews the scientific literature to advocate indications of protontherapy and @entity505 ion therapy for @entity5 , and estimate the expected therapeutic benefits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review was performed on paediatric @entity1313 treatments using Medline (from 1966 to March of 2014). To be included, clinical trials had to meet the following criteria: age of @entity1 18  years or younger, treated with radiation, and report of survival. Studies were also selected according to the evidence level. A secondary search of cited references found other studies about cognitive functions, quality of life, the comparison of photon and proton dosimetry showing potential dose escalation and/or sparing of organs at risk with protontherapy; and studies on dosimetric and technical issues related to protontherapy. RESULTS: A total of 7051  primary references published were retrieved, among which 40  clinical studies and 60  papers about quality of life, dose distribution and dosimetry were analysed, as well as the ongoing clinical trials. These papers have been summarized and reported in a specific document made available to the @entity1 of a final 1-day workshop. @entity5 of the meningeal envelop and bony cranial structures were excluded from the analysis. Protontherapy allows outstanding ballistics to target the @entity5 area, while substantially decreasing radiation dose to the normal tissues. There are many indications of protontherapy for paediatric @entity1313 in curative intent, either for localized treatment of @entity424 , @entity5 , @entity976 , @entity11 ; or panventricular irradiation of pure non-secreting @entity3438 ; or craniospinal irradiation of medulloblastomas and metastatic @entity3438 . @entity505 ion therapy is just emerging and may be studied for highly aggressive and @entity5 , as an initial treatment for diffuse @entity11 , and for relapse of high-grade @entity11 . CONCLUSION: Both protontherapy and @entity505 ion therapy are promising for paediatric @entity1313 . The benefit of decreasing late effects without altering survival has been described for most paediatric @entity1313 with protontherapy and is currently assessed in ongoing clinical trials with up-to-date proton devices. Unfortunately, in 2015, only a minority of paediatric @entity1 in France can receive protontherapy due to the lack of equipment.

XXXX : A review of radiotherapy, state of the art and challenges for the future regarding protontherapy and carbontherapy.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children', 'patients'] @entity424 :: ('MESH:D004806', 'Disease') :: ['ependymomas'] @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumour', 'brain tumours', 'Brain tumours'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumours', 'tumour', 'childhood central nervous system cancer', 'tumours', 'radioresistant tumours', 'germ-cell tumours'] @entity976 :: ('MESH:D003397', 'Disease') :: ['craniopharyngiomas'] @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['gliomas', 'brainstem gliomas', 'low-grade gliomas'] @entity505 :: ('MESH:D002244', 'Chemical') :: ['Carbon', 'carbon'] @entity3438 :: ('MESH:D018237', 'Disease') :: ['pure germinomas', 'germinoma']
@entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['Paediatric brain tumours']
