BACKGROUND: @entity3085 and @entity2057 are common consequences of @entity5 and chemotherapy administration. The novel hormone @entity20649 has been proposed as a treatment for this condition. Increases in food intake and direct effects on muscle proteolysis and protein synthesis are likely to mediate these effects, but the pathways leading to these events are not well understood. METHODS: We characterized molecular pathways involved in @entity2057 induced by @entity2 ( @entity2 ) @entity5 implantation in c57/bl6 adult male @entity19 and by administration of the chemotherapeutic agent @entity900 in @entity19 and in C2C12 myotubes. The effects of exogenous @entity20649 administration and its mechanisms of action were examined in these settings. RESULTS: @entity5 implantation and @entity900 induced @entity2057 by activating pro-inflammatory cytokines, @entity1995 - @entity19775 , and @entity12560 , and by down-regulating @entity1994 , @entity14814 , and @entity20476 , leading to activation of ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated proteolysis and @entity425 . @entity5 implantation also increased mortality. In vitro, @entity900 up-regulated myostatin and @entity32906 by activating @entity19775 and @entity69523 . @entity20649 prevented these changes in vivo and in vitro, significantly increasing muscle mass (P   <   0.05 for @entity2 and P   <   0.01 for @entity900 models) and grip strength (P   =   0.038 for @entity2 and P   =   0.001 for @entity900 models) and improving survival (P   =   0.021 for @entity2 model). CONCLUSION: @entity20649 prevents @entity2057 by down-regulating inflammation, @entity1995 / @entity19775 /myostatin, and activating @entity1994 , @entity20476 , and @entity14814 . These changes appear, at least in part, to target muscle cells directly. @entity20649 administration in this setting is associated with improved muscle strength and survival.

@entity20649 prevents XXXX - and @entity900 -induced @entity2057 : characterization of multiple mechanisms involved.

@entity20476 :: ('17928(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['myogenin'] @entity14814 :: ('17927(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['myoD'] @entity32906 :: ('67731(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['atrogin-1'] @entity19775 :: ('12608(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['C/EBP-b'] @entity12560 :: ('MESH:D055435', 'Chemical') :: ['myostatin'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumour', 'cancer', 'tumour'] @entity20649 :: ('58991(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['ghrelin', 'Ghrelin'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Lewis lung carcinoma', 'LLC'] @entity3085 :: ('MESH:D002100', 'Disease') :: ['Cachexia'] @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin'] @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscle weakness'] @entity69523 :: ('56458;56484', 'Gene') :: ['FoxO1/3'] @entity1994 :: ('11651(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Akt'] @entity2057 :: ('MESH:D009133', 'Disease') :: ['muscle atrophy'] @entity1995 :: ('26416(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['p38']
@entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumour']
