Long-term persistence of fetal cells in parous @entity1 (fetal microchimerism, FM) as well as maternal cells in their offspring (maternal microchimerism, MM) have been reported. @entity785 ( @entity785 ), @entity2835 ( @entity2835 ), and Sj  @entity244 ( @entity244 ) share similar epidemiology with a predilection for females following childbearing years, with clinical similarities to @entity2132 , a known condition of chimerism. This led to the hypothesis that FM could be involved in the pathogenesis of @entity792 . Initial investigations were conducted in @entity785 , where the hypothesis was supported by the more frequent occurrence and, quantitatively, a greater degree of FM in @entity1 with @entity785 compared to matched healthy @entity1 . Long-term persistence, however, of fetal cells in healthy @entity1 indicates that FM per se is not sufficient for causing @entity785 , but may be important in the context of other risk factors, such as genetic susceptibility and HLA relationship among host and nonhost cells. Contradictory results have recently been published for both @entity2835 and @entity244 and cause difficulty in drawing any conclusions about the role of FM in their pathogenesis. On the other hand, MM has been investigated as a risk factor in @entity1 with @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) and @entity8817 ( @entity8817 ). A potential role of MM has been suggested in the pathogenesis of @entity1252 . Recent publications also support the hypothesis that MM might lead to increased risks for @entity8817 . In conclusion, contradictory results have been observed. This reflects a need for standardization of protocols and the selection of control populations. Detection of microchimerism has to be quantitatively studied in the context of genetic factors in order to study its relationship to the pathogenesis of @entity792 .

From the simple detection of microchimerism in XXXX with @entity792 to its implication in pathogenesis.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients'] @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['PBC', 'primary biliary cirrhosis'] @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus'] @entity8817 :: ('MESH:C538250', 'Disease') :: ['juvenile dermatomyositis', 'JDM'] @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['chronic graft-versus-host disease'] @entity244 :: ('MESH:D014899', 'Disease') :: ["gren's syndrome", 'SS'] @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases'] @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['Systemic sclerosis', 'SSc']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']
