Immunologic complications of @entity177 are associated with the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines by monocytes. This is partly due to @entity177 itself but is further enhanced by hemodialysis treatment with frequent contact between blood and dialyzer membranes. Previous studies have shown an imbalance of proinflammatory and regulatory monokines in these @entity1 . This study examines monokine production in hemodialysis @entity1 using for the first time a very sensitive method of cytokine detection at a single-cell level by flow cytometry ("cytoflow technique"). Monocytes were stained intracellularly for the production of @entity650 ( @entity650 ) and @entity688 after 20 h of culture with lipopolysaccharide. It was shown that high levels of proinflammatory @entity650 in hemodialysis @entity1 are due to an increased number of monocytes producing this cytokine, while @entity650 synthesis per cell remains unchanged. In contrast, elevated levels of regulatory @entity688 are due to an increased synthesis per cell. This study demonstrates that in healthy subjects there is a population of monocytes producing exclusively @entity688 after 20 h of stimulation by lipopolysaccharide. This distinct population of regulatory monocytes is infrequent in dialysis @entity1 , in whom most of the @entity688 -positive monocytes also produce @entity650 . These findings indicate that overproduction of proinflammatory factors in dialysis @entity1 is at least in part due to a loss of cytokine-specific differentiation in monocytes.

Production of proinflammatory and regulatory monokines in hemodialysis XXXX shown at a single-cell level.

@entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure', 'chronic renal failure'] @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity688 :: ('3586', 'Gene') :: ['IL-10'] @entity650 :: ('3569', 'Gene') :: ['IL-6', 'interleukin-6']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']
