Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are generated during long term @entity6 and are correlated with the development of @entity6 complications, such as @entity989 . @entity6 is characterized by an @entity989 due to the action of the angiogenic factor, @entity1611 ( @entity1611 ). In this report, we show that injection of insulin and glycated albumin ( @entity14415 -AGE) to @entity19 increases @entity1611 mRNA expression in eyes. Insulin and @entity14415 -AGE stimulate @entity1611 mRNA and protein expression in retinal epithelial cells (ARPE-19). @entity14415 -AGE-induced @entity1611 expression is not modulated by the use of antioxidants, @entity898 or @entity13373 , or by an inhibitor of @entity4357 3-kinase (PI3K), @entity2307 . However, using an inhibitor of @entity13436 activation, @entity5732 , we show that @entity14415 -AGE stimulates @entity1611 expression through an @entity13436 -dependent pathway. Accordingly, we found that @entity14415 -AGE activated mitogen-activate protein kinase, @entity8837 , @entity11957 , but not @entity1995 , and that @entity14415 -AGE did not activate PI3K and PKB. Moreover, @entity14415 -AGE activated the transcription factor, @entity519 inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) DNA binding activity. This activation is mediated by an increase in accumulation of the @entity1965 protein through an @entity13436 -dependent pathway. Thus, stimulation of @entity1611 expression by @entity14415 -AGE, through the activation of HIF-1, could play an important role in the development of @entity6 .

Regulation of XXXX expression by advanced glycation end products.

@entity5732 :: ('MESH:C113580', 'Chemical') :: ['U0126'] @entity11957 :: ('26419;26420', 'Gene') :: ['JNK1/2'] @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetic retinopathy', 'Diabetic retinopathy', 'diabetes'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity898 :: ('MESH:D000111', 'Chemical') :: ['N-acetyl-l-cysteine'] @entity13373 :: ('MESH:C020972', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate'] @entity2307 :: ('MESH:C009687', 'Chemical') :: ['wortmannin'] @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxia'] @entity13436 :: ('26413(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['ERK'] @entity1965 :: ('15251(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['HIF-1alpha'] @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['increased retinal neovascularization', 'retinopathy'] @entity1611 :: ('22339(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['VEGF', 'vascular endothelial growth factor'] @entity14415 :: ('11657(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Alb'] @entity1995 :: ('26416(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['p38'] @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol'] @entity8837 :: ('26417;26413', 'Gene') :: ['ERK1/2']
@entity1611 :: (22339(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor']
