In this double-blind study, we administered lumbar epidural @entity1341 or @entity1341 plus @entity1855 to investigate the possible role of the @entity460 channel blocker, @entity1855 , in @entity282 . One hundred @entity1 (ASA physical class I or II) scheduled for lower abdominal surgery were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Group 1 received 10 mL of 0.5% epidural @entity1341 injected 15 min before incision, followed by 10 mL of epidural normal saline 30 min after incision. Group 2 received 10 mL of epidural normal saline injected before incision, followed by 10 mL of 0.5% epidural @entity1341 30 min after incision. Group 3 received 10 mL of 0.5% epidural @entity1341 plus 5 mg of @entity1855 injected before incision, followed by 10 mL of epidural normal saline 30 min after incision. Group 4 received the same drugs as Group 3, in the reverse order. @entity158 and mood numeric rating scores, sedation scores, Prince Henry scores, @entity1 -controlled cumulative postoperative analgesic consumption, and the incidence of side effects were assessed 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after the operation in each group. Cumulative postoperative analgesic consumption in Groups 3 and 4 was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that in Groups 1 and 2 24 and 48 h after surgery. There were no differences in the @entity158 , mood, and sedation scores and the incidence of side effects among the four groups. We conclude that epidural @entity1855 decreases @entity282 , possibly by interfering with normal sensory processing and by preventing the @entity6220 . IMPLICATIONS: @entity460 plays an important role in @entity158 physiology at the spinal cord level. We examined the effect of @entity1341 plus @entity1855 ( @entity460 channel blocker) and of @entity1341 alone. We demonstrated that the combination, administered epidurally, resulted in less postoperative analgesic consumption than @entity1341 alone.

Epidural XXXX reduces analgesic consumption after lower abdominal surgery.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient'] @entity6220 :: ('MESH:D020279', 'Disease') :: ['establishment of central sensitization'] @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil'] @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine'] @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium', 'Calcium'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Pain', 'pain'] @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']
@entity1855 :: (MESH:D014700,Chemical) :: ['verapamil']
