MAIN CONCLUSION: @entity1110 oxidase AtrbohD an d AtrbohF negatively modulate lateral root development by changing the @entity50922 activity and increasing the local generation of @entity224 in primary roots of @entity958 in an auxin-independent manner. @entity1110 oxidase subunits AtrbohD and AtrbohF play pivotal roles in regulating growth, development and stress responses in @entity958 . However, whether they modulate lateral root (LR) formation has not yet been addressed, and the detailed mechanisms underlying the process remain unanswered. Here, we show that two null double mutants atrbohD1/F1 and atrbohD2/F2, in which both AtrbohD and AtrbohF genes are disrupted, had remarkably higher LR density than @entity164 ( @entity164 ), or the single mutant atrbohD1 and atrbohF1. Compared to @entity164 , the double mutants exhibited early emerged LRs and enhanced density of lateral root primordia (LRP). Unexpectedly, the production of @entity224 (O2 (-)), but not @entity273 , in the mature area of the primary root containing LRs significantly increased in the double mutants relative to that in @entity164 . Further experiments revealed that the local accumulation of O2 (-) led to the enhancement of LR density in the double mutants. Moreover, the @entity942 and AtrbohF caused a marked increase in @entity50922 activity in the mature root zone, which contributed to the localized accumulation of O2 (-) and the elevated LR density in the double mutants. Furthermore, the double mutants were not sensitive to exogenous auxin naphthalene acetic acid or auxin transport inhibitor @entity5563 in terms of LR formation. The auxin response of LRP in vivo in atrbohD1/F1 was also similar to that in @entity164 . Taken together, these results suggest that AtrbohD and AtrbohF negatively modulate LR development by controlling the local generation of @entity224 in an auxin-independent manner. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of @entity1110 oxidase-mediated regulation of LR branching in @entity958 .

AtrbohD and AtrbohF negatively regulate lateral root development by changing the localized accumulation of @entity224 in primary roots of XXXX .

@entity5563 :: ('CHEBI:60833', 'Chemical') :: ['1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid'] @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis'] @entity1110 :: ('MESH:D009249', 'Chemical') :: ['NADPH'] @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide'] @entity50922 :: ('816773(Tax:3702)', 'Gene') :: ['peroxidase'] @entity164 :: ('MESH:D017827', 'Disease') :: ['WT', 'wild-type'] @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide'] @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['deficiency of AtrbohD']
@entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis']
