The renin-angiotensin system is important in the control of hemodynamic status and pathogenesis of @entity66 , which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 with @entity8 . Serum @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) and @entity2178 ( @entity2178 ) levels are related to their respective gene polymorphisms. Seventy @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 with overt @entity8 (serum @entity1011 >/= 1.5 mg/dL) were studied. Serum @entity1289 activity was measured by the spectrophotometric method. @entity1289 deletion/insertion (D/I) and @entity2178 @entity7742 genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction. @entity1 with and without macroangiopathy were compared. Those with macroangiopathy had increased @entity1289 activity (median, 60.9 U/L; range, 37.9 to 100 U/L versus without macroangiopathy, 47.9 U/L; range, 11.2 to 84.5 U/L; P = 0.01) and prevalence of @entity1289 @entity336 /DI genotypes ( @entity336 /DI:II: with macroangiopathy, 61%:39% versus without macroangiopathy, 34%:66%; P = 0.03). Multivariate analysis using age; sex; duration of @entity6 ; glycemic, blood pressure, and lipid level control; serum @entity1011 level; and presence of the @entity1289 D allele showed that presence of the D allele (P = 0.03; odds ratio, 1.8; confidence interval, 1.1 to 3.1) and serum @entity1011 level (P = 0.0007) were independent risk factors for macroangiopathy. Association of the D allele became insignificant after serum @entity1289 activity was included in the analysis in which only serum @entity1289 activity (P = 0.004) and serum @entity1011 level (P = 0.01) were independent risk factors. Neither @entity2178 @entity7742 nor its synergistic effect with the @entity1289 D allele showed an association with macroangiopathy. In conclusion, the @entity1289 D allele is associated with macroangiopathy in Chinese @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 with @entity8 . The association is dependent on its effect on serum @entity1289 activity, which is an independent risk factor for the development of macroangiopathy.

Contribution of gene polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin system to macroangiopathy in XXXX with diabetic nephropathy.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients'] @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy'] @entity336 :: ('MESH:C536170', 'Disease') :: ['DD'] @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin-converting enzyme'] @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['macrovascular disease'] @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes'] @entity7742 :: ('p|SUB|M|235|T', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['M235T'] @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['Atg', 'angiotensinogen'] @entity164 :: ('MESH:D017827', 'Disease') :: ['type'] @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']
