Peripheral administration of interleukin-1 (IL-1) is known to activate the @entity774 ( @entity774 ) and brain noradrenergic systems. We studied the relationship between these responses using in vivo microdialysis to assess the release of hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE), while simultaneously sampling blood for ACTH and @entity2819 , and monitoring body temperature and behavior in freely moving @entity35 . @entity35 were implanted with microdialysis probes in the medial hypothalamus, with intravenous catheters, and with telethermometers in the abdomen. Each @entity35 was injected with saline and @entity3426 (1 microg ip) in random order, monitoring microdialysate NE, body temperature and plasma ACTH and @entity2819 for 2-4 h after injection. Saline injections were followed by transient increases in microdialysate NE and in plasma ACTH and @entity2819 . @entity3426 injections resulted in prolonged elevations of microdialysate NE, as well as plasma ACTH and @entity2819 , and body temperature. @entity3426 also induced shivering and a prolonged @entity308 of locomotor activity. Pretreatment with @entity3352 (10 mg/kg sc) prevented the @entity3426 -induced increases in body temperature and the apparent increase in hypothalamic NE release, but only attenuated the @entity3426 -induced shivering and the increase in plasma ACTH. The results indicate a close temporal relationship between the release of NE and @entity774 activation. Such a relationship is also supported by the similar effects of @entity3352 pretreatment on NE and ACTH. The shivering is likely involved in the increase in body temperature, but @entity3352 only attenuated the shivering while it blocked the fever. However, the effects of @entity3352 clearly indicate that neither the increase in body temperature nor the increase in hypothalamic NE release was essential for @entity774 activation. These results suggest that hypothalamic NE is involved in the IL-1-induced @entity774 activation, but that this is not the only mechanism by which the @entity774 is activated by intraperitoneally injected IL-1.

Relationships among the behavioral, noradrenergic, and pituitary-adrenal responses to interleukin-1 and the effects of XXXX .

@entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression'] @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone'] @entity3426 :: ('24494(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['IL-1beta'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Rats', 'rats'] @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin'] @entity774 :: ('MESH:D000312', 'Disease') :: ['HPA axis', 'hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis']
@entity3352 :: (MESH:D007213,Chemical) :: ['indomethacin']
