@entity242 are a heterogeneous group of @entity5 of bone and soft tissue origin. Although more than 100 different histologic subtypes have been described, the majority of pediatric cases belong to the @entity2828 , @entity980 and @entity421 . Most @entity1 that present with localized stage are curable with surgery and/or chemotherapy; however, those with @entity3 at diagnosis or those who experience a relapse continue to have a very poor prognosis. New therapies for these @entity1 are urgently needed. Immunotherapy is an established treatment modality for both liquid and solid @entity5 , and in pediatrics, most notably for @entity521 and @entity421 . In the past, immunomodulatory agents such as interferon, @entity1199 , and liposomal-muramyl tripeptide @entity3633 have been tried, with some activity seen in subsets of @entity1 ; additionally, various @entity5 vaccines have been studied with possible benefit. Monoclonal antibody therapies against @entity5 antigens such as @entity51545 or immune checkpoint targets such as @entity4386 and @entity8395 are being actively explored in @entity242 . Building on the success of adoptive T cell therapy for @entity706 , strategies to redirect T cells using chimeric antigen receptors and bispecific antibodies are rapidly evolving with potential for the treatment of @entity242 . This review will focus on recent preclinical and clinical developments in targeted agents for @entity242 with emphasis on the immunobiology of immune checkpoints, immunoediting, @entity5 microenvironment, antibody engineering, cell engineering, and @entity5 vaccines. The future integration of antibody-based and cell-based therapies into an overall treatment strategy of @entity242 will be discussed.

Immunotherapy of Childhood XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity2828 :: ('MESH:D012512', 'Disease') :: ["Ewing's family of tumors"] @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoma', 'sarcomas', 'Pediatric sarcomas', 'pediatric sarcomas'] @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['EBV-related lymphoma'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumors', 'cancer', 'tumors'] @entity1199 :: ('3558', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin-2'] @entity51545 :: ('CHEBI:28648', 'Chemical') :: ['disialoganglioside GD2'] @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcoma'] @entity3633 :: ('MESH:C483858', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidyl-ethanolamine'] @entity8395 :: ('5133', 'Gene') :: ['PD-1'] @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease'] @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma'] @entity980 :: ('MESH:D012208', 'Disease') :: ['rhabdomyosarcoma'] @entity4386 :: ('1493', 'Gene') :: ['CTLA-4']
@entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['Sarcomas']
