UNASSIGNED: Myoblast proliferation and differentiation are essential for skeletal muscle regeneration. Myoblast proliferation is a critical step in the growth and maintenance of skeletal muscle. The precise action of inorganic @entity3494 on myoblast growth has not been investigated. Here, we investigated the in vitro effect of inorganic @entity4447 ( @entity9188 ) on the growth of C2C12 myoblasts. @entity9188 decreased myoblast growth at submicromolar concentrations (0.25-1  M) after 72 h of treatment. Submicromolar concentrations of @entity9188 did not induce the myoblast apoptosis. Low-concentration @entity9188 (0.5 and 1  M) significantly suppressed the myoblast cell proliferative activity, which was accompanied by a small proportion of @entity1603 ( @entity1603 ) incorporation and decreased @entity1364 ( @entity1364 ) protein expression. @entity9188 (0.5 and 1  M) increased the intracellular @entity3494 content but did not affect the reactive @entity26 species (ROS) levels in the myoblasts. Cell cycle analysis indicated that low-concentrations of @entity9188 inhibited cell proliferation via cell cycle arrest in the G1 and G2/M phases. @entity9188 also decreased the protein expressions of @entity4910 , cyclin E, @entity8189 , @entity15308 , and @entity8985 , but did not affect the protein expressions of @entity3544 and @entity993 . Furthermore, @entity9188 inhibited the phosphorylation of @entity584 . @entity442 significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of @entity9188 on @entity584 phosphorylation and cell proliferation in the myoblasts. These results suggest that submicromolar concentrations of @entity9188 alter cell cycle progression and reduce myoblast proliferation, at least in part, through a ROS-independent @entity584 inhibition pathway.

Low-Concentration @entity4447 Inhibits Skeletal Myoblast Cell Proliferation via a Reactive XXXX Species-Independent Pathway.

@entity1603 :: ('MESH:D001973', 'Chemical') :: ['BrdU', 'bromodeoxyuridine'] @entity4447 :: ('MESH:C006632', 'Chemical') :: ['arsenic trioxide'] @entity1364 :: ('5111', 'Gene') :: ['proliferating cell nuclear antigen', 'PCNA'] @entity9188 :: ('CHEBI:30621', 'Chemical') :: ['As2O3'] @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen'] @entity8189 :: ('891', 'Gene') :: ['cyclin B1'] @entity3544 :: ('644914', 'Gene') :: ['p21'] @entity4910 :: ('595', 'Gene') :: ['cyclin D1'] @entity8985 :: ('1019', 'Gene') :: ['CDK4'] @entity993 :: ('10671', 'Gene') :: ['p27'] @entity584 :: ('207', 'Gene') :: ['Akt'] @entity15308 :: ('1017', 'Gene') :: ['cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2'] @entity442 :: ('3479', 'Gene') :: ['Insulin-like growth factor-1'] @entity3494 :: ('MESH:D001151', 'Chemical') :: ['arsenic']
@entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['Oxygen']
