PURPOSE: The need for clinically applicable skin substitutes continues to be a matter of fact. Hypothetically, a laboratory grown autologous skin analog with near normal architecture might be a suitable approach to yield both satisfactory functional and cosmetic long-term results. In this study, we explored the use of @entity1 endothelial cells derived from freshly isolated adipose @entity455 ( @entity455 ) in a three-dimensional (3D) co-culture model of vascularized bio-engineered skin substitute. METHODS: The @entity455 was isolated from @entity1 white adipose tissue samples and keratinocytes from @entity1 skin biopsies. The @entity455 , in particular endothelial cells, were characterized using flow cytometry and immuofluorescence analysis. Endothelial and mesenchymal progenitors from the @entity455 formed blood capillaries after seeding into a 3D collagen type I hydrogel in vitro. Subsequently, @entity1 keratinocytes were seeded on the top of those hydrogels to develop a vascularized dermo-epidermal skin substitute. RESULTS: Flow cytometric analysis of surface markers of the freshly isolated @entity455 showed the expression of endothelial markers ( @entity2279 , @entity2280 , @entity9502 ), mesenchymal/stromal cell-associated markers ( @entity1759 , @entity12359 , @entity5399 , CD105), stem cell markers ( @entity9617 , @entity2467 , @entity5439 ), and additionally hematopoietic markers ( @entity5750 , @entity5824 , @entity1195 ). Further analysis of white adipose-derived endothelial cells (watECs) revealed the co-expression of @entity2279 , @entity2280 , @entity5399 , CD105, and partially @entity9502 on these cells. WatECs were separated from adipose-stromal cells (watASCs) using FACS sorting. WatASCs and watECs cultured separately in a 3D hydrogel for 3  weeks did not form any vascular structures. Only if co-cultured, both cell types aligned to develop a ramified vascular network in vitro with continuous endothelial lumen formation. Transplantation of those 3D-hydrogels onto immuno-incompetent @entity35 resulted in a rapid connection of @entity1 capillaries with the host vessels and formation of functional, blood-perfused mosaic @entity1 - @entity35 vessels within only 3-4  days. CONCLUSIONS: Adipose tissue represents an attractive cell source due to the ease of isolation and abundance of endothelial as well as mesenchymal cell lineages. Adipose-derived @entity455 cells exhibit the ability to form microvascular structures in vitro and support the accelerated blood perfusion in skin substitutes in vivo when transplanted.

Characterization of vasculogenic potential of XXXX adipose-derived endothelial cells in a three-dimensional vascularized skin substitute.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human'] @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['stromal vascular fraction', 'SVF'] @entity5439 :: ('8842', 'Gene') :: ['CD133'] @entity9502 :: ('4162', 'Gene') :: ['CD146'] @entity5750 :: ('929', 'Gene') :: ['CD14'] @entity5824 :: ('2526', 'Gene') :: ['CD15'] @entity1195 :: ('5788', 'Gene') :: ['CD45'] @entity2279 :: ('5175', 'Gene') :: ['CD31'] @entity1759 :: ('960', 'Gene') :: ['CD44'] @entity5399 :: ('7070', 'Gene') :: ['CD90'] @entity12359 :: ('4907', 'Gene') :: ['CD73'] @entity2467 :: ('3815', 'Gene') :: ['CD117'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'rats'] @entity2280 :: ('947', 'Gene') :: ['CD34'] @entity9617 :: ('3655', 'Gene') :: ['CD49f']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']
