@entity731 is an inflammatory-fibrotic response to accumulation of @entity165 in the artery wall. In @entity1007 , low density lipoproteins (LDL) accumulate and are oxidized to proinflammatory compounds in the arterial intima, leading to activation of endothelial cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes. We have studied immune cell activation and the autoimmune response to oxidized LDL in atherosclerotic @entity6970 -knockout @entity19 . Autoantibodies to oxidized LDL exhibited subclass specificities indicative of T cell help, and the increase in antibody titers in peripheral blood was associated with increased numbers of cytokine-expressing T cells in the spleen. In addition to T cell-dependent antibodies, IgM antibodies to oxidized LDL were also increased in @entity6970 -knockout @entity19 . This suggests that both T cell-dependent and T cell-independent epitopes may be present on oxidized LDL. In moderate @entity1007 , IgG antibodies were largely of the @entity9749 isotype, suggesting that T cell help was provided by proinflammatory T helper (Th) 1 cells, which are prominent components of @entity731 . In severe @entity1007 induced by @entity165 feeding of @entity6970 -knockout @entity19 , a switch to Th2-dependent help was evident. It was associated with a loss of @entity60 -producing Th1 cells in the spleen, whereas @entity58 -producing Th2 cells were more resistant to @entity1007 . @entity60 but not @entity58 mRNA was detected in @entity731 of moderately @entity753 @entity6970 -knockout @entity19 , but @entity58 mRNA appeared in the lesions when @entity19 were made severely @entity753 by @entity165 feeding. These data show that @entity60 -producing Th1 cells infiltrate @entity731 and provide T cell help for autoimmune responses to oxidized LDL in @entity6970 -knockout @entity19 . However, severe @entity1007 is associated with a switch from Th1 to Th2, which results not only in the formation of @entity9686 autoantibodies to oxidized LDL, but also in the appearance of Th2-type cytokines in the @entity731 . Since the two subsets of T cells counteract each other, this switch may have important consequences for the inflammatory/immune process in @entity731 .

@entity1007 is associated with a T helper (Th) 1/Th2 switch of the autoimmune response in atherosclerotic XXXX -knockout @entity19 .

@entity6970 :: ('11816(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['apo E'] @entity753 :: ('OMIM:143890', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemic'] @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemia'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity9686 :: ('16017(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IgG1'] @entity60 :: ('15978(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-gamma'] @entity58 :: ('16189(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IL-4'] @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis', 'Atherosclerosis', 'atherosclerotic lesions'] @entity9749 :: ('668478(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IgG2a'] @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']
@entity6970 :: (11816(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['apo E']
