In @entity1 with @entity177 , @entity65 are a major clinical problem; @entity204 is the main cause of @entity204 in these @entity1 . Cardiac risk is increased by a factor of 20 in @entity1381 @entity1 , compared with matched segments of the general population. It has been known for a long time that @entity731 , particularly plaque in the epicardiac coronary conduit arteries, are more frequent in @entity1 with @entity177 . Recently, however, clinical studies showed that @entity583 is responsible for only 30% to 50% of all @entity204 . In contrast, 30% to 40% of @entity1 with @entity177 and @entity63 heart disease show patent coronary arteries on coronary angiogram. Thus, it is very likely that in @entity1381 @entity1 @entity741 tolerance is markedly reduced even in the absence of classical @entity731 (i.e., relevant stenosis of coronary arteries). This finding in @entity1381 @entity1 can be at least partially explained by structural and metabolic abnormalities of the myocardium, and in part by alterations of the extracardiac vasculature. The present paper focuses on structural changes of the heart and the vasculature, in particular on @entity731 of cardiac and extracardiac arteries, and its potential repercussions for cardiovascular function. In 1827 Richard Bright already pointed to the common presence of @entity4346 ( @entity4346 ) and thickening of the aorta in @entity1 with @entity454 ( @entity454 ). At present, @entity65 account for 45% of all @entity204 in @entity1381 @entity1 [1]. The recent report of Herzog, Ma, and Colins [2] documented a 59.3% 1-year mortality rate in dialyzed @entity1 who survived @entity583 (i.e., mortality was significantly higher than in the general population). It is widely acknowledged that several specific structural and nonstructural alterations of the heart and the extracardiac vasculature are present in @entity1 with @entity177 , which presumably contribute to the markedly increased cardiovascular risk in these @entity1 [3].

Morphology of the heart and arteries in XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction'] @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic'] @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure', 'chronic renal failure'] @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['LVH', 'left ventricular hypertrophy'] @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia'] @entity1381 :: ('MESH:D006463', 'Disease') :: ['uremic'] @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis'] @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac death', 'cardiac deaths', 'death', 'deaths'] @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular complications'] @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['ESRF', 'end-stage renal failure']
@entity177 :: (MESH:D051437,Disease) :: ['renal failure']
