UNASSIGNED: @entity74 , such as @entity1005 ( @entity1005 ) are remarkably common and debilitating, and are often characterized by dysregulated threat responses. Across numerous epidemiological studies, females have been found to have an approximately twofold increased risk for @entity1005 and other stress-related disorders. Understanding the biological mechanisms of this differential risk is of critical importance. Recent data suggest that the @entity10567 pathway is a critical regulator of the stress response across species. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that this pathway is regulated by both stress and @entity172 modulation and may provide an important window into understanding mechanisms of sex differences in the stress response. We have recently shown that @entity10567 and its receptor ( @entity26279 ) are critical mediators of abnormal processes after psychological @entity130 . Notably, in heavily traumatized @entity1 subjects, there appears to be a robust sex-specific association of @entity10567 blood levels and @entity26279 gene variants with fear physiology, @entity1005 diagnosis, and symptoms, specifically in females. The sex-specific association occurs within a single-nucleotide polymorphism ( @entity43275 ) that resides in a putative @entity172 response element involved in @entity26279 gene regulation. Complementing these @entity1 data, the @entity26279 messenger RNA is induced with fear conditioning or @entity172 replacement in rodent models. These data suggest that perturbations in the @entity10567 - @entity26279 pathway are regulated by @entity172 and are involved in abnormal fear responses underlying @entity1005 .

Stress-related disorders, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide ( XXXX )ergic system, and sex differences.

@entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen'] @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human'] @entity43275 :: ('rs2267735', 'SNP') :: ['rs2267735'] @entity10567 :: ('116', 'Gene') :: ['PACAP', 'pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)'] @entity26279 :: ('117', 'Gene') :: ['PAC1R'] @entity1005 :: ('MESH:D013313', 'Disease') :: ['posttraumatic stress disorder', 'PTSD'] @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['Trauma-related disorders'] @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['trauma']
@entity10567 :: (116,Gene) :: ['PACAP']
