One of the possible causes of enhanced @entity731 in @entity1 with @entity740 ( @entity740 ) is the accumulation of uremic toxins. Since macrophage foam cell formation is a hallmark of @entity731 , we examined the direct effect of @entity6634 (IS), a representative uremic toxin, on macrophage function. Macrophages differentiated from @entity1357 cells were exposed to IS in vitro. IS decreased the cell viability of @entity1357 derived macrophages but promoted the production of inflammatory cytokines ( @entity1356 , IS 1.0 mM: 101.8    21.8 pg/mL vs. 0 mM: 7.0    0.3 pg/mL, @entity310 , IS 1.0 mM: 96.6    11.0 pg/mL vs. 0 mM: 15.1    3.1 pg/mL) and reactive @entity26 species. IS reduced macrophage @entity165 efflux (IS 0.5 mM: 30.3%    7.3% vs. 0 mM: 43.5%    1.6%) and decreased @entity855 -binding cassette transporter G1 expression. However, lipid uptake into cells was not enhanced. A liver X receptor (LXR) agonist, @entity18340 , improved IS-induced production of inflammatory cytokines as well as reduced @entity165 efflux. In conclusion, IS induced inflammatory reactions and reduced @entity165 efflux in macrophages. Both effects of IS were improved with activation of LXR. Direct interactions of uremic toxins with macrophages may be a major cause of @entity731 acceleration in @entity1 with @entity740 .

Increased Proinflammatory Cytokine Production and Decreased @entity165 Efflux Due to Downregulation of ABCG1 in Macrophages Exposed to XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity1357 :: ('2736', 'Gene') :: ['THP-1'] @entity1356 :: ('3553', 'Gene') :: ['IL-1b'] @entity310 :: ('7124', 'Gene') :: ['TNF-a'] @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen'] @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'chronic kidney disease'] @entity855 :: ('MESH:D000255', 'Chemical') :: ['ATP'] @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis'] @entity18340 :: ('MESH:C423915', 'Chemical') :: ['T0901317'] @entity6634 :: ('MESH:D007200', 'Chemical') :: ['indoxyl sulfate'] @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']
@entity6634 :: (MESH:D007200,Chemical) :: ['Indoxyl Sulfate']
