INTRODUCTION: @entity3520 are often segmental in distribution and preferentially affect the craniocervical muscles. Here we describe an overlooked muscle group involved in craniocervical @entity3519 - the hyoid muscles. @entity3519 of these muscles results in @entity4048 , speech changes, and @entity1282 . METHODS: For this retrospective study we obtained a list of 55 @entity1 who had received botulinum toxin injections into hyoid muscles between 1998 and 2013. Fifteen @entity1 were identified to have an @entity3519 affecting the hyoid muscles. RESULTS: @entity1 presented with a triad of speech resonance changes (100%), @entity4048 (86.6%), and @entity1282 (73.3%). Ten (66.7%) @entity1 presented with all three symptoms, while fourteen (93.3%) had at least two. Fourteen @entity1 (93.3%) had a concomitant @entity3519 affecting the face or neck and eleven (73.3%) had a sensory trick. Exam universally showed contracted hyoid muscles. Some @entity1 had professions or hobbies requiring prolonged use of vocal muscles such as teachers, singers, and musicians. @entity1 were often misdiagnosed and received unnecessary treatments. @entity1 underwent botulinum toxin injections into various hyoid muscles with benefit in 71% of @entity1 but adverse effects in the same proportion. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3519 is a previously poorly characterized focal @entity3519 causing the triad of speech changes, @entity4048 , and @entity1282 . Concomitant @entity3519 , sensory tricks, and visualization of contracted hyoid muscles were often present. Recognition of this disease may reduce unnecessary testing and treatments, and @entity1 may benefit from botulinum toxin injections.

@entity3519 : A distinct XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients'] @entity3520 :: ('MESH:D020821', 'Disease') :: ['Adult-onset dystonias'] @entity4048 :: ('MESH:D019547', 'Disease') :: ['anterior neck tightness'] @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia'] @entity3519 :: ('MESH:D004421', 'Disease') :: ['dystonia', 'Dystonia', 'Hyoid muscle dystonia', 'unusual dystonia']
@entity3520 :: (MESH:D020821,Disease) :: ['focal dystonia syndrome']
