Postprandial high @entity413 and insulin responses after starchy food consumption, associated with an increased risk of developing several @entity209 , could possibly be improved by altering food structure. We investigated the influence of a compact food structure; different @entity3505 products with a similar composition were created using different processing conditions. The postprandial @entity413 kinetics and metabolic response to bread with a compact structure (flat bread, FB) was compared to bread with a porous structure (control bread, CB) in a randomized, crossover study with ten healthy male volunteers. Pasta (PA), with a very compact structure, was used as the control. The rate of appearance of exogenous @entity413 (RaE), endogenous @entity413 production, and @entity413 clearance rate (GCR) was calculated using stable isotopes. Furthermore, postprandial plasma concentrations of @entity413 , insulin, several intestinal hormones and @entity3645 were analyzed. The structure of FB was considerably more compact compared to CB, as confirmed by microscopy, XRT analysis (porosity) and density measurements. Consumption of FB resulted in lower peak @entity413 , insulin and @entity413 -dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (ns) responses and a slower initial RaE compared to CB. These variables were similar to the PA response, except for RaE which remained slower over a longer period after PA consumption. Interestingly, the GCR after FB was higher than expected based on the insulin response, indicating @entity1720 or insulin-independent @entity413 disposal. These results demonstrate that the structure of @entity3505 bread can influence the postprandial metabolic response, with a more compact structure being more beneficial for health. Bread-making technology should be further explored to create healthier products.

The structure of XXXX bread influences the postprandial metabolic response in healthy men.

@entity3505 :: ('4565', 'Species') :: ['wheat'] @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic diseases'] @entity1720 :: ('MESH:D007333', 'Disease') :: ['increased insulin sensitivity'] @entity3645 :: ('MESH:D001647', 'Chemical') :: ['bile acids'] @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']
@entity3505 :: (4565,Species) :: ['wheat']
