CONTEXT: The role of race/ethnicity in survival of @entity1 with @entity981 ( @entity981 ) is unclear, with some studies reporting poorer survival among minority @entity1 and others reporting equivalent survival across race/ethnicity in the modern, risk-stratified treatment era. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relation between race/ethnicity and survival in a large, population-based analysis of incident @entity981 cases in the United States. DESIGN, POPULATION, AND SETTING: This study included 4952 individuals diagnosed with @entity981 between 1973 and 1999 at age 19 years or younger. @entity981 cases were identified from 9 population-based registries of the National @entity5 Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival probabilities were compared among white, black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaskan Native @entity1 . Kaplan-Meier curves and proportional hazard ratios from Cox regression analysis were calculated, accounting for treatment era (1973-1982, 1983-1989, and 1990-1999), age at diagnosis (<1, 1-9, and 10-19 years), and sex. RESULTS: Although overall 5-year survival probabilities improved with each successive treatment era, differences according to race/ethnicity persisted. For 1990-1999, 5-year survival was 84% for white @entity1 , 81% for Asian/Pacific Islander @entity1 , 75% for black @entity1 , and 72% for both American Indian/Alaskan Native @entity1 and Hispanic @entity1 . The largest difference by race/ethnicity was observed among @entity1 diagnosed between ages 1 and 9 years. Compared with white @entity1 , after adjusting for treatment era, age at diagnosis, and sex, @entity1 of black, Hispanic, and American Indian/Alaskan Native descent had hazard ratios of 1.50 (95% CI, 1.0-2.2; P =.03), 1.83 (95% CI, 1.4-2.4; P<.001), and 1.90 (95% CI, 0.8-4.6; P =.16). CONCLUSIONS: Black, Hispanic, and American Indian/Alaskan Native @entity1 with @entity981 have worse survival than white and Asian/Pacific Islander @entity1 , even in the contemporary treatment era. Future work must delineate the social and biological factors, including any differences in pharmacokinetics associated with chemotherapeutic agents, that account for disparities in outcome.

Survival variability by race and ethnicity in childhood XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children'] @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia', 'ALL'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']
@entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']
