BACKGROUND: Recent reports suggest that thymosin beta-4 (Tb4) is a key regulator for wound healing and anti- @entity32 . However, the role of Tb4 in osteoclast differentiation remains unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate Tb4 expression in @entity5568 -stimulated @entity1 periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs), the effects of Tb4 activation on inflammatory response in PDLCs and osteoclastic differentiation in @entity19 bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs), and identify the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions and Western blot analyses were used to measure mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Osteoclastic differentiation was assessed in @entity19 bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) using conditioned medium (CM) from @entity5568 -treated PDLCs. RESULTS: Tb4 was down-regulated in @entity5568 -exposed PDLCs in dose- and time-dependent manners. Tb4 activation with a Tb4 peptide attenuated the @entity5568 -induced production of NO and @entity1421 and up-regulated iNOS, @entity2247 , and osteoclastogenic cytokines ( @entity310 , @entity1356 , @entity650 , @entity687 , and @entity4155 ) as well as reversed the effect on @entity5298 and @entity5299 in PDLCs. Tb4 peptide inhibited the effects of @entity5568 on the activation of @entity3963 and JNK MAPK, and NF-kB in PDLCs. Furthermore, Tb4 peptide inhibited osteoclast differentiation, osteoclast-specific gene expression, and @entity1435 , @entity3963 , and JNK phosphorylation and NF-kB activation in @entity5298 -stimulated BMMs. In addition, @entity5568 up-regulated @entity18297 and its cell surface receptors, Frizzled and @entity25997 in PDLCs. @entity18297 inhibition by @entity18297 siRNA enhanced the effects of Tb4 on @entity5568 -mediated induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and osteoclastogenic cytokines as well as helping osteoclastic differentiation whereas @entity18297 activation by @entity18297 peptide reversed it. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study demonstrated, for the first time, that Tb4 was down-regulated in ROS-stimulated PDLCs as well as Tb4 activation exhibited anti-inflammatory effects and anti-osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Thus, Tb4 activation might be a therapeutic target for inflammatory @entity690 , such as @entity2521 .

Thymosin Beta-4 Suppresses Osteoclastic Differentiation and Inflammatory Responses in XXXX Periodontal Ligament Cells.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human'] @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation'] @entity5568 :: ('D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['H2O2'] @entity650 :: ('3569', 'Gene') :: ['IL-6'] @entity1356 :: ('3553', 'Gene') :: ['IL-1b'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse'] @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['PGE2'] @entity310 :: ('7124', 'Gene') :: ['TNF-a'] @entity3963 :: ('5594', 'Gene') :: ['ERK'] @entity5298 :: ('8600', 'Gene') :: ['RANKL'] @entity5299 :: ('690', 'Gene') :: ['OPG'] @entity4155 :: ('3605', 'Gene') :: ['IL-17'] @entity690 :: ('MESH:D030981', 'Disease') :: ['osteolytic disease'] @entity1435 :: ('1432', 'Gene') :: ['p38'] @entity2521 :: ('MESH:D010518', 'Disease') :: ['periodontitis'] @entity2247 :: ('4513', 'Gene') :: ['COX-2'] @entity687 :: ('3576', 'Gene') :: ['IL-8'] @entity25997 :: ('4920', 'Gene') :: ['Ror2'] @entity18297 :: ('7474', 'Gene') :: ['Wnt5a']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']
