Obesity leads to the development of @entity6 , which is a strong risk factor for @entity65 . A better understanding of the molecular basis of @entity28 will lead to the establishment of effective prevention strategies for @entity65 . Adipocytes have been shown to generate a variety of endocrine factors termed adipokines/adipocytokines. Obesity-associated changes to these adipocytokines contribute to the development of @entity65 . @entity1254 , which is one of the most well-characterized adipocytokines, is produced exclusively by adipocytes and exerts insulin-sensitizing and anti-atherogenic effects. Obese subjects have lower levels of circulating @entity1254 , and this is recognized as one of the factors involved in @entity28 -induced insulin resistance and @entity731 . Another pathophysiological feature of @entity28 may involve the low-grade chronic @entity32 in adipose tissue. This inflammatory process increases oxidative stress in adipose tissue, which may affect remote organs, leading to the development of @entity6 , @entity101 , and @entity731 . Nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) regulate the transcription of the target genes in response to binding with their ligands, which include metabolic and nutritional substrates. Among the various NRs, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y promotes the transcription of @entity1254 and antioxidative enzymes, whereas mineralocorticoid receptor mediates the effects of @entity1369 and glucocorticoid to induce oxidative stress in adipocytes. It is hypothesized that both play crucial roles in the pathophysiology of @entity28 -associated insulin resistance and @entity65 . Thus, reduced @entity1254 and increased oxidative stress play pathological roles in @entity28 -associated insulin resistance to increase the @entity65 risk, and various NRs may be involved in this pathogenesis.

Roles of oxidative stress, XXXX , and nuclear hormone receptors in @entity28 -associated insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk.

@entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation'] @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone'] @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension'] @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity'] @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus'] @entity1254 :: ('9370', 'Gene') :: ['Adiponectin', 'adiponectin'] @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis'] @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease', 'cardiovascular diseases']
@entity1254 :: (9370,Gene) :: ['adiponectin']
