@entity1 have significant exposures to @entity5600 , as these chemical plasticizers are ubiquitously present in flexible plastics. Recent epidemiological evidence indicates that @entity1 born to @entity1 exposed to @entity5600 during pregnancy have an increased incidence of @entity154 and @entity409 , signs of a condition referred to as @entity10523 ( @entity10523 ). @entity10523 is thought to develop as a result of environmental factors that cause a testicular disturbance at an early fetal stage with a resultant spectrum of clinical @entity409 , ranging from @entity790 to increased risk for development of @entity5 . Proposed environmental factors in the etiology of @entity10523 include endocrine disrupting compounds such as the @entity5600 . Leydig cells have been classified as one of the main targets for @entity5243 @entity137 in the body based on studies in rodents. In support of this hypothesis, two Leydig cell products - insulin-like growth factor 3 ( @entity32407 ) and @entity251 (T) - are both suppressed after @entity5244 exposures. Both fetal and adult generations of Leydig cells are affected by @entity5243 , although their sensitivities may differ. In rodent models, when pregnant dams are exposed to @entity5243 , fetal Leydig cells form enlarged clusters that are retained in the testis even after birth, in contrast to untreated controls. Despite the retention of fetal Leydig cells, however, their numbers and average cell volume of total in exposed males are reduced, as are @entity32407 production and steroidogenic competence. These alterations are directly associated with clinical features of @entity10523 , including @entity246 and impaired spermatogenesis.

XXXX @entity137 in Leydig cells: developmental timing and dosage considerations.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'boys', 'Humans'] @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital genital malformations'] @entity10523 :: ('MESH:D013733', 'Disease') :: ['TDS', 'testicular dysgenesis syndrome'] @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity'] @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['testicular cancer'] @entity246 :: ('MESH:D003456', 'Disease') :: ['cryptorchidism'] @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['spermatogenic dysfunction', 'testicular dysfunction'] @entity5244 :: ('MESH:C032279', 'Chemical') :: ['phthalate'] @entity5600 :: ('CHEBI:26092', 'Chemical') :: ['phthalates'] @entity32407 :: ('3640', 'Gene') :: ['INSL3'] @entity790 :: ('MESH:D014564', 'Disease') :: ['impaired spermatogenesis and genital malformations'] @entity5243 :: ('CHEBI:35484', 'Chemical') :: ['phthalate ester', 'phthalate esters']
@entity5243 :: (CHEBI:35484,Chemical) :: ['Phthalate ester']
