Phytoremediation is promising, but depends on clearly understanding contaminants' impact on plant functioning. We therefore focused on the impact of @entity2555 ( @entity2556 ) on cultivated plants and understanding the impact of @entity11966 ( @entity815 ) on @entity2829 functioning ( @entity2829 ). Cultivation was conducted under controlled conditions on artificially contaminated sand with @entity815 levels increasing from 50 to 750 mg @entity815 kg(-1). After four weeks, plants exposed to levels above 50 mg @entity815 kg(-1) presented decreased biomasses and reduced photosynthetic activity. These modifications were associated with higher biomass allocations to roots and lower ones to stems. The leaf biomass proportion was similar, with thinner blades than controls. @entity815 -exposed plant showed modified root architecture, with fewer roots of 0.2 and 0.4 mm in diameter. Leaves were @entity972 -deplete, but @entity460 , @entity3151 , @entity1760 and @entity219 -enriched. Their content in @entity1568 , @entity68 , @entity599 and @entity921 was unaffected. These responses resembled those of water-stress, although water contents in plant organs were not affected by @entity815 and water supply was not limited. They also indicated a possible perturbation of both nutritional functioning and photosynthesis.

Morphological and physiological responses of @entity2829 ( XXXX ) exposed to sand contaminated by @entity11966 .

@entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium'] @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen'] @entity921 :: ('MESH:D008345', 'Chemical') :: ['manganese'] @entity2829 :: ('4577', 'Species') :: ['maize', 'Zea mays'] @entity2555 :: ('MESH:D011084', 'Chemical') :: ['polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons'] @entity219 :: ('MESH:D015032', 'Chemical') :: ['zinc'] @entity2556 :: ('CHEBI:33848', 'Chemical') :: ['PAH'] @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium'] @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium'] @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus'] @entity815 :: ('CHEBI:28044', 'Chemical') :: ['PHE'] @entity599 :: ('MESH:D013455', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfur'] @entity68 :: ('MESH:D007501', 'Chemical') :: ['iron'] @entity11966 :: ('MESH:C031181', 'Chemical') :: ['phenanthrene']
@entity2829 :: (4577,Species) :: ['Zea mays']
