UNASSIGNED: Long term cigarette smoking (LTCS) has an important extrapulmonary @entity137 . The aim of the study was to investigate the time dependent effects of cigarette smoke exposure on exercise capacity, markers of systemic @entity32 and skeletal muscle structure. @entity19 were either exposed to mainstream cigarette smoke for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week (Smoke Exposed, SE group) or assigned to the control, unexposed group (Con group). SE Group @entity19 were exposed for 8, 16, 24 and 32 weeks to smoke and unexposed Con @entity19 were used as age matched controls. Exercise capacity was investigated by spiroergometry. Systemic inflammatory status was analyzed by flow cytometry and multiplexed fluorescent immunoassay. For analysis of muscle tissue histological techniques and microarray analysis were used. @entity19 of the SE group exhibited a lower increase of body mass and a decrease of VO2max (p<0.05). An increase of lymphocyte CD62, ICAM and VCAM expression was found in SE @entity19 (p<0.05). A biphasic trend of protein up- and down-regulation was observed in markers of systemic @entity32 and tissue deterioration such as CRP, @entity639 , @entity26447 , M-CSF-1, @entity48906 y. Thereby, the expression of several chemotactic proteins in plasma correlated with their expression in muscle. A time dependent decrease of muscle mass and oxidative type-I fibers was found (p<0.05). Microarray analysis revealed a SE-induced up-regulation of several pathways of metabolic processes and tissue degradation. Taken together it was found that the loss of exercise capacity and systemic @entity32 are early events of SE, which might induce @entity2057 and loss of oxidative muscle capacity.

Time course of cigarette smoke-induced changes of systemic XXXX and muscle structure.

@entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation'] @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity'] @entity639 :: ('20292(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['eotaxin'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'Mice'] @entity48906 :: ('238799(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['MIP-1'] @entity2057 :: ('MESH:D009133', 'Disease') :: ['muscular atrophy'] @entity26447 :: ('15439(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['haptoglobin']
@entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']
