BACKGROUND: In our 24-hour society, an increasing number of @entity1 are required to be awake and active at night. As a result, the circadian rhythm of feeding is seriously compromised. To mimic this, we subjected @entity19 to @entity5640 ( @entity5640 ), a paradigm in which food availability is limited to short and unusual times of day. @entity5640 induces a food-anticipatory increase in the levels of the hunger hormone @entity20649 . We aimed to investigate whether @entity20649 triggers the changes in body weight and gastric emptying that occur during @entity5640 . Moreover, the effect of genetic deletion of the core clock gene @entity14734 on these physiological adaptations was studied. METHODS: Wild-type, @entity20649 receptor knockout and @entity14734 knockout @entity19 were fed ad libitum or put on @entity5640 with a normal or high-fat diet (HFD). Plasma @entity20649 levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Gastric contractility was studied in vitro in muscle strips and in vivo (13C breath test). Cytokine mRNA expression was quantified and infiltration of immune cells was assessed histologically. RESULTS: The food-anticipatory increase in plasma @entity20649 levels induced by @entity5640 with normal chow was abolished in HFD-fed @entity19 . During @entity5640 , body weight restoration was facilitated by @entity20649 and @entity14734 . @entity5640 altered cytokine mRNA expression levels and triggered contractility changes resulting in an accelerated gastric emptying, independent from @entity20649 signaling. During @entity5640 with a HFD, @entity14734 enhanced neutrophil recruitment to the stomach, increased gastric @entity634 expression and promoted gastric contractility changes. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study demonstrating that @entity20649 and @entity14734 regulate the extent of body weight restoration during @entity5640 , whereas @entity14734 controls the type of inflammatory infiltrate and contractility changes in the stomach. Disrupting the circadian rhythm of feeding induces a variety of diet-dependent metabolic, immune and @entity344 , which may explain the higher prevalence of @entity28 and immune-related @entity344 among shift workers.

Shifting the circadian rhythm of feeding in @entity19 induces gastrointestinal, metabolic and immune alterations which are influenced by XXXX and the core clock gene @entity14734 .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['people'] @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity20649 :: ('58991(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['ghrelin'] @entity5640 :: ('MESH:D002313', 'Disease') :: ['restricted feeding', 'RF'] @entity634 :: ('16175(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IL-1a'] @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal alterations', 'gastrointestinal disorders'] @entity14734 :: ('11865(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Bmal1']
@entity20649 :: (58991(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['ghrelin']
