BACKGROUND: Previous research has suggested that deliberate self-harm is associated with contemporary goth subculture in young @entity1 ; however, whether this association is confounded by characteristics of young @entity1 , their families, and their circumstances is unclear. We aimed to test whether self-identification as a goth is prospectively associated with emergence of clinical @entity308 and self-harm in early adulthood. METHODS: We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and @entity1 , a UK community-based birth cohort of 14   541 pregnant @entity1 with expected delivery between April 1, 1991, and Dec 31, 1992. All @entity1 in the study were invited to attend yearly follow-up visits at the research clinic from age 7 years. At 15 years of age, @entity1 reported the extent to which they self-identified as a goth. We assessed depressive mood and self-harm at 15 years with the Development and Wellbeing Assessment (DAWBA) questionnaire, and @entity308 and self-harm at 18 years using the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised. We calculated the prospective association between goth identification at 15 years and @entity308 and self-harm at 18 years using logistic regression analyses. FINDINGS: Of 5357 @entity1 who had data available for goth self-identification, 3694 individuals also had data for @entity308 and self-harm outcomes at 18 years. 105 (6%) of 1841 adolescents who did not self-identify as goths met criteria for @entity308 compared with 28 (18%) of 154 who identified as goths very much; for self-harm, the figures were 189 (10%) of 1841 versus 57 (37%) of 154. We noted a dose-response association with goth self-identification both for @entity308 and for self-harm. Compared with young @entity1 who did not identify as a goth, those who somewhat identified as being a goth were 1  6 times more likely (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] 1  63, 95% CI 1  14-2  34, p<0  001), and those who very much identified as being a goth were more than three times more likely (unadjusted OR 3  67, 2  33-4  79, p<0  001) to have scores in the clinical range for @entity308 at 18 years; findings were similar for self-harm. Associations were not attenuated after adjustment for a range of individual, family, and social confounders. INTERPRETATION: Our findings suggest that young @entity1 identifying with goth subculture might be at an increased risk for @entity308 and self-harm. Although our results suggest that some peer contagion operates within the goth community, our observational findings cannot be used to claim that becoming a goth increases risk of self-harm or @entity308 . Working with young @entity1 in the goth community to identify those at increased risk of @entity308 and self-harm and provide support might be effective. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council Programme.

Risk of XXXX and self-harm in teenagers identifying with goth subculture: a longitudinal cohort study.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'children', 'Children', 'people'] @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']
@entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']
