Female gender is associated with better renal function and resistance to @entity8 , suggesting that an @entity2931 -based effect or increased androgenic effects are responsible. Studies in rodents have confirmed a biological basis for this, based on the differential effects of @entity3800 and @entity2931 on the normal and diseased kidney. Many researchers in the field believe that the pre-menopausal levels of @entity2931 are key to the protection observed in females. The key pressor effects of the renin-angiotensin (RA) system are due to both direct vasoconstrictory properties and alterations in renal control of extracellular fluid volume. Additionally, the RA has been shown to promote diverse aspects of @entity8 . RA activity is positively modulated by @entity3800 and antagonized by @entity2931 . @entity842 (NO) is a potent vasorelaxant with a key role in renal control of extracellular fluid homeostasis. NO can variously have both protective and deleterious effects on @entity8 . Endogenous @entity2931 has an anti- @entity101 effect as well as protective effects against cell and organ damage, many of which are mediated via increases in NO generation. We examine how the RA- and NO-generating systems may underpin key aspects of gender differences in normal renal function and @entity8 .

Gender differences in the renin-angiotensin and XXXX systems: relevance in the normal and diseased kidney.

@entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal disease', 'renal injury'] @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive'] @entity2931 :: ('CHEBI:50114', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrogens', 'oestrogen'] @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitric oxide'] @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']
@entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']
