STUDY DESIGN: Histologic documentation of vertebral bodies retrieved from @entity1 @entity1 . OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to illustrate the histologic findings of two cases in which vertebroplasty and/or kyphoplasty had been performed. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There are a number of controversies to @entity3574 , including the use of inflatable bone tamps, use of nonstandardized @entity4625 ( @entity4625 ) preparations, the extent and significance of thermal @entity39 , any @entity6377 , and cement extravasation. METHODS: Four vertebral bodies from two cases ranging from 1 month to 2 years after surgery were analyzed histologically. @entity3178 slides of retrieved vertebral bodies were reviewed with special reference for evidence of thermal @entity39 , @entity6377 , migration of cement, cement voids and @entity174 , and for the influence of the bone tamp on adjacent bone. RESULTS: The cancellous bone around the cement of the kyphoplasty specimen showed good density, suggesting that the tamping had displaced bone, essentially autografting the space around the cement. Bone immediately around the cement did not show extensive @entity39 , but there were a few spicules of necrotic bone associated with creeping substitution, suggesting either thermal effect, the original @entity174 , or displacement of bone by the procedure. Foreign body giant cells and macrophages were identified in the fibrous membrane around the @entity4625 in all segments. These cells contained material consistent with cement particles and/or @entity6680 . Particles were also present within vascular spaces. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, these cases are among the first published reports of @entity1 histology after vertebral cement augmentation and have implications concerning the nature of the surgical procedures as well as the material used for injection.

Histologic evaluation of XXXX vertebral bodies after @entity3574 with @entity4625 .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients'] @entity4625 :: ('MESH:D019904', 'Chemical') :: ['polymethylmethacrylate', 'PMMA'] @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture'] @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis'] @entity6680 :: ('MESH:D001466', 'Chemical') :: ['barium sulfate'] @entity3574 :: ('OMIM:277300', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral augmentation'] @entity3178 :: ('MESH:D046728', 'Disease') :: ['Microscope'] @entity6377 :: ('MESH:D005549', 'Disease') :: ['foreign body reaction']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']
