@entity96 and liver metastases from @entity1820 lack effective therapy. Gene therapy is a promising therapeutic approach and is based on the introduction of genetic material into cells to generate a curative biological effect. Adenoviral vectors can very efficiently transduce a wide variety of malignant epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. A variety of gene therapy-based anticancer strategies have been effective in @entity5 models, including replacement of @entity5 suppressor genes, selective activation of prodrugs, genetic immunotherapy, and antiangiogenic actions. Enzymes used for genetic activation include viral @entity1014 kinase (tk), which may activate @entity2353 analogs such as @entity4540 . We and others have demonstrated the efficacy of the tk/ @entity4540 system in the treatment of @entity157 and metastatic @entity14 in experimental models. Also, this strategy can be safely applied to @entity1 with @entity96 . Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is among the most potent cytokines in stimulating antitumor immunity. In models of primary and metastatic @entity96 we showed that intratumoral administration of recombinant adenovirus encoding IL-12 activates natural killer cells, induces specific antitumor immunity, and displays a powerful antiangiogenic effect, resulting in @entity5 regression. There is a synergistic effect with the gene transfer of the chemokine @entity371 . Also, intratumoral injection of either dendritic cells transfected ex vivo with recombinant adenovirus encoding IL-12 (Ad.IL-12) or an adenovirus coding for the @entity2936 ligand have shown an intense antitumor effect against experimental @entity14 . In summary, a variety of gene therapy strategies have been effective against animal models of @entity1820 . Clinical trials should determine whether @entity1 @entity1 can be treated safely and effectively by such strategies.

Gene therapy of @entity157 and XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human'] @entity2353 :: ('CHEBI:33838', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleoside'] @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver tumors', 'liver cancer', 'Primary liver cancer'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'animal tumor'] @entity2936 :: ('958', 'Gene') :: ['CD40'] @entity1820 :: ('MESH:D005770', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal tumors'] @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine'] @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer'] @entity4540 :: ('MESH:D015774', 'Chemical') :: ['ganciclovir'] @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma'] @entity371 :: ('3627', 'Gene') :: ['IP-10']
@entity1820 :: (MESH:D005770,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal tumors']
