UNASSIGNED: Entero-pancreatic hormone secretion is thought to include a cephalic phase but the evidence in @entity1 is ambiguous. We studied vagally-induced gut hormone responses with and without muscarinic blockade in ten @entity413 -clamped healthy males (age: 24.5  0.6 years(mean  @entity2246 ( @entity2246 ); body mass index: 24.0  0.5kg/m2; HbA1c: 5.1  0.1% /31.4  0.5mmol/mol). Cephalic activation was elicited by modified sham feeding (MSF, aka "chew and spit") with or without @entity3897 (1mg bolus 45min before MSF + 80ng/kg/min for 2h). To mimick incipient prandial @entity413 excursions, @entity413 levels were clamped at 6mmol/L on all days. The meal stimulus for the MSF consisted of an appetizing breakfast. @entity1 (9/10) also had a 6mmol/ @entity413 clamp without MSF. PP levels rose from 6.3  1.1 to 19.9  6.8pmol/L(means  @entity2246 ) in response to MSF and @entity3897 lowered basal PP levels and abolished the MSF response. Neither @entity2690 , @entity2690 , @entity413 -dependent insulinotropic polypeptide( @entity8242 ) nor glucagon-like peptide-1( @entity6757 ) levels changed in response to MSF or @entity3897 . Glucagon and ghrelin levels were markedly attenuated by @entity3897 prior to and during the clamp: at t=105min on the ATR+CLA+MSF compared to the SAL+CLA and SAL+CLA+MSF days; baseline-subtracted glucagon levels were -10.7  1.1 vs. -4.0  1.1 and -4.7  1.9pmol/L(mean  @entity2246 ),P<0.0001), respectively; corresponding baseline-subtracted ghrelin levels were 303  36 vs. 39  38 and 3.7  21pg/mL(mean  @entity2246 ), P<0.0001. Glucagon and ghrelin levels were unaffected by MSF. In spite of adequate PP responses, a cephalic phase response was absent for @entity2690 , glucagon, @entity6757 , @entity8242 and ghrelin.

Cephalic phase secretion of XXXX and other entero-pancreatic hormones in @entity1 .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'Participants'] @entity8242 :: ('2695', 'Gene') :: ['GIP'] @entity2690 :: ('3630', 'Gene') :: ['insulin', 'C-peptide'] @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine'] @entity6757 :: ('100125288', 'Gene') :: ['GLP-1'] @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose', 'L-glucose'] @entity2246 :: ('MESH:D008661', 'Disease') :: ['SEM', 'standard error of the mean']
@entity2690 :: (3630,Gene) :: ['insulin']
