BACKGROUND: It has been established that @entity1 with chronic rhinosinusitis with @entity480 (CRSwNP) often have co-existing @entity565 . OBJECTIVE: We aimed to test two hypotheses: (i) upper and lower airway @entity32 in CRSwNP is uniform in agreement with the united airways concept; and (ii) @entity32 exists in all CRSwNP @entity1 irrespective of clinical @entity565 status. METHODS: We collected biopsies from @entity480 , inferior turbinates and bronchi of 27 CRSwNP @entity1 and 6 controls. All @entity1 were evaluated for lower @entity1030 according to international guidelines. Inflammatory cytokines were investigated using a @entity1198 /Th2 assay including 14 chemokines and cytokines; tissue concentrations were normalized according to tissue weight and total protein concentration. Individual cytokines and multivariate inflammatory profiles were compared between biopsy sites and between @entity1 and controls. RESULTS: We found significantly higher concentrations of Th2 cytokines in @entity480 compared to inferior turbinate and bronchial biopsies. In addition, we showed that the inflammatory profile of @entity480 and bronchial biopsies correlated significantly (p<0.01). From the Th2 cytokines measured, @entity4047 was significantly increased in bronchial biopsies from CRSwNP @entity1 with, but not without @entity565 . CONCLUSION: Our findings support the united airways concept; however, we did not find evidence for subclinical @entity32 in CRSwNP @entity1 without @entity565 . Finally, this study indicates for the first time that @entity480 potentially play an important role in the airway @entity32 rather than being a secondary phenomenon.

Airway @entity32 with XXXX and Asthma: The United Airways Concept Further Supported.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients'] @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'bronchial inflammation'] @entity4047 :: ('3596', 'Gene') :: ['IL-13'] @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma'] @entity1198 :: ('51497', 'Gene') :: ['Th1'] @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['airway disease'] @entity480 :: ('MESH:D009298', 'Disease') :: ['nasal polyps']
@entity480 :: (MESH:D009298,Disease) :: ['Nasal Polyps']
