Early stages of @entity1800 are associated with local recruitment and activation of dendritic cells (DC) and NK cells. Although activated DC and NK cells are known to support each other's functions, it is less clear whether their local interaction in infected tissues can modulate the subsequent ability of migrating DC to induce T cell responses in draining lymph nodes. In this study, we report that NK cells are capable of inducing stable type 1-polarized "effector/memory" DC (DC1) that act as carriers of NK cell-derived helper signals for the development of type 1 immune responses. NK cell-induced DC1 show a strongly elevated ability to produce IL-12p70 after subsequent @entity2936 ligand stimulation. NK-induced DC1 prime naive @entity404 + Th cells for high levels of @entity379 , but low @entity3646 production, and demonstrate a strongly enhanced ability to induce Ag-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Resting NK cells display stringent activation requirements to perform this novel, DC-mediated, "helper" function. Although their interaction with K562 cells results in effective target cell killing, the induction of DC1 requires a second NK cell-activating signal. Such costimulatory signal can be provided by type I IFNs, common mediators of antiviral responses. Therefore, in addition to their cytolytic function, NK cells also have immunoregulatory activity, induced under more stringent conditions. The currently demonstrated helper activity of NK cells may support the development of @entity1198 - and CTL-dominated type 1 immunity against intracellular pathogens and may have implications for @entity5 immunotherapy.

Dendritic cells mediate NK cell help for XXXX and CTL responses: two-signal requirement for the induction of NK cell helper function.

@entity404 :: ('920', 'Gene') :: ['CD4'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer'] @entity2936 :: ('958', 'Gene') :: ['CD40'] @entity1198 :: ('51497', 'Gene') :: ['Th1'] @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infections'] @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-gamma'] @entity3646 :: ('3565', 'Gene') :: ['IL-4']
@entity1198 :: (51497,Gene) :: ['Th1']
