BACKGROUND: @entity4944 abuse is becoming more widespread internationally. The possibility that its many @entity65 are associated with a prematurely aged cardiovascular system, and indeed biological organism systemically, has not been addressed. METHODS: Radial arterial pulse tonometry was performed using the SphygmoCor system (Sydney). 55 @entity4944 exposed @entity1 were compared with 107 @entity286 smokers, 483 non-smokers and 68 @entity284 @entity1 (total=713 @entity1 ) from 2006 to 2011. A cardiovascular-biological age (VA) was determined. RESULTS: The age of the @entity1 groups was 30.03  0.51-40.45  1.15   years. This was controlled for with linear regression. The sex ratio was the same in all groups. 94% of @entity4944 exposed @entity1 had used @entity4944 in the previous week. When the (log) VA was regressed against the chronological age (CA) and a substance-type group in both cross-sectional and longitudinal models, models quadratic in CA were superior to linear models (both p<0.02). When log VA/CA was regressed in a mixed effects model against time, body mass index, CA and drug type, the cubic model was superior to the linear model (p=0.001). Interactions between CA, @entity141 and (CA)(3) on the one hand and exposure type were significant from p=0.0120. The effects of @entity4944 exposure persisted after adjustment for all known cardiovascular risk factors (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: These results show that subacute exposure to @entity889 is associated with an advancement of cardiovascular-organismal age both over age and over time, and is robust to adjustment. That this is associated with power functions of age implies a feed-forward positively reinforcing exacerbation of the underlying ageing process.

Acceleration of cardiovascular-biological age by XXXX exposure is a power function of chronological age.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient'] @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco'] @entity889 :: ('MESH:D000662', 'Chemical') :: ['amphetamines'] @entity284 :: ('MESH:D008691', 'Chemical') :: ['methadone'] @entity141 :: ('CHEBI:29108', 'Chemical') :: ['(CA)(2)'] @entity4944 :: ('MESH:D000661', 'Chemical') :: ['amphetamine', 'Amphetamine'] @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular complications']
@entity4944 :: (MESH:D000661,Chemical) :: ['amphetamine']
