The @entity2359 of local anesthetics can be demonstrated in vitro by the collapse of growth cones and neurites in cultured neurons. We compared the @entity2359 of @entity8162 , @entity10541 , @entity1342 , @entity1341 , @entity3303 , @entity6513 , and @entity17388 by using cultured neurons from the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. A solution of local anesthetics was added to the culture dish to make final concentrations ranging from 1 x 10(-6) to 2 x 10(-2) M. Morphological changes in the growth cones and neurites were observed and graded 1 (moderate) or 2 (severe). The median concentrations yielding a score of 1 were 5 x 10(-4) M for @entity8162 , 5 x 10(-4) M for @entity10541 , 2 x 10(-4) M for @entity1342 , 2 x 10(-4) M for @entity1341 , 1 x 10(-4) M for @entity3303 , 5 x 10(-5) M for @entity6513 , and 2 x 10(-5) M for @entity17388 . Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed between @entity10541 and @entity1342 , @entity1341 and @entity3303 , @entity3303 and @entity6513 , and @entity6513 and @entity17388 . The order of @entity2359 was @entity8162 = @entity10541 < @entity1342 = @entity1341 < @entity3303 < @entity6513 < @entity17388 . Although @entity3303 is more toxic than @entity1341 and @entity1342 , @entity10541 , which has a similar pharmacological effect to @entity3303 , has the least-adverse effects on cone growth among clinically used local anesthetics. IMPLICATIONS: Systematic comparison was assessed morphologically in growth cones and neurites exposed to seven local anesthetics. The order of @entity2359 was @entity8162 = @entity10541 < @entity1342 = @entity1341 < @entity3303 < @entity6513 < @entity17388 . Although @entity3303 is more toxic than @entity1341 and @entity1342 , @entity10541 , which has a similar pharmacological effect to @entity3303 , is the safest among clinically used local anesthetics.

XXXX and @entity10541 have less toxicity in vitro than other clinically used local anesthetics.

@entity17388 :: ('MESH:D003992', 'Chemical') :: ['dibucaine'] @entity10541 :: ('MESH:D008619', 'Chemical') :: ['mepivacaine'] @entity8162 :: ('MESH:D011343', 'Chemical') :: ['procaine'] @entity1342 :: ('MESH:C037663', 'Chemical') :: ['ropivacaine'] @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine'] @entity6513 :: ('MESH:D013748', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracaine'] @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine'] @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']
@entity8162 :: (MESH:D011343,Chemical) :: ['Procaine']
