OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to provide current approaches to gain increased understanding of the molecular basis of chemical allergenicity. @entity566 refers to an @entity56 to a low molecular weight agent (ie, <1 kD). The symptoms and pathology of chemical @entity565 resemble those of @entity566 to larger sized agents, such as pollens, weeds, and danders. The differences relate to mechanisms of disease. To stimulate an immune response, low molecular weight chemicals function as haptens and bind to carrier macromolecules. This article focuses on the chemical reactions and physicochemical characteristics of chemical allergens. DATA SOURCES: Data were obtained from published clinical reports and from the Documentation of Threshold Limit Values (1998) published by the American Congress of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. RESULTS: In vitro studies indicate the stoichiometric reaction of some chemical allergens with @entity2041 and the subsequent transfer of the allergen from @entity2041 to other nucleophiles. Computer-generated structure-activity relationship models have been developed for chemicals that induce @entity1576 . The models, based on physicochemical properties of the agents, have high sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS: The structure-activity relationship model suggests that chemical binding is the essential feature of chemical allergens. Their in vivo reactions with @entity1433 may result in @entity2041 deficiency with consequent alteration in cellular reduction-oxidation (redox) status, release of cytokines, and promotion of the T helper cell 2 phenotype. Prevention of @entity2319 is dependent on periodic medical surveillance of affected workers. When detected early, the disease can frequently be reversed.

Cell and molecular biology of chemical XXXX .

@entity1433 :: ('MESH:D013438', 'Chemical') :: ['thiols'] @entity566 :: ('MESH:D006967', 'Disease') :: ['allergy', 'Chemical allergy'] @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma'] @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione'] @entity2319 :: ('MESH:D003638', 'Disease') :: ['permanent disease'] @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic reaction'] @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory allergy']
@entity566 :: (MESH:D006967,Disease) :: ['allergy']
