Many of the beneficial and toxic biological effects of nanoparticles have been shown to have a negative correlation with particle size. However, few studies have demonstrated biological effects that only occur at specific nanoparticle sizes. Further elucidation of the size-specific biological effects of nanoparticles may reveal not only unknown @entity137 , but also novel benefits of nanoparticles. We used surface-unmodified @entity3440 particles with a wide range of diameters and narrow size intervals between the diameters (10, 30, 50, 70, 100, 300, and 1000 nm) to investigate the relationship between particle size and acute @entity137 after intravenous administration in @entity19 . Negative correlations between particle size and @entity882 , @entity409 , and lethal @entity137 were observed. However, a specific size-effect was observed for the severity of @entity2332 , where @entity3440 nanoparticles with a diameter of 50 nm induced the most severe @entity2332 . Further investigation revealed that this @entity2332 was mediated not by @entity112 , but by platelet-activating factor, and it was independent of the @entity882 and the @entity409 . In addition, macrophages/Kupffer cells and platelets, but not neutrophils, play a critical role in the @entity2332 . The present results reveal that @entity3440 nanoparticles have particle size-specific @entity137 in @entity19 , suggesting that other types of nanoparticles may also have biological effects that only manifest at specific particle sizes. Further study of the size-specific effects of nanoparticles is essential for safer and more effective nanomedicines.

Identifying a size-specific hazard of XXXX nanoparticles after intravenous administration and its relationship to the other hazards that have negative correlations with the particle size in @entity19 .

@entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities'] @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver damage'] @entity3440 :: ('MESH:D012822', 'Chemical') :: ['silica'] @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine'] @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['hypothermia']
@entity3440 :: (MESH:D012822,Chemical) :: ['silica']
