UNASSIGNED: Placebo @entity1337 can be primarily explained by the Pavlovian conditioning paradigm in which a passively applied cue becomes associated with @entity158 . In contrast, instrumental conditioning employs an active paradigm that might be more similar to clinical settings. In the present study, an instrumental conditioning paradigm involving a modified trust game in a simulated clinical situation was used to induce placebo @entity1337 . Additionally, Bayesian modeling was applied to predict the placebo responses of individuals based on their choices. Twenty-four @entity1 engaged in a medical trust game in which decisions to receive treatment from either a doctor (more effective with high cost) or a pharmacy (less effective with low cost) were made after receiving a reference @entity158 stimulus. In the conditioning session, the @entity1 received lower levels of @entity158 following both choices, while high @entity158 stimuli were administered in the test session even after making the decision. The choice-dependent @entity158 in the conditioning session was modulated in terms of both intensity and uncertainty. @entity1 reported significantly @entity158 when they chose the doctor or the pharmacy for treatment compared to the control trials. The predicted @entity158 ratings based on Bayesian modeling showed significant correlations with the actual reports from @entity1 for both of the choice categories. The instrumental conditioning paradigm allowed for the active choice of optional cues and was able to induce the placebo @entity1337 effect. Additionally, Bayesian modeling successfully predicted @entity158 ratings in a simulated clinical situation that fits well with placebo @entity1337 induced by instrumental conditioning.

Bayesian prediction of placebo XXXX in an instrumental learning model.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants'] @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['less pain', 'pain']
@entity1337 :: (MESH:D000699,Disease) :: ['analgesia']
