INTRODUCTION: Bladder augmentation is widely used to treat otherwise unmanageable urinary incontinence. However, it is associated with a large number of complications, of which @entity5 formation is the most severe. @entity3558 proteins and MUC genes are linked, among others, to @entity1494 . OBJECTIVE: To investigate histological alterations as well as changes in expression of @entity2355 and @entity5091 genes and proteins following different types of urinary bladder augmentation or substitution performed in @entity1 and adolescents. @entity1 AND METHODS: Between 1988 and 2013, 91 @entity1 underwent urinary bladder augmentation or substitution at the study institute. @entity1 were included on whom cystoplasty had been performed 4 years previously or earlier, and could have been followed-up prospectively. Thus, 54 @entity1 were involved in the study. In eight @entity1 gastrocystoplasty was performed, in 17 @entity1 ileocystoplasty, and in 22 @entity1 colocystoplasty. Seven @entity1 underwent bladder substitution using a colonic-segment. Biopsies were taken via cystoscopy from the native bladder, from the @entity344 used for augmentation, and from the anastomotic line between these two. One part of the samples was fixed in @entity406 for routine histological processing. The other part of the biopsies was embedded into OCT medium, then cryosectioned and fluorescently double-immunostained for @entity2355 and @entity5091 proteins. Samples from the microscopically @entity75 and from the 15-year-old or older biopsies were processed by laser capture microdissection, and then real-time PCR was done. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and ordinary least squares regression tests. RESULTS: One @entity420 was found in a female @entity1 , 11 years after colocystoplasty. There were no significant changes in the level of @entity2355 and @entity5091 proteins and gene expression in the urothelium and in the @entity344 used for augmentation following ileocystoplasty and gastrocystoplasty. Significant increase in @entity2355 and decrease in @entity5091 protein levels were detected following colocystoplasty in the large bowel segment used for augmentation, both with qualitative and quantitative methods (p  <  0.05) (Figure). The uroepithelium showed no significant change. RT-PCR revealed progressive increase in @entity2355 gene expression and decrease in @entity5091 gene expression after colocystoplasty in the course of time. It also showed highly increased @entity2355 gene expression and decreased @entity5091 gene expression in the samples of @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Alterations in gene expression of @entity2355 and @entity5091 might serve as promising markers for early detection of histological changes after colocystoplasty.

Long-term histological and @entity3558 alterations in the neobladder mucosa following urinary bladder augmentation or substitution with XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS'] @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies of the urinary bladder and the gastrointestinal system'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor'] @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic lesions'] @entity5091 :: ('4583', 'Gene') :: ['MUC2'] @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formaldehyde'] @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal segment'] @entity3558 :: ('100508689', 'Gene') :: ['Mucin'] @entity2355 :: ('4582', 'Gene') :: ['MUC1'] @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']
@entity344 :: (MESH:D005767,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal segment']
