Laminitis is one of the most common diseases in @entity1641 . It is not only painful for the animal, but also has a significant financial impact on the @entity1641 industry. This @entity66 affects the connective tissue of the hoof. However, the pathogenesis of laminitis is still not fully understood. Endotoxins, also known as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and bacterial exotoxins seem to play an important role during the development of laminitis. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of increasing LPS concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 100  g/mL) on cell viability of isolated epidermal and dermal hoof cells as well as on the tissue integrity of hoof explants. Furthermore, @entity413 , @entity1543 , @entity880 , and @entity6137 concentrations in explant supernatants were measured to evaluate the energy metabolism in the hoof tissue. LPS did not exhibit cytotoxic effects on epidermal or dermal cells. Force required to separate LPS treated hoof explants decreased in a concentration dependent manner. Specifically, explants incubated with 10 and 100  g/mL needed significantly less force to separate compared to control explants. @entity880 concentrations were significantly decreased in explants incubated with 5, 10, or 100  g/mL LPS, while @entity413 , @entity1543 and @entity6137 concentrations were unaffected by LPS treatment. Our study indicates that LPS has no cytotoxic effect on epidermal and dermal cells isolated from hoof tissue, but impairs integrity of hoof explants. In addition, LPS led to an alteration of the @entity880 production in the lamellar tissue. Since our data highlight that LPS can affect the integrity of the @entity1641 hoof tissue in vitro, endotoxins should be further explored for their contribution to facilitate the development of laminitis.

Concentration Dependent Influence of Lipopolysaccharides on Separation of Hoof Explants and Supernatant XXXX Concentration in an Ex Vivo/In Vitro Laminitis Model.

@entity1641 :: ('9796', 'Species') :: ['horses', 'equine'] @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['multifactorial disease'] @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactic acid', 'Lactic acid'] @entity1543 :: ('MESH:D019342', 'Chemical') :: ['acetic acid'] @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose'] @entity6137 :: ('MESH:C029658', 'Chemical') :: ['propionic acid']
@entity880 :: (MESH:D019344,Chemical) :: ['Lactic Acid']
