OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to confirm and extend our earlier observation that gender is a biological effect modifier of smoking- @entity309 ( @entity70430 ) relationship in a diverse national survey sample in the United States. METHODS: Smoking history of 644 cases of @entity70430 and 1509 geographically matched general population controls were compared using weighted logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 644 respondents with @entity70430 (cases) and 1509 geographically matched controls. Cases were significantly younger, less educated, more likely to be single and female than controls. Among cases 57% were smokers while among controls 49% smoked. Among @entity1 , after adjusting for age, hysterectomy had an age adjusted odds ratio 1.45, (95% CI 0.99-2.10) and menopause an adjusted odds ratio 1.18 (95% CI 0.99-2.10) were associated with smoking. In univariable analysis ever-smoking was associated with increased risk of @entity70430 (odds @entity70430 , 95% CI 1.0-1.81). Among the strata of smokers, there was an increasing gradient of risk with increasing exposure to smoking (P = 0.041). In separate multivariable models, smoking increased the risk in @entity1 (odds ratio 2.29, 95% CI 1.35-3.90) while in @entity1 the risk was not elevated (odds ratio 0.98, 95% CI 0.67-1.42). After adjusting for the statistically significant interaction both female gender (odds ratio 2.30, 95% CI 1.39-3.83) and having ever smoked (odds ratio 2.31, 95% CI 1.36-3.94) emerged as significant risk factors for @entity70430 . CONCLUSIONS: Gender interacts with smoking in by an unknown mechanism to lead to differential risk of @entity70430 .

Smoking, gender and XXXX -epidemiological clues to etiology. Results from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'men'] @entity70430 :: ('MESH:C567068', 'Disease') :: ['RA', 'ratio 1.34'] @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']
@entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']
