UNASSIGNED: Metabotropic @entity3264 receptors (mGluR) are predominantly involved in maintenance of cellular homeostasis of central nervous system. However, evidences have suggested other roles of mGluR in @entity1 @entity5 . Aberrant mGluR signaling has been shown to participate in transformation and maintenance of various @entity5 types, including malignant @entity1313 . This review intends to summarize recent findings regarding the involvement of mGluR-mediated intracellular signaling pathways in progression, @entity146 , and recurrence of @entity11 , @entity463 (GBM), highlighting the potential therapeutic applications of mGluR ligands. In addition to the growing number of studies reporting mGluR gene or protein expression in @entity11 samples (resections, lineages, and primary cultures), pharmacological blockade in vitro of @entity9446 and @entity9445 by selective ligands has been shown to be anti-proliferative and anti-migratory, decreasing activation of MAPK and PI3K pathways. In addition, @entity9445 antagonists promoted astroglial differentiation of GBM cells and also enabled cytotoxic action of @entity2903 ( @entity2904 ). @entity9445 -dependent @entity2904 @entity137 was supported by increasing levels of @entity8724 transcripts through an intracellular signaling pathway that sequentially involves PI3K and NF-kB. Further, continuous pharmacological blockade of @entity9446 and @entity9445 have been shown to reduced growth of @entity5 in two independent in vivo xenograft models. In parallel, low levels of @entity9445 mRNA in GBM resections may be a predictor for long survival rate of @entity1 . Since several Phase I, II and III clinical trials are being performed using group I and II mGluR modulators, there is a strong scientifically-based rationale for testing mGluR antagonists as an adjuvant therapy for malignant @entity1313 .

Metabotropic @entity3264 receptors as a new therapeutic target for XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients'] @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity'] @entity3264 :: ('D018698', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate'] @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressiveness'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['GBM tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors'] @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors'] @entity9445 :: ('53623(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['mGluR3'] @entity2904 :: ('CHEBI:72564', 'Chemical') :: ['TMZ'] @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['glioma', 'malignant gliomas'] @entity8724 :: ('4255', 'Gene') :: ['MGMT'] @entity9446 :: ('14799(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['mGluR1'] @entity2903 :: ('MESH:C047246', 'Chemical') :: ['temozolomide'] @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['mainly glioblastomas']
@entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['malignant gliomas']
