PURPOSE: To summarize the OPO 1992 Classic Paper: Refractive plasticity of the developing @entity1573 eye (12: 448-452) and discuss recent findings in refractive development. SUMMARY AND RECENT FINDINGS: The classic paper shows that when lightweight plastic goggles with rigid contact lens inserts are applied to the eyes of newly hatched chicks, the eye responds accurately to defocus between -10 and +20  D, although @entity3467 develops more rapidly. While the changes largely are due to change in axial length, high levels of @entity3467 are associated with corneal flattening. Also, newly hatched chicks are better able to compensate for the induced defocus than chicks that are 9  days old. In addition, @entity940 of 2-6  D can be produced by applying 9  D toric inducing lenses on the day of hatching, and the most myopic meridian coincides with the power meridian of the inducing lens. This @entity940 appears to be primarily due to corneal toricity. Furthermore, the greatest magnitude was produced when the plano meridian of the inducing lens was placed 45   from the line of the palpebral fissure. Since our publication in 1992, it has been shown that similar results can be produced in a variety of species, including; tree shrews, marmosets, monkeys and fish. Considerable effort has been spent in trying to determine what the eye uses, if not the brain, as the signal to the sign of the defocus. Accommodation, chromatic aberration, diurnal variation, @entity940 and higher order monochromatic aberrations have all been considered. @entity3193 and thickening play a role in @entity1714 and @entity3467 development, respectively, in chicks. High light levels (15,000 lux) increase the rate at which chicks compensate for positive lenses and decrease the compensation rate for negative lenses. However these light levels do not prevent the eye from fully compensating for either type of lens. It has also been shown that brief periods of normal vision prevent the development of form deprivation @entity1714 . Finally, the importance of the peripheral retina in refractive development has been explored and lenses designed to reduce relative peripheral @entity3467 have resulted in variable effects as far as @entity1714 control is concerned. CONCLUSIONS: A growing body of evidence, from both animal models and @entity1 clinical trials indicates that the development of @entity1714 is related both to genetics and environment / lifestyle. Nevertheless, we are far from understanding how this interaction takes place.

Refractive plasticity of the developing XXXX eye: a summary and update.

@entity940 :: ('MESH:D001251', 'Disease') :: ['astigmatism'] @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human'] @entity3467 :: ('MESH:D006956', 'Disease') :: ['hyperopia'] @entity1573 :: ('9031', 'Species') :: ['chick'] @entity3193 :: ('MESH:D015862', 'Disease') :: ['Choroidal thinning'] @entity1714 :: ('MESH:D009216', 'Disease') :: ['myopia']
@entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chick']
