@entity462 catabolism presents cells with a double-edged sword. On the one hand, @entity462 degradation provides cells with essential molecules such as @entity2226 and @entity3287 . The formation of @entity3287 in cells is thought to regulate important and diverse physiological processes including blood circulation, synaptic activity and @entity32 . On the other hand, the catabolism of @entity462 by gut microbiota can release high levels of @entity3287 that may underlie the development or relapse of @entity31 , an @entity29 affecting millions of @entity1 worldwide. Here, we have used the @entity2199 @entity2199 to explore how cells tolerate high levels of @entity3287 produced by @entity462 degradation in bacteria. We have identified mutations in genes coding for @entity69248 family proteins, mitochondrial proteins, and collagens that confer tolerance to @entity3287 @entity137 . Exposure to @entity3287 induces the unfolded protein response in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Moreover, our results suggest that @entity3287 @entity137 is mediated by reactive @entity26 species (ROS). Indeed, pre-treatment of worms with antioxidants increases their tolerance to @entity3287 @entity137 . Intriguingly, sub-toxic levels of the @entity224 generator @entity6453 can also increase the tolerance of worms to @entity3287 . Therefore, it appears that activation of ROS detoxification pathway prior to the exposure to @entity3287 , can increase the tolerance to @entity3287 @entity137 . Our results suggest that these detoxification pathways are mediated by the @entity519 inducible factor @entity9968 . Finally, we show that @entity3287 resistance varies among wild @entity2199 and other @entity2199 species, suggesting that tolerance to @entity3287 was naturally selected in certain habitats.

Mechanisms of defense against products of @entity462 catabolism in the @entity2199 XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['people'] @entity2226 :: ('MESH:D013654', 'Chemical') :: ['taurine'] @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation'] @entity2199 :: ('6239', 'Species') :: ['nematode', 'C. elegans'] @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine', 'Cysteine'] @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity'] @entity6453 :: ('MESH:D010269', 'Chemical') :: ['paraquat'] @entity9968 :: ('180359(Tax:6239)', 'Gene') :: ['HIF-1'] @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen'] @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis'] @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease'] @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxia'] @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide'] @entity69248 :: ('189905(Tax:6239)', 'Gene') :: ['thioredoxin'] @entity3287 :: ('CHEBI:26822', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfide']
@entity2199 :: (6239,Species) :: ['Caenorhabditis elegans']
