Current dilemmas for physicians managing @entity1 with localized @entity263 include deciding: (1) which @entity1 need aggressive treatment; (2) what treatment options are best for a given @entity1 ; and (3) what treatment outcomes can be expected. This article reviews our ability to prognosticate outcome (including pathological stage and disease-free survival rate) in @entity1 with clinically localized @entity263 (AJCC, stage T1-T2. N0, M0) subsequent to analysis of several contemporary series involving @entity1 treated with radical prostatectomy and external-beam radiation therapy. Pretherapy prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level (< or =4 ng/mL or >20 ng/mL) and Gleason score (< or =4 or > or =8) as individual variables provide independent prognostic information for only a subset of @entity1 undergoing radical prostatectomy and external-beam radiation therapy. Pathological stage is the most powerful predictor of outcome following radical prostatectomy, and its prediction (organ-confined vs. seminal vesicle or lymph node involvement) is aided by knowledge of clinical stage, Gleason score, and PSA level. Planned systematic biopsies also provide useful prognostic information for the prediction of pathological stage and @entity5 volume, as well as providing additional tissue for pathological assessment of @entity5 heterogeneity. Several novel markers of biological @entity146 are associated with critical steps of the metastatic cascade (growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and resistance to apoptosis) and include the @entity876 @entity5 suppressor gene, the @entity588 proto-oncogene, markers of increased proliferation (Ki-67), apoptosis, and angiogenesis (microvessel density). Their evaluation in clinical specimens is currently being used to prognosticate outcome. Current clinical and pathological parameters provide a "ballpark" estimate of outcome for @entity1 with clinically localized @entity263 . Further elucidation of the critical molecular events associated with @entity263 progression and @entity3 should help in identifying molecular markers that more accurately predict the prognosis for an individual @entity1 with clinically localized @entity263 .

Prognostic markers in clinically localized XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient'] @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the prostate', 'prostate cancer'] @entity588 :: ('596', 'Gene') :: ['bcl-2'] @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressiveness'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor'] @entity876 :: ('7157', 'Gene') :: ['p53'] @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']
@entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']
