OBJECTIVE: @entity161 @entity1 exhibit @entity73 , but this may represent generalized @entity73 restricted to particular memory systems in subgroups of @entity1 . Furthermore, it is unclear whether deficits are unique from those associated with other disorders. METHOD: Healthy controls (n=1101) and @entity1 with @entity161 (n=58), @entity162 (n=49) and @entity71 (n=46) performed 18 tasks addressing primarily verbal and @entity2414 . Effect sizes for group contrasts were compared across tasks and the consistency of subjects' distributional positions across memory domains was measured. RESULTS: @entity161 @entity1 performed poorly relative to the other groups on every test. While low to moderate correlation was found between memory domains (r=.320), supporting modularity of these systems, there was limited agreement between measures regarding each individual's task performance (ICC=.292) and in identifying those individuals falling into the lowest quintile (kappa=0.259). A general ability factor accounted for nearly all of the group differences in performance and agreement across measures in classifying low performers. CONCLUSIONS: Pathophysiological processes involved in @entity161 appear to act primarily on general abilities required in all tasks rather than on specific abilities within different memory domains and modalities. These effects represent a general shift in the overall distribution of general ability (i.e., each case functioning at a lower level than they would have if not for the illness), rather than presence of a generally low-performing subgroup of @entity1 . There is little evidence that @entity2414 in @entity161 are shared with @entity162 and @entity71 .

Memory systems in XXXX : Modularity is preserved but deficits are generalized.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['bipolar disorder'] @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impairment across memory modalities or performance deficits', 'impaired working and episodic memory'] @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder', 'ADHD'] @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia', 'Schizophrenia'] @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory impairments', 'spatial episodic and working memory']
@entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']
