Impairment of @entity842 (NO) production, @entity8452 receptor (RyR) @entity460 channel function and adrenoceptor activation have been found to prevent the formation of the long-term memory stage in young chicks trained on a single-trial discrimination avoidance task. The current study investigated whether these three activities were linked, and if so, the sequence of activation. Young chicks were trained using either a strongly or weakly reinforced variant of the single-trial discrimination avoidance task, yielding either a persistent or labile memory trace, respectively. Following strongly reinforced training, @entity6112 induced by a RyR inhibitor was prevented by a NO donor or @entity1063 (NA). A RyR agonist also prevented @entity6112 induced by either NO synthase or b1+2-adrenoceptor inhibition. These findings were interpreted to reflect the capacity of NO, RyR-dependent @entity460 release and NA to modulate memory by preventing @entity6112 . A second set of studies used weakly reinforced training. Although the administration of a RyR agonist promoted long-term memory formation, this facilitation was compromised in the presence of a b1+2-adrenoceptor antagonist, but not a NO synthase inhibitor. Similarly, the inhibition of RyRs interfered with the facilitation of retention induced by a NO donor, but not NA. These differential findings with weakly reinforced training suggest that NO facilitates memory formation through mechanisms involving RyR-dependent @entity460 release. The findings also indicate that RyRs may promote memory formation through noradrenergic activation of b2-adrenoceptors. This study demonstrates an intricate role for RyRs underlying memory formation.

Pharmacobehavioural evidence for XXXX and @entity1063 interactions with @entity8452 receptors during memory formation in the young chick.

@entity6112 :: ('MESH:D016055', 'Disease') :: ['retention loss'] @entity8452 :: ('MESH:D012433', 'Chemical') :: ['ryanodine'] @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide'] @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium'] @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']
@entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']
