@entity1643 ( @entity1643 ) is a leading cause of disability worldwide. In the absence of a classification system for @entity158 syndromes, classification of @entity1643 on the basis of the distribution of @entity158 as axial ( @entity158 generally localized to the low back) or radicular neuropathic ( @entity158 radiating to the lower extremities) is relevant to clinical practice because the distribution of @entity158 is often a corollary of frequently occurring disease processes involving the lumbar spine. Common sources of axial @entity1643 include the intervertebral disc, facet joint, sacroiliac joint, and paraspinal musculature, whereas common sources of @entity158 include a @entity890 and @entity612 . The accuracy of historical and physical examination findings has been established for @entity158 , @entity614 , and @entity2649 . However, the accuracy of similar data, so-called red flags, for identifying the underlying medical sources of @entity1643 has been overstated. Diagnostic imaging studies can be useful, and adherence to established guidelines can protect against overuse. Multiple pharmacological trials exist for the management of @entity1643 ; however, the long-term outcomes of commonly used drugs are mixed. For carefully selected @entity1 with axial @entity1643 , radiofrequency denervation techniques can provide sustained @entity158 relief. In @entity1 with @entity158 , transforaminal epidural @entity479 injections may provide short-term @entity158 relief, but neurostimulation may confer more enduring benefits of refractory symptoms. @entity158 -related indications for commonly performed operations include spinal decompression for radicular symptoms as well as spinal fusion or disc prosthesis for discogenic @entity1643 . Physical modalities and psychological treatments can improve @entity158 and functioning, but @entity1 preferences may influence treatment adherence.

Evaluation and Treatment of XXXX : A Clinically Focused Review for Primary Care Specialists.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient'] @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['Low back pain', 'LBP'] @entity612 :: ('MESH:D013130', 'Disease') :: ['spinal stenosis'] @entity2649 :: ('MESH:C563613', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar spinal stenosis'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['sacroiliac joint pain', 'Pain', 'pain', 'radicular pain'] @entity479 :: ('D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid'] @entity614 :: ('MESH:D011843', 'Disease') :: ['radiculopathy'] @entity890 :: ('MESH:D007405', 'Disease') :: ['herniated intervertebral disc']
@entity1643 :: (MESH:D017116,Disease) :: ['Low Back Pain']
