Increased @entity633 is a hallmark of early @entity2316 , whereas the role of immunoglobulins (Igs), such as IgG (its 1-4 subtypes), IgA, and IgM, different in charge and size, has not been examined in early @entity8 in the past due to lack of a sensitive and reliable method. Our study group consisted of subjects with @entity1723 ( @entity1723 ) and normoalbuminuria (n = 78), microalbuminuria (n = 78), and of 75 @entity392 ( @entity392 ). A Luminex-based immunoassay (1,000 time more sensitive than nephelometry-based method) was validated for the urine matrix and used for the measurements of IgG1-4, IgA, and IgM in our study groups. The Luminex-based assay detected Igs in 87% of @entity392 subjects and in 100% of @entity1723 subjects. Recovery of known amounts of Igs added to urine was 92-118%. In the normoalbuminuria group, urinary concentrations of albumin, IgG2, IgA, and IgM were significantly higher than in @entity392 , whereas in the microalbuminuria, further elevation of IgG2, IgG4, and IgA was the most pronounced. In all three groups, fractional excretion of Igs was at least 100 times lower than that of albumin. Fractional excretion of IgG2 was the highest among all Igs. We validated a sensitive method for measuring Igs in urine using Luminex. We found that elevated concentrations of Igs, particularly in IgG2 and IgA, is present in subjects with @entity1723 and no @entity644 . Elevation of those particular Ig subtypes suggests a contribution of novel mechanisms in early @entity2316 , different from charge and size barrier impairment.

Elevated urinary excretion of immunoglobulins in nonproteinuric patients with XXXX .

@entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria'] @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy'] @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy'] @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['albuminuria'] @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['T1D', 'type 1 diabetes'] @entity392 :: ('MESH:D014012', 'Disease') :: ['HS', 'healthy subjects']
@entity1723 :: (MESH:D003922,Disease) :: ['type 1 diabetes']
