OBJECTIVE: A number of animal studies have implicated circadian clock genes in the regulation of mood, @entity148 , and reward. However, the effect of misalignment of the environmental light-dark and internal circadian clock on the @entity1154 system is not fully understood. In the present study, we examined whether an abnormal light-dark schedule would affect behavior-, circadian clock-, and @entity1154 -related gene expressions, along with @entity1154 contents in the amygdala and hippocampus of @entity19 . METHODS: @entity19 were subjected to an 8-hour phase delay in the light-dark cycle (Shift) every two days for four weeks, and locomotor activity was continuously measured. We examined the circadian expression of clock genes ( @entity14733 , @entity17989 , and @entity14734 ) and genes of the NE/ @entity750 uptake transporters (Net and Sert). In addition, the levels of NE/ @entity750 and their metabolites MHPG/5HIAA were analyzed in the amygdala and hippocampus. RESULTS: Locomotor activity showed a free-running phenotype with a longer period (>24 hours) and showed misalignment between the light-dark and inactive-active cycles. The amplitude of the day-night fluctuation of @entity14734 expression was reduced in the amygdala and hippocampus of light-dark-shifted @entity19 . Net gene expression in the Shift group showed different profiles compared with the Control group. In addition, NE and @entity750 levels in the amygdala of the Shift group increased during the active period. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that misalignment of the internal and external clocks by continuous shifting of the light-dark cycle affects the circadian clocks and @entity1154 metabolism in the amygdala and hippocampus of @entity19 .

Phase-delay in the light-dark cycle impairs clock gene expression and levels of @entity750 , norepinephrine, and their metabolites in the XXXX hippocampus and amygdala.

@entity17989 :: ('18627(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Per2'] @entity14733 :: ('18626(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Per1'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'Mice'] @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety'] @entity1154 :: ('CHEBI:25375', 'Chemical') :: ['monoamine'] @entity14734 :: ('11865(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Bmal1'] @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['5HT']
@entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']
