UNASSIGNED: Eight welding processes/shielding gas combinations were assessed for generation of @entity6596 ( @entity15923 ) in stainless steel welding fumes. The processes examined were gas metal arc welding (GMAW) (axial spray, short circuit, and pulsed spray modes), flux cored arc welding (FCAW), and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). The @entity15923 fractions were measured in the fumes; fume generation rates, @entity15923 generation rates, and @entity15923 generation rates per unit mass of welding wire were determined. A limited controlled comparison study was done in a welding shop including SMAW, FCAW, and three GMAW methods. The processes studied were compared for costs, including relative labor costs. Results indicate the @entity15923 in the fume varied widely, from a low of 2800 to a high of 34,000 ppm. Generation rates of @entity15923 ranged from 69 to 7800  g/min, and @entity15923 generation rates per unit of wire ranged from 1 to 270  g/g. The results of field study were similar to the findings in the laboratory. The @entity15923 (ppm) in the fume did not necessarily correlate with the @entity15923 generation rate. Physical properties were similar for the processes, with mass median aerodynamic diameters ranging from 250 to 336 nm, while the FCAW and SMAW fumes were larger (360 and 670 nm, respectively). CONCLUSION: The pulsed axial spray method was the best choice of the processes studied based on minimal fume generation, minimal @entity15923 generation, and cost per weld. This method is usable in any position, has a high metal deposition rate, and is relatively simple to learn and use.

Selecting Processes to Minimize XXXX from Stainless Steel Welding: Eight welding processes/shielding gas combinations were assessed for generation of @entity6596 in stainless steel welding fumes.

@entity15923 :: ('MESH:C120400', 'Chemical') :: ['Cr(6+)'] @entity6596 :: ('MESH:C074702', 'Chemical') :: ['hexavalent chromium']
@entity6596 :: (MESH:C074702,Chemical) :: ['Hexavalent Chromium']
