Maternal exposure during pregnancy to toxins can occasionally lead to miscarriage and @entity600 . It is currently thought that toxins pass through the placental barrier, albeit bi-layered in the first trimester, and damage the fetus directly, albeit at low concentration. Here we examined the responses of @entity1 embryonic stem (hES) cells in tissue culture to two metals at low concentration. We compared direct exposures with indirect exposures across a bi-layered model of the placenta cell barrier. Direct exposure caused increased DNA damage without apoptosis or a loss of cell number but with some evidence of altered differentiation. Indirect exposure caused increased DNA damage and apoptosis but without loss of pluripotency. This was not caused by metal ions passing through the barrier. Instead the hES cells responded to signalling molecules (including @entity310 ) secreted by the barrier cells. This mechanism was dependent on @entity495 mediated intercellular 'bystander signalling' both within and between the trophoblast barrier and the hES colonies. These results highlight key differences between direct and indirect exposure of hES cells across a trophoblast barrier to metal toxins. It offers a theoretical possibility that an indirectly mediated @entity137 of hES cells might have biological relevance to fetal development.

Evidence for bystander signalling between @entity1 trophoblast cells and XXXX embryonic stem cells.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human'] @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity'] @entity495 :: ('2697', 'Gene') :: ['connexin 43'] @entity310 :: ('7124', 'Gene') :: ['TNF-a'] @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformation']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']
