Although the induction of mild to moderate @entity1779 in mammals can have neuroprotective activity, some deleterious effects have been described when inducing @entity2332 during cooling of the brain. In the spinal cord, rapid deep cooling can induce @entity410 activity accompanied by release of the excitatory neurotransmitters, @entity2227 and @entity492 . We used cold-sensitive tropical amphibians as a model to determine (a) the critical temperature inside the central nervous system necessary to induce @entity410 during rapid cooling; (b) the survival rate during slow deep cooling of the whole animal; and (c) whether deep cooling can cause @entity528 . @entity410 induced by deep rapid (<or=3 min) cooling of the spinal cord began when a critical temperature of 10.4 degrees C was reached. During slow (>or=30 min) deep cooling of the whole animal (12 h at 2-3 degrees C), around 70% of animals died. Spinal reflexes were enhanced when temperatures within the spinal cord reached between 9.0 degrees C and 11.6 degrees C. A fivefold increase in blood @entity413 level was observed during slow deep cooling. Recovery after slow deep cooling was accompanied by @entity73 and the main histological findings were condensation of the cytoplasm and nuclear pyknosis. Severe @entity528 was characterized by swelling, vacuolated cytoplasm with distended neuronal bodies. These results indicate that deep cooling can easily induce @entity528 in the central nervous system of cold-sensitive animals. They also warn us to the potential sequels associated with the use of deep brain cooling as a neuroprotective strategy.

XXXX and @entity528 following @entity2332 in tropical amphibians.

@entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'Seizures', 'seizures'] @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate'] @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['motor impairment'] @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate'] @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose'] @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal cell damage'] @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral hypothermia'] @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['deep hypothermia']
@entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['Motor impairment']
