Hematopoietic tissues are the targets of numerous xenobiotics. Clinical hematotoxicity is either a decrease or an increase in peripheral blood cell counts in one or more cell lineages--a @entity1503 or a cytosis, respectively--that carries a risk of an adverse clinical event. The purpose of in vitro hematotoxicology is the prediction of these adverse hematologic effects from the effects of the toxicants on @entity1 @entity1583 targets under controlled experimental conditions in the laboratory. Building on its important foundations in experimental hematology and the wealth of hematotoxicology data found in experimental oncology, this field of alternative toxicology has developed rapidly during the past decade. Although the colony-forming unit-granulocyte/monocyte neutrophil progenitor is most frequently evaluated, other defined progenitors and stem cells as well as cell types found in the @entity236 can be evaluated in vitro. End points have been proposed for predicting toxicant exposure levels at the maximum tolerated dose and the no observable adverse effect level for the neutrophil lineage, and several clinical prediction models for @entity1398 have developed to the point that they are ready for prospective evaluation and validation in both preclinical species and @entity1 . Known predictive end points are the key to successful comparisons across species or across chemical structures when in vitro dose-response curves are nonparallel. Analytical chemistry support is critical for accurate interpretation of in vitro data and for relating the in vitro pharmacodynamics to the in vivo pharmacokinetics. In contrast to acute @entity1398 , @entity417 and acute @entity882 , as well as adverse effects from chronic toxicant exposure, are much more difficult to predict from in vitro data. Pharmacologic principles critical for clinical predictions from in vitro data very likely will apply to @entity137 to other proliferative tissues, such as @entity33 .

Alternative testing systems for evaluating noncarcinogenic, hematologic XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'humans'] @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities'] @entity417 :: ('MESH:D000740', 'Disease') :: ['anemia'] @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia'] @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis'] @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['cytopenia'] @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia'] @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematopoietic'] @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['marrow stroma']
@entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']
