UNASSIGNED: Pregnancy is often viewed as a conflict between the fetus and mother over metabolic resources. Insulin resistance occurs in mothers during pregnancy but does not normally lead to @entity6 because of an increase in the number of the mother's pancreatic beta cells. In @entity19 , this increase is dependent on prolactin ( @entity20514 ) receptor signaling but the source of the ligand has been unclear. Pituitary-derived @entity20514 is produced during the first half of pregnancy in @entity19 but the placenta produces @entity20514 -like hormones from implantation to term. Twenty-two separate @entity19 genes encode the placenta @entity20514 -related hormones, making it challenging to assess their roles in knockout models. However, because at least four of them are thought to signal through the @entity20514 receptor, we analyzed @entity11084 mutant @entity19 and compared their phenotypes with those of @entity20514 mutants. We found that whereas @entity11084 mutants develop @entity4854 during gestation, @entity20514 mutants do not. Serum metabolome analysis showed that @entity11084 mutants showed other changes consistent with @entity6 . Despite the metabolic changes, fetal growth was normal in @entity11084 mutants. Of the four placenta-specific, @entity20514 -related hormones that have been shown to interact with the @entity11084 , their gene expression localizes to different endocrine cell types. The @entity20473 gene is expressed by trophoblast giant cells both in the labyrinth layer, sitting on the arterial side where maternal blood is highest in @entity26 and nutrients, and in the junctional zone as maternal blood leaves the placenta. Expression increases during the night, though the increase in the labyrinth is circadian whereas it occurs only after feeding in the junctional zone. These data suggest that the placenta has a sophisticated endocrine system that regulates maternal @entity413 metabolism during pregnancy.

Pregnancy @entity4854 in @entity11084 Mutant, but Not Prolactin Mutant, @entity19 and Feeding-Responsive Regulation of Placental Lactogen Genes Implies Placental Control of Maternal XXXX Homeostasis.

@entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes'] @entity20473 :: ('18775(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Prl3d1'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse'] @entity20514 :: ('19109(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Prl'] @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen'] @entity11084 :: ('19116(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Prlr'] @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia'] @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']
@entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['Glucose']
