The American @entity5 Society (ACS) Study and its reanalysis are built upon in order to examine the impact of scale on the observed relationship between @entity14024 and mortality. The limitations of the original ACS Study (Pope et al., 1995) and the reanalysis of this study (Krewski et al., 2000) are discussed; while the latter dealt with some issues in using ecological data, it did not address scale. Next, the article outlines the county-scale study, the methods used to aggregate data, and the two-stage analysis used to derive relative risk (RR). Finally, the results of working at the county scale are compared with those obtained by the reanalysis team using larger metropolitan areas. Less than half of the cohort used in the metropolitan study were used at the county scale because of the limited availability of @entity597 monitors and because five-digit @entity10688 codes more accurately assigned individuals to geographical areas. Therefore, the county data should be considered as new and not as a reorganization of the original data set. The reanalysis and the county studies should be considered as two separate studies that took different scales as their basic organizing principle. The RR of all-cause mortality from @entity597 exposure at the county scale was 1.50 (1.30, 1.73) compared with 1.25 (1.13, 1.37) at the metropolitan scale; for cardiopulmonary mortality, the RR was 1.75 (1.48, 2.08) at the county scale compared with 1.29 (1.15, 1.46) at the metropolitan scale. Because @entity2 mortality was low in some counties, the two-stage random effects model became unstable. At the county scale, the RR from @entity14024 was more robust to the inclusion of ecologic covariates. Other place-specific ecologic covariates were either insignificant or barely significant (with a lower 95% confidence limit near 0.99 or 1.00) when included in the two-stage regression model for all-cause mortality with @entity14024 . Moreover, no ecologic covariate changed the RR of all-cause mortality from @entity14024 by 25% or more. Both population change and unemployment rate affected the RR for cardiopulmonary mortality from @entity597 exposure by 25% or more in the county-scale analysis. However, when these two variables were entered into a multiple covariate analysis, the RR from @entity14024 decreased but remained strongly significant. @entity9733 was not an important covariate at the county scale. Thus, at the county scale, long-term exposure to @entity14024 appears to be more strongly associated with increased risk of all-cause and cardiopulmonary mortality than previously indicated by the ACS study and its reanalysis.

The association between XXXX air pollution and mortality at the county scale: an exploration of the impact of scale on a long-term exposure study.

@entity14024 :: ('MESH:D013431', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfates'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer'] @entity10688 :: ('1613', 'Gene') :: ['ZIP'] @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer'] @entity9733 :: ('MESH:D013458', 'Chemical') :: ['Sulfur dioxide'] @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']
@entity597 :: (CHEBI:16189,Chemical) :: ['sulfate']
