@entity842 (NO) is a multi-faceted molecule with dichotomous regulatory roles in many areas of biology. The complexity of its biological effects is a consequence of its numerous potential interactions with other molecules such as reactive @entity26 species (ROS), metal ions, and proteins. The effects of NO are modulated by both direct and indirect interactions that can be dose-dependent and cell-type specific. For example, in some cell types NO can promote apoptosis, whereas in other cells NO inhibits apoptosis. In hepatocytes, NO can inhibit the main mediators of cell death-caspase proteases. Moreover, low physiological concentrations of NO can inhibit apoptosis, but higher concentrations of NO may be toxic. High NO concentrations lead to the formation of toxic reaction products like @entity56165 or @entity6710 that induce cell death, if not by apoptosis, then by @entity39 . Long-term exposure to @entity842 in certain conditions like chronic inflammatory states may predispose cells to tumorigenesis through DNA damage, inhibition of DNA repair, alteration in programmed cell death, or activation of proliferative signaling pathways. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of NO in apoptosis and @entity105 will provide important clues to the diagnosis and treatment of tissue damage and @entity5 . In this article we have reviewed recent discoveries in the regulatory role of NO in specific cell types, mechanisms of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic induction by NO, and insights into the effects of NO on @entity5 biology.

The regulatory role of XXXX in apoptosis.

@entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer'] @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen'] @entity56165 :: ('MESH:C031701', 'Chemical') :: ['dinitrogen trioxide'] @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitric oxide', 'nitric oxide'] @entity6710 :: ('MESH:D030421', 'Chemical') :: ['peroxynitrite'] @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']
@entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']
