BACKGROUND: Porcine antigen primed and @entity1961 + T-cell-activated macrophages are capable of both recognition and rejection of porcine xenografts. However, the specific signaling mechanisms involved remains to be addressed. The aim of this study was to examine the role of chemokine receptor and @entity14636 signaling in macrophage recruitment and graft destruction. METHODS: Macrophages were isolated from rejecting @entity13766 , @entity13945 , @entity14636 and control C57BL/6 @entity19 that were recipients of neonatal porcine pancreatic cell cluster (NPCC) xenografts and were transferred to NPCC recipient NOD- @entity915 @entity19 . RESULTS: Macrophages isolated from rejecting NPCC xenografts in @entity14636 and wildtype C57BL/6 @entity19 demonstrated upregulated expression of macrophage activation markers as well as @entity13945 and @entity13766 genes, and caused @entity1707 islet xenograft destruction 8 days after transfer to NOD- @entity915 recipients. Graft infiltrating macrophages from rejecting @entity13766 @entity19 showed a similar activation phenotype and destroyed NPCC xenografts 10 days after transfer to NOD- @entity915 @entity19 . Blockade of @entity8929 by anti- @entity8929 mAb did not prolong graft survival in @entity1961 + T cell reconstituted NPCC recipient NOD- @entity915 @entity19 . By contrast, the graft infiltrating macrophages from rejecting @entity13945 recipients showed impaired macrophage activation when compared to control C57BL/6 recipients, and transfer of these macrophages did not result in xenograft destruction in NOD- @entity915 recipients until day 16 after transfer. Analysis of graft infiltrating macrophages from these rejecting NOD- @entity915 @entity19 showed an impaired activation phenotype. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that @entity13945 is involved in both the activation and recruitment of macrophages to rejecting islet xenografts but other pathways are involved.

Involvement of XXXX signaling in macrophage recruitment to porcine islet xenografts.

@entity1707 :: ('9823', 'Species') :: ['pig'] @entity13945 :: ('12774(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['CCR5'] @entity8929 :: ('17224(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['MCP-1'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity13766 :: ('12772(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['CCR2'] @entity14636 :: ('21939(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['CD40'] @entity915 :: ('MESH:D053632', 'Disease') :: ['SCID'] @entity1961 :: ('12504(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['CD4']
@entity13945 :: (12774(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['CCR5']
