@entity1 with @entity5 have a high inherent risk of @entity166 . In addition, the incidence of @entity740 rises in this population. Anti-infective drugs often require dosing modifications based on an estimate of kidney function, usually the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). However, there is still no preferential GFR formula to be used, and in @entity810 there is always a considerable time delay between true kidney function and estimated GFR. In most cases, the anti-infective therapy should start with an immediate and high loading dose. Pharmacokinetic as well as pharmacodynamic principles must be applied for further dose adjustment. Anti-infective drugs with time-dependent action should be given with the target of high trough concentrations (e.g., beta lactam antibiotics, penems, @entity2176 , antiviral drugs). Anti-infective drugs with concentration-dependent action should be given with the target of high peak concentrations (e.g., @entity581 , @entity13757 , @entity3273 , @entity5176 ). Our group created a pharmacokinetic database, called NEPharm, hat serves as a reference to obtain reliable dosing regimens of anti-infective drugs in @entity8 as well as renal replacement therapy. To avoid the risk of either too low or too infrequent peak concentrations, we prefer the eliminated fraction rule for dose adjustment calculations.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations of antimicrobial drug therapy in @entity5 @entity1 with XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients'] @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['kidney dysfunction'] @entity2176 :: ('MESH:D014640', 'Chemical') :: ['vancomycin'] @entity3273 :: ('MESH:D003091', 'Chemical') :: ['colistin'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer'] @entity5176 :: ('MESH:D015363', 'Chemical') :: ['quinolones'] @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['acute and chronic kidney dysfunction'] @entity13757 :: ('MESH:D017576', 'Chemical') :: ['daptomycin'] @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides'] @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute kidney injury'] @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious complications']
@entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['kidney dysfunction']
