BACKGROUND: As up to 30% of @entity1 with @entity302 do not have their @entity410 controlled with current treatments, there have been continuous attempts to find new antiepileptic drugs based on increasing knowledge of cellular and molecular biology involved in the genesis of @entity302 and @entity410 . @entity460 has been established to play a major role in @entity410 occurrence, thus, @entity460 antagonists that can alter the effects of @entity460 on brain cells have been investigated for effect on @entity302 . OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of @entity460 antagonists on @entity410 , side effects, quality of life and cognition, when used as an add-on therapy for @entity1 with @entity302 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched MEDLINE from 1966 to 2000 and the Cochrane @entity302 Group trials register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (The Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2001). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized placebo-controlled add-on trials of any @entity460 antagonists in @entity1 with @entity302 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently selected trials for inclusion and extracted data. Outcomes were: (a) 50% or greater reduction in @entity410 frequency; (b) treatment withdrawal (any reason); (c) side effects. For crossover trials, the first treatment period was treated as a parallel trial. Analyses were by intention to treat. Due to problems acquiring the data needed from crossover trials, overall results from these trials were summarised in tables. MAIN RESULTS: Eleven trials were included. One parallel and seven crossover trials of @entity4271 , two crossover trials of @entity3931 and one crossover trial of @entity594 . For @entity4271 , the odds ratio (OR) (95% Confidence Intervals (CIs)I) for a 50% or greater reduction in @entity410 frequency for the parallel trial was 1.64 (0.55, 4.94) indicating a non-significant advantage for @entity4271 . We were unable to acquire data for this outcome from the seven crossover trials. The overall OR (95% CI) for treatment withdrawal for @entity4271 was 5.83 (2.06, 16.45) indicating @entity1 were significantly more likely to have @entity4271 withdrawn than placebo. No side effects were statistically associated with @entity4271 . For @entity594 we were unable to acquire the data we required from the two crossover trials for our specified outcomes. For the outcomes reported in the trials, @entity594 had no significant effect in @entity410 frequency. For @entity3931 , we only had data from the first treatment period from one of the two crossover trials (17 subjects). The ORs (95% CIs) for a 50% or greater reduction in @entity410 frequency was 11.34 (1.00, 128.03) and for treatment withdrawal was 2.46 (0.22, 27.75). REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: @entity4271 may have a weak effect on @entity410 frequency, but had a significant withdrawal rate probably due to side effects, and should not be recommended for use as an add-on treatment. Similarly, there is no convincing evidence to support the use of @entity594 or @entity3931 as add-on treatments for @entity302 .

XXXX antagonists as an add-on therapy for @entity302 .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures'] @entity3931 :: ('MESH:D009553', 'Chemical') :: ['nimodipine'] @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic seizures', 'epilepsy', 'drug-resistant epilepsy', 'Epilepsy'] @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium', 'Calcium'] @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine'] @entity4271 :: ('MESH:D005444', 'Chemical') :: ['Flunarizine', 'flunarizine']
@entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['Calcium']
