Although the process of bone remodelling or its control has not yet been fully elucidated there is, at present, sufficient information available to conclude that ovarian @entity230 ( @entity172 , @entity3800 , @entity1420 ) play an essential role in skeletal homeostasis. The mechanism of action of sex @entity230 on the skeleton is still not entirely clear, but it has traditionally included indirect effects on systemic hormones that regulate @entity460 balance and a direct receptor-mediated action. More recently, changes in cytokine production within the bone marrow, as well as pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic effects in the osteoblastic cells, have been proposed as new perspectives on the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which sex @entity230 influence adult bone homeostasis. Mechanical loading, when combined with @entity172 or @entity3800 , results in a greater osteogenic response than either condition separately. @entity1 are especially at risk for @entity170 if they have had a premature or surgical menopause and have not received hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Other reproductive factors that can help to identify @entity1 with @entity2331 and emphasize the role of sex @entity230 in preserving bone mass in premenopausal @entity1 include: age at menarche, menstrual history and irregularities (including those associated with excessive exercise), age at menopause, previous hysterectomy, @entity4089 , @entity1278 , @entity1635 , @entity43 , pregnancy and lactation, and pharmacological ovarian suppression. The prevention of @entity170 starts with the onset of the menarche. A combination of exercise, appropriate nutrition and a healthy lifestyle all maximize bone mineral accrual and result in optimal peak bone mass; normal ovarian function is essential to this process. Unfortunately, many @entity1 actually become aware of the need for @entity170 prevention much later in life, usually after they have already become menopausal. HRT, however, has important limitations for prevention of @entity174 in post-menopausal @entity1 . Future perspectives for treatment of @entity170 include @entity342 therapy and anabolic agents. Specifically, synthetic ligands of the @entity172 receptor that can evoke the non-genotrophic but not the genotrophic signal of the receptor may be bone anabolic agents, as opposed to natural @entity172 or selective @entity172 receptor modulators that are anti-resorptive agents. The same ligands may circumvent the side effects associated with conventional HRT.

Sex XXXX and bone: current perspectives.

@entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'estrogens'] @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Women'] @entity4089 :: ('MESH:D006966', 'Disease') :: ['hyperprolactinaemia'] @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian dysgenesis'] @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone'] @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures'] @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis'] @entity1278 :: ('MESH:D000856', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia nervosa'] @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['scoliosis'] @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenia'] @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen'] @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium'] @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids'] @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']
@entity230 :: (MESH:D013256,Chemical) :: ['steroids']
