PURPOSE: We provide a contemporary review of @entity150 markers and summarize their role as prognostic indicators. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive review of the literature on prognostic markers for transitional cell @entity150 was performed. RESULTS: Intense research efforts are being made to identify and characterize better various @entity150 and their true biological potential. The need to predict which superficial @entity5 will recur or progress and which invasive @entity5 will metastasize has led to the identification of a variety of potential prognostic markers. Blood group antigens, @entity5 associated antigens, proliferating antigens, oncogenes, peptide growth factors and their receptors, cell adhesion molecules, @entity5 angiogenesis and angiogenesis inhibitors, and cell cycle regulatory proteins have recently been identified. The potential clinical applications of these @entity5 markers are under active investigation. Recent attention has focused on which @entity5 markers may predict the responsiveness of a particular @entity150 to systemic chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: At present conventional histopathological evaluation of @entity150 ( @entity5 grade and stage) cannot predict accurately the behavior of most @entity150 . With a better understanding of the cell cycle, and cell to cell and cell to extracellular matrix interactions as well as improved diagnostic techniques (immunohistochemistry), progress is being made to identify and characterize other potential prognostic markers for transitional cell @entity150 . The ultimate goal is to develop reliable prognostic markers that will accurately predict not only the course but also the response of a @entity5 to therapy. This information may then be used to dictate more aggressive treatment for @entity5 that are likely to progress and less aggressive treatment for those that are unlikely to progress. In the future these biological markers may also be used in gene therapy for the treatment of @entity150 .

Prognostic markers in XXXX : a contemporary review of the literature.

@entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors'] @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder tumor', 'bladder cancers', 'bladder tumors', 'bladder cancer', 'carcinoma of the bladder']
@entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']
