BACKGROUND: Acute @entity2679 is a frequently encountered problem in surgical practice; laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the standard treatment. LC for acute @entity2679 can be a more difficult procedure than elective LC for @entity2963 and is associated with increased operating time, higher conversion rate, and more @entity260 . In the elderly @entity1 with comorbidity, surgery can result in serious complications and even mortality. Percutaneous drainage (percutaneous cholecystostomy; PC) may be an alternative treatment. There is no hard evidence in current literature regarding the safety, success rate, and specific technique of this procedure, nor is there consensus on the indications. AIM: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of PC in treatment of acute @entity2679 in high-risk surgical @entity1 . METHODS: From January 2009 until May 2010, 101 @entity1 with acute @entity2679 were treated, of whom 27 with PC. Of these 27 @entity1 , comorbidity and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification were determined, indication for drainage instead of cholecystectomy was recorded, and procedure-related data were collected. Primary outcomes were overall morbidity, mortality, and recurrent biliary events. Secondary outcomes were time to recovery and need for and difficulty of interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy. RESULTS: The cohort included 15 male and 12 female @entity1 with median age of 83  years (range 69-90  years). Most @entity1 were ASA 3 (n  =  18) or ASA 2 (n  =  8); one @entity1 was ASA 4. Indication for drainage was age and/or comorbidity in 24 cases and duration of symptoms in 3 cases. Antibiotic treatment was given in all but seven @entity1 . The drain was in situ for a median period of 19  days (range 5-57  days). Relief of symptoms occurred in 26 @entity1 ; @entity155 occurred in nine @entity1 , only in two @entity1 with clinical consequences. Overall mortality rate was 14.8% (n  =  4) with a procedure-related mortality rate of 3.7%. Median time to full recovery was 8  days. With median follow-up of 8  weeks, four @entity1 underwent interval cholecystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous drainage in acute @entity2679 in high-risk @entity1 seems to be a safe and successful treatment option in @entity1 less eligible for surgery. There are many controversies in the current literature, and evidence-based guidelines for the indication of PC in treatment of acute @entity2679 are needed.

Percutaneous drainage for acute XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient'] @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications'] @entity2963 :: ('MESH:D002769', 'Disease') :: ['cholelithiasis'] @entity2679 :: ('MESH:D002764', 'Disease') :: ['cholecystitis', 'calculous cholecystitis'] @entity155 :: ('MESH:D014084', 'Disease') :: ['drain luxation']
@entity2679 :: (MESH:D002764,Disease) :: ['calculous cholecystitis']
