The aim of the present study was to further characterize the role of alveolar macrophages (AM) in acute @entity1 @entity55 by evaluating their capacity to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as @entity5 factor ( @entity310 , @entity650 and @entity687 . @entity1 with severe @entity497 ( @entity497 ; n=12) and healthy volunteers (n=10) underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). AM were separated to high purity (>96%) using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. We determined the @entity310 , @entity650 and @entity687 cytokine gene expression in AM ex vivo using semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Moreover, we measured in vitro unstimulated, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and LPS/ @entity379 inducible @entity310 , @entity650 and @entity687 cytokine release and evaluated samples of BAL fluids for the same pro-inflammatory cytokines using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found increased @entity310 , @entity650 and @entity687 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels in AM from @entity497 @entity1 that were significantly elevated only for @entity687 . When challenged with endotoxin in vitro, AM obtained from @entity497 @entity1 showed a strongly reduced potential to release @entity310 and @entity650 compared to healthy controls, whereas @entity687 secretion did not differ significantly between groups. Moreover, stimulation of AM from @entity497 @entity1 with LPS plus @entity379 augmented @entity310 and @entity650 cytokine release to near normal levels. Interestingly, no @entity310 protein was measured in BAL samples from @entity497 @entity1 , whereas @entity650 and @entity687 protein levels were found to be significantly increased. Together, highly purified alveolar macrophages from @entity497 @entity1 show relatively low ex vivo @entity5 factor-alpha and @entity650 but not @entity687 messenger ribonucleic acid levels that are associated with a decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine release in vitro which, however, can be restored by concurrent @entity379 stimulation.

Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by flow-sorted alveolar macrophages in severe XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'human', 'patients'] @entity650 :: ('3569', 'Gene') :: ['IL-6', 'interleukin-6', 'interleukin (IL)-6'] @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['lung inflammation'] @entity310 :: ('7124', 'Gene') :: ['TNF)-alpha', 'TNF-alpha'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour necrosis'] @entity497 :: ('MESH:D003147', 'Disease') :: ['CAP', 'community-acquired pneumonia'] @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-gamma', 'interferon-gamma'] @entity687 :: ('3576', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin-8', 'IL-8']
@entity55 :: (MESH:D011014,Disease) :: ['pneumonia']
