BACKGROUND: @entity20293 ( @entity20293 ) is a common complication after amputation, affecting up to 80% of the amputee population. However, only 5% to 10% of amputees have severe @entity20293 impacting daily function. The present report details the management of severe, treatment-resistant @entity20293 in a 72-year-old @entity1 with a traumatic left transradial amputation and a comorbid complication of @entity2736 ( @entity2736 ). OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of @entity20293 with @entity2736 and the possible role of @entity175 in the treatment of both conditions. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature regarding the management of @entity20293 . RESULTS: Seventeen articles that directly addressed @entity20293 were identified; 11 were randomized controlled trials. All involved small samples and follow-up ranged from 6 h to one year, with the majority limited to six weeks. DISCUSSION: In the present case, medication management was limited by side effects, lack of response and the @entity1 's desire to avoid long-term medication. Investigations revealed @entity2736 , which was suspected to envelop the median nerve in the proximal forearm. After several unsuccessful medication trials, the literature was reviewed in search of common variables between @entity2736 formation and persistent @entity20293 . Ultimately, the biochemical effects associated with @entity128 were identified to be a possible factor in both @entity2736 and @entity20293 development. @entity175 's proposed mechanisms of action may help to manage @entity2736 and @entity20293 at multiple stages of disease development and maintenance. In the present case, a four-week trial of intranasal @entity175 was successful, with @entity158 control lasting at least 18 months. CONCLUSION: The present case report provided a review of the current literature in @entity20293 pharmacological management and the current understanding of the etiology of @entity20293 and @entity2736 , as well as how the two may coexist. It also provided an opportunity to discuss the proposed mechanisms of action of @entity175 in the management of @entity20293 and @entity2736 .

Use of @entity175 in recalcitrant phantom limb XXXX complicated by @entity2736 .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'man'] @entity175 :: ('MESH:D002116', 'Chemical') :: ['Calcitonin', 'calcitonin'] @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['nerve injury'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain'] @entity2736 :: ('MESH:D009999', 'Disease') :: ['HO', 'heterotopic ossification'] @entity20293 :: ('MESH:D010591', 'Disease') :: ['Phantom limb pain', 'PLP']
@entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']
