There are gender differences in the prevalence and severity of several @entity1 @entity146 , in which both @entity532 of brain @entity1154 systems have been implicated. In animal studies, males are more susceptible than are females to lasting @entity146 following various perinatal insults. The current study compared @entity1154 levels in brain regions from adult male and female @entity35 that had been born under various conditions-vaginal birth (control), Caesarean section (C-section), or C-section with 15 min of added @entity519 ( @entity519 ). At adulthood, male @entity35 born by C-section had increased @entity935 (DA) levels in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum, and decreased amygdalar @entity1063 (NE), compared to vaginally born males. C-sectioned female @entity35 had increased NE levels in the thalamus in comparison to vaginally born females. The only @entity1154 change observed in the @entity519 groups was a decrease in nucleus accumbens NE in females. Thus addition of 15 min of @entity519 to the C-section procedure reversed several of the @entity1154 changes produced by C-section alone. Birth group had no effect on @entity750 in several brain regions in either sex. Male, but not female, @entity35 born by C-section had decreased plasma @entity1425 levels at birth and slightly increased brain @entity880 at 5 h after birth. Pups of both sexes in the @entity519 groups had high levels of plasma @entity2661 at birth. The possible functional significance of the lasting, region-specific changes in brain DA and NE due to birth insult and possible roles of hormones at birth in producing these @entity1154 changes in the two sexes are discussed.

Differential vulnerability of male versus female XXXX to long-term effects of birth insult on brain catecholamine levels.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human'] @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['behavioral deficits', 'behavioral disorders'] @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine'] @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine'] @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['obstetric complications and dysregulation'] @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['anoxia', 'Anoxia'] @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate'] @entity1154 :: ('CHEBI:25375', 'Chemical') :: ['monoamine'] @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rats'] @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines'] @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']
@entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']
