We review the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of @entity296 associated with @entity712 ( @entity712 ) and @entity1164 ( @entity1164 ) and focus on the prevention of @entity1164 in light of its structural pathways. Compared to @entity1 without @entity1164 , @entity1 with @entity1164 exhibit 5- to 6-fold increases in the risks of @entity943 and @entity1164 . Epidemiologically, @entity4346 by ECG or echocardiography acts as a potent dose-dependent @entity1164 predictor. @entity2299 , a @entity301 risk factor, independently predicts echocardiographic @entity1184 . In adult @entity1164 autopsy studies, increases in heart weight and severe @entity301 are constant findings, whereas rates of acute coronary thrombi vary remarkably. The microscopic myocardial anatomy of @entity1164 is incompletely defined but may include prevalent changes of advanced @entity296 , including cardiomyocyte @entity1184 , @entity66 , fibroblast @entity1373 , diffuse and focal matrix protein accumulation, and recruitment of inflammatory cells. @entity1184 cardiomyocytes express "fetospecific" genetic programs that can account for acquired long QT physiology with risk for polymorphic @entity943 . @entity299 associated with @entity712 and high @entity1164 risk is causally related to an up-regulation of the adrenergic @entity916 -angiotensin- @entity1369 pathway. In outcome trials, suppression of this pathway with combinations of beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-II receptor blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor blockers have achieved substantial total mortality and @entity1164 reductions. Contrarily, trials with ion channel-active agents that are not known to reduce structural @entity299 have failed to reduce these risks. Device therapy effectively prevents @entity1164 , but whether biventricular pacing-induced remodeling decreases left ventricular mass remains uncertain.

Structural pathways and prevention of XXXX and sudden death.

@entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['SCD', 'sudden cardiac death'] @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['HF', 'heart failure'] @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial disease'] @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyocyte apoptosis'] @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone'] @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['Dyslipidemia'] @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease'] @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy', 'Hypertrophied'] @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia'] @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular hypertrophy'] @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Structural heart disease', 'heart disease'] @entity916 :: ('5972', 'Gene') :: ['renin'] @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']
@entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']
