@entity281 induce @entity61 -type biased immune responses. Although the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are not yet clearly defined, @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) could play an important role in this process. Here, we have used peritoneal macrophages (F4/80+) recruited at different times after challenge with @entity21150 as @entity1358 and tested their ability to regulate Th1/ @entity61 differentiation. Macrophages from @entity697 produced high levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and @entity842 (NO), paralleled with low levels of @entity777 and @entity1421 ( @entity1421 ) and with the ability to induce strong antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell proliferation in response to nonrelated antigens. In contrast, macrophages from @entity281 produced higher levels of @entity777 and @entity1421 and had suppressed production of IL-12 and NO, associated with a poor ability to induce antigen-specific proliferation in CD4+ T cells. Failure to induce proliferation was not due to a deficient expression of accessory molecules, since major histocompatibility complex class II, @entity14636 , and @entity11787 were up-regulated, together with @entity37874 and @entity13945 as infection progressed. These macrophages from @entity281 were able to bias CD4+ T cells to produce @entity58 but not gamma interferon ( @entity60 ), contrary to macrophages from @entity697 . Blockade of @entity11787 and @entity777 and inhibition of @entity1421 failed to restore the proliferative response in CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, studies using @entity9094 (-/-) @entity19 revealed that @entity9094 -mediated signaling was essential for the expansion of these alternatively activated macrophages. These data demonstrate that helminth @entity281 can induce different macrophage populations that have @entity61 -biasing properties.

XXXX induces alternatively activated macrophages expressing high levels of @entity13945 with low interleukin-12 production and @entity61 -biasing ability.

@entity37874 :: ('14127(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['CD23'] @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute infections'] @entity13945 :: ('12774(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['CCR5'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['PGE(2)', 'prostaglandin E(2)'] @entity60 :: ('15978(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-gamma'] @entity61 :: ('15111(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Th2'] @entity14636 :: ('21939(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['CD40'] @entity11787 :: ('12524(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['B7-2'] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Helminth infections', 'chronic infections', 'infections'] @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['APC', 'antigen-presenting cells'] @entity777 :: ('16193(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IL-6'] @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide'] @entity58 :: ('16189(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IL-4'] @entity9094 :: ('20852(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['STAT6'] @entity21150 :: ('6207', 'Species') :: ['Taenia crassiceps']
@entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['Chronic helminth infection']
