OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine whether splenic activation after @entity1187 ( @entity1187 ) is  linked to leukocyte proinflammatory remodeling and whether splenic activity independently predicts the risk of @entity65 ( @entity65 ) events. BACKGROUND: Pre-clinical data suggest the existence of a @entity2270 , wherein activation of hematopoietic tissues (notably in the spleen) results in liberation of proinflammatory leukocytes and accelerated @entity731 . However, it is presently unknown whether a @entity2270 exists in @entity1 and whether splenic activation relates to @entity65 risk. METHODS: @entity419 ( @entity419 )-positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was performed in 508 individuals across 2 studies. In the first study, we performed FDG-PET imaging in 22 @entity1 with recent @entity1187 and 22 control subjects. FDG uptake was measured in spleen and arterial wall, whereas proinflammatory gene expression of circulating leukocytes was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In a second study, we examined the relationship between splenic tissue FDG uptake with subsequent @entity65 events during follow-up (median 4 years) in 464  @entity1 who previously had undergone FDG-PET imaging. RESULTS: Splenic activity increased after @entity1187 and was significantly associated with multiple indices of @entity32 : 1)  up-regulated gene expression of proinflammatory leukocytes; 2) increased @entity1851 ) increased @entity3468 (FDG uptake). Moreover, in the second study, splenic activity (greater than or equal to the median) was  associated with an increased risk of @entity65 events (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5 to 7.3; p  =  0.003), which remained significant after adjustment for @entity65 risk factors (HR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.01 to 5.06; p  = 0.04) and for arterial FDG uptake (HR: 2.68; 95% CI: 1.5 to 7.4; p  = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate increased splenic metabolic activity after @entity1187 and its association with proinflammatory remodeling of circulating leukocytes. Moreover, we observed that metabolic activity of the spleen independently predicted risk of subsequent @entity65 events. Collectively, these findings provide evidence of a @entity2270 in @entity1 similar to that shown in pre-clinical studies.

Splenic Metabolic Activity Predicts Risk of  Future Cardiovascular Events: Demonstration of a @entity2270 in XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients'] @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['ACS', 'acute coronary syndrome'] @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation'] @entity419 :: ('MESH:D019788', 'Chemical') :: ['(18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose', '(18)FDG'] @entity3468 :: ('MESH:D001167', 'Disease') :: ['arterial wall inflammation'] @entity2270 :: ('MESH:C566610', 'Disease') :: ['cardiosplenic axis'] @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic inflammation'] @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease'] @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein; and 3']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Humans']
