Numerous microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs encoded in the @entity1 genome, have been shown to be involved in @entity5 pathogenesis and progression. There is evidence that some of these miRNAs possess proapoptotic or proliferation promoting roles in the cell by negatively regulating target mRNAs. Oncogenic viruses are able to produce persistent @entity281 , favoring @entity5 development by deregulating cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. It has been recently suggested that cellular miRNAs may participate in host-virus interactions, influencing viral replication. Many @entity1 viruses counteract this cellular antiviral defense by using viral proteins but also by encoding viral miRNAs involved in virus-induced @entity105 . Interferons (IFNs) modulate a number of non-coding RNA genes, especially miRNAs, that may be used by @entity1 organisms as a mechanism of IFN system to combat @entity1800 . In particular, IFNs might induce specific cellular miRNAs that target viral transcripts thereby using this strategy as part of their effectiveness against invading viruses. Therefore IFNs, interferon stimulated genes and miRNAs could act synergistically as innate response to @entity778 to induce a potent non-permissive cellular environment for virus replication and virus-induced @entity5 . The relevance of this reviewed research topic is clearly related to the observation that although @entity778 are responsible of specific @entity5 , other unidentified genetic alterations are likely involved in the induction of malignant transformation. The identification of such genetic alterations, i.e. miRNA expression in transformed cells, would be of considerable importance for the analysis of the pathogenesis and for the treatment of @entity5 induced by specific viruses as well as for the advancement of the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying virus-host interaction. In this respect, we will review also the important, still little explored, roles of miRNAs acting both as IFN-stimulated anti-viral molecules and as critical regulators of IFNs and IFN-stimulated genes.

MicroRNAs in virus-induced XXXX and IFN system.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human'] @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['virus infections', 'virus infection'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors'] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection'] @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infection and related diseases'] @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['tumorigenesis']
@entity105 :: (MESH:D063646,Disease) :: ['tumorigenesis']
