A prolonged course with corticosteroids represents the first therapeutic approach for @entity1985 @entity1 with @entity628 ( @entity628 ). In @entity1 with contraindications to @entity230 or in those who do not respond to @entity230 or @entity205 , cytotoxic agents, @entity618 ( @entity2098 ), plasmapheresis, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis have been tried as alternative treatments. A short-term treatment with cytotoxic agents often is ineffective in @entity134 -resistant @entity1 However, an @entity146 and prolonged treatment with cytotoxic agents combined with @entity288 proved to be effective in more than half of @entity134 -resistant @entity1 . In adults, the response to cytotoxic agents was good in @entity134 -responsive @entity1 , but was poor in @entity134 -resistant @entity1 . Better results were observed when cytotoxic therapy was prolonged for several months. The problem with these drugs is that long-term immunosuppression may be complicated by severe side effects including a major risk for @entity5 . Uncontrolled studies reported that @entity2098 can induce some @entity644 , but complete remission of @entity644 was rare and no data on long-term follow-up evaluation with this drug are available. Good results have been reported with plasmapheresis, immunoadsorption, and lipopheresis. However, all the reports were uncontrolled, small sized, and with short-term follow-up evaluation. In conclusion, there are several therapeutic options for @entity1 who respond to @entity230 and have further relapses of @entity1985 , but how to treat @entity134 -resistant @entity1 is still a matter of debate. Nevertheless, a 6-month trial with cytotoxic agents or @entity2098 can be offered to @entity134 -resistant @entity1 to identify the few @entity1 who respond to these agents. The preliminary results with plasmapheresis or lipopheresis are promising but further studies are needed to assess the role of these treatments.

Other immunosuppressive agents for XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients'] @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids'] @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['reduction of proteinuria', 'proteinuria'] @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer'] @entity628 :: ('MESH:D005923', 'Disease') :: ['focal segmental glomerulosclerosis', 'FSGS'] @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine'] @entity2098 :: ('CHEBI:8764', 'Chemical') :: ['MMF'] @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid'] @entity618 :: ('MESH:C063008', 'Chemical') :: ['mycophenolate mofetil'] @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic', 'nephrotic syndrome'] @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']
@entity628 :: (MESH:D005923,Disease) :: ['focal segmental glomerulosclerosis']
