BACKGROUND: DNA methylation differences between monozygotic twins discordant for @entity161 have been previously reported. However, the origin of methylation differences between monozygotic twins discordant for @entity161 is not clear. The findings here argue that all DNA methylation differences may not necessarily represent the cause of the disease; rather some may result from the effect of antipsychotics. METHODS: Methylation differences in @entity35 brain regions and also in two pairs of unrelated monozygotic twins discordant for @entity161 have been studied using genome-wide DNA methylation arrays at Arraystar Inc. (Rockville, Maryland, USA). The identified gene promoters showing significant alterations to DNA methylation were then further characterized using ingenuity pathway analysis (Ingenuity System Inc, CA, USA). RESULTS: Pathway analysis of the most significant gene promoter hyper/hypomethylation revealed a significant enrichment of DNA methylation changes in biological networks and pathways directly relevant to neural development and @entity146 . These included HIPPO signaling (p   =   3.93E-03) and MAPK signaling (p   =   4.27E-03) pathways involving hypermethylated genes in @entity161 -affected @entity1 as compared to their unaffected co-twins. Also, a number of significant pathways and networks involving genes with hypomethylated gene promoters have been identified. These included @entity10366 signaling in neurons (p   =   1.53E-02), @entity935 - @entity50120 feedback in @entity268 signaling (p   =   7.43E-03) and Ephrin receptors (p   =   1.13E-02). Further, there was significant enrichment for pathways involved in nervous system development and function (p   =   1.71E-03-4.28E-02). CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the significance of antipsychotic drugs on DNA methylation in @entity161 @entity1 . The unique pathways affected by DNA methylation in the two pairs of monozygotic twins suggest that @entity1 -specific pathways are responsible for the disease; suggesting that @entity1 -specific treatment strategies may be necessary in treating the disorder. The study reflects the need for developing personalized medicine approaches that take into consideration epigenetic variations between @entity1 .

Insights into the origin of DNA methylation differences between monozygotic twins discordant for XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient'] @entity268 :: ('CHEBI:17489', 'Chemical') :: ['cAMP'] @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disorders'] @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['Dopamine'] @entity50120 :: ('84152', 'Gene') :: ['DARPP32'] @entity10366 :: ('1385', 'Gene') :: ['CREB'] @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat']
@entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']
