UNASSIGNED: @entity7393 ) continues to cause severe outbreaks of abortions or myeloencephalopathy in @entity1641 despite widely used vaccination. The aim of this work was to determine the effects of frequent vaccination with an inactivated EHV vaccine on immune development in @entity1641 . Fifteen @entity7393 na  ve mares were vaccinated a total of 5 times over a period of 8 months with intervals of 20, 60, 90 and 60 days between vaccine administrations. Total antibody and antibody isotype responses were evaluated with a new sensitive @entity7393 Multiplex assay to glycoprotein C (gC) and gD for up to 14 months after initial vaccination. Antibodies peaked after the first two vaccine doses and then declined despite a third administration of the vaccine. The fourth vaccine dose was given at 6 months and the gC and gD antibody titers increased again. Mixed responses with increasing gC but decreasing gD antibody values were observed after the fifth vaccination at 8 months. IgG4/7 isotype responses mimicked the total Ig antibody production to vaccination most closely. Vaccination also induced short-lasting IgG1 antibodies to gC, but not to gD. @entity7393 -specific cellular immunity induced by vaccination developed slower than antibodies, was dominated by @entity379 producing T-helper 1 (Th1) cells, and was significantly increased compared to pre-vaccination values after administration of 3 vaccine doses. Decreased @entity379 production and reduced Th1-cell induction were also observed after the second and fourth vaccination. Overall, repeated EHV vaccine administration did not always result in increasing immunity. The adverse effects on antibody and cellular immunity that were observed here when the EHV vaccine was given in short intervals might in part explain why @entity7393 outbreaks are observed worldwide despite widely used vaccination. The findings warrant further evaluation of immune responses to EHV vaccines to optimize vaccination protocols for different vaccines and @entity1641 groups at risk.

Antibody and cellular immune responses of na  ve mares to repeated vaccination with an inactivated XXXX herpesvirus vaccine.

@entity1641 :: ('9796', 'Species') :: ['horse', 'horses'] @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-y'] @entity7393 :: ('10326', 'Species') :: ['EHV-1', 'Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1']
@entity1641 :: (9796,Species) :: ['equine']
