UNASSIGNED: The theory of fetal origins of @entity66 was first proposed in 1989 and in the decades since, a wide range of other diseases from @entity28 to @entity565 have been found to originate in early development. As @entity1 oocyte development begins in fetal life it has been suggested that environmental and lifestyle factors of the mother could directly impact the fertility of subsequent generations. Cigarette smoke is a known ovotoxicant in active smokers, yet disturbingly 13% of Australian and 12% of US @entity1 continue to smoke throughout pregnancy. The focus of our investigation was to characterize the adverse effects of smoking on ovary and oocyte quality in female offspring exposed in utero. Pregnant @entity19 were nasally exposed to cigarette smoke for 12 wk throughout pregnancy/lactation and ovary and oocyte quality of the F1 (maternal smoke exposed) generation was examined. Neonatal ovaries displayed abnormal somatic cell proliferation and increased apoptosis leading to a reduction in follicle numbers. Further investigation found that altered somatic cell proliferation and reduced follicle number continued into adulthood, however, apoptosis did not. This reduction in follicles resulted in decreased oocyte numbers, with these oocytes found to have elevated levels of oxidative stress, altered metaphase II spindle and reduced sperm-egg interaction. These ovarian and oocyte changes ultimately lead to subfertility with maternal smoke exposed animals having smaller litters whilst taking longer to conceive. In conclusion our results demonstrate that in utero and lactational exposure to cigarette smoke can have long lasting effects on the fertility of the next generation of females.

Maternal Smoke Exposure Impairs the Long Term Fertility of Female Offspring in a XXXX Model.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'women'] @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['adult disease'] @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma']
@entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Murine']
