UNASSIGNED: The majority of @entity1 with @entity951 or @entity712 have @entity453 . Left main bifurcations are particularly susceptible to pathological narrowing. Flow is a major factor of @entity1856 development, but limitations in imaging technology such as spatio-temporal resolution, signal-to-noise ratio (SNRv), and imaging artefacts prevent in vivo investigations. @entity5173 ( @entity5173 ) modelling is a common numerical approach to study flow, but it requires a cautious and rigorous application for meaningful results. Left main bifurcation angles of 40  , 80   and 110   were found to represent the spread of an atlas based 100 computed tomography angiograms. Three left mains with these bifurcation angles were reconstructed with 1) idealized, 2) stented, and 3) @entity1 -specific geometry. These were then approximately 7* scaled-up and 3D printing as large phantoms. Their flow was reproduced using a blood-analogous, dynamically scaled steady flow circuit, enabling in vitro phase-contrast magnetic resonance (PC-MRI) measurements. After threshold segmentation the image data was registered to true-scale @entity5173 of the same coronary geometry using a coherent point drift algorithm, yielding a small covariance error (  (2) <;5.8*10(-4)). Natural-neighbour interpolation of the @entity5173 data onto the PC-MRI grid enabled direct flow field comparison, showing very good agreement in magnitude (error 2-12%) and directional changes (r(2) 0.87-0.91), and stent induced flow alternations were measureable for the first time. PC-MRI over-estimated velocities close to the wall, possibly due to partial voluming. Bifurcation shape determined the development of slow flow regions, which created lower SNRv regions and increased discrepancies. These can likely be minimised in future by testing different similarity parameters to reduce acquisition error and improve correlation further. It was demonstrated that in vitro large phantom acquisition correlates to true-scale coronary flow simulations when dynamically scaled, and thus can overcome current PC-MRI's spatio-temporal limitations. This novel method enables experimental assessment of stent induced flow alternations, and in future may elevate @entity5173 coronary flow simulations by providing sophisticated boundary conditions, and enable investigations of @entity850 phantoms.

Overcoming spatio-temporal limitations using dynamically scaled in vitro PC-MRI - a flow field comparison to true-scale computer simulations of idealized, stented and XXXX -specific left main bifurcations.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient'] @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure'] @entity5173 :: ('MESH:D065634', 'Disease') :: ['CFD', 'Computational fluid dynamics'] @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina'] @entity1856 :: ('MESH:D058226', 'Disease') :: ['atheroma'] @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease'] @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']
