Cyanobacterial blooms occur worldwide and present an increasing problem due to eutrophication of lakes. @entity22022 , especially @entity16588 , are microcyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins and are the most common and potent toxins associated with cyanobacteria. @entity12219 is rapidly taken up by hepatocytes through carrier-mediated transport. Once in the hepatocyte, @entity12219 causes structural damage to the cell indirectly by inhibiting protein phosphorylases 1 and 2A, which are needed for regulation of structural proteins of the cell. Acute @entity548 and @entity204 occur with high doses of @entity16588 , which is also a potent @entity5 promoter in @entity35 . The significance of @entity12219 to @entity1 health has been debated; however, @entity4968 in @entity1 has occurred due to contaminated dialysis water. @entity12219 in contaminated drinking water may be the cause of elevated rates of primary @entity96 in some areas of China. Problems with hepatotoxic cyanobacteria have been most seen in livestock. Treatment of confirmed @entity12219 @entity8956 in livestock is likely to be unrewarding, so prevention is important. Wild mammals, birds, fish, insects, and microinvertebrates may also be affected by @entity12219 .

The toxicology of XXXX : occurrence, toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, diagnosis and treatment.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human'] @entity16588 :: ('MESH:C057862', 'Chemical') :: ['microcystin-LR'] @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['liver hemorrhage'] @entity22022 :: ('MESH:D052998', 'Chemical') :: ['Microcystins'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor'] @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver cancer'] @entity12219 :: ('MESH:C078588', 'Chemical') :: ['microcystin', 'Microcystin'] @entity8956 :: ('MESH:C565846', 'Disease') :: ['toxicosis'] @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['poisoning'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['laboratory rats'] @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death']
@entity16588 :: (MESH:C057862,Chemical) :: ['microcystin-LR']
