Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the main site for hormone-dependent (non-shivering) thermogenesis in response to cold in lower mammals. The hypothalamus controls the cold-induced BAT activation by stimulating the sympathetic nerves and the secretion of @entity1063 (NE) in BAT. Mediated by beta-3 noradrenergic receptor and in the presence of @entity1954 (T3), NE promotes the synthesis of the @entity1629 ( @entity1629 ). @entity1629 is a 32 kDa protein located in the inner membrane of BAT mitochondria, where it dissipates the proton gradient created by oxidations in the mitochondria. @entity1629 functions as a proton translocator, substituting for another translocator, the @entity855 synthetase. The uncoupling of oxidations and phosphorylations and the inhibition of @entity855 synthesis lead to dissipation as heat of all energy produced in the respiratory chain. The supply of adequate amounts of T3 is ensured by the cold-induced enhancement of the enzyme 5'-deiodinase type II activity, which deiodinates @entity1955 (T4) to T3. The absence of T3 blocks @entity1629 synthesis, leading to @entity2332 . BAT has a limited significance in @entity1 , except in the newborn, where it serves for a rapid acclimation to ambient temperature. The study of BAT physiology will provide more insight into the mechanisms regulating energy balance and body weight in @entity1 , thus contributing to prevent and treat @entity1 @entity28 .

[Thyroid hormones, XXXX and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis].

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human'] @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['hypothermia'] @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity'] @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine'] @entity1954 :: ('MESH:D014284', 'Chemical') :: ['triiodothyronine'] @entity1629 :: ('7350', 'Gene') :: ['UCP1', 'uncoupling protein 1'] @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine'] @entity855 :: ('MESH:D000255', 'Chemical') :: ['ATP']
@entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']
