BACKGROUND: Mammographic screening has led to the identification of more @entity1 with nonpalpable @entity0 , many of them to be treated with breast-preserving surgery. To accomplish radical @entity5 excision, adequate localization techniques such as radioactive seed localization (RSL) are required. For RSL, a radioactive I-seed is implanted central in the @entity5 to enable intraoperative localization using a y-probe. In case of extensive @entity5 or @entity189 , multiple I-seeds can be used to delineate the involved area. Preoperative imaging is performed different from surgical positioning; therefore, exact I-seed depth remains unknown during surgery. @entity1 AND METHODS: Twenty @entity1 (mean age, 56.8 years) with 25 implanted I-seeds scheduled for RSL were included. Sixteen @entity1 had 1 I-seed implanted in the @entity75 , 3 @entity1 had 2 I-seeds, and 1 @entity1 had 3 I-seeds. Freehand SPECT localized I-seeds by measuring y-counts from different directions, all registered by an optical tracking system. A reconstruction and visualization algorithm enabled 3-dimensional (3D) navigation toward the I-seeds. RESULTS: Freehand SPECT visualized all I-seeds in primary @entity5 and provided preincision depth information. The deviation, mean (SD), between the freehand SPECT depth and the surgical depth estimation was 1.9 (2.1) mm (range, 0-7 mm). Three-dimensional freehand SPECT was especially useful identifying multiple implanted I-seeds because the conventional y-probe has more difficulty discriminating I-seeds transcutaneous. CONCLUSIONS: Freehand SPECT with 3D navigation is a valuable tool in RSL for both single and multiple implanted I-seeds in breast-preserving @entity5 surgery. Freehand SPECT provides continuous updating 3D imaging with information about depth and location of the I-seeds contributing to adequate excision of nonpalpable @entity0 .

Intraoperative 3D Navigation for Single or Multiple 125I-Seed Localization in Breast-Preserving XXXX Surgery.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS'] @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors'] @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['primary lesion'] @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['multifocal carcinoma']
@entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancer']
