UNASSIGNED: To meet the challenges presented by dive-derived @entity519 /reoxygenation transition, the aquatic mammals possess multi-level adaptations. However, the adjustments of the semiaquatic animals as modern analogs of evolutionary intermediates between ancestral terrestrial mammals and their fully aquatic descendants are still not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to analyze the total @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH) activity (in the @entity880 to @entity2388 direction), the LDH patterns and the antioxidant defense in the tissues (heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, spleen) of semiaquatic rodents such as @entity7183 ( @entity7183 ), muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) and nutria (Myocastor coypus). Samples from @entity35 @entity35 were used for comparison. Semiaquatic rodents had higher @entity12609 activity compared to @entity35 . The @entity224 dismutase activity was higher and the @entity12609 activity was lower in almost all tissues of muskrat than of both beaver and nutria. Comparing beaver and nutria, no significant differences in the antioxidant enzyme activities were found for the @entity299 . In beaver, most of the examined tissues (heart, kidney, lung and spleen) use @entity880 as preference to @entity413 as a substrate but in muskrat the heart, liver and skeletal muscle showed the increased LDH activity. Nutria had the unusual LDH properties that are needed to be further investigated. Our results suggest that beaver, nutria and muskrat have distinct mechanisms of adaptation to diving @entity519 /reoxygenation and support the hypothesis that semiaquatic mammals are the intermediate animals that help to define which potential selection factors and mechanical constraints may have directed the evolution of the aquatic forms.

Biochemical adaptations to dive-derived XXXX /reoxygenation in semiaquatic rodents.

@entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart, kidney and liver'] @entity7183 :: ('10185', 'Species') :: ['Eurasian beaver', 'Castor fiber'] @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxia'] @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate'] @entity12609 :: ('24248(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['catalase'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'rats', 'Wistar'] @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide'] @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose'] @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']
@entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxia']
