UNASSIGNED: @entity2753 represents an independent risk factor for @entity170 and @entity174 , affecting both bone density and quality. A direct stimulation of bone resorption in the presence of reduced extracellular @entity1372 concentrations ([ @entity4024 ]) has been shown, but the effects of low [ @entity4024 ] on osteoblasts have not been elucidated. We investigated the effects of a chronic reduction of extracellular [ @entity4024 ], independently of osmotic stress, on @entity1 mesenchymal stromal cells ( @entity16591 ) from bone marrow, the common progenitor for osteoblasts and adipocytes. @entity16591 adhesion and viability were significantly inhibited by reduced [ @entity4024 ], but their surface antigen profile and immuno-modulatory properties were not altered. In low [ @entity4024 ], @entity16591 were able to commit toward both the osteogenic and the adipogenic phenotypes, as demonstrated by differentiation markers analysis. However, the dose-dependent increase in the number of adipocytes as a function of reduced [ @entity4024 ] suggested a preferential commitment toward the adipogenic phenotype at the expense of osteogenesis. The amplified inhibitory effect on the expression of osteoblastic markers exerted by adipocytes-derived conditioned media in low [ @entity4024 ] further supported this observation. The analysis of cytoskeleton showed that low [ @entity4024 ] were associated with disruption of tubulin organization in @entity16591 -derived osteoblasts, thus suggesting a negative effect on bone quality. Finally, @entity16591 -derived osteoblasts increased their expression of factors stimulating osteoclast recruitment and activity. These findings confirm that @entity2753 should be carefully taken into account because of its negative effects on bone, in addition to the known neurological effects, and indicate for the first time that impaired osteogenesis may be involved.

Low extracellular @entity1372 promotes adipogenic commitment of @entity1 mesenchymal stromal cells: a novel mechanism for chronic XXXX -induced bone loss.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human'] @entity4024 :: ('D012964', 'Chemical') :: ['Na(+)'] @entity16591 :: ('9242', 'Gene') :: ['hMSC'] @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures'] @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis'] @entity1372 :: ('MESH:D012964', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium'] @entity2753 :: ('MESH:D007010', 'Disease') :: ['hyponatremia', 'Hyponatremia']
@entity2753 :: (MESH:D007010,Disease) :: ['hyponatremia']
