Following kidney transplantation, urine endotoxin levels were measured among 44 @entity1 and compared to bacterial cultures. Urine samples were collected either via transurethral catheters or - after removal of the catheter on postoperative day 4 - by midstream void. In a control group of ten healthy volunteers, urine endotoxin levels were measured daily for 10 days. Urinary endotoxin concentration was measured by means of a chromogenically modified Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test. The levels among @entity1 with positive bacteriological findings (n = 21) were always elevated ( > 0.7 EU/ml). Furthermore, there was a marked, statistically significant difference in endotoxin values between samples with bacterial growth and samples with fungal or without any growth (P < 0.001). All 21 of the 44 @entity1 with @entity293 ( @entity293 ) were endotoxin-positive. Seven more @entity1 who received antibiotics had elevated urinary endotoxin levels, but no bacterial growth in the urine culture. No @entity2348 or significant urinary endotoxin was found in the control group. In summary, the detection of urinary endotoxin in samples obtained by either suprapubic/transurethral catheters or midstream void is an early, sensitive, and specific means of diagnosis that can be carried out even during antibiotic treatment.

XXXX following kidney transplantation.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infection'] @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection', 'UTI']
@entity293 :: (MESH:D014552,Disease) :: ['Urinary endotoxin excretion and urinary tract infection']
