BACKGROUND: The significance of @entity311 transmission occurring outdoors has risen even in areas where indoor interventions such as long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying are common. The actual contamination rates and effectiveness of recently developed outdoor mosquito control device, the mosquito landing box (MLB), on densities and daily survival of host-seeking  laboratory Anopheles arabiensis, which readily bites @entity1 outdoors was demonstrated. METHODS: Experiments were conducted in large @entity2194 ( @entity2194 ) with @entity1 volunteers inside, to mimic natural ecosystems, and using MLBs baited with natural or synthetic @entity1 odours and @entity544 . The MLBs were dusted with 10  % @entity35132 ( @entity2848 ) or entomopathogenic fungi ( @entity20703 ) spores to mark mosquitoes physically contacting the devices. Each night, 400 laboratory-reared  An. arabiensis  females were released in one @entity2194 chamber with two MLBs, and another chamber without MLBs (control). Mosquitoes were individually recaptured while attempting to bite volunteers inside @entity2194 or by aspiration from @entity2194 walls. Mosquitoes from chambers with @entity2848 -treated MLBs and respective controls were individually dipped in water-filled cups containing ten conspecific third-instar larvae, whose subsequent development was monitored. Mosquitoes recaptured from chambers with fungi-treated MLBs were observed for fungal hyphal growth on their cadavers. Separately, effects on daily survival were determined by exposing  An. arabiensis  in chambers having MLBs treated with 5  % @entity21095 compared to chambers without MLBs (control), after which the mosquitoes were recaptured and monitored individually until they died. RESULTS: Up to 63  % (152/240) and 43  % (92/210) of mosquitoes recaptured inside treatment chambers were contaminated with @entity35132 and  @entity20703 , respectively, compared to 8  % (19/240) and 0  % (0/164) in controls. The mean number of larvae emerging from cups in which adults from chambers with @entity2848 -treated MLBs were dipped was significantly lower [0.75 (0.50-1.01)], than in controls [28.79 (28.32-29.26)], P  <  0.001). Daily survival of mosquitoes exposed to 5  % @entity21095 was nearly two-fold lower than controls [hazard ratio (HR)  =  1.748 (1.551-1.920), P  <  0.001]. CONCLUSION: High contamination rates in exposed mosquitoes even in presence of @entity1 , demonstrates potential of MLBs for controlling outdoor-biting @entity311 vectors, either by reducing their survival or directly killing host-seeking mosquitoes. The MLBs also have potential for dispensing filial infanticides, such as @entity2848 , which mosquitoes can transmit to their aquatic habitats for mosquito population control.

Effects of a new outdoor mosquito control device, the mosquito landing box, on densities and survival of the XXXX vector, Anopheles arabiensis, inside controlled semi-field settings.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human'] @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['semi-field systems', 'SFS'] @entity20703 :: ('5530', 'Species') :: ['Metarhizium anisopliae', 'M. anisopliae'] @entity21095 :: ('MESH:C014153', 'Chemical') :: ['pirimiphos methyl'] @entity35132 :: ('MESH:C055613', 'Chemical') :: ['pyriproxyfen'] @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide'] @entity311 :: ('MESH:D008288', 'Disease') :: ['malaria'] @entity2848 :: ('CHEBI:50459', 'Chemical') :: ['PPF']
@entity311 :: (MESH:D008288,Disease) :: ['malaria']
