Health care professionals are a major source of risk communications, but their estimation of risks may be compromised by systematic biases. We examined fuzzy-trace theory's predictions of professionals' biases in risk estimation for @entity2953 ( @entity2953 ) linked to: @entity51 (producing underestimation of STI risk, @entity281 , and gender differences), gist-based mental representation of risk categories (producing overestimation of condom effectiveness for psychologically atypical but prevalent @entity281 ), retrieval failure for risk knowledge (producing greater risk underestimation when @entity2953 are not specified), and processing interference involving combining risk estimates (producing biases in post-test estimation of @entity281 , regardless of knowledge). One-hundred-seventy-four subjects (experts attending a national workshop, physicians, other health care professionals, and students) estimated the risk of teenagers contracting @entity2953 , @entity281 rates for males and females, and condom effectiveness in reducing @entity281 risk. Retrieval was manipulated by asking estimation questions in two formats, a specific format that "unpacked" the STI category ( @entity281 types) and a global format that did not provide specific cues. Requesting estimates of @entity281 risk after relevant knowledge was directly provided, isolating processing effects, assessed processing biases. As predicted, all groups of professionals underestimated the risk of STI transmission, @entity281 , and gender differences, and overestimated the effectiveness of condoms, relative to published estimates. However, when questions provided better retrieval supports (specified format), estimation bias decreased. All groups of professionals also suffered from predicted processing biases. Although @entity51 contribute to estimation biases, the research showed that biases are also linked to fuzzy representations, @entity177 , and processing errors Hence, interventions that are designed to improve risk perception among professionals must incorporate more than knowledge dissemination. They should also provide support for information representation, effective retrieval, and accurate processing.

Fuzzy-trace theory, risk communication, and product labeling in XXXX .

@entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['retrieval failures'] @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['knowledge deficits'] @entity2953 :: ('MESH:D012749', 'Disease') :: ['sexually transmitted infections', 'STIs'] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections', 're-infection']
@entity2953 :: (MESH:D012749,Disease) :: ['sexually transmitted diseases']
