@entity6536 ( @entity6536 ) is a growth factor that belongs to a family of polypeptide growth factors encoded by four neuregulin genes. @entity6536 signals are transduced through the @entity470 family of receptor protein @entity4149 kinases, in which @entity6536 binding results in phosphorylation and dimerization of these receptors, leading to activation of downstream pathways. @entity6536 / @entity470 signaling is involved in cellular processes including cell survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In the CNS, @entity6536 / @entity12251 signaling also affects dendritic spine maturation and the formation of inhibitory synapses. @entity6536 / @entity470 signaling has been shown to have beneficial effects on many of the different types of cells in the brain, including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, endothelial cells, and microglia. Many of these actions may have neuroprotective potential in the setting of @entity131 , and will be further discussed in this chapter. @entity131 ( @entity131 ) is a significant public health problem, affecting individuals of all ages daily. Survivors are often left with motor and @entity73 , ranging from mild to devastating. Because there is no definitive treatment beyond supportive care in the acute postinjury period, there is much focus on searching for neuroprotective agents that will attenuate the pathological events that arise after the injury. The process is challenging because of the heterogeneity of @entity131 . An attempt to classify @entity131 highlights the diverse array of injuries   for example, focal or diffuse, mild or severe, presence or absence of @entity548 , a concussion or a contusion, or a single hit or repeated hits. It is likely that no single agent will be efficacious for the different types of @entity131 , and it is necessary to understand the pathophysiology of the various injuries and investigate appropriate therapies for each @entity130 . Here the term    @entity131    is used as a general term, with the understanding that it is a simplification of the complex nature of @entity131 . In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of research and interest in @entity6536 an endogenous growth factor with multiple functions in the central nervous system (CNS), and now in clinical trials for the treatment of @entity1 with @entity712 . The actions of @entity6536 intersect with many cellular pathways, thus it may have applicability to many of the pathological processes in @entity131 . In this chapter, we will review pathophysiological processes after @entity131 that intersect with @entity6536 / @entity470 signaling as well as experimental data in models of @entity131 suggesting that @entity6536 may be neuroprotective. Because some of the @entity1545 pathways in @entity131 are similar to those in @entity2806 (Bramlett and Dietrich, 2004), literature on the effects of @entity6536 in models of @entity385 will also be discussed.

XXXX and Neurovascular Protection

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury'] @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['brain trauma', 'TBI', 'traumatic brain injury', 'Traumatic brain injury'] @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['chronic heart failure'] @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage'] @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic brain injury'] @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['erbB', 'ErbB'] @entity12251 :: ('2066', 'Gene') :: ['ErbB4'] @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficits'] @entity4149 :: ('D014443', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine'] @entity6536 :: ('3084', 'Gene') :: ['NRG1', 'Neuregulin-1'] @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['type of injury'] @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']
@entity6536 :: (3084,Gene) :: ['Neuregulin-1']
