Treatment of @entity5 is aimed at sphincter preservation. Three trials were conducted to this purpose. They differed for T stage selection and therapy. Two of the trials are now completed, while @entity1 are still recruited for the third trial. 21 T2 @entity1 were selected for the first series and treated with local excision plus postoperative radiotherapy. External beam radiotherapy (ERT) was delivered at the dose of 45 Gy. Grade 3-4 (RTOG) acute @entity137 was 5%; late @entity137 was never observed. Sphincter function was rated as excellent or good in all @entity1 . Sphincter preservation was achieved in 86% of cases. In the T3 FUMIR trial, 83 @entity1 with extraperitoneal @entity5 (T3) were treated with concomitant @entity1138 (10 mg/m2, day 1) plus 5FU (1000 mg/m2 days 1-4) plus ERT (38Gy). Grade 3-4 acute @entity137 (RTOG) was 13%; late @entity137 was never observed. Sphincter function was rated excellent or good in 96% of @entity1 ; sphincter preservation was achieved in 66% of @entity1 with a lesion at less than 50 mm from the internal anal orifice. In the T3 PLAFUR trial, 19 @entity1 with extraperitoneal @entity5 (T3) were treated with concomitant @entity900 (60mg/m2, day 1 and 28) plus 5FU (1000 mg/m2 days 1-4 and 28-32) plus ERT (50.4 Gy). Grade 3-4 (RTOG) acute @entity137 was 5%; late @entity137 was never observed. Sphincter function was rated excellent or good in 93% of @entity1 . Sphincter preservation was achieved in 73.7% of @entity1 ; in particular, in 55.6% of those with a lesion at less than 50 mm from the internal anal orifice. Combined modality therapies are showing the ability of sphincter preservation in @entity1 with @entity5 . Ongoing studies will identify the @entity1 who are candidates for this therapeutic approach and the most suitable combined treatment.

Organ preservation in XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer', 'distal rectal cancer'] @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C'] @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']
@entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']
