There is an increased frequency of smoking among @entity1 with @entity161 . However, it is unknown whether the smoking behavior of the @entity1 is similar in all @entity161 subtypes, as well as which is the relationship between smoking initiation and disease onset. Four hundred six @entity1 with DSM-IV @entity161 were interviewed to determine the smoking status in relationship to gender and @entity161 subtype, and to other factors that could affect or be affected by smoking. The frequency of smoking among @entity1 (58%) was significantly greater than in subjects from the general population (42%) (P =.000005). Male @entity1 smoked significantly more frequently (70%) than the corresponding control subjects (50%) (P =.000006), whereas the difference failed to reach significance between female @entity1 (41%) and control subjects (32%). Among male @entity1 , the number of smokers was significantly greater than in the controls in the paranoid (77%), undifferentiated (72%), and residual (78%) subtypes, whereas there was no significant difference in the disorganized (44%) and @entity2437 (22%) subtypes. The findings show that the frequency of smoking in @entity161 @entity1 increases with increasing positive symptoms and decreases with increasing negative symptoms. Male and female smoking @entity1 consumed approximately 10 cigarettes per day more than the corresponding control subjects (P <.000001). In 86% of the @entity1 , smoking initiation occurred before the disease onset. Among @entity1 who smoked, smoking initiation and disease onset occurred at age 18.7 +/- 4.4 and 24.1 +/- 6.1 years, respectively (P <.000001). It appears that smoking in @entity161 is influenced by gender and subtype. However, the nature of this association remains uncertain because in the vast majority of the @entity1 smoking initiation occurs earlier than the disease onset.

Factors affecting smoking in XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity2437 :: ('MESH:D012560', 'Disease') :: ['catatonic'] @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia', 'schizophrenic']
@entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']
