UNASSIGNED: Some of NOD-like receptors (NLRs), the cytosolic pattern recognition receptors form a multi-protein complex, inflammasome consisting of one or more NLRs, the adaptor protein ASC and inflammatory caspase to generate mature inflammatory cytokines, @entity40769 and @entity40775 . However, inflammasome-mediated inflammatory cascade involving any NLR member is unknown in a lower vertebrate like fish. Also, inflammatory cytokine induction pathway in response to a specific ligand, namely bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has not yet been clarified. Therefore, 13 predicted NLR sequences of the Japanese pufferfish, Fugu ( @entity26050 ) were retrieved in silico and categorized as NLR-C1   13. Expression analysis of these genes in Fugu head kidney (HK) cells stimulated with a heat-killed @entity6983 spp. paracasei (Lpp), LPS, @entity6199 and a combination of @entity6199  +  LPS showed consistent up-regulations of NLR-C1, 5, 7, 10 and 12 genes in both Lpp and LPS stimulations and NLR-C9 gene in LPS stimulation only. However, @entity6199 and @entity6199  +  LPS caused an increased expression of NLR-C10 and 12 in HK cells and leukocytes. Fugu treated with Lpp and LPS (in  vivo), and infected with @entity11784 had an elevated expression of NLR-C10 and 12. Increased transcription of caspase-1, ASC, @entity40769 and @entity40775 was recorded in @entity6199 -stimulated HK cells and leukocytes. Results suggested activation of probable inflammasome-mediated inflammatory cytokine response in Fugu. Moreover, LPS may be a key ligand that induces some of the Fugu NLR-Cs (NLR-C9, 10 and 12). Further characterization and functional analysis of Fugu NLR-C10 and 12 for ligand sensing, and processing of pro-inflammatory cytokine, @entity40769 would elucidate the inflammasome evolution in fish.

Inflammatory immune response by lipopolysaccharide-responsive nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors in the Japanese pufferfish ( XXXX ).

@entity11784 :: ('669', 'Species') :: ['Vibrio harveyi'] @entity40769 :: ('101080001', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin (IL)-1b', 'IL-1b'] @entity6199 :: ('MESH:D009550', 'Chemical') :: ['nigericin'] @entity26050 :: ('31033', 'Species') :: ['Takifugu rubripes'] @entity6983 :: ('1597', 'Species') :: ['Lactobacillus paracasei'] @entity40775 :: ('445965(Tax:31033)', 'Gene') :: ['IL-18']
@entity26050 :: (31033,Species) :: ['Takifugu rubripes']
