UNASSIGNED: @entity308 ( @entity4696 ) is a chronic @entity146 in which @entity1 often show increasing @entity73 with recurring episodes. @entity179 may play an important component in the pathogenesis of @entity4696 associated with @entity73 . In agreement with this, @entity1 with @entity4696 show decreased brain volumes in areas implicated in emotional regulation and cognition, neuronal and glial cell death as well as activation of various pathways that can contribute to cell death. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an integrative overview of potential contributing factors to @entity179 in @entity4696 . Studies have reported increased neuronal and glial cell death in the frontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus of @entity1 with @entity4696 . This may be due to decreased neurogenesis from lower levels of @entity2252 ( @entity2252 ), excitotoxicity from increased @entity3264 signaling, and lower levels of @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ) signaling. In addition, @entity2383 and oxidative stress are found in similar brain areas where evidence of excitotoxicity has been reported. Also, levels of antioxidant enzymes were reported to be increased in @entity1 with @entity4696 . @entity32 may also be a contributing factor, as levels of inflammatory cytokines were reported to be increased in the prefrontal cortex of @entity1 with @entity4696 . While preliminary, studies have also reported neuropathological alterations in @entity1 with @entity4696 . Together, these studies suggest that lower @entity2252 levels, @entity2383 , oxidative stress, @entity32 and excitotoxicity may be contributing to neuronal and glial cell death in @entity4696 , leading to decreased brain volume and @entity73 with multiple recurrent episodes. This highlights the need to identify specific pathways involved in @entity179 in @entity4696 , which may elucidate targets that can be treated to ameliorate the effects of disease progression in this disorder.

Neuropathological relationship between major XXXX and dementia: A hypothetical model and review.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['Inflammation', 'inflammation'] @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Major depression'] @entity3264 :: ('D018698', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate'] @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-aminobutyric acid', 'GABA'] @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric condition'] @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive complaints', 'cognitive impairment', 'cognitive dysfunction'] @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegeneration', 'Neurodegeneration'] @entity2252 :: ('627', 'Gene') :: ['brain-derived neurotrophic factor', 'BDNF'] @entity4696 :: ('MESH:D003865', 'Disease') :: ['MDD'] @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial dysfunction']
@entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']
