BACKGROUND: The control of @entity4854 is of major importance in the treatment of @entity1 with @entity6 . However, there is no consensus about the required degree of metabolic control in @entity1 with @entity6 and about the role of @entity4854 in @entity2316 and in the development of @entity731 in relation to other risk factors. @entity1 AND METHODS: A prospective, long-term follow-up study was conducted on 574 @entity1 , aged 40 to 60 years, with recent onset of @entity6 . @entity1 were initially normotensive and had normal renal function and a normal urinary albumin excretion rate (<30 mg/24 h). The @entity1 were followed up for 2 to 9 years (mean +/- SD, 7.8 +/- 0.9 years). Levels of hemoglobin A1c and plasma lipids, mean blood pressure, and body mass index (calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) were determined periodically. Cigarette smoking and socioeconomic status were recorded. Renal status was evaluated by the logarithm of the final urinary albumin excretion rate and by the decline in reciprocal creatinine values. Definite clinical events including death, nonfatal @entity583 , @entity951 , @entity712 , and @entity1095 were recorded. RESULTS: At the end of the study the urinary albumin excretion rate remained normal (<30 mg/24 h) in 373 @entity1 (65%), 111 (19%) had microalbuminuria (30-300 mg/24 h), and 90 (16%) had overt @entity633 (>300 mg/24 h). Logistic regression models demonstrated that the correlation between hemoglobin A1c levels and the risk of @entity633 is exponential. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that levels of total @entity165 , mean blood pressure, and hemoglobin A1c were the main factors associated with the decrease in renal function and with the increase in @entity633 . The combination of values higher than the 50th percentile of all 3 factors defined a high-risk @entity1 population. These high-risk @entity1 had an odds ratio of 43 (95% confidence interval, 25-106) for microalbuminuria and 15 (95% confidence interval, 9-25) for clinical events related to @entity4288 compared with the rest of the group. Low levels of high-density lipoprotein, body mass index, cigarette smoking, low socioeconomic status, and male sex were all significantly associated with @entity2316 , as well as with the manifestations of @entity4288 . CONCLUSIONS: The combination of blood pressure values in the high-normal range with moderately elevated levels of total @entity165 and hemoglobin A1c defines a high-risk group for the progression to @entity2316 and for clinical events related to @entity65 .

Main risk factors for nephropathy in XXXX are plasma @entity165 levels, mean blood pressure, and @entity4854 .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS'] @entity1095 :: ('MESH:D016491', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral vascular disease'] @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure'] @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction'] @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['type 1 diabetes mellitus', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus'] @entity4288 :: ('MESH:D001161', 'Disease') :: ['arteriosclerosis'] @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy'] @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['albuminuria'] @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris'] @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis'] @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia'] @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease'] @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']
@entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['type 2 diabetes mellitus']
