@entity17974 ( @entity17975 ) is formed by the interaction of @entity3265 with reducing @entity3363 and low levels have been identified as a by-product in coffee, soy sauce, wine, dark beers, soft drinks, and caramel colors. The @entity17975 has been reported to induce @entity5 in @entity19 but not @entity35 . Its mechanism of action is unlikely to be due to genotoxicity as @entity17975 does not induce mutation in @entity2491 and does not induce micronuclei in rodent peripheral erythrocytes or bone marrow cells. However, the question of whether genetically reactive intermediates could be formed via lung-specific metabolism has not previously been addressed. The @entity17975 was tested for its ability to induce mutation in five standard Ames strains of @entity2491 using induced @entity35 ( @entity69246 ) and @entity19 (B6C3F1) liver and lung S9 as a source of exogenous metabolism. The chemicals were tested in an OECD 471-compliant bacterial reverse mutation assay, using both plate-incorporation and pre-incubation methodologies, together with 10% S-9 metabolic activation. No induction of mutation (as measured by an increase in revertant colonies) was observed and it was concluded that @entity17975 was not mutagenic in @entity2491 using either rodent liver or lung S9 for exogenous metabolism. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:51-57, 2016.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Evaluation of @entity17974 , in the Ames/ XXXX test using induced rodent liver and lung S9.

@entity2491 :: ('90371', 'Species') :: ['S. typhimurium', 'Salmonella typhimurium'] @entity3265 :: ('MESH:D000641', 'Chemical') :: ['ammonia'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar/bronchiolar tumors'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse'] @entity17975 :: ('CHEBI:40035', 'Chemical') :: ['4-MeI'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'rats'] @entity69246 :: ('p|SUB|F|344|N', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['F344/N'] @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['sugars'] @entity17974 :: ('MESH:C023439', 'Chemical') :: ['4-methylimidazole']
@entity2491 :: (90371,Species) :: ['Salmonella']
