OBJECTIVE: To determine the additional direct costs of hospitalization attributable to catheter-associated @entity293 (CAUTI) in 1,497 newly catheterized @entity1 . DESIGN: Prospective observational and laboratory study. SETTING: University hospital. METHODS: Data were collected on risk factors for CAUTI (defined as > 10(3) colony-forming units [CFU]/mL), severity of illness, and diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in consenting newly catheterized @entity1 . Daily urine cultures were obtained from each newly catheterized @entity1 , but the results of these cultures were not revealed to his or her physician. During the study, one of the investigators (DGM) reviewed each @entity1 's record and made a judgment as to which of the diagnostic tests and treatments ordered and what incremental length of stay could reasonably be ascribed to his or her CAUTI. The total hospital costs for each @entity1 were also obtained. RESULTS: Overall, 235 @entity1 acquired CAUTIs during the study; most of the CAUTIs were completely asymptomatic, and only 52% were diagnosed by the @entity1 ' physicians using the hospital laboratory. Only 1 @entity1 with a CAUTI had a secondary bloodstream infection. Thirty-three (13%) of the CAUTIs were caused by @entity526 ; 63 (25%) by Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, @entity796 , or other antibiotic-resistant, gram-negative bacilli; 87 (35%) by enterococci or staphylococci; and 67 (27%) by Candida species. The 123 CAUTIs diagnosed by the hospital laboratory were judged to have been responsible for an additional  20,662 in extra costs of diagnostic tests and  35,872 in extra medication costs, a mean of  589 (median,  356) per CAUTI. CAUTIs caused by @entity526 cost considerably less than infections caused by other gram-negative bacilli ( 363.3 +/-  228.2 vs  690.4 +/-  783.7; P = .02) or @entity375 ( 821.2 +/-  2,169.9). There were less striking differences in the costs per CAUTI caused by staphylococci or enterococci ( 387.1 +/-  434.8). CONCLUSIONS: The extra direct costs associated with nosocomial CAUTI found in this prospective study, which was done in the era of managed care during the late 1990s, are substantially lower than those reported in the largest comparable studies done more than 15 years ago, most of which were retrospective, reflecting the powerful impact of cost-containment measures that are now implemented in managed care.

The direct costs of nosocomial catheter-associated XXXX in the era of managed care.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient'] @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa'] @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeasts'] @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection'] @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']
@entity293 :: (MESH:D014552,Disease) :: ['urinary tract infection']
