UNASSIGNED: @entity75 has been considered as a promising alternative to whole-body @entity2332 in treating acute @entity16 , for example, @entity131 . Previously, we demonstrated that 2-hours selective brain cooling (SBC) effectively mitigated acute ( <=24 hours postinjury) neurophysiological dysfunction induced by a penetrating ballistic-like @entity1545 (PBBI) in @entity35 . This study evaluated neuroprotective effects of extended SBC (4 or 8 hours in duration) on sub-acute secondary injuries between 3 and 21 days postinjury (DPI). SBC (34  C) was achieved via extraluminal cooling of @entity35 ' bilateral common carotid arteries (CCA). Depending on the experimental design, SBC was introduced either immediately or with a 2- or 4-hour delay after PBBI and maintained for 4 or 8 hours. Neuroprotective effects of SBC were evaluated by measuring @entity75 volume, axonal @entity130 , motor and cognitive functions, and post-traumatic @entity410 . Compared to untreated PBBI animals, 4 or 8 hours SBC treatment initiated immediately following PBBI produced comparable neuroprotective benefits against PBBI-induced early histopathology at 3 DPI as evidenced by significant reductions in @entity75 volume, axonal pathology (beta-amyloid precursor protein staining), neuroinflammation (glial fibrillary acetic protein stained-activated astrocytes and @entity35 major histocompatibility complex class I stained activated microglial cell), and post-traumatic nonconvulsive @entity410 . In the later phase of the injury (7-21 DPI), significant improvement on motor function (rotarod test) was observed under most SBC protocols, including the 2-hour delay in SBC initiation. However, SBC treatment failed to improve cognitive performance (Morris water maze test) measured 13-17 DPI. The protective effects of SBC on delayed @entity21 ( @entity575 staining) were evident out to 14 DPI. In conclusion, the CCA cooling method of SBC produced neuroprotection measured across multiple domains that were evident days/weeks beyond the cooling duration and in the absence of overt adverse effects. These "proof-of-concept" results suggest that SBC may provide an attractive neuroprotective approach for clinical considerations.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Neuroprotection Achieved by Extended Selective Brain Cooling Therapy in a XXXX Model of Penetrating Ballistic-Like @entity1545 .

@entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury'] @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic brain injury'] @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures'] @entity575 :: ('MESH:D012834', 'Chemical') :: ['silver'] @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Brain hypothermia', 'brain lesion'] @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injury, neuroinflammation'] @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological disease'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'rats'] @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['axonal injury'] @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['hypothermia']
@entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Rat']
