It is still enigmatic under which circumstances cellular demise induces an immune response or rather remains immunologically silent. Moreover, the question remains open under which circumstances apoptotic, autophagic or @entity39 cells are immunogenic or tolerogenic. Although apoptosis appears to be morphologically homogenous, recent evidence suggests that the pre-apoptotic surface-exposure of @entity4015 may dictate the immune response to @entity5 cells that succumb to anticancer treatments. Moreover, the release of @entity518 ( @entity518 ) during late apoptosis and secondary @entity39 contributes to efficient antigen presentation and cytotoxic T-cell activation because @entity518 can bind to @entity2939 on dendritic cells, thereby stimulating optimal antigen processing. Cell @entity204 accompanied by autophagy also may facilitate cross priming events. Apoptosis, @entity39 and autophagy are closely intertwined processes. Often, cells manifest autophagy before they undergo apoptosis or @entity39 , and apoptosis is generally followed by secondary @entity39 . Whereas apoptosis and @entity39 irreversibly lead to cell @entity204 , autophagy can clear cells from stress factors and thus facilitate cellular survival. We surmise that the response to cellular stress like chemotherapy or ionizing irradiation, dictates the immunological response to dying cells and that this immune response in turn determines the clinical outcome of anticancer therapies. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent insights into the immunogenicity of dying @entity5 cells as a function of the cell @entity204 modality.

Immunogenic cell XXXX modalities and their impact on @entity5 treatment.

@entity518 :: ('3146', 'Gene') :: ['high-mobility group box 1', 'HMGB1'] @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic', 'necrosis'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor'] @entity4015 :: ('811', 'Gene') :: ['calreticulin'] @entity2939 :: ('7099', 'Gene') :: ['Toll like receptor 4'] @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death']
@entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['death']
