BACKGROUND: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is frequently used to assess @entity25 in @entity1 . The aim of this study was to provide reference values for this questionnaire, to test psychometric properties, and to analyze associations with @entity458 , sociodemographic, and behavioral factors. METHODS: A German community sample comprising 9284 adult residents (aged 18-80 years) was surveyed using the PSQI and several other questionnaires. RESULTS: According to the generally accepted cut-off (PSQI   >   5), 36% of the general population slept badly. Females reported significantly more @entity25 than males (mean scores: M   =   5.5 vs. M   =   4.4, respectively; effect size d   =   0.35), but there was no linear association between age and @entity25 . Sleep problems were correlated with @entity1295 , quality of life (physical as well as mental), physical complaints, @entity148 , and lack of optimism. Sleep quality was also strongly associated with socioeconomic status, professional situation (poorest @entity25 in unemployed @entity1 ), and @entity28 . In addition to the results of the PSQI total score, mean scores of specific components of @entity25 were presented (sleep latency, sleep duration, and use of sleep medication). CONCLUSION: The PSQI proved to be a suitable instrument for measuring @entity25 . Gender differences, @entity458 factors, and @entity28 should be taken into account when groups of @entity1 are compared with respect to @entity25 .

Sleep quality in the general population: psychometric properties of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, derived from a German community sample of 9284 XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people'] @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity'] @entity1295 :: ('MESH:D005221', 'Disease') :: ['fatigue'] @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological'] @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety'] @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep quality', 'sleep problems']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['people']
