Boxing exposes @entity1 to the physiological response to high intensity exercise and also to direct body and @entity131 . Amateur boxing is increasing and females have also been included in the Olympics. The aim of this study is to assess the stress response and possible @entity1545 incurred during a match by measuring serum biomarkers associated with stress and cellular @entity1545 before and after combat. Sixteen male amateur boxers were studied retrospectively. The study population was divided into two groups: (a) a group that received predominantly punches to the head (PTH) and (b) a group that received predominantly punches to the body (PTB). Blood samples were taken before and five minutes after each contest. They were analysed for @entity4483 , @entity3508 ( @entity3508 ), @entity908 kinase (CK) and @entity701 . The PTH group received direct contacts to the head (not blocked, parried or avoided) and to the body (n=8, age: 17.6    5.3, years; height: 1.68    0.13, meters; mass: 65.4    20.3, kg). The PTB group received punches to the body including blocked and parried punches, but received no direct punches to the head, (n=8, mean    SD, age: 19.1    3.2 years; height: 1.70    0.75, meters; mass: 68.5    15 kg). Significant increases (P<0.05) were observed between pre- and post-combat serum concentrations in serum concentrations in PTH of @entity4483 (0.35    0.61 vs. 0.54    0.73,  g.L-1) @entity3508 (19.7    14 vs.31.1    26.6, ng.ml-1) and @entity701 (373    202 vs. 756    93, nmol.L-1). Significant increases (P<0.05) of @entity908 kinase were recorded in both groups. This study demonstrates significant elevations in neurochemical biomarkers in boxers who received direct blows to the head. However, further work is required to quantify this volumetric brain damage and long term clinical sequelae.

Direct hits to the head during amateur boxing is associated with a rise in serum biomarkers for XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants'] @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury'] @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['brain trauma'] @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine'] @entity4483 :: ('6285', 'Gene') :: ['S-100B'] @entity3508 :: ('2026', 'Gene') :: ['NSE', 'neuron-specific enolase'] @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']
@entity1545 :: (MESH:D020214,Disease) :: ['brain injury']
