STUDY DESIGN: Literature review. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between recombinant @entity1 @entity1841 (rhBMP-2) and @entity5 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The use of rhBMP-2 in spine surgery has been the topic of much debate as studies assessing the association between rhBMP-2 and @entity5 have come to conflicting conclusions. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed using the PubMed-National Library of Medicine/National Institute of Health databases. Only non-clinical studies directly addressing @entity1841 and @entity5 were included. Articles were categorized by study type (animal, in vitro cell line/ @entity1 /animal), primary @entity5 , @entity5 attributes, and whether @entity1841 was pro- @entity5 or not. RESULTS: A total of 4,131 articles were reviewed. Of those, 515 articles made reference to both @entity1841 and @entity5 , 99 of which were found to directly examine the role of @entity1841 in @entity5 . Seventy-five studies were in vitro and 24 were animal studies. Forty-three studies concluded that @entity1841 enhanced @entity5 function, whereas 18 studies found that @entity1841 suppressed @entity5 . Thirty-six studies did not examine whether @entity1841 enhanced or suppressed @entity5 function. Fifteen studies demonstrated @entity1841 dose @entity734 (9 enhancement, 6 suppression) and one study demonstrated no dose @entity734 . Nine studies demonstrated @entity1841 time @entity734 (6 enhancement, 3 suppression). However, no study demonstrated that @entity1841 caused @entity5 de novo. CONCLUSION: Currently, conflicting data exists with regard to the effect of exogenous @entity1841 on @entity5 . The majority of studies addressed the role of @entity1841 in prostate (17%), breast (17%), and lung (15%) @entity5 . Most were in vitro studies (75%) and examined @entity3 and metastatic potential (37%). Of 99 studies, there was no demonstration of @entity1841 causing @entity5 de novo. However, 43% of studies suggested that @entity1841 enhances @entity5 function, motivating more definitive research on the topic that also includes clinically meaningful dose- and time- @entity734 . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2.

Association Between XXXX and Carcinogenicity.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human'] @entity1841 :: ('650', 'Gene') :: ['BMP-2', 'bone morphogenetic protein-2'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'cancer', 'malignancy'] @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['cancer invasiveness'] @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['dependence']
@entity1841 :: (650,Gene) :: ['BMP-2']
