UNASSIGNED: Many pollinators are currently suffering from declines, diminishing their gene pool and increasing their vulnerability to parasites. Recently, an increasing diversity of parasites has been recorded in bumblebees, yet for many, knowledge of their virulence and hence the risk their presence poses, is lacking. The @entity33959 ( @entity33959 ), known to be ubiquitous in @entity5157 , has now been detected in bumblebees. In addition, the neogregarine Apicystis bombi has been discovered to be more prevalent than previously thought. Here, we assess for the first time the lethal and sublethal effects of these parasites during single and mixed @entity281 ( @entity20993 ). Fifteen days after experimental exposure, 22% of @entity5157 exposed to A. bombi, 50% of @entity5157 exposed to @entity33959 and 86% of @entity5157 exposed to both parasites had died. Bumblebees that had ingested A. bombi had increased @entity969 sensitivity (SS) and a lower lipid:body size ratio than control @entity5157 . While dual infected bumblebees showed no increase in SS. Overall, we find that A. bombi exhibits both lethal and sublethal effects. @entity33959 causes lethal effect and may reduce the sub lethal effects imposed by A. bombi. The results show that both parasites have significant, negative effects on bumblebee health, making them potentially of conservation concern.

The effects of single and mixed XXXX and @entity33959 in @entity20993 .

@entity33959 :: ('198112', 'Species') :: ['deformed wing virus', 'DWV'] @entity20993 :: ('30195', 'Species') :: ['Bombus terrestris'] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections of worker bumblebees'] @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose'] @entity5157 :: ('7460', 'Species') :: ['honey bees', 'bees']
@entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infections of Apicystis bombi']
