@entity1462 are frequent in newborns, and they persist throughout life, which differentiates them from @entity5 (eg, @entity2695 ). @entity2758 are high-flow @entity1462 . They are considered nonmalignant but can expand and become a significant clinical risk when extensive. To characterize endothelial cells from @entity2758 (AMEC), we cultured cells obtained from surgical specimens and studied their properties. After selection, the cells that grew out from explants had phenotypic and antigenic features (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule, @entity2880 factor) of @entity1 endothelial cells. Their spontaneous proliferation rate was higher (1.8 to 6.4 times) than that of @entity1 umbilical vein, arterial, or microvascular endothelial cells. The proliferation rate of AMEC was not sensitive to the inhibitory activity of various cytokines (interleukin-1beta, @entity5 @entity39 factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta, @entity379 ). In basal conditions, intercellular adhesion molecule ( @entity2071 ) was detected at a higher level of expression (6- to 10-fold) on AMEC, but these cells failed to express @entity4105 or the vascular cell adhesion molecule ( @entity4725 ) after cytokine stimulation. Expression of @entity12136 proto-oncogene was shown by in situ hybridization. The low response to cytokines, the higher propensity to proliferate, and the @entity12136 expression suggest that AMEC have a defective regulation of proliferation that may be due to a reduced apoptotic process.

Cultured endothelial cells from XXXX @entity2758 have defective growth regulation.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human'] @entity2758 :: ('MESH:D001165', 'Disease') :: ['Arteriovenous malformations', 'arteriovenous malformations'] @entity12136 :: ('2113', 'Gene') :: ['c-ets-1', 'ets-1'] @entity4725 :: ('7412', 'Gene') :: ['VCAM-1'] @entity2695 :: ('MESH:D006391', 'Disease') :: ['hemangiomas'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'vascular tumors'] @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis'] @entity4105 :: ('6401', 'Gene') :: ['E-selectin'] @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['Interferon-gamma'] @entity2071 :: ('3383', 'Gene') :: ['ICAM-1'] @entity2880 :: ('MESH:D014842', 'Disease') :: ['von Willebrand'] @entity1462 :: ('MESH:D054079', 'Disease') :: ['vascular malformations', 'Vascular malformations']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']
