INTRODUCTION: The formation and collapse of vapor-filled bubbles near a mechanical heart valve is called cavitation. Microbubbles can be detected in vivo by doppler ultrasonography (USG) as @entity7909 ( @entity7909 ) in cranial circulation. We investigated the relationship between exercise induced heart rate increase and @entity7909 formation in cranial circulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-nine mechanical heart valve implanted (8 aortic valve replacement (AVR) + mitral valve replacement (MVR), 9 AVR, 22 MVR) @entity1 aged 18-80 years old were included in our study. Microbubbles were counted in the left ventricular cavity via transthoracic echocardiography at rest per cardiac cycle. Afterwards transcranial Doppler USG was performed and @entity7909 were counted in each @entity1 's middle cerebral artery at 5 min duration. Subsequently an exercise test according to the Bruce protocol was performed. After achieving maximal heart rate, microbubbles in the left ventricle and @entity7909 were counted again. RESULTS: Microbubbles in the left ventricle and transcranial @entity7909 increased after exercise significantly compared to resting values (15.79   10.91 microbubbles/beat vs. 26.51   18.00 microbubbles/beat, p < 0.001; 6.13   8.07 @entity7909 /5 min vs. 13.15   15.87 @entity7909 /5 min, p = 0.001). There was a significant correlation between microbubbles and @entity7909 counts after peak exercise (r = 0.55, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, we found that the microbubbles were increasing as the heart rate increased and more @entity7909 were propelled to the cerebral circulation. As previously shown, @entity7909 can alter cognitive functions. Therefore heart rate control is essential in mechanical heart valve @entity1 to protect neurocognitive functions.

Relationship between exercise-induced heart rate increase and the formation of microbubbles and high-intensity transient signals in mechanical heart valve implanted XXXX .

@entity7909 :: ('MESH:D006610', 'Disease') :: ['HITS', 'high intensity transient signals'] @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']
