Cortical activation is reduced when @entity1 with @entity3520 perform movements that do not induce @entity3520 . This finding suggests that the cortical drive to muscles may in some circumstances actually be reduced not increased, as suggested by basal ganglia models of @entity3519 as a @entity71 . The purpose of this study was to examine flexor and extensor strength at the wrist (a clinically affected joint) and elbow (a nonclinically affected joint) in 18 @entity1 with primary @entity14978 compared to matched control subjects. We measured peak torque from maximum @entity2472 , and agonist and antagonist muscle activation by means of surface electromyograms. @entity1 were significantly weaker than controls at both the elbow and wrist joints and in both flexors and extensors compared to controls. Peak elbow flexion torque was, on average, 14.4% lower in the @entity3520 compared to the control group, elbow extensor peak torque was 28.6% lower, wrist flexor peak torque was 17.4% lower, and wrist extensor peak torque was 20.7% lower. Strength did not differ as a function of clinical severity. Reductions in peak torque were accompanied by reduced agonist activation, although this finding only reached statistical significance at the elbow. The amount of co-contraction of antagonistic muscles was not significantly different between the two groups. These results are discussed in the context of @entity3519 as @entity74 resulting from dysfunction of basal ganglia output.

Strength deficits in primary XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients'] @entity3520 :: ('MESH:D020821', 'Disease') :: ['focal dystonia', 'dystonic posturing', 'dystonic'] @entity14978 :: ('MESH:C566973', 'Disease') :: ['focal hand dystonia'] @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['hyperkinetic disorder'] @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['a disorder'] @entity3519 :: ('MESH:D004421', 'Disease') :: ['dystonia'] @entity2472 :: ('MESH:C536214', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary contractions']
@entity14978 :: (MESH:C566973,Disease) :: ['focal hand dystonia']
