UNASSIGNED: This review article considers the question of whether or not levodopa is toxic in @entity191 ( @entity191 ). @entity3034 is the most effective symptomatic treatment for @entity191 and has provided benefit for millions of @entity1 . However, there has been a longstanding concern that @entity3034 might be toxic and accelerate @entity528 and clinical progression as a consequence of reactive @entity26 species generated by the drug's oxidative metabolism. In vitro, @entity3034 can induce @entity528 , but it is not clear that the effects of the drug on cultured @entity935 neurons reflect what happens in the @entity191 brain. In vivo, @entity3034 has not been demonstrated to have toxic effects on @entity935 neurons in normal, @entity935 -lesioned, or oxidatively stressed animal models, but none of these models precisely replicates the @entity191 . Clinical trials have tested the effect of @entity3034 on clinical progression and have not demonstrated any findings indicative of @entity137 . However, the symptomatic and long-duration effects of the drug could mask ongoing @entity528 . Furthermore, @entity3034 induces a greater decline in imaging measures of dopaminergic function than placebo or @entity935 agonists, consistent with @entity137 . Pathological studies have not demonstrated evidence of accelerated loss of @entity935 neurons, but prospective and properly controlled studies with stereological unbiased counting have not been performed. Thus, although there is no hard evidence to suggest that @entity3034 is toxic in @entity191 @entity1 , the issue has not been fully resolved. It is generally recommended that physicians continue to use @entity3034 , but in the lowest dose that provides satisfactory clinical control.    2014 International Parkinson and @entity717 Society.

Levodopa: Effect on cell death and the natural history of XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity3034 :: ('MESH:D007980', 'Chemical') :: ['l-dopa'] @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity'] @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine'] @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen'] @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'PD condition', 'PD'] @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Movement Disorder'] @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal degeneration', 'degeneration of dopaminergic neurons']
@entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']
