UNASSIGNED: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses non-toxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS) and harmless visible light that combine to form highly toxic reactive @entity26 species that kill cells. Originally, a @entity5 therapy, PDT, now includes applications for infections. The most widely studied PS are @entity13417 macrocycles including @entity7889 , @entity69173 , @entity69174 , and @entity34561 . The present review covers the design features in PS that can work together to maximize the PDT activity for various disease targets. Photophysical and photochemical properties include the wavelength and size of the long-wavelength absorption peak (for good light penetration into tissue), the triplet quantum yield and lifetime, and the propensity to undergo type I (electron transfer) or type II (energy transfer) photochemical mechanisms. The central metal in the @entity13417 macrocycle has a strong influence on the PDT activity. Hydrophobicity and charge are important factors that govern interactions with various types of cells ( @entity5 and microbial) in vitro and the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in vivo. @entity2383 tend to be water insoluble and require a drug delivery vehicle for maximal activity. Molecular asymmetry and amphiphilicity are also important for high activity. In vivo some structures possess the ability to selectively accumulate in @entity5 and to localize in the @entity5 microvasculature producing vascular shutdown after illumination.

Design features for optimization of XXXX macrocycles as antimicrobial and anticancer photosensitizers.

@entity69173 :: ('CHEBI:33910', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorins'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors'] @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen'] @entity7889 :: ('MESH:D011166', 'Chemical') :: ['porphyrins'] @entity34561 :: ('CHEBI:51580', 'Chemical') :: ['phthalocyanines'] @entity13417 :: ('CHEBI:26932', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrapyrrole'] @entity69174 :: ('CHEBI:52581', 'Chemical') :: ['bacteriochlorins'] @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['Hydrophobic structures']
@entity13417 :: (CHEBI:26932,Chemical) :: ['tetrapyrrole']
