BACKGROUND: @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ), a widely used antiepileptic drug, has broad-spectrum activity against both generalized and partial @entity302 . Among the side effects of @entity2052 , @entity1017 is frequently reported, although the real incidence and magnitude of this problem is unknown. Its pathogenesis is most likely multifactorial, and is controversial. METHODS: In order to evaluate the role of @entity3190 and @entity854 in @entity2052 -induced @entity28 , data from the existing literature have been analyzed and discussed critically. RESULTS: @entity1 suffering from @entity1017 . The most frequent are @entity3190 and insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia and leptin resistance, and an increase in the availability of long-chain free @entity1718 . Significant @entity1017 is associated with increased levels of insulin and leptin, suggesting a close relationship between @entity28 -induced @entity3190 and hyperleptinemia. @entity2052 can directly stimulate pancreatic beta-cells and indirectly enhance insulin resistance by suppressing insulin-mediated peripheral @entity413 uptake. Leptin activation seems to be similar in obese @entity2052 -treated subjects to that seen in otherwise obese subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanisms of @entity3190 in @entity2052 -induced @entity1017 remain unclear, although it is likely that @entity28 is the cause of @entity3190 and all related metabolic changes. However, this heterogeneous @entity209 requires further research.

@entity1092 -induced insulin resistance and @entity28 in XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients'] @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity'] @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['Valproic acid'] @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['hyperinsulinemia'] @entity2052 :: ('CHEBI:39867', 'Chemical') :: ['VPA'] @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain show various metabolic and endocrinologic abnormalities', 'weight gain'] @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy'] @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['related hormonal abnormalities'] @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic disorder'] @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids'] @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']
