Background: Excessive @entity1949 (SF) is common in pregnant @entity1 . Adult-onset @entity209 may begin during early development and exhibit substantial sex dimorphism. We hypothesized that @entity209 induced by gestational SF in male @entity19 would not be apparent in female littermates. Methods: Body weight and food consumption were measured weekly in male and female offspring after late gestational SF or control sleep (SC). At 20 w, plasma leptin, adiponectin, lipid profiles, and insulin and @entity413 tolerance tests were assessed. Leptin and adiponectin, M1, and M2 macrophage messenger RNA expression and polarity were examined. Adiponectin gene promoter methylation levels in several tissues were assessed. Results: Food intake, body weight, visceral fat mass, and insulin resistance were higher, and adiponectin levels lower in male but not female offspring exposed to gestational SF. However, @entity2299 was apparent in both male and female offspring exposed to SF, albeit of lesser magnitude. In visceral fat, leptin messenger RNA expression was selectively increased and adiponectin expression was decreased in male offspring exposed to gestational SF, but adiponectin was increased in exposed female offspring. Differences in adipokine expression also emerged in liver, subcutaneous fat, and muscle. Increased M1 macrophage markers were present in male offspring exposed to SF (SFOM) while increased M2 markers emerged in SF in female offspring (SFOF). Similarly, significant differences emerged in the methylation patterns of adiponectin promoter in SFOM and SFOF. Conclusion: Gestational SF increases the susceptibility to @entity28 and @entity209 in male but not in female offspring, most likely via epigenetic changes. Thus, sleep perturbations impose long-term detrimental effects to the fetus manifesting as sex dimorphic @entity209 in adulthood.

Sex Dimorphism in Late Gestational Sleep Fragmentation and Metabolic Dysfunction in Offspring XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women'] @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['sleep fragmentation'] @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity'] @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome', 'metabolic disorders', 'metabolic dysfunction'] @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']
@entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Mice']
