BACKGROUND: Peptidyl- @entity10783 isomerases (PPIases) are enzymes that assist in the folding of newly-synthesized proteins and regulate the stability, localization, and activity of mature proteins. They do so by catalyzing reversible (cis-trans) rotation about the peptide bond that precedes @entity1521 , inducing conformational changes in target proteins. SCOPE OF REVIEW: This review will discuss how PPIases regulate gene transcription by controlling the activity of (1) DNA-binding transcription regulatory proteins, (2) RNA polymerase II, and (3) chromatin and histone modifying enzymes. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: Members of each family of @entity12204 (cyclophilins, FKBPs, and parvulins) regulate gene transcription at multiple levels. In all but a few cases, the exact mechanisms remain elusive. Structure studies, development of specific inhibitors, and new methodologies for studying cis/trans isomerization in vivo represent some of the challenges in this new frontier that merges two important fields. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: @entity10783 isomerases have been found to play key regulatory roles in all phases of the transcription process. Moreover, PPIases control upstream signaling pathways that regulate gene-specific transcription during development, hormone response and environmental stress. Although transcription is often rate-limiting in the production of enzymes and structural proteins, post-transcriptional modifications are also critical, and PPIases play key roles here as well (see other reviews in this issue). This article is part of a Special Issue entitled @entity1521 -directed Foldases: Cell Signaling Catalysts and Drug Targets.

XXXX isomerases in gene transcription.

@entity1521 :: ('CHEBI:26271', 'Chemical') :: ['proline', 'Proline'] @entity12204 :: ('2287', 'Gene') :: ['PPIase'] @entity10783 :: ('CHEBI:26274', 'Chemical') :: ['Prolyl', 'prolyl']
@entity10783 :: (CHEBI:26274,Chemical) :: ['Prolyl']
