In this review, the clinical reality, the statistical risk, and the frequency of @entity1031 in pill users are evaluated, 6 cases described, and premonitory signs, treatment, and etiology are discussed. Clinically these @entity1031 appear in unlikely subjects and unusual bodily locations such as the mesenteric veins, without warning. The risks are 8-11 times higher for @entity715 , 3-6 times higher for @entity583 , based on previously used higher dosed pills. The frequency is about .5-1/1000, or 500-1000/year in France. Some of the cases described used pills with less than .05 mg @entity172 , some were heavy smokers, 1 @entity1 died, 1 had a lower extremity amputation, and 1 @entity1 had demonstrated IgG lamda antibodies against @entity2082 . Premonitory signs are rare, and unsually ignored. The immediate action is to stop the pill and start anticoagulants. The cause of these disorders is not known in detail, but is presumed to be @entity172 , therefore, low-dose pills, i.e., those with .05 or .03 mg @entity2082 , should be used if possible. Other risk factors are surgery, age, immobilization, history of @entity74 , @entity9927 , @entity407 , @entity101 , especially since the pill potentiates @entity101 , @entity407 , and @entity49 . Some mechanisms proposed are @entity407 , disturbed @entity1003 factors, decreased fibrinolysis, alterations in the blood vessel endothelium and immunity against the @entity172 in the pill.

[The XXXX risk of the pill].

@entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'estrogens'] @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman'] @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia'] @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction'] @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension'] @entity2082 :: ('MESH:D004997', 'Chemical') :: ['ethinyl estradiol'] @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['hypercoagulation'] @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['blood coagulation'] @entity9927 :: ('MESH:D015208', 'Disease') :: ['smoking'] @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism', 'thromboembolisms'] @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['vein disorders'] @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary thrombosis']
@entity1031 :: (MESH:D013923,Disease) :: ['thromboembolic']
