OBJECTIVE: To examine how various aspects of an @entity11013 ( @entity11013 ) formulation may influence the efficacy, tolerability, and @entity1 preference and adherence to @entity11013 therapy. DATA SOURCES: A PubMed search of the literature was conducted for studies on @entity2023 published between January 1977 and January 2006 using the keywords @entity11013 , preservatives, @entity3676 , and tonicity. STUDY SELECTION: Prospective studies, retrospective studies, and case reports were selected for inclusion in this review. RESULTS: Currently available INSs are effective first-line treatments for @entity2023 . Differences in @entity1 preference for a particular @entity11013 are largely attributable to sensory attributes of the nasal spray, which arise from characteristics of the formulation. Additives and preservatives can cause tolerability issues by irritating the mucosal membranes and causing nasal drying, or they can confer an unpleasant odor or taste to an @entity11013 formulation. The relative osmotic pressure, or tonicity, of an @entity11013 can modulate nasal absorption and retention, thereby potentially influencing the clinical efficacy. Characteristics such as delivery device and spray volume can affect a @entity1 's perception and experience with a particular @entity11013 . Newer INSs, such as @entity10924 , are in development for the treatment of @entity2023 , and consideration of the formulation characteristics of these agents is an important part of the development process. CONCLUSIONS: INSs are an effective treatment option for @entity1 with @entity2023 ; however, there is room for formulation improvement. Optimization of formulation may increase the efficacy, tolerability, and @entity1 preference and adherence to INSs.

Formulation considerations of intranasal corticosteroids for the treatment of XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient'] @entity11013 :: ('MESH:C565152', 'Disease') :: ['INS', 'intranasal corticosteroid'] @entity10924 :: ('MESH:C120481', 'Chemical') :: ['ciclesonide'] @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis'] @entity3676 :: ('MESH:D001548', 'Chemical') :: ['benzalkonium chloride']
@entity2023 :: (MESH:D006255,Disease) :: ['allergic rhinitis']
