UNASSIGNED: Among the species composing the genus Echinococcus, four species are of @entity1 clinical interest. The most prevalent species are @entity12047 and @entity2328 , followed by @entity43056 and @entity43057 . The first two species cause @entity8434 ( @entity8434 ) and @entity4281 ( @entity4281 ) respectively. Both diseases have a complex clinical management, in which laboratory diagnosis could be an adjunctive to the imaging techniques. To date, several approaches have been described for the laboratory diagnosis and followup of @entity8434 and @entity4281 , including antibody, antigen and cytokine detection. All of these approaches are far from being optimal as adjunctive diagnosis particularly for @entity8434 , since they do not reach enough sensitivity and/or specificity. A combination of several methods (e.g., antibody and antigen detection) or of several (recombinant) antigens could improve the performance of the adjunctive laboratory methods, although the complexity of @entity8434 and heterogeneity of clinical cases make necessary a deep understanding of the host-parasite relationships and the parasite phenotype at different developmental stages to reach the best diagnostic tool and to make it accepted in clinical practice. Standardization approaches and a deep understanding of the performance of each of the available antigens in the diagnosis of @entity8434 for the different clinical pictures are also needed. The detection of the parasite in definitive hosts is also reviewed in this chapter. Finally, the different methods for the detection of parasite DNA in different analytes and matrices are also reviewed.

Laboratory Diagnosis of Echinococcus spp. in @entity1 XXXX and Infected Animals.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human'] @entity43056 :: ('6213', 'Species') :: ['Echinococcus vogeli'] @entity8434 :: ('MESH:D004443', 'Disease') :: ['CE', 'cystic echinococcosis', 'echinococcosis'] @entity12047 :: ('6210', 'Species') :: ['Echinococcus granulosus'] @entity2328 :: ('6211', 'Species') :: ['Echinococcus multilocularis'] @entity43057 :: ('6212', 'Species') :: ['Echinococcus oligarthrus'] @entity4281 :: ('MESH:C536591', 'Disease') :: ['AE', 'alveolar echinococcosis']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']
