An increasing body of evidence supports a stepwise model for progression of @entity0 from @entity513 in situ (DCIS) to @entity513 ( @entity513 ). Due to the high level of DCIS heterogeneity, we cannot currently predict which @entity1 are at highest risk for disease recurrence or progression. The mechanisms of progression are still largely unknown, however @entity5 stem cell populations in DCIS lesions may serve as malignant precursor cells intimately involved in progression. While genetic and epigenetic alterations found in DCIS are often shared by @entity513 , mRNA and miRNA expression profiles are significantly altered. Therapeutic targeting of @entity5 stem cell pathways and differentially expressed miRNA could have significant clinical benefit. As @entity5 grade increases, @entity31219 is progressively downregulated. @entity31219 plays an important @entity5 suppressive role in the Wnt, @entity4731 and @entity1935 stem cell regulator pathways. Downregulation of @entity31219 removes inhibition of these pathways, leading to higher @entity5 stem cell populations and @entity0 progression. @entity31219 downregulation is mediated through both an @entity172 response element in the @entity31219 promoter region and differential methylation of CpG islands. These mechanisms are novel targets for epigenetic therapy to activate @entity5 suppressor signaling via @entity31219 . Additionally, we briefly explored the emerging role of exosomes in mediating intercellular @entity31219 signaling. The purpose of this review is to examine the @entity5 stem cell signaling pathways involved in @entity0 progression, and the role of dysregulation of @entity31219 in regulating DCIS to @entity513 transition.

Roles of microRNA-140 in stem cell-associated early stage XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen'] @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer'] @entity4731 :: ('6657', 'Gene') :: ['SOX2'] @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinoma', 'IDC', 'invasive ductal carcinoma'] @entity31219 :: ('406932', 'Gene') :: ['miR-140', 'miRNA-140'] @entity1935 :: ('6662', 'Gene') :: ['SOX9']
@entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']
