Lymphocyte-mediated @entity32 is a hallmark of @entity792 , such as @entity15 . @entity30 , @entity309 and @entity370 . However, this type of @entity32 probably developed under evolutionary pressure from pathogenic microorganisms, such as mycobacteria and other intracellular infective agents. One such pathogen, the gram-positive bacterium @entity5125 (L. monocytogenes), induces a cascade of tissue alterations that ultimately results in the eradication of the bacteria associated with a granulomatous response. Consequently, @entity19 @entity5124 has been established as a model to analyze not only T-cell-dependent antibacterial protection but also T-cell-mediated mononuclear @entity32 in parenchymal organs. Extensive studies of the molecular basis of the latter phenomenon led to the conclusion that the most decisive step from non-specific microabscess formation to @entity32 is the activation of non-specifically invading CD4+ T cells, which results in high local concentrations of @entity637 and @entity60 in the presence of @entity2047 . This in turn induces @entity3804 -independent mechanisms of intraparenchymal monocyte accumulation. Because any attempt to neutralize the effects of @entity637 and @entity60 to modulate T-cell-mediated @entity32 will also dramatically decrease host resistance, other anti-inflammatory strategies based on the modulation of @entity637 and @entity60 -induced mechanisms of monocyte accumulation must be developed. Recalling the classical work by Dienes _ Schoenheit on the induction of bacterial @entity566 (1), the cytokine phenotype of @entity738 formation also has implications as regards the most potent adjuvant environment for the development of a T-cell response. The @entity19 @entity5124 model is the basis for all conclusions in this article on the role of cytokines in the induction and expression of T-cell-mediated @entity32 and, as we will show, promises to yield still more insights into the rational design of vaccines.

Cytokines in the induction and expression of T-cell-mediated XXXX formation and protection in the @entity19 model of @entity5124 .

@entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'granulomatous inflammation'] @entity5124 :: ('MESH:D008088', 'Disease') :: ['listeriosis'] @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granuloma'] @entity2047 :: ('16183(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IL-2'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['murine'] @entity566 :: ('MESH:D006967', 'Disease') :: ['allergies'] @entity5125 :: ('1639', 'Species') :: ['Listeria monocytogenes'] @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"] @entity60 :: ('15978(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-gamma'] @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis'] @entity3804 :: ('16409(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['CD11b'] @entity370 :: ('MESH:D012507', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoidosis'] @entity637 :: ('21926(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['TNF-alpha'] @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases'] @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']
@entity738 :: (MESH:D006099,Disease) :: ['granuloma']
