UNASSIGNED: The paradigm of chronobiology is based almost wholly upon the daily biological clock, or circadian rhythm, which has been the focus of intense molecular, cellular, pharmacological, and behavioral, research. However, the circadian rhythm does not explain biological timings related to fundamental aspects of life history such as rates of tissue/organ/body size development and control of the timing of life stages such as gestation length, age at maturity, and lifespan. This suggests that another biological timing mechanism is at work. Here we focus on a "many days" (multidien) chronobiological period first observed as enigmatic recurring growth lines in developing @entity1 tooth enamel that is strongly associate with all adult tissue, organ, and body masses as well as life history attributes such as gestation length, age at maturity, weaning, and lifespan, particularly among the well studied primates. Yet, knowledge of the biological factors regulating the patterning of @entity1 life, such as the development of body size and life history structure, does not exist. To identify underlying molecular mechanisms we performed metabolome and genome analyses from blood plasma in @entity12526 . We show that blood plasma metabolites and small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) drawn from 33 @entity12526 over a two-week period strongly oscillate on a 5-day multidien rhythm, as does the @entity1707 enamel rhythm. Metabolomics and genomics pathway analyses actually reveal two 5-day rhythms, one related to growth in which biological functions include cell proliferation, apoptosis, and transcription regulation/protein synthesis, and another 5-day rhythm related to degradative pathways that follows three days later. Our results provide experimental confirmation of a 5-day multidien rhythm in the @entity12526 linking the periodic growth of enamel with oscillations of the metabolome and genome. This association reveals a new class of chronobiological rhythm and a snapshot of the biological bases that regulate @entity1 growth, body size, and life history.

The XXXX Plasma Metabolome Chronicles "Many Days" Biological Timing and Functions Linked to Growth.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian'] @entity1707 :: ('9823', 'Species') :: ['pig'] @entity12526 :: ('9825', 'Species') :: ['domestic pig', 'domestic pigs']
@entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['Swine']
