BACKGROUND: Anterograde @entity2730 is a hallmark effect of volatile anesthetics. @entity5161 is known to affect both the translation and transcription of plasticity-associated genes required for normal memory formation in many brain regions. What is not known is whether @entity5161 anesthesia prevents the initiation of transcription or whether it halts transcription already in progress. We tested the hypothesis that general anesthesia with @entity5161 prevents learning-induced initiation of transcription of several memory-associated immediate-early genes (IEGs) correlated with @entity2730 ; we also assessed whether it stops transcription initiated prior to anesthetic administration. METHODS: Using a Tone Fear Conditioning paradigm, @entity35 were trained to associate a tone with foot-shock. Animals received either no anesthesia, anesthesia immediately after training, or anesthesia before, during, and after training. Animals were either sacrificed after training or tested 24 h later for long-term memory. Using Cellular Compartment Analysis of Temporal Activity by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (catFISH), we examined the percentage of neurons expressing the @entity16625 and @entity11970 / @entity11970 / @entity11970 / @entity11970 in the dorsal hippocampus, primary somatosensory cortex, and primary auditory cortex. RESULTS: On a cellular level, @entity5161 administered at high doses (general anesthesia) prevented initiation of transcription, but did not stop transcription of Arc and @entity11970 mRNA initiated prior to anesthesia. On a behavioral level, the same level of @entity5161 anesthesia produced anterograde @entity2730 for fear conditioning when administered before and during training, but did not produce @entity5186 when administered immediately after training. CONCLUSION: General anesthesia with @entity5161 prevents initiation of learning-related transcription but does not stop ongoing transcription of two plasticity-related IEGs, Arc and @entity11970 , a pattern of disruption that parallels the effects of @entity5161 on memory formation. Combined with published research on the effects of volatile anesthetics on memory in behaving animals, our data suggests that different levels of anesthesia affect memory via different mechanisms: general anesthesia prevents elevation of mRNA levels of Arc and @entity11970 which are necessary for normal memory formation, while anesthesia at lower doses affects the strength of memory by affecting levels of plasticity-related proteins.

Influence of XXXX on Immediate-Early Gene Expression.

@entity5186 :: ('MESH:D000648', 'Disease') :: ['retrograde amnesia'] @entity11970 :: ('24330(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['Krox-24', 'Zif268', 'Ngfi-A', 'Egr1'] @entity2730 :: ('MESH:D000647', 'Disease') :: ['amnesia'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rats'] @entity5161 :: ('MESH:D007530', 'Chemical') :: ['Isoflurane', 'isoflurane'] @entity16625 :: ('54323(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['IEGs Arc/Arg3.1']
@entity5161 :: (MESH:D007530,Chemical) :: ['Isoflurane']
