UNASSIGNED: Ubiquitin (UB) is a highly conserved low molecular weight (8.5 kDa) protein. It consists of 76 @entity3689 residues and is found in all eukaryotic cells. The covalent linkage of UB to a variety of cellular proteins (ubiquitination) is one of the most common posttranslational modifications in eukaryotic cells. This modification generally regulates protein turnover and protects the cells from damaged or misfolded proteins. The polyubiquitination of proteins serves as a signal for degradation via the 26S proteasome pathway. UB is present in trace amounts in body fluids. Elevated levels of UB are described in the serum or plasma of @entity1 under a variety of conditions. Extracellular UB is proposed to have pleiotropic roles including regulation of immune response, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. @entity436 is identified as receptor for extracellular UB in hematopoietic cells. @entity712 represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in western society. Cardiac remodeling is a determinant of the clinical course of @entity712 . The components involved in @entity296 include-myocytes, fibroblasts, interstitium, and coronary vasculature. Increased sympathetic nerve activity in the form of @entity1063 is a common feature during @entity712 . Acting via @entity2162 ( @entity2162 ), @entity1063 is shown to induce myocyte apoptosis and @entity296 . @entity2162 stimulation increases extracellular levels of UB in myocytes, and UB inhibits @entity2162 -stimulated increases in myocyte apoptosis and @entity296 . This review summarizes intracellular and extracellular functions of UB with particular emphasis on the role of extracellular UB in cardiac myocyte apoptosis and @entity296 .    2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:527-560, 2016.

Extracellular Ubiquitin: Role in Myocyte Apoptosis and XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity2162 :: ('154', 'Gene') :: ['b-adrenergic receptor', 'b-AR'] @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['Heart failure', 'heart failure'] @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial fibrosis', 'myocardial remodeling'] @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine'] @entity3689 :: ('D000596', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid'] @entity436 :: ('7852', 'Gene') :: ['CXCR4']
@entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['Myocardial Remodeling']
