Ponds throughout the world are subjected to a variety of management measures for purposes of biodiversity conservation. Current conservation efforts typically comprise a combination of multiple measures that directly and indirectly impact a wide range of organism groups. Knowledge of the relative impact of individual measures on different taxonomic groups is important for the development of effective conservation programs. We conducted a field study of 28 @entity1 -made ponds, representing four management types differing in the frequency of periodic pond @entity5173 and the intensity of fish stock management. We disentangled the relative importance of direct and indirect effects of pond management measures on the community composition of phytoplankton, zooplankton, aquatic macro-invertebrates, submerged and emergent vascular plants. With the exception of phytoplankton, pond management had strong effects on the community composition of all investigated biota. Whether management affected communities directly or indirectly through its impact on fish communities or local environmental conditions in the pond varied between organism groups. Overall, the impact of pond @entity5173 regime and fish community characteristics on the community composition of target organism groups were more important than local environmental conditions. The majority of taxa were negatively associated with fish density, whereas multiple emergent plant species and several taxa of aquatic macro-invertebrates were positively affected by increased @entity5173 frequency. The effects of fish community and @entity5173 tended to be largely independent. The present study indicates that pond @entity5173 is an important element for biodiversity conservation in eutrophicated shallow and interconnected @entity1 -made ponds.

The Impact of Conservation Management on the Community Composition of Multiple Organism Groups in Eutrophic Interconnected XXXX -Made Ponds.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['man'] @entity5173 :: ('MESH:D065634', 'Disease') :: ['drainage']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Man']
