OBJECTIVE: Evidence suggests that chronic high levels of behavioral inhibition are a precursor of @entity148 . The authors sought to identify early risk factors for, and developmental pathways to, chronic high inhibition among school-age @entity1 and the association of chronic high inhibition with @entity148 by adolescence. METHOD: A community sample of 238 @entity1 was followed from birth to grade 9. Mothers, teachers, and @entity1 reported on the @entity1 's behavioral inhibition from grades 1 to 9. Lifetime history of @entity146 was available for the subset of 60 (25%) @entity1 who participated in an intensive laboratory assessment at grade 9. Four early risk factors were assessed: female gender; exposure to maternal stress during infancy and the preschool period; and at age 4.5 years, early manifestation of behavioral inhibition and elevated afternoon salivary @entity701 levels. RESULTS: All four risk factors predicted greater and more chronic inhibition from grades 1 to 9, and together they defined two developmental pathways. The first pathway, in @entity1 , was partially mediated by early evidence of behavioral inhibition and elevated @entity701 levels at age 4.5 years. The second pathway began with exposure to early maternal stress and was also partially mediated by childhood @entity701 levels. By grade 9, chronic high inhibition was associated with a lifetime history of @entity148 . CONCLUSIONS: Chronic high levels of behavioral inhibition are associated with @entity148 by adolescence. The identification of two developmental pathways suggests the potential importance of considering both sets of risk factors in developing preventive interventions for @entity148 .

Early risk factors and developmental pathways to chronic high inhibition and XXXX in adolescence.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'girls'] @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['social anxiety disorder'] @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol'] @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disorders']
@entity148 :: (MESH:D001008,Disease) :: ['social anxiety disorder']
