Impaired neuroplastic responses following noninvasive brain stimulation have been reported repeatedly in @entity161 @entity1 . These findings have been associated with deficits in GABAergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic neurotransmission. Although various neurophysiological studies have indicated a relationship between @entity1239 and neuroplasticity in healthy individuals, the present study is the first investigation into the impact of @entity1239 on LTD-like plasticity in @entity1 with @entity161 . @entity2146 and cortical plasticity were explored in 30 @entity161 @entity1 (17 smoker, 13 nonsmoker) and 45 healthy controls (13 smoker, 32 nonsmoker) by using single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) before and following cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the left primary motor cortex. Our analysis revealed @entity545 in nonsmoking @entity161 @entity1 . However, these plasticity deficits were not present in smoking @entity161 @entity1 . In healthy controls, significant @entity353 following cathodal tDCS were observed in nonsmoking individuals, but only trend-level reductions in smokers. In smoking @entity161 @entity1 , the severity of negative symptoms correlated positively with reduced neuroplasticity, whereas nonsmoking @entity1 displayed the opposite effect. Taken together, the data of our study support the notion of an association between chronic smoking and the restitution of @entity73 in @entity161 @entity1 . Although replication and further research are needed to better understand this relationship, our findings indicate that @entity1239 intake might stabilize the impaired inhibition-facilitation balance in the @entity161 brain through a complex interaction between cortical plasticity, and GABAergic and cholinergic neurotransmission, and might explain the reduced prevalence of negative symptoms in this population.

Smoking Restores Impaired LTD-Like Plasticity in XXXX : a Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Study.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['MEP reductions'] @entity545 :: ('MESH:D010411', 'Disease') :: ['abolished LTD-like plasticity'] @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impaired LTD-like plasticity'] @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine'] @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['Cortical excitability'] @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia', 'schizophrenic']
@entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['Schizophrenia']
