BACKGROUND: Guidelines for @entity5 management include nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs with opioids administered in a time-contingent manner. This study was designed to evaluate the role of oral @entity3652 or transdermal @entity1242 polymer, a @entity842 donor, as coadjuvants to oral @entity1286 in @entity5 therapy. METHODS: After institutional approval and informed @entity1 consent were obtained, 60 @entity1 with @entity5 were randomized to one of four groups (n = 15) and studied prospectively to evaluate @entity1337 and any adverse effects. A visual analog scale that consisted of a 10-cm line with 0 representing "no @entity158 at all" and 10 representing "the worst possible @entity158 " was introduced. All @entity1 were regularly taking oral @entity3659 50 mg at bedtime. The @entity1286 regimen was adjusted individually to a maximal oral dose of 80-90 mg/day to keep the visual analog scale score less than 4. When @entity1 reported @entity158 (visual analog scale of 4 or more), despite taking 80-90 mg oral @entity1286 daily, the test drug was added as follows: the control group (CG) received an additional 20 mg oral @entity1286 (10 mg at 12-h intervals); the @entity1242 group (NG) received a 5-mg @entity1242 patch daily; the @entity3652 group (KG) received 0.5 mg/kg oral @entity3652 at 12-h intervals; and the @entity10964 group (DG) received 500 mg oral @entity10964 at 6-h intervals. @entity1 were free to manipulate their daily @entity1286 consumption when the test drug was introduced to keep their visual analog scale score less than 4. RESULTS: The groups were similar with respect to demographic data and visual analog scale @entity158 scores before treatment. The visual analog scale scores after the test drug was introduced were similar among the groups. The daily consumption of oral @entity1286 was as follows: on day 15: CG = DG = NG (P > 0.05), CG > KG (P = 0.036); on day 20: CG > NG = KG (P < 0.02) (CG > KG, P < 0.005; CG > NG, P < 0.02), DG > KG (P < 0.05); on day 30: CG = DG > KG = NG (P < 0.05). @entity1 in the CG and DG groups reported @entity2147 , but @entity1 in the NG and KG groups did not. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose @entity3652 and transdermal @entity1242 were effective coadjuvant analgesics. In conjunction with their opioid tolerance-sparing function, joint delivery of @entity3652 or @entity842 donors with opiates may be of significant benefit in @entity5 management.

Oral @entity3652 and transdermal @entity1242 as analgesic adjuvants to oral XXXX therapy for @entity5 management.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient'] @entity10964 :: ('MESH:D004177', 'Chemical') :: ['dipyrone'] @entity3659 :: ('MESH:D000639', 'Chemical') :: ['amitriptyline'] @entity1242 :: ('MESH:D005996', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroglycerin'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer pain'] @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia'] @entity2147 :: ('MESH:D006970', 'Disease') :: ['somnolence'] @entity3652 :: ('MESH:D007649', 'Chemical') :: ['ketamine'] @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide'] @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain']
@entity1286 :: (MESH:D009020,Chemical) :: ['morphine']
