UNASSIGNED: @entity1 are more likely than @entity1 to suffer from @entity1005 ( @entity1005 ) and @entity308 . In addition to their sex bias, these disorders share stress as an etiological factor and hyperarousal as a symptom. Thus, sex differences in brain arousal systems and their regulation by stress could help explain increased vulnerability to these disorders in @entity1 . Here we review preclinical studies that have identified sex differences in the locus coeruleus (LC)- @entity1063 (NE) arousal system. First, we detail how structural sex differences in the LC can bias females towards increased arousal in response to emotional events. Second, we highlight studies demonstrating that @entity172 can increase NE in LC target regions by enhancing the capacity for NE synthesis, while reducing NE degradation, potentially increasing arousal in females. Third, we review data revealing how sex differences in the stress receptor, @entity20583 ( @entity20583 ), can @entity528 to @entity6192 in females compared to males. This effect could translate into hyperarousal in @entity1 under conditions of @entity6192 hypersecretion that occur in @entity1005 and @entity308 . The implications of these sex differences for the treatment of stress-related @entity146 are discussed. Moreover, the value of using information regarding biological sex differences to aid in the development of novel pharmacotherapies to better treat @entity1 and @entity1 with @entity1005 and @entity308 is also highlighted. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Noradrenergic System.

Sex differences in the locus coeruleus- XXXX system and its regulation by stress.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Women', 'men'] @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen'] @entity20583 :: ('1394', 'Gene') :: ['corticotropin releasing factor 1', 'CRF1'] @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression', 'major depression'] @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disorders'] @entity1005 :: ('MESH:D013313', 'Disease') :: ['post-traumatic stress disorder', 'PTSD'] @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine'] @entity6192 :: ('1392', 'Gene') :: ['CRF'] @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['increase LC neuronal sensitivity']
@entity1063 :: (MESH:D009638,Chemical) :: ['norepinephrine']
