@entity14007 , caused by direct and continuous contact with @entity2440 , is associated with @entity16 , @entity32 , periductal @entity82 , and the development of @entity201 . Hepatic stellate cells respond to @entity99 through production of proinflammatory mediators which drive fibrogenesis; however, their endogenous sources and pathophysiological roles in host cells were not determined. @entity2441 ferritin heavy chain (CsFHC) was previously confirmed as a component of excretory/secretory products and exhibited a number of extrahepatic immunomodulatory properties in various diseases. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern and biological role of CsFHC in @entity2441 . CsFHC was expressed throughout life stages of @entity2441 . More importantly, we found that treatment of @entity1 hepatic stellate cell line LX-2 with CsFHC triggered the production of free radicals via time-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. The increase in free radicals substantially promoted the degradation of cytosolic IkBa and nuclear translocation of NF-kB subunits (p65 and p50). CsFHC-induced NF-kB activation was markedly attenuated by preincubation with specific inhibitors of corresponding free radical-producing enzyme or the antioxidant. In addition, CsFHC induced an increased expression level of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1b and IL-6, in NF-kB-dependent manner. Our results indicate that CsFHC-triggered free radical-mediated NF-kB signaling is an important factor in the @entity32 caused by @entity2441 @entity281 .

@entity2440 ferritin heavy chain triggers free radicals and mediates XXXX signaling in @entity1 hepatic stellate cells.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human'] @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['chronic inflammation', 'inflammation'] @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis'] @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['hepatobiliary damage'] @entity14007 :: ('MESH:D003003', 'Disease') :: ['Clonorchiasis'] @entity2441 :: ('143401', 'Species') :: ['C. sinensis'] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection'] @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocarcinoma'] @entity2440 :: ('79923', 'Species') :: ['Clonorchis sinensis'] @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver injury']
@entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']
