CONTEXT: The spread of drug-resistant @entity328 in the community is a public health problem in developed and developing nations, but whether antibiotic use is responsible for the increase in drug resistance is not known. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between @entity114 -resistant @entity2260 (PRSp) pharyngeal carriage and characteristics of @entity3405 use. DESIGN: Observational study of @entity1 attending 20 randomly sampled schools. SETTING: The Loiret, in the center of France. @entity1 : A total of 941 @entity1 , 3 to 6 years old. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Pharyngeal carriage of S pneumoniae, antibiotic use, and medical events during the preceding 30 days. Pneumococcal @entity114 G @entity1372 minimal inhibitory concentrations and serotyping were performed. RESULTS: Medical illnesses and the use of antibiotics were not associated with PRSp carriage. However, oral @entity3405 use was associated with an increased risk of PRSp carriage (odds ratio [OR], 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-8.3; P=.03). @entity1 treated by low daily doses of an oral @entity3405 (defined as lower than clinical recommendations) had an increased risk of PRSp carriage, as compared with @entity1 who did not (OR, 5.9; 95% CI, 2.1-16.7; P=.002). A treatment of long duration (>5 days) with a @entity3405 was associated with an increased risk of PRSp carriage (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.3-9.8; P=.02). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that a low daily dose and a long duration of treatment with an oral @entity3405 contribute to the selective pressure in promoting pharyngeal carriage of PRSp.

Low dosage and long treatment duration of @entity3405 : risk factors for carriage of @entity114 -resistant XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'PARTICIPANTS'] @entity3405 :: ('CHEBI:35627', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-lactam'] @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin'] @entity2260 :: ('2104', 'Species') :: ['S pneumoniae'] @entity1372 :: ('MESH:D012964', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium'] @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']
@entity328 :: (1313,Species) :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']
