BACKGROUND: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) have recently become very popular particularly among the younger generation. These @entity1239 delivery devices are viewed as a preferable alternative to more conventional forms of @entity286 use and are thought to reduce the risk of @entity1030 , the third leading cause of @entity204 worldwide. However, there is very little data available on the consequences of e-cig use, though recently @entity1239 -independent inflammatory responses have been reported. The genetic model organism @entity2199 is a soil @entity2199 whose cell biology is remarkably well conserved with mammals. Here, we used @entity2199 to test the physiologic effects of e-liquids used to refill e-cigs. METHODS: Larval worms were exposed from hatching onwards to low concentrations (0.2  %) of e-liquids, distilled e-liquid vapor, @entity2771 (PG), or M9 buffer as a negative control. E-liquids tested included grape, menthol, and V2 Red "classic @entity286 " flavors. @entity1239 (48  ppm) was tested as a second level variable. Stereotypical physiological outputs were then measured, including developmental rate, fecundity, locomotion, lifespan, and the induction of canonical stress signaling pathways. RESULTS: A small but significant @entity73 and brood size was observed for PG and V2 Red treated worms compared to the negative control. Worms treated with e-liquids containing @entity1239 fared significantly worse than those that did not, but vaporization did not increase @entity137 . Finally, both PG and V2 Red e-liquid induced an oxidative stress response in the absence of @entity1239 . CONCLUSIONS: PG exposure is sufficient to induce an oxidative stress response in @entity2199 , while @entity1239 is not. Both PG and @entity1239 independently influence physiologic measures of health and viability. The e-liquid flavorings did not significantly impact outcomes and there was no evidence for vaporization altering @entity137 . These data suggest that the major physiologically significant component of e-liquids besides @entity1239 is likely the common solvent PG. We conclude that @entity2199 are an appropriate model to rapidly assess parameters that may contribute to the basic cell biological effects of e-cigs.

A XXXX model of electronic cigarette use: Physiological effects of e-liquids in @entity2199 .

@entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco'] @entity2199 :: ('6239', 'Species') :: ['nematode', 'nematodes', 'C. elegans', 'Caenorhabditis elegans'] @entity2771 :: ('MESH:D019946', 'Chemical') :: ['propylene glycol'] @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity'] @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impairment of developmental rate'] @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['Nicotine', 'nicotine'] @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease'] @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death']
@entity2199 :: (6239,Species) :: ['C. elegans']
