@entity73 is a major concern in elderly @entity1 , and a variety of nonpharmacological therapies (NPTs) have been developed to help with @entity73 . One of the most popular therapies is cognitive training, which includes pencil-and-paper puzzles, computerized games, or the combination of the two. Training is designed to have @entity1 perform diverse exercises in one or more cognitive domains. Most clinical training trials indicate that well-organized tasks are clinically effective for cognitive improvement. Neural plasticity is a probable explanation for positive training effects. EEG and fMRI research show that the electrical activity and metabolism of specific brain areas are changed, and these changes are retained for a long period after training. Studies on @entity19 to uncover the cellular and molecular changes underlying neural connectivity have found effective changes in brain networks after learning or training. @entity5180 and @entity3391 receptors are thought to be involved in hippocampal neurogenesis, which is induced by learning. Here we review clinical trials of cognitive training, published during the last five years, and summarized some important characteristics of training tasks design. The probable role of neuronal plasticity and molecular mechanisms in training effects also are discussed. Most importantly, we discuss key ways to modifying the design of tasks based on studies we review. This review mainly identifies and discusses the reasons for positive training effects on cognition from clinical and neurophysiological perspectives. Based on the findings and their related mechanisms, further studies should design more effective and specific training tasks.

Mental Training for Cognitive Improvement in Elderly XXXX : What have We Learned from Clinical and Neurophysiologic Studies?

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'people'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive decline', 'Cognitive impairment'] @entity3391 :: ('D016202', 'Chemical') :: ['NMDA'] @entity5180 :: ('5879', 'Gene') :: ['Rac1']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['People']
