It is known that @entity7318 ( @entity7318 ) plays an important role in growth and development.Additionally, emerging evidence suggest that it also influences hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function. We have found that @entity7318 from different species has different effects in @entity19 . In rodents, @entity1 GH (hGH) binds to both GH and prolactin (PRL) receptors; it has both somatotrophic and lactotrophic effects. Since PRL has a profound effect on neuroendocrine function, the results obtained from hGH treatment or from transgenic animals expressing the hGH gene reflect PRL-like effects of this hormone. However, @entity291 GH (bGH) is purely somatogenic and therefore the effects of bGH represent the function of the natural GH produced in rodents. Furthermore, our studies in @entity19 and @entity35 have shown that not all effects of GH are stimulatory and the duration of exposure of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal system to GH might influence the secretions of gonadotropins and gonadal @entity230 . In @entity1 , excess productions of GH in @entity2012 and GH resistance in @entity18197 adversely affect reproduction. Similarly, it has been demonstrated that in @entity19 expressing various @entity7318 genes, in @entity7424 ( @entity7424 ) gene-knockout @entity19 , in @entity22102 gene-disrupted (GHR-KO) @entity19 , and in Ames dwarf @entity19 the onset of puberty and/or fertility is altered. Therefore, excess or subnormal secretion of @entity7318 can affect reproduction. We have shown that the hypothalamic-pituitary functions are affected in @entity19 expressing the @entity7318 genes, Ames dwarf @entity19 and in @entity22102 gene knockout @entity19 . The majority of the @entity7318 effects are mediated via @entity7424 and the aforementioned effects may be due to the @entity7318 -induced @entity7424 secretion or due to the absence of this peptide production. It is important to realize that the syntheses and actions of IGF binding proteins are controlled by @entity7424 . Furthermore, some IGF binding proteins can inhibit @entity7424 action. Therefore, the concentrations of IGF binding proteins and the ratio of these binding proteins and @entity7424 within the body might play a pivotal role in modulating @entity7424 effects on the neuroendocrine-gonadal system.

The role of XXXX in neuroendocrine function and the consequent effects on sexual maturation: inferences from animal models.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human'] @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'transgenic mice'] @entity22102 :: ('14600(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['GH receptor'] @entity2012 :: ('MESH:D000172', 'Disease') :: ['acromegaly'] @entity18197 :: ('MESH:D046150', 'Disease') :: ['Laron syndrome'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rats'] @entity7424 :: ('16000(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IGF-I', 'insulin-like growth factor-I'] @entity7318 :: ('14599(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['growth hormone', 'GH'] @entity291 :: ('9913', 'Species') :: ['bovine']
@entity7424 :: (16000(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['insulin-like growth factor-I']
