@entity731 is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in @entity6 , yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Retention of atherogenic lipoproteins by vascular proteoglycans is thought to play a key role in the development of @entity731 . High @entity413 levels cause a variety of @entity6 complications by several mechanisms, including upregulation of the @entity21775 pathway. @entity4823 , a component of the @entity21775 pathway, is a precursor for the synthesis of glycosaminoglycan components of proteoglycans. This study evaluated whether high @entity413 or @entity4823 supplementation of vascular smooth muscle cells would increase proteoglycan synthesis, leading to increased lipoprotein retention. Aortic smooth muscle cells were exposed to physiologic (5.6 mM) or high (25 mM) @entity413 levels, such as seen in @entity6 , or to @entity4823 (12 mM). Extracellular proteoglycans were characterized by @entity597 incorporation, molecular sieve chromatography, and @entity214 -PAGE. LDL interactions were assessed by affinity chromatography and gel mobility shift assay. Proteoglycans synthesized in the presence of high @entity413 demonstrated no differences in size, @entity597 incorporation, or LDL binding affinity compared with proteoglycans synthesized under physiological @entity413 conditions. However, proteoglycans synthesized in the presence of @entity4823 had smaller glycosaminoglycan chains than control proteoglycans with a corresponding decrease in lipoprotein retention.Thus, @entity413 and @entity4823 have different effects on proteoglycan biosynthesis and different effects on lipoprotein retention.

Arterial smooth muscle cell proteoglycans synthesized in the presence of XXXX demonstrate reduced binding to LDL.

@entity21775 :: ('CHEBI:24586', 'Chemical') :: ['hexosamine'] @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes'] @entity4823 :: ('MESH:D005944', 'Chemical') :: ['Glucosamine', 'glucosamine'] @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['Atherosclerosis', 'atherosclerotic lesions'] @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose'] @entity214 :: ('CHEBI:8984', 'Chemical') :: ['SDS'] @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']
@entity4823 :: (MESH:D005944,Chemical) :: ['glucosamine']
