BACKGROUND: @entity1290 are a common and increasing problem worldwide. @entity1790 is frequently a @entity102 given the risk of recurrence following passage of a first stone. OBJECTIVES: In the present article, an update on the diagnosis and treatment of @entity1290 relevant for internal medicine physicians is provided. METHODS: This review is based on a selective literature search and our own work. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of @entity1290 is based on the clinical history and physical examination. Confirmatory radiologic tests include noncontrast computerized tomography or ultrasonography with both techniques having recently been shown to have equivalent overall outcomes. The therapy of @entity1290 is based on the clinical presentation and diagnostic findings (e.g., fever, response to @entity158 management, and demonstration of relevant obstruction) as well as location, size, and composition of the stone. If invasive treatment is being considered, the urology department should be consulted. Given the high risk of recurrence, stone analysis must be performed as well as the concentration of lithogenic and litholytic substances measured in a 24-h urine collection. The newly established recurrence of @entity1290 nomogram (ROKS nomogram) identifies @entity1290 formers at greatest risk for a second symptomatic episode who may benefit from medical intervention.

[Diagnosis and treatment of XXXX : What is established?]

@entity1290 :: ('MESH:D007669', 'Disease') :: ['kidney stones', 'kidney stone', 'Kidney stones'] @entity1790 :: ('MESH:D053040', 'Disease') :: ['Nephrolithiasis'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain'] @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disease']
@entity1790 :: (MESH:D053040,Disease) :: ['nephrolithiasis']
