Brain endothelial cells have unique properties in terms of barrier function, local molecular signaling, regulation of local @entity450 ( @entity450 ) and interactions with other members of the neurovascular unit. In @entity6249 ( @entity8994 ; @entity21375 ), the endothelial cells in small arteries survive, even when mural pathology is advanced and myocytes are severely depleted. Here, we review aspects of altered endothelial functions that have been implicated in @entity21375 : local @entity450 dysregulation, endothelial activation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Reduced @entity450 is reported in the diffuse white matter lesions that are a neuroradiological signature of @entity21375 . This may reflect an underlying deficit in local @entity450 regulation (possibly via the @entity842 / @entity6708 signaling pathway). While many laboratories have observed an association of symptomatic @entity21375 with serum markers of endothelial activation, it is apparent that the origin of these circulating markers need not be brain endothelium. Our own neuropathology studies did not confirm local endothelial activation in small vessels exhibiting @entity21375 . Local BBB failure has been proposed as a cause of @entity21375 and associated parenchymal lesions. Some groups find that computational analyses of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, following systemic injection of a @entity2287 -based contrast agent, suggest that extravasation into @entity75 is heightened in @entity1 with @entity21375 . Our recent histochemical studies of donated brain tissue, using immunolabeling for large plasma proteins [fibrinogen, immunoglobulin G (IgG)], do not support an association of @entity21375 with recent plasma protein extravasation. It is possible that a trigger leakage episode, or a size-selective loosening of the BBB, participates in @entity21375 pathology.

Endothelial cells and XXXX @entity6249 .

@entity6708 :: ('CHEBI:16356', 'Chemical') :: ['cGMP'] @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['people'] @entity8994 :: ('MESH:D050379', 'Disease') :: ['arteriolosclerosis'] @entity6249 :: ('MESH:D059345', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral small vessel disease'] @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain parenchyma'] @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral blood flow', 'CBF'] @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide'] @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium'] @entity21375 :: ('MESH:C536677', 'Disease') :: ['SVD']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']
