UNASSIGNED: @entity0 radiotherapy reduces the risk of @entity5 recurrence and @entity204 . However, it usually involves some radiation exposure of the heart and analyses of randomised trials have shown that it can increase the risk of @entity299 . Estimates of the absolute risks of radiation-related @entity299 are needed to help oncologists plan each individual @entity1 's treatment. The risk for an individual @entity1 varies according to her estimated cardiac radiation dose and her background risk of @entity299 in the absence of radiotherapy. When it is known, this risk can then be compared with the absolute benefit of the radiotherapy. At present, many UK @entity5 centres are already giving radiotherapy with mean heart doses of less than 3  Gy and for most @entity1 the benefits of the radiotherapy will probably far outweigh the risks. Technical approaches to minimising heart dose in @entity0 radiotherapy include optimisation of beam angles, use of multileaf collimator shielding, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, treatment in a prone position, treatment in deep inspiration (including the use of breath-hold and gating techniques), proton therapy and partial breast irradiation. The multileaf collimator is suitable for many @entity1 with @entity0 , but for @entity1 with central or lower pole @entity5 , breath-holding techniques are now recommended in national UK guidelines. Ongoing work aims to identify ways of irradiating pan-regional lymph nodes that are effective, involve minimal exposure of organs at risk and are feasible to plan, deliver and verify. These will probably include wide tangent-based field-in-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy or arc radiotherapy techniques in combination with deep inspiratory breath-hold, and proton beam irradiation for @entity1 who have a high predicted heart dose from intensity-modulated radiotherapy.

Cardiac Side-effects From XXXX Radiotherapy.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'woman'] @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast cancer', 'breast cancer', 'upper pole left breast cancers'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer'] @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic heart disease', 'heart disease'] @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death']
@entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['Breast Cancer']
