@entity31 is a @entity102 with recurrent symptoms and significant morbidity. The precise etiology is still unknown. As many as 25 percent of @entity1 with @entity31 have extraintestinal manifestations. The diagnosis is made endoscopically. Tests such as perinuclear antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies and anti- @entity375 cerevisiae antibodies are promising, but not yet recommended for routine use. Treatment is based on the extent and severity of the disease. Rectal therapy with @entity2983 compounds is used for @entity4272 . More extensive disease requires treatment with oral @entity2983 compounds and oral @entity288 . The side effects of @entity230 limit their usefulness for chronic therapy. @entity1 who do not respond to treatment with oral @entity288 require hospitalization and intravenous @entity230 . Refractory symptoms may be treated with @entity500 or infliximab. Surgical treatment of @entity31 is reserved for @entity1 who fail medical therapy or who develop severe @entity548 , perforation, or @entity5 . Longstanding @entity31 is associated with an increased risk of @entity694 . @entity1 should receive an initial screening colonoscopy eight years after the onset of pancolitis and 12 to 15 years after the onset of left-sided disease; follow-up colonoscopy should be repeated every two to three years.

XXXX : diagnosis and treatment.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients'] @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine'] @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer'] @entity4272 :: ('MESH:D011349', 'Disease') :: ['proctitis'] @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis', 'Ulcerative colitis'] @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disease'] @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids'] @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['Saccharomyces'] @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer'] @entity2983 :: ('MESH:D019804', 'Chemical') :: ['5-aminosalicylic acid'] @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']
@entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['Ulcerative colitis']
