PURPOSE OF REVIEW: While hand injuries occur frequently in the athletic population, @entity397 , @entity85 , and @entity397 are infrequently encountered. These injuries represent diagnostic challenges and can result in significant impairment. Early recognition with appropriate treatment is necessary to maximize recovery and minimize return to athletic competition. This review will focus on the underlying mechanism, pathophysiology of injury, diagnosis, and treatment of each of these injuries. RECENT FINDINGS: With respect to @entity397 , @entity85 , and @entity397 , the recent literature has been limited in scope. For sagittal band injuries, current efforts have focused on alternative techniques for sagittal band reconstruction. Little progress has been made in recent years with respect to boutonniere injuries in the athletic population; prevention of @entity85 remains the backbone of treatment. The exact contribution from individual and combined @entity130 in the creation of bowstringing remains controversial. Recent anatomical studies have failed to definitively answer the question of what degree of @entity397 is necessary to create symptomatic bowstringing. Favorable outcomes, with respect to both preventing bowstringing and returning to full athletic participation, have been newly reported following pulley reconstruction in rock climbers. Due to the infrequent nature of @entity397 , @entity85 , and @entity397 , current treatment is mostly guided by historically established methods, limited case series, and case reports. Nonsurgical treatment remains the mainstay for most injuries and, if employed early, often precludes the need for surgery. Further anatomical and clinical research, including outcome studies, is necessary in guiding treatment algorithms.

Sagittal band, boutonniere, and XXXX in the athlete.

@entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['fixed deformities', 'boutonniere deformities'] @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['sagittal band ruptures', 'pulley ruptures', 'rupture'] @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['pulley injuries']
@entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['pulley injuries']
