Encouragingly, global rates of new @entity378 ( @entity5295 ) cases have been falling since 2005, in line with the Millennium Development Goal targets; however, cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR-) and extensively drug-resistant @entity5295 ( @entity5295 ) have been increasing. Fifteen of the world's 27 high MDR- and @entity5295 burden countries are in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region, of which 10 are in Eastern Europe (including Baltic and Caucasus countries). To address the MDR- and @entity5295 situation in the WHO European Region, a Consolidated Action Plan to Prevent and Combat M/ @entity5295 (2011-2015) was developed for all 53 Member States and implemented in 2011. Since the implementation of the Action Plan, the proportion of @entity6371 appears largely to have levelled off among bacteriologically confirmed @entity5295 cases in high-burden countries with universal or near universal (>95%) first-line drug susceptibility testing (DST). The treatment success rate, however, continues to decrease. A contributing factor is the substantial proportion of @entity6371 cases that are additionally resistant to either a @entity3284 , a second-line injectable agent or both ( @entity5295 ); high-burden country proportions range from 12.6% to 80.4%. Proportions of @entity5295 range from 5% to 24.8%. Despite much progress in Eastern Europe, critical challenges remain as regards access to appropriate treatment regimens; @entity1 hospitalisation; scale-up of laboratory capacity, including the use of rapid diagnostics and second-line DST; vulnerable populations; @entity1 resources; and financing. Solutions to these challenges are aligned with the Post-2015 Global @entity5295 strategy. As a first step, the global strategy should be adapted at regional and country levels to serve as a framework for immediate actions as well as longer-term ways forward.

XXXX in Eastern Europe: challenges and ways forward.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient'] @entity6371 :: ('MESH:D018088', 'Disease') :: ['MDR-TB'] @entity3284 :: ('D024841', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoroquinolone'] @entity5295 :: ('MESH:D054908', 'Disease') :: ['XDR-TB', 'TB'] @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']
@entity6371 :: (MESH:D018088,Disease) :: ['Drug-resistant tuberculosis']
