BACKGROUND: A @entity13669 ( @entity13669 ) develops spontaneously or after @entity130 , and older publications suggest that the majority of @entity13669 cases are caused by @entity130 . However, more recent reports question the prevalence of CCFs caused by @entity130 . METHODS: The clinical records of 37 consecutive @entity1 diagnosed with a @entity13669 were reviewed. The disease etiology, @entity1 demographics, anatomical classification, and clinical course were investigated. RESULTS: The @entity13669 was spontaneous in 30 @entity1 , and was related to head or neck @entity130 in seven @entity1 . The mean age of all @entity1 was 65.8 +/- 10.5 years, and 30 (81.1%) were @entity1 . Eight had @entity6 and 14 had @entity101 . The major signs and symptoms were @entity384 (86.4%), @entity892 (81.1%), bruit (59.5%), and @entity158 (62.2%). Exophthalmos (67.6%) and elevated intraocular pressure (40.5%) were also frequently noted. In the Barrow classification, seven @entity1 were classified as type A, four as type B, three as type C, and 20 as type D. The classification could not be established in three @entity1 who did not undergo angiography. Of note, almost all @entity1 had consulted an ophthalmologist before the diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Spontaneous/low-flow @entity13669 is more prevalent than previously reported. The role of ophthalmologists is important because the majority of @entity1 initially consult ophthalmologists, and the signs of low-flow @entity13669 are subtle and may be overlooked.

Etiology of XXXX in Japanese.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient'] @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension'] @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes'] @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['congestion'] @entity13669 :: ('MESH:D020216', 'Disease') :: ['carotid cavernous fistula', 'CCF'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['headaches/orbital pain'] @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia'] @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['trauma']
@entity13669 :: (MESH:D020216,Disease) :: ['carotid cavernous fistula']
