Extensive differences in the @entity170 epidemiological pattern among geographic and ethnic groups have been reported. The evidence concerning association of multiple pregnancies, lactations, and other menstrual history factors with low @entity79 ( @entity79 ) remains inconclusive. Previous local studies addressing these issues in Jordan are very restricted. We present a cross-sectional study of Jordanian @entity1 who visited outpatient clinics between August 2000 and August 2002 at two community hospitals in Amman City. @entity79 measurement was performed for all subjects, while comprehensive appraisal of clinical issues related to reproductive status and past medical history was carried out using a structured questionnaire administered to 50% of the subjects. We also attempted to examine the current hypothesis of possible influence of @entity407 and @entity1374 on decreased @entity79 . According to WHO criteria, 119 (29.6%) were identified as having @entity170 , 176 (43.8%) were @entity6092 , and 107 (26.6%) had normal @entity79 . The multiple-linear regression analyses at different bone sites revealed that age, years of menopause, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) have strong independent associations with decreased @entity79 at all lumbar and femoral neck regions. The negative effect associated with number of @entity1 (live births) and frequency of lactations was only evident at femoral neck. Although years of menstruation, age at menopause, days of menstrual cycle, number of pregnancies, and duration of @entity34 ( @entity34 ) were positively correlated with @entity79 , they had weaker associations than previous variables. Moreover, in the final multivariable logistic regression model, variables which rendered significantly independent risk factors after adjustment for age and BMI were: current smokers of more that 25 cigarettes/day, postmenopausal @entity1 irrespective of @entity34 use, menopausal years of > or =5 year intervals, natural early menopause, @entity344 , @entity309 , @entity571 , @entity101 , and thyroid replacement therapy. Ever-lactation, frequent lactation of 4 or more times, duration of lactation interval of 1-6 months and clinical @entity1378 were significant protective factors. Hysterectomy with or without oophorectomy, @entity11157 , gravidity, menstrual flow pattern, family history of @entity170 , clinical @entity1375 , @entity407 , @entity34 , and corticosteroids therapy were not independent predictors of @entity170 among our population. It was concluded that the prevalence of this worldwide public health problem among the Jordanian female population is extremely high, and is even found in younger age categories compared to previous international surveys. Though, the number of pregnancies in our multiparous female population showed a negative impact on femoral neck @entity79 , no evidence of increased risk of @entity170 among ever-pregnant @entity1 was noted. Conversely, the current data analysis highlight many potential risk factors including associated medical illnesses, and other hormonal alterations experienced during menopausal period. Therefore, increased health awareness and intensive screening programs are mandatory for early detection of low bone mass.

Prevalence of XXXX and its reproductive risk factors among Jordanian @entity1 : a cross-sectional study.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children'] @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia'] @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroidism'] @entity11157 :: ('MESH:D016649', 'Disease') :: ['premature ovarian failure'] @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['HRT', 'hormone replacement therapy'] @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis'] @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension'] @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis'] @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal disease'] @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthyroidism'] @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD'] @entity6092 :: ('MESH:C567172', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenic'] @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis'] @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid abnormalities']
@entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['osteoporosis']
