In recent years, compelling evidence has accumulated that @entity32 results from a cascade of events that are orchestrated by cytokines. Cytokines are products of nonimmune and immune cells which regulate the recruitment, differentiation, and proliferation of inflammatory cells. Although there is redundancy in cytokine production and function, major pathways of cytokines have been identified. Besides macrophages, T cells represent important sources of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In support of a critical regulatory role of T cells in @entity32 , two T cell subtypes characterized by different cytokine profiles have been described. @entity1198 cells produce @entity1199 ( @entity1199 ) and @entity379 ( @entity379 ) and are prone to interact with macrophages. TH2 cells are producers of @entity3646 , @entity225 , and @entity688 and are capable of supporting B cells and eosinophils. Here, we are providing evidence that different @entity1 inflammatory diseases are characterized by distinct in situ cytokine patterns. @entity1333 represents a typical @entity1198 -like disease, whereas TH2 helper cells appear to be more important in @entity309 . Given the association of different diseases with cytokine profiles, the question arises how the microenvironment influences cytokine pattern and thus disease and whether mediators produced at the site of @entity32 could serve as therapeutic targets to modulate the cytokine cascade. @entity1421 ( @entity1421 ) is an important inflammatory mediator. We have examined the influence of @entity1421 and the PGE analog @entity396 on T-cell function and T-cell cytokine production. Here, we describe that @entity1199 and @entity379 production are sensitive to @entity1421 and @entity396 , whereas @entity3646 and @entity225 are unaffected. Thus, in the presence of @entity1421 , TH0 cells acquire a TH2-like function, whereas @entity1198 -like aspects are suppressed. We suggest that @entity1421 and @entity396 might represent useful modulators of the cytokine network.

T-Cell Derived Lymphokines as Regulators of XXXX : Potential Targets for Immunomodulation?

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human'] @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation'] @entity225 :: ('3567', 'Gene') :: ['IL-5'] @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['Giant cell vasculitis'] @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['PGE(2)', 'Prostaglandin E(2)'] @entity396 :: ('MESH:D016595', 'Chemical') :: ['misoprostol'] @entity1198 :: ('51497', 'Gene') :: ['TH1'] @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-gamma', 'interferon-gamma'] @entity1199 :: ('3558', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin-2', 'IL-2'] @entity3646 :: ('3565', 'Gene') :: ['IL-4'] @entity688 :: ('3586', 'Gene') :: ['IL-10'] @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']
@entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['Chronic Inflammation']
