UNASSIGNED: @entity29 ( @entity29 ) are complex multifactorial diseases characterized by an inappropriate host response to an altered commensal microbiome and dysfunctional mucus barrier. Cigarette smoking is the best known environmental risk factor in @entity29 . Here, we studied the influence of chronic smoke exposure on the gut microbiome, mucus layer composition and immune factors in conventional @entity19 . We compared smoke-exposed with air-exposed @entity19 (n   =   12) after a smoke exposure of 24 weeks. Both Illumina sequencing (n   =   6) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (n   =   12) showed that bacterial activity and community structure were significantly altered in the colon due to smoke exposure. Interestingly, an increase of Lachnospiraceae sp. activity in the colon was observed. Also, the mRNA expression of @entity61059 and @entity61060 increased in the ileum, whereas @entity12114 increased in the distal colon of smoke-exposed @entity19 (n   =   6). Furthermore, we observed increased @entity9701 and decreased Ifn-y in the ileum, and increased @entity777 and decreased @entity641 in the proximal colon. Tight junction gene expression remained unchanged. We infer that the modulating role of chronic smoke exposure as a latently present risk factor in the gut may be driven by the altered epithelial mucus profiles and changes in microbiome composition and immune factors.

Chronic cigarette smoke exposure induces microbial and inflammatory shifts and mucin changes in the XXXX gut.

@entity61059 :: ('17831(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Muc2'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity641 :: ('21803(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Tgf-b'] @entity61060 :: ('666339(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Muc3'] @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['Inflammatory bowel diseases', 'IBD'] @entity9701 :: ('20310(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Cxcl2'] @entity777 :: ('16193(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Il-6'] @entity12114 :: ('140474(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Muc4']
@entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']
