STUDY OBJECTIVES: To measure @entity5 @entity39 factor (TNF) alpha, interleukin (IL) 1beta, and @entity2533 in loculated and free-flowing @entity1143 caused by @entity5 , @entity378 ( @entity378 ), and @entity55 and their relationship with @entity2289 ( @entity2289 ) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and to compare the differences between loculated and free-flowing effusions. DESIGN: A prospective study. @entity1 AND METHODS: The effusion levels of @entity310 , @entity1356 , @entity2533 , @entity2289 , and tPA were measured in 29 @entity1 with malignant effusions, 19 @entity1 with @entity378 , and 30 @entity1 with @entity1143 . Pleural effusions were divided into loculated and free-flowing groups by imaging studies. A group of 42 @entity1 with loculated effusions was subdivided into primary and secondary loculation groups by chest ultrasonography. RESULTS: The median levels of @entity310 (87.0 pg/mL), @entity1356 (13.8 pg/mL), @entity2533 (10,952.9 pg/mL), @entity2289 (111.2 ng/mL), and @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH) [498 IU/dL] in the loculated group were significantly higher than those in the free-flowing group ( @entity310 , 15.0 pg/mL; @entity1356 , 2.9 pg/mL; @entity2533 , 6,117.3 pg/mL; @entity2289 , 61.5 ng/mL, and LDH, 266 IU/dL). In both the loculated and free-flowing effusions, the levels of @entity2533 correlated positively with those of @entity310 (r = 0.51 and p < 0.001 vs r = 0.42 and p < 0.05, respectively) and @entity1356 (r = 0.52 and p < 0.001 vs r = 0.49 and p < 0.01, respectively), and the values of @entity2289 correlated positively with those of @entity310 (r = 0.59 and p < 0.001 vs r = 0.55 and p < 0.001, respectively), @entity1356 (r = 0.35 and p < 0.05 vs r = 0.47 and p < 0.01, respectively), and @entity2533 (r = 0.53 and p < 0.001 vs r = 0.58 and p < 0.001, respectively). In contrast, the levels of @entity865 correlated negatively with those of @entity310 (r = -0.37, p < 0.05) and @entity1356 (r =-0.56, p < 0.001) in loculated effusions. Twenty-seven of 42 @entity1 with loculated effusions were classified into a secondary loculation group, which, compared with the primary loculation group, had significantly higher median levels of effusion @entity310 (119.2 vs 14.2 pg/mL, respectively; p = 0.001), @entity1356 (33.3 vs 3.4 pg/mL, respectively; p < 0.001), @entity2533 (13,152.7 vs 7746.0 pg/mL, respectively; p = 0.041), and @entity2289 (114.9 vs 94.1 pg/mL, respectively; p = 0.019). CONCLUSION: Compared with free-flowing effusions, fibrinolytic activity was @entity308 in loculated effusions. A higher intensity of @entity32 in loculated effusions may enhance the release of @entity310 , @entity1356 , and @entity2533 , which may subsequently increase the levels of @entity2289 . The imbalance of @entity2289 and tPA in pleural spaces may lead to fibrin deposition and loculation of @entity1143 .

Proinflammatory cytokines, XXXX , and fibrinolytic enzymes in loculated and free-flowing pleural exudates.

@entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusions', 'parapneumonic effusions'] @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS'] @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['pleural inflammation'] @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed'] @entity2289 :: ('5054', 'Gene') :: ['plasminogen activator inhibitor-type 1', 'PAI-1'] @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy'] @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia'] @entity310 :: ('7124', 'Gene') :: ['TNF-alpha'] @entity1356 :: ('3553', 'Gene') :: ['IL-1beta'] @entity2533 :: ('7040', 'Gene') :: ['TGF-beta1', 'transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1'] @entity865 :: ('CHEBI:61432', 'Chemical') :: ['tPA'] @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate'] @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['TB', 'tuberculosis']
@entity2533 :: (7040,Gene) :: ['transforming growth factor-beta1']
