Long-lasting and persistent @entity158 is a frequent consequence of spinal cord and @entity1545 . Several studies point to a significantly high proportion of @entity1 who experience @entity158 following the @entity130 . This chapter gives a brief overview of the prevalence, types of persistent @entity158 , animal models that study @entity158 outcomes, and the pertinent mechanisms that underlie the development of @entity9 following traumatic spinal cord and @entity1545 . @entity131 ( @entity131 ) and @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ) impose a high personal, social, and economic burden of disability. Although not as common as @entity1643 , @entity131 and @entity1566 combined might have an equivalent economic impact mainly because of the young age of @entity1 , the severity of the associated disability, and the major limitations on daily activity (Ma et al., 2014). Research-based estimates of the prevalence of persistent @entity158 are variable and high in @entity1 with @entity1566 and @entity131 . Most studies indicate that about two-thirds of @entity1 with either @entity1566 or @entity131 will experience @entity158 after the injury (Nampiaparampil, 2008; Siddall et al., 2003; St  rmer et al., 1997; Uomoto and Esselman, 1993). @entity158 is consistently rated as one of the most difficult problems associated with these types of @entity130 (Nepomuceno et al., 1979; Rintala et al., 1998; Stensman, 1994; Westgren and Levi, 1998), hinders the ability to participate in rehabilitation programs (Widerstr  m-Noga et al., 1999), and is difficult to treat. @entity1118 delays the acquisition of an optimal level of activity (Nicholson Perry et al., 2009) and independence and adversely affects the @entity1    mood (Kennedy et al., 1997; Stroud et al., 2006). This chapter reviews and summarizes both clinical and experimental studies that focus on @entity1118 after @entity131 and @entity1566 . The emphasis will be in particular on the prevalence of @entity1118 in @entity1 with @entity131 and @entity1566 . We highlight the specific types of @entity158 that occur after injury. A survey of the different @entity75 and @entity1566 evaluating @entity158 as an outcome will be discussed. Finally, we will address the mechanisms responsible for the development of @entity1118 following @entity1566 and @entity131 .

XXXX in Neurotrauma: Implications on Spinal Cord and Traumatic @entity1545

@entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury'] @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'Traumatic brain injury'] @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain'] @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['experimental animal models of brain'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Pain', 'pain'] @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury', 'SCI'] @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic pain', 'chronic pain'] @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain'] @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'trauma']
@entity1118 :: (MESH:D059350,Disease) :: ['Chronic Pain']
