Local anesthesia forms the foundation of @entity158 control techniques in clinical dentistry. Within the rich local anesthetic drugs available in dentistry for the prevention and management of @entity158 4% @entity21456 solutions achieve highest level of anesthetic potency and lowest systemic @entity137 in all clinical situations, prior to its superlative physicochemical characteristics and the pharmacological profile. These are - low lipid solubility, high plasma protein binding rate, fast metabolization, fast elimination half time; low blood level. @entity21456 inactivates in both ways: in the liver and the blood serum. It has good spreading through tissues. Thus, @entity21456 seems to be the local anesthetic of first choice in tissues with @entity32 , for adults, @entity1 (over 4), elderly, pregnant @entity1 , breastfeeding @entity1 , @entity1 suffering from @entity99 and @entity8 . In @entity21456 solutions (1: 200,000) @entity1425 is in low concentration, thus in @entity1 at high risk adverse responses are maximally decreased. In these @entity1 @entity21456 should be used with careful consideration of risk/benefit ratio. @entity21456 solutions must not be used in @entity1 who are allergic or hypersensitive to @entity18765 , due to content of @entity9732 as vasoconstrictor's antioxidant in it. Incidence of serious adverse effects related to dental anesthesia with @entity21456 is very low. Toxic reactions are usually due to an inadvertent intravascular injection or use of excessive dose. To avoid @entity1445 maximum recommendation dose (MRD) must not be exceeded and aspiration test always performed prior all LA injections. In these article we introduce new graphs providing a quick and effect way to determine maximum LA dose. If the @entity1445 reactions develop, adherence to the basic step of emergency management with end to a successful outcome in virtually all cases.

XXXX - the best choice of local anesthetic in contemporary dentistry.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'patients', 'persons'] @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['suppurative inflammation'] @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal function impairment'] @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity'] @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine'] @entity18765 :: ('CHEBI:17359', 'Chemical') :: ['sulphite'] @entity9732 :: ('MESH:C005200', 'Chemical') :: ['Sodium metabisulfite'] @entity21456 :: ('MESH:D002355', 'Chemical') :: ['articaine', 'Articaine'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain'] @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic disorders'] @entity1445 :: ('MESH:D062787', 'Disease') :: ['overdoses', 'overdose']
@entity21456 :: (MESH:D002355,Chemical) :: ['Articaine']
