NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? Does angiotensin  II directly induce @entity853 ? What is the main finding and its importance? @entity11502 induces @entity853 and reduced exercise capacity. @entity2383 and a decreased number of oxidative fibres are manifest early, while @entity2057 is seen later. Thus, angiotensin  II may play an important role in the @entity853 observed in a wide variety of diseases. @entity853 , such as @entity2383 , a decreased percentage of oxidative fibres and @entity194 , are the main cause of reduced exercise capacity observed in ageing and @entity66 , including @entity712 . The renin-angiotensin system, particularly angiotensin  II ( @entity15395 ), is activated in the skeletal muscle in these conditions. Here, we examined whether @entity15395 could directly induce these @entity853 and investigated their time course. Angiotensin  II (1000  ng  kg(-1)   min(-1) ) or vehicle was administered to male C57BL/6J @entity19 (10-12  weeks of age) via subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps for 1 or 4  weeks. Angiotensin  II significantly decreased body and hindlimb skeletal muscle weights compared with vehicle at 4  weeks. In parallel, muscle cross-sectional area was also decreased in the skeletal muscle at 4  weeks. Muscle RING finger-1 and @entity32906 were significantly increased in the skeletal muscle from @entity19 treated with @entity15395 . In addition, cleaved caspase-3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl trasferase-mediated @entity1977 nick-positive nuclei were significantly increased in @entity19 treated with @entity15395 at 1 and 4  weeks, respectively. Mitochondrial oxidative enzymes, such as @entity1792 synthase, complex  I and complex  III activities were significantly decreased in the skeletal muscle from @entity19 treated @entity15395 at 1 and 4  weeks. @entity1110 oxidase-derived @entity224 production was increased. @entity2125 staining revealed that type  I fibres were decreased and type  IIb fibres increased in @entity19 treated with @entity15395 at 1  week. The work and running distance evaluated by a treadmill test were significantly decreased in @entity19 treated with @entity15395 at 4  weeks. Thus, @entity15395 could directly induce the abnormalities in skeletal muscle function and structure.

Angiotensin II can directly induce @entity2383 , decrease oxidative fibre number and induce @entity194 in XXXX hindlimb skeletal muscle.

@entity2125 :: ('MESH:D009243', 'Chemical') :: ['NADH'] @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure'] @entity32906 :: ('67731(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['atrogin-1'] @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['various diseases'] @entity853 :: ('MESH:D009139', 'Disease') :: ['skeletal muscle abnormalities', 'Skeletal muscle abnormalities'] @entity15395 :: ('11606(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Ang  II'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity1792 :: ('MESH:D019343', 'Chemical') :: ['citrate'] @entity1977 :: ('CHEBI:17625', 'Chemical') :: ['dUTP'] @entity1110 :: ('MESH:D009249', 'Chemical') :: ['NAD(P)H'] @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['atrophy'] @entity2057 :: ('MESH:D009133', 'Disease') :: ['muscle atrophy'] @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide'] @entity11502 :: ('MESH:D000804', 'Chemical') :: ['Angiotensin  II'] @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial dysfunction', 'Mitochondrial dysfunction']
@entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']
