BACKGROUND: We previously suggested that abnormal @entity146 , i.e., as found in @entity4939 , may often be the expression of increased activity of the reward system during @entity25 . Because nightmares and @entity4464 predominate during REM and NREM @entity25 respectively, we tested here whether exploratory excitability, a waking personality trait reflecting high activity within the mesolimbic dopaminergic (ML-DA) system, may be associated with specific changes in REM and NREM @entity25 patterns in these two @entity25 . METHODS: Twenty-four unmedicated @entity1 with @entity4939 (12 with chronic @entity4464 and 12 with idiopathic nightmares) and no @entity146 comorbidities were studied. Each @entity1 spent one night of @entity25 monitored by polysomnography. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was administered to all @entity1 and healthy controls from the Geneva population (n = 293). RESULTS: Sleepwalkers were more anxious than @entity1 with idiopathic nightmares (Spielberger Trait @entity148 / @entity1619 ), but the @entity1 groups did not differ on any personality dimension as estimated by the TCI. Compared to controls, @entity4939 @entity1 (sleepwalkers together with @entity1 with idiopathic nightmares) scored higher on the Novelty Seeking (NS) TCI scale and in particular on the exploratory excitability/curiosity ( @entity8768 ) subscale, and lower on the Self-directedness (SD) TCI scale, suggesting a general increase in reward sensitivity and impulsivity. Furthermore, @entity4939 @entity1 @entity6100 persistently, as indicated by greater anticipatory worry ( @entity12452 ) and @entity734 on social attachment (RD3). Moreover, exploratory excitability ( @entity8768 ) correlated positively with the severity of @entity4939 (i.e., the frequency of self-reported occurrences of nightmares and @entity4464 ), and with time spent in REM @entity25 in @entity1 with nightmares. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that @entity1 with @entity4939 might share common waking personality traits associated to reward-related brain functions. They also provide further support to the notion that reward-seeking networks are active during @entity1 @entity25 .

Increased Reward-Related Behaviors during Sleep and Wakefulness in XXXX and Idiopathic Nightmares.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient'] @entity6100 :: ('OMIM:300082', 'Disease') :: ['tended to worry about social separation'] @entity1619 :: ('MESH:D015458', 'Disease') :: ['STAI-T'] @entity8768 :: ('10625', 'Gene') :: ['NS1'] @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'sleep behaviors'] @entity4939 :: ('MESH:D020447', 'Disease') :: ['parasomnia', 'parasomnias'] @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety'] @entity4464 :: ('MESH:D013009', 'Disease') :: ['sleepwalking'] @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['dependence'] @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep disorders', 'sleep'] @entity12452 :: ('23526', 'Gene') :: ['HA1']
@entity4464 :: (MESH:D013009,Disease) :: ['Sleepwalking']
