Maintenance of adequate @entity26 balance to all tissues is one of the primary objectives when dealing with @entity1 undergoing cardiac surgery. Cardiac output is one of the major components of @entity26 delivery so that its maintenance is an important consideration. Due to pre-operative @entity299 and @entity296 secondary to the events related to cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary by-pass, circulatory support by pharmacological or mechanical means is frequently required after surgery. Therefore, inotropes and vasodilators are used to improve the myocardial performance after cardiac surgery. @entity1425 , @entity935 and @entity452 are commonly used inotropes. @entity19642 and phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as @entity11073 , @entity7604 and @entity17873 are some of the newer agents that have been introduced in clinical practice. Amongst the vasodilators, @entity1854 and @entity1242 are commonly used. Alpha adrenergic blockers such as @entity5521 and @entity5333 and @entity460 channel blockers such as @entity3988 are some other vasodilators that can be used. Many units still regard @entity1425 as an inotrope of choice and use its predominant beta agonist effect in the dose range of 0.02 to 0.04 mg/kg/minute. Some prefer @entity452 and others a combination of inotrope and vasodilator or an inodilator. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors can be useful in certain situations such as pre-existing @entity67 or when stunning of the myocardium is suspected with down regulation of beta receptors. @entity935 is useful in the renal vasodilating dose to improve renal perfusion and improve output. There is no ideal inotrope at present and each one has its own drawbacks. The clinician must learn to use the inotropes (especially the newer ones) based on his own clinical experience.

Pharmacologic support of circulation in XXXX undergoing cardiac surgery.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity19642 :: ('MESH:C046318', 'Chemical') :: ['Dopexamine'] @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial dysfunction'] @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine'] @entity17873 :: ('MESH:D017335', 'Chemical') :: ['enoximone'] @entity1242 :: ('MESH:D005996', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroglycerin'] @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine', 'Dopamine'] @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine', 'Epinephrine'] @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen'] @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium nitroprusside'] @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['phentolamine'] @entity5333 :: ('MESH:D010643', 'Chemical') :: ['phenoxybenzamine'] @entity3988 :: ('MESH:D004110', 'Chemical') :: ['diltiazem'] @entity11073 :: ('MESH:D000676', 'Chemical') :: ['amrinone'] @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium'] @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac lesion'] @entity7604 :: ('MESH:D020105', 'Chemical') :: ['milrinone'] @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular dysfunction']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']
