Object @entity2525 is a rare @entity2331 . There are very few reports in the literature associating @entity3976 ( @entity3976 ) and @entity1276 requiring neurosurgical attention. The authors present cases of @entity2525 requiring neurosurgical intervention from their practice and offer a detailed account of the literature. Methods A retrospective review was conducted at the authors' institution, and all @entity1 with @entity2525 requiring neurosurgical attention were identified. Medical charts and radiographic studies were reviewed. Data including age at presentation, sex, symptoms at presentation, age at follow-up, the presence of any neurological comorbidities, and surgical procedures performed were recorded. Results Four @entity1 were identified as having @entity2525 requiring neurosurgical attention at the authors' institution between January 1, 2005, and January 1, 2014. There were 3 females and 1 male with an average age at presentation of 11.1 years; @entity1 were observed for a mean of 4.4 years. All of the @entity1 were identified as harboring jugular foraminal stenosis and @entity3976 . Seventy-five percent of these @entity1 developed @entity1276 , and in those cases a triventricular pattern of dilation was noted. One @entity1 developed @entity1644 . Three of the 4 @entity1 underwent neurosurgical procedures. Cerebrospinal fluid diversion was performed in 2 @entity1 via a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in one case and an endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in the other. The former @entity1 required a proximal revision at 2 years for @entity8032 at the site of the bur hole. Two @entity1 underwent a suboccipital decompression. In @entity1 undergoing CSF diversion, there was improvement in ventricle size. Conclusions Variable degrees of @entity3232 and/or @entity3976 are mentioned throughout the literature, suggesting that this entity is nearly always present in this @entity1 population. The progressive triventricular @entity1276 seen in these cases results from a complex combination of both communicating and noncommunicating pathology, which may depend on the type of @entity2525 , age at presentation, and the presence and degree of @entity1211 , and it appears that the @entity1276 is more prevalent and more likely to be treated in @entity1 and in the younger, school-aged population. The acquired hindbrain fullness in conjunction with the triventricular pattern of @entity1276 has kept the authors enthusiastic regarding the use of ETV in these complicated cases.

A unifying theory for the multifactorial origin of @entity3976 and XXXX in @entity2525 .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'infants'] @entity3976 :: ('MESH:D004677', 'Disease') :: ['CTH', 'cerebellar tonsillar herniation'] @entity1644 :: ('MESH:D013595', 'Disease') :: ['syringomyelia'] @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus'] @entity8032 :: ('MESH:D019214', 'Disease') :: ['bony overgrowth'] @entity3232 :: ('MESH:D008310', 'Disease') :: ['hindbrain crowding'] @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['congenital metabolic bone disease'] @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous collateralization'] @entity2525 :: ('MESH:D010022', 'Disease') :: ['Osteopetrosis', 'osteopetrosis']
@entity1276 :: (MESH:D006849,Disease) :: ['hydrocephalus']
