@entity16451 and @entity4210 are the most important tick-borne bacteria of veterinary and public health significance in the family Anaplasmataceae. The objective of current review is to provide knowledge on ecology and epidemiology of A. phagocytophilum and compare major similarities and differences of A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum. @entity291 @entity9187 is globally distributed @entity7545 with great economic importance in @entity291 industry. A. phagocytophilum, a cosmopolitan zoonotic tick transmitted pathogen of wide @entity1 hosts. The @entity281 in domestic animals is generally referred as @entity221 . Concurrent infections exist in ticks, domestic and wild animals in same geographic area. All age groups are susceptible, but the prevalence increases with age. Movement of susceptible domestic animals from tick free non-endemic regions to disease endemic regions is the major risk factor of @entity291 @entity9187 and @entity221 . Recreational activities or any other high-risk tick exposure habits as well as blood transfusion are important risk factors of @entity1 granulocytic @entity9187 . After @entity281 , individuals remain life-long carriers. Clinical @entity9187 is usually diagnosed upon examination of stained blood smears. Generally, detection of serum antibodies followed by molecular diagnosis is usually recommended. There are problems of sensitivity and cross-reactivity with both the Anaplasma species during serological tests. Tetracyclines are the drugs of choice for treatment and elimination of @entity9187 in animals and @entity1 . Universal vaccine is not available for either A. marginale or A. phagocytophilum, effective against geographically diverse strains. Major control measures for @entity291 @entity9187 and @entity221 include rearing of tick-resistant breeds, endemic stability, breeding Anaplasma-free herds, identification of regional vectors, domestic/wild reservoirs and control, habitat modification, biological control, chemotherapy, and vaccinations ( @entity9187 and/or tick vaccination). Minimizing the tick exposure activities, identification and control of reservoirs are important control measures for @entity1 granulocytic @entity9187 .

@entity16451 and XXXX : Rickettsiales pathogens of veterinary and public health significance.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'humans', 'human'] @entity4210 :: ('948', 'Species') :: ['Anaplasma phagocytophilum'] @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['tick-borne fever'] @entity9187 :: ('MESH:D000712', 'Disease') :: ['anaplasmosis'] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection'] @entity291 :: ('9913', 'Species') :: ['cattle', 'bovine', 'Bovine'] @entity16451 :: ('770', 'Species') :: ['Anaplasma marginale'] @entity7545 :: ('MESH:D017282', 'Disease') :: ['tick-borne disease of livestock']
@entity4210 :: (948,Species) :: ['Anaplasma phagocytophilum']
