BACKGROUND: @entity1577 ( @entity1577 ) is characterized by a thick, sticky mucus responsible for both @entity1224 and resistance to drug diffusion, reducing the effectiveness of drug delivery to the lung. Studies of drug-mucus interaction may be a crucial step in therapeutic management of @entity1577 . In the present research, the effect of a saline solution of @entity4388 (100   mM) on sputum viscosity and the permeation properties of @entity7988 lysinate (Klys) from a previously developed dry powder inhaler were evaluated. METHODS: Rheological measurements were performed using an ARES rotational rheometer (Rheometrics, Inc.) with a parallel plate geometry. The gel fraction, separated from the liquid phase of various sputum samples from @entity1577 @entity1 was loaded onto the plate. The elastic (G') and the viscous (G") moduli, tan    (ratio of G" to G') and   * (complex viscosity) were evaluated as frequency-dependent parameters. Drug permeation across @entity1577 sputum from dry powders was studied by means of Franz-type vertical diffusion cells. The experiments were conducted on untreated sputum and on sputum treated with @entity3157 . RESULTS: Rheological studies showed that the elastic modulus (G') was always greater than the viscous modulus (G") and the viscosity decreased with increasing frequency, as for pseudo-plastic fluids. @entity3157 caused a downward shift of both the elastic and viscous moduli, with a @entity353 . As to drug permeation, the untreated sputum slowed down drug dissolution and permeation compared to buffer permeability (control). Permeation studies across @entity1577 sputum treated with @entity3157 showed higher Klys dissolution/permeation than untreated sputum. CONCLUSIONS: The interesting results confirm the previously reported @entity3157 . effectiveness in @entity1577 ; this weak base seems to act by decreasing high viscosity of the @entity1577 bronchial secretion and, potentially, resulting in better mucus clearance and in fighting @entity358 .

Rheological Properties of Cystic Fibrosis Bronchial Secretion and in Vitro Drug Permeation Study: The Effect of XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity7988 :: ('MESH:D007660', 'Chemical') :: ['ketoprofen'] @entity4388 :: ('MESH:D017693', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium bicarbonate'] @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in complex viscosity'] @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate', 'Bicarbonate'] @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary infections'] @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['Cystic fibrosis', 'CF'] @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airway obstruction']
@entity4388 :: (MESH:D017693,Chemical) :: ['Sodium Bicarbonate']
