UNASSIGNED: @entity9115 with its five sub-species is found throughout the Indian subcontinent. Its venom is primarily hemotoxic. However, its @entity5900 causes damage to several physiological systems. The present work was aimed to study the dose and time dependent cytotoxic effects of @entity9115 venom (RVV) on @entity1 A549 cells grown in  vitro. Time dependent changes have been observed in cellular morphology following exposure to RVV. Presence of stress granules, rounding-off of the cells, and formation of punctate structure and loss of cell-cell contact characterized the cellular effects. Fluorescence microscopic studies revealed that apoptotic cell population increased on exposure to RVV. Further to understand the mechanism of these effects, status of small GTPase (smGTPases) expression were studied by Western blot and RT-PCR; as smGTPases play pivotal roles in deciding the cellular morphology, polarity, cell movement and overall signaling cascade. It was shown for the first time that expression patterns of Rac, Rho and @entity5605 genes are altered on exposure to RVV. Similarly, significant difference in the expression pattern of HSP70 and @entity876 at the mRNA levels were noted. Our results confirmed that RVV induces apoptosis in A549 cells; this was further confirmed by AO/ @entity25003 staining as well as @entity522 assay. All experiments were compared using RVV unexposed cells. We propose for the first time that RVV induces morphological changes in @entity1 A549 cells through modulation of smGTPase expression and affects the cellular-nuclear architecture which in turn interferes in proliferation and migration of these cells along with apoptosis.

XXXX venom affects regulation of small GTPases and causes nuclear damage.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human'] @entity522 :: ('836', 'Gene') :: ['caspase-3'] @entity25003 :: ('CHEBI:4883', 'Chemical') :: ['EtBr'] @entity9115 :: ('8707', 'Species') :: ["Russell's viper"] @entity5605 :: ('998', 'Gene') :: ['CDC42'] @entity876 :: ('7157', 'Gene') :: ['p53'] @entity5900 :: ('MESH:D012909', 'Disease') :: ['envenomation']
@entity9115 :: (8707,Species) :: ['Russell's viper']
