BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: @entity340 ( @entity340 ) occurs as the cardiac manifestation of @entity4303 (also known as @entity244 ), which develops @entity5 activity. @entity340 almost exclusively affects right-sided heart valves, since circulating @entity750 is metabolized by pulmonary endothelial cells, thus sparing left-sided valves. Replacement of the tricuspid and pulmonary valve is a well-established and feasible therapeutic option for these @entity1 . Whether biological valve substitutes are subject to a continuous degenerative process is not entirely clear at present due to the rarity of the disease and inconclusive findings in the current literature. METHODS: Herein are presented the details of two @entity1 suffering from advanced @entity340 who had undergone previous combined tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) and @entity338 ( @entity338 ) using biological xenografts, and had subsequently been readmitted with failure of the pulmonary valve substitute. RESULTS: Due to the increased risk for repeat surgical valve replacement, the @entity1 were treated by percutaneous stent implantation into the pulmonary artery, followed by the implantation of a balloon- expandable transcatheter heart valve ( @entity5240 ). The procedures were feasible and safe through the intact TVR. CONCLUSION: This strategy resulted in a favorable acute outcome in both @entity1 , with adequate valve function and no PVL as documented by TTE, although the transvalvular gradients were elevated in both cases. The @entity1 had an uneventful postoperative course and were discharged home in timely fashion. Whether the residual elevated transvalvular gradients following the @entity340 , or an early degeneration of the implanted bioprostheses, will have a negative impact on the @entity1 ' further course will become clear in the future.

Carcinoid XXXX : Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve-In-Valve Implantation in Failing Biological Xenografts.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['secondary to neuroendocrine tumor'] @entity338 :: ('MESH:D011665', 'Disease') :: ['PVR', 'pulmonary valve replacement'] @entity5240 :: ('204711', 'Species') :: ['THV'] @entity244 :: ('MESH:D014899', 'Disease') :: ["Hedinger's syndrome"] @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin'] @entity4303 :: ('MESH:D002276', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoid syndrome'] @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valve-in-valve procedures', 'Carcinoid heart valve disease', 'CHVD']
@entity340 :: (MESH:D006349,Disease) :: ['Heart Valve Disease']
