Flow and stresses induced by blood flow acting on the blood cellular constituents can be represented to a certain extent by a continuum mechanics approach down to the order of the   m level. However, the molecular effects of, e.g., adhesion/aggregation bonds of @entity4461 can be on the order of nm. The coupling of the disparate length and timescales between such molecular levels and macroscopic transport represents a major computational challenge. To address this challenge, a multiscale numerical approach based on discrete particle dynamics (DPD) methodology derived from @entity74 ( @entity74 ) principles is proposed. The feasibility of the approach was firstly tested for its ability to simulate viscous flow conditions. Simulations were conducted in low Reynolds numbers flows (Re = 25-33) through constricted tubes representing blood vessels with various degrees of @entity850 . Multiple discrete particles interacting with each other were simulated, with 1.24-1.36 million particles representing the flow domain and 0.4 million particles representing the vessel wall. The computation was carried out on the massive parallel supercomputer NY BlueGene/L employing NAMD-a parallel @entity74 package for @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ). Typical recirculation zones were formed distal to the stenoses. The velocity profiles and recirculation zones were in excellent agreement with @entity5173 ( @entity5173 ) 3D Navier-Stokes viscous fluid flow simulations and with classic numerical and experimental results by YC Fung in constricted tubes. This feasibility analysis demonstrates the potential of a methodology that widely departs from a continuum approach to simulate multiscale phenomena such as flow induced @entity4461 .

Viscous flow simulation in a XXXX model using discrete particle dynamics: a comparison between DPD and @entity5173 .

@entity5173 :: ('MESH:D065634', 'Disease') :: ['CFD', 'computational fluid dynamics'] @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['molecular dynamics', 'MD'] @entity2101 :: ('MESH:C538394', 'Disease') :: ['HPC', 'high performance computing'] @entity4461 :: ('MESH:D020141', 'Disease') :: ['blood clotting'] @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']
@entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['stenosis']
