Abstract The rapid growth of nanotechnological products for biomedical applications has exacerbated the need for suitable biological tests to evaluate the potential toxic effects of nanomaterials. The possible consequences of exposure during embryo and fetal development are of particular concern. The limb bud culture is an ex vivo 3D model in which growth, cell differentiation, and tissue organization occur and both molecular and functional endpoints can be quantitatively assessed. We employed this model to assess biochemical and morphological changes induced during organogenesis by two classes of nanostructured materials: quantum dot nanocrystals and organic polyglycerol sulfate dendrimers (dPGS). We show that quantum dots carrying @entity20175 (QD-MPA) on the surface, commonly used in biological studies, inhibit the development of limb buds from @entity2659 wildtype and @entity15137 ; @entity21272 ; @entity8334 triple transgenic fluorescent reporter @entity19 , as revealed by changes in several morphological and biochemical markers. QD-MPA interfere with chondrogenesis and osteogenesis and disrupt the expression of @entity21272 and @entity8334 , key markers of differentiation. In contrast, equivalent (3-100   nM) concentrations of dPGS do not adversely affect limb development. Neither QD-MPA nor dPGS-Cy5 alters the expression of several markers of cell proliferation or apoptosis. Collectively, these results suggest that @entity19 limb buds in culture constitute a convenient, inexpensive and reliable developmental model for the assessment of the nanotoxicological effects of nanocrystals and polymers. In these 3D cultures, any effect that is observed can be directly ascribed to the nanostructures per se or a degradation component released from the complex nanostructure.

Assessment of the developmental toxicity of nanoparticles in an ex vivo 3D model, the XXXX limb bud culture system.

@entity8334 :: ('12842(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Col1a1', 'COL1A1'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'murine'] @entity20175 :: ('CHEBI:47871', 'Chemical') :: ['mercaptopropionic acid'] @entity15137 :: ('12824(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Col2a1'] @entity2659 :: ('111334(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['CD1'] @entity21272 :: ('12813(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Col10a1', 'COL10A1']
@entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']
