The epidemiological and clinical observations of 240 @entity1 with @entity7530 and 10 @entity1 with @entity46139 , and these observations in two epidemics of @entity46139 , are presented. Early diagnosis is most important for the prognosis of @entity1 with the severe form of @entity2926 . It depends on the clinical features, clinical laboratory findings, and the epidemiological situation. The most characteristic clinical signs for early diagnosis were @entity221 of @entity2459 , @entity158 , and conjunctival congestion. @entity644 , @entity491 with @entity4795 , and raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate were the most indicative clinical laboratory findings for early diagnosis. Although @entity1087 and @entity548 are the most important signs of the severe form of @entity2926 , @entity7530 , these are rarely useful in early diagnosis. Of a variety of antibiotics used, penicillins and cephems had the lowest minimal inhibitory concentration against leptospires. However, it became apparent from basic studies in vitro and in vivo that @entity3639 showed the best bactericidal action against leptospires and that it was the most effective anti-leptospiral antibiotic. @entity801 , @entity2890 , and @entity32791 are also effective as alternatives to @entity3639 . Although penicillins, cephems, @entity2930 , and @entity7187 are also effective for the treatment of @entity2926 , when these antibiotics with inadequate bactericidal activity are used for the treatment of the disease, long-term therapy with sufficiently large doses may be required from an early stage of the disease until the appearance of antibodies.

Clinical observation and treatment of XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['Proteinuria'] @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['Gentamicin'] @entity32791 :: ('MESH:C016927', 'Chemical') :: ['isepamicin'] @entity2890 :: ('MESH:D014031', 'Chemical') :: ['tobramycin'] @entity1087 :: ('MESH:D007565', 'Disease') :: ['jaundice'] @entity46139 :: ('MESH:C531728', 'Disease') :: ['canicola fever'] @entity2926 :: ('MESH:D007922', 'Disease') :: ['leptospirosis'] @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage'] @entity2930 :: ('MESH:D013754', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracyclines'] @entity3639 :: ('MESH:D013307', 'Chemical') :: ['streptomycin'] @entity7187 :: ('MESH:D018942', 'Chemical') :: ['macrolides'] @entity7530 :: ('MESH:D014895', 'Disease') :: ["Weil's disease"] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['muscular pain'] @entity4795 :: ('MESH:C563010', 'Disease') :: ['neutrophilia'] @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['febrile illness'] @entity491 :: ('MESH:D007964', 'Disease') :: ['leukocytosis'] @entity2459 :: ('MESH:D003639', 'Disease') :: ['sudden onset, severe general malaise']
@entity2926 :: (MESH:D007922,Disease) :: ['leptospirosis']
