AIMS: @entity1555 are @entity1112 associated with both skeletal @entity121 and progressive @entity296 in males. Female @entity1555 / @entity1555 carriers (DMDc/BMDc) are mostly free of skeletal muscle symptoms, but they are also prone to @entity296 . The aim of the current study was to characterize the frequency, pattern, and extent of @entity296 in female @entity1555 / @entity1555 carriers (DMDc/BMDc) in comparison to their first-degree male @entity601 relatives. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-six (age 44    14 years) female @entity601 carriers (20 DMDc and 16 BMDc) constituted the ' @entity601 carrier group' and were prospectively enrolled. All @entity601 carriers underwent a complete CMR study comprising cine- and late @entity2287 enhancement (LGE) imaging. In 22 of these @entity1 ('female @entity601 carrier comparison group', 7 @entity1555 and 15 @entity1555 ), at least one first-degree male relative with a previously established diagnosis of @entity601 underwent the same CMR protocol and was assigned to the 'male @entity601 comparison group' (n = 24, 6 @entity1555 and 18 @entity1555 ). In the total @entity601 carrier group, 17 (47%) @entity601 carriers had at least one pathological CMR finding [5 (14%) with a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LV-EF) and 16 (44%) with the presence of LGE]. All LGE-positive @entity1 (n = 16) showed non-ischaemic LGE with subepicardial involvement of the LV lateral free wall being the most frequent pattern (13/16, 81%). Compared with BMDc, DMDc demonstrated more frequently a pathological CMR result (65 vs. 19%; P = 0.008)-in spite of being significantly younger (40    11 vs. 50    16 years, P = 0.038). In the male @entity601 comparison group, the same LGE pattern as in female carriers was seen, but with a significantly higher prevalence of @entity299 compared with their female carrier relatives constituting the female @entity601 comparison group (75 vs. 27%; P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Cardiac involvement is a frequent finding in female carriers of @entity1555 , but less frequently observed in carriers of @entity1555 . Those DMDc and BMDc with cardiac involvement demonstrate the same @entity296 pattern as their male counterparts with overt disease.

Cardiac involvement in female XXXX carriers in comparison to their first-degree male relatives: a comparative cardiovascular magnetic resonance study.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients'] @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy', 'myocardial fibrosis'] @entity1112 :: ('MESH:D040181', 'Disease') :: ['X-linked recessive disorders'] @entity1555 :: ('MESH:D020388', 'Disease') :: ['BMD', 'Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) muscular dystrophies', 'DMD'] @entity601 :: ('MESH:D009436', 'Disease') :: ['MD'] @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac abnormalities'] @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium'] @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['myopathy']
@entity1555 :: (MESH:D020388,Disease) :: ['Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy']
