T-2 and HT-2 ( @entity6402 ) induced @entity137 and apoptosis in hepatocytes from broilers. In this study, hepatocytes treated with @entity6402 were analyzed for cytotoxic effects and apoptosis and for the associated mechanisms. To assay @entity137 , we used the @entity2454 ( @entity98 ) viability assay, @entity1710 - @entity1711 staining and aspartase transaminase and @entity3929 transaminase (ALT/ @entity6571 ) activities. We evaluated apoptosis by fluorescence microscopy using the Terminal transferase nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The apoptotic ratio and the apoptotic stage of the hepatocytes were next assessed with fluorescently labeled ( @entity2823 ) @entity4404 and @entity2667 (PI) staining. Finally, expression levels of apoptosis-related mRNAs were assessed by real-time PCR and those of apoptosis-related proteins by western blotting. We found that cells treated with @entity6402 showed, in a dose dependent manner, significantly lower cell viabilities (P  <  0.05) and markedly increased intercellular spaces, dead cells and ALT/ @entity6571 activities. @entity6402 treatment also significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells and the apoptotic ratio (P  <  0.05). @entity6402 induced early stage apoptosis of the hepatocytes and levels of apoptosis-related mRNAs and proteins changed in a manner implicating them in the apoptotic process. These changes occurred from 0 to 24  h of @entity6402 exposure. Expression of @entity589 and @entity14544 mRNAs was significantly upregulated, in a time-dependent manner, during this period (P  <  0.05). Levels of mRNAs for @entity522 and @entity8187 were increased from 0 to 12  h (P  <  0.05) and then decreased after 12  h (P  <  0.05). There were no significant effects on expression of @entity588 mRNA (P  >  0.05). Expression of all apoptosis-related proteins examined, except for @entity588 , was significantly increased from 0 to 24  h in a time-dependent manner (P  <  0.05). Overall, @entity6402 induced @entity137 and apoptosis in hepatocytes. The resulting changes in mRNA and protein expression were shown that several apoptosis-related proteins were involved in the liver @entity137 of these agents.

XXXX and apoptosis induced by mixed mycotoxins (T-2 and HT-2 toxin) on primary hepatocytes of broilers in  vitro.

@entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'cytotoxicity'] @entity589 :: ('581', 'Gene') :: ['bax'] @entity6571 :: ('26503', 'Gene') :: ['AST'] @entity522 :: ('836', 'Gene') :: ['caspase-3'] @entity2667 :: ('MESH:D011419', 'Chemical') :: ['propidium iodide'] @entity4404 :: ('308', 'Gene') :: ['Annexin V'] @entity588 :: ('596', 'Gene') :: ['bcl-2'] @entity1711 :: ('MESH:D004801', 'Chemical') :: ['eosin'] @entity14544 :: ('840', 'Gene') :: ['caspase-7'] @entity8187 :: ('842', 'Gene') :: ['caspase-9'] @entity98 :: ('CHEBI:53233', 'Chemical') :: ['MTT'] @entity2454 :: ('MESH:C022616', 'Chemical') :: ['3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide'] @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin'] @entity3929 :: ('D000409', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine'] @entity2823 :: ('MESH:D016650', 'Chemical') :: ['FITC'] @entity6402 :: ('292', 'Gene') :: ['T-2/HT-2']
@entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['Cytotoxicity']
