BACKGROUND: The surgical management of paediatric @entity1069 ( @entity1069 ) continues to develop, with the goal of maximising organ preservation while achieving successful @entity5 control. The timing of radiotherapy and surgical excision to improve event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) remains controversial. METHODS: Previous reports in English on @entity1069 over the past 15  years were identified and reviewed, focusing on studies comparing the effects of radiotherapy and surgery for local control, the effect of local control on OS, and improved means of diagnosing viable @entity5 after chemotherapy. RESULTS: The concept of lowering the 'cost of cure' drives current protocols. Bladder-sparing surgery is possible for 80% of @entity1 after initial chemotherapy, with a mean 5-year OS of 85%. Overall, half of the @entity1 are continent of urine, and adding radiotherapy might increase the risk of @entity322 . Previous studies suggesting that early radiotherapy achieved better EFS than delayed radiotherapy did not control for stage and size of the @entity5 , which are the primary determinants of EFS. Improved local control does not automatically translate into improved OS. CONCLUSIONS: The current role for the surgical management in @entity1069 is to achieve local control of @entity5 that do not respond to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. An improved means of detecting viable @entity5 after initial chemotherapy would improve the ability to decide when local therapy is necessary. The continuing challenge for urologists managing these @entity1 is knowing when bladder-sparing surgery would be the best therapy.

The surgical management of paediatric XXXX .

@entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumours', 'tumour'] @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients'] @entity1069 :: ('MESH:D053448', 'Disease') :: ['B/P RMS', 'bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma'] @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']
@entity1069 :: (MESH:D053448,Disease) :: ['bladder and prostate rhabdomyosarcoma']
