PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between smoking, quitting, and mortality in older Chinese @entity1 . DESIGN AND METHODS: A cohort analytic study was carried out in Xi'an, China. A total of 1268 retired male military cadres aged 60 or older were examined in 1987 and followed for 12 years. RESULTS: At baseline, 388 @entity1 were never-smokers, 461 were former smokers, and 419 were current smokers. Through May 1999, a total of 299 had died. The relative risks [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for ever-smoking, after adjusting for age, blood pressure, body mass index, total @entity165 , @entity1674 , @entity167 drinking, exercise and existing diseases, for @entity204 resulting from all causes, @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ), @entity2 , and @entity301 ( @entity301 ) were, respectively, 1.34 (1.02-1.76), 3.23 (0.95-10.91), 2.31 (0.95-5.61), and 1.60 (0.81-3.19). The risks increased significantly with increasing amount and duration of smoking. Compared with current smokers, former smokers had lower risks of total mortality (excess risk reduction of 56%) and from @entity301 @entity204 , but had higher risks for @entity1030 . CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is a major cause of @entity204 in older Chinese and quitting can save lives. Early recognition of the significance of @entity1030 symptoms followed by prompt quitting should be emphasized in the control of the growing @entity286 epidemic.

Smoking, quitting, and mortality in a Chinese cohort of retired XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men'] @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco'] @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease'] @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol'] @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides'] @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer'] @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD death', 'COPD'] @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death', 'deaths'] @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']
