OBJECTIVES: The causes and nature of insensitivity to @entity158 in @entity161 remain unknown. The role of endorphins and the association of @entity73 and negative symptoms are postulated. METHODS: In this study, 43 @entity1 with @entity161 , five first-degree relatives, and 34 healthy controls were examined. @entity1 ' plasma concentrations of @entity4757 , b-endorphin, and @entity10132 ( @entity10132 ) were assessed. In @entity1 , the @entity2205 -Making Test, the Color Reading Interference Test (Stroop test), and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Negative Syndrome subscale (PANSS N) test were performed. We also evaluated @entity158 threshold using nociceptive reflex (RTIII) testing. RESULTS: The mean b-endorphin concentration was about 20% higher in @entity1 than in healthy controls (P<0.05). @entity10132 concentrations were significantly higher in @entity1 than in controls (5.34 ng/mL versus 4.16 ng/mL; P<0.01). Subjects treated with antipsychotic polytherapy had higher concentrations of @entity10132 than did @entity1 treated with second-generation antipsychotic monotherapy (5.92 ng/mL versus 5.02 ng/mL; P<0.05). There were no correlations between any biochemical parameters and @entity2205 -Making Test, Stroop test, and PANSS N scores. There were no differences in RTIII among study groups. Strong negative correlation (P<0.001) was found between PANSS N scores and subjective @entity158 threshold on the right lower limb. CONCLUSION: The insensitivity to @entity158 in @entity161 is a complex phenomenon that is probably not related to changes in nociceptive pathways. Increase in b-endorphin level may be related to this issue, but it is uncertain if such concentration ensures analgesic effect. It is unknown if @entity1 with @entity161 in fact experience less @entity158 . @entity73 and excess negative symptoms may strongly influence the @entity1 's expression of @entity158 .

@entity158 perception in XXXX : influence of neuropeptides, @entity73 , and negative symptoms.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Participants'] @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive dysfunction', 'Cognitive impairment'] @entity2205 :: ('8743', 'Gene') :: ['Trail'] @entity10132 :: ('796', 'Gene') :: ['CGRP', 'calcitonin gene-related peptide'] @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain'] @entity4757 :: ('6863', 'Gene') :: ['substance P']
@entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']
