Several well-defined sleep regulatory substances, e.g., @entity635 , activate the heterodimeric transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB ( @entity1991 ). Several substances that inhibit sleep, e.g., @entity58 , inhibit @entity1991 activation. @entity1991 activation promotes production of several additional substances thought to be involved in sleep regulation, e.g., @entity842 . We investigated, therefore, whether there are diurnal rhythms of @entity1991 activation in brain and changes in the activation after @entity1949 . @entity19 were kept on a 12:12-h light-dark cycle. In one experiment, groups of @entity19 were killed every 3 h across the 24-h cycle. In another experiment, @entity19 were killed at 1500 after 6 h of @entity1949 , and a group of control @entity19 were killed at the same time. Nuclear proteins were extracted from each brain tissue sample, and @entity1991 -like activity was determined with an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In cerebral cortex, but not other areas of brain, there was a diurnal rhythm in @entity1991 -like activation; highest levels were found during the light period. @entity1991 -like activation was higher in cerebral cortex after @entity1949 compared with values obtained from control @entity19 . The results are consistent with the hypothesis that sleep regulation involves multiple gene events, some of which include enhanced production of sleep regulatory substances, the actions of which involve @entity1991 activation.

Nuclear factor-kappaB-like activity increases in @entity19 cerebral cortex after XXXX .

@entity1991 :: ('18033(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['NF-kappaB'] @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['sleep deprivation'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'Mice'] @entity635 :: ('16176(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin-1beta'] @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide'] @entity58 :: ('16189(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin-4']
@entity1949 :: (MESH:D012892,Disease) :: ['sleep deprivation']
