Our objectives were to evaluate the frequency of @entity2478 ( @entity2478 ) from the respiratory tract (pneumothorax, @entity14303 , @entity516 , @entity9285 ) in critically ill @entity1 on mechanical ventilation (MV) for severe @entity1576 , and to examine whether @entity2478 could be correlated with specific clinical events or ventilator settings. The study constitutes a retrospective cohort of 80 consecutive critically ill @entity1 receiving MV for severe @entity1576 between 1986 and 1993. @entity1 (mean age 2.9 +/- 0.6 years, 49 males and 31 females), were admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) with @entity6185 ( @entity649 ) (27%), @entity565 (15%), @entity5924 (10%), @entity55 (21%), @entity358 (9%), or foreign body aspiration (18%). @entity1 were divided into two groups; those with @entity2478 (n=22) and those without air-leaks (non- @entity2478 ) (n = 58). Air leaks developed in 22 of 80 @entity1 or in 27.5%. Survival was significantly lower in the @entity2478 group, compared to the non- @entity2478 group (41% vs. 76%, P < 0.01). The odds ratio that a @entity1 with @entity881 ( @entity881 ) or @entity281 would develop @entity2478 was 2.96 and 2.19, respectively. Candida and Pseudomonas species were recovered with significantly higher frequency in the @entity2478 group compared with the non- @entity2478 group (P < 0.025). There was a strong positive correlation between the incidence of @entity2478 and high ventilatory pressures (PIP 36 vs. 29.7 cm @entity2507 , P < 0.001), or large tidal volumes (V(T) 12 vs. 9 mL/kg, P < 0.05), suggesting that large volumes might elicit injury to the pulmonary epithelium. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that only V(T) was independently associated with the development of @entity2478 in @entity1 with primary severe @entity1576 (r(2) = -0.38, P = 0.01). In conclusion, MV will produce @entity2478 , particularly when high peak airway pressures ( @entity11283 ) or large tidal volumes (volotrauma) are delivered by the ventilator. @entity295 , @entity881 , and lung superinfection with Pseudomonas or Candida species may be also important factors in the development of @entity2478 in critically ill @entity1 .

Air leaks from the respiratory tract in mechanically ventilated XXXX with severe @entity1576 .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'Patients', 'children', 'patients'] @entity6185 :: ('MESH:D045169', 'Disease') :: ['acute respiratory syndrome'] @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['Sepsis'] @entity9285 :: ('MESH:D013352', 'Disease') :: ['subcutaneous emphysema'] @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia'] @entity2478 :: ('MESH:D019559', 'Disease') :: ['air leaks', 'AL'] @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['ARDS'] @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma'] @entity14303 :: ('MESH:D008478', 'Disease') :: ['pneumomediastinum'] @entity5924 :: ('MESH:D001988', 'Disease') :: ['bronchiolitis'] @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary congenital diseases'] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection'] @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory diseases', 'respiratory disease'] @entity2507 :: ('CHEBI:33813', 'Chemical') :: ['H(2)O'] @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['multiple organ system failure', 'MOSF'] @entity516 :: ('MESH:D011027', 'Disease') :: ['pneumoperitoneum'] @entity11283 :: ('MESH:D001469', 'Disease') :: ['barotrauma']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']
