BACKGROUND: Preclinical models are needed to inform regulation of @entity286 products by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Typically, animal models of @entity286 addiction involve exposure to @entity1239 alone or @entity1239 combined with isolated @entity286 constituents (e.g. minor alkaloids). The goal of this study was to develop a model using extracts derived from @entity286 products that contain a range of @entity286 constituents to more closely model product exposure in @entity1 . METHODS: This study compared the addiction-related effects of @entity1239 alone and @entity1239 dose-equivalent concentrations of aqueous smokeless @entity286 extracts on intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) in @entity35 . Extracts were prepared from Kodiak Wintergreen, a conventional product, or @entity20770 Snus, a potential "modified risk @entity286 product". Binding affinities of @entity1239 alone and extracts at various nicotinic @entity934 receptor (nAChR) subtypes were also compared. RESULTS: Kodiak and @entity20770 Snus extracts contained levels of minor alkaloids within the range of those shown to enhance @entity1239 's behavioral effects when studied in isolation. Nonetheless, acute injection of both extracts produced reinforcement-enhancing (ICSS threshold-decreasing) effects similar to those of @entity1239 alone at low to moderate @entity1239 doses, as well as similar reinforcement-attenuating/aversive (ICSS threshold-increasing) effects at high @entity1239 doses. Extracts and @entity1239 alone also had similar binding affinity at all nAChRs studied. CONCLUSIONS: Relative @entity1239 content is the primary pharmacological determinant of the abuse liability of Kodiak and @entity20770 Snus as measured using ICSS. These models may be useful to compare the relative abuse liability of other @entity286 products and to model FDA-mandated changes in product performance standards.

Animal models to assess the abuse liability of XXXX products: effects of smokeless @entity286 extracts on intracranial self-stimulation.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans'] @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco'] @entity20770 :: ('9838', 'Species') :: ['Camel'] @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rats'] @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']
@entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['tobacco']
