BACKGROUND: Based on a case report, the authors reviewed the data about @entity2358 ( @entity2358 ). @entity2358 includes the syndromes of @entity48992 ( @entity48992 ) and @entity2777 ( @entity2777 ). @entity48992 is a rare disorder of emotional expression characterized by relatively uncontrollable episodes of laughter and crying or both that do not have an apparent motivating stimulus. CASE PRESENTATION: Authors report the case of a 59-year-old @entity1 who presented with recurrent episodes of @entity48992 of approximately 2  min duration, consisting of accelerated breathing, emission of guttural, snoring sounds, frowning of the eyebrows, followed by laughter accompanied by motor restlessness of all four limbs. @entity48992 episodes preceded left carotid transient @entity63 attacks ( @entity4905 's) manifested by reversible @entity2026 and right @entity1269 . Electroencephalography performed during @entity48992 episodes revealed no spike-wave activity. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed @entity1188 in the left lenticulo-capsulo-thalamic area and multiple round lesions in the @entity62 bilaterally, with T2 hyperintensity, T1 isointensity and no diffusion changes. The episodes were interpreted as transient @entity63 attacks although @entity410 could not be excluded. The etiological investigations revealed unstable plaques on the left carotid artery bulb and the aortic arch and a degenerative @entity4794 . The @entity1 was treated first with antiplatelet therapy and antiepileptic drugs but @entity48992 stopped only after anticoagulation was started. During follow-up the @entity1 continued to have left carotid and vertebrobasilar @entity4905 's being on oral anticoagulation. The @entity1 became asymptomatic only after mitral valve replacement was performed. CONCLUSIONS: This case illustrates the difficulty distinguishing between @entity1625 and @entity4905 's in cases of @entity48992 episodes and discuss the neuroanatomic bases and pathophysiology of this rare condition.

Pathological laughter as prodromal manifestation of transient XXXX attacks-case report and brief review.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'man'] @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['gelastic seizures'] @entity1625 :: ('MESH:D004828', 'Disease') :: ['gelastic epilepsy'] @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic'] @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['hemiparesis'] @entity2358 :: ('MESH:D020820', 'Disease') :: ['involuntary emotional expression disorder', 'IEED'] @entity4905 :: ('MESH:D002546', 'Disease') :: ['TIA'] @entity2026 :: ('MESH:D001037', 'Disease') :: ['aphasia'] @entity48992 :: ('MESH:D003410', 'Disease') :: ['pathological laughing and crying', 'PLC'] @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['lacunar infarcts'] @entity4794 :: ('MESH:D008946', 'Disease') :: ['mitral valve stenosis'] @entity2777 :: ('MESH:D005166', 'Disease') :: ['EL', 'emotional lability'] @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['cortical-subcortical and in the deep white matter of frontal-parietal-occipital lobes']
@entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemic']
