AIMS: To compare the change in illicit opioid users' risk of fatal drug-related @entity4968 (DRP) associated with opioid agonist pharmacotherapy (OAP) and psychological support, and investigate the modifying effect of @entity1 characteristics, criminal justice system (CJS) referral, and treatment completion. DESIGN: National data linkage cohort study of the English National Drug Treatment Monitoring System and the Office for National Statistics national mortality database. Data were analysed using survival methods. SETTING: All services in England that provide publicly-funded, structured, treatment for illicit opioid users. @entity1 : Adults treated for @entity4784 during April 2005 to March 2009: 151,983 individuals; 69% male; median age 32.6 with 442,950 @entity1 -years of observation. MEASUREMENTS: The outcome was fatal DRP occurring during periods in or out of treatment, with adjustment for age, gender, substances used, injecting status, and CJS referral. FINDINGS: There were 1,499 DRP deaths (3.4 per 1,000 @entity1 -years, 95% CI 3.2-3.6). DRP risk increased while @entity1 were not enrolled in any treatment (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.73, 95% CI 1.55-1.92). Risk when enrolled only in a psychological intervention was double that during OAP (aHR 2.07, 95% CI 1.75-2.46). The increased risk when out of treatment was greater for @entity1 (aHR 1.88, 95% CI 1.67-2.12), illicit drug injectors (aHR 2.27, 95% CI 1.97-2.62), and those reporting problematic @entity285 use (aHR 2.37, 95% CI 1.90-2.98). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 who received only psychological support for @entity4784 in England appear to be at greater risk of fatal opioid @entity4968 than those who received opioid agonist pharmacotherapy.

Impact of treatment for XXXX on fatal drug-related @entity4968 : a national cohort study in England.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'person', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men'] @entity285 :: ('D000431', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol'] @entity4784 :: ('MESH:D009293', 'Disease') :: ['opioid dependence'] @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['poisoning']
@entity4784 :: (MESH:D009293,Disease) :: ['opioid dependence']
