BACKGROUND: @entity4903 is a major modulation network among the nervous, endocrine and immune system and weights greatly in maintaining homeostasis of organisms during stress and @entity281 . Some microRNAs are found interacting with NEI system (designated NeurimmiRs), addressing @entity514 modulations on immune system. The oyster @entity6796 , as an intertidal bivalve, has evolved a primary NEI system. However, the knowledge about NeurimmiRs in oysters remains largely unknown. RESULTS: Six small RNA libraries from haemocytes of oysters stimulated with @entity934 ( @entity3451 ) and @entity1063 (NE) were sequenced to identify neurotransmitter-responsive miRNAs and survey their immunomodulation roles. A total of 331 miRNAs (132 identified in the present study plus 199 identified previously) were subjected to expression analysis, and twenty-one and sixteen of them were found @entity3451 - or NE-responsive, respectively (FDR   <   0.05). Meanwhile, 21 miRNAs exhibited different expression pattern after @entity3451 or NE stimulation. Consequently, 355 genes were predicted as putative targets of these neurotransmitter-responsive miRNAs in oyster. Through gene onthology analysis, multiple genes involved in @entity204 , immune system process and response to stimulus were annotated to be modulated by NeurimmiRs. Besides, a significant decrease in haemocyte phagocytosis and late-apoptosis or @entity39 rate was observed after @entity3451 and NE stimulation (p   <   0.05) while early-apoptosis rate remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive immune-related network involving PRRs, intracellular receptors, signaling transducers and immune effectors was proposed to be modulated by @entity3451 - and NE-responsive NeurimmiRs, which would be indispensable for oyster haemocytes  to respond against stress and @entity281 . Characterization of the NeurimmiRs would be an essential step to understand the NEI system of invertebrate and the adaptation mechanism of oyster.

The comprehensive immunomodulation of NeurimmiRs in haemocytes of oyster @entity6796 after XXXX and @entity1063 stimulation.

@entity514 :: ('8895', 'Species') :: ['swift'] @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis'] @entity6796 :: ('29159', 'Species') :: ['Crassostrea gigas'] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection'] @entity3451 :: ('D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['ACh'] @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine'] @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death'] @entity4903 :: ('MESH:D004700', 'Disease') :: ['Neural-endocrine-immune (NEI) system'] @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']
@entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']
