BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) is approved for chronic @entity2704 treatment, its mechanism of action is still unknown. @entity13624 ( @entity13624 ) commonly used to investigate @entity2704 pathophysiology can be evoked by @entity158 . Here we investigated the reactivity of cranial dura to @entity158 , and the mechanism of BoNT/A action on @entity13624 . EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Since @entity2956 are highly comorbid with @entity2704 we employed a @entity35 model of @entity1348 ( @entity1348 ) @entity32 induced by complete Freund's adjuvant ( @entity3795 ). The @entity35 were treated with BoNT/A injections or @entity9251 per os. @entity13624 was investigated by Evans blue-plasma protein extravasation, cell histology and @entity10132 ( @entity10132 ) radioimmunoassay. BoNT/A enzymatic activity in dura was assessed by cleaved @entity12252 ( @entity12252 ) immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS: BoNT/A and @entity9251 reduced the @entity3795 -evoked peripheral allodynia and @entity13624 . BoNT/A prevented the inflammatory cell infiltration, and counteracted the increase of @entity10132 levels in dura. After toxin peripheral application, BoNT/A-cleaved @entity12252 colocalized with @entity10132 in intracranial dural nerve endings. Injection of axonal transport blocker @entity3812 into trigeminal ganglion prevented the occurrence of cleaved @entity12252 in dura. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Apparently, pericranially injected BoNT/A is taken up by local sensory nerve endings, axonally transported to trigeminal ganglion, and transcytosed to dural afferents. Colocalization of cleaved @entity12252 and @entity2704 mediator @entity10132 in dura suggests that BoNT/A may prevent @entity13624 by suppressing the @entity10132 transmission. This might explain BoNT/A action in @entity32 as well as in @entity2704 and some other @entity10 .

Botulinum toxin type A activity in cranial dura: implications for treatment of XXXX .

@entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'TMJ inflammation'] @entity1348 :: ('MESH:D013706', 'Disease') :: ['TMJ', 'temporomandibular joint'] @entity2956 :: ('MESH:D013705', 'Disease') :: ['temporomandibular disorders'] @entity9251 :: ('MESH:D018170', 'Chemical') :: ['sumatriptan'] @entity10132 :: ('796', 'Gene') :: ['calcitonin gene-related peptide', 'CGRP'] @entity2704 :: ('MESH:D008881', 'Disease') :: ['migraine'] @entity3795 :: ('31658', 'Species') :: ['CFA'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['trigeminal pain'] @entity3812 :: ('MESH:D003078', 'Chemical') :: ['colchicine'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'rats'] @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches'] @entity13624 :: ('MESH:D020078', 'Disease') :: ['Dural neurogenic inflammation', 'DNI'] @entity12252 :: ('6616', 'Gene') :: ['SNAP-25', 'synaptosomal-associated protein 25']
@entity2704 :: (MESH:D008881,Disease) :: ['migraine and other headaches']
