@entity281 , or simultaneous @entity281 of a host with multiple parasites, are the rule rather than the exception. Interactions between co-occurring pathogens in a population may be mutualistic, competitive or facilitative. For some pathogen combinations, these interrelated effects will have epidemiological consequences; however this is as yet poorly incorporated into practical disease ecology. For example, screening of @entity4186 for influenza A viruses (IAV) have repeatedly revealed high prevalence and large subtype diversity in the Northern Hemisphere. Other studies have identified avian paramyxovirus type 1 ( @entity26494 -1) and coronaviruses (CoVs) in @entity4186 , but without making inferences on the larger viral assemblage. In this study we followed 144 wild @entity4186 across an autumn season in a natural stopover site and constructed @entity281 histories of IAV, @entity26494 -1 and CoV. There was a high prevalence of IAV, comprising of 27 subtype combinations, while @entity26494 -1 had a comparatively low prevalence (with a peak of 2%) and limited strain variation, similar to previous findings. Avian CoVs were common, with prevalence up to 12%, and sequence analysis identified different putative genetic lineages. An investigation of the dynamics of @entity325 revealed a synergistic effect between CoV and IAV, whereby CoV prevalence was higher given that the birds were co-infected with IAV. There were no interactive effects between IAV and @entity26494 -1. Disease dynamics are the result of an interplay between parasites, host immune responses, and resources; and is imperative that we begin to include all factors to better understand infectious disease risk.

Temporal dynamics, diversity, and interplay in three components of the virodiversity of a XXXX population: Influenza A virus, avian paramyxovirus and avian coronavirus.

@entity4186 :: ('8839', 'Species') :: ['Mallards'] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Multiple infections', 'infection'] @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['co-infections'] @entity26494 :: ('12319', 'Species') :: ['APMV']
@entity4186 :: (8839,Species) :: ['Mallard']
