Inner-ear decompression @entity2704 ( @entity389 ) may occur in isolation ('pure' inner- @entity2169 ), or as part of a multisystem @entity8939 presentation. Symptoms may develop during decompression from deep, mixed-gas dives or after surfacing from recreational air dives. Modelling of inner-ear inert gas kinetics suggests that onset during decompression results from supersaturation of the inner-ear tissue and in-situ bubble formation. This supersaturation may be augmented by inert gas counterdiffusion following @entity31750 to @entity1568 gas switches, but such switches are unlikely, of themselves, to precipitate inner- @entity2169 . Presentations after surfacing from air dives are frequently the 'pure' form of @entity389 with short symptom latency following dives to moderate depth, and the vestibular end organ appears more vulnerable than is the cochlea. A large right-to-left shunt (usually a persistent @entity4616 ) is found in a disproportionate number of cases, suggesting that shunted @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ) cause injury to the inner-ear. However, this seems an incomplete explanation for the relationship between inner- @entity2169 and right-to-left shunt. The brain must concomitantly be exposed to larger numbers of @entity1211 , yet inner- @entity2169 frequently occurs in the absence of cerebral symptoms. This may be explained by slower inert gas washout in the inner ear than in the brain. Thus, there is a window after surfacing within which @entity1211 arriving in the inner-ear (but not the brain) would grow due to inward diffusion of supersaturated inert gas. A similar difference in gas kinetics may explain the different susceptibilities of cochlear and vestibular tissue within the inner-ear itself. The cochlea has greater perfusion and a smaller tissue volume, implying faster inert gas washout. It may be susceptible to injury by incoming arterial bubbles for a shorter time after surfacing than the vestibular organ.

Pathophysiology of @entity389 @entity2704 : potential role of the persistent XXXX .

@entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen'] @entity31750 :: ('MESH:D006371', 'Chemical') :: ['helium'] @entity2704 :: ('MESH:D008881', 'Disease') :: ['sickness'] @entity8939 :: ('MESH:C536560', 'Disease') :: ['DCS'] @entity389 :: ('MESH:D007759', 'Disease') :: ['inner ear DCS'] @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous gas emboli', 'VGE'] @entity2169 :: ('MESH:D004427', 'Disease') :: ['ear DCS'] @entity4616 :: ('MESH:D054092', 'Disease') :: ['foramen ovale']
@entity4616 :: (MESH:D054092,Disease) :: ['foramen ovale']
