Next generation sequencing techniques are currently revealing novel insight into the microbiome of the @entity1 gut. This new area of research seems especially relevant for @entity66 , because the development of the intestinal microbiome already starts in the perinatal period and preterm @entity1 with a still immature gut associated immune system may be harmed by a dysproportional microbial colonization. For most @entity344 requiring pediatric surgery there is very limited information about the role of the intestinal microbiome. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge and outline future perspectives for important pathologies like @entity3166 ( @entity3166 ) of the newborn, @entity5277 ( @entity5277 ), and @entity1963 associated @entity1964 (HAEC). Only studies applying next generation sequencing techniques to analyze the diversity of the intestinal microbiome were included. In @entity3166 @entity1 @entity6636 could already be detected prior to any clinical evidence of the disease resulting in a reduction of the bacterial diversity. In @entity5277 @entity1 the diversity seems to be reduced compared to controls. In @entity1 with @entity1963 the intestinal microbiome differs between those with and without episodes of @entity1964 . One common finding for all three diseases seems to be an overabundance of Proteobacteria. However, most @entity1 studies are based on fecal samples and experimental data question whether fecal samples actually represent the microbiome at the site of the diseased bowel and whether the luminal (transient) microbiome compares to the mucosal (resident) microbiome. In conclusion current studies already allow a preliminary understanding of the potential role of the intestinal microbiome in pediatric @entity66 . Future investigations could clarify the interface between the intestinal epithelium, its immunological competence and mucosal microbiome. Advances in this field may have an impact on the understanding and non-operative treatment of such diseases in infancy.

Disruptions of the intestinal microbiome in @entity3166 , @entity5277 , and XXXX 's associated @entity1964 .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human', 'patients', 'infants'] @entity3166 :: ('MESH:D020345', 'Disease') :: ['NEC', 'necrotizing enterocolitis'] @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['neonatal diseases', 'surgical diseases'] @entity1963 :: ('MESH:D006627', 'Disease') :: ["Hirschsprung's disease"] @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal diseases'] @entity6636 :: ('MESH:D064806', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal dysbiosis'] @entity5277 :: ('MESH:D012778', 'Disease') :: ['SBS', 'short bowel syndrome'] @entity1964 :: ('MESH:D004760', 'Disease') :: ['enterocolitis']
@entity1963 :: (MESH:D006627,Disease) :: ['Hirschsprung']
