BACKGROUND: Ocular symptoms and @entity5 cranial nerve involvement are commonly observed in @entity1 with @entity189 ( @entity189 ). These are primarily due to @entity5 invasion of the cavernous sinus and/or skull base, as direct @entity5 invasion of the orbit is very rare. This study was designed to assess computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in documenting orbital invasion caused by @entity189 , with a special emphasis on the route of orbital extension. METHODS: A total of 562 @entity1 with histopathologically prove @entity189 were examined using CT and/or MRI for @entity5 staging or post-treatment follow-up. We retrospectively reviewed CT and MRI findings to identify @entity5 invasion to orbital cavities and to evaluate the pathway of @entity5 spread. RESULTS: Eighteen @entity1 had @entity5 extension into the orbital cavities. Seventeen @entity1 had ocular complaints. Fourteen of 18 showed unilateral orbital involvement and four @entity1 showed bilateral orbital involvement. The route from the pterygopalatine fossa and inferior orbital fissure into the orbital cavities was the most common pathway of @entity189 invasion (n = 13), followed by ethmoid sinus and/or sphenoid sinus into the orbits (n = 4). In one @entity1 , the route of orbital invasion was difficult to determine due to massive @entity5 extension. CONCLUSION: Direct orbital invasion is rare in @entity189 . The pterygopalatine fossa and inferior orbital fissure are the most common routes of invasion, followed by invasion via the ethmoid and/or sphenoid sinuses. Coronal sections best show these findings on CT or MRI. Our study also shows that either CT or MRI provide essential information in documenting orbital invasion and determining the pathway of @entity5 spread.

Orbital invasion in XXXX : evaluation with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

@entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor'] @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient'] @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['nasopharyngeal carcinoma', 'NPC']
@entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['nasopharyngeal carcinoma']
