Prenatal @entity286 exposure (PTE) and prenatal stress exposure (PSE) both have been linked to externalizing behavior, although their effects generally have been considered in isolation. Here, we aimed to characterize the joint or interactive roles of PTE and PSE in early developmental pathways to @entity146 , a profile of cognitive and behavioral under-control that presages severe externalizing behavior. As part of a prospective, longitudinal study, 296 @entity1 were assessed at a mean age of 5 years. Exposures were assessed via repeated interviews across the prenatal period and bioassays of @entity4874 were obtained. Behavioral disinhibition was assessed using temperament measures in infancy, performance-based executive control tasks and measures of disruptive and inattentive behavior. PSE was associated with a higher probability of difficult temperament in infancy. Each exposure independently predicted poorer executive control at age 5 years. Difficult temperament and executive control difficulties in turn predicted elevated levels of disruptive behavior, although links from PTE and PSE to parent-reported attention problems were less robust. @entity1 who experienced these prenatal exposures in conjunction with higher postnatal stress exposure showed the lowest executive control and highest levels of disruptive behavior. Findings highlight the compounding adverse impact of PTE and PSE on @entity1 's behavioral trajectories. Given their high concordance, prenatal health campaigns should target these exposures in tandem.

Developmental pathways from prenatal @entity286 and stress exposure to XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children'] @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco'] @entity4874 :: ('MESH:D003367', 'Chemical') :: ['cotinine'] @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['behavioral disinhibition']
@entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['behavioral disinhibition']
