The oxidative stress-inducible @entity1434 / @entity2227 exchange system, system x (c) (-) , transports one molecule of @entity1434 , the oxidized form of @entity462 , into cells and thereby releases one molecule of @entity2227 into the extracellular space. It consists of two protein components, the @entity38770 , necessary for membrane location of the heterodimer, and the @entity9325 protein, responsible for transport activity. Previously, system x (c) (-) has been regarded to be a mere supplier of @entity462 to cells for the synthesis of proteins and the antioxidant @entity2041 ( @entity2197 ). In that sense, @entity26 , electrophilic agents, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide trigger @entity9325 expression to accommodate with increased oxidative stress by stimulating @entity2197 biosynthesis. However, emerging evidence established that system x (c) (-) may act on its own as a @entity2197 -independent redox system by sustaining a redox cycle over the plasma membrane. Hallmarks of this cycle are @entity1434 uptake, intracellular reduction to @entity462 and secretion of the surplus of @entity462 into the extracellular space. Consequently, increased levels of extracellular @entity462 provide a reducing microenvironment required for proper cell signaling and communication, e.g. as already shown for the mechanism of T cell activation. By contrast, the enhanced release of @entity2227 in exchange with @entity1434 may trigger neurodegeneration due to @entity2227 -induced cytotoxic processes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive picture from the early days of system x (c) (-) research up to now.

The oxidative stress-inducible XXXX / @entity2227 antiporter, system x (c) (-) : @entity1434 supplier and beyond.

@entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate'] @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine'] @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen'] @entity38770 :: ('6520', 'Gene') :: ['4F2 heavy chain'] @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione'] @entity2197 :: ('CHEBI:16856', 'Chemical') :: ['GSH'] @entity1434 :: ('MESH:D003553', 'Chemical') :: ['cystine'] @entity9325 :: ('23657', 'Gene') :: ['xCT']
@entity1434 :: (MESH:D003553,Chemical) :: ['cystine']
