@entity2718 toxin A is associated with @entity1964 in animals and @entity1 . However, the mechanisms of its secretory and damaging effects are not totally understood. In this work, we examined the intestinal secretion of electrolytes and water caused by supernatants from macrophages stimulated with toxin A in @entity95 ileal mucosa mounted in Ussing chambers. We also investigated the mechanism by which the intestinal secretory factor (ISF) is released from stimulated macrophages. Supernatants from macrophages stimulated with toxin A caused potent intestinal secretion (change in short-circuit current [DeltaIsc], 76 microA x cm-2; P < 0.01). The release of the ISF was pertussis toxin sensitive (reduction, 61%; P < 0.01) and was also reduced (P < 0.05) by a protein synthesis inhibitor (67%), protease inhibitors (57%), a phospholipase A2 inhibitor (54%), a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor (62%), a dual cyclo- and lipoxygenase inhibitor (48%), a platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist (55%), and @entity5 necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) synthesis inhibitors (48%). However, this release was not inhibited by a lipo-oxygenase inhibitor. Monoclonal anti-interleukin 1beta ( @entity1356 ) but not anti- @entity1192 antibody blocked (72%; P < 0.01) the secretory action of the ISF, as did recombinant @entity1 @entity1193 (80%; P < 0.01). High levels of @entity1356 (3,476 pg/ml) were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the above supernatants. Furthermore, the addition of @entity1356 to the serosal side caused a potent secretory effect (DeltaIsc, 80 microA x cm-2; P < 0.01). These results show that macrophages stimulated with toxin A release an ISF capable of provoking intestinal secretion. The regulation of this factor is dependent upon the activation of the G protein. In addition, @entity2918 , PAF, and TNF-alpha are involved in the release of the ISF. We conclude that @entity1356 is probably the ISF released by macrophages in response to toxin A.

Intestinal secretory factor released by macrophages stimulated with XXXX toxin A: role of interleukin 1beta.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human'] @entity1356 :: ('3553', 'Gene') :: ['IL-1beta'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor'] @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbit'] @entity1193 :: ('3557', 'Gene') :: ['IL-1 receptor antagonist'] @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins'] @entity1192 :: ('3552', 'Gene') :: ['IL-1alpha'] @entity1964 :: ('MESH:D004760', 'Disease') :: ['enterocolitis'] @entity2718 :: ('1496', 'Species') :: ['Clostridium difficile']
@entity2718 :: (1496,Species) :: ['Clostridium difficile']
