BACKGROUND: There are a wide range of drugs including antidepressants, anticonvulsants and antipsychotics that cause embryonic @entity1168 in vitro but it is unknown if they have a similar effect in vivo. One way to verify whether these in vitro findings are replicated in vivo is by the use of ultrasound examination of dosed pregnant @entity35 . We tested this by examining the effect of @entity2781 on embryonic heart rate (HR) in vivo using ultrasound. METHODS: @entity35 were dosed with @entity2781 (4 or 2.5 mg/kg) on GD11 or (5 or 2.5 mg/kg) on GD13 and embryonic HR assessed by ultrasound, 2 and 24 hr later. Fetuses were examined for @entity600 on GD20. RESULTS: HR of control @entity35 embryos showed a wide range at each gestational day. Dosing with @entity2781 on GD11 caused severe @entity1168 (   60% reduction) 2 hours after dosing with recovery after 24 h of >60% of LD but death and slow HR among the @entity2033 embryos. At term, 32% of the LD surviving fetuses had hypoplastic upper lip while >90% of @entity2033 embryos had died. On GD13, embryonic HR was reduced in a dose-dependent manner with >85% of LD and @entity2033 recovered by 24 hr. At term, all LD fetuses were normal while 29% of @entity2033 fetuses had @entity4218 . CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound is a useful technique to investigate the effect of maternally administered drugs on the embryonic HR in the @entity35 . The results may provide more information about the safety of these drugs in pregnancy leading to better risk assessment for the @entity1 .

The Effect of @entity2781 on the Heart Rate of GD11 and GD13 XXXX Embryos, in vivo, Using Ultrasound.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human'] @entity2781 :: ('MESH:C063533', 'Chemical') :: ['dofetilide'] @entity4218 :: ('MESH:D017880', 'Disease') :: ['limb defects'] @entity2033 :: ('MESH:D006816', 'Disease') :: ['HD'] @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Rats', 'rats'] @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']
@entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Rat']
