PURPOSE: The production of formulaic expressions (conversational speech formulas, pause fillers, idioms, and other fixed expressions) is excessive in the left hemisphere and deficient in the right hemisphere and in subcortical @entity64 . Speakers with @entity195 ( @entity195 ), having functional basal ganglia, reveal abnormally high proportions of formulaic language. @entity1 with @entity191 ( @entity191 ), having dysfunctional basal ganglia, were predicted to show impoverished formulaic expressions in contrast to speakers with @entity195 . This study compared @entity1 with @entity191 , @entity1 with @entity195 , and @entity23 ( @entity23 ) @entity1 on protocols probing production and comprehension of formulaic expressions. METHOD: Spontaneous speech samples were recorded from 16 individuals with @entity191 , 12 individuals with @entity195 , and 18 @entity23 speakers. Structured tests were then administered as probes of comprehension. RESULTS: The @entity191 group had lower proportions of formulaic expressions compared with the @entity195 and @entity23 groups. Comprehension testing yielded opposite contrasts: @entity1 with @entity191 showed significantly higher performance compared with @entity1 with @entity195 and did not differ from @entity23 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The finding that @entity191 produced lower proportions of formulaic expressions compared with @entity195 and @entity23 supports the view that subcortical nuclei modulate the production of formulaic expressions. Contrasting results on formal testing of comprehension, whereby @entity1 with @entity195 performed significantly worse than @entity1 with @entity191 and @entity23 @entity1 , indicate differential effects on procedural and declarative knowledge associated with these neurological conditions.

Formulaic Language in XXXX and @entity195 : Complementary Effects of Subcortical and Cortical Dysfunction.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Persons'] @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke'] @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'PD'] @entity23 :: ('MESH:D007174', 'Disease') :: ['HC', 'healthy control'] @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease"]
@entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's Disease']
