Although TNM stage is the most significant prognostic @entity2 , additional parameters are required for explaining variability of survival. Hence molecular alterations in @entity2 have been extensively studied. Most prominent among them are alterations in the @entity876 - @entity994 pathway, controlling the G1/S transition. They are the most commonly observed aberrations in @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). The results of @entity876 mutations on an individual @entity1 's changes for survival are rather controversial. In a recent study however, after analyzing @entity876 abnormalities both by direct sequencing and immunohistochemistry together with evaluation of @entity588 protein expression, we have found that @entity876 alterations were significantly associated with poor overall survival. Recently, a more sensitive @entity375 functional assay for altered @entity876 protein has been developed, with about 70% positivity in @entity1149 @entity1 and a correlation with shortened survival. The clinical significance of p21WAF1, the protein encoded by the target gene of @entity876 transcription, is still controversial; however expression has been associated with favorable prognosis in @entity957 type. The 'Rb pathway' involving two oncogenes (cyclins D and E) and two @entity5 suppressor genes ( @entity986 ) represents another major source of molecular alterations in @entity2 . Loss of Rb does not seem to significantly influence prognosis, white loss of @entity986 has been show repeatedly to be a factor for poor survival. Hypermethylation of the promoter region has been proposed as an alternative mechanism for inactivation of the @entity986 gene. The relation between cyclin D and E expression and prognosis, still is matter of controversy. Ras mutations are reported especially in @entity420 ; considered alone they bear no clear relation with prognosis, in opposition when considering them together with other molecular alterations. As a conclusion, a variety of molecular markers have been implicated in the prognosis of @entity1149 . However, conflicting results were reported in the literature. Thus further investigations will be required, especially the use of newer molecular assays and the development of appropriate markers or panels of molecular markers.

Prognostic molecular markers in XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient'] @entity588 :: ('596', 'Gene') :: ['bcl-2'] @entity986 :: ('1029', 'Gene') :: ['p16', 'Rb and p16'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor'] @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma'] @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer'] @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['parameter in lung cancer', 'lung cancer'] @entity876 :: ('7157', 'Gene') :: ['p53'] @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast'] @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma'] @entity994 :: ('1026', 'Gene') :: ['p21']
@entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']
