OBJECTIVE: Risk factors beyond @entity286 smoking associated with chronic @entity3617 are not well understood. We sought to describe the prevalence and risk factors of chronic @entity3617 across four distinct settings in Peru with overall low prevalence of @entity286 smoking yet varying degrees of urbanization, daily exposure to biomass fuel smoke and living at high altitude. METHODS: We analyzed data of 2,947 @entity1 from rural and urban Puno, Lima and Tumbes including spirometry, blood samples, anthropometry and administered questionnaires about respiratory symptoms. We used multivariable Poisson regression to assess biologic, socioeconomic and environmental risk factors associated with chronic @entity3617 . RESULTS: Overall prevalence of chronic @entity3617 was 5.9% (95%CI 5.1%-6.9%) with variation by setting: prevalence was lower in semi-urban Tumbes (1.3%) vs. highly urbanized Lima (8.9%), urban Puno (7.0%) and rural Puno (7.8%; p < 0.001). @entity3311 was more common among @entity1 with vs. without @entity1030 based on FEV1/FVC< LLN (12.1% vs 5.6%, p < 0.01) and it was associated with increased reporting of @entity1353 on exertion (p < 0.001), hospitalization (p = 0.003) and workdays missed due to respiratory symptoms (p  <  0.001). Older age (Prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.23 for each 10-years of age, 95%CI 1.09-1.40) past history of @entity565 (PR = 2.87, 95%CI 1.80-4.56), urbanization (PR  =  3.34, 95%CI 2.18-5.11) and daily exposure to biomass fuel smoke (PR = 2.00, 95%CI 1.30-3.07) were all associated with chronic @entity3617 . CONCLUSIONS: We found important variations in the prevalence of chronic @entity3617 across settings. Prevalence increased with both urbanization and with daily exposure to biomass fuel smoke. Having chronic @entity3617 was also associated with worse @entity1 -centered outcomes including @entity1353 , hospitalization and missed workdays.

Urbanization and Daily Exposure to Biomass Fuel Smoke Both Contribute to @entity3311 Risk in a Population with Low Prevalence of Daily XXXX Smoking.

@entity3617 :: ('MESH:D001991', 'Disease') :: ['bronchitis'] @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco'] @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patient'] @entity3311 :: ('MESH:D029481', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic bronchitis'] @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['dyspnea'] @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma'] @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['COPD']
@entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['Tobacco']
