UNASSIGNED: The mechanistic understanding of lifestyle contributions to disease has been largely driven by work in laboratory rodent models using environmental interventions. These interventions show an array of methodologies and sometimes unclear collective conclusions, hampering clinical interpretations. Here we discuss environmental enrichment, exercise and stress interventions to illustrate how different protocols can affect the interpretations of environmental factors in disease. We use @entity2033 ( @entity2033 ) as an example because its @entity19 models exhibit excellent validity and @entity2033 was the first genetic animal model in which environmental stimulation was found to be beneficial. We make a number of observations and recommendations. Firstly, environmental enrichment and @entity2798 generally show benefits across laboratories and @entity19 models. However, the extent to which these environmental interventions have beneficial effects depends on parameters such as the structural complexity of the cage in the case of enrichment, the timing of the intervention and the nature of the control conditions. In particular, clinical interpretations should consider deprived control living conditions and the ethological relevance of the enrichment. Secondly, stress can have negative effects on the phenotype in @entity19 models of @entity2033 and other @entity75 . When modeling stress, the effects of more than one type of experimental stressor should be investigated due to the heterogeneity and complexity of stress responses. With stress in particular, but ideally in all studies, both sexes should be used and the randomized group sizes need to be sufficiently powered to detect any sex effects. Opportunities for clinical translation will be guided by the 'environmental construct validity' of the preclinical data, including the culmination of complementary protocols across multiple animal models. Environmental interventions in @entity19 models of @entity2033 provide illustrative examples of how valid preclinical studies can lead to conclusions relevant to clinical populations.

What's wrong with my @entity19 cage? Methodological considerations for modeling lifestyle factors and gene-environment interactions in XXXX .

@entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse'] @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain disorders'] @entity2033 :: ('MESH:D006816', 'Disease') :: ["Huntington's disease", 'HD'] @entity2798 :: ('MESH:D009155', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary exercise']
@entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']
