There is limited research on the connection between the Holocaust and @entity1118 , despite evidence suggesting that medical and psychological sequelae are common in survivors. The goals of this study were: (1) to define Holocaust survivors' (n = 33) @entity1118 characteristics as manifested 50 years after the war, (2) to compare survivors with controls (n = 33) who did not experience World War II atrocities, and (3) to investigate the connection between past @entity130 and @entity1118 . Data were collected through questionnaires that included a detailed medical and @entity158 history, visual analog scale (VAS), McGill @entity158 Questionnaire (MPQ), Beck @entity308 Inventory (BDI), Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90), and @entity158 Disability Index (PDI). A comparison of variables between the two groups was conducted using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and ANOVA, and canonical discriminant analysis. Results showed that Holocaust survivors reported higher @entity158 levels (73 +/- 18 vs. 56 +/- 21; P < 0.005), more @entity158 sites (4.5 6 2.8 vs. 2.7 6 1.4; P < 0.05), and significantly higher @entity308 scores (17.6 +/- 8.4 vs. 9.2 +/- 4.6; P < 0.001); they tended to utilize more medical services (5.9 +/- 3.0 vs. 5.1 +/- 2.8). Nonetheless, survivors did not regard themselves more disabled as compared with controls. They reported a higher activity level as measured by walking distance capacity, and spent significantly fewer hours resting (4.3 +/- 3.6 vs. 7 +/- 4.6; P < 0.05). This paradoxical combination of high @entity158 intensity, moderate to severe @entity308 , and high activity level characterizes Holocaust survivors' @entity1118 . It is conceivable that by remaining active Holocaust survivors fight back their @entity158 , distress, and @entity308 . These findings suggest that Holocaust atrocities affect survivors' @entity1118 even years later.

XXXX in Holocaust survivors.

@entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Pain', 'pain'] @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain'] @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['trauma']
@entity1118 :: (MESH:D059350,Disease) :: ['Chronic pain']
