@entity731 contain @entity32 , composed largely of macrophages and lymphocytes. A proportion of lymphocytes shows signs of activation, but the question arises whether they are activated in an antigen specific way. The expression of costimulatory molecules-receptors that provide accessory signals during antigen-specific activation is a prerequisite for such a condition. This aspect of @entity32 in @entity731 has not been investigated. @entity1 arterial segments with diffuse intimal thickening, @entity1856 and @entity731 were studied with immuno-single and double staining methods. Macrophages and T lymphocytes were stained with @entity469 and CD3, respectively, and pan-B cell markers @entity1075 and @entity10317 were also used. Costimulatory molecules @entity12750 , together with their common ligand @entity1361 , and @entity2731 with its ligand @entity32998 , were stained with specific monoclonal antibodies. The results show that most T lymphocytes were @entity2731 positive and that only a subpopulation of these (5-15%) was positive also for @entity7938 , @entity1361 and @entity32998 . Macrophages expressed @entity12750 , @entity1361 and @entity32998 , while macrophages positive for @entity1361 and @entity32998 have not been reported yet. The expression of costimulatory molecules was most pronounced in the superficial layers at the fibrous cap, but decreased towards the lipid core. This study shows, therefore, that @entity731 provide costimulatory signals generally accepted as a prerequisite for adequate T cell stimulation. In addition, this study reveals that only approximately 5-15% of the lymphocytes appears actively involved in the inflammatory reaction.

Costimulatory molecules in @entity1 XXXX : an indication of antigen specific T lymphocyte activation.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Human'] @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation'] @entity1075 :: ('930', 'Gene') :: ['CD19'] @entity12750 :: ('941;942', 'Gene') :: ['B7-1 and B7-2', 'B7-1, B7-2'] @entity7938 :: ('941', 'Gene') :: ['B7-1'] @entity469 :: ('968', 'Gene') :: ['CD68'] @entity1361 :: ('940', 'Gene') :: ['CD28'] @entity32998 :: ('970', 'Gene') :: ['CD70'] @entity2731 :: ('939', 'Gene') :: ['CD27'] @entity1856 :: ('MESH:D058226', 'Disease') :: ['fatty streaks'] @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic lesions', 'Atherosclerotic plaques', 'atherosclerotic plaques'] @entity10317 :: ('933', 'Gene') :: ['CD22']
@entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerotic plaques']
