UNASSIGNED: Painful events are suggested to elicit two opponent responses: a negatively valenced and a positively valenced process triggered by their onset and termination, respectively. Consequently, stimuli (conditioned stimulus, CS) associated with @entity158 onset (unconditioned stimulus, @entity10479 ) provoke defensive responses like @entity427 potentiation, while stimuli associated with @entity158 termination elicit appetitive responses like @entity427 attenuation. Here we summarize four studies elucidating the time course of the relief following the termination of a painful @entity10479 . In these studies, the timing of a relief-associated stimulus (reliefCS) presented after a painful @entity10479 was varied from immediately (Study1), 3 seconds (Study4), or 6 seconds (Study2 and 3) after the @entity10479 . Responses to these relief CSs were compared also with responses to a stimulus presented before the @entity10479 (fearCS), and a third stimulus (safetyCS) that was never associated with the @entity10479 . The synopsis of these studies reveals that the timing of the reliefCS is crucial to turn a defensive response into an appetitive response. Namely, the reliefCS immediately following the @entity10479 -induced @entity427 potentiation and negative valence (Study1); 3 seconds later, the @entity427 response was slightly less potentiated and the ratings a little less negative (Study4); finally, the reliefCS presented 6 seconds after the @entity10479 caused @entity427 attenuation (Study2 and 3) and positively valenced ratings (Study3). In sum, the observed time course of relief closely follows the predictions of opponent process theory. This means that relief may be a reinforcer that elicits conditioned appetitive behavior, but its reinforcing properties strongly depend on its temporal relation to the aversive event. J. Comp. Neurol., 2015.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

When does pleasure start after the end of XXXX ? The time course of relief.

@entity10479 :: ('MESH:D065309', 'Disease') :: ['US'] @entity427 :: ('MESH:D012021', 'Disease') :: ['startle'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain']
@entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']
