OBJECTIVE: It has been reported that joint @entity548 cause @entity16 and that the combination of red blood cells (RBC) plus mononuclear cells (MNC) causes the adverse effects. The present study is to elucidate the mechanism by which blood, as present in whole blood, may cause this @entity16 . METHODS: @entity1 cartilage samples were cultured for 4 days in the presence of 50% whole blood, isolated MNC plus RBC, @entity5750 + cells (monocytes/macrophages) plus RBC, or lysed RBC with @entity1356 ( @entity1356 ; a major catabolic product of activated monocytes/macrophages). Antioxidants were used to investigate the involvement of oxidative stress. A subsequent 12-day culture period in the absence of additions is referred to as the recovery period. Changes in cartilage proteoglycan synthesis were determined at days 4 and 16. RESULTS: Cartilage cultured in the presence of whole blood, MNC plus RBC, or monocytes/macrophages plus RBC resulted in a prolonged inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis (>90% inhibition at day 16; all three P<0.05). Lysed RBC together with @entity1356 also induced prolonged inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis (>56% of controls, P<0.05). @entity3733 ( @entity3733 ), scavenging @entity3787 radicals, could reverse the inhibition of cartilage proteoglycan synthesis. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results we hypothesize that @entity1356 produced by activated monocytes/macrophages increases the production of @entity273 by chondrocytes. This in combination with haemoglobin-derived @entity68 from the RBC will result in the formation of @entity3787 radicals in the vicinity of chondrocytes. This mechanism may result in chondrocyte damage and as such be involved in blood-induced @entity16 .

Haemoglobin-derived @entity68 -dependent XXXX radical formation in blood-induced joint damage: an in vitro study.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Human'] @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeds'] @entity1356 :: ('3553', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin 1beta', 'IL-1beta'] @entity5750 :: ('929', 'Gene') :: ['CD14'] @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['cartilage damage'] @entity3733 :: ('MESH:D004121', 'Chemical') :: ['Dimethylsulphoxide', 'DMSO'] @entity3787 :: ('MESH:D017665', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyl'] @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide'] @entity68 :: ('MESH:D007501', 'Chemical') :: ['iron']
@entity3787 :: (MESH:D017665,Chemical) :: ['hydroxyl']
