@entity1091 and @entity3406 present @entity137 , but are able to cause alterations in different tissues. The toxic effects of @entity1091 and @entity3406 at different cellular levels were assessed using two inorganic chemical species: @entity13557 and @entity4437 . @entity19 @entity521 cell cultures (Neuro-2a) were exposed to both compounds for 24 h. The cytotoxic effects evaluated were cell proliferation by quantification of total protein content, cytoplasmic membrane integrity to cytosolic @entity880 dehydrogenase leakage, and lysosomal hexosaminidase release. Metabolic markers were @entity880 dehydrogenase activity and mitochondrial @entity4588 dehydrogenase activity. Lysosomal markers were relative neutral red uptake by lysosomes, and lysosomal hexosaminidase sphingolipid degradation activity. @entity4360 activity on intact cells was also quantified. @entity3406 was found to be 36 times more toxic than @entity1091 to @entity521 cell proliferation (EC(50)= 0.29 and 10.5 mM, respectively), but the relative extent of other alterations differed. @entity1091 stimulated nearly all the indicators studied, particularly @entity880 dehydrogenase, mitochondrial @entity4588 dehydrogenase and @entity4360 activities, as well as hexosaminidase release. In contrast, @entity3406 mainly stimulated hexosaminidase release and inhibited @entity880 dehydrogenase activity. The stabilization of the cytoplasmic membrane to @entity880 dehydrogenase leakage simultaneously with the secretion of lysosomal hexosaminidase for both compounds also shows that functional metabolic alterations produced by @entity1091 and @entity3406 are more important than cytoplasmic damage.

In vitro effects of @entity1091 and XXXX at different levels on Neuro-2a @entity19 @entity521 cells.

@entity3406 :: ('MESH:D009532', 'Chemical') :: ['nickel', 'Nickel'] @entity13557 :: ('MESH:D018021', 'Chemical') :: ['lithium chloride'] @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['low toxicity'] @entity4437 :: ('CHEBI:34887', 'Chemical') :: ['nickel(II) chloride'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['Mouse'] @entity4588 :: ('MESH:D019802', 'Chemical') :: ['succinate'] @entity4360 :: ('11423(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Acetylcholinesterase', 'acetylcholinesterase'] @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate'] @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma'] @entity1091 :: ('MESH:D008094', 'Chemical') :: ['Lithium', 'lithium']
@entity3406 :: (MESH:D009532,Chemical) :: ['nickel']
