@entity6 represents a major threat to public health and the number of @entity1 is increasing alarmingly in the global scale. Particularly, the @entity2316 ( @entity8 , DN) together with its @entity65 cause immense @entity1 suffering, highly increased risk of premature deaths, and lead to huge societal costs. DN is first detected when protein appears in urine (microalbuminuria). As in other persisting @entity66 (like @entity1333 ) it heralds irreversible @entity8 up to non-functional (end-stage) kidney and ultimately calls for kidney replacement therapy (dialysis or kidney transplantation). While remarkable progress has been made in understanding the genetic and molecular factors associating with @entity740 , breakthroughs are still missing to provide comprehensive understanding of events and mechanisms associated. Non-invasive diagnostic tools for early diagnostics of @entity8 are badly needed. Exosomes - small vesicular structures present in urine are released by all cell types along kidney structures to present with distinct surface assembly. Furthermore, exosomes carry a load of special proteins and nucleic acids. This "cargo" faithfully reflects the physiological state of their respective cells of origin and appears to serve as a new pathway for downstream signaling to target cells. Accordingly, exosome vesicles are emerging as a valuable source for disease stage-specific information and as fingerprints of disease progression. Unfortunately, technical issues of exosome isolation are challenging and, thus, their full potential remains untapped. Here, we review the molecular basis of exosome secretion as well as their use to reveal events along the nephron. In addition to novel molecular information, the new methods provide the needed accurate, personalized, non-invasive, and inexpensive future diagnostics.

Use and isolation of urinary exosomes as biomarkers for XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients'] @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy', 'kidney damage', 'damage of kidney functions'] @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuric diseases'] @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes'] @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['vasculitis'] @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic kidney disease'] @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic kidney diseases'] @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular complications']
@entity2316 :: (MESH:D003928,Disease) :: ['diabetic nephropathy']
