OBJECTIVE: @entity543 is a common manifestation of systemic @entity731 . Apart from traditional risk factors, genetic determinants, such as polymorphisms of the @entity916 angiotensin system (RAS), may be relevant in modulating the @entity731 process leading to @entity543 . In this study, we investigated the role of @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) I/D and @entity26699 , @entity2178 ( @entity2178 ) @entity7742 , and angiotensin type 1 receptor ( @entity7743 ) @entity7744 polymorphisms in modulating the susceptibility to the disease. METHODS: Eight hundred twenty-one consecutive @entity1 with severe @entity543 (>= 70%) and 847 control subjects were investigated. RESULTS: A significant difference in genotype distribution (P < .0001) and allele frequency (P < .0001) between @entity1 and controls for the @entity1289 I/D polymorphism, but not for the other single-nucleotide polymorphisms investigated, was observed. The @entity1289 D allele frequency was significantly higher in @entity1 without traditional risk factors in comparison with that observed in those with at least one risk factor (0.71 vs 0.61; P = .04). The @entity1289 D allele significantly influenced @entity543 under dominant, recessive, and additive model of inheritance at both univariate (P < .0001) and multivariate analysis (P < .0001). When the combined effect of RAS unfavorable alleles was considered, @entity1 carrying less than three alleles had a lower risk of @entity543 (odds ratio [OR], 0.79 [0.63-0.99]; P = .05), while carriers of more than four unfavorable alleles had an increased risk (OR, 1.44 [1.12-1.84]; P = .004), in comparison with subjects carrying three or four unfavorable alleles. @entity1289 D allele frequency was similar in @entity1 with and without additional @entity731 localizations (0.61 vs 0.62, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings evidence a role for @entity1289 I/D polymorphism in influencing the susceptibility to @entity543 , even in the absence of traditional risk factors. Interestingly, our findings provided further information concerning the role of this polymorphism in modulating the @entity731 process apart from its different localizations.

Association between polymorphisms of the XXXX angiotensin system and @entity543 .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity7744 :: ('c|SUB|A|1166|C', 'DNAMutation') :: ['1166A > C'] @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin-converting enzyme'] @entity7742 :: ('p|SUB|M|235|T', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['M235T'] @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['AGT', 'angiotensinogen'] @entity26699 :: ('c|SUB|A|-240|T', 'DNAMutation') :: ['-240A>T'] @entity7743 :: ('185', 'Gene') :: ['AGTR1'] @entity916 :: ('5972', 'Gene') :: ['renin'] @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic', 'atherosclerosis'] @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['carotid stenosis', 'Carotid stenosis']
@entity916 :: (5972,Gene) :: ['renin']
