The threat of radiation-induced late normal tissue injury limits the dose of radiation that can be delivered safely to @entity5 @entity1 presenting with solid @entity5 . Tissue dysfunction and failure, associated with @entity194 , @entity82 and/or @entity39 , as well as @entity1317 , have been reported in late responding normal tissues, including the central nervous system, gut, kidney, liver, lung, and skin. The precise mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced late normal tissue injury have not been fully elucidated. It has been proposed recently that the radiation-induced late effects are caused, in part, by chronic oxidative stress and @entity32 . Increased production of reactive @entity26 species, which leads to lipid peroxidation, oxidation of DNA and proteins, as well as activation of pro-inflammatory factors has been observed in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we will present direct and indirect evidence to support this hypothesis. To improve the long-term survival and quality of life for radiotherapy @entity1 , new approaches have been examined in preclinical models for their efficacy in preventing or mitigating the radiation-induced chronic normal tissue injury. We and others have tested drugs that can either @entity32 or reduce chronic oxidative stress in animal models of late radiation-induced normal tissue injury. The effectiveness of renin-angiotensin system blockers, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma agonists, and antioxidants/antioxidant enzymes in preventing or mitigating the severity of radiation-induced late effects indicates that radiation-induced @entity8638 can be prevented and/or treated. This provides a rationale for the design and development of anti-inflammatory-based interventional approaches for the treatment of radiation-induced late normal tissue injury.

XXXX and chronic oxidative stress in radiation-induced late normal tissue injury: therapeutic implications.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'attenuate inflammation'] @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis'] @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumors'] @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen'] @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['atrophy'] @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['vascular injury'] @entity8638 :: ('MESH:D020208', 'Disease') :: ['chronic injury']
@entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['Inflammation']
