During the past 2 years the number of studies examining psychopathology and quality of life after @entity1479 implantation has increased dramatically. Variables assessed have included recipient age, gender, and social support network. How recipients respond to having the device, particularly after experiencing firing, has been evaluated in light of new @entity308 and @entity148 diagnoses as well as premorbid personality structure. Now the picture of what is known is, if anything, cloudier than it was 2 years ago, with little definitive and much contradictory data emerging in most of these categories. It still seems clear that in a significant minority of @entity1479 recipients the device negatively affects quality of life, probably more so if it fires. Education about life with the device before receiving it remains paramount. Reports continue to appear of @entity1 developing new-onset diagnosable @entity148 such as @entity4697 and @entity1005 . Until recently the strongest predictors of induced psychopathology were considered to be the frequency and recency of device firing. It now seems that preimplantation psychologic variables such as degree of optimism or pessimism and an @entity1314 style may confer an even greater risk than previously thought. Certainly many variables factor into the induction of psychopathology in these @entity1 . Among these factors are age, gender, and perception of control of shocks, as well as the predictability of shocks and psychologic attributions made by the @entity1 regarding the device. Another source of variability is this population's medical heterogeneity. Some @entity1 receive ICDs after near-death experiences; others get them as anticipatory prophylaxis. Some have longstanding and entrenched @entity299 ; others were apparently healthy before sudden dangerous @entity943 . Diagnoses as diverse as @entity583 in the context of advanced @entity453 and @entity384 after acute @entity1800 may warrant @entity1479 placement. Moreover the course of @entity299 after @entity1479 placement may vary from relative stability to continuing disease progression and severe functional compromise. Unless these and other pre- and postimplantation differences are taken into account, it is almost impossible to make meaningful comparisons between studies. Ideally, future research would consist either of large-scale, randomized, prospective studies using validated structured-interview tools to supplement a literature dominated by self-report measures, unstructured assessments, and anecdotal reports, or of smaller studies designed to focus on particular diagnostic subsets. As ICDs become the standard of care for potentially life-threatening @entity943 , the rate of implantations continues to increase. Because negative emotions have been linked to an increased incidence of @entity943 , and untreated or unrecognized @entity146 can interfere with adaptation to an @entity1479 , assessing and managing both pre-existing and induced @entity146 becomes even more critical. Greater research attention should be paid to determining which @entity1 meet criteria for @entity148 before and after implantation and what premorbid traits predispose to postimplantation psychopathology. The authors predict that psychiatrists will be involved increasingly in caring for this population, offering insights into treatment options that increase the likelihood of successful @entity1479 acceptance and decrease the psychosocial costs of these devices.

An updated review of implantable cardioverter/defibrillators, induced XXXX , and quality of life.

@entity1479 :: ('OMIM:252500', 'Disease') :: ['ICD'] @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient'] @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression'] @entity4697 :: ('MESH:D016584', 'Disease') :: ['panic'] @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric illness', 'psychiatric disorders'] @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['dilated cardiomyopathy'] @entity1005 :: ('MESH:D013313', 'Disease') :: ['posttraumatic stress disorder'] @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infection'] @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety disorder', 'anxiety disorders'] @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease'] @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac disease', 'heart disease'] @entity1314 :: ('MESH:D010554', 'Disease') :: ['anxious personality'] @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction'] @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']
@entity148 :: (MESH:D001008,Disease) :: ['anxiety']
