BACKGROUND: Freezing of gait ( @entity6556 ) is a major concern for @entity191 ( @entity191 ) @entity1 because it is a leading cause of falls and is associated with poor quality of life. The pathophysiology is unknown but it is hypothesized that it relates to @entity73 ; particularly executive and @entity409 . However, prior results have been discrepant. Pharmacologic subtypes of @entity6556 include those that are responsive and unresponsive to levodopa. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether executive and @entity409 are associated specifically with the levodopa unresponsive subtype of @entity6556 . METHODS: 135 @entity191 subjects completed a single assessment included @entity6556 questionnaire, UPDRS motor scale, comprehensive @entity73 and measure of @entity1833 . Analyses compared unresponsive (n  =  16), responsive (n  =  20) and no @entity6556 (n  =  99) subtypes. RESULTS: The unresponsive subtype had a significantly older age of onset of @entity191 than the responsive group (p  =  .03) and had worse motor scores (p  =  .003) than the no @entity6556 group. Longer disease duration was associated with the responsive group compared to the no @entity6556 group (p  =  .002). The unresponsive @entity6556 group had significantly poorer visuospatial ability (p  =  .001) and executive functioning (p  =  .02) than both the no and responsive @entity6556 subgroups. These latter groups were not significantly different. The responsive @entity6556 group was associated with the presence of @entity1833 . CONCLUSION: Aside from pharmacological differences, unresponsive @entity6556 is associated with executive and @entity409 implicating frontostriatal pathways while responsive @entity6556 is associated with @entity1833 suggesting involvement of posterior cortical regions. Further study and treatment of @entity6556 should include appropriate subtype classification.

Freezing of gait subtypes have different cognitive correlates in XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive battery', 'cognitive abnormalities'] @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['visuospatial dysfunction'] @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'PD'] @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['hallucinations'] @entity6556 :: ('161882', 'Gene') :: ['FOG']
@entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']
