@entity128 were among the earliest neurosurgical problems faced by ancient physicians and surgeons. In this review, the authors trace the development of neurosurgical theory and practice for the treatment of @entity128 beginning from the earliest ancient evidence available to the collapse of the Greco-Roman civilizations. The earliest neurosurgical procedure was trephination, which modern scientists believe was used to treat @entity174 in some civilizations. The Egyptian papyri of Edwin Smith provide a thorough description of 27 @entity542 with astute observations of clinical signs and symptoms, but little information on the treatment of these @entity130 . Hippocrates offered the first classification of @entity174 and discussion of which types required trephining, in addition to refining this technique. Hippocrates was also the first to understand the basis of @entity428 . After Hippocrates, the physicians of the Alexandrian school provided further insight into the clinical evaluation of @entity1 with @entity542 , including the rudiments of a Glasgow @entity772 Scale. Finally, Galen of Pergamon, a physician to fallen gladiators, substantially contributed to the understanding of the neuroanatomy and physiology. He also described his own classification system for @entity174 and further refined the surgical technique of trephination. From the study of these important ancient figures, it is clearly evident that the knowledge and experience gained from the management of @entity128 has laid the foundation not only for how these @entity130 are managed today, but also for the development of the field of neurosurgery.

The management of XXXX in antiquity and beyond.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['skull fractures'] @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['increased intracranial pressure'] @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head trauma', 'head injuries'] @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['cranial injuries', 'Cranial injuries'] @entity772 :: ('MESH:D003128', 'Disease') :: ['Coma'] @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries']
@entity128 :: (MESH:D020209,Disease) :: ['cranial injuries']
