UNASSIGNED: A need exists for developing new therapies to improve cardiovascular outcomes in @entity454 . Three new areas that address novel pathophysiological mechanisms and/or therapeutic approaches toward cardiovascular events in @entity740 @entity1 include the use of an anti-inflammatory agent, the role of catalytic iron, and protein carbamylation. In preliminary studies, hydroxychloroquine, which has multiple anti-inflammatory properties, preserved vascular compliance for the aorta and major vessels, as well as reduced the extent of severity of @entity731 in @entity6970 -/- @entity19 . The ability of iron to rapidly and reversibly cycle between 2 oxidation states makes iron potentially hazardous by enabling it to participate in the generation of powerful oxidant species. We have shown that high catalytic iron in the general population is associated with a 4-fold increase in prevalent @entity65 ( @entity65 ), even after accounting for traditional risk factors. In addition, the highest levels of catalytic iron are present in dialysis @entity1 and, more specifically, @entity1 with prevalent @entity65 have several-fold higher catalytic iron levels compared with controls without @entity65 . These data suggest the utility of iron chelators for preventing and treating @entity65 in @entity1 with @entity740 and should be further investigated. Carbamylation of proteins results from nonenzymatic chemical modification by isocyanic acid derived from urea and an alternative route, the @entity3335 -catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate. We have shown carbamylated low-density lipoprotein to have all the major biological effects relevant to @entity731 including endothelial cell injury, increased expression of cell adhesion molecules, and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. In 2 separate clinical studies, plasma levels of carbamylated protein independently predicted an increased risk of @entity65 and @entity204 .

Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of XXXX in CKD @entity1 .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity6970 :: ('11816(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['ApoE'] @entity3335 :: ('4353', 'Gene') :: ['myeloperoxidase'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic kidney disease'] @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis'] @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death'] @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease'] @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage kidney disease']
@entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['Atherosclerosis']
