The presence of bone tissue in calcified arteries may provide insights into the pathophysiology and potential reversibility of @entity730 , but the prevalence, distribution, and determinants of bone and osteoclasts in calcified arteries are unknown. Specimens of 386 arteries from lower limb amputations in 108 @entity1 were examined retrospectively. Calcification was present in 282 arteries from 89 @entity1 , which was medial in 64%, intimal in 9%, and both in 27%. Bone was present in 6% of arteries, essentially all of which were heavily calcified. Multiple sampling revealed that the true prevalence of bone in heavily calcified arteries was 25%. Bone was more common in medial rather than intimal @entity730 (10% vs 3%, p=0.03) but did not vary with artery location (above vs below the knee). Heavily calcified arteries with bone were more likely to come from @entity1 who were older (p=0.04), had @entity6 (p=0.06), or were receiving @entity1229 (p=0.06), but there was no association with gender or @entity177 . Bone was almost always adjacent to @entity730 , along the periphery, but never within. Staining for the bone-specific proteins osteocalcin and @entity8088 was noted in 20% and 45% of heavily calcified arteries without visible bone. Osteoclasts were present in 4.9% of arteries, all of which were heavily calcified and most of which contained bone. The frequent absence of bone in heavily calcified vessels and the histologic pattern strongly suggests a secondary rather than primary event. Recruitment of osteoclasts to @entity729 can occur but is rare, suggesting a limited capacity to reverse @entity730 .

The association of bone and osteoclasts with XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity8088 :: ('121340', 'Gene') :: ['osterix'] @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes'] @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification', 'calcifications'] @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure'] @entity729 :: ('MESH:D061205', 'Disease') :: ['vascular calcifications'] @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']
@entity729 :: (MESH:D061205,Disease) :: ['vascular calcification']
