BACKGROUND: Macrophages have been implicated in the pathogenesis of @entity1030 . M1 and M2 macrophages constitute subpopulations displaying pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. We hypothesized that smoking cessation affects macrophage heterogeneity in the lung of @entity1 with @entity1030 . Our aim was to study macrophage heterogeneity using the M2-marker @entity11772 and selected pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and induced sputum from current smokers and ex-smokers with @entity1030 . METHODS: 114 @entity1030 @entity1 (72 current smokers; 42 ex-smokers, median smoking cessation 3.5 years) were studied cross-sectionally and underwent sputum induction (M/F 99/15, age 62    8 [mean    SD] years, 42 (31-55) [median (range)] packyears, post-bronchodilator FEV1 63    9% predicted, no steroids past 6 months). BAL was collected from 71 @entity1 . @entity11772 + macrophages were quantified in BAL and sputum cytospins. Pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators were measured in BAL and sputum supernatants. RESULTS: Ex-smokers with @entity1030 had a higher percentage, but lower number of @entity11772 + macrophages in BAL than current smokers (83.5% and 68.0%, p = 0.04; 5.6 and 20.1   10(4)/ml, p = 0.001 respectively). The percentage @entity11772 + M2 macrophages was higher in BAL compared to sputum (74.0% and 30.3%, p < 0.001). BAL @entity6824 levels were higher in smokers than ex-smokers (571 pg/ml and 150 pg/ml, p = 0.001) and correlated with the number of @entity11772 + BAL macrophages (Rs = 0.38, p = 0.003). No significant differences were found between smokers and ex-smokers in the levels of pro-inflammatory ( @entity650 and @entity687 ), and anti-inflammatory (elafin, and Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor [SLPI]) mediators in BAL and sputum. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that smoking cessation partially changes the macrophage polarization in vivo in the periphery of the lung towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype, which is not accompanied by a decrease in inflammatory parameters.

Smoking status and anti-inflammatory macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage and induced sputum in XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity650 :: ('3569', 'Gene') :: ['IL-6'] @entity11772 :: ('9332', 'Gene') :: ['CD163'] @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['COPD'] @entity6824 :: ('1435', 'Gene') :: ['M-CSF'] @entity687 :: ('3576', 'Gene') :: ['IL-8']
@entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['COPD']
