BACKGROUND: Various experts in clinical teratology have proposed what they consider to be well-established teratogens. With the recent growth in the number of resources and investigations, there has been a notable proliferation of proposed risk factors as potential causes of @entity1 @entity4670 . The purpose of this Commentary is to provide a concise summary of the current state of knowledge regarding known causes and environmental risk factors of structural defects. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive search of PubMed for papers in English and in @entity1 only, 2010 to 2014, that included @entity600 , risk factors, and teratogens as key terms. RESULTS: Our search led to over 9000 papers dealing with these categories. From this, we were able to construct a timetable documenting the recognition of @entity1 teratogens and list several proposed environmental risk factors. Three relevant current trends were noticed: An increase of prescription and nonprescription medication use by @entity1 during pregnancy; the rise in @entity28 and its association with structural defects; and a growing body of work regarding outcomes associated with assisted reproductive technology. CONCLUSION: There are numerous risk factors, some modifiable, that have been proposed in recent years. These factors (associations) are only at the preliminary level in the causal chain and require replication. There is a need for more work on protective factors. The phenotypic characterization of cases with @entity154 has improved remarkably in recent years. However, there remains considerable concern with the precise characterization of exposures and the documentation of timing during embryologic development. @entity600 Research (Part A), 2015.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Editorial reflections on the etiology of structural XXXX : Established teratogens and risk factors.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'humans', 'human'] @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital defects'] @entity4670 :: ('MESH:D009358', 'Disease') :: ['congenital structural defects'] @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity'] @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['Birth Defects', 'birth defects']
@entity600 :: (MESH:D000014,Disease) :: ['birth defects']
