UNASSIGNED: @entity461 (syn. @entity461 , or @entity461 ) is a leading cause of @entity5163 that infects hundreds of millions of @entity1 annually. Research on Giardia has greatly expanded within the last few years, and our understanding of the pathophysiology and immunology on this parasite is ever increasing. At @entity281 , Giardia trophozoites induce pathophysiological responses that culminate in the development of @entity5163 . However, @entity1 data has suggested that the intestinal mucosa of @entity281 individuals is devoid of signs of overt intestinal inflammation, an observation that is reproduced in animal models. Thus, our understanding of host inflammatory responses to the parasite remain incompletely understood and @entity1 studies and experimental data have produced conflicting results. It is now also apparent that certain @entity281 contain mechanisms capable of modulating their host's immune responses. As the oral route of @entity281 is shared with many other gastrointestinal (GI) pathogens, @entity325 may often occur, especially in places with poor sanitation and/or improper treatment of drinking water. Moreover, @entity281 may modulate host immune responses and have been found to protect against the development of @entity5163 in developing countries. The following review summarizes our current understanding of the immunomodulatory mechanisms of @entity281 and their consequences for the host, and highlights areas for future research. Potential implications of these immunomodulatory effects during @entity344 are also discussed.

Disruptions of Host Immunity and Inflammation by @entity461 : Potential Consequences for XXXX in the Gastro-Intestinal Tract.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'people'] @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['GI co-infection'] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Giardia-infected', 'peak infection', 'Giardia infection', 'Giardia infections'] @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['co-infections'] @entity461 :: ('5741', 'Species') :: ['Giardia duodenalis', 'G. intestinalis', 'G. lamblia'] @entity5163 :: ('MESH:D004403', 'Disease') :: ['waterborne diarrheal disease', 'diarrheal disease']
@entity325 :: (MESH:D060085,Disease) :: ['Co-Infections']
