Around the globe, chemical compounds are used to treat or repel pests and plagues that pose a threat to food and feed production. From epidemiological studies, it is known that there is a link between exposure to certain chemical classes of these so-called pesticides and the prevalence of @entity179 such as @entity191 in @entity1 . However, which particular compound(s) account for this link or what underlying mechanisms are involved is still largely unresolved. The degenerative process in @entity191 is largely limited to the dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia. Cellular mechanisms that are implicated in @entity191 include @entity2383 , oxidative stress, disturbance of intracellular @entity460 homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. A major characteristic that distinguishes the dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia from other dopaminergic neurons is a particular reliance on intracellular @entity460 for spontaneous activity. Considering the energy consuming nature of maintenance of the intracellular @entity460 homeostasis and its involvement in life and @entity204 of a neuron, this may explain the specific vulnerability of this neuronal population. Despite a large variation in primary mechanism of action it has been demonstrated that pesticides from different classes disturb intracellular @entity460 homeostasis, thus interfering with intracellular @entity460 signalling. This relates to altered dopaminergic signalling, disturbed protein homeostasis and increased oxidative stress. Therefore, effects of (mixtures of) pesticides on the intracellular @entity460 homeostasis may play a role in the development of @entity191 in @entity1 . Although @entity1 exposure to pesticides via e.g. food often occurs in complex mixtures, ( @entity1 ) risk assessment is largely based on the assessment of single compounds. The discovery of common modes of action across different classes of pesticides therefore underpins the urgency of development of new models and approaches in risk assessment.

In vitro dopaminergic neurotoxicity of pesticides: a link with XXXX ?

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human'] @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ['parkinsonian neurodegeneration', "Parkinson's disease"] @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disorders'] @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium'] @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death'] @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial dysfunction']
@entity179 :: (MESH:D019636,Disease) :: ['neurodegeneration']
