@entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by cough, sputum production, dyspnoea, airflow limitation and @entity6587 . The airflow limitation declines progressively and is irreversible or partially reversible. Bronchodilator therapy is prescribed to relieve the symptoms, reverse @entity1224 and hopefully slow the rate of disease progression and decelerate the decline in pulmonary function. During acute exacerbation, inhalation of @entity2263 -agonists remain the therapy of choice. The usefulness of anticholinergic inhalation in acute attacks is investigated in order to determine if a higher dose and more frequent administration have same benefit as @entity2263 -agonists inhalation. Theophylline is usually given orally as a sustained release formulation for chronic maintenance therapy. Some @entity1 may benefit from @entity2544 infusion during an acute phase when appropriately used; however, sympathomimetic agents fail to produce adequate bronchodilation. During interim periods of stability, inhalation of @entity13265 has increased in popularity as a regular long-term bronchodilator therapy. Although @entity13265 and @entity2263 -agonists are equally efficacious when the dosage is adequate enough, a combination of both provides a rapid onset of action of the adrenergic agents and a prolonged action of the anticholinergic. Furthermore, this combination can be given in a reduced dose, thereby avoiding side-effects. Inhalation techniques can influence the efficacy of bronchodilator therapy. For severe dyspnoeic @entity1 or @entity1 with poor technique of co-ordination with @entity4185 ( @entity4185 ), attachment of a spacer to the @entity4185 or using a nebulizer will overcome these difficulties. Bronchodilator therapy can not prevent the development of @entity1030 or slow down the decline of pulmonary function, other interventions should be included in a comprehensive management programme.

Bronchodilator therapy for XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity2544 :: ('MESH:D013806', 'Chemical') :: ['theophylline'] @entity13265 :: ('MESH:D009241', 'Chemical') :: ['ipratropium', 'ipratropium bromide'] @entity4185 :: ('MESH:D058545', 'Disease') :: ['MDI', 'metered-dose inhaler'] @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD'] @entity2263 :: ('10242', 'Gene') :: ['beta2'] @entity6587 :: ('MESH:D016535', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial hyperreactivity'] @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airway obstruction']
@entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']
