Caveolin 1 ( @entity3895 -1), the scaffold protein of a specific membrane lipid raft called caveolae, has been reported to suppress @entity2858 replication. However, the mechanism by which @entity3895 -1 inhibits @entity645 replication remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which @entity3895 -1 inhibits @entity645 replication at the level of gene expression. Our results show that @entity3895 -1 represses viral gene expression and that this suppression involves the NF-kB pathway. We used several approaches in different cell types, including primary CD4(+) T cells and macrophages, to demonstrate the role of nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) in @entity3895 -1-mediated inhibition of viral expression. A mutational analysis of the cis-acting element shows that the two NF-kB sites in the U3 region of the long terminal repeat (LTR) are critical for @entity3895 -1-mediated inhibition of viral expression. In the presence of @entity3895 -1, phosphorylation of IKKb, IKKa, IkBa, and NF-kB p65 is dramatically reduced, while viral gene expression is suppressed. In addition, translocation of NF-kB p65 to the nucleus decreases substantially in the presence of @entity3895 -1. Furthermore, significant inhibition of NF-kB activation and binding to target DNA are evident in the presence of @entity3895 -1. These results establish evidence that @entity3895 -1 inhibits @entity645 replication by transcriptional repression of viral gene expression and contributes to @entity645 's persistent infection of macrophages.

Caveolin 1 inhibits XXXX replication by transcriptional repression mediated through NF-kB.

@entity2858 :: ('11676', 'Species') :: ['HIV-1'] @entity645 :: ('57667', 'Species') :: ['HIV'] @entity3895 :: ('10537', 'Species') :: ['Cav']
@entity645 :: (57667,Species) :: ['HIV']
