BACKGROUND: This study investigated how cigarette smoking and @entity285 use predict disability retirement. METHODS: Data from the longitudinal nationwide Finnish Twin Cohort study were analyzed, with clustered study design applied when computing 95% confidence intervals (CI). The sample included 21,719 individuals. Smoking and @entity285 use were assessed with a questionnaire in 1975. Registry data on retirement events up till end of 2004 were obtained from the Social Insurance Institution and the Finnish Centre for Pensions. RESULTS: Disability pension was granted to 4251 @entity1 . Among @entity1 , adjusted for age and @entity285 use, former (HR=1.45, 95%CI 1.28, 1.65, p<.001) and daily smokers (HR=1.93, 95%CI 1.71, 2.17, p<.001) showed @entity717 pension risk compared to never smokers. Among @entity1 , daily smokers (HR=1.25, 95%CI 1.11, 1.40, <.001) had elevated risk. The age and smoking adjusted risk estimates for @entity285 were elevated among abstainers ( @entity1 HR=1.41, 95%CI 1.21, 1.65, p<.001; @entity1 HR=1.36, 95%CI 1.23, 1.52, p<.001) and heavy drinkers ( @entity1 HR=1.30, 95%CI 1.18, 1.43, p<.001; @entity1 HR=1.34, 95%CI 1.04, 1.72, p=.026). Those being persistent smokers and binge drinkers had over three-fold disability risk compared to those who were binge drinkers but had only a few smoking years ( @entity1 : HR=3.32, 95%CI 2.43, 4.54, p<.001; @entity1 : HR=4.05, 95%CI 2.05, 8.00, p<.001). Among @entity1 and @entity1 who were not binge drinkers, longer smoking duration was needed for @entity717 risk. CONCLUSIONS: Both smoking and excess @entity285 use significantly predict disability retirement. In order to extend working careers, more attention should be paid to health behaviors, in addition to working conditions.

Cigarette smoking and XXXX use as predictors of disability retirement: A population-based cohort study.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'men'] @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['elevated disability'] @entity285 :: ('D000431', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']
@entity285 :: (D000431,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']
