@entity6 has been recognised as an important risk factor for a variety of intracellular @entity2348 , but research into the dysregulated immune mechanisms contributing to the impaired host-pathogen interactions is in its infancy. @entity6 is characterised by a chronic state of low-grade @entity32 due to activation of proinflammatory mediators and increased formation of advanced glycation end products. Increased oxidative stress also exacerbates the chronic inflammatory processes observed in @entity6 . The reduced phagocytic and antibacterial activity of neutrophils and macrophages provides an intracellular niche for the pathogen to replicate. Phagocytic and antibacterial dysfunction may be mediated directly through altered @entity413 metabolism and oxidative stress. Furthermore, impaired activation of natural killer cells contributes to decreased levels of @entity379 , required for promoting macrophage antibacterial mechanisms. Together with impaired dendritic cell function, this impedes timely activation of adaptive immune responses. Increased intracellular oxidation of antigen presenting cells in individuals with @entity6 alters the cytokine profile generated and the subsequent balance of T cell immunity. The establishment of @entity2348 in the @entity6 host is associated with @entity73 cell-mediated immune responses. Concomitant to the greater intracellular bacterial burden and potential cumulative effect of chronic inflammatory processes, late hyperinflammatory cytokine responses are often observed in individuals with @entity6 , contributing to systemic pathology. The convergence of intracellular @entity2348 and @entity6 poses new challenges for immunologists, providing the impetus for multidisciplinary research. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Immunological mechanisms contributing to the double burden of XXXX .

@entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation'] @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetic', 'diabetes'] @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impaired T'] @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infections', 'acute intracellular bacterial infections'] @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['interferon gamma'] @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']
@entity2348 :: (MESH:D001424,Disease) :: ['diabetes and intracellular bacterial infections']
