Farming environment and environmental exposure to microbial agents have been suggested to promote favorable development of immune system in @entity1 and protect against @entity56 . However, effects of farm exposure on adult immune responses are less clear. Aim of the present study was to examine associations of farm related factors and measured microbial exposure with stimulated production of @entity379 ( @entity379 ) and @entity3646 ( @entity3646 ) in peripheral blood samples among farming @entity1 . Whole peripheral blood samples were obtained from 112 @entity1 living on farms and stimulated with @entity10757 myristate @entity598 / @entity1360 , lipopolysaccharide and staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Following 24h stimulation, protein levels of @entity379 and @entity3646 in the supernatants were measured by ELISA. From house dust, concentrations of @entity15447 (C10:0-C14:0, marker for Gram-negative bacteria), muramic acid (Gram-positive bacteria) and @entity12364 (fungal biomass) were analyzed with GC-MS/MS and viable microbes by culturing. Information on farm related factors and @entity56 were collected from self-administered questionnaires. We found that household pets or other current or childhood farm-related factors had only few associations with stimulated cytokine production among studied farming @entity1 . Similarly, no strong associations were observed between markers of microbial exposure measured in house dust and cytokine levels. @entity1097 , @entity2023 and recent @entity1729 were, however, associated with reduced @entity379 production. Our results suggest that the capacity of the studied environmental factors to modulate immune system is relatively weak in adulthood.

Determinants of stimulated peripheral blood cytokine production among farming XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children'] @entity12364 :: ('MESH:D004875', 'Chemical') :: ['ergosterol'] @entity15447 :: ('CHEBI:59845', 'Chemical') :: ['3-hydroxy fatty acids'] @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis'] @entity10757 :: ('MESH:C033085', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol'] @entity1097 :: ('MESH:C566404', 'Disease') :: ['Atopic sensitization'] @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate'] @entity1360 :: ('MESH:D015759', 'Chemical') :: ['ionomycin'] @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['interferon-gamma', 'IFN-y'] @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic diseases'] @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory infections'] @entity3646 :: ('3565', 'Gene') :: ['IL-4', 'interleukin-4']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']
