BACKGROUND: @entity13633 ( @entity13633 , or @entity13633 ) is upregulated in grafts with @entity8 . However, the functional role of @entity13633 in the pathogenesis of @entity8 remains unclear. @entity13633 may regulate lesion development by modulating the early alloimmune response and/or late myointimal thickening. METHODS AND RESULTS: To determine whether @entity13633 -mediated pathways protect against or promote @entity8 , we used @entity13633 -deficient @entity19 as recipients in our vascularized chronic cardiac rejection model. The severity of vascular thickening in 55-day grafts placed into @entity13633 -/- recipients (n=13) was compared with that in wild-type recipients (n=15). Computer-assisted analysis of all elastin-stained vessels (n=283) showed significantly increased luminal occlusion (77.11+/-9.4% versus 40.8+/-13.6%, P<.0001) and intima/media ratios in allografts from @entity13633 -/- recipients (1.9+/-1.3 versus 0.4+/-0.3, P=.0002). To elucidate potential mechanisms, we studied @entity13633 effects on T-cell differentiation ( @entity630 / @entity61 ) and neointimal smooth muscle cell accumulation. Normalized mRNA levels for @entity630 - (signal transducer and activator of transcription [STAT] 4, interleukin [IL]-2, @entity60 ) and @entity61 - ( @entity9094 , @entity58 , and @entity59 ) associated factors were comparable in both groups. In contrast, quantitative analysis of the alpha-actin-positive area showed a significant increase in the contribution of smooth muscle cells within the neointima in allografts from @entity13633 -/- recipients (28.2+/-2.0%) compared with wild-type controls (13.2+/-2.3%; P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS: @entity13633 plays a protective role in the development of @entity8 , suppressing neointimal smooth muscle cell accumulation.

Exacerbated @entity8 in inducible nitric oxide-deficient XXXX .

@entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['transplant arteriosclerosis'] @entity59 :: ('16191(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IL-5'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity60 :: ('15978(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['interferon-gamma'] @entity61 :: ('15111(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Th2'] @entity9094 :: ('20852(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['STAT 6'] @entity13633 :: ('18126(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['NOS2', 'Inducible NO synthase', 'iNOS'] @entity58 :: ('16189(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IL-4'] @entity630 :: ('57314(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Th1']
@entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']
