This study compared the efficacy and adverse effects of three low doses of @entity1286 (10, 15 and 30 microg x kg(-1)) for caudal epidural @entity1337 in @entity1 undergoing circumcision. A total of 135 @entity1 undergoing out- @entity1 circumcision were randomly assigned to receive 10, 15 or 30 microg x kg(-1) of caudal @entity1286 . Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with @entity1875 . After induction, the @entity1286 was added to 0.5 ml.kg(-1) 1% @entity3303 solution with @entity1425 5 microg.ml(-1) and injected caudally. Anaesthesia quality, @entity282 and adverse events in a 24-hour period were evaluated. @entity1443 (20 mg.kg(-1) orally) was used as rescue @entity1337 as required. No @entity1 required @entity1443 in the first eight hours after the caudal injections. In the first 24 hours postoperatively no further @entity1337 was required in 66.7%, 77.8% and 91.1% of the @entity1 in the 10, 15 and 30 microg.kg(-1) groups, respectively (P=0.01 for 10 vs. 30 groups). All @entity1 had excellent @entity1337 . No @entity1576 were observed. @entity1209 occurred in 13.3%, 20% and 46.7% of the @entity1 in the 10, 15 and 30 gg.kg(-1) groups (P=0.002 for 10 vs. 30 and 0.044 for 15 vs. 30). @entity111 occurred in 8.9%, 11% and 15.6% in the 10, 15 and 30 microg.kg(-1) groups but was localised and did not require treatment. This study was not powered to assess concerns that low dose epidural @entity1286 may rarely be associated with delayed apnoea and is therefore considered unsuitable for outpatient use in many centres. Increases in caudal @entity1286 dose above 10 microg.kg1 produce some ' @entity1443 sparing' but no improvement in @entity1337 , some @entity111 and a significant increase in @entity390 and @entity391 .

Effects of reduction of the caudal @entity1286 dose in paediatric circumcision on quality of postoperative @entity1337 and XXXX -related side-effects.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'boys'] @entity390 :: ('MESH:D009325', 'Disease') :: ['nausea'] @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenaline'] @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia'] @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting'] @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['Pruritus', 'pruritus'] @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lignocaine'] @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol'] @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine'] @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory complications'] @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['Paracetamol', 'paracetamol'] @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain'] @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['Nausea-vomiting']
@entity1286 :: (MESH:D009020,Chemical) :: ['morphine']
