BACKGROUND: @entity364 , although less frequent than @entity2348 , represent a severe comorbidity with an exponential increase in mortality rate in liver transplantation @entity1 . The incidence of invasive @entity364 (IFIs) after solid organ transplantation ranges from 7% to 42%, with Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. as the most common pathogens. @entity364 in liver transplant recipients have been associated with poor outcome and mortality rates ranging from 65% to 90% for @entity3 and 30% to 50% for @entity3 . The results largely depend on early diagnosis and early initiation of specific treatment for IFIs. Therefore, the diagnosis must be prompt, preferably based on microbiological data, both cultures and biomarkers, and/or based on clinical features and known risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study evaluated the incidence of @entity364 in @entity1 after liver transplantation in our center between January 2003 and December 2012. The retrospective analysis of 215 consecutive liver transplantation @entity1 was undertaken to estimate incidence, risk factors, and clinical courses of IFIs in the first 3 months after liver transplantation. RESULTS: @entity4963 and @entity3 microbiologically proven were found in 26 @entity1 (12%), whereas in 6 @entity1 (2.8%) invasive @entity364 from other non-Candida fungi developed: Aspergillus (4 cases: 2 A fumigatus, 2 A terreus), @entity4278 (1 case), and Rhodotorula rubra (1 case). Two @entity1 with Aspergillus and the @entity1 with Fusarium died. The @entity1 with Rhodotorula as well as 22 of the @entity1 with @entity4963 (85%) survived. All of the episodes developed during the first 3 months posttransplantation. All cases have followed a previous polymicrobial @entity2348 (especially in the biliary tract) with large use of combined antibiotic therapies. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of @entity364 was found to increase in parallel with the number of risk factors. Prophylactic strategies can decrease the risk of @entity364 . Early detection and treatment with adequate early empiric therapy is the key to obtaining a better outcome in liver transplantation @entity1 .

XXXX after liver transplantation: incidence and outcome.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient'] @entity4963 :: ('MESH:D058387', 'Disease') :: ['Candidemia', 'candidemia'] @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infections', 'bacterial infection'] @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['Fungal infections', 'fungal infections', 'fungal infection'] @entity4278 :: ('5507', 'Species') :: ['Fusarium oxysporum'] @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive candidiasis', 'invasive aspergillosis']
@entity364 :: (MESH:D009181,Disease) :: ['Fungal infections']
