BACKGROUND: @entity4784 ( @entity4784 ) can be a debilitating side effect of opioid therapy and may result in increased medical costs. The published data on the economic burden of @entity4784 among long-term opioid users are limited. OBJECTIVE: To assess the economic burden of @entity4784 in @entity1 with noncancer @entity158 in a managed care population in the United States. METHODS: This retrospective study used 2007-2011 data from the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial and Medicare databases. The study included adults with >= 12 months of insurance enrollment before and after starting long-term (>= 90 days) use of opioids. @entity1 were excluded if they had @entity5 or a diagnosis of @entity734 or drug dependence during the study period, or if they had @entity1142 or @entity1744 within 90 days before starting opioid therapy during the study period. @entity4784 was identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition codes for @entity1142 (564.0) or @entity1744 (560.x) within 12 months of the initiation of an opioid. @entity1 with @entity4784 were identified in the nonelderly, elderly (age >= 65 years), and long-term care populations. Differences in costs and healthcare resource utilization were calculated using propensity scoring. RESULTS: A total of 13,808 nonelderly (age, 48.6    10.4 years; female, 50%) and 2958 elderly @entity1 (age, 78.7    8.1 years; female, 70%) met the study inclusion criteria. Of 401 nonelderly and 194 elderly @entity1 with @entity4784 , 85 @entity1 initiated opioid therapy in a long-term care facility (age, 80.7    11.6 years; female, 77%). After matching by key covariates, @entity1 with @entity4784 had significantly more hospital admissions than @entity1 without @entity4784 (nonelderly, 33% vs 22%, respectively; P <.001; elderly, 51% vs 31%, respectively; P <.001) and longer inpatient stays (nonelderly, 3.0    8.4 days vs 1.0    3.0 days, respectively; P <.001; elderly, 5.2    12.2 days vs 2.1    4.0 days, respectively; P <.001). The group with @entity4784 had significantly higher total healthcare costs than the group without @entity4784 in all 3 study cohorts (nonelderly,  23,631     67,209 vs  12,652     19,717, respectively; elderly,  16,923     38,191 vs  11,117     19,525, respectively; long-term care,  16,000     22,897 vs  14,437     25,690, respectively; all P <.05). CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze the economic impact of long-term use of opioids among @entity1 with @entity4784 , using real-world data. The findings underscore the significant economic burden associated with long-term opioid use for noncancer @entity158 in a managed care population. Effective therapies for @entity4784 may reduce the associated economic burden and improve quality of life for long-term opioid users.

Economic burden of opioid-induced @entity1142 among long-term opioid users with noncancer XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer'] @entity4784 :: ('MESH:D009293', 'Disease') :: ['OIC', 'Opioid-induced constipation'] @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['bowel obstruction'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain'] @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation'] @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['drug abuse']
@entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']
