BACKGROUND: @entity4806 ( @entity4806 ) is strongly associated with @entity146 in childhood and adulthood. Previous findings suggest that the association between @entity4806 and @entity146 is partly causal and partly due to familial confounding, but few studies have investigated the mechanisms behind the association between @entity245 ( @entity245 ). Our objective was to determine whether maltreated @entity1 have an elevated number of @entity245 and whether @entity4806 is a risk factor for an increased NDD 'load' and @entity304 when controlling for familial effects. METHODS: We used a cross-sectional sample from a population-representative Swedish twin study, comprising 8,192 nine-year-old twins born in Sweden between 1997 and 2005. @entity4806 was defined as parent-reported exposure to @entity734 /neglect, physical neglect, physical abuse, and/or @entity458 . Four @entity245 were measured with the @entity1775 , @entity195 / @entity2033 , and other comorbidities inventory. RESULTS: Maltreated @entity1 had a greater mean number of @entity245 than nonmaltreated @entity1 . In a co-twin control design, @entity4806 -discordant monozygotic twins did not differ significantly for their number of @entity245 , suggesting that @entity4806 is not associated with an increased load of @entity245 when genetic and shared environmental factors are taken into account. However, @entity4806 was associated with a small increase in symptoms of @entity71 and @entity72 in @entity4806 -discordant MZ twins, although most of the covariance of @entity4806 with NDD symptoms was explained by common genetic effects. CONCLUSIONS: Maltreated @entity1 are at higher risk of having multiple @entity245 . Our findings are, however, not consistent with the notion that @entity4806 causes the increased NDD load in maltreated @entity1 . Maltreated @entity1 should receive a full neurodevelopmental assessment, and clinicians should be aware that @entity1 with multiple @entity245 are at higher risk of maltreatment.

Maltreatment-associated XXXX : a co-twin control analysis.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children'] @entity1775 :: ('MESH:D020323', 'Disease') :: ['Autism-Tics'] @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['increased NDD symptoms'] @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disorders'] @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder'] @entity4806 :: ('MESH:D063766', 'Disease') :: ['CM', 'Childhood maltreatment'] @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['CM and neurodevelopmental disorders', 'NDDs'] @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual abuse'] @entity2033 :: ('MESH:D006816', 'Disease') :: ['HD'] @entity72 :: ('MESH:D002659', 'Disease') :: ['autism spectrum disorder'] @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD'] @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['emotional abuse']
@entity245 :: (MESH:D002658,Disease) :: ['neurodevelopmental disorders']
