STUDY DESIGN: The application of @entity2636 real-size models for planning and performing complex spinal surgery is described. OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility of using @entity2636 real-size models to plan osteotomies, resections, and designs of custom-made spinal implants in complex spinal surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: In selected @entity1 with complex spinal pathology, exact planning of the surgical procedure is not possible using current imaging methods. In these cases, real-size spinal models would be desirable to enhance pre- and perioperative planning by @entity227 , and to improve the production of custom-made spinal implants. METHODS: A real-size spinal model of six @entity1 was produced from hardened @entity2636 foam on the basis of data from contiguous computer tomography slices. In two @entity1 , the models were used to plan correction osteotomies and resections, with the assistance of image-guided surgery in one of the @entity1 . In four @entity1 , the models were used to plan @entity5 resections and to produce custom-made spinal implants. RESULTS: In all the @entity1 , the surgical procedure could be performed exactly according to the preplanned intervention. The @entity2636 real-size models provided essential and additional information by direct @entity227 . They allowed in vitro testing of custom-made spinal implants with a perfect fit. CONCLUSIONS: Real-size spinal models made from @entity2636 foam can be used to provide excellent understanding of the complex spinal pathology in highly selected @entity1 . These models allow complex spinal surgery with a more predictable outcome.

XXXX real-size models used in planning complex spinal surgery.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual and tactile feedback'] @entity2636 :: ('MESH:D011140', 'Chemical') :: ['polyurethane'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor']
@entity2636 :: (MESH:D011140,Chemical) :: ['Polyurethane']
