AIM: Carbonaceous dots (CDs), which have been used for diagnosis, drug delivery and gene delivery, are accumulated in heart at high concentrations. To improve their biocompatibility, @entity968 -modified CDs ( @entity970 -CDs) were prepared. In this study we compared the @entity1370 of CDs and @entity970 -CDs in @entity19 and @entity3392 models. METHODS: @entity19 were intravenously treated with CDs (size: 4.9 nm, 5 mg   kg(-1)   d(-1)) or @entity970 -CDs (size: 8.3 nm, 5 mg   kg(-1)   d(-1)) for 21 d. Their blood biochemistry indices, ECG, and histological examination were examined for evaluation of @entity1370 . CDs or @entity970 -CDs was added in incubator of @entity62760 transgenic @entity3392 embryos at 6 hpf, and the shape and size of embryos' hearts were observed at 48 hpf using a fluorescent microscope. Furthermore, whole-mount in situ hybridization was used to examine the expression of early cardiac marker gene (clml2) at 48 hpf. RESULTS: Administration of CDs or @entity970 -CDs in @entity19 caused mild, but statistically insignificant reduction in serum @entity908 kinase (CK) and @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH) levels detected at 7 d, which were returned to the respective control levels at 21 d. Neither CDs nor @entity970 -CDs caused significant changes in the morphology of heart cells. Administration of CDs, but not @entity970 -CDs, in @entity19 caused marked increase of heart rate. Both CDs and @entity970 -CDs did not affect other ECG parameters. In the @entity3392 embryos, addition of CDs (20  g/mL) caused heart development delay, whereas addition of CDs (80  g/mL) led to @entity4297 . In contrast, @entity970 -CDs caused considerably small changes in heart development, which was consistent with the results from the in situ hybridization experiments. CONCLUSION: CDs causes greater @entity1370 , especially regarding heart development. @entity968 modification can attenuate the @entity1370 of CDs.

@entity968 modification decreases the @entity1370 of carbonaceous dots in @entity19 and XXXX models.

@entity970 :: ('CHEBI:46793', 'Chemical') :: ['PEG'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse', 'Mice'] @entity62760 :: ('30592(Tax:7955)', 'Gene') :: ['cmlc2'] @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine'] @entity4297 :: ('MESH:D006330', 'Disease') :: ['heart malformation'] @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate'] @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac toxicity'] @entity3392 :: ('7955', 'Species') :: ['Zebrafish', 'zebrafish'] @entity968 :: ('MESH:D011092', 'Chemical') :: ['Polyethylene glycol', 'polyethylene glycol']
@entity3392 :: (7955,Species) :: ['zebrafish']
