BACKGROUND: Environmental factors appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ). OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between cigarette smoking and various types of cutaneous @entity1252 . DESIGN: Retrospective descriptive study at a dermatology clinic of a tertiary referral hospital. METHODS: All @entity1 diagnosed with cutaneous and/or systemic @entity1252 from January 2000 to December 2012 at the outpatient clinic for dermatological @entity792 were analyzed. RESULTS: 405 @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity1252 . Smokers were more common among @entity1 with cutaneous @entity1252 , especially those with @entity1252 tumidus or discoid @entity1252 . The frequency of cigarette smokers was not significantly higher among @entity1 with other @entity1252 -specific @entity272 and @entity1 with systemic @entity1252 compared to the general population. Smoking at the onset of disease was associated with @entity1252 tumidus (odds ratio OR 4.5), discoid @entity1252 (OR 2.05), the male gender (OR 3.31), age   <   50 years (OR 1.03), and photosensitivity (OR 2.07). LIMITATIONS: A retrospective descriptive study at a tertiary referral hospital. CONCLUSION: Smoking is highly associated with cutaneous @entity1252 , but not systemic @entity1252 . Various risk factors appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of cutaneous and systemic @entity1252 .

Smoking is highly associated with discoid lupus erythematosus and lupus erythematosus tumidus: analysis of 405 XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['lupus erythematosus', 'LE'] @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases'] @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']
