@entity36504 is a recently described pathogen of @entity5157 and @entity31861 . Relatively little is known about the distribution or prevalence of @entity36504 in the United States. To determine the prevalence and potential impact of this new pathogen on @entity5157 colonies in Virginia, over 300 hives were sampled across the state. The samples were analyzed microscopically for Nosema spores and for the presence of the pathogen using real-time PCR. Our studies indicate that @entity36504 is the dominant species in Virginia with an estimated 69.3% of hives infected. @entity281 were only observed at very low levels (2.7%), and occurred only as @entity325 with @entity36504 . Traditional diagnoses based on spore counts alone do not provide an accurate indication of @entity281 . We found that 51.1% of colonies that did not have spores present in the sample were infected with @entity36504 when analyzed by real-time PCR. In hives that tested positive for @entity36504 , average C(T) values were used to diagnose a hive as having a low, moderate, or a heavy @entity281 intensity. Most infected colonies had @entity281 (73%), but 11% of colonies had high levels of @entity281 and 16% had moderate level infections. The prevalence and mean levels of @entity281 were similar in different regions of the state.

Prevalence and XXXX intensity of Nosema in @entity5157 ( @entity5157 L.) colonies in Virginia.

@entity31861 :: ('7461', 'Species') :: ['Apis cerana'] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['colony infections', 'low-level infections', 'infection', 'Nosema apis infections'] @entity36504 :: ('40302', 'Species') :: ['Nosema ceranae', 'N. ceranae'] @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['co-infections'] @entity5157 :: ('7460', 'Species') :: ['honey bee', 'Apis mellifera']
@entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']
