PURPOSE OF REVIEW: @entity158 has an important evolutionary role because it serves as an essential warning device to damaging stimuli. The perioperative setting is a unique environment where clinicians must accurately diagnose and address the source of @entity158 . Modern-day perioperative @entity158 control continues to be unsatisfactory. Nearly half of all surgical @entity1 have moderate to severe @entity158 postoperatively, and 24% experience inadequate @entity158 relief. Furthermore, over half of the @entity1 develop @entity1118 after thoracotomies, mastectomies, and limb amputation surgeries. @entity1931 in the perioperative setting is an important and under-recognized source of morbidity during the perioperative course. RECENT FINDINGS: Key sources of perioperative @entity1931 include nociceptive-induced @entity158 with surgical @entity130 , opioid-induced @entity1931 , and inadequate control of @entity158 in the preoperative setting. Research also hints that inhaled anesthetics may also play a role in the development of perioperative @entity1931 . Despite new evidence, @entity1931 remains difficult to diagnose and treat. In our manuscript, we aim to help clinicians develop strategies to define, understand, diagnose, and treat perioperative @entity1931 . Common mechanisms of perioperative @entity1931 are delineated in an organized fashion with clinicians as the target audience.

Perioperative XXXX and Associated Clinical Factors.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['hyperalgesia', 'Hyperalgesia'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Pain', 'pain'] @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain'] @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['trauma']
@entity1931 :: (MESH:D006930,Disease) :: ['Hyperalgesia']
