BACKGROUND: Long-term @entity3034 ( @entity3034 ) treatment is associated with the development of @entity3034 -induced @entity910 in the majority of @entity1 with @entity191 ( @entity191 ). The etiopathogonesis and mechanisms underlying @entity3034 -induced @entity910 are not well understood. METHODS: We used striatal optogenetic stimulation to induce @entity910 in a hemiparkinsonian model of @entity191 in @entity35 . Striatal @entity935 depletion was induced unilaterally by @entity2955 injection into the medial forebrain bundle. For the optogenetic manipulation, we injected adeno-associated virus particles expressing channelrhodopsin to stimulate striatal medium spiny neurons with a laser source. RESULTS: Simultaneous optical activation of medium spiny neurons of the direct and indirect striatal pathways in the @entity2955 lesion but @entity3034 na  ve @entity35 induced @entity2358 similar to @entity3034 -induced @entity910 , labeled here as optodyskinesias. Noticeably, optodyskinesias were facilitated by @entity3034 in animals that did not respond initially to the laser stimulation. In general, optodyskinesias lasted while the laser stimulus was applied, but in some instances remained ongoing for a few seconds after the laser was off. Postmortem tissue analysis revealed increased @entity19506 expression, a molecular marker of @entity3034 -induced @entity910 , primarily in medium spiny neurons of the direct pathway in the @entity935 -depleted hemisphere. CONCLUSION: Selective optogenetic activation of the dorsolateral striatum elicits @entity910 in the @entity2955 @entity35 model of @entity191 . This effect was associated with a preferential activation of the direct striato-nigral pathway. These results potentially open new avenues in the understanding of mechanisms involved in @entity3034 -induced @entity910 .    2017 International Parkinson and @entity717 Society.

Striatal activation by optogenetics induces @entity910 in the XXXX @entity35 model of @entity191 .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity19506 :: ('100360880', 'Gene') :: ['FosB'] @entity3034 :: ('MESH:D007980', 'Chemical') :: ['levodopa', 'l-dopa'] @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine'] @entity2358 :: ('MESH:D020820', 'Disease') :: ['involuntary movements'] @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['dyskinesias'] @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ['Parkinson disease', 'PD'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'rats'] @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Movement Disorder'] @entity2955 :: ('MESH:D016627', 'Chemical') :: ['6-hydroxydopamine']
@entity2955 :: (MESH:D016627,Chemical) :: ['6-hydroxydopamine']
