The large class of CNS-depressant medications-the @entity1245 -have been extensively used for over 50  years, @entity148 being one of the main indications. A substantial proportion (perhaps up to 20-30  %) of long-term users becomes physically dependent on them. Problems with their use became manifest, and dependence, @entity3347 and abuse were documented by the 1980s. Many such users experience physical and @entity3347 on attempted cessation and may develop clinically troublesome syndromes even during slow tapering. Few studies have been conducted to establish the optimal withdrawal schedules. The usual management comprises slow withdrawal over weeks or months together with psychotherapy of various modalities. Pharmacological aids include antidepressants such as the SSRIs especially if depressive symptoms supervene. Other pharmacological agents such as the @entity1245 antagonist, @entity5757 , and the hormonal agent, @entity2493 , remain largely experimental. The purpose of this review is to analyse the evidence for the efficacy of the usual withdrawal regimes and the newer agents. It is concluded that little evidence exists outside the usual principles of drug withdrawal but there are some promising leads.

Withdrawing XXXX in Patients With @entity148 .

@entity3347 :: ('MESH:D013375', 'Disease') :: ['psychological withdrawal symptoms', 'withdrawal difficulties'] @entity2493 :: ('MESH:D008550', 'Chemical') :: ['melatonin'] @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepine', 'benzodiazepines'] @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety disorders'] @entity5757 :: ('MESH:D005442', 'Chemical') :: ['flumazenil']
@entity1245 :: (MESH:D001569,Chemical) :: ['Benzodiazepines']
