A full-length cDNA (Hv-GR) whose transcript accumulation increased in response to infection by Blumeria graminis DC. @entity10327 . tritici (Bgt) was isolated from @entity21593 . Southern analysis revealed a single copy of Hv-GR present in H. villosa. This gene encodes a @entity2041 reductase (GR) with high similarity to chloroplastic GRs from other plant species. Chloroplastic localization of Hv-GR was confirmed by targeting of the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Hv-GR fusion protein to chloroplasts of epidermal guard cells. Following inoculation with Bgt, transcript accumulation of Hv-GR increased in a resistant line of @entity3505 , but no significant change was observed in a susceptible line. In vivo function of Hv-GR in converting @entity9492 ( @entity9492 ) to the reduced form ( @entity2197 ) was verified through heterologous expression of Hv-GR in a @entity375 GR-deficient mutant. As expected, overexpression of this gene resulted in increased resistance of the mutant to @entity274 , indicating a critical role for Hv-GR in protecting cells against oxidative stress. Moreover, overexpression of Hv-GR in a susceptible @entity3505 variety, @entity3505 cv. Yangmai 158, enhanced resistance to powdery mildew and induced transcript accumulation of other pathogenesis-related genes, PR-1a and PR-5, through increasing the foliar @entity2197 / @entity9492 ratio. Therefore, we concluded that a high ratio of @entity2197 to @entity9492 is required for @entity3505 defense against Bgt, and that chloroplastic GR enzymes might serve as a redox mediator for NPR1 activation.

Plastidial @entity2041 reductase from @entity21593 is an enhancer of powdery mildew resistance in @entity3505 ( XXXX ).

@entity10327 :: ('239', 'Species') :: ['f.sp'] @entity9492 :: ('MESH:D019803', 'Chemical') :: ['GSSG', 'oxidized glutathione'] @entity274 :: ('CHEBI:16240', 'Chemical') :: ['H(2)O(2)'] @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione'] @entity2197 :: ('CHEBI:16856', 'Chemical') :: ['GSH'] @entity21593 :: ('MESH:C538420', 'Disease') :: ['Haynaldia villosa'] @entity3505 :: ('4565', 'Species') :: ['Triticum aestivum', 'wheat'] @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast']
@entity3505 :: (4565,Species) :: ['Triticum aestivum']
