Academic exam stress is known to compromise @entity25 and alter drug consumption in university students. Here we evaluated if sleeping problems and changes in legal drug consumption during exam stress are interrelated. We used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to survey @entity25 before, during, and after an academic exam period in 150 university students in a longitudinal questionnaire study. Self-reports of @entity167 , @entity5834 , and @entity1239 consumption were obtained. The Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ-20) was used as a measure of stress. Sleep quality and @entity167 consumption significantly decreased, while perceived stress and @entity5834 consumption significantly increased during the exam period. No significant change in @entity1239 consumption was observed. In particular, students shortened their time in bed and showed symptoms of @entity22 . Mixed model analysis indicated that sex, age, health status, as well as the amounts of @entity167 and @entity5834 consumed had no significant influence on global @entity25 . The amount of @entity1239 consumed and perceived stress were identified as significant predictors of diminished @entity25 . @entity1239 consumption had a small-to-very-small effect on @entity25 ; perceived stress had a small-to-moderate effect. In conclusion, diminished @entity25 during exam periods was mainly predicted by perceived stress, while legal drug consumption played a minor role. Exam periods may pose an interesting model for the study of stress-induced sleeping problems and their mechanisms.

Sleep Quality during Exam Stress: The Role of XXXX , @entity5834 and @entity1239 .

@entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol'] @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['Nicotine', 'nicotine'] @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine'] @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep quality'] @entity22 :: ('MESH:D007319', 'Disease') :: ['insomnia']
@entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['Alcohol']
