The @entity28 crisis in the United States has been associated with an alarming increase in the prevalence of the @entity209 (MSX) disease cluster. Here we review evidence that the MSX reflects a failure of a system of intracellular lipid homeostasis that prevents lipotoxicity in the organs of overnourished individuals by confining the lipid overload to cells specifically designed to store large quantities of surplus calories, the white adipocytes. Normally, early in @entity28 , adipocytes increase leptin and @entity1254 secretion, hormones that enhance oxidation of surplus liquids in nonadipose tissues by activating @entity860 -activated protein kinase and reducing the activity and expression of lipogenic enzymes. These events combine to lower @entity63591 coenzyme A. @entity942 or unresponsiveness to leptin prevents these protective events and results in ectopic accumulation of lipids. Increased de novo @entity2367 formation is probably the most damaging lipid and is a cause of lipoapoptosis, abetted by a decline in tissue @entity588 . Pancreatic beta-cells and myocardiocytes are cellular victims of the process, leading to @entity2175 . The MSX is particularly prevalent in @entity1144 , probably because visceral adipocytes make less leptin than sc adipocytes. @entity699 , the @entity6562 associated with protease inhibitor therapy of @entity791 , @entity2670 , as well as diet-induced @entity1144 , all have a high waist/hip ratio, and all exhibit MSX. Increased lipid content in the heart and skeletal muscle organs of such @entity1 is now under study.

Minireview: weapons of lean body mass destruction: the role of ectopic lipids in the XXXX .

@entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['non-insulin-dependent diabetes and lipotoxic cardiomyopathy'] @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity6562 :: ('MESH:D008060', 'Disease') :: ['lipodystrophy'] @entity588 :: ('596', 'Gene') :: ['Bcl-2'] @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity'] @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ["Cushing's syndrome"] @entity1144 :: ('MESH:D056128', 'Disease') :: ['visceral obesity'] @entity1254 :: ('9370', 'Gene') :: ['adiponectin'] @entity63591 :: ('CHEBI:25134', 'Chemical') :: ['malonyl'] @entity2367 :: ('CHEBI:17761', 'Chemical') :: ['ceramide'] @entity2670 :: ('MESH:D010049', 'Disease') :: ['polycystic ovarian disease'] @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome'] @entity860 :: ('MESH:D000249', 'Chemical') :: ['AMP'] @entity791 :: ('MESH:D000163', 'Disease') :: ['AIDS'] @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['Deficiency of and/']
@entity209 :: (MESH:D008659,Disease) :: ['metabolic syndrome']
