In the prognosis of @entity0 , pathologists are facing a time of consolidation. Widely accepted guidelines have been gained only recently, with expectations that further developments are soon to come. Prognostic data influence systemic treatment decisions that are largely dependent on stage criteria of lymph nodes and @entity5 size as well as menopausal status. Some researchers propose that @entity1600 has no therapeutic consequences and may not be necessary if the majority of @entity1 are to be treated by chemotherapy. Some pathologists take this information as gospel for simplifying the management of a complex disease, whereas others take information available at different levels of certainty and set treatment threshold probabilities on an individual @entity1 basis. With @entity189 and systemic therapy, I believe that combined histologic grade, including an emphasis on mitotic counts and other proliferation indicators, provides information at either end of the staging spectrum. Thus, high-grade, small @entity5 are likely to recur and low-grade, large @entity5 are unlikely to recur, at least within a 2- to 5-year period. Whether use of this information can be extended and verified for use in therapeutic decision making for neoadjuvant chemotherapy or various escalated chemotherapy regimens remains to be established. However, this use of prognostic indicators or predictors to indicate therapeutic responsiveness represents the field's immediate future. There are separate and important indicators of local treatment failure in the breast following conservation. It is likely that the extensiveness of @entity3821 is the major determinant of local recurrence and that its interaction with extensiveness, type of @entity189 in situ, and the branching ductal anatomy of the breast are of primary importance. Finally, the groups of conditions recognized as @entity3821 continue to provide a fertile field of questioning and discovery. Unassailable at the present time is the evidence that small, low-grade lesions may be treated effectively by planned wide local excision. Precise guidelines and further information are necessary from planned trials stratified by size and histologic criteria. Prognostic considerations have only become important in guiding treatment decisions in the past few decades. The escalating importance of prognostic categories derives from the availability of more varied treatment options, which have applications in the different clinical settings discussed in this chapter.

Prognostic indicators in XXXX and who needs them.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient'] @entity3821 :: ('MESH:D002285', 'Disease') :: ['DCIS'] @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors'] @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['lymph node removal'] @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['regard to invasive carcinoma', 'carcinoma']
@entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']
