UNASSIGNED: @entity1 urine contains high concentrations of @entity1568 , contributing about 75% of the @entity1568 in municipal wastewaters yet only 1% of the volume. Source separation of urine produces an ideal waste stream for @entity1568 and @entity3151 recovery, reducing downstream costs of nutrient treatment at wastewater treatment facilities. We examined the efficiency and feasibility of @entity3265 extraction and recovery from synthetic and undiluted @entity1 urine using an electrochemical cell (EC). EC processing of synthetic urine produced an @entity3104 flux of 384      8  g  N  m(-2)  d(-1) with a 61      1% current efficiency at an energy input of 12  kWh  kg(-1)  N removed. EC processing of real urine displayed similar performance, with an average @entity3104 flux of 275      5  g  N  m(-2)  d(-1) sustained over 10 days with 55      1% current efficiency for @entity3265 and at an energy input of 13  kWh  kg(-1)  N removed. With the incorporation of an @entity3265 stripping and absorption unit into the real urine system, 57      0.5% of the total @entity1568 was recovered as @entity1329 . A system configuration additionally incorporating stripping of the influent headspace increased total @entity1568 recovery to 79% but led to reduced performance of the EC as the urine @entity3104 concentration decrease. Direct stripping of @entity3265 ( @entity3655 ) from urine with no chemical addition achieved only 12% total @entity1568 recovery at hydraulic retention times comparable with the EC systems. Our results demonstrate that @entity3265 can be extracted via electrochemical means at reasonable energy inputs of approximately 12  kWh  kg(-1)  N. Considering also that the @entity3884 generated is worth 4.3  kWh  kg(-1)  N, the net electrical input for extraction becomes approximately 8  kWh  kg(-1)  N if the @entity3884 can be used. Critical for further development will be the inclusion of a passive means for @entity3265 stripping to reduce additional energy inputs.

Electrochemically driven extraction and recovery of XXXX from @entity1 urine.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'Human'] @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen'] @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen'] @entity3265 :: ('MESH:D000641', 'Chemical') :: ['ammonia'] @entity3655 :: ('CHEBI:16134', 'Chemical') :: ['NH3'] @entity3104 :: ('MESH:D000644', 'Chemical') :: ['ammonium'] @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus'] @entity1329 :: ('MESH:D000645', 'Chemical') :: ['ammonium sulfate']
@entity3265 :: (MESH:D000641,Chemical) :: ['ammonia']
