@entity2555 ( @entity2556 ) are widespread environmental pollutants produced by combustion of fossil fuel and other organic materials. Both experimental animal and @entity1 studies have reported the harmful impacts of @entity2556 compounds on fetal growth and neurodevelopment, including verbal IQ of @entity1 . Here, we have assessed the association between cognitive function of @entity1 and prenatal @entity2556 exposures. The study is part of an ongoing, longitudinal investigation of the health effects of prenatal exposure to air pollution on @entity1 and @entity1 in Krakow, Poland. The subjects in this report included 170 @entity1 whose mothers were enrolled to the study in the first or second trimester of pregnancy whose cord blood were tested for @entity2556 -DNA adducts and who were assessed at age 7 using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for @entity1 -Revised (WISC-R). The outcome of a priori interest was depressed verbal IQ index (DepVIQ), which is the difference between WISC-R performance and verbal IQ scores. Prenatal @entity2556 exposure was measured by cord blood @entity2556 -DNA adducts, an individual dosimeter, integrating exposure from various sources of exposure over the gestational period. The estimated effect of prenatal @entity2556 exposure on cognitive function was adjusted in multivariable regression for a set of potential confounders ( @entity1 's gender, parity, maternal education, breastfeeding practice, environmental @entity286 smoke (ETS), and postnatal @entity2556 exposure). The prevalence of DepVIQ was significantly higher in @entity1 with detectable @entity2556 -DNA adducts compared to those with undetectable adducts (13.7 vs. 4.4  %,). Binary multivariable regression documented that the relative risk of DepVIQ increased threefold with a ln-unit increase in cord blood adducts (relative risk (RR)   =   3.0, 95  % confidence interval (CI) 1.3-6.8). Postnatal @entity2556 exposure also increased the risk of DepVIQ (RR   =   1.6, 95  % CI 1.1-2.5). Long-term exclusive breastfeeding (at least 6  months) showed a protective effect (RR   =   0.3, 95  % CI 0.1-0.9). In conclusion, these results provide further evidence that @entity2556 are harmful to the developing fetal brain with effects extending through childhood, with implications for the academic success of the @entity1 .

Prenatal exposure to @entity2555 and cognitive dysfunction in XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human', 'Children', 'infants', 'child'] @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco'] @entity2556 :: ('CHEBI:33848', 'Chemical') :: ['PAHs', 'PAH'] @entity2555 :: ('MESH:D011084', 'Chemical') :: ['Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']
