Converging data indicate that the immune system is able to recognize @entity5 epitopes as non-self and mount an immune reaction that may erase, or temporarily block, @entity5 growth. The immune pressure supports the amplification of immune resistant @entity5 clones, creating an immune suppressive environment that leads to the formation of a clinically relevant @entity5 . These general observations also apply to @entity1313 and specifically to @entity11 . @entity5 immunotherapy strategies are aimed at reverting such immune suppression. Two approaches are already used in the clinics. The first one, peptide immunotherapy, has been oriented to the most aggressive @entity11 , @entity463 ( @entity463 ) where, in the context of @entity470 ( @entity470 ) amplification, a large deletion arises and creates a novel, @entity5 -specific antigen, EGFRvIII. The second one is dendritic cell immunotherapy. Dendritic cells are potent antigen presenting cells that can be pulsed with autologous @entity5 lysate or peptide pp65 from cytomegalovirus ( @entity2834 ) that is present in @entity463 but not in normal brain. Antigen presentation by dendritic cells is bolstered by preconditioning their injection site with the @entity116 /diphtheria toxoid. The third approach is adoptive cell therapy (ACT) in which @entity5 -specific T cells can be amplified ex vivo and subsequently re-injected to the @entity1 to lyse cells expressing @entity5 antigens, increasing survival durably in a fraction of @entity320 @entity1 . ACT may also be based on T cell transduction of @entity5 specific receptors or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). CARs are powerful tools for immunotherapy but off-target @entity137 may be an issue as they do not request MHC presentation for activation. Upcoming clinical trial results will clarify the most effective direction for @entity5 immunotherapy in @entity5 with poor prognosis.

Novel mechanisms and approaches in immunotherapy for XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient'] @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity'] @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'gliomas and other cancers', 'Cancer'] @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['EGFR', 'epidermal growth factor receptor'] @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['glioma', 'gliomas'] @entity2834 :: ('12305', 'Species') :: ['CMV'] @entity116 :: ('MESH:D013746', 'Disease') :: ['tetanus'] @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['GBM', 'glioblastoma'] @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']
@entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['brain tumors']
