OBJECTIVES: To describe the rationale for the use of @entity8425 ( @entity8425 ) for the treatment of @entity322 , and to summarize the results of clinical studies assessing these techniques. METHODS: The effect of @entity8425 on the lower urinary tract (LUT) is explained, and the literature on clinical application of this technique is reviewed. RESULTS: The use of @entity8425 is aimed at altering LUT function by stimulation of the sacral autonomic or somatic nerves. Two types of @entity8425 have been used: chronic stimulation and acute maximal functional electrostimulation. The frequency used depends on the clinical diagnosis. In @entity1 with @entity3142 , uncontrolled studies suggest that high frequency and high amperage are required to obtain a 50% success rate, although success does not necessarily equate with cure. The only placebo-controlled trial in this population found that 62% of @entity1 experienced significant improvement on provocative pad test determinations, but only 20% were dry. Researchers agree that low frequency and moderate amperage are required in @entity1 with detrusor instability. The reported effectiveness of @entity8425 in this population has ranged widely, from 45% to 91%, but all studies agree that approximately one-third of @entity1 will obtain a good long-term results. A review of multiple studies found that 20% of @entity1 were reported as dry and 37% were significantly improved with functional @entity8425 . CONCLUSIONS: Although nearly all studies of @entity8425 have been uncontrolled, a substantial body of "soft" data attests to the efficacy and safety of this technique.

Electrical stimulation for the treatment of XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity8425 :: ('MESH:D004556', 'Disease') :: ['electrical stimulation', 'ES'] @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence'] @entity3142 :: ('MESH:D014550', 'Disease') :: ['stress incontinence']
@entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['urinary incontinence']
