@entity0 ranks as the second most common cause of @entity5 among @entity1 in the United States. Anticancer agents are an important component of @entity0 therapy. Drugs frequently used to treat @entity0 include @entity1499 , @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ), @entity786 , @entity8253 , @entity6023 , trastuzumab, @entity440 and aromatase inhibitors. These agents inhibit @entity0 progression by a variety of different mechanisms. Mutations may occur in @entity5 cells, which result in the elevated expression or constitutive activation of various growth factor receptors. The @entity8496 / @entity8047 / @entity3963 and @entity10412 / @entity584 pathways are often activated by mutations in these growth factor receptors. These pathways are regulated by upstream Ras, which is mutated in 20-30% of @entity1 @entity5 . Downstream @entity817 and @entity10412 are also activated by mutation. Many of the events elicited by the @entity8496 / @entity8047 / @entity3963 and @entity10412 / @entity584 pathways have direct effects on survival and the proliferative pathways. Aberrant regulation of the @entity8496 / @entity8047 / @entity3963 and @entity10412 / @entity584 pathways can contribute to uncontrolled cell growth and lead to malignant transformation. Effective targeting of these pathways may result in the suppression of cell growth and the death of malignant cells. This review focuses on the targeting of the @entity8496 / @entity8047 / @entity3963 and @entity10412 / @entity584 pathways with small molecule inhibitors, as well as on the effects of conventional chemo- and hormonal therapies in the treatment of @entity0 .

Combining chemo-, hormonal and targeted therapies to treat XXXX (Review).

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'human'] @entity6023 :: ('MESH:D043823', 'Chemical') :: ['taxanes'] @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast cancer', 'breast cancer'] @entity8253 :: ('MESH:D018943', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracyclines'] @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer death', 'cancers', 'cancer'] @entity8047 :: ('5609', 'Gene') :: ['MEK'] @entity3963 :: ('5594', 'Gene') :: ['ERK'] @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide'] @entity584 :: ('207', 'Gene') :: ['Akt'] @entity10412 :: ('5293', 'Gene') :: ['PI3K'] @entity817 :: ('673', 'Gene') :: ['B-Raf'] @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate'] @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-FU', '5-fluorouracil'] @entity8496 :: ('22882', 'Gene') :: ['Raf']
@entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']
