BACKGROUND: @entity2743 ( @entity2743 ) is the main extrathyroidal manifestation associated with @entity2743 ( @entity2743 ). It is characterized by @entity1319 due to an increased volume of orbital fat and/or of extraocular muscles (EOMs) infiltrated by @entity82 and adipose tissue. The pathogenetic mechanisms leading to @entity82 and adipogenesis are mainly based on the interaction between orbital fibroblasts and immune cells (lymphocytes and mast cells) infiltrating the @entity2743 EOMs. METHODS: Analysis of the morphological status, @entity66 ( @entity66 ), and antioxidant defenses in the orbital muscular cells and adipocytes in @entity2743 @entity1 compared with controls was conducted. RESULTS: Both cell types are affected by @entity66 , as shown by the increased expression of @entity11838 , which leads to apoptosis in muscular cells. However, the EOMs and the adipocytes possess antioxidant defenses ( @entity19877 ) against the @entity66 , which are also upregulated in thyrocytes in @entity2743 . The expression of @entity1254 ( @entity1254 ) and proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARy) is also increased in @entity2743 muscular cells and adipocytes. @entity66 and antioxidant proteins expression are correlated to the level of blood antithyrotropin receptor antibodies ( @entity5010 -Ab). CONCLUSION: Even when @entity5010 -Ab level is normalized, @entity66 and antioxidant protein expression is high in EOM muscular cells and adipocytes in @entity2743 compared with controls. This justifies a supplementation with antioxidants in active as well as chronic @entity2743 @entity1 . Orbital muscular cells are also the sources of PPARy and @entity1254 , which have direct or indirect local protective effects against @entity66 . Modulation of these proteins could be considered as a future therapeutic approach for @entity2743 .

Oxidative Stress and Upregulation of Antioxidant Proteins, Including XXXX , in Extraocular Muscular Cells, Orbital Adipocytes, and Thyrocytes in Graves' Disease Associated with Orbitopathy.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis'] @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'oxidative stress'] @entity2743 :: ('MESH:D006111', 'Disease') :: ['GO', "Graves' orbitopathy", "Graves' disease", 'GD'] @entity1254 :: ('9370', 'Gene') :: ['adiponectin', 'ApN'] @entity11838 :: ('MESH:C027576', 'Chemical') :: ['4-hydroxynonenal'] @entity19877 :: ('25824', 'Gene') :: ['peroxiredoxin 5 and catalase'] @entity5010 :: ('7253', 'Gene') :: ['TSHR'] @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['reduced eye motility']
@entity1254 :: (9370,Gene) :: ['Adiponectin']
