A number of studies have validated the importance of caspase activation in @entity63 -induced @entity75 . Caspases participate in both the initiation and execution phases of apoptosis, and play a central role in @entity528 after global @entity2806 . In focal @entity63 , apoptosis occurs in the penumbra during the secondary phase of expansion of the lesion. However, ultrastructural and biochemical analysis have also shown signs of apoptosis in the @entity75 , or @entity1188 core, which is traditionally considered @entity39 . Specific caspase pathways are activated in the core and in the penumbra, and participate in both cytoplasmic and nuclear apoptotic events, notwithstanding their initial classification as activator or initiator caspases. This confirms previous suggestions that caspase inhibition holds tremendous neuroprotective potential in @entity64 and other apoptosis-related @entity179 . Consequently, two new approaches, aimed at treating @entity64 -induced @entity75 by anti-apoptotic molecules, are being developed in academic and industrial laboratories. These are based, respectively, on the use of small peptide sequences corresponding to the preferred cleavage site of a caspase, and on genomic constructions derived from the fusion of endogenous anti-caspase molecules with a protein transduction domain from the @entity2858 . Fusion proteins containing endogenous caspases inhibitors efficiently counteract apoptosis in vitro. In in vivo models of focal @entity2806 , fusion proteins successfully cross the blood brain barrier and protect cells from @entity204 . This new approach by protein therapy could prove to be an interesting alternative for the reduction of the dramatic consequences of @entity64 , provided that the long-term efficiency of this protection in terms of functional recovery is demonstrated.

The mechanisms of cell death in focal XXXX highlight neuroprotective perspectives by anti-caspase therapy.

@entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke'] @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia'] @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia'] @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['initial lesion', 'brain damage'] @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic'] @entity2858 :: ('11676', 'Species') :: ['human immunodeficiency virus-1'] @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct'] @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative diseases'] @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic death'] @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal death']
@entity2806 :: (MESH:D002545,Disease) :: ['cerebral ischemia']
