In this study, we aimed to estimate the contribution of environmental pollutants to the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and costs of @entity66 in American @entity1 . We examined four categories of illness: @entity10108 , @entity565 , @entity5 , and @entity4934 . To estimate the proportion of each attributable to toxins in the environment, we used an environmentally attributable fraction (EAF) model. EAFs for @entity10108 , @entity565 , and @entity5 were developed by panels of experts through a Delphi process, whereas that for @entity4934 was based on data from the National Academy of Sciences. We define environmental pollutants as toxic chemicals of @entity1 origin in air, food, water, and communities. To develop estimates of costs, we relied on data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Health Care Financing Agency, and the Practice Management Information Corporation. EAFs were judged to be 100% for @entity10108 , 30% for @entity565 (range, 10-35%), 5% for @entity5 (range, 2-10%), and 10% for @entity4934 (range, 5-20%). Total annual costs are estimated to be  54.9 billion (range  48.8-64.8 billion):  43.4 billion for @entity10108 ,  2.0 billion for @entity565 ,  0.3 billion for childhood @entity5 , and  9.2 billion for @entity4934 . This sum amounts to 2.8 percent of total U.S. health care costs. This estimate is likely low because it considers only four categories of illness, incorporates conservative assumptions, ignores costs of @entity158 and suffering, and does not include late complications for which etiologic associations are poorly quantified. The costs of pediatric environmental disease are high, in contrast with the limited resources directed to research, tracking, and prevention.

Environmental pollutants and disease in American @entity1 : estimates of morbidity, mortality, and costs for XXXX , @entity565 , @entity5 , and developmental disabilities.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human'] @entity10108 :: ('MESH:D007855', 'Disease') :: ['lead poisoning'] @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['pediatric disease'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer'] @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma'] @entity4934 :: ('MESH:D019954', 'Disease') :: ['neurobehavioral disorders'] @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain']
@entity10108 :: (MESH:D007855,Disease) :: ['lead poisoning']
