BACKGROUND: @entity286 smoking, similar to ultraviolet (UV) A radiation exposure, has previously been identified as an important factor contributing to @entity1240 of @entity1 skin. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: To investigate the relationship between these two environmental factors, we have conducted a cross-sectional study of 83 subjects (48 males, 35 females, age range 23-95), in which sun exposure, pack-years of smoking history and potential confounding variables were assessed by questionnaire. Facial wrinkles were quantified using the Daniell score. In order to study the molecular mechanism by which smoking caused wrinkle formation, in vitro studies were conducted to assess the alteration of @entity3334 ( @entity3334 ) mRNA expression in @entity1 fibroblasts stimulated with @entity286 smoke extract or/and UVA. RESULTS: Logistic statistic analysis of the data revealed that age [odds ratio (OR)=7.5, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.87-30.161, pack-years (OR=5.8, 95% CI=1.72-19.87), and sun exposure (OR=2.65, 95% CI=1.0-7.0) independently contributed to facial wrinkle formation. When excessive sun exposure (>2 h/day) and heavy smoking (35 pack-years) occurred together, the risk for developing wrinkles was 11.4 times higher than that of non-smokers and those with less sun exposure (<2 h/day) at the same age. The in vitro studies revealed that @entity3334 expression was significantly increased in fibroblasts after the stimulation with either @entity286 smoke extract or UVA. Maximum induction was observed when cells were treated with @entity286 smoke extract plus UVA, indicating that the two factors act in an additive manner. @entity3334 induction was significantly higher in the low @entity2041 ( @entity2197 ) content fibroblast compared to that in the high @entity2197 fibroblast, indicating that the differences in @entity2041 content define the susceptibility of fibroblasts towards UV- or @entity286 smoking-induced @entity3334 expression. CONCLUSION: @entity286 smoke and UVA cause wrinkle formation independently of each other. We propose that both factors cause aging of @entity1 skin through additive induction of @entity3334 expression.

Skin aging induced by ultraviolet exposure and XXXX smoking: evidence from epidemiological and molecular studies.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human'] @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco', 'Tobacco'] @entity3334 :: ('4312', 'Gene') :: ['MMP-1', 'matrix metalloproteinase-1'] @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione'] @entity2197 :: ('CHEBI:16856', 'Chemical') :: ['GSH'] @entity1240 :: ('MESH:D019588', 'Disease') :: ['premature aging']
@entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['tobacco']
