Various studies have shown a relationship between nerves and bones. Recent evidence suggests that both sensory and sympathetic nerves affect bone metabolism; however, little is known about how neuropeptides are involved in the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into osteoblastic (OB) cells. To evaluate the putative effects of neuropeptides during the differentiation of @entity19 induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into calcified tissue-forming OB cells, we investigated the expression patterns of neuropeptide receptors at each differentiation stage. @entity19 iPS cells were seeded onto feeder cells and then transferred to low-attachment culture dishes to form embryoid bodies (EBs). EBs were cultured for 4 weeks in osteoblastic differentiation medium. The expression of a1-adrenergic receptor (AR), a2-AR, b2-AR, @entity33530 ( @entity33530 ), @entity36888 ( @entity36888 ), calcitonin gene-related protein receptor ( @entity12819 -R), and @entity13306 ( @entity13306 ) was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR. Among these neuropeptide receptors, @entity12819 -R and b2-AR were expressed at all stages of cell differentiation, including the iPS cell stage, with peak expression occurring at the early osteoblastic differentiation stage. Another sensory nervous system receptor, @entity13306 , was expressed mainly in the late osteoblastic differentiation stage. Furthermore, @entity12819 -R mRNA showed an additional small peak corresponding to EBs cultured for 3 days, suggesting that EBs may be affected by serum @entity12819 . These data suggest that the sensory nervous system receptor @entity12819 -R and the sympathetic nervous system receptor b2-AR may be involved in the differentiation of iPS cells into the osteoblastic lineage. It follows from these findings that @entity12819 and b2-AR may regulate cell differentiation in the iPS and EB stages, and that each neuropeptide has an optimal period of influence during the differentiation process.

Expression of neuropeptide receptor mRNA during osteoblastic differentiation of XXXX iPS cells.

@entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['Mouse', 'mouse'] @entity36888 :: ('18167(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['neuropeptide Y2 receptor', 'NPY2-R'] @entity33530 :: ('18166(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['neuropeptide Y1 receptor', 'NPY1-R'] @entity12819 :: ('12310(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['CGRP'] @entity13306 :: ('21336(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['neurokinin 1-R', 'NK1-R']
@entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']
