UNASSIGNED: Thyroid @entity5 derived from follicular cells (TCDFC) comprises well-differentiated (papillary and follicular) @entity189 , poorly differentiated @entity189 , and @entity189 . @entity3557 is the most common @entity8703 , and its incidence is steadily increasing. Lethality and aggressiveness of TCDFC is inversely correlated with differentiation degree. In this review, an emphasis has been put on molecular markers involved in tumorigenesis of @entity259 with a focus on aggressive histotypes and the role of such biomarkers in predicting @entity259 outcome. Genetic rearrangements in TCDFC ( @entity8958 /PTC, @entity15529 / @entity6864 ) and mutations in RAS, @entity817 , @entity2215 promoter ( @entity2215 ), @entity876 , @entity10160 , and @entity584 are discussed. The majority of the studies to date indicate that @entity2215 mutations can serve as a marker of more @entity146 in all the subtypes of @entity259 , being the best current marker of poor prognosis, due to its independent association with distant metastases and increased disease-specific mortality. Some studies suggested that a more accurate prediction of @entity259 outcome may be possible through a more extensive genetic analysis. The same is true concerning the identification of other mutations that are only relatively frequent in advanced @entity5 (e.g., @entity876 , @entity10160 , or @entity584 ). A better understanding of the prognostic role of @entity2215 mutation (together with additional ones like @entity817 , RAS, @entity10160 , @entity584 , or @entity876 ) and the clarification of their putative role in fine-needle aspiration biopsies are likely to allow, in the future, an early refinement of the stratification risk in @entity1 with well-differentiated @entity189 . It is worth noting that, as with any categorical staging system, the risk evaluation within each category (low, intermediate, and high) varies depending on the specific clinicopathologic features of individual @entity1 and the specific biological behavior of the @entity5 . Finally, besides the diagnostic and/or prognostic significance of the above-mentioned mutations, it is crucial to understand that the molecular pathways and epigenetic alterations will likely turn into interesting targets for new therapies.

Molecular Markers Involved in Tumorigenesis of XXXX : Focus on Aggressive Histotypes.

@entity3557 :: ('MESH:C536915', 'Disease') :: ['Papillary thyroid carcinoma'] @entity8958 :: ('5979', 'Gene') :: ['RET'] @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity2215 :: ('7015', 'Gene') :: ['TERTp', 'TERT'] @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive disease'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors'] @entity8703 :: ('MESH:D004701', 'Disease') :: ['endocrine cancer'] @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'carcinoma', 'anaplastic carcinoma'] @entity584 :: ('207', 'Gene') :: ['AKT1'] @entity876 :: ('7157', 'Gene') :: ['TP53'] @entity817 :: ('673', 'Gene') :: ['BRAF'] @entity15529 :: ('7849', 'Gene') :: ['PAX8'] @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid carcinoma', 'thyroid cancer'] @entity10160 :: ('5290', 'Gene') :: ['PIK3CA'] @entity6864 :: ('5468', 'Gene') :: ['PPARG']
@entity259 :: (MESH:D013964,Disease) :: ['Thyroid Carcinoma']
