UNASSIGNED: Infections of plants by multiple viruses are common in nature and may result in synergisms in pathologies. Several environmental factors influence plant-virus interactions and act on virulence and host defense responses. Mixed @entity1800 may be more frequent under environmental conditions associated with global warming. Here, we address how changes in the two main parameters behind global warming, @entity544 concentrations ([ @entity3158 ]) and temperature, may affect virulence of @entity415 virus X ( @entity41058 )/potyvirus-associated synergism compared with single infections in Nicotiana benthamiana. Elevated [ @entity3158 ] resulted in attenuated virulence of single infection by @entity41058 , which correlated with a lower accumulation of virus. In contrast, virulence of @entity41058 /potyvirus-associated synergism was maintained at elevated [ @entity3158 ]. On the other hand, elevated temperature decreased markedly both virulence and virus titers in the @entity281 . We also show that the HR-like response elicited by transient coexpression of @entity41058 P25 together with the potyviral helper component-proteinase protein was significantly enhanced by elevated temperature, whereas it was reduced by elevated [ @entity3158 ]. Both proteins are main pathogenicity determinants in @entity41058 -associated synergisms. These findings indicate that, under environmental conditions associated with global warming, virulence of @entity41058 /potyvirus-associated synergisms is expected to vary relative to single infections and, thus, may have pathological consequences in the future.

Effects of Elevated XXXX and Temperature on Pathogenicity Determinants and Virulence of @entity415 virus X/Potyvirus-Associated Synergism.

@entity3158 :: ('D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['CO2'] @entity41058 :: ('12183', 'Species') :: ['PVX'] @entity415 :: ('4113', 'Species') :: ['Potato'] @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infections'] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['synergistic infection'] @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']
@entity3158 :: (D002245,Chemical) :: ['CO2']
