UNASSIGNED: The immunosuppressive effects of systemically administered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and immunosuppressive drugs have been well documented. We analysed the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of MSCs applied locally in combination with non-specific immunosuppression in a @entity19 model of allogeneic skin transplantation. The MSC-seeded and @entity205 ( @entity9472 )-loaded nanofibre scaffolds were applied topically to skin allografts in a @entity19 model and the local immune response was assessed and characterized. MSCs migrated from the scaffold into the side of injury and were detected in the graft region and draining lymph nodes (DLNs). The numbers of graft-infiltrating macrophages and the production of @entity842 (NO) were significantly decreased in recipients treated with MSCs and @entity9472 , and this reduction correlated with impaired production of IFNy in the graft and DLNs. In contrast, the proportion of alternatively activated macrophages ( @entity19 (+) CD206(+) cells) and the production of @entity1618 by intragraft macrophages were significantly upregulated. The ability of MSCs to alter the phenotype of macrophages from the M1 type into an M2 population was confirmed in a co-culture system in vitro. We suggest that the topical application of MSCs in combination with @entity9472 induces a switch in macrophages to a population with an alternatively activated 'healing' phenotype and producing elevated levels of @entity1618 . These alterations in macrophage phenotype and function could represent one of the mechanisms of immunosuppressive action of MSCs applied in combination with @entity9472 . Copyright    2015 John Wiley _ Sons, Ltd.

A local application of mesenchymal stem cells and XXXX attenuates immune response by a switch in macrophage phenotype.

@entity9472 :: ('D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['CsA'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse', 'F4/80'] @entity1618 :: ('16153(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IL-10'] @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine A'] @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']
@entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporine A']
