Studies on the fundamental mechanisms of @entity256 after arterial intervention have undergone upheaval. The @entity35 carotid artery has provided perhaps the most widely used experimental preparation for the study of the response to acute @entity1317 and gave rise to the multiwave model of @entity256 . However, simple @entity1317 differs substantially from angioplasty to diseased @entity1 vessels. The @entity1 intimal lesion already contains abundant smooth muscle cells and leukocytes. Therefore, although the @entity35 carotid injury preparation has provided keen insight into the biology of the response to injury, it mimics @entity1 @entity256 poorly, if at all. The first wave and second wave of the response to @entity1317 so well delineated in @entity35 (medial smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration from media into intima) may not apply to clinical @entity130 at all. Smooth muscle proliferation, a constant in injury to animal arteries, may be indolent in @entity1 @entity256 . Accumulation of extracellular matrix probably explains in part the dissociation between intimal thickening and smooth muscle replication. Also, failure to "remodel" outwards to maintain the increased caliber produced by interventional arterial dilatation, may prove more important than intimal thickening in determining ultimate intimal caliber. Despite a rather disappointing decade of translation of laboratory findings to the clinic, some grounds for optimism in approaching the complications of arterial intervention have emerged. Our appreciation for the biological complexities underlying the @entity256 problem have increased. In interventional cardiology we can now proceed, more experienced and wiser, to longer range solutions to help our @entity1 based on mechanistic insights.

The molecular bases of XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients'] @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['arterial injury'] @entity256 :: ('MESH:D023903', 'Disease') :: ['restenosis'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'rats'] @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['angioplasty injury']
@entity256 :: (MESH:D023903,Disease) :: ['restenosis']
