INTRODUCTION: With the broadening indications of ureteroscopy (URS) for complex stones and high-risk @entity1 , more URS is being performed and hence there is an increasing risk of major potentially life-threatening complications. We wanted to define the incidence, predisposing factors, management, and long-term sequelae for post-URS perirenal @entity1410 (PRH). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of literature according to Cochrane and preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis guidelines for all studies reporting on post-URS PRH from 1980 to September 2016. A literature search was conducted through PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library for all English language articles. RESULTS: Based on a literature search of 210 articles, seven studies (8929 @entity1 ) met the inclusion criteria with an incidence of post-URS PRH reported as 0.45% (40 @entity1 , range: 0.15%-8.9% per study) with a mean age of 53 years and a mean stone size of 1.7   cm. The predisposing factors were moderate-severe @entity3041 , thin renal cortex, prolonged operative duration, @entity101 , and preoperative @entity293 ( @entity293 ). The management strategy varied from conservative management with blood transfusion and antibiotics (n   =   22, 55%) to percutaneous drainage (n   =   11, 27.5%). Surgical intervention was needed in seven (17.5%) @entity1 . Two of these were emergency angiography of which one proceeded to open nephrectomy. Open surgery with clot removal was done in three @entity1 , nephrostomy for severe @entity3041 in one @entity1 , and surgery to correct malpositioned stent in one @entity1 . There was one mortality reported, wherein a @entity1 who had postangiography nephrectomy died of @entity881 after the intervention. CONCLUSION: URS related PRH is a rare, but potentially life threatening complication with a small risk of @entity8 . Although most cases may be managed conservatively, incidence of PRH can be minimized by control of blood pressure, treatment of @entity293 , and reduction in intrarenal pressures and operative time duration.

Perirenal XXXX After Ureteroscopy: A Systematic Review.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient'] @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal loss'] @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension'] @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis'] @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['hematoma'] @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['multiple organ failure'] @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection', 'preoperative UTI', 'UTI']
@entity1410 :: (MESH:D006406,Disease) :: ['Hematoma']
