@entity311 accounts for the greatest morbidity and mortality of any @entity3082 globally. Recently, it was determined that the protective antisporozoite CD8+ T-cell response originates predominantly from cutaneous lymph nodes draining the site of parasite inoculation by an Anopheles mosquito. The female mosquito inoculates sporozoites along with an assortment of salivary proteins into the skin of its @entity1 host. Mosquito saliva has demonstrable antihemostatic as well as various immunomodulatory activities, and studies with mosquito-borne viruses support a role for mosquito saliva in enhancement of transmission and exacerbation of disease. Early differences in immune response can be detected, which discriminate between @entity19 that are resistant and susceptible to neurological pathology. This supports the idea that early divergence in the immune response may influence the likelihood of progression to the more severe forms of @entity311 . To evaluate the effect of mosquito feeding on the pathogenesis and immune response to @entity311 , we injected washed @entity2637 sporozoites intradermally in the presence or absence of mosquito feeding. We observed that @entity19 exposed to mosquito feeding in tandem with the inoculation of sporozoites had higher @entity5895 and an elevated progression to @entity6197 . This was associated with, in particular, elevated levels of @entity58 and @entity1618 , suppression of overall transcription in response to infection, and decreased extravasation of dendritic cells and monocytes. This study enhances to our understanding of the complexity of the interactions between the @entity311 parasite, its host, and the mosquito vector.

Anopheles stephensi saliva enhances progression of @entity6197 in a XXXX model.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian'] @entity3082 :: ('MESH:D004671', 'Disease') :: ['arthropod-borne disease'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity1618 :: ('16153(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin-10'] @entity58 :: ('16189(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin-4'] @entity5895 :: ('MESH:D018512', 'Disease') :: ['parasitemias'] @entity6197 :: ('MESH:D016779', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral malaria'] @entity311 :: ('MESH:D008288', 'Disease') :: ['Malaria', 'malaria'] @entity2637 :: ('5821', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium berghei']
@entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']
