AIMS: To investigate whether small nerve fibre degeneration detected using corneal confocal microscopy is associated with @entity299 in @entity1 with @entity164 1 @entity6 . METHODS: Thirty-six @entity1 with @entity164 1 @entity6 and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were enrolled. Tests to determine heart rate response to deep-breathing (expiratory-to-inspiratory ratio), heart rate response to lying-to-stand test (30:15 ratio) and blood pressure response to standing were performed to detect @entity299 . Corneal confocal microscopy was performed to assess: corneal nerve density and corneal nerve beadings; branching pattern; and nerve fibre tortuosity. RESULTS: Compared with control @entity1 , @entity1 with @entity164 1 @entity6 had fewer (mean      sd 45.4      20.2 vs 92.0      22.7  fibres/mm(2) ; P  <  0.001) and more tortuous corneal nerve fibres (20 @entity1 with @entity164 1 @entity6 vs four control @entity1 had nerve tortuosity grade 2/3; P  =  0.022) and fewer beadings (mean      sd 15.1      3.5 vs 20.6      5.0; P  <  0.001). Of the @entity1 with @entity164 1 @entity6 , 11 met the criteria for the diagnosis of @entity299 . Corneal nerve density was significantly lower in @entity1 with @entity299 than in those without (mean      sd 32.8      16.4 vs 51.7      18.9  fibres/mm(2) ; P  =  0.008). This difference remained significant after adjustment for age (P  =  0.02), gender (P  =  0.04), disease duration (P  =  0.005), @entity2690 requirement (P  =  0.02) and @entity16 score (P  =  0.04). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that corneal confocal microscopy could represent a new and non-invasive tool to investigate @entity299 in @entity1 with @entity164 1 @entity6 . Larger studies are required to define the role of corneal confocal microscopy in the assessment of @entity299 .

In vivo corneal confocal microscopy as a novel non-invasive tool to investigate XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'people'] @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes'] @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy disability'] @entity2690 :: ('3630', 'Gene') :: ['insulin'] @entity164 :: ('MESH:D017827', 'Disease') :: ['Type'] @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac autonomic neuropathy']
@entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['cardiac autonomic neuropathy in Type 1 diabetes']
