The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system includes @entity442 and @entity5100 , the type I and type II IGF receptors, and specific IGF binding proteins ( @entity10116 to @entity19518 ). These factors regulate both normal and malignant brain growth. Enhanced expression of @entity442 and @entity5100 mRNA transcripts has been demonstrated in @entity11 , meniningiomas, and other @entity5 . Abnormal imprinting of @entity5100 occurs in @entity11 , @entity2946 , and @entity1653 . Both types of IGF receptor are expressed in @entity11 and, in particular, the type I IGF receptor appears to be upregulated in malignant brain tissue. Antisense @entity2856 mRNA induces an antitumour response, resulting in @entity1313 regression. Clinical trials for the treatment of @entity1313 in @entity1 based on a gene transfer protocol using @entity2856 antisense are under way. All six IGFBPs are expressed to a variable extent in @entity1313 . High concentrations of @entity10513 are found in cerebrospinal fluid from @entity1 with @entity1221 ; therefore, @entity10513 might be a useful marker for these @entity5 . @entity12561 appears to be a negative regulator of @entity5 proliferation. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that the IGF system represents an important target for the treatment of @entity1221 and the ongoing trials should provide valuable information for future therapeutic approaches.

The IGF/IGFBP system in CNS XXXX .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients'] @entity19518 :: ('3489', 'Gene') :: ['IGFBP-6'] @entity12561 :: ('3487', 'Gene') :: ['IGFBP-4'] @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['complete brain tumour', 'brain tumours'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour', 'tumours'] @entity442 :: ('3479', 'Gene') :: ['IGF-I'] @entity10116 :: ('3484', 'Gene') :: ['IGFBP-1'] @entity10513 :: ('3485', 'Gene') :: ['IGFBP-2'] @entity5100 :: ('3481', 'Gene') :: ['IGF-II'] @entity1221 :: ('MESH:D016543', 'Disease') :: ['malignant central nervous system tumours'] @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['gliomas'] @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['meningiomas'] @entity2856 :: ('3480', 'Gene') :: ['IGF-I receptor'] @entity2946 :: ('MESH:D008527', 'Disease') :: ['medulloblastomas']
@entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignancy']
