OBJECTIVES: @entity31316 is an infrequent urologic diagnosis of non well-known etiology; it has been observed in @entity1 with @entity249 , @entity194 , chromosomopathies, etc., and it had been considered as a benign non progressive disease for a long time. Recent reports have shown its occasional association with @entity5 . We look for evidences about the significance of @entity31316 and its relationship with gonadal pathologies. METHODS: We perform an electronic bibliographic search in both The Cochrane library and MEDLINE. We performed a manual search in the AUA Update Series, Current Opinion Urology, and bibliographic citations from selected studies. We report one case of bilateral @entity31316 studied at our center which is illustrative. Most published articles are case reports with bibliographic review. RESULTS: The real incidence is unknown, although depending on the series varies from 0.04% in autopsies to 18.1% in testicular ultrasound series. It is more frequent in chryptorchidism, @entity249 , varicocele, @entity4115 , @entity4148 , @entity4998 , @entity1467 , Klinefelter and Carney, @entity1577 , @entity2971 and @entity189 in situ. There are series which report @entity5 up to 46% of @entity1 with @entity31316 . It has been described @entity5 development during follow-up of @entity31316 between 15 months and 11 years, so that it is believed to be a predisposing factor, a possible indirect indicator of @entity66 , or a @entity5 marker. It has been also described in normal testicles. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of @entity31316 and its association to both benign diseases and @entity5 makes a careful evaluation and follow-up necessary, mainly in @entity1 with chryptorchidism, @entity249 , @entity194 , and contralateral @entity5 ; it is recommended testicular ultrasound each semester/year, physical examination, and testicular markers determination; to proceed with testicular biopsy is reasonable in @entity1 of high risk (focal unilateral microlithiasis without mass, or the aforementioned chryptorchidism, @entity249 , @entity194 , and @entity5 ).

[Significance and management of XXXX ].

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility'] @entity4998 :: ('MESH:D012734', 'Disease') :: ['pseudohermaphroditism'] @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['premalignant disease'] @entity4115 :: ('MESH:D013086', 'Disease') :: ['testicular torsion'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'testicular tumor', 'malignant tumors'] @entity2971 :: ('MESH:D009373', 'Disease') :: ['germ cell tumors'] @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma'] @entity1467 :: ('MESH:D004314', 'Disease') :: ["Down's syndrome"] @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['testicular atrophy'] @entity4148 :: ('MESH:D001342', 'Disease') :: ['brain and sympathetic nervous system calcifications'] @entity31316 :: ('MESH:C566478', 'Disease') :: ['testicular microlithiasis', 'Testicular microlithiasis'] @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['cystic fibrosis']
@entity31316 :: (MESH:C566478,Disease) :: ['testicular microlithiasis']
