PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The impact of sex on the prognosis of @entity1 with @entity150 ( @entity150 ) is discussed. Reasons for the presumably worse prognosis in female @entity1 may be anatomical differences, different time delays from first symptoms to diagnosis and variations in hormone receptors and @entity5 biology. This review summarizes literature on this topic published during the period 2012-2015. RECENT FINDINGS: Methodological quality of most available studies analysing the impact of sex on prognosis of @entity150 is limited by their retrospective design or lacking standardization of study parameters. Time delay from first symptoms to diagnosis in @entity1 with @entity150 seems possible, although a prognostic impact of this delay has not been proven yet. Recent cystectomy-series predominantly show comparable @entity5 stages, although strongest deterioration of prognosis in female @entity1 is described in younger @entity1 and in cases with @entity3 . No survival difference between sexes was found in studies with rigorous statistics using propensity score matching. Interpretation of studies analysing the prognostic impact of hormone receptors is limited by methodological shortcomings and missing definitions of subsequent signal pathways. SUMMARY: Analyses of population-based cancer-registries demonstrate a comparatively higher cancer-specific mortality for female @entity1 , but the reason for this difference remains unclear. Interaction between sex and oncologic outcome of @entity1 with @entity150 seems to be multifactorial, while to date, an independent prognostic impact of sex cannot be proven validly. Research activities in the future should include parameters mentioned above.

Sex difference in presentation and outcomes of XXXX : biological reality or statistical fluke?

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients'] @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['muscle-invasive bladder cancer', 'MIBC', 'bladder cancer'] @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour'] @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['lymphovascular invasion']
@entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']
