Plastid DNA is absent in pollen or sperm cells of @entity958 . Accordingly, plastids and mitochondria, in a standard @entity74 , are transmitted to the seed progeny by the maternal parent only. Our objective was to test whether paternal plastids are transmitted by pollen as an exception. The maternal parent in our cross was a nuclear male sterile (ms1-1/ms1-1), @entity6760 -sensitive Ler plant. It was fertilized with pollen of a male fertile RLD- @entity68664 plant carrying a plastid-encoded @entity6760 resistance mutation. Seedlings with paternal plastids were selected by @entity6760 resistance encoded in the paternal plastid DNA. Our data, in general, support maternal inheritance of plastids in A. thaliana. However, we report that paternal plastids are transmitted to the seed progeny in @entity958 at a low (3.9 x 10(-5)) frequency. This observation extends previous reports in Antirrhinum majus, Epilobium hirsutum, @entity286 , Petunia hybrida, and the cereal crop Setaria italica to a cruciferous species suggesting that low-frequency paternal leakage of plastids via pollen may be universal in plants previously thought to exhibit strict maternal plastid inheritance. The genetic tools employed here will facilitate testing the effect of @entity958 nuclear mutations on plastid inheritance and allow for the design of mutant screens to identify nuclear genes controlling plastid inheritance.

Exceptional paternal inheritance of plastids in XXXX suggests that low-frequency leakage of plastids via pollen may be universal in plants.

@entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['Nicotiana tabacum'] @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana', 'Arabidopsis'] @entity68664 :: ('819647(Tax:3702)', 'Gene') :: ['Spc1'] @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic cross'] @entity6760 :: ('MESH:D000198', 'Chemical') :: ['spectinomycin']
@entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis']
