The statistical associations between stress and @entity65 have not been explained. Perceived stress, resulting in an uncontrollable defeat reaction, has been shown by James Henry (Henry 1993) to be followed by specific @entity4903 , including sensitization of the @entity774 , and inhibited sex @entity134 and growth hormone secretions. With an elevated waist/hip circumference ratio (WHR)--a simple, surrogate, measurement of intraabdominal, visceral fat masses--combined with insulin resistance, similar endocrine perturbations are found. Based on considerable evidence, such @entity4903 seem to be followed by accumulation of intraabdominal, visceral fat masses and insulin resistance, both powerful risk factors for @entity65 , @entity6 and @entity64 . A postulated chain of events is therefore that the endocrine perturbations are primary factors, followed by @entity1386 , insulin resistance and other risk factors dependent on the @entity3190 following insulin resistance. This highlights the importance of elucidating the cause(s) to the @entity4903 . These are identical to those described by Henry (1993) to follow a stress reaction of a defeat type. Findings of several psychosocial and socio-economic handicaps might provide a basis for such a reaction, supported by experimental studies in primates. Furthermore, @entity308 , @entity148 , @entity167 consumption and smoking, all known activators of the @entity774 , are also often found. The low sex @entity134 and growth hormone secretions might be secondary to the @entity56 . They could also be caused by other factors, and are, each alone, capable of causing both @entity1386 and insulin resistance. Visceral fat accumulation is only an indirect, surrogate measurement of the underlying @entity4903 , but is useful for screening purposes on a population basis. Developments of novel techniques for sensitive, yet simple measurements of @entity774 activity under undisturbed conditions seem to allow a better definition of pathogenetic factors. Utilizing such methods, subgroups of the syndrome including @entity1386 , insulin resistance and other associated risk factors ( @entity209 ), are beginning to emerge. A more detailed information on noxious factors in society leading to a defeat reaction to perceived stress, @entity209 , with increased risk for @entity66 may hopefully be developed by these new methods.

Stress and XXXX .

@entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke'] @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression'] @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['prevalent disease'] @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes'] @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol'] @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['visceral fat accumulation'] @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid'] @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['hyperinsulinemia'] @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety'] @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitive HPA-axis'] @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['Metabolic Syndrome', 'endocrine abnormalities and the Metabolic Syndrome'] @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular and other prevalent diseases', 'cardiovascular disease'] @entity4903 :: ('MESH:D004700', 'Disease') :: ['endocrine abnormalities'] @entity774 :: ('MESH:D000312', 'Disease') :: ['HPA axis', 'hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis']
@entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular disease']
