BACKGROUND: In Sub-Saharan Africa, both under-treatment and over-treatment of @entity311 are common since illnesses are often diagnosed and treated on the basis of symptoms. We investigate whether @entity311 treatment rates among febrile individuals correspond to observed patterns of @entity281 by age and by local prevalence. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We use data on treatment of febrile illnesses from a household survey that was conducted between March and May 2012 in 92 villages in six districts in Eastern Uganda. All household members were also tested for @entity311 using a rapid diagnostic test. We show that both the age of the febrile individual and the village prevalence rate are strongly associated with the odds that a febrile @entity1 was infected with @entity311 , but not with the odds of ACT treatment. Compared to individuals who were aged 15 or above, febrile individuals aged 5-14 had 3.21 times the odds of testing positive for @entity311 (95% CI: [2.36 4.37], P<0  001), and febrile individuals who were under age 5 had 2.66 times the odds of testing positive for @entity311 (95% CI: [1.99 3.56], P<0  001). However, ACT treatment rates for febrile illnesses were not significantly higher for either @entity1 ages 5-14 (Unadjusted OR: 1.19, 95% CI: [0.88 1.62], P = 0.255) or @entity1 under the age of 5 (Unadjusted OR: 1.24, 95% CI: [0.92 1.68], P = 0  154). A one standard deviation increase in the village @entity311 prevalence rate was associated with a 2.03 times higher odds that a febrile individual under the age of five tested positive for @entity311 (95% CI: [1.63 2.54], p<0  001), but was not significantly associated with the odds of ACT treatment (Un-adjusted OR: 0.83, 95% CI: [0.66 1.05], P = 0  113). We present some evidence that this discrepancy may be because caregivers do not suspect a higher likelihood of @entity281 , conditional on fever, in young @entity1 or in high-prevalence villages. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that households have significant @entity15857 about @entity311 likelihood that may contribute to the under-treatment of @entity311 . Policies are needed to encourage caregivers to seek immediate diagnostic testing and treatment for febrile illnesses, particularly among young @entity1 .

Disparities between XXXX and treatment rates: Evidence from a cross-sectional analysis of households in Uganda.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patient'] @entity311 :: ('MESH:D008288', 'Disease') :: ['malaria'] @entity15857 :: ('MESH:C535473', 'Disease') :: ['mis-perceptions'] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['malaria infection']
@entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['malaria infection']
