Rapid expansion of legalized gambling has been associated with increased rates of @entity74 among adults and adolescents worldwide. Epidemiologic studies suggest that, in North America, up to 6% of adults and 20% of adolescents have a gambling problem. Despite increasing prevalence rates of @entity74 , little research is available on how to treat such disorders in adolescents. Much of what is known about how to treat adolescent problem and @entity11532 comes from research on psychosocial and psychopharmacologic treatments for adult @entity11532 . Risk factors for adolescent @entity74 include male gender, @entity167 and drug use, deviant peers, family history of gambling, and impulsive behavior. While several risk factors characterize @entity74 among adolescents, the extent to which these characteristics are related remains to be determined. In terms of screening for adolescent problem and @entity11532 , several instruments designed to reflect the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnostic criteria for @entity11532 are available. Psychosocial approaches used to treat adult @entity11532 include Gamblers Anonymous, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and motivational enhancement therapy (MET). Among adolescents, CBT as well as an eclectic therapy have been helpful in reducing problematic gambling behavior. In terms of pharmacotherapy, three classes of psychotropic drugs have been used to treat adult @entity11532 - @entity750 reuptake inhibitors, opioid antagonists, and mood stabilizers. While some of these pharmacotherapies have been efficacious in treating adult @entity11532 , additional double-blind, placebo-controlled studies are needed to determine the long-term effectiveness of these treatments. No known study has evaluated the use of psychopharmacologic agents in treating adolescent @entity11532 . Possible reasons for the lack of research on treatment for adolescent @entity74 include lack of motivation to pursue treatment, feelings of self-control, and negative perception of therapy. Referrals from parents, teachers, and peers of adolescents, as well as community outreach programs, may be useful in successfully deriving a treatment population. Clinicians are advised to be sensitive to behavioral risk factors and to screen for @entity74 in high risk adolescents. A combination of CBT and MET, as well as medication for any comorbid @entity146 , is recommended.

XXXX in adolescents : epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment.

@entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric condition'] @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol'] @entity11532 :: ('MESH:D005715', 'Disease') :: ['pathological gambling'] @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['disordered gambling', 'gambling disorders'] @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']
@entity74 :: (MESH:D030342,Disease) :: ['Disordered gambling']
