Balanced dynamics of reactive @entity26 species in the phytopathogenic fungus @entity12069 play key roles for development and @entity281 . To monitor those dynamics, ratiometric analysis using the novel @entity273 ( @entity5568 ) sensitive fluorescent indicator protein HyPer-2 was established for the first time in phytopathogenic fungi. @entity5568 changes the excitation spectrum of HyPer-2 with an excitation maximum at 405   nm for the reduced and 488   nm for the oxidized state, facilitating ratiometric readouts with maximum emission at 516   nm. HyPer-2 analyses were performed using a microtiter fluorometer and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Addition of external @entity5568 to mycelia caused a steep and transient increase in fluorescence excited at 488   nm. This can be reversed by the addition of the reducing agent @entity3902 . HyPer-2 in @entity12069 is highly sensitive and specific to @entity5568 even in tiny amounts. Hyperosmotic treatment elicited a transient internal @entity5568 burst. Hence, HyPer-2 is suitable to monitor the intracellular redox balance. Using CLSM, developmental processes like nuclear division, tip growth, septation, and @entity281 structure development were analyzed. The latter two processes imply marked accumulations of intracellular @entity5568 . Taken together, HyPer-2 is a valuable and reliable tool for the analysis of environmental conditions, cellular development, and pathogenicity.

Real-time imaging of @entity273 dynamics in vegetative and pathogenic hyphae of XXXX .

@entity5568 :: ('D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['H2O2'] @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen'] @entity3902 :: ('MESH:D004229', 'Chemical') :: ['dithiothreitol'] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection'] @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide'] @entity12069 :: ('5518', 'Species') :: ['Fusarium graminearum', 'F. graminearum']
@entity12069 :: (5518,Species) :: ['Fusarium graminearum']
