The release of neuromodulators by widely projecting neurons often allows sensory systems to alter how they process information based on the physiological state of an animal. Neuromodulators alter network function by changing the biophysical properties of individual neurons and the synaptic efficacy with which individual neurons communicate. However, most, if not all, sensory networks receive multiple neuromodulatory inputs, and the mechanisms by which sensory networks integrate multiple modulatory inputs are not well understood. Here we characterized the relative glomerular distribution of two extrinsic neuromodulators associated with distinct physiological states, @entity750 ( @entity750 ) and @entity935 (DA), in the antennal lobe (AL) of the moth @entity4079 . By using immunocytochemistry and mass dye fills, we characterized the innervation patterns of both @entity750 - and @entity4149 hydroxylase-immunoreactive processes relative to each other, to olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), to projection neurons (PNs), and to several subsets of local interneurons (LNs). @entity750 immunoreactivity had nearly complete overlap with PNs and LNs, yet no overlap with ORNs, suggesting that @entity750 may modulate PNs and LNs directly but not ORNs. TH immunoreactivity overlapped with PNs, LNs, and ORNs, suggesting that @entity935 has the potential to modulate all three cell types. Furthermore, the branching density of each neuromodulator differed, with @entity750 exhibiting denser arborizations and TH-ir processes being sparser. Our results suggest that @entity750 and DA extrinsic neurons target partially overlapping glomerular regions, yet DA extends further into the region occupied by ORNs. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1859-1875, 2016.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The anatomical basis for modulatory convergence in the antennal lobe of XXXX .

@entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine'] @entity4079 :: ('7130', 'Species') :: ['Manduca sexta'] @entity4149 :: ('D014443', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine'] @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin', '5-HT']
@entity4079 :: (7130,Species) :: ['Manduca sexta']
