The clinical spectrum of @entity232 and control of the @entity281 are influenced by the parasite-host relationship. The role of cellular immune responses of the @entity1198 type in the protection against disease in experimental and @entity1 @entity232 is well established. In @entity1 , production of @entity379 is associated with the control of @entity281 in @entity1 infected by Leishmania chagasi. In @entity234 , an impairment in @entity379 production and high @entity3646 and @entity688 levels (Th2 cytokines) are observed in antigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Moreover, IL-12 restores @entity379 production and enhances the cytotoxic response. @entity688 is the cytokine involved in down-regulation of @entity379 production, since anti- @entity688 monoclonal antibody (mAb) restores in vitro @entity379 production and lymphoproliferative responses, and @entity688 abrogates the effect of IL-12. In cutaneous and @entity33 , high levels of @entity379 are found in L. amazonensis-stimulated PBMC. However, low or absent @entity379 levels were observed in antigen-stimulated PBMC from 50% of subjects with less than 60 days of disease (24 +/- 26 pg/ml). This response was restored by IL-12 (308 +/- 342 pg/ml) and anti- @entity688 mAb (380 +/- 245 pg/ml) (P < 0.05). Later during the disease, high levels of @entity379 and @entity310 are produced both in cutaneous and @entity33 . After treatment there is a decrease in @entity310 levels (366 +/- 224 pg/ml before treatment vs 142 +/- 107 pg/ml after treatment, P = 0.02). Although production of @entity379 and @entity310 might be involved in the control of parasite multiplication in the early phases of @entity281 , these cytokines might also be involved in the tissue damage seen in tegumentary @entity232 .

Cytokine profile and pathology in XXXX @entity232 .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'humans', 'human'] @entity310 :: ('7124', 'Gene') :: ['TNF-alpha'] @entity232 :: ('MESH:D007896', 'Disease') :: ['leishmaniasis'] @entity234 :: ('MESH:D007898', 'Disease') :: ['visceral leishmaniasis'] @entity1198 :: ('51497', 'Gene') :: ['Th1'] @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal leishmaniasis'] @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'Leishmania infection'] @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-gamma'] @entity3646 :: ('3565', 'Gene') :: ['IL-4'] @entity688 :: ('3586', 'Gene') :: ['IL-10']
@entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']
