Roughly 10  % of @entity645 -positive individuals worldwide have concomitant chronic @entity97 ) infection, with large differences between geographical regions and/or risk groups. Hepatitis B is a preventable infection with vaccines. However, it cannot be eradicated once acquired, resembling @entity645 and in contrast with @entity3531 . In developed countries, hepatitis B exhibits particular features in the @entity645 population. First, @entity97 infection is less frequently misdiagnosed than in the general population. Second, nucleos(t)ide analogs active against @entity97 are widely used as part of antiretroviral combinations and are taken by most @entity645 @entity1 . Lastly, as the @entity645 population ages given the success of antiretroviral therapy, non-AIDS co-morbidities are becoming a major cause of disease, for which specific drugs are required, increasing the risk of interactions and hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, concern on @entity97 reactivation is rising as immunosuppressive drug therapies are increasingly been used for cancers and other non-malignant conditions. In this scenario, new challenges are emerging in the management of hepatitis B in @entity645 -positive individuals. Among them, major interest is focused on failures to suppress @entity97 replication, @entity97 breakthroughs and reactivations, the meaning of isolated anti-HBc, screening for liver cancer, and the complexity arising when hepatitis viruses C and/or D are additionally present. This review will focus on these challenges and the major advances in @entity97 coinfection in @entity645 .

Emerging challenges in managing hepatitis B in XXXX @entity1 .

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients'] @entity97 :: ('10407', 'Species') :: ['hepatitis B virus (HBV', 'HBV'] @entity645 :: ('57667', 'Species') :: ['HIV'] @entity3531 :: ('11096', 'Species') :: ['HCV']
@entity645 :: (57667,Species) :: ['HIV']
