BACKGROUND: Individual-level socioeconomic status (SES) has been found to be associated inversely with progressive @entity740 ( @entity740 ); the effect of area-level SES on progressive @entity740 is less known. We conducted a cohort study of 12,856 @entity731 Risk in Communities Study @entity1 to examine the independent risk for progressive @entity740 associated with living in a low SES area. METHODS: Progressive @entity740 is defined as a @entity1011 level elevation of 0.4 mg/dL or greater (> or = 35 micromol/L) during a 9-year follow-up, hospitalization for @entity740 , or @entity204 . Area-level SES was characterized by using measures of income, wealth, education, and occupation for 1990 US Census block groups of residence. RESULTS: Age- and center-adjusted incidence rates (per 1,000 @entity1 -years) of progressive @entity740 by quartiles of area-level SES score showed increasing rates with decreasing SES for African-American @entity1 : quartile 1 (Q1; low) = 11.1, Q2 = 10.5, Q3 = 6.4, and Q4 = 7.1 and white @entity1 : Q1 = 6.6, Q2 = 4.8, Q3 = 4.0, and Q4 (high) = 3.5, but not for African-American @entity1 or white @entity1 . Cox proportional hazards models showed that living in the lowest versus the highest SES-area quartile was associated with a 60% greater risk for progressive @entity740 in white @entity1 after adjusting for age, center, baseline @entity1011 level, body mass index, and individual-level SES (hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 2.5). This risk and trend persisted after adjusting for such potential mediators as health awareness, health care access, and behavioral and physiological factors. We found no significant association of progressive @entity740 risk and area SES in white @entity1 , African-American @entity1 , or African-American @entity1 after adjustment. CONCLUSION: For white @entity1 , living in a low SES area is independently associated with greater risk for progressive @entity740 . Future research is needed to examine this association, considering the disparate effects found by race/sex groups.

Area socioeconomic status and progressive XXXX : the @entity731 Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'person', 'men'] @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'chronic kidney disease'] @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine'] @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['Atherosclerosis'] @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death']
@entity740 :: (MESH:D051436,Disease) :: ['CKD']
