The risk of low and moderate energy @entity174 is related to @entity79 ( @entity79 ). Yet it is uncertain whether the epidemiologic determinants of @entity174 risk are the same as for low bone density. The European @entity170 Study was a population-based prevalence study of @entity85 in 36 age-stratified population samples aged 50-80 years. In nearly 4000 subjects (13 centers), @entity79 measurements were also made at the spine, femoral neck and femoral trochanter. To investigate whether effects of reported physical activity on @entity85 risk were mediated through @entity79 , we modeled these and other risk factor data with @entity79 as the dependent variate after adjusting for age, center, sex and body mass index (BMI). The significant determinants of @entity85 risk were also entered into logistic models of @entity85 risk that included @entity79 measurements as covariates. Both current and lifetime physical activity were positively associated with @entity79 . This effect was stronger with hip @entity79 than with spine @entity79 . Lifetime smoking exposure was associated with reduced @entity79 . @entity6 was associated with increased @entity79 . Weak positive associations were found between consumption of dairy products and @entity79 at the three measured sites and these were strengthened by an interaction with measures of physical activity in @entity1 . Physical activity in @entity1 had the largest beneficial effect in lean @entity1 and in @entity1 exposed to hormone replacement therapy. When @entity174 risk was modeled with @entity79 as a covariate, the lifestyle and dietary determinants became less strongly related to @entity85 risk, suggesting that @entity79 may have acted as an intermediary variable. However, heavy physical activity in @entity1 still increased @entity85 risk after adjusting for @entity79 . It is concluded that physical activity in both genders and milk consumption in young @entity1 might protect against @entity85 in later life through their effects on bone density. The adverse effect of smoking on @entity79 was confirmed. Heavy physical activity in @entity1 might increase @entity85 risk even when @entity79 is normal.

The effects of lifestyle, dietary dairy intake and @entity6 on bone density and XXXX prevalence: the EVOS study.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'men'] @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Type 2 diabetes mellitus'] @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture'] @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['Vertebral Osteoporosis'] @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD'] @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['deformity', 'vertebral deformities', 'vertebral deformity', 'spine deformity']
@entity85 :: (MESH:D009140,Disease) :: ['vertebral deformity']
