Exposure to psychostimulants, including both abused and therapeutic drugs, can occur first during @entity1 adolescence. Animal modeling is useful not only to reproduce adolescent peculiarities but also to study neurobehavioral adaptations to psychostimulant consumption. @entity1 adolescence (generally considered as the period between 9/12 and 18 years old) has been compared with the age window between postnatal days (pnd) 28/35 and 50 in @entity35 and @entity19 . These adolescent rodents display basal hyperlocomotion and higher rates of exploration together with a marked propensity for sensation-seeking and risk-taking behaviors. Moreover, peculiar responses to psychostimulants, @entity717 , no drug-induced stereotypy and reduced place conditioning have been described in adolescent rodents. During this age window, forebrain @entity935 systems undergo profuse remodeling, thus providing a neuro-biological substrate to explain behavioral peculiarities observed during adolescence, as well as the reported vulnerabilities to several drugs. Further, @entity2727 ( @entity7541 , better known as @entity2727  ), a psychostimulant extensively prescribed to @entity1 and adolescents diagnosed with @entity71 ( @entity71 ), raises concerns for its long-term safety. Using magnetic resonance techniques, @entity7541 -induced acute effects appear to be different in adolescent @entity35 compared to adult animals. Moreover, adolescent exposure to @entity7541 seems to provoke persistent neurobehavioral consequences: long-term modulation of self-control abilities, decreased sensitivity to natural and drug reward, enhanced stress-induced emotionality, together with an enhanced cortical control over sub-cortical @entity935 systems and an enduring up-regulation of @entity70059 gene expression within the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). In summary, additional studies in animal models are necessary to better understand the long-term consequences of adolescent @entity7541 , and to further investigate the safety of the prescription and administration of such pharmacological treatment at early life stages.

Neurobehavioral adaptations to XXXX : the issue of early adolescent exposure.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human', 'Human'] @entity70059 :: ('3363', 'Gene') :: ['Htr7'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice'] @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine'] @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder', 'ADHD'] @entity7541 :: ('MESH:C041626', 'Chemical') :: ['MPH'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rats'] @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['including enhanced locomotor sensitization'] @entity2727 :: ('MESH:D008774', 'Chemical') :: ['methylphenidate', 'Ritalin']
@entity2727 :: (MESH:D008774,Chemical) :: ['methylphenidate']
