BACKGROUND: Prenatal @entity5244 exposure is associated with altered male reproductive tract development, and in particular, shorter anogenital distance (AGD). AGD, a sexually dimorphic index of prenatal @entity342 exposure, may also be altered by prenatal stress. How these exposures interact to impact AGD is unknown. Here, we examine the extent to which associations between prenatal @entity5244 exposure and @entity1 AGD are modified by prenatal exposure to @entity7027 ( @entity7027 ). METHODS: @entity5244 metabolites [including those of @entity5248 ( @entity5248 ) and their molar sum (  @entity5248 )] were measured in first trimester urine from 738 pregnant @entity1 participating in The @entity1 Development and the Environment Study (TIDES). @entity1 completed questionnaires on @entity7027 , and permitted @entity1 AGD measurements at birth. Subjects were classified as 'lower' and 'higher' stress (0 first trimester @entity7027 vs. 1+).We estimated relationships between @entity5244 concentrations and AGD (by @entity1 sex and stress group) using adjusted multiple regression interaction models. RESULTS: In the lower stress group, first trimester   @entity5248 was inversely associated with two measures of male AGD: anoscrotal distance (AGD-AS; b   =   -1.78; 95% CI -2.97, -0.59) and anopenile distance (AGD-AP; b   =   -1.61; 95% CI -3.01, -0.22). By contrast, associations in the higher stress group were mostly positive and non-significant in male @entity1 . No associations were observed in @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Associations between prenatal @entity5244 exposure and altered genital development were only apparent in sons of mothers who reported no @entity7027 during pregnancy. Prenatal stress and @entity5600 may interact to shape fetal development in ways that have not been previously explored.

Prenatal Stress as a Modifier of Associations between XXXX Exposure and Reproductive Development: results from a Multicentre Pregnancy Cohort Study.

@entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Infant', 'Women', 'infants', 'girls', 'infant'] @entity7027 :: ('MESH:D057768', 'Disease') :: ['SLEs', 'stressful life events'] @entity5248 :: ('MESH:D004051', 'Chemical') :: ['DEHP', 'diethylhexyl phthalate'] @entity5244 :: ('MESH:C032279', 'Chemical') :: ['phthalate', 'Phthalate'] @entity5600 :: ('CHEBI:26092', 'Chemical') :: ['phthalates'] @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']
@entity5244 :: (MESH:C032279,Chemical) :: ['Phthalate']
