UNASSIGNED: Epidemiological studies show a positive correlation between the air levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) and @entity65 , but how PM2.5 affects cardiomyocytes has not been studied in great deal. The aim of the present study was to obtain an insight into the links among intracellular levels of reactive @entity26 species (ROS), apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in @entity35 cardiac H9c2 cells exposed to PM2.5 . H9c2 cells were incubated with PM2.5 at 100-800   g ml(-1) to evaluate the effects of PM2.5 on cell viability, cell apoptosis, intracellular levels of ROS and expression of apoptosis-related proteins as well as activation of MAPKs. PM2.5 decreased cell viability, increased the cell apoptosis rate and intracellular ROS production in a concentration-dependent manner. PM2.5 decreased the @entity1976 / @entity2310 ratio and increased cleaved caspase-3 levels. A Western blots study showed up-regulation of phosphorylated MAPKs including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs), c-Jun @entity2733 -terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38 MAPK in the PM2.5 -treated cells. The p38 MAPK inhibitor @entity40226 attenuated whereas the ERKs inhibitor @entity4286 augmented the effects of PM2.5 on apoptosis and the expression of related proteins. In conclusion, PM2.5 decreases cell viability and increases apoptosis by enhancing intracellular ROS production and activating the MAPKs signaling pathway in H9c2 cells. The MAPKs signaling pathway could be a new promising target for clinical therapeutic strategies against PM2.5 -induced @entity299 . Copyright    2015 John Wiley _ Sons, Ltd.

Overproduction of reactive XXXX species and activation of MAPKs are involved in apoptosis induced by PM2.5 in @entity35 cardiac H9c2 cells.

@entity1976 :: ('24224(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['Bcl-2'] @entity4286 :: ('MESH:C093973', 'Chemical') :: ['PD98059'] @entity2310 :: ('24887(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['Bax'] @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen'] @entity2733 :: ('CHEBI:29345', 'Chemical') :: ['NH2'] @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac injury'] @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat'] @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disorders'] @entity40226 :: ('MESH:C406525', 'Chemical') :: ['SB239063']
@entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']
