Mechanical ventilation has been demonstrated to exacerbate @entity651 , and a sufficiently high tidal volume can induce injury in otherwise healthy lungs. However, it remains controversial whether injurious ventilation per se, without preceding @entity651 , can initiate cytokine-mediated @entity55 . To address this, we developed an in vivo @entity19 model of @entity647 produced by high tidal volume (Vt) ventilation. Anesthetized C57BL6 @entity19 were ventilated at high Vt (34.5 +/- 2.9 ml/kg, mean +/- SD) for a duration of 156 +/- 17 min until mean blood pressure fell below 45 mmHg (series 1); high Vt for 120 min (series 2); or low Vt (8.8 +/- 0.5 ml/kg) for 120 or 180 min (series 3). High Vt produced progressive @entity651 with a decrease in respiratory system compliance, increase in protein concentration in lung lavage fluid, and lung pathology showing hyaline membrane formation. High-Vt ventilation was associated with increased @entity637 in lung lavage fluid at the early stage of injury (series 2) but not the later stage (series 1). In contrast, lavage fluid @entity9701 ( @entity9701 ) was increased in all high-Vt animals. Lavage fluid from high-Vt animals contained bioactive @entity637 by WEHI bioassay. Low-Vt ventilation induced minimal changes in physiology and pathology with negligible @entity637 and @entity9701 proteins and @entity637 bioactivity. These results demonstrate that high-Vt ventilation in the absence of underlying injury induces intrapulmonary @entity637 and @entity9701 expression in @entity19 . The apparently transient nature of @entity637 upregulation may help explain previous controversy regarding the involvement of cytokines in @entity21712 .

High tidal volume upregulates intrapulmonary cytokines in an in vivo @entity19 model of XXXX .

@entity21712 :: ('MESH:D055397', 'Disease') :: ['ventilator-induced lung injury'] @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary inflammation'] @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse'] @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['lung injury'] @entity9701 :: ('20310(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['MIP-2', 'macrophage inflammatory protein-2'] @entity637 :: ('21926(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['TNF-alpha'] @entity647 :: ('MESH:D055371', 'Disease') :: ['acute lung injury']
@entity21712 :: (MESH:D055397,Disease) :: ['ventilator-induced lung injury']
