Exercise and Phytoestrogens: Effect on Factors Predisposing to Cardiovascular Disease(CVD) in Postmenopausal Women
Condition: Overweight
MeSH terms: Cardiovascular Diseases; Overweight
Intervention: Placebo + exercise; Phytoestrogens without exercise; Phytoestrogens + exercise
Intervention description: Placebo: Non-active capsules of the same size and appearance than phytoestrogens capsules will be used as a placebo (same posology, i.e. 4 caps/day)
Exercise intervention: Three weekly 1h-sessions will be held on 3 non-consecutive days. Each session comprises a total of 60 min of aerobic exercise (on an ergometer device) and resistance exercise (with elastic bands, free weights, exercise ball, etc.), and a 5-min cool down. Cues regarding exercise intensity will be offered to maintain intensity in a range of 60 to 80% of maximal heart rate (with the use of a target pulse, etc.). The exercise sessions will be led by a physical activity specialist.; Phytoestrogens: The phytoestrogen supplements will consist of 70 mg/day of soy isoflavones taken as 4 caps/day. More specifically, the daily dose of isoflavones contains 44 mg of diadzein, 16 mg of glycitein and 10 mg of genestein extracted from natural soy.
Without exercise: participants will be asked to do only their usual activities without being involved in any kind of structured exercise sessions.; Phytoestrogens: The phytoestrogen supplements will consist of 70 mg/day of soy isoflavones taken as 4 caps/day. More specifically, the daily dose of isoflavones contains 44 mg of diadzein, 16 mg of glycitein and 10 mg of genestein extracted from natural soy.
Exercise intervention: Three weekly 1h-sessions will be held on 3 non-consecutive days. Each session comprises a total of 60 min of aerobic exercise (on an ergometer device) and resistance exercise (with elastic bands, free weights, exercise ball, etc.), and a 5-min cool down. Cues regarding exercise intensity will be offered to maintain intensity in a range of 60 to 80% of maximal heart rate (with the use of a target pulse, etc.). The exercise sessions will be led by a physical activity specialist.
Intervention MeSH terms: Phytoestrogens
Phase: Phase 4
Study type: Interventional
Primary purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Factorial Assignment
Masking: Double (Participant, Investigator)
Enrollment: 45.0
Sex: Female
Minimum age: 50 Years
Maximum age: 70 Years
Healthy volunteers: No
Keywords: Postmenopause; Overweight; Women; Phytoestrogens; Exercise; Cardiovascular Diseases; Risk Factors; Aging

Summary:

      Menopause is characterized by a decrease of estrogen and progesterone levels and is
      associated with various changes in body composition, including an accumulation of total fat
      mass, a relocation of adiposity to the abdomen, deterioration of plasma lipid profile,
      increased risk of type 2 diabetes, and increased oxidative stress. Taken together, these
      changes increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD).

      Physical activity and hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) have been shown to act in synergy to
      improve total fat mass in postmenopausal (PM) women. Because the progesterone component of
      HRT has been associated with an increased CVD risk in older women with a family history of
      CVD, the use of HRT has become controversial. As a result, a large decrease of the use of HRT
      in the community has been observed and postmenopausal women (PM) have developed interest in
      alternative therapies. Among the possibilities, phytoestrogens have shown beneficial effects
      on menopausal symptoms and plasma lipids. Phytoestrogens are structurally and functionally
      similar to estradiol (the major estrogen in humans) but found only in plants such as soybean
      isoflavones. They do not exert any effect on breast cancer or/and endometrial tissue.

      AIMS To examine the effects of phytoestrogens, exercise and the combination of both on lean
      body mass, total fat mass, visceral fat, blood lipid profile, oxidative stress markers,
      antioxidant system, glucose metabolism, and sex-hormone levels in obese PM women.

      HYPOTHESES Women undergoing a combination of phytoestrogen treatment and an exercise program
      will display a greater increase in lean body mass, decrease in total and visceral fat mass,
      improvements in blood lipid profile, decrease in oxidative stress markers, increase in
      antioxidant system, improvement in glucose metabolism, and increase in sex-hormone levels
      than those submitted to any or one of the treatments.

      A total of 120 women will be recruited. There will be 4 groups (30 women/group) undergoing
      exercise or not and supplemented with phytoestrogens or a placebo. The intervention is
      planned to last 12 mo. Key variables will be measured at baseline, and after 6 and 12 mo of
      intervention.

      Three weekly 1h-sessions of exercise will be held on 3 non-consecutive days. The
      phytoestrogen supplements will consist of 70 mg/d of soy isoflavones taken as 4 caps/day.
    

Eligibility criteria:

        Inclusion Criteria:

          -  50-70 years

          -  francophone or understanding French

          -  body mass index > 27kg/m²

          -  without physical disability

          -  without medical treatment influencing metabolism

          -  non smoker

          -  light drinker (<15 g ethanol/day = 1 alcoholic beverage)

          -  weight stable (< 2 kg) for 6 mo

          -  no participation in a supervised exercise program for 6 mo

          -  without HRT for at least 3 yrs

          -  and without menses for at least 12 mo

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  soy allergy

          -  known hepatic diseases

          -  asthma

          -  family history of accident cerebro-vascular

          -  personal history of a feminine cancer