Pregnancy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome II
Condition: Pregnancy; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
MeSH terms: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Syndrome
Intervention: Clomiphene citrate; Letrozole
Intervention description: Clomiphene citrate 50 mg every day for 5 days (day 3-7 of cycle), for a total of 5 cycles or 20 weeks; Letrozole 2.5 mg every day for 5 days (day 3-7 of cycle), for a total of 5 cycles or 20 weeks
Intervention MeSH terms: Letrozole; Clomiphene; Enclomiphene; Zuclomiphene
Phase: Phase 3
Study type: Interventional
Primary purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Enrollment: 750.0
Sex: Female
Minimum age: 18 Years
Maximum age: 40 Years
Healthy volunteers: No
Keywords: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Infertility; Pregnancy; Women

Summary:

      The primary research hypothesis is that ovulation induction with an aromatase inhibitor
      (letrozole) is more likely to result in live birth than ovulation induction with a selective
      estrogen receptor modulator (clomiphene citrate) in infertile women with PCOS. A safety
      hypothesis will also be incorporated into the primary research hypothesis in which we
      hypothesize both treatments are equally safe for mother and child.

      Secondary research hypotheses include:

        1. Treatment with letrozole is more likely to result in singleton pregnancy compared to
           treatment with clomiphene citrate. Singleton pregnancy is defined as presence of a
           single intrauterine gestational sac with a single fetal pole and observable heart
           motion.

        2. Treatment with letrozole will less likely result in a first trimester intrauterine fetal
           demise than treatment with clomiphene citrate. A first trimester IUFD is defined as a
           pregnancy that ends before 13 weeks gestation.

        3. Treatment with letrozole is more likely to result in ovulation (increased ovulation
           rate) compared to treatment with clomiphene citrate. Ovulation is defined as a midluteal
           progesterone level ≥ 3 ng/mL.

        4. The shortest time to pregnancy will be with letrozole.

        5. Age, body mass index, SHBG, testosterone, LH, Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH), and degree
           of hirsutism and acne will be significant predictors of ovulation and conception
           regardless of treatment.

        6. Improvement in SHBG, testosterone, AMH, and LH levels will be significant predictors of
           ovulation and conception regardless of treatment.

        7. DNA polymorphisms in estrogen action genes will predict response to study drug.

        8. Quality of Life will be better on letrozole than clomiphene.

        9. Letrozole will be more cost effective at achieving singleton pregnancies than
           clomiphene.
    

Eligibility criteria:

        Inclusion Criteria:

        Key Inclusion Criteria (Must have ovulatory dysfunction and either hyperandrogenism or PCO)

          1. Chronic anovulation or oligomenorrhea: defined as spontaneous intermenstrual periods
             of ≥45 days or a total of ≤8 menses per year, or for women with suspected anovulatory
             bleeding, a midluteal serum progesterone level < 3 ng/mL is indicative of chronic
             anovulation. For women who have been on ovarian suppressive therapy or other
             confounding medication (i.e. insulin sensitizing agents) within the last year prior to
             the study, a history of ≤8 menses per year prior to the initiation of this prior
             therapy will qualify as evidence of oligomenorrhea. For women with more regular
             bleeding patterns, but who are suspected to be experiencing anovulatory bleeding, a
             midluteal progesterone level < 3ng/mL will be evidence of ovulatory dysfunction and
             qualify as anovulation. Undiagnosed persistent vaginal bleeding should be diagnosed
             and treated prior to enrollment.

          2. Hyperandrogenism (either Hirsutism or Hyperandrogenemia) or Polycystic Ovaries on
             Ultrasound:

               1. Hirsutism is determined by a modified Ferriman-Gallwey Score >8 at screening exam
                  (Hatch, Rosenfield et al. 1981 Aug 1). Subjects who have hirsutism do not need
                  local or core labs documenting elevated androgen levels.

               2. Hyperandrogenemia can be determined from local labs. Local cutoffs will be
                  pre-determined by each site prior to study initiation. Hyperandrogenemia will be
                  defined as an elevated total testosterone, or free androgen index (FAI)(in our
                  lab at Penn State College of Medicine a total T > 50 ng/dL or a free androgen
                  index >5) will allow entry into the study (Legro, Driscoll et al. 1998). The FAI
                  is calculated from measurable values for total T and SHBG, as previously
                  described (Miller, Rosner et al. 2004), using the following equation: (FAI =
                  Total testosterone in nmol/L / SHBG in nmol/L) X 100. Outside lab values obtained
                  within the last year documenting elevated T or FAI levels are sufficient to meet
                  criteria of hyperandrogenemia.

               3. Polycystic Ovaries on Ultrasound: We will use the revised Rotterdam criteria for
                  diagnosing polycystic ovaries (Balen, Laven et al. 2003). PCO will be defined as
                  either an ovary that contains 12 or more follicles measuring 2-9 mm in diameter,
                  or an increased ovarian volume (> 10 cm3) on one ovary for entry into the study.
                  If there is a follicle > 10 mm in diameter, the scan should be repeated at a time
                  of ovarian quiescence in order to calculate volume and area if the subject does
                  not otherwise qualify for the study. The presence of a single polycystic ovary
                  (PCO), either by volume or morphology, is sufficient to provide the diagnosis.

        Exclusion Criteria:

        We will exclude subjects with medical conditions that represent contraindications to CC,
        aromatase inhibitors and/or pregnancy or who are unable to comply with the study
        procedures. We will exclude subjects with poorly controlled Type I or Type II diabetes;
        undiagnosed liver disease or dysfunction (based on serum liver enzyme testing); renal
        disease or abnormal serum renal function; significant anemia; history of deep venous
        thrombosis, pulmonary embolus, or cerebrovascular accident; uncontrolled hypertension,
        known symptomatic heart disease; history of or suspected cervical carcinoma, endometrial
        carcinoma, or breast carcinoma; undiagnosed vaginal bleeding, and use of other medications
        known to affect reproductive function or metabolism (e.g., OCP, GnRH agonists and
        antagonists, antiandrogens, gonadotropins, anti-obesity drugs, somatostatin, diazoxide, ACE
        inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers). As in PPCOS we will allow a 2 months washout
        period for subjects who desire to participate and discontinue exclusionary medications
        (most commonly OCP, but also possibly metformin), and a period of observation or treatment
        for correctable conditions.

        Couple Inclusion Criteria

          1. Sperm concentration of 14 million/mL in at least one ejaculate within the last year,
             with at least some motile sperm.

          2. Ability to have regular intercourse during the ovulation induction phase of the study.

          3. At least one patent tube and normal uterine cavity as determined by sonohysterogram,
             hysterosalpingogram, or hysteroscopy/laparoscopy within the last 3 years. An
             uncomplicated intrauterine non-IVF pregnancy and uncomplicated delivery and postpartum
             course resulting in live birth within the last three years will also serve as
             sufficient evidence of a patent tube and normal uterine cavity as long as the subject
             did not have, during the pregnancy or subsequently, risk factors for Asherman's
             syndrome or tubal disease or other disorder leading to an increased suspicion for
             intrauterine abnormality or tubal occlusion.

          4. No previous sterilization procedures (vasectomy, tubal ligation) that have been
             reversed. The prior procedure may affect study outcomes.

        Specific Exclusion Criteria

          1. Current pregnancy.

          2. Patients on oral contraceptives, depo-progestins, or hormonal implants (including
             Implanon). A two month washout period will be required prior to screening for patients
             on these agents. Longer washouts may be necessary for certain depot contraceptive
             forms or implants, especially where the implants are still in place. A one-month
             washout will be required for patients on oral cyclic progestins.

          3. Patients with hyperprolactinemia (defined as two prolactin levels at least one week
             apart > 30 ng/mL or as determined by local normative values). The goal of eliminating
             patients with documented hyperprolactinemia is to decrease the heterogeneity of the
             PCOS population. These patients may be candidates for ovulation induction with
             alternate regimens (dopamine agonists). A normal level within the last year or on
             treatment is adequate for entry.

          4. Patients with known 21-hydroxylase deficiency or other enzyme deficiency leading to
             the phenotype of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. 21-hydroxylase deficiency will be
             excluded in all patients by a fasting 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) level <2 ng/mL
             (Azziz, Hincapie et al. 1999 Nov). If relevant, this level should be determined in the
             follicular phase, because the 17-hydroxyprogesterone level is likely to be elevated
             beyond this range if the patient is in the luteal phase of an infrequent ovulatory
             cycle. In the case of elevated fasting 17-OHP levels in the follicular phase, an ACTH
             stimulation test will be performed. A 1-hour stimulated value > 10 ng/mL will be an
             exclusion (Moran, Knochenhauer et al. 1998). As 21-hydroxylase deficiency is a
             congenital condition, any normal level in the past of 17-hydroxyprogesterone allows
             entry into this study.

          5. Patients with menopausal levels of FSH (> 15 mIU/mL). A normal level within the last
             year is adequate for entry.

          6. Patients with uncorrected thyroid disease (defined as TSH < 0.2 mIU/mL or >5.5
             mIU/mL). A normal level within the last year is adequate for entry.

          7. Patients diagnosed with Type I or Type II diabetes who are poorly controlled (defined
             as a glycohemoglobin level > 7.0%), or patients receiving antidiabetic medications
             such as insulin, thiazolidinediones, acarbose, or sulfonylureas likely to confound the
             effects of study medication; patients currently receiving metformin XR for a diagnosis
             of Type I or Type II diabetes or for PCOS are also specifically excluded.

          8. Patients with liver disease defined as AST or ALT > 2 times normal or total bilirubin
             >2.5 mg/dL.

          9. Patients with renal disease defined as BUN > 30 mg/dL or serum creatinine> 1.4 mg/dL.

         10. Patients with significant anemia (Hemoglobin < 10 g/dL).

         11. Patients with a history of deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolus, or
             cerebrovascular accident.

         12. Patients with known heart disease that is likely to be exacerbated by pregnancy.

         13. Patients with a history of, or suspected cervical carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, or
             breast carcinoma. A normal Pap smear result within ACOG guidelines for Pap smear
             frequency will be required for women 21 and over.

         14. Patients with a current history of alcohol abuse. Alcohol abuse is defined as > 14
             drinks/week or binge drinking.

         15. Patients enrolled simultaneously into other investigative studies that require
             medications, proscribe the study medications, limit intercourse, or otherwise prevent
             compliance with the protocol. Patients who anticipate taking longer than a one month
             break during the protocol should not be enrolled.

         16. Patients taking other medications known to affect reproductive function or metabolism.
             These medications include oral contraceptives, GnRH agonists and antagonists,
             antiandrogens, gonadotropins, anti-obesity drugs, anti-diabetic drugs such as
             metformin and thiazolidinediones, somatostatin, diazoxide, ACE inhibitors, and calcium
             channel blockers. The washout period on all these medications will be two months and a
             list is found in the appendix.

         17. Patients with a suspected adrenal or ovarian tumor secreting androgens.

         18. Patients with suspected Cushing's syndrome.

         19. Couples with previous sterilization procedures (vasectomy, tubal ligation) which have
             been reversed. The prior procedure may affect study outcomes, and patients with both a
             reversed sterilization procedure and PCOS are rare enough that exclusion should not
             adversely affect recruitment.

         20. Subjects who have undergone a bariatric surgery procedure in the recent past (<12
             months) and are in a period of acute weight loss or have been advised against
             pregnancy by their bariatric surgeon.

         21. Patients with untreated poorly controlled hypertension defined as a systolic blood
             pressure ≥ 160 mm Hg or a diastolic ≥ 100 mm Hg obtained on two measures obtained at
             least 60 minutes apart.