An Open Label Study to Evaluate the Effects of Ezogabine/Retigabine Added to Existing Anti-epileptic Drug(s) on Urinary Voiding Function in Subjects With Partial Onset Seizures
Condition: Epilepsy
MeSH terms: Seizures
Intervention: ezogabine/retigabine
Intervention description: Starting dose of 300mg/day, titrate up to a targeted maximum dose of 1200 mg/day. Dose can be reduced to a minimum of 600 mg/day if unable to tolerate higher doses
Intervention MeSH terms: Ezogabine
Phase: Phase 4
Study type: Interventional
Primary purpose: Treatment
Intervention model: Single Group Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Enrollment: 10.0
Sex: All
Minimum age: 18 Years
Healthy volunteers: No
Keywords: Urinary Retention

Summary:

      This is a multicentre, open label study to examine the effect of ezogabine/retigabine on the
      voiding function of adult subjects with drug-resistant partial onset seizures (POS). Subjects
      fulfilling the study entry criteria at Screening and at Baseline including a comprehensive
      eye examination by an ophthalmologist or retina specialist and a skin assessment by the
      investigator will receive ezogabine/retigabine.

      The starting dose of ezogabine/retigabine will be 300 mg/day. Subjects will be up titrated by
      150 mg/day weekly up to the maximum ezogabine/retigabine daily dose of 1200 mg (or the
      highest tolerated dose). During the 49 days of the treatment phase, subjects will undergo
      three repeat non-invasive assessments of voiding function. In addition, subjects who meet
      pre-determined criteria for voiding dysfunction will undergo multichannel cystometry in order
      to characterise bladder hypocontractility, bladder outlet obstruction or a combination of
      events which clinically is manifest with difficulty emptying the bladder or acute urinary
      retention.

      At the end of the Treatment Phase, all subjects will enter the Taper Phase, a 3-week down
      titration period. Subjects who have new findings of abnormal pigmentation of the retina,
      unexplained vision loss, pigmentation of non-retinal ocular tissue or discoloration of skin,
      lip, nail, or mucosa since baseline will be asked to enter the Safety Follow-Up /
      Continuation Phase. All subjects will undergo 6-monthly comprehensive eye examinations during
      the Safety Follow-Up / Continuation Phase. Subjects who have not developed abnormal
      discoloration of the skin, lips, nails or mucosa will continue to undergo skin assessments by
      the investigator. Any subject who has developed abnormal discoloration of the skin, lips,
      nails or mucosa since baseline will be referred to a dermatologist for evaluation and
      6-monthly follow up assessments. All subjects will continue to be followed until the
      pigmentation and/or discoloration has resolved or stabilised, as defined by no change over 2
      consecutive 6-monthly assessments conducted over at least 12 months after discontinuation of
      ezogabine/retigabine.
    

Eligibility criteria:

        Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Is ≥18 years of age (male or female).

          -  Has a confident diagnosis of epilepsy with partial onset seizures with or without
             secondary generalization (classified according to International League Against
             Epilepsy (ILAE) Guidelines, 1981) ≥ 2 years.

          -  Is currently being treated with a stable regimen of one to three AEDs during the 4
             weeks prior to the Screening Visit.

          -  Following Amendment 03: must be considered drug resistant, consistent with the
             definition proposed by Kwan, et al 2010 [Kwan].

          -  Note: Vagus Nerve Stimulator (VNS), VNS will not be counted as a concurrent AED.
             Subjects with surgically implanted VNS will be allowed to enter the study provided
             that all of the following conditions are met:

          -  The VNS has been in place for at least 24 weeks prior to the Screening Visit

          -  The settings must remain the same for at least 4 weeks prior to the Screening Visit
             and throughout the study

          -  The battery is expected to last for the duration of the study

          -  Subject who are considering implantation of a VNS are excluded from participating in
             this study

          -  Note: The chronic use of benzodiazepines as a concurrent AED is permitted as long as
             the dose is kept constant for at least 4 weeks before the Screen Visit and throughout
             the study.

          -  Is able and willing to maintain an accurate and complete a two (2) day Voiding Diary
             at protocol specified time points.

          -  Is able and willing to maintain an accurate and complete daily written Seizure
             Calendar at specified time points or has a caregiver who is able and willing to
             maintain an accurate and complete daily written Seizure Calendar for the entire
             duration of the study.

          -  Has given written informed consent, prior to the performance of any study assessments.

          -  A female subject is eligible to enter and participate in the study if she is not
             pregnant or lactating or planning to become pregnant during the study and is of:

          -  Non-childbearing potential (i.e., physiologically incapable of becoming pregnant,
             including any female who is pre-menarchal or post-menopausal).

          -  Pre-menopausal females with a documented (medical report verification) hysterectomy
             with or without oophorectomy or bi-lateral oophorectomy when reproductive status has
             been confirmed by hormone level assessment

          -  Post-menopausal females defined as being amenorrhoeic for greater than one year with
             an appropriate clinical profile (e.g., age appropriate, history of vasomotor
             symptoms). However, if indicated, this should be confirmed by oestradiol and follicle
             stimulating hormone (FSH) levels consistent with menopause (according to local
             laboratory ranges).

          -  Women who have not been confirmed as post-menopausal should be advised to use
             contraception as outlined in Appendix 2.

          -  Child-bearing potential, has a negative pregnancy test at screening and baseline, and
             agrees to satisfy one of the requirements in as listed in Appendix 2.

          -  Liver function tests: aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase
             (ALT) <2 x upper limit of normal (ULN); alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin less than
             or equal to 1.5 x ULN (isolated bilirubin >1.5 x ULN is acceptable if bilirubin is
             fractionated and direct bilirubin <35%).

          -  Has a normal creatinine clearance (age corrected) as calculated with the
             Cockcroft-Gault formula.

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Has generalized epilepsy (e.g., Lennox-Gastaut, Juvenile Myoclonic epilepsy, Absence,
             etc).

          -  Has had status epilepticus (other than simple partial status epilepticus) within the
             12 months prior to Screening or during the Baseline Phase.

          -  Has a history of innumerable seizures within the 12 months prior to Screening where
             the individual seizures cannot be counted.

          -  Has a history of pseudo seizures, non-epilepsy events or any other type of psychogenic
             seizures that could be confused with seizures.

          -  Acute Urinary Retention (treated or untreated) within 6 months of screening or an
             episode of Acute Urinary Retention (treated) within the last two years with symptoms
             within the last 6 months.

          -  Screening AUA SI Score >7 (>11 for subject over 55 years old).

          -  Flowmetry Peak Flow < 15mL/sec out of a urine volume void of 150mL (<11 mL/sec for
             subject over 55 years old) at Screening.

          -  PVR >125mL or >40% functional residual volume at Screening.

          -  Prior history of administration of Botox® within genitourinary system.

          -  Prior history or any type of medical or surgical therapy for urinary incontinence.

          -  Prior history of treated or untreated, bladder, prostate, uterine or cervical cancer.

          -  Use of sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil or other PDE-5 inhibitors within 2 weeks of
             study start.

          -  Use of α-adrenoreceptor antagonists within 2 weeks of study start.

          -  Has had previous exposure to ezogabine/retigabine.

          -  Is currently or has been abusing substance(s) or any medications in the 12 months
             prior to Screening.

          -  Has taken an investigational drug, or used an investigational device, within the
             previous 4 weeks prior to Screening or plans to take another investigational drug
             anytime during the study.

          -  Is currently following or planning to follow the ketogenic diet.

          -  Has been treated with felbamate or vigabatrin within the past 6 months prior to
             Screening; if a subject has been previously treated with vigabatrin, a visual
             perimetry test prior to screening (or within the past 6 months) must show normal
             visual fields or no worsening of recognized visual field abnormalities as compared
             with prior to vigabatrin treatment.

          -  Use of CNS-active medication (other than concomitant AED therapy), unless subjects had
             been stabilized on such medication for more than 4 weeks prior to Screening.

          -  Use of herbal treatments with CNS activity within 4 weeks prior to Screening.

          -  Current use of any prohibited concomitant medication as indicated in Section 5.7.2.

          -  Is planning surgery to control seizures during the study.

          -  Is suffering from acute or progressive neurological disease, severe psychiatric
             disease, or severe mental abnormalities that, in the investigator's judgment, are
             likely to interfere with the objectives of the study.

          -  Has any medical condition that, in the investigator's judgment, is considered to be
             clinically significant and could potentially affect subject safety or study outcome,
             including but not limited to: clinically significant cardiac, renal, hepatic
             condition, or a condition that affects the absorption, distribution, metabolism or
             excretion of drugs.

          -  Has an average QTc ≥ 450 msec or ≥ 480 msec for subjects with Bundle Branch Block at
             the time of Screening.

        Note: If the initial electrocardiogram (ECG) at Screening indicates a corrected QT (QTc)
        interval outside these limits, two further ECGs should be performed and the average QTc
        value of these triplicate ECGs calculated. If the average value exceeds the stated limits,
        the subject is not eligible.

          -  Has active suicidal plan/intent or has had active suicidal thoughts in the past 6
             months. Has history of suicide attempt in the last 2 years or more than one lifetime
             suicide attempt.

          -  Has positive test results for hepatitis B surface antigen, positive hepatitis C virus,
             or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 or -2 at Screening.