A Comparison of Intranasal Midazolam and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Minimal Sedation for Minor Procedures in a Pediatric Emergency Department
Condition: Conscious Sedation; Simple Lacerations Less Than 4 cm; Lumbar Punctures; Minor Incision Drainage of Abscesses Not Requiring Extensive Debridement
MeSH terms: Emergencies; Lacerations
Intervention: Nitrous Oxide; Midazolam
Intervention description: Nitrous oxide will be delivered in one of two ways, using the titration method or rapid infusion method. Which ever method is used will be recorded. When using the titration method, starting at 20%, nitrous oxide will be added in 10% increments every 60 seconds until the ideal level of sedation has been met (not to exceed 70% nitrous oxide). Using the rapid infusion method, after the proper flow rate has been achieved with oxygen, the flowmeter will be increased to obtain 50% concentration of nitrous oxide. After 2-3 minutes if the patient does not have adequate sedation, nitrous oxide concentration will be increased to 70%.; Intranasal midazolam with mucosal atomizer device administration will follow the Children's Hospital Colorado (CHCO) established policy 'Intranasal Administration (atomization) of Medications'. As per standard of care, each patient will receive a standardized dose of 0.4mg/kg (maximum dose of 10mg) of intranasal midazolam with the mucosal atomizer device for all procedures.
Intervention MeSH terms: Midazolam; Nitrous Oxide
Phase: Phase 4
Study type: Interventional
Primary purpose: Other
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Enrollment: 63.0
Sex: All
Minimum age: 2 Years
Maximum age: 17 Years
Healthy volunteers: No

Summary:

      The objective of this project is to compare the sedative effects of intranasal midazolam
      versus inhaled nitrous oxide (N2O) for minor procedures in the pediatric emergency
      department. The primary outcome will be length of stay (LOS) in the emergency department (ED)
      stay for minor procedures. Secondarily the investigators will compare patient/family and
      provider satisfaction while using either intranasal midazolam or N2O for minimal sedation.
      The investigators hypothesize that the total length of stay for children undergoing minor
      procedures in the ED will be lower for N2O, as compared to intranasal midazolam. The
      investigators also hypothesize that patient/family and provider satisfaction will be higher
      with N2O and adverse effects will not differ between N2O and intranasal midazolam. Patients
      will receive either intranasal midazolam or N2O for minor procedures. Following the
      enrollment period, data will be analyzed and the two will be compared. Total length of stay,
      patient/family and provider satisfaction will be studied.
    

Eligibility criteria:

        Inclusion Criteria:

          1. Patients ≥2 years of age and <18 years of age, and

          2. Parent/legal guardian age ≥18 years of age to <80 years of age

          3. Patients with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status
             Classification System level 1, 2, and 3

          4. Patients requiring anxiolysis and mild sedation for minor procedures

               1. Minor procedures will include simple lacerations less than 4 cm

               2. Lumbar punctures

               3. Minor incision

               4. Drainage of abscesses that do not require extensive debridement

          5. Must receive the standard of care dosing for either nitrous oxide or intranasal
             midazolam.

               1. Nitrous oxide up to 70% nitrous concentration will be allowed

               2. Intranasal Midazolam 0.4mg/kg with a max dose of 10mg

        Exclusion Criteria:

          1. Nasal injury, nasal obstruction or significant congestion

          2. Laceration that involves the nose and ears or come into contact with the scavenger
             device or nitrous oxide tubing

          3. Allergy to benzodiazepines

          4. Benzodiazepine dosing for any reason 24 hours prior to procedure

          5. Excessive Epistaxis

          6. Facial or nasal deformity

          7. Copious mucous

          8. Recent (less than 1 week) tympanic membrane graft or middle ear surgery

          9. Recent bleomycin therapy

         10. Patients known to be pregnant at time of enrollment

         11. Patients with severe behavior problems, personality disorders or other mind-altering
             conditions as determined by administering provider.

         12. Closed space situations such as:

               1. pneumothorax,

               2. air embolus,

               3. pneumocephalus, or

               4. craniotomy in the last 3 weeks,

               5. intraocular surgery with retained gas,

               6. pulmonary bullae,

               7. severe emphysema, or

               8. bowel obstruction.

         13. Patients with significant co-morbidities:

               1. severe pulmonary disease,

               2. cardiac disease,

               3. hematologic diseases associated with B12 deficiency,

               4. sickle cell disease.

         14. Patients with acute otitis media and/or sinusitis

         15. History of paradoxical reaction to nitrous oxide

         16. Known Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA+) patients

         17. Co-administration of additional sedation or analgesic medications