Reduced-Dose Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy With or Without Cisplatin in Treating Patients With Advanced Oropharyngeal Cancer
Condition: Stage III Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Stage IVA Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Stage IVB Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Stage IVC Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Tongue Carcinoma
MeSH terms: Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
Intervention: Cisplatin; IMRT 6 weeks; IMRT 5 weeks
Intervention description: 40 mg/m2 IV (intravenously) weekly for 6 weeks; Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), 30 fractions over 6 weeks, 5 fractions per week, 2 Gray per fraction to total dose of 60 Gy; Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), 30 fractions over 5 weeks, 6 fractions per week, 2 Gray per fraction to total dose of 60 Gy
Intervention MeSH terms: Cisplatin
Phase: Phase 2
Study type: Interventional
Primary purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Enrollment: 316.0
Sex: All
Minimum age: 18 Years
Healthy volunteers: No

Summary:

      This randomized phase II trial studies the side effects and how well modestly reduced-dose
      intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with or without cisplatin works in treating
      patients with oropharyngeal cancer that has spread to other places in the body (advanced).
      Radiation therapy uses high energy x rays to kill tumor cells. Drugs used in chemotherapy,
      such as cisplatin, work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by
      killing the cells, by stopping them from dividing, or by stopping them from spreading. It is
      not yet known whether IMRT is more effective with or without cisplatin in treating patients
      with oropharyngeal cancer.
    

Eligibility criteria:

        Inclusion Criteria

        Step 1: Registration:

          1. Pathologically (histologically or cytologically) proven diagnosis of squamous cell
             carcinoma (including the histological variants papillary squamous cell carcinoma and
             basaloid squamous cell carcinoma) of the oropharynx (tonsil, base of tongue, soft
             palate, or oropharyngeal walls); cytologic diagnosis from a cervical lymph node is
             sufficient in the presence of clinical evidence of a primary tumor in the oropharynx.
             Clinical evidence should be documented, may consist of palpation, imaging, or
             endoscopic evaluation, and should be sufficient to estimate the size of the primary
             (for T stage).

          2. Patients must have clinically or radiographically evident measurable disease at the
             primary site or at nodal stations. Tonsillectomy or local excision of the primary
             without removal of nodal disease is permitted, as is excision removing gross nodal
             disease but with intact primary site. Limited neck dissections retrieving ≤ 4 nodes
             are permitted and considered as non-therapeutic nodal excisions.

          3. Immunohistochemical staining for p16 must be performed on tissue, and this tissue must
             be submitted for central review. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy specimens may be
             used as the sole diagnostic tissue if formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cell block
             material is available for p16 immunohistochemistry. FNA specimens prepared with
             adequate p16 testing in this manner are acceptable to submit for central review. If
             the p16 preparation is not adequate, additional specimens will be required to
             establish p16 status. Centers are encouraged to contact the pathology chairs for
             clarification.

          4. Clinical stage T1-T2, N1-N2b or T3, N0-N2b (AJCC, 7th ed.) including no distant
             metastases based on the following diagnostic workup:

               -  General history and physical examination within 56 days prior to registration;

               -  Fiberoptic exam with laryngopharyngoscopy (mirror and/or fiberoptic and/or direct
                  procedure) within 70 days prior to registration;

               -  One of the following combinations of imaging is required within 56 days prior to
                  registration:

                    1. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the neck (with contrast) and a chest CT
                       scan (with or without contrast);

                    2. or an MRI of the neck (with contrast) and a chest CT scan (with or without
                       contrast);

                    3. or a CT scan of neck (with contrast) and a PET/CT of neck and chest (with or
                       without contrast);

                    4. or an MRI of the neck (with contrast) and a PET/CT of neck and chest (with
                       or without contrast).

             Note: A CT scan of neck and/or a PET/CT performed for the purposes of radiation
             planning may serve as both staging and planning tools.

          5. Patients must provide their personal smoking history prior to registration. The
             lifetime cumulative history cannot exceed 10 pack-years. The following formula is used
             to calculate the pack-years during the periods of smoking in the patient's life; the
             cumulative total of the number of pack-years during each period of active smoking is
             the lifetime cumulative history.

             Number of pack-years = [Frequency of smoking (number of cigarettes per day) × duration
             of cigarette smoking (years)] / 20

             Note: Twenty cigarettes is considered equivalent to one pack. The effect of
             non-cigarette tobacco products on the survival of patients with p16-positive
             oropharyngeal cancers is undefined. While there are reportedly increased risks of head
             and neck cancer associated with sustained heavy cigar and pipe use (Wyss 2013), such
             sustained use of non-cigarette products is unusual and does not appear to convey added
             risk with synchronous cigarette smoking. Cigar and pipe tobacco consumption is
             therefore not included in calculating the lifetime pack-years. Marijuana consumption
             is likewise not considered in this calculation. There is no clear scientific evidence
             regarding the role of chewing tobacco-containing products in this disease, although
             this is possibly more concerning given the proximity of the oral cavity and
             oropharynx. In any case, investigators are discouraged from enrolling patients with a
             history of very sustained use (such as several years or more) of non-cigarette tobacco
             products alone.

          6. Zubrod Performance Status of 0-1 within 56 days prior to registration;

          7. Age ≥ 18;

          8. The trial is open to both genders;

          9. Adequate hematologic function within 14 days prior to registration, defined as
             follows:

               -  Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1,500 cells/mm3;

               -  Platelets ≥ 100,000 cells/mm3;

               -  Hemoglobin (Hgb) ≥ 8.0 g/dl; Note: The use of transfusion or other intervention
                  to achieve Hgb ≥ 8.0 g/dl is acceptable.

         10. Adequate renal function within 14 days prior to registration, defined as follows:

             • Serum creatinine (Cr) < 1.5 mg/dl or creatinine clearance (CC) ≥ 50 ml/min
             determined by 24-hour collection or estimated by Cockcroft-Gault formula:

               -  CC male = [(140 - age) x (wt in kg)] / [(Serum Cr mg/dl) x (72)]

               -  CC female = 0.85 x (CC male)

         11. Adequate hepatic function within 14 days prior to registration defined as follows:

               -  Bilirubin < 2 mg/dl;

               -  Aspartate transaminase (AST) or alanine transaminase (ALT) < 3 x the upper limit
                  of normal.

         12. Negative serum pregnancy test within 14 days prior to registration for women of
             childbearing potential;

         13. Patients who are HIV positive but have no prior Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
             (AIDS) -defining illness and have CD4 cells of at least 350/mm3 are eligible.
             HIV-positive patients must not have multi-drug resistant HIV infection or other
             concurrent AIDS-defining conditions. Patients must not be sero-positive for Hepatitis
             B (Hepatitis B surface antigen positive or anti-hepatitis B core antigen positive) or
             sero-positive for Hepatitis C (anti-Hepatitis C antibody positive). However, patients
             who are immune to hepatitis B (anti-Hepatitis B surface antibody positive) are
             eligible (e.g. patients immunized against hepatitis B).

         14. The patient must provide study-specific informed consent prior to study entry,
             including consent for mandatory submission of tissue for required, central p16 review.

         15. Patients who speak English (or read one of the languages for which a translation is
             available (see Section 10.2) must consent to complete the mandatory dysphagia-related
             patient reported instrument (MDADI). If the patient cannot understand spoken English
             and reads only languages not available in the MDADI translations, the patient can
             still participate in the trial, as this has been factored into the trial statistics.
             For all other patients, the MDADI is mandatory as it is included in the primary
             endpoint to be studied.

             Step 2: Randomization:

         16. p16 positive by immunohistochemistry (defined as greater than 70% strong nuclear or
             nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of tumor cells), confirmed by central pathology
             review; (see Section 10.1 for details).

        Exclusion Criteria

        Step 1: Registration:

          1. Cancers considered to be from an oral cavity site (oral tongue, floor mouth, alveolar
             ridge, buccal or lip), or the nasopharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx, even if p16
             positive, or histologies of adenosquamous, verrucous, or spindle cell carcinomas;

          2. Carcinoma of the neck of unknown primary site origin (even if p16 positive);

          3. Radiographically matted nodes, defined as 3 abutting nodes with loss of the
             intervening fat plane;

          4. Supraclavicular nodes, defined as nodes visualized on the same axial imaging slice as
             the clavicle;

          5. Definitive clinical or radiologic evidence of metastatic disease or adenopathy below
             the clavicles;

          6. Gross total excision of both primary and nodal disease with curative intent; this
             includes tonsillectomy, local excision of primary site, and nodal excision that
             removes all clinically and radiographically evident disease. In other words, to
             participate in this protocol, the patient must have clinically or radiographically
             evident gross disease for which disease response can be assessed.

          7. Patients with simultaneous primary cancers or separate bilateral primary tumor sites
             are excluded with the exception of patients with bilateral tonsil cancers;

          8. Prior invasive malignancy (except non-melanomatous skin cancer) unless disease free
             for a minimum of 1095 days (3 years) (for example, carcinoma in situ of the breast,
             oral cavity, or cervix are all permissible);

          9. Prior systemic chemotherapy for the study cancer; note that prior chemotherapy for a
             different cancer is allowable;

         10. Prior radiotherapy to the region of the study cancer that would result in overlap of
             radiation therapy fields;

         11. Severe, active co-morbidity defined as follows:

               -  Unstable angina and/or congestive heart failure requiring hospitalization within
                  the last 6 months;

               -  Transmural myocardial infarction within the last 6 months;

               -  Acute bacterial or fungal infection requiring intravenous antibiotics at the time
                  of registration;

               -  Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease exacerbation or other respiratory illness
                  requiring hospitalization or precluding study therapy within 30 days of
                  registration;

               -  Hepatic insufficiency resulting in clinical jaundice and/or coagulation defects;
                  note, however, that laboratory tests for liver function and coagulation
                  parameters are not required for entry into this protocol other than those
                  requested in Section 3.2.10.

               -  Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) based upon current Centers for Disease
                  Control and Prevention (CDC) definition with immune compromise greater than that
                  noted in Inclusion Criterion 13; note, however, that HIV testing is not required
                  for entry into this protocol. The need to exclude patients with AIDS from this
                  protocol is necessary because the treatments involved in this protocol may be
                  significantly immunosuppressive. Protocol-specific requirements may also exclude
                  immuno-compromised patients.

         12. Pregnancy; this exclusion is necessary because the treatment involved in this study
             may be significantly teratogenic.

         13. Prior allergic reaction to cisplatin.