Tenofovir Alone Versus Tenofovir With Emtricitabine to Treat Chronic Hepatitis B
Condition: Hepatitis B
MeSH terms: Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Hepatitis
Intervention: Tenofovir & Emtricitabine; Tenofovir
Intervention MeSH terms: Tenofovir; Emtricitabine
Phase: Phase 2
Study type: Interventional
Primary purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Enrollment: 35.0
Sex: All
Minimum age: 18 Years
Healthy volunteers: No
Keywords: Emtricitabine; Tenofovir; Antiviral Therapy; Hepatitis B; HBV

Summary:

      This study will test whether the combination of two medications, tenofovir and emtricitabine,
      are safer and more effective for treating chronic hepatitis B than tenofovir alone. Chronic
      hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by infection with the hepatitis B virus. Several
      medications, including standard and pegylated interferon and the anti-viral drugs lamivudine,
      adefovir, entecavir and telbivudine, are currently used to treat the disease. Problems are
      associated with all of these agents, however, including development of viral resistance with
      long-term therapy of the anti-virals. Since many patients require long-term therapy to
      prevent their disease from worsening, a major goal of new approaches to treatment is to
      prevent the development of viral resistance. Combination treatment has been shown to be an
      effective strategy in preventing this resistance.

      Tenofovir is an anti-viral drug approved for use in patients with HIV infection. In small
      studies in patients infected with both HIV and hepatitis B, tenofovir lowered the level of
      hepatitis B virus in the blood, with no viral resistance reported when used for up to 5
      years. Emtricitabine is an anti-viral drug similar to lamivudine and is effective at lowering
      viral load and improving liver damage.

      Patients 18 years of age and older with chronic hepatitis B may be eligible for this study.
      Participants are admitted to the NIH Clinical Center for a complete medical history and
      examination, including blood and urine tests, chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, abdominal
      ultrasound, Fibroscan (ultrasound exam of the liver that measures the amount of scarring),
      bone mineral density scan and liver biopsy. They are then randomly assigned to take
      combination treatment with tenofovir plus emtricitabine or tenofovir alone for at least 48
      weeks. During the treatment period, patients visit the Clinical Center for blood tests and a
      physical examination every 2 weeks for the first month and then every 4 to 12 weeks. After 48
      weeks, patients are readmitted to the Clinical Center for a complete evaluation that includes
      all the tests done at the start of therapy, including a liver biopsy. Patients who seem to
      have improved with treatment may continue therapy for up to 192 weeks, when they are again
      admitted to the Clinical Center for a complete medical evaluation and liver biopsy. Patients
      whose condition has not improved after 48 weeks of treatment have their treatment changed or
      stopped and continue to have regular outpatient clinic visits for 24 more weeks.
    

Eligibility criteria:

        -  INCLUSION CRITERIA (nucleoside analogue-naive subjects):

          -  Age greater than 18 years and older, male or female.

          -  Known serum HBsAg positivity for 24 weeks.

          -  Detectable HBV DNA greater than 10(4) IU/ml. For patients with cirrhosis HBV DNA
             greater than 10(3) IU/ml

          -  Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels 1.5
             times the upper limit of normal (for ALT: greater than or equal to 62 U/L and for AST
             greater than or equal to 46 U/L) based on at least two determinations taken at least
             one month apart during the 24 weeks before study entry; no ALT requirement for
             patients with cirrhosis.

          -  Liver biopsy within 2 years of entry that is consistent with chronic hepatitis and
             with a histology activity index (HAI) score of 4 or more (scores range from 0-18) and
             an Ishak fibrosis score of at least 1 (scores range from 0-6). For patients who have
             had a liver biopsy at another institution, slides must be obtained for reading and
             scoring at the NIH.

          -  Written informed consent.

        INCLUSION CRITERIA SALVAGE STUDY (nucleoside analogue experienced subjects):

          -  Age >18 years and older, male or female

          -  Known serum HBsAg positivity for 6 months

          -  Detectable HBV DNA >10(2) IU/ml.

          -  Liver biopsy within 5 years of entry that is consistent with chronic hepatitis

          -  Written informed consent

        INCLUSION CRITERIA: SALVAGE STUDY (relapsers)

          -  Age greater than 18 years and older, male or female.

          -  Known serum HBsAg positivity for 6 months.

          -  Detectable HBV DNA greater than 10(3) IU per milliliter.

          -  Liver biopsy within 5 years of entry that is consistent with chronic hepatitis.

          -  Written informed consent.

        Serum ALT or AST levels 1.5 times the upper limit of norma (ULN) (for ALT: greater than 62
        U/L and for AST: greater than 46 U/L) based on at least two determinations taken at least 2
        weeks apart.

        EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

          -  Previous or current treatment with tenofovir or emtricitabine.

          -  Co-infection with hepatitis delta virus (HDV) as defined by the presence of anti-HDV
             in serum and/or HDV antigen in the liver.

          -  Co-infection with hepatitis c virus (HCV) as defined by the presence of HCV RNA in
             serum.

          -  Co-infection with HIV as defined by the presence of anti-HIV in serum.

          -  Decompensated liver disease as defined by serum bilirubin greater than 2.5 milligram
             per deciliter (with direct bilirubin greater than 0.5 milligram per deciliter),
             prothrombin time of greater than 2 seconds prolonged, a serum albumin of less than 3
             grams per deciliter, or a history of ascites, variceal bleeding or hepatic
             encephalopathy.

          -  Presence of other causes of liver disease (i.e. hemochromatosis, Wilson disease,
             alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alpha-1anti-trypsin
             deficiency).

          -  A history of organ transplantation or in the absence of organ transplantation, any
             immunosuppressive therapy requiring the use of more than 5 milligrams of prednisone
             (or its equivalent) daily.

          -  Significant systemic illness other than liver diseases including congestive heart
             failure, renal failure, chronic pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus with poor control that
             in the opinion of the investigator may interfere with therapy.

          -  Pregnancy or inability to practice contraception in patients capable of bearing or
             fathering children and lactating women.

          -  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), or the presence of a mass on imaging studies of the
             liver that is suggest of HCc, or an alpha-fetoprotein level of greater than 500ng/mL.

          -  History of clinically apparent pancreatitis or evidence of subclinical pancreatitis as
             shown by serum amylase values twice the upper limits of the normal range and
             abnormalities of the pancreas on CT or other imaging studies of the abdomen.

          -  Sensory or motor neuropathy apparent from medical history and physical examination.

          -  Creatinine clearance less than 50 ml/min, serum creatinine greater than 1.3 mg/dl or
             urine protein greater than 1 gram/24 hours; creatinine clearance will be determined on
             the average of two 24 hour urine specimens. Accuracy of collection will be ensured by
             documenting appropriate total creatinine excretion in the 24 hour urine specimen
             (15mg/kg) and correcting for the patient's age, gender and body surface area.

          -  Concurrent use of nephrotoxic agents (e.g. aminoglycosides, amphotericin B,
             vancomycin, foscarnet, cis-platinum, pentamidine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
             agents) or competitors of renal tubular excretion (e.g. probenecid) within 2 months
             prior to study screening or the expectation that the subject will receive these during
             the course of the study.

          -  History of hypersensitivity to nucleoside analogues.

          -  Active ethanol/drug abuse/psychiatric problems such as major depression,
             schizophrenia, bipolar illness, obsessive-compulsive disorder, severe anxiety,
             personality disorder that, in the investigator's opinion, might interfere with
             participation in the study.

          -  History of renal tubular acidosis.

          -  History of malignancy or treatment for a malignancy within the past 5 years.

          -  Presence of conditions that, in the opinion of the investigators, would not allow the
             patient to be followed in the current study for at least 5 years.